title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: The divorce writ prompted a deluge of bad publicity for Hubbard and elicited an unexpected letter to Northrup from his first wife, Polly, who wrote: "If I can help in any way I'd like to—You must get Alexis in your custody—Ron is not normal. I had hoped that you could straighten him out. Your charges sound fantastic to the average person—but I've been through it—the beatings, threats on my life, all the sadistic traits you charge—twelve years of it ... Please do believe I do so want to help you get Alexis."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: In May 1951, Northrup filed a further complaint against Hubbard, accusing him of having fled to Cuba to evade the divorce papers that she was seeking to serve. By that time, however, he had moved to Wichita, Kansas. Northrup's attorney filed another petition asking for Hubbard's assets to be frozen as he had been found "hiding" in Wichita "but that he would probably leave town upon being detected". Hubbard wrote to the FBI to further denounce Northrup as a Communist secret agent. He accused Communists of destroying his business, ruining his health and withholding material of interest to the US Government. His misfortunes had been caused by "a woman known as Sara Elizabeth Northrup . . . whom I believed to be my wife, having married her and then, after some mix-up about a divorce, believed to be my wife in common law." He accused Northrup of having conspired in a bid to assassinate him and described how he had found love letters to his wife from Hollister, a "member of the Young Communists." Her real motive in filing for divorce, he said, was to seize control of Dianetics. He urged the FBI to start a "round-up" of "vermin Communists or ex-Communists", starting with Northrup, and declared:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Fortunately for Northrup – as it was the peak of the McCarthyite "Red Scare" – Hubbard's allegations were apparently ignored by the FBI, which filed his letter but took no further action. In June 1951, she finally secured the return of Alexis by agreeing to cancel her receivership action and divorce suit in California in return for a divorce "guaranteed by L. Ron Hubbard". She met him in Wichita to resolve the situation. He told her that she was "in a state of complete madness" due to being dictated to and hypnotized by Hollister and his "communist cell". Playing along, she told Hubbard that he was right and that the only way she could break free of their power was by going through with the divorce. He replied, "You know, I'm a public figure and you're nobody, so if you have to go through the divorce, I'll accuse you of desertion so it won't look so bad on my public record." She agreed to sign a statement, written by Hubbard himself, that retracted the allegations that she had made against him:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Interviewed more than 35 years later, Northrup stated that she had signed the statement because "I thought by doing so he would leave me and Alexis alone. It was horrible. I just wanted to be free of him!"


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: On June 12, Hubbard was awarded a divorce in the County Court of Sedgwick County, Kansas on the basis of Northrup's "gross neglect of duty and extreme cruelty", which had caused him "nervous breakdown and impairment to health." She did not give evidence but was awarded custody of Alexis and $200 a month in child support. She left Wichita as soon as Alexis was returned to her. Her reunion with her daughter was uncertain to the last, as Hubbard had second thoughts about letting her go as he drove Northrup and Alexis to the local airport. She persuaded him that the compulsion instilled by the communists would be dissipated by going ahead with the flight: "Well, I have to follow their dictates. I'll just go to the airplane." She was so desperate to leave by the time she got to the airport that she left behind her daughter's clothes and her own suitcase and one of Alexis's shoes fell off as she dashed to the plane. "I just ran across the airfield, across the runways, to the airport and got on the plane. And it was the nineteenth of June and it was the happiest day of my life."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: After divorcing Hubbard, Northrup married Miles Hollister and bought a house in Malibu, California. Hubbard continued to develop Dianetics (and ultimately Scientology), through which he met his third and last wife, Mary Sue Whipp, in late 1951 – only a few months after his divorce. The controversy surrounding the divorce had severely dented his reputation. He sought to explain it to his followers as being the result of his victimization by his ex-wife. Speaking to Dianeticists following the divorce, Hubbard blamed shadowy outside forces for the bad publicity: "We have just been through the saw mill, through the public presses. Every effort was made to butcher my personal reputation. A young girl is nearly dead because of this effort. My wife Sara."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Around the summer of 1951, he explained his flight to Cuba as being a bid to escape Northrup's depredations: "He talked a lot about Sara. When she ran off with another man Ron followed them and they locked him in a hotel room and pushed drugs up his nose, but he managed to escape and went to Cuba." He publicly portrayed his marital problems as being entirely the fault of Northrup and her lover Hollister:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Many years later, another of his followers, Virginia Downsborough, recalled that during the mid-1960s he "talked a lot about Sara Northrup and seemed to want to make sure that I knew he had never married her. I didn't know why it was so important to him; I'd never met Sara and I couldn't have cared less, but he wanted to persuade me that the marriage had never taken place. When he talked about his first wife, the picture he put out of himself was of this poor wounded fellow coming home from the war and being abandoned by his wife and family because he would be a drain on them." As Downsborough put it, he portrayed himself as "a constant victim of women".


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: The writer Christopher Evans has noted that "So painful do the memories of these incidents appear to be that L. Ron has more than once denied that he was ever married to Sarah Northrup at all." He notes as an example of "this apparent erasure of Sarah Northrup from his mind" a 1968 interview with the British broadcaster Granada Television, in which Hubbard denied that he had had a second wife in between his first, Polly, and the present one, Mary Sue:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Granada's reporter commented: "What Hubbard said happens to be untrue. It's an unimportant detail but he's had three wives... What is important is that his followers were there as he lied, but no matter what the evidence they don't believe it." Hubbard also gave a new explanation of why he had been involved with Jack Parsons and the O.T.O. After the British "Sunday Times" newspaper published an exposé of Hubbard's membership of the O.T.O. in October 1969, the newspaper printed a statement attributed to the Church of Scientology (but written by Hubbard himself) that asserted:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Only a couple of months later, he highlighted Northrup to his staff as a participant in a "full complete covert operation" mounted against Dianetics and Scientology by a "Totalitarian Communistic" enemy. In a memo of December 2, 1969, he wrote that the operation had started with bad reviews of "Dianetics", "pushed then by the Sara Komkovadamanov (alias Northrup) "divorce" actions ... At the back of it was Miles Hollister (psychology student) Sara Komkosadamanov (housekeeper at the place nuclear physicists stayed near Caltech) ..."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: By 1970, Northrup and Hollister had moved to Maui, Hawaii. Northrup's daughter Alexis, who was by now twenty-one years old, attempted to contact her father but was rebuffed in a handwritten statement in which Hubbard denied that he was her father: "Your mother was with me as a secretary in Savannah in late 1948 . . . In July 1949 I was in Elizabeth, New Jersey, writing a movie. She turned up destitute and pregnant."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: He said that Northrup had been a Nazi spy during the war and accused her and Hollister of using the divorce case to seize control of Dianetics: "They obtained considerable newspaper publicity, none of it true, and employed the highest priced divorce attorney in the US to sue me for divorce and get the foundation in Los Angeles in settlement. This proved a puzzle since where there is no legal marriage, there can't be any divorce."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Despite clearly being written by Hubbard, who spoke in the first person in the letter, it was signed "Your good friend, J. Edgar Hoover". Even his own staff were shocked by the contents of Hubbard's letter; he ended his instructions to them with the statement, "Decency is not a subject well understood".


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Neither Northrup nor Alexis made any further attempt to contact Hubbard, who disinherited Alexis in his will, written in January 1986 on the day before he died. In June 1986 the Church of Scientology and Alexis agreed a financial settlement under which she was compelled not to write or speak on the subject of L. Ron Hubbard and her relationship to him. An attempt was made to have her sign an affidavit stating that she was in fact the daughter of L. Ron Hubