text: Following this a new Austrian commander, Joseph Alvinczy, arrived and made another attempt to relieve Mantua. Bonaparte halted and drove Alvinczy back across the Brenta river, but his counter-offensive was seriously hampered by Vaubois’ defeat over five days in the villages of Cembra and Calliano under Alvinczy's lieutenant, Paul Davidovitch and he was forced to retreat to Verona. Alvinczy, following Bonaparte, held off a French attack at Caldiero on 12 November and Bonaparte was forced to withdraw. In the following three-day Battle of Arcole, Bonaparte, fighting outnumbered and faced with the failure of his repeated efforts to capture a pivotal bridge at Arcole, won an important and hard-fought victory against Alvinczy.


title: Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars

text: Both sides were reinforced before Alvinczy launched another attack in January. Bonaparte defeated this renewed assault at the Battle of Rivoli, inflicting some 14,000 casualties. Then he surrounded and captured a second Austrian relief column near Mantua. Soon after, Mantua finally surrendered to the French, making it possible for the French to continue their advance eastwards towards Austria. After a brief campaign during which the Austrian army was commanded by the Emperor's brother, the Archduke Charles, the French advanced to within 100 miles of Vienna, and the Austrians sued for peace. Bonaparte's campaign, by threatening Vienna directly, was the trigger that led to Austria sending negotiators to Leoben to ask Bonaparte for peace with France. The peace treaty that resulted, the treaty of Campo Formio, also effectively ended the War of the First Coalition, as Austria was the main combatant remaining in continental Europe still fighting the French at that time.


text: Napoleon's invasion of Northern Italy brought disorder in the Papal States. Under the Treaty of Tolentino, Pope Pius VI was forced to cede the Romagna region to the newly founded Cisalpine Republic, and recognize Joseph Bonaparte as ambassador of Rome. Following the dissolution of the First Coalition, a Republican Revolt staged by General Bonaparte and Brig General Mathurin-Leonard Duphot lead to the shooting of Duphot at Joseph's palace by Papal State troops.


text: An apology was sent by the Pope on December 29, 1797, however it was rejected by the Republic soon after. Napoleon then declared war on the Papal States on for a second time, sending 9,000 troops under General Louis-Alexandre Berthier to occupy Rome and dissolve the state.


text: Refusing to renounce his temporal authority, Pius VI was exiled from Rome, eventually dying in Valence, France. Napoleon officially dissolved the Papal States in February 1798 where the Anconine Republic and the Tiberina Republic would be recognized as sister republic. In Rome, Berther would declare a Roman Republic overthrowing the previous Elective monarchy. However, shortly after, coalition forces would intervene in the Republic. Internal struggles would cause difficulty to the so-called "Roman Council" and would last until the Neapolitan invasion in 1799. Governor Jacques Macdonald defended the city with a small army of 9,000 troops in 19 November, and the Battles of Ferentino, Otricoli, and Civita Castellana, along with an affair at Calvi Risorta and Capua pushed King Ferdinand IV into Castel Sant'Elmo, and declared the Parthenopean Republic at Naples, resulting in some 8,000 Neapolitan casualties and 1,000 French.


text: In April, Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo arrived to Calabria with an army of 17,000 soldiers and reinstated the Monarchy, laying siege on Naples in June. With British assistance, the Parthenopeans collapsed soon after. A Neapolitan invasion in September led to the dissolution of the Roman Republic and would be replaced by the Papacy until the Napoleonic Wars.


text: The second phase of the war in Italy began in 1799 as part of the War of the Second Coalition and was different from the first in that Russian forces participated in the campaign. However, at the beginning of the conflict the Russians were yet to arrive. Bonaparte, meanwhile, was away from the continent, as from May, 1798 to September, 1799 he was leading the Egyptian Campaign.


text: Some 60,000 French troops under Schérer faced off against an equal number of Austrians. An additional 50,000 Russians were expected to arrive shortly. The French were occupied with the pacification of Naples and this halved their effective strength to face the Austrians. In order to avoid a completely untenable situation arising, Schérer attacked as soon as possible in an attempt to preempt Austrian attacks.


text: Austrian commander Pál Kray defeated the French at Verona and Magnano in late March and early April. Schérer retreated back and left a small detachment of 8,000 in several forts. The Austrian commander, Michael von Melas, was slow to pursue the retreating French and was soon replaced as overall Coalition commander in the theatre by the brilliant Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov.


text: Schérer too was soon replaced by General Moreau, a man of greater fame and prestige. The French defeat at the Battle of Cassano on 26 April was followed by withdrawal from Lombardy and an overall unfavourable situation for the French. General Macdonald's army returned from Naples to support Moreau.


text: An initial Allied attack across the Po failed on 11 May. Moreau's army was in tatters with just 9,000 men remaining. An attempted counter-attack was beaten back by Russian General Petr Bagration. Suvorov soon occupied Turin and proclaimed the restoration of Piedmont to its king.


text: The Army of the Alps engaged the Austro-Russian forces in a series of minor skirmishes, but did not come to the rescue of the Army of Italy. Suvorov overran a number of French garrisons and continued his relentless advance. Macdonald engaged Suvorov in the Battle of the Trebbia and was crushed. Macdonald retreated with the remnant of his army to Genoa whilst Suvorov reached Novi. The Austrian high command ordered a halt to Allied offensives whilst the French garrisons of Mantua and Alessandria were overrun (see siege of Mantua and siege of Alessandria). Soon after this Moreau was dispatched to the Rhine and Joubert was sent to command the Army of Italy.


text: Suvorov, acting under orders from the Coalition high command, paused to gather his strength for an offensive in Autumn. On 9 August, the French launched offensive of 38,000 men called the Battle of Novi. The offensive was thoroughly defeated by Suvorov, and resulted in the death of Joubert. Moreau, who had yet to depart for the Rhine, seized the initiative and led the survivors back to Genoa and began preparing a defence of the city.


text: However at that time the Allied high command in Vienna ordered Suvorov to move out of Italy and concentrate on breaking through the Swiss front. The respite thus given the reeling Army of Italy led to a turning point in the war. Melas, who resumed command of Coalition forces in Italy, now almost exclusively Austrian, paused the offensive and consolidated his forces, now that the Russians had been removed from Italy.


text: By the spring of 1800 Russia had withdrawn entirely from the Coalition. The situation in Italy, however, was still very much on the side of the Coalition. Melas had some 100,000 men under his command, opposed by just 50,000 French troops who were thoroughly dispersed. The Allies prepared for a thrust into southern France and across the Rhine, much further north. Melas moved forward slowly, laying siege to Genoa and halting his advance elsewhere.


text: It was at this time that the First Consul of France, Napoleon Bonaparte (who had seized French power in the Brumaire Coup of 9 November 1799) led his Reserve Army through the Great St Bernard pass with the aim of relieving Masséna in the Siege of Genoa, who was threatened by severe food shortages resulting from the combination of encirclement on land and naval blockade by the British.


text: Genoa fell before the First Consul could reach it. He concentrated his army and struck at the Austrians in an attempt to beat them before they too concentrated their forces again. The Reserve Army fought a battle at Montebello on 9 June before the main confrontation at Marengo. The consul was almost defeated here until General Desaix made a timely arrival with reinforcements and drove back Melas, thus turning a French rout into a French victory. In this counter-attack Desaix was killed, but Bonaparte later honoured him with monuments commemorating his bravery and his name has the place of honour on the face of the Arc de Triomphe, which was erected to celebrate Napoleon's victories.


text: Marengo was the last major engagement on the Italian front during the Revolutionary Wars. Following it the massive Battle of Hohenlinden brought the Austrians to the negotiating table (signing the Armistice of Treviso) and the war ended shortly after.


title: Chiton (garment)

text: A chiton (Greek: χιτών, "khitōn") is a form of tunic that fastens at the shoulder, worn by men and women of ancient Greece and Rome. There are two forms of chiton. One is the Doric chiton and the later Ionic chiton. According to Herodotus, popular legend was that Athenian women began to wear the chiton as opposed to the peplos after several women stabbed a messenger to death with the bronze pins characteristic of the peplos.


title: Chiton (garment)

text: The word "chiton" is derived from a Central Semitic language *"kittan" (e.g. Hebrew כֻּתֹּנֶת "kuttṓnĕṯ"), ultimately from a word for flax.


title: Chiton (garment)

text: The Doric chiton is a single rectangle of woolen or linen fabric. It can be worn plain or with an overfold called an "apoptygma", which is more common to women. It can be draped and fastened at the shoulder by pins (Greek: peronai; Latin: fibulae) or sewing, or by buttons.


title: Chiton (garment)

text: The Ionic chiton could also be made from linen or wool and was draped without the fold and held in place from neck to wrist by several small pins or buttons.


title: Chiton (garment)

text: Herodotus states the dress of the women in Athens was changed from the Doric peplos to the Ionic chiton after the widows of the men killed on military expedition to Aegina stabbed and killed the sole survivor with their peplos pins, each demanding where their husband was. This lynching 'seemed a thing more terrible than the disaster'. Thereafter their chitons were held with buttons, often styled with the face of the Gorgon.


title: Chiton (garment)

text: A large belt called a "zoster" could be worn over the chiton, usually under the breast ("high-girdled") or around the waist ("low-girdled") or a narrower "zone" or girdle could be used. The chiton's length was greater than the height of the wearer, so excessive fabric was pulled above the belt, like a blouse. A double-girdled style also existed. The chiton was often worn in combination with the heavier himation over it, which had the role of a cloak.


title: Chiton (garment)

text: When used alone (without a himation), the chiton was called a "monochiton". A long chiton which reached the heels was called a "chiton poderes", while a longer one which dragged the ground was called a "chiton syrtos" or an "helkekhitōn" (ἑλκεχίτων) (literally, a chiton that drags the ground). A woman's chiton would always be worn at ankle length. Men wore the long chiton during the Archaic period, but later wore it at knee length, except for certain occupations such as priests and charioteers, and also the elderly.


title: Chiton (garment)

text: A sleeved form was worn by priests and actors. The colour or pattern would often indicate status, but varied over time. The chiton was the outfit of Aphrodite because it was considered very feminine, although men also wore it. Dionysus is often depicted wearing it. The chiton was also worn by the Romans after the 3rd century BCE. However, they referred to it as a "tunica". An example of the chiton can be seen, worn by the caryatids, in the porch of the Erechtheion in Athens. A charioteer's chiton can be seen on the "Charioteer of Delphi" (474 BC) in the image at the beginning of the article.


title: Chiton (garment)

text: In Sparta, Spartan women's clothing was simple and short. They wore the Dorian peplos, with slit skirts which bared their thighs. The Dorian peplos was made of a heavier woolen material than was common in Ionia, and was fastened at the shoulder by pins.


title: TweetDeck

text: TweetDeck is a social media dashboard application for management of Twitter accounts. Originally an independent app, TweetDeck was subsequently acquired by Twitter Inc. and integrated into Twitter's interface. It has long ranked as one of the most popular Twitter clients by percentage of tweets posted, alongside the official Twitter web client and the official apps for iPhone and Android.


title: TweetDeck

text: Like other Twitter applications, it interfaces with the Twitter API to allow users to send and receive tweets and view profiles.


title: TweetDeck

text: It can be used as a web app. Until 2015 it could also be used as a Chrome app and until 2022 it could also be used as a MacOS app. Users are now redirected to the web app.


title: TweetDeck

text: TweetDeck consists of a series of customisable columns, which can be set up to display the user's Twitter timeline, mentions, direct messages, lists, trends, favorites, search results, hashtags, or all tweets by or to a single user. It is similar to Twitter's "Dashboard App" that was discontinued in 2016. The client uses Twitter's own automatic and invisible URL shortening whereby a link of any length will only use 23 characters of a Tweet's 280-character limit. All columns can be filtered to include or exclude words or tweets from users. Tweets can be sent immediately or scheduled for later delivery.


title: TweetDeck

text: Users can monitor multiple accounts simultaneously. For added account security, users signing in with their Twitter username and password can use Twitter's own two-step verification.


title: TweetDeck

text: As of May 2015, TweetDeck added a "confirmation step" feature, giving users the option to require an extra step before sending a tweet. A February 2018 change to the Twitter API restricted the ability of TweetDeck and other third-party applications from sending mass tweets due to concerns over abuse of bots mass posting content and posts. The change also restricts ability of using multiple accounts via the API.


title: TweetDeck

text: In July 2021, Twitter announced the beta launch of an overhaul for TweetDeck. The new version will have a different visual look and will incorporate more functionality from the main Twitter website. A company representative said the beta includes "a full Tweet Composer, new advanced search features, new column types, and a new way to group columns into clean workspaces".


title: TweetDeck

text: July 4, 2008 – first version of TweetDeck, originally an independent Twitter app by Iain Dodsworth, was released.


title: TweetDeck

text: September 15, 2011 – TweetDeck tweeted that new updates for all versions would be released and that "As part of the process of making TweetDeck more consistent with Twitter.com & Twitter's mobile apps, we're removing deck.ly from our apps." Many users expressed their anger at this feature removal in the comments on the iOS and Android Market. Deck.ly previously allowed users to post tweets in excess of 140 characters.


title: TweetDeck

text: December 8, 2011 – Twitter released a new version branded "TweetDeck by Twitter", as part of Twitter's redesign of its services. TweetDeck changed from an Adobe AIR application to a native Windows and Mac OS X application in this release, introducing a web version of TweetDeck for WebKit-based browsers based on TweetDeck's existing Google Chrome app. The update dropped support for LinkedIn, Google Buzz, Foursquare, MySpace accounts.


title: TweetDeck

text: March 4, 2013 – TweetDeck announced in a blog post that they would be suspending mobile versions of TweetDeck including TweetDeck AIR, TweetDeck for iPhone and TweetDeck for Android, which were removed from their respective app stores in May. TweetDeck said they would "focus our development efforts on our modern, web-based versions".


title: TweetDeck

text: May 2013 – Users were informed that 'Facebook is no longer supported in TweetDeck', and Facebook accounts and Facebook columns would be removed on May 7. All unofficial variants of TweetDeck stopped working in early May 2013 because of more restrictive API version 1.1.


title: TweetDeck

text: July 25, 2013 – at 12:00 PM EDT US, Twitter turned off API v1 which effectively shut down the Android, iOS, and AIR versions of TweetDeck.


title: TweetDeck

text: December 11, 2013 – Twitter began allowing new TweetDeck users to sign in with their Twitter usernames and passwords, removing the previous barrier-to-entry requiring users to register a separate TweetDeck account. In a blog post, Twitter said "When single sign in is fully available to all current users, we'll also make it possible to seamlessly integrate your current TweetDeck settings and preferences"


title: TweetDeck

text: June 11, 2014 – A cross-site scripting vulnerability in TweetDeck was discovered, leading to a self-replicating tweet that affected over 83,000 Twitter users.


title: TweetDeck

text: July 1, 2022 - The MacOS app stopped functioning, with users being directed to the TweetDeck web-site instead.


title: TweetDeck

text: Originally, as it is now, TweetDeck was aimed towards the Twitter social networking service. Over the years, TweetDeck introduced support for other social networks, but has since removed that support.


title: TweetDeck

text: On March 16, 2009, a pre-release version was released featuring Facebook status updates integration. As of April 8, 2009, Facebook status updates were part of the standard program. From version 0.30 TweetDeck also supported MySpace integration. Version 0.32, released on November 30, 2009, added LinkedIn integration and new Twitter features. In May 2010 TweetDeck also added integration with the Google Buzz and Foursquare social networks.


title: TweetDeck

text: In 2012 TweetDeck reverted to only supporting Twitter and Facebook, ending support for LinkedIn, MySpace, and the now defunct Google Buzz effective June 2012.


title: TweetDeck

text: A year after launching TweetDeck in 2008, Iain Dodsworth received his initial $300,000 seed funding from The Accelerator Group, Howard Lindzon, Taavet Hinrikus, Gerry Campbell, Roger Ehrenberg, betaworks, Brian Pokorny, and Bill Tai. The company raised a Series A round of funding with many of these same investors, and Ron Conway, Danny Rimer, and the SV Angel group.


title: TweetDeck

text: On May 25, 2011, TweetDeck was bought by Twitter for £25 million, after a bidding war with Bill Gross's UberMedia.


title: TweetDeck

text: On January 22, 2013, The American directors of Twitter were sent a letter by Companies House (the United Kingdom Registrar of Companies) warning them that their UK subsidiary company TweetDeck Ltd. was at risk of closure, over missed accounting deadlines. This had no bearing on the product or service which was by then run by Twitter, not by TweetDeck Ltd, which was officially struck off the business register by Companies House, and dissolved, for failure to file accounts for 2011.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: Lyle Stevik ( 1976 – September 16, 2001) was the alias used by an American man who, in 2001, committed suicide in Amanda Park, Washington, on the Olympic Peninsula. Although his body was quickly discovered, and fingerprints, DNA, and dental information collected and recorded, there were no matches in any databases and his identity remained unknown until 2018.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: On May 8, 2018, the Grays Harbor County Sheriff's Office announced that "Stevik" was identified after almost seventeen years, with assistance through genetic genealogy conducted by the DNA Doe Project, a non-profit organization dedicated to identifying unknown deceased persons. They had found a cluster of matches of relatives, perhaps two to three generations removed, in New Mexico. They were finally able to locate members of his birth family.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: The man's family said that Stevik was 25 years old when he died, and he had previously resided in Alameda, California. They had believed that he was estranged from the family. His relatives requested that his identity be withheld for privacy.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: The man who identified himself as "Lyle Stevik" checked into the Quinault Inn, a motel in Amanda Park, Washington, on Friday, September 14, 2001, after arriving in the area by bus. The clerk told police that he may have been Canadian as he spoke with what seemed a similar accent. When registering for his room, he entered his alias and provided a false home address, eventually discovered to belong to a Best Western hotel in Meridian, Idaho. The police located that hotel, but none of the staff members recognized photos of the deceased.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: Stevik was reportedly seen walking back and forth at the side of a highway near the motel, but it is uncertain if this was before or after he registered and paid for his room. He requested and received a second room after complaining about outside noise.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: Stevik may have derived his name from that of "Lyle Stevick", a character from the novel "You Must Remember This" (1987), written by Joyce Carol Oates. In the story, the character Stevick contemplates suicide.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: Located by techniques of genetic genealogy performed by staff and volunteers of the DNA Doe Project in 2018, the man's family had been unaware of his suicide. They believed that he was living a life elsewhere and did not want to speak to them. Due to the estrangement, they had not filed a missing person report. There was no report that appeared to match the decedent.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: Stevik hanged himself by his belt from a bar inside a clothes closet. He had left money in the room to cover the remaining two nights of the weekend, together with a note reading, "suicide". He is thought to have died on September 16. His body was found on Monday, September 17. Initial reports stated that Stevik had stayed at the motel for two nights, but his actual arrival date was Friday, September 14, indicating that he had been registered at the hotel for three nights. He paid at the desk for one night's lodging, but said that he planned to stay for "a few more days".


title: Lyle Stevik

text: Upon discovery of the body, police reported that the man had closed the blinds in the room and lined the closet in which he hanged himself with pillows. He left a note saying "for the room" at the bedside table, which contained $160 in $20 bills. It has been speculated that he may have taken his own life due to depression or because of a fatal disease, although the autopsy showed no signs of the latter. It was also theorized that the man was native to a non-English speaking country. An investigator said that a piece of paper was located in a trash bin with the word "suicide" written on it, as if he were practicing.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: Stevik had no luggage with him; only a toothbrush and toothpaste were found in the room. He wore a blue shirt in a plaid design, a gray T-shirt underneath, blue jeans, and black boots.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: Stevik was described as fair-skinned with black hair and green/hazel eyes. The local coroner's office said that he may have also had African-American ancestry, in addition to Native American and Hispanic. DNA analysis concluded he was at least one-quarter Native American and one-quarter Hispanic or Spanish. His teeth showed evidence of earlier treatment with braces. He had an old appendectomy scar. A mole was noted on his chin and he had attached earlobes, a genetic characteristic.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: The examination also showed that Stevik had recently lost a large amount of weight, up to . The medical examiner estimated this weight difference after noting that the size of the man's jeans was fairly large in comparison to his body. His age was estimated to be between 20 and 30 years old, giving an estimated birth date from 1971 to 1981. It was also estimated that he might have been around 35 years old, however, so his birth could have been as early as 1966.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: The man known as Stevik was later buried in an unmarked grave at the Fern Hill Cemetery in Aberdeen, Washington.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: Because Stevik was deceased for only a short time before his body was found, examiners readily obtained his fingerprints, dental characteristics, and DNA. These identifying markers were placed in international databases, including CODIS, but no matches were made. It is believed that he came to the area from Aberdeen or Port Angeles, locations from which buses daily traveled to Amanda Park. He was not, however, recognized by either of the bus drivers. Two men who were missing at the time, Alexander Craig and Steven Needham, were ruled out as possible identities of Stevik.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: In April 2007, Stevik was listed as the profile of the month for Missing from the Circle, a public service initiative launched by Lamar Associates, a law enforcement advisory organization based in Washington, D.C., to help solve cases involving missing or unidentified Native Americans.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: In 2018, two genetic genealogists from the DNA Doe Project, Colleen M. Fitzpatrick and Margaret Press, uploaded DNA profiles to GEDmatch to attempt to link Stevik to individuals living in Idaho and New Mexico.


title: Lyle Stevik

text: The Grays Harbor County Sheriff's Office announced on May 8, 2018, that Stevik had been identified through DNA analysis and comparison with genetic relatives, performed by the DNA Doe Project, in collaboration with Aerodyne and Full Genomes Corporation. He was from Alameda County, California, and was 25 years old at the time of death. The Grays Harbor County Sheriff's Office notified the man's family, who had believed him to be alive and had thought he did not want to associate with his family. His family had a set of his fingerprints that were taken in grade school, as part of a children's identification program. The Sheriff's Department compared those with the postmortem prints taken in 2001, and made a positive identification. To protect his and their privacy, his family has chosen not to identify him publicly.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: "Godzilla 2000" was released in Japan on December 11, 1999 and in North America on August 18, 2000, by TriStar Pictures. It received mixed reviews from critics and performed below TriStar's expectations, grossing just over $10 million at the North American box office. It was the last film in the franchise to receive a North American theatrical release until "Shin Godzilla" in 2016. In Japan, the film was followed by "Godzilla vs. Megaguirus", which was released on December 16, 2000.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: Godzilla is a literal force of nature to Japan. The Godzilla Prediction Network (GPN) functions independently to study the monster and predict its landfalls. Meanwhile, the scientists of Crisis Control Intelligence (CCI) find a sixty-million-year-old unidentified flying object (UFO) deep in the Japan Trench. As CCI attempts to raise the UFO to study it, it takes off into the sky on its own. Godzilla arrives in a village and then battles the Japan Self Defense Forces, now equipped with powerful Full Metal Missiles, but the UFO appears, searching for genetic information that only Godzilla possesses. It fights Godzilla, driving the monster underwater, and then lands to replenish its solar power.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: Yuji Shinoda, the founder of the GPN, discovers the secret to Godzilla's regenerative properties (named Organizer G1 in the Japanese version, but Regenerator G1 in the North American release), but so has the UFO. It frees itself from the JSDF's attempts to contain it, and heads for Shinjuku. After landing atop Tokyo Opera City Tower, it begins to drain all the files about Godzilla from Tokyo's master computers. As it begins to alter the oxygen content of the surrounding atmosphere, CCI attempts to destroy the UFO using explosive charges, but Shinoda, attempting to find out more about the aliens, is nearly caught in the blast. He survives, and joins his peers on a nearby rooftop, watching the UFO. Almost in response, the UFO broadcasts its message of invasion and creating a new empire on Earth, and Shinoda reveals that the aliens are after the regenerative properties contained inside Godzilla's DNA so that they may use it to re-form their bodies.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: Godzilla arrives and again battles the UFO. However, Godzilla is subdued by the UFO's assault, and the UFO absorbs some of Godzilla's DNA, which the aliens use to reform themselves outside the space ship as the gigantic Millennian. However, the Millennian is unable to control Godzilla's genetic information in the DNA and mutates into a horrible monster named Orga. Godzilla recovers and brings down the UFO before fighting Orga, but Orga, having absorbed the regenerative properties of Godzilla's DNA, is highly resistant to injury. Orga retaliates and extracts more of Godzilla's DNA in order to become a perfect clone. Godzilla breaks free and sets Orga ablaze with its atomic breath attack, but Orga re-emerges and attempts to swallow Godzilla whole. As Orga begins to transform, Godzilla charges a nuclear pulse and unleashes it, vaporizing Orga's entire upper body and killing it. Mitsuo Katagiri, head of CCI, dies when Godzilla partially destroys the roof of the building where he, Shinoda and the authorities were observing the battle. Those remaining on the roof reminisce on how Godzilla was wrought by human ambition, prompting Shinoda to suggest that "Godzilla exists in us”, as Godzilla begins rampaging through Tokyo.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: Due to high demand from fans to revive the Toho Godzilla, development began on a new Toho production two months after the release of TriStar's "Godzilla". Executive producer Shogo Tomiyama hired Hiroshi Kashiwabara (writer of "Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla") and Wataru Mimura (writer of "Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II") to write the script, stating, "If we wanted to make a new kind of Godzilla, we needed several different views. That's why I chose both Mr Kashiwabara and Mr Mimura. One producer, two screenwriters, three viewpoints." Kashiwabara felt that they had to go back to Godzilla's roots and reexamine what made him unique.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: Regarding Godzilla's design, director Takao Okawara wanted to make "something new" and noted that Godzilla's height has changed over the years, stating, "I felt that that distance between human beings and Godzilla was too much, so we reduced its height back to something closer to the original at approximately 170 feet." The basic design of the suit was modelled heavily after the KingGoji suit from 1962's "King Kong vs. Godzilla".


title: Godzilla 2000

text: "Godzilla 2000" was produced on a budget of approximately $8,300,000. Kenji Suzuki, who had worked as an assistant director on previous "Godzilla" movies, supervised the special effects. Miniature effects work was not emphasized as strongly as it had been in preceding installments. Instead, compositing techniques such as chroma key were heavily utilized to integrate the suitmation Godzilla footage into shots of real-life locations. The film also contains the first fully computer-generated shot of Godzilla realized in a Japanese production (previous films only used CGI to visualize graphical display representations of Godzilla or to blend computer effects work with a live-action shot).


title: Godzilla 2000

text: There were two English dubbed versions of this film. As is standard practice for Toho, the film was originally dubbed in Hong Kong for use in Toho's international version. For Sony's theatrical release, the film was entirely re-dubbed by Asian-American voice actors (ADR director Mike Schlesinger deliberately made this choice because he did not want the characters to sound like they were "from Wisconsin."). Only one line from the international version ("As long as the beer's cold, who cares?") was used in the re-dubbed North American version. Several Indian versions use the English pictorial elements of the international version, however.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: Sony's TriStar Pictures licensed "Godzilla 2000" for theatrical distribution in North America. Sony spent approximately $300,000 to acquire the film, around $1 million to re-edit and dub the movie in English, and under $10 million on prints and advertising. For doing so, Tristar hoped that the film would gross no worse than $12–15 million in North American theaters.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: The English dubbed version of the film runs 99 minutes - 8 minutes shorter in comparison to the 107-minute Japanese version. Most of these were minor edits done to hasten the pacing, and the sound design of the movie was completely re-worked, which included replacing the monster Orga's roar (which recycled Cretaceous King Ghidorah's from "Rebirth of Mothra III") with a more menacing one and supplementing Godzilla's roars and growls with those from the 1998 film. J. Peter Robinson composed some new music meant to supplement Takayuki Hattori's music. The dubbing has a somewhat humorous, tongue-in-cheek tone to it, apparently in homage to "Godzilla" dubs of the 60s and 70s, with lines such as "Great Caesar's Ghost!", "Bite me!" and "I guarantee it'll [Full Metal Missiles] go through Godzilla like crap through a goose!". Dialogue was also reworked in places to change or jettison certain expository details. Some fans have criticized the English dubbed version of "Godzilla 2000" for camping up what they perceive as a "serious" movie; however, Toho and Takao Okawara approved all the changes to the film in advance, and various amusing sequences throughout the story (such as people comically surviving Godzilla's rampage early in the film) establish a light-hearted tone and make it evident that it was not meant to be taken seriously. In an interview in "Video Watchdog" #71, Schlesinger noted that people in real life tend to speak humorously; he also felt that giving audiences some intentionally funny dialogue would make them less inclined to laugh at the monster scenes, which were supposed to be taken seriously. Originally, the film ended with the words "The End?" in cartoonish lettering, but Mike Schlesinger and Toho rejected that. "The End?" was removed from home video and television releases, though it was retained for the Spanish-subtitled VHS of the film.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: It opened in Japan on December 11, 1999, and grossed (roughly $15 million) during its box office run, with approximately 2 million admissions. Tristar Pictures released "Godzilla 2000" in 2,111 North American theaters on August 18, 2000. Tristar hoped that the film would gross no worse than $12–15 million in North American theaters, but the film eventually only grossed $10 million in North American theaters.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: The North American release of "Godzilla 2000" was met with mixed critical response. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 57% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 69 reviews, with an average rating of 5.68/10. The site's critics consensus reads, ""Godzilla 2000" is cheesy, laughable, and good entertaining fun." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 41 out of 100 based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: Bruce Westbrook of the "Houston Chronicle" said the film "taps into a now-rare and innocent sense of wonder," and that "its action scenes are well-conceived," summarizing it as "a lovably amusing foray into vapid plotting, bad dubbing and men in rubber suits trashing miniature sets." Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a "B" grade, saying that "Godzilla 2000" "lands on an imaginative fault line somewhere between tackiness and awe." Jay Carr of "The Boston Globe" called "Godzilla 2000" "a ton of fun, and then some." Lou Lumenick of the "New York Post" said "it's great to have the big guy back."


title: Godzilla 2000

text: James Berardinelli of ReelViews said the film "uses the Godzilla formula effectively" and "represents solid, campy, escapist entertainment." Maitland McDonagh of "TV Guide" praised the film, saying that "fans won't want to miss this addition to the canon."


title: Godzilla 2000

text: Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today said "Godzilla 2000" "may be dull, but the familiarity of it all makes it feel ceremonial, a reassuring ritual." David Edelstein of Slate said that he "periodically tranced out," but added that "it's fun to see" and "it still manages to dispel some of the lingering stink of Roland Emmerich's 1998 remake." Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" wasn't impressed, saying that "only a die-hard fan of the long-running Japanese Godzilla series could love "Godzilla 2000"." Similarly, Stephen Hunter of "The Washington Post" remarked, "Godzilla, go home."


title: Godzilla 2000

text: Among kaiju-related websites, Stomp Tokyo said "there are some pretty impressive special effects," and concluded that ""Godzilla 2000" delivers fairly well, if not spectacularly." Toho Kingdom criticized the Japanese version, saying "it’s not hard to see why "Godzilla 2000" was poorly received in Japan," but added that "the US version ... is infinitely better than its poorly paced Japanese counterpart. In all, the US version made numerous badly needed cuts from the film to tighten it up."


title: Godzilla 2000

text: In North America, "Godzilla 2000" was released on DVD on December 26, 2000, and on Blu-ray on September 9, 2014. The North American Blu-ray includes both the Japanese and American cuts of the film.


title: Godzilla 2000

text: In an interview with SciFiJapan.com, Michael Schlesinger stated that he had written a script for a direct sequel to "Godzilla 2000" entitled "Godzilla Reborn" that was to be directed by Joe Dante. The film would have shared the same tongue-in-cheek tone as the American release of "Godzilla 2000", with special effects crafted by Toho. The plot would have involved Godzilla appearing in Hawaii to battle a new foe named "Miba", which was envisioned as a flying lava monster resembling a bat. Toho approved Schlensinger's script, but he was unable to secure funding for the project and the film was never made.


title: NBC suit

text: An NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical) suit, also called a chemsuit, chem suit, or chemical suit is a type of military personal protective equipment. NBC suits are designed to provide protection against direct contact with and contamination by radioactive, biological or chemical substances, and provide protection from contamination with radioactive materials and all types of radiation. They are generally designed to be worn for extended periods to allow the wearer to fight (or generally function) while under threat of or under actual nuclear, biological, or chemical attack. The civilian equivalent is the hazmat suit. The term NBC has been replaced by CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear), with the addition of the new threat of radiological weapons.


title: NBC suit

text: NBC stands for nuclear, biological, and chemical. It is a term used in the armed forces and in health and safety, mostly in the context of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) clean-up in overseas conflict or protection of emergency services during the response to terrorism, though there are civilian and common-use applications (such as recovery and clean up efforts after industrial accidents).


title: NBC suit

text: In military operations, NBC suits are intended to be quickly donned over a soldier’s uniform and can continuously protect the user for up to several days. Most are made of impermeable material such as rubber, but some incorporate a filter, allowing air, sweat and condensation to slowly pass through. An example of this is the Canadian military NBC suit.


title: NBC suit

text: The older Soviet suit was impermeable rubber-coated canvas. Now known as the CBRN suit, the British Armed Forces suit is reinforced nylon with charcoal impregnated felt. It is more comfortable because of the breathability but has a shorter useful life, and must be replaced often. The British Armed Forces suit is known as a "Noddy suit" because some of them had a pointed hood like the hat worn by the fictional character Noddy. The Soviet style suit will protect the wearer at higher concentrations than the British suit but is less comfortable due to the build-up of moisture within it. A Soviet suit was known as a "Womble" because of its long faced respirator with round visor glasses. In Canadian terminology, an NBC suit or any kind of similar protective over-suit is also known as a "Bunnysuit".


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: The Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (FSWR), more commonly referred to as Red Finland, was a self-proclaimed Finnish socialist state that ruled parts of the country during the Finnish Civil War of 1918. It was outlined on 29 January 1918 by the Finnish People's Delegation, the Reds and Red Guards of the Finnish Social Democratic Party, after the socialist revolution in Finland on 26 January 1918. Its sole prime minister was Kullervo Manner, chairman of the central committee.


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: The name "Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic" () appeared only in the Treaty between Finnish People's Delegation and Russian Council of People's Commissars, signed on 1 March 1918. The People's Delegation had earlier used the name Republic of Finland (), but Soviet leader V. I. Lenin proposed adding the attributes "Socialist Workers' Republic" into the name during negotiations. The People's Delegation later blamed its delegates for succumbing to Lenin's demand, since the official name of the state should have been decided by the Finns themselves.


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: Red Finland/FSWR was an attempt to establish a socialist nation, based on the legacy of Scandinavian-Finnish culture, socialist ideas originating from Central Europe and Finnish nationalism, including plans to expand the Finnish territory. The political visions included principles of democracy, but as Red Finland was primarily the formation of revolution and civil war, the acts of violence and warfare were emphasized in the policy. The Red Guards included a minor faction of Finnish Bolsheviks who supported association of FSWR to Soviet Russia. FSWR/Red Finland never gained a true status and form of state and republic as the Reds lost the Civil War on 5 May 1918.


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: The geographical area of Red Finland as well as the front line between White and Red Finland took shape approximately between 28 January and 3 February 1918, and it remained largely unchanged until the general offensive of the Whites in March 1918.


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: The Finnish People's Delegation, mainly Otto Ville Kuusinen, formulated and set forth, on 23 February 1918, a draft for a constitution of Red Finland/FSWR, on the basis of the Finnish Social Democratic principles and mentality. The Marxist concept of dictatorship of the proletariat was absent from the program. Instead, it represented an idea of "democratic socialism" and it was influenced by the constitutions of Switzerland and United States, and French Revolution. The constitution model included most of democratic civil rights for the Finnish citizens, including an extensive use of referendum in political decision making, but private property rights were excluded and given to state and local administration. The draft was never finally formulated and approved in Red Finland, before the defeat of FSWR in the 1918 war.


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: The political situation after the "January Revolution" in Finland raised a major question in terms of the constitution draft, among the Finnish (moderate) socialists. The question arose if the power gained via revolution would allow democracy a true chance in Finnish society.


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: Although the Finnish Socialist Worker's Republic was supported by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), led by Vladimir Lenin, and the 1 March 1918 Red Treaty was signed between these two unstable socialist states, an ideal level of co-operation and co-ordination was never achieved, due to both states being preoccupied with their own respective civil wars. The goal of the Finnish Reds' majority was a neutral and independent Finland, and some of them demanded annexation of Aunus, Viena Karelia and Petsamo areas of Russian Karelia to Finland. The Russian-Finnish Red treaty had only minor importance for the Bolsheviks as they carried out peace negotiations with the German Empire. In the end, the fate of the Finnish Reds and FSWR was determined through the power political decisions made between Russia and Germany.


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: Lenin aimed to halt a complete collapse of Russia after the revolutionary year 1917. While in political opposition prior to the October Revolution, Lenin emphasized the policy of nations' right to self-determination for the former parts of the Russian Empire. After the successful seizure of power in October 1917 and in January 1918, the Bolsheviks' power political strategy shifted gradually toward federalism. As for Finland, Lenin plotted its annexation by Russia, but the Russian Civil War, German-Russian Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Finland-operation of the German Army, the victory of the White Guards in the Finnish civil war and the marked nationalism among the Finnish socialists stalled his plan.


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: After the start of the Finnish Civil War, on January 28, 1918, Kullervo Manner was appointed chairman of the People's Delegation, the Red Government. On April 10 of the same year, the Reds reformed their entire administration and Manner was appointed leader of the Red Finland and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guard under the authority of the dictator.


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: The warfare between the Reds and Whites took major attention and energy of the Red leadership, and the situation was not alleviated by the loss of many strategically important sites, such as Tampere, to the Whites. Therefore, the formation of the local Red civil administration remained unfinished and waited for the result of the Civil War. The top and middle-rank civil servants of the pre-civil war administration refused to co-operate with the Reds, and new leadership had to be chosen and trained from the lower rank servants.


title: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic

text: The Finnish Civil War ended with the German invasion of Finland and the consequent defeat of the Finnish Red Guards and FSWR on 5 May 1918. After the war, the initially powerful and well-organized Finnish Social Democrats, born and bred in the relatively free and nationalistic social atmosphere, within the Scandinavian and Russian culture, and affected primarily by socialist ideas of Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia (pre-World War I Austria-Hungary), were split in two. The moderate socialists continued their pre-1918 political culture, adhered to the society and political system of Finland, while the far-left faction formed the Communist Party of Finland in August 1918 in Moscow, with the main leaders living in exile in Russia and a marked part of the common supporters living in Finland.


title: Double-ended queue

text: In computer science, a double-ended queue (abbreviated to deque, pronounced "deck", like "cheque") is an abstract data type that generalizes a queue, for which elements can be added to or removed from either the front (head) or back (tail). It is also often called a head-tail linked list, though properly this refers to a specific data structure "implementation" of a deque (see below).


title: Double-ended queue

text: "Deque" is sometimes written "dequeue", but this use is generally deprecated in technical literature or technical writing because "dequeue" is also a verb meaning "to remove from a queue". Nevertheless, several libraries and some writers, such as Aho, Hopcroft, and Ullman in their textbook "Data Structures and Algorithms", spell it "dequeue". John Mitchell, author of "Concepts in Programming Languages," also uses this terminology.


title: Double-ended queue

text: This differs from the queue abstract data type or "first in first out" list (FIFO), where elements can only be added to one end and removed from the other. This general data class has some possible sub-types:


title: Double-ended queue

text: Both the basic and most common list types in computing, queues and stacks can be considered specializations of deques, and can be implemented using deques.


title: Double-ended queue

text: The basic operations on a deque are "enqueue" and "dequeue" on either end. Also generally implemented are "peek" operations, which return the value at that end without dequeuing it.


title: Double-ended queue

text: There are at least two common ways to efficiently implement a deque: with a modified dynamic array or with a doubly linked list.


title: Double-ended queue

text: The dynamic array approach uses a variant of a dynamic array that can grow from both ends, sometimes called array deques. These array deques have all the properties of a dynamic array, such as constant-time random access, good locality of reference, and inefficient insertion/removal in the middle, with the addition of amortized constant-time insertion/removal at both ends, instead of just one end. Three common implementations include:


title: Double-ended queue

text: Double-ended queues can also be implemented as a purely functional data structure. Two versions of the implementation exist. The first one, called "'real-time deque", is presented below. It allows the queue to be persistent with operations in worst-case time, but requires lazy lists with memoization. The second one, with no lazy lists nor memoization is presented at the end of the sections. Its amortized time is if the persistency is not used; but the worst-time complexity of an operation is where is the number of elements in the double-ended queue.


title: Double-ended queue

text: Let us recall that, for a list codice_1, codice_2 denotes its length, that codice_3 represents an empty list and codice_4 represents the list whose head is codice_5 and whose tail is codice_6. The functions codice_7 and codice_8 return the list codice_1 without its first codice_10 elements, and the first codice_10 elements of codice_1, respectively. Or, if codice_13, they return the empty list and codice_1 respectively.


title: Double-ended queue

text: A double-ended queue is represented as a sextuple codice_15 where codice_16 is a linked list which contains the front of the queue of length codice_17. Similarly, codice_18 is a linked list which represents the reverse of the rear of the queue, of length codice_19. Furthermore, it is assured that codice_20 and codice_21 - intuitively, it means that both the front and the rear contains between a third minus one and two thirds plus one of the elements. Finally, codice_22 and codice_23 are tails of codice_16 and of codice_18, they allow scheduling the moment where some lazy operations are forced. Note that, when a double-ended queue contains codice_26 elements in the front list and codice_26 elements in the rear list, then the inequality invariant remains satisfied after codice_10 insertions and codice_29 deletions when codice_30. That is, at most codice_31 operations can happen between each rebalancing.


title: Double-ended queue

text: Let us first give an implementation of the various operations that affect the front of the deque - cons, head and tail. Those implementation do not necessarily respect the invariant. In a second time we'll explain how to modify a deque which does not satisfy the invariant into one which satisfy it. However, they use the invariant, in that if the front is empty then the rear has at most one element. The operations affecting the rear of the list are defined similarly by symmetry.


title: Double-ended queue

text: It remains to explain how to define a method codice_32 that rebalance the deque if codice_33 or codice_34 broke the invariant. The method codice_35 and codice_34 can be defined by first applying codice_33 and codice_38 and then applying codice_32.


title: Double-ended queue

text: where codice_40 return the concatenation of codice_16 and of codice_42. That iscodice_43 put into codice_44 the content of codice_16 and the content of codice_18 that is not already in codice_47. Since dropping codice_26 elements takes formula_1 time, we use laziness to ensure that elements are dropped two by two, with two drops being done during each codice_38 and each codice_33 operation.


title: Double-ended queue

text: where codice_51 is a function that returns the front, followed by the middle reversed, followed by the rear. This function is also defined using laziness to ensure that it can be computed step by step, with one step executed during each codice_33 and codice_38 and taking a constant time. This function uses the invariant that codice_54 is 2 or 3.


title: Double-ended queue

text: Note that, without the lazy part of the implementation, this would be a non-persistent implementation of queue in amortized time. In this case, the lists codice_22 and codice_23 could be removed from the representation of the double-ended queue.


title: Double-ended queue

text: Ada's containers provides the generic packages codice_58 and codice_59, for the dynamic array and linked list implementations, respectively.


title: Double-ended queue

text: C++'s Standard Template Library provides the class templates codice_60 and codice_61, for the multiple array and linked list implementations, respectively.


title: Double-ended queue

text: As of Java 6, Java's Collections Framework provides a new interface that provides the functionality of insertion and removal at both ends. It is implemented by classes such as (also new in Java 6) and , providing the dynamic array and linked list implementations, respectively. However, the codice_62, contrary to its name, does not support random access.


title: Double-ended queue

text: Javascript's Array prototype & Perl's arrays have native support for both removing (shift and pop) and adding (unshift and push) elements on both ends.


title: Double-ended queue

text: Python 2.4 introduced the codice_63 module with support for deque objects. It is implemented using a doubly linked list of fixed-length subarrays.


title: Double-ended queue

text: As of PHP 5.3, PHP's SPL extension contains the 'SplDoublyLinkedList' class that can be used to implement Deque datastructures. Previously to make a Deque structure the array functions array_shift/unshift/pop/push had to be used instead.


title: Double-ended queue

text: GHC's Data.Sequence module implements an efficient, functional deque structure in Haskell. The implementation uses 2–3 finger trees annotated with sizes. There are other (fast) possibilities to implement purely functional (thus also persistent) double queues (most using heavily lazy evaluation). Kaplan and Tarjan were the first to implement optimal confluently persistent catenable deques. Their implementation was strictly purely functional in the sense that it did not use lazy evaluation. Okasaki simplified the data structure by using lazy evaluation with a bootstrapped data structure and degrading the performance bounds from worst-case to amortized. Kaplan, Okasaki, and Tarjan produced a simpler, non-bootstrapped, amortized version that can be implemented either using lazy evaluation or more efficiently using mutation in a broader but still restricted fashion. Mihaesau and Tarjan created a simpler (but still highly complex) strictly purely functional implementation of catenable deques, and also a much simpler implementation of strictly purely functional non-catenable deques, both of which have optimal worst-case bounds.


title: Double-ended queue

text: Rust's codice_64 includes VecDeque which implements a double-ended queue using a growable ring buffer.


title: Double-ended queue

text: One example where a deque can be used is the work stealing algorithm. This algorithm implements task scheduling for several processors. A separate deque with threads to be executed is maintained for each processor. To execute the next thread, the processor gets the first element from the deque (using the "remove first element" deque operation). If the current thread forks, it is put back to the front of the deque ("insert element at front") and a new thread is executed. When one of the processors finishes execution of its own threads (i.e. its deque is empty), it can "steal" a thread from another processor: it gets the last element from the deque of another processor ("remove last element") and executes it. The work stealing algorithm is used by Intel's Threading Building Blocks (TBB) library for parallel programming.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: The music for the 2018 action-adventure game "Red Dead Redemption 2", developed and published by Rockstar Games, consists of an original score composed by musician Woody Jackson and an original soundtrack produced by Daniel Lanois. The soundtrack album was released digitally in July 2019, consisting of vocal tracks with artists such as Willie Nelson, Rhiannon Giddens, and Josh Homme. The score album was released in August 2019, mostly consisting of Jackson's original work and collaborations with artists such as Colin Stetson, Senyawa, and Arca. An additional extended play, "The Housebuilding EP", was released in February 2021, consisting of original songs by David Ferguson and Matt Sweeney. Two singles of music from the game have also been released: "Unshaken" by D'Angelo in January 2019, later released as part of the original soundtrack; and "Letter from Bluewater Man" by Christone "Kingfish" Ingram in August 2021, as part of an update for "Red Dead Online".


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: "Red Dead Redemption 2" has three different types of score: narrative, which is heard during the missions in the game's story; interactive, when the player is roaming the open world or in multiplayer; and environmental, which includes campfire singing songs or a character playing music in the world. The game's music regularly reacts according to the player's decisions in the world. Jackson composed roughly 60 hours of music for the game, though not every track made the final product. He purchased several instruments from the Wrecking Crew that were featured on classic cowboy films. Lanois was chosen to produce all of the game's vocal tracks for consistency and to complement Jackson's score. In total, over 110 musicians worked on the music for the game.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: Critical reception to the soundtracks was positive, as reviewers felt that the music connected appropriately with the gameplay. In particular, critics felt that the minimalist approach of the score's composition matched the gameplay, genre, and time, and the vocal tracks were praised for their impactfulness. The game's music was nominated for numerous awards. Several tracks became popular and spawned cover versions and live performances.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: Woody Jackson, who worked with developer and publisher Rockstar Games on "Red Dead Redemption" (2010) and "Grand Theft Auto V" (2013), returned to compose "Red Dead Redemption 2"s original score. Discussions about the game's music began early in development, as the team felt that it helped to create atmosphere and tone. Jackson composed roughly 60 hours of music for the game, but not every track made the final product; the game has 192 interactive mission tracks. Ivan Pavlovich, director of music and audio, estimated that the player would only hear around one-third of the total music created for the game in a standard playthrough. "Red Dead Redemption 2" has three different types of score: narrative, which is heard during the missions in the game's story; interactive, when the player is roaming the open world or in multiplayer; and environmental, which includes campfire singing songs or a character playing music in the world. The game's music regularly reacts according to the player's decisions in the world, matching the game's atmosphere and the player's choices.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: Jackson compared the beginning of the scoring process to that of a film, as he worked with the game's linear cutscenes. As the process progressed, it became less like a film; he would record 11 stem loops of around 4–5 minutes, which change in the game based on the changing of emotions. This change is initiated in the game's engine by an artificial intelligence system internally named the "Gunfight Conductor", which alters and creates additional sounds for variation. This system was introduced in Rockstar's previous game, "Grand Theft Auto V", but received an overhaul for "Red Dead Redemption 2"; it is similarly used in the game's multiplayer counterpart, "Red Dead Online". Jackson's goal with the ambient music was for it to accompany the game's sound design and not become distracting for the player. Comparing the game to a television season, Jackson considered a mission to be like an episode, as it tells an individual story arc while maintaining the same themes across multiple missions. For the narrative music, Jackson maintained the same tempo and key to avoid any clutter. At one point during development, he used around 15 stems, but ultimately brought it back to around six.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: To ensure that his music was effective for the game, Jackson listened to the music while shooting at a target range using a gun from the game's time. He also purchased several instruments from the Wrecking Crew that were featured on classic cowboy films, such as Dennis Budimir's 1898 Martin 1–28 gut string and Tommy Tedesco's Harmina Salinas Hijas gut string. He also acquired a 1920s Gibson Mandobass used on "Bullitt" (1968) that recreated an "ominous" bell sound, ukuleles from "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" (1969), and a nylon guitar used on "Unforgiven" (1992). During recording, Jackson played cues to each musician using call and response, to which they would respond organically, either copying Jackson's cue or playing how they feel. This system took place over a few days, and the tracks make up most of the open-world music. Several recording tools were used to capture the music, dating from a 1959 8-track tape to the modern digital workstation Pro Tools. When creating the score, Jackson gathered musician friends like bassist Mike Watt, violinist Petra Haden, and drummer Jon Theodore for jam sessions, often using Jackson's old instruments.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: While the first game imitated popular Spaghetti Western film soundtracks, the second game aimed to become more unique. Jackson estimated that he changed the music about four times throughout development, from extreme experimentation to classic Western sounds, ultimately blending to make "something different". Pavlovich felt that in order to find an effective result, they had to "push it almost until you break it, and then you swing back". To avoid imitating the bell used in Spaghetti Western soundtracks, Jackson instead used a mandolin used by the Wrecking Crew. The music team found reference points in Willie Nelson's album "Teatro" (1998) and the soundtrack for the 1971 film "The Hired Hand". While researching for the game's score, Jackson found that Ennio Morricone's work—particularly on Sergio Leone's "Dollars Trilogy" (1964–1966)—was already a departure from typical Western music of the time, instead featuring sounds popular at the time such as "psychedelic guitars, lots of noises", so Jackson felt that he could also take such creative liberties with "Red Dead Redemption 2". Similarly, he was even more influenced by Masaru Sato's score on Akira Kurosawa's film "Yojimbo" (1961), which he felt focused on emotion rather than trying to replicate the sound of feudal Japan, the film's setting.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: Guitarist Matt Sweeney was first approached to work on the game while intoxicated at Max Fish Bar in New York in around 2016 or 2017 by Rockstar's music supervisor Tony Mesones. He was asked to create "Appalachian sounding music" for the game's smaller, character-focused missions. When Sweeney discovered the game's setting, he recommended that Rockstar engage David R. Ferguson to create music with him due to Ferguson's extensive experience with hillbilly music. Pavlovich and Mesones visited Sweeney and Ferguson at the Butcher Shoppe Recording Studio in Nashville to show them videos of the game and discuss the characters. Ferguson recalled that Rockstar wanted to avoid blues music in the game. He noted the differences between his typical work and his work on the game, noting that he avoided percussion so players would not confuse it with in-game sound effects. Ferguson provided Rockstar with traditional instruments; one of his colleagues, Leroy Troy, possesses a "percussion rig with bells and whistles" that was used for one of the songs, "A Quiet Time". Sweeney took inspiration from segments of other music—such as the insistent drums in the work of Morricone—without being derivative; he was partly inspired by Bruce Langhorne's work on the soundtrack for "The Hired Hand" (1971). Sweeney and Ferguson estimated that they created around 100 small pieces of music for the game.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: In total, over 110 musicians worked on the music for the game. Sweeney noted that several musicians turned down offers to work on the soundtrack, due to their unfamiliarity with the industry and technology. Pavlovich felt that the diversity of the game's landscapes allowed for more diverse sounds, engaging saxophone player Colin Stetson, experimental band Senyawa, and musician Arca to work on the score. While Pavlovich felt that Arca's work was "too angular or sharp or modern sounding", he found techniques to subtly add it to the game to separate it from the Spaghetti Western sounds. For the arrangement of the traditional songs in the game, Rockstar engaged historic music producer Eli Smith, who fit the songs to the game and worked with the actors to perform them.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: Pavlovich engaged Daniel Lanois to produce all of the game's original vocal tracks, wanting a consistent "through-line" to complement Jackson's score. Lanois collaborated with artists such as D'Angelo, Willie Nelson, Rhiannon Giddens, and Josh Homme. Lanois wrote the song "Cruel World", especially for Nelson. When a hurricane prevented Nelson from recording the song, the team sent the track to Homme in the hopes that he could record it in time for the game's release; Homme recorded his vocals in an Australian studio while on tour. Nelson was ultimately able to record the song in time in Los Angeles; the team considered combining both versions into a duet, but ultimately included both versions in the game.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: D'Angelo had played the game at Rockstar's offices in New York City before agreeing to work on the game; his apparent enthusiasm in the title prompted Pavlovich to invite him to work on music. Pavlovich felt that D'Angelo's involvement in the game led to Lanois's engagement with the project. Lanois's co-writer Rocco DeLuca conceived the chant for the songs "Unshaken" and "Crash of Worlds" in New Orleans, based on a proverb by Paramahansa Yogananda: "You must stand unshaken amidst the crash of breaking worlds". Lanois felt that the term applied to the determination of game's characters throughout the story.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: Lanois took an early version of the song to D'Angelo in New York; they added a percussion track with Brian Blade on drums and Cyril Neville on cowbell, while Lanois played guitar and D'Angelo played Rhodes piano, and turned it into a full song. The recording process with D'Angelo took around a week and a half. Lanois and D'Angelo originally began working on a rock-oriented song in a time signature, but "it didn't pan out". Nas also recorded a version of "Unshaken" with rap verses.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: Lanois felt that the darker tones of "Love Come Back" resonated well with the game, despite only featuring musical instruments that did not exist in the game's time; he also recorded an acoustic version with more accurate instruments. "That's the Way It Is" was written with the theme of acceptance and surrender, which Lanois felt resonated with protagonist Arthur Morgan's stillness towards the game's conclusion as he is questioning life.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: "The Music of Red Dead Redemption 2 (Original Soundtrack)" comprises the original songs created for "Red Dead Redemption 2". Produced by Daniel Lanois, the soundtrack includes songs from D'Angelo, Willie Nelson, Rhiannon Giddens, and Josh Homme. The album was released by Lakeshore Records and Rockstar Games digitally on July 12, 2019, and as a CD and vinyl record on September 20, 2019. Rockstar announced the album's title and track listing on June 14, 2019, when pre-orders became available. Pre-orders granted immediate access to two singles from the soundtrack: "Crash of Worlds" and "Table Top". An additional song by David Ferguson was originally due for inclusion on the album.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: The soundtrack was positively received. Graham Banas of "Push Square" wrote that the vocal tracks "create relaxing, melancholic moments". In the context of the game, Dave Thier of "Forbes" praised the tracks for having as powerful an impact as in "Red Dead Redemption". "Game Informer"s Jason Guisao found that "Mountain Hymn" echoes the "transience of life and innocence in [the game's] violent American frontier"; "Push Square"s Banas similarly praised the track, describing it as "one of the most beautiful melodies ever created". The soundtrack album peaked at 45 on the "Billboard" Top Album Sales, 21 on the Soundtracks charts, 15 on Vinyl Albums, 12 on Independent Albums, and 11 on Digital Albums. At the Hollywood Music in Media Awards, the soundtrack won Best Soundtrack Album and "That's the Way It Is" was nominated for Original Song in a Video Game.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: "The Music of Red Dead Redemption 2 (Original Score)" comprises the original score created for "Red Dead Redemption 2" by Woody Jackson. It was recorded at Jackson's Electro-Vox Recording Studios in Los Angeles and mastered at DNA Mastering in Glendale, California. The soundtrack features additional production and arrangement by Jeff Silverman, and musical score and orchestration by Colin Stetson, David Ferguson, David Ralicke, Gabe Witcher, Luke O'Malley, Mario Batkovic, Matt Sweeney, Rabih Beaini, and Senyawa. Over 110 other musicians also contributed to the tracks, including Arca, Duane Eddy, Jon Theodore, and Michael Shuman.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: Pre-orders for the album became available on July 19, 2019, following Rockstar's announcement of the album's title and track listing. Pre-orders granted immediate access to three singles from the soundtrack: "Outlaws From the West", "Fleeting Joy", and "Country Pursuits". The album was released by Lakeshore Records and Rockstar Games digitally on August 9, 2019. CD and vinyl record versions of the album were released on Record Store Day on April 10, 2020, in a collaboration between Rockstar, Lakeshore, and Invada Records. Michael Walters of "TheGamer" praised the progression of the soundtrack's track listing, finding it representative of the game's narrative experience; he named "Revenge is a Dish Best Eaten" the strongest track, lauding the growing tension and eventual clash of the horn and strings, comparing them to the characters Dutch van der Linde and Angelo Bronte, respectively.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: In the context of the game, Jackson's musical score was described as "top notch" by "IGN"s Luke Reilly, who described it as "an evocative mix of jangling Ennio Morricone-esque guitar and more soulful pieces"; "Push Square"s Banas wrote that it adds "a sense of tension and action that you can only get from a western". "GamesRadar+"s David Meikleham wrote that the score is "both electrifying and eclectic". Dean Takahashi of "VentureBeat" felt that the soundtrack contributed significantly to the game's immersion, while Matt Bertz of "Game Informer" noted that the soundtrack added authenticity to the game world by using elements of American folk music. "VG247"s Kirk McKeand praised the blending of music during exploration and its intensity in combat, and lauded the sparing use of vocal tracks to highlight important narrative moments. "Game Informer"s Guisao wrote that he preferred the "couplet" of the songs "American Venom" and "American Reprise" over the game's vocal tracks.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: The vinyl release of the album, produced by Giles, reordered the track listing and split two of the songs into two parts, increasing the track numbering from 22 to 24.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: "The Music of Red Dead Redemption 2: The Housebuilding EP" comprises the original songs created for "Red Dead Redemption 2" by David Ferguson and Matt Sweeney. The album was released by Lakeshore Records and Rockstar Games digitally and as a vinyl record on February 12, 2021. Produced by Ferguson and Sweeney, the album was recorded at the Butcher Shoppe Recording Studio in Nashville and engineered by Sean Sullivan. It was mastered at DNA Mastering in Glendale, California. Ben Bryson of "mxdwn" praised the songs for "painting pictures through music without lyrics", noting that album is "less about the music and more about how the music functions".


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: "Unshaken" is a song by D'Angelo. It was produced by Lanois, who wrote the track with D'Angelo and DeLuca, The song was released digitally as an individual single by RCA Records on January 4, 2019, prior to its release as part of the "Original Soundtrack" in July 2019. It was D'Angelo's first piece of new music released since his third studio album, "Black Messiah", in December 2014. D'Angelo sings in his lower vocal register on the track, a deliberate choice by Pavlovich to differentiate it from his typical falsetto singing voice.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: The song received praise: "Esquire"s Dom Nero described its performance in the game as "a sublime narrative moment that's among the best gaming has ever offered", and Amanda Hurych of AXS considered it "a perfect complement" to the game's narrative. "Atwood Magazine"s Ilana Kalish praised the combination of musical elements, particularly the lyrics and percussion. "Game Informer"s Jason Guisao identified that "Unshaken" was the game's most popular song. The track peaked at number six on the US R&B Digital Song Sales.


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: "Letter from Bluewater Man" is a blues song performed by Christone "Kingfish" Ingram, who wrote and produced the track with Carl Lois. The song was created for "Blood Money", an update for "Red Dead Online" released on July 13, 2021; in the game, Ingram plays "Bluewater" John, a guitar player based on Robert Johnson. Ingram wanted to "capture the essence" of Johnson in the song. He wanted to avoid the traditional I–IV–IV chord progression, seeking an eight-bar blues progression instead; he wanted a "type of groove" like the blues standard song "Key to the Highway".


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: The song was released as a digital single on August 20, 2021. Andrea Domanick of KCRW found that the song "stands on its own", praising its "sparse arrangement, lilting guitar, and soul-punch vocals". Upon hearing the song used in the game's trailer, Sam Roche of "Guitar World" wrote that Ingram delivers "his instantly recognizable soulful vocals over a series of silky blue fingerstyle lines".


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: "Red Dead Redemption 2" won Best Score/Music at The Game Awards 2018, Best Video Game Music at "IGN"s Best of 2018 Awards, and Best Music from "Giant Bomb". It was also nominated for the Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game at the 8th New York Game Awards, and Excellence in Musical Score at the 6th SXSW Gaming Awards. Banas of "Push Square" ranked the game's music as the best PlayStation game of 2018, and the third-best of the 2010s, writing that it "raised the bar on what a soundtrack could accomplish". "GamingBolt"s Shubhankar Parijat considered it the best game music of the year, writing that it "enhance[s]s the core essence of [the] game's DNA in every way possible ... better than most soundtracks we've seen in a game".


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption 2

text: Lanois and his band Heavy Sun performed several songs from the game alongside Giddens at The Game Awards on December 6, 2018. Jackson led an hour-long live performance of the game's soundtrack at the Red Bull Music Festival in Los Angeles on February 23, 2019. Lanois performed music from the game's soundtrack with his band at Amoeba Music on September 19, 2019. In September 2019, as part of its Amazon Originals series, Amazon Music engaged Giddens to record a cover of "Cruel World", while Lanois and his band Heavy Sun covered "That's the Way It Is". In February and March 2021, to celebrate the release of "The Housebuilding EP", Lakeshore Records released live performances of all five tracks by Ferguson, Sweeney, and Tim O'Brien, recorded at the Butcher Shoppe. Lanois, D'Angelo, and Giddens performed music from the game at the Battery in New York during the Tribeca Film Festival on June 10, 2021, to celebrate the inaugural Tribeca Games Award as well as the tenth anniversary of the festival's recognition of Rockstar's "L.A. Noire" (2011); this marked D'Angelo's first live appearance performing songs from the game.


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: The fifth season of the American television romantic comedy-drama "Sex and the City" aired in the United States on HBO. The show was created by Darren Star while Star, Michael Patrick King, John P. Melfi, series lead actress Sarah Jessica Parker, Cindy Chupack, and Jenny Bicks served as executive producers. The series was produced by Darren Star Productions, HBO Original Programming, and Warner Bros. Television. Parker portrays the lead character Carrie Bradshaw, while Kim Cattrall, Kristin Davis and Cynthia Nixon played her best friends Samantha Jones, Charlotte York, and Miranda Hobbes.


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: In season five, Carrie, in the midst of a dating hiatus, lands a publishing deal for her column and begins a relationship with a fellow writer. Miranda becomes a mother with Steve and struggles to manage a job, dating life and her friendships with the other girls. Samantha dates Richard again, but battles with trust issues stemming from his infidelity. A recently divorced Charlotte gets into a legal battle with Trey's mother over their apartment and during the legal proceedings, falls in love with her lawyer.


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: The fifth season aired on Sunday nights at 9:00 PM from to and comprised eight episodes, as opposed to the original 18 episode order, due to Parker's pregnancy at the time of filming. In the United Kingdom, the season was broadcast on Wednesday nights between January 1 and February 19, 2003. The season received mixed to positive critical responses while receiving several awards and nominations, including winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for Cattrall. The season averaged over 7 million viewers.


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: The fifth season of "Sex and the City" was produced by Darren Star Productions and Warner Bros. Television, in association with HBO Original Programming. The series is based on the book of the same name, written by Candice Bushnell, which contains stories from her column with the "New York Observer". The show featured production from Antonia Ellis, Jane Raab and series star Sarah Jessica Parker, also an executive producer alongside Michael Patrick King, John Melfi, Cindy Chupack, and Jenny Bicks. Episodic writers returning for the fifth season included Bicks, Chupack, King, Julie Rottenberg, and Elisa Zuritsky. New writers enlisted for the season included Alexa Junge and Judy Toll. The season was directed by returning directors King, Charles McDougall, John David Coles, and Michael Engler.


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: Like the previous seasons, season five features the same principal cast and characters. Sarah Jessica Parker portrays Carrie Bradshaw, a fashionable middle aged woman who writes about sex and life in New York City in her column, "Sex and the City", with the fictional "New York Star". Kim Cattrall played the promiscuous public relations agent Samantha Jones. Kristin Davis portrayed Charlotte York MacDougal, an optimistic, straight laced former art curator navigating being newly single while moving on from her failed marriage. Cynthia Nixon acted as the acerbic and sarcastic lawyer Miranda Hobbes, who faces struggles as a working mother.


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: The fifth season featured a number of recurring and guest actors whose characters contributed significantly to the series plotlines. Chris Noth reprised his role as Mr. Big for one episode this season. David Eigenberg portrayed Miranda's on-off boyfriend, bar owner and father of her child Steve Brady. Willie Garson played entertainment manager and Carrie's gay friend Stanford Blatch. Mario Cantone returns to the series as a recurring guest actor, portraying Charlotte's gay friend and former wedding planner Anthony Marantino. Frances Sternhagen reprised her role as Trey's overbearing and intrusive mother Bunny MacDougal. James Remar reprised his role as hotelier and Samantha's boyfriend Richard Wright. Lynn Cohen reprises her role as Magda, Miranda's foreign housekeeper. Comedienne Molly Shannon recurs as Lily Martin while Ron Livingston appears as Jack Berger, a professional writer.


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: Season five of "Sex and the City" debuted on July 21, 2002 at 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time Zone with the episode "Anchors Away". The episode was viewed by 7.93 million people, becoming the most watched episode of the series at the time. It earned a 4.8 Nielsen household rating, indicative of 5.07 million households in which the episode was viewed. Viewership for the season fluctuated up and down between 5.95 million and 7.93 million viewers, but ranked number one among pay cable program every week. The season finale, "I Love a Charade", premiered on September 8, 2002 to an audience of 7.33 million viewers. Earning a 4.7 household rating, the episode was viewed by 5.04 million households. The fifth season averaged over 7 million viewers per 8 episodes. In the United Kingdom, the season aired on Channel 4, garnering high ratings and landing among the top 30 programs of the week.


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: Mike Long of DVD Talk gave the season 4.5 out of 5 stars, highlight the season's plotlines and dialogue despite its shortened length. Bryan Buyn of DVD Verdict found the series at this point to be pandering to the public, criticizing the continued focus on the four girls "chasing "cute boys" and blathering endlessly over breakfast about sex, relationships, and sex." Buyn, however, stated that the criticism "stems from the fact that the show is just good enough to make me wish it were better", and offered praise to the leading actresses' performance. Dan Jewel, writing for "Media Life Magazine", praised the series for portraying Miranda's motherhood honestly and for giving the characters more depth, noting that the show walks a "fine line" between poignancy and mawkishness.


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: At the 60th Golden Globe Awards, Kim Cattrall won the award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. Co-star Cynthia Nixon also received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film while Sarah Jessica Parker received a nomination for a Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy. The series was nominated for the award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy for the fifth consecutive year, but lost out to "Curb Your Enthusiasm".


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: At the 55th Primetime Emmy Awards, "Sex and the City" received twelve nominations and won the award for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series. Sarah Jessica Parker was nominated for the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for the fifth time. Kim Cattrall and Cynthia Nixon were both nominated for an Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Emmy for their respective portrayals of Samantha Jones and Miranda Hobbes, being Cattrall's fourth nomination and Nixon's second. "Plus One is the Loneliest Number" received two nominations: Outstanding Hairstyling for a Series and Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic). The episode "I Love a Charade" was nominated for awards for Outstanding Costumes for a Series, Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series.


title: Sex and the City (season 5)

text: Chris Noth and Nixon received nominations for Best Supporting Actor and Actress – Television Series at the 7th Golden Satellite Awards. At the 2003 American Cinema Editors Awards, Wendey Stanzler won the award for Best Edited Half-Hour Series for Television. Patricia Field was nominated for award for Best Costume Design – Contemporary TV Series at the 2003 Costume Designers Guild Awards. At the 55th Directors Guild of America Awards, Michael Patrick King was nominated for the award for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series for "Plus is the Loneliest Number". At the 2002 Writers Guild of America Awards, three episodes from the fifth season were nominated for . Series producers Cindy Chupack, King, John P. Melfi, and Parker were nominated for the award for Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Comedy. At the 9th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Cattrall was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series while the cast was nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series.


title: Tyler Linderbaum

text: Tyler Linderbaum (born April 7, 2000) is an American football center for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Iowa and was selected in the first round of the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Tyler Linderbaum

text: Linderbaum was born on April 7, 2000, in Solon, Iowa and is of German descent. He later attended Solon High School, where he played both offensive and defensive line. Linderbaum played in the 2018 U.S. Army All-American Game. He committed to the University of Iowa to play college football.


title: Tyler Linderbaum

text: Linderbaum began his career at Iowa as a defensive lineman before moving to center prior to the 2019 season. He started all 13 games that season. He returned as the starter in 2020 and was named an All-American as well as a finalist for the Rimington Trophy. In 2021, was named the Rimington–Pace Offensive Lineman of the Year and won the Rimington Trophy while being named to a unanimous All-American.


title: Tyler Linderbaum

text: Linderbaum was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round 25th overall after a trade with the Arizona Cardinals to get the draft pick in the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh (, ; born 2 March 1942) is an Iranian reformist politician, artist and architect who served as the forty-ninth and last Prime Minister of Iran from 1981 to 1989. He was a reformist candidate for the 2009 presidential election and eventually the leader of the opposition in the post-election unrest. Mousavi served as the president of the Iranian Academy of Arts until 2009, when Conservative authorities removed him.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: In the early years of the revolution, Mousavi was the editor-in-chief of "Jomhouri-e Eslami", the official newspaper of the Islamic Republican Party, before being elevated to Minister of Foreign Affairs and eventually the post of Prime Minister. He was the last Prime Minister in Iran prior to the 1989 constitutional changes which removed the post of the prime minister; he then went into semi-retirement for the next 20 years. He remains a member of the Expediency Discernment Council and the High Council of Cultural Revolution. However, he has not participated in their meetings for years, which is interpreted by political analysts and commentators as a sign of his disapproval.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: For the 2009 Iranian Presidential election, Mousavi came out of semi-retirement and ran as one of two Reformist candidates against the administration of incumbent President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. According to official results, he didn't win the election, and following alleged vote-rigging and manipulation, his campaign sparked a long protest that eventually turned into a national and international movement against the Government and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. Despite the violent crackdown, he remains the leader of the Green Movement but his movements have remained severely restricted. He chose green as his campaign color, a color which is pervasive in Iran. He is currently under house arrest along with his wife Zahra Rahnavard and Mehdi Karroubi.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: Seyyed Mir-Hossein Mousavi was born on 2 March 1942 in Khameneh, East Azerbaijan, Iran. He is an ethnic Azerbaijani, whose family originated from Tabriz. His father, Mir-Ismail, was a tea merchant from Tabriz. Mousavi grew up in Khameneh, and moved to Tehran following his graduation from high school in 1958. Mousavi is a relative of fellow Khameneh native Ali Khamenei: Mousavi's grandmother is Khamenei's paternal aunt.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: He earned his undergraduate degree in architecture from the National University of Tehran (now Shahid Beheshti University), and in 1969 was awarded his master's degree in architecture from the National University of Tehran, focusing primarily on traditional Iranian architecture. While a student, he was an active member of the leftist Islamic association of students. During his college years, Mousavi had a close relationship with the Freedom Movement of Iran, a religious-nationalist political party founded by Ali Shariati, whom Mousavi admired for many years. Although the party would not be invited to the post-revolution government, many future political leaders of Iran who were affiliated with the party at the time, among them Mehdi Bazargan, Yadolah Sahabi, Mahmoud Taleghani, and Mostafa Chamran would become Mousavi's closest allies. Mousavi was among the student activists who regularly attended Ali Shariati's lectures at Hosseiniyeh Ershad of Tehran, where Mousavi also exhibited his artwork under the pseudonym Hossein Rah'jo.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: In 1969, Mousavi married Zahra Rahnavard, a fellow university student who specialized in sculpture, and was among the well-known students of Ali Shariati. Rahnavard later became the Chancellor of Alzahra University as well as political adviser to Iran's former President Mohammad Khatami. The couple have three daughters; all speak Azeri, Persian, English, and Arabic.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: Mousavi and his wife had an active role in the success of the Iranian Revolution. He was imprisoned for organizing street protests against the monarchy of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. As the Iranian Revolution neared, Mousavi, whose earliest political hero was Che Guevara, became more actively involved in the struggle. He initially participated in the establishment of the Jonbesh-e Mosalmanan-e Mobarez (Movement of Militant Muslims) alongside Habibollah Peyman which eventually led him to join ranks with Mohammad Beheshti, who was a close associate of the revolution leader, Ruhollah Khomeini, and abandoned his previous connections with Ali Shariati.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: Following the collapse of the Shah's regime in 1979, Mousavi helped Mohammad Beheshti found the Islamic Republican Party in 1979 in order to assist the establishment of the Islamic republic in Iran and hasten the overthrow of Iran's monarchy. He became the political secretary of the party, and chief editor of "Jomhouri-e Eslami", the party's official newspaper. For this, he is widely viewed as "The Architect" of the Islamic Republic both in Iran and abroad.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: In mid-1979, he was appointed by Khomeini to the Council of the Islamic Revolution. As the chief editor of "Jomhouri-e Eslami", he was a loud critic and opponent of Abolhassan Banisadr, the first president of the Islamic Republic, until the latter's 1981 flight to France, following a successful impeachment by parliament. During Banisadr's presidency, the prime minister Mohammad Ali Rajai nominated Mousavi as his foreign minister, however Banisadr opposed the nomination and Mousavi was not appointed. On 15 August 1981, as part of the restructuring of the government in Rajai's cabinet, Mousavi was appointed foreign minister. He held the post until 15 December 1981, when he received the higher appointment of prime minister.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: In August 1981, President Mohammad-Ali Rajai and Prime Minister Mohammad-Javad Bahonar were assassinated in an explosion. Ali Khamenei was then elected as the third President of Iran in the October 1981 Iranian presidential election. He put forward Ali Akbar Velayati as his prime minister, but the Iranian parliament did not give him the vote of confidence, and he was defeated with a vote of 80 to 74. Although Khamenei had strong reservations with Mousavi, as a compromise with the left-leaning parliament, agreed to offer Mousavi for the post of premier. On 28 October 1981, with the approval of Khomeini, the parliament approved Mousavi with a vote of 115 to 39 to become the 79th prime minister of Iran on 31 October 1981.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: The conflicts between Mousavi, who belonged to the left wing of the Islamic Republic, with Ali Khamenei (the current leader of Iran), who belonged to the right wing of the Islamic Republic, continued during their eight years of shared governance. However, an escalation in conflicts between the two led to Mousavi's resignation shortly after the end of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988. As the prime minister, Mousavi had the full backing of Ruhollah Khomeini, the supreme leader, and he refused to accept his resignation. While his government was viewed as somewhat liberal, he was still under the pressure of hardliners, though Khomeini generally protected Mousavi from the conservatives and gave him a free rein in deciding actions for the economy. However, his involvement in security matters remained less clear, and it was disputed whether or not Mousavi was involved in the killing of thousands of dissidents and minorities in Kurdistan and Mazandaran during this time. It has generally been accepted that Mousavi and Mohsen Rezaee (who was in charge of the Revolutionary Guards during this time) have never been close, though he was in charge of foreign operations, particularly in Lebanon.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: Mousavi's premiership coincided with the Iran–Iraq War. He guided the country through its war with Iraq, and earned popular acclaim for his stewardship of the national economy. He pioneered a bond-based economy, which many believe was responsible for a fair distribution of goods among the people throughout the Iran–Iraq War. Many analysts praise his handling of Iran's economy, his civil and economic leadership during the Iran–Iraq War, and his efforts to end Iran's international isolation. Others remember him as being "unpredictable" and less able to navigate Iran's labyrinthine political system than were his rivals. In 1986, Mousavi played a great role in the Iran–Contra affair and secret negotiations and dealing with USA on helping them free the American hostages in Lebanon, in return for sale of the American weapons and spare-parts that Iran's army badly needed for the Iran–Iraq War.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: A year after the end of the Iran–Iraq War on 20 August 1988, Ruhollah Khomeini died (June 3, 1989), and Ali Khamenei was elected as the new Supreme Leader by the Assembly of Experts. Following his death, Mousavi and his fellow left-wingers lost their main source of support within the establishment. During the parliament hearing on post-war reconstruction plans, Mousavi had heated arguments with Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, the speaker of Iran's parliament at the time, over Rafsanjani's suggestion that Iran accept the offer of western countries to help with post-war reconstruction.


title: Mir-Hossein Mousavi

text: On 28 July 1989, the constitution was amended and approved by Iranian voters in a national referendum with a 97% yes vote. At this time, Mehdi Karrubi had been elected as the new speaker of the parliament, to whom the amended constitution was declared. One of these amendments abolished the position of Prime Minister. Rafsanjani was elected as the fourth president of Iran on 28 July 1989, and became the president on 3 August 1989. Mousavi's premiership ended on the same date. Mousavi was not invited to be a participant in the new government headed by Rafsanjani, and disappeared from the public sphere.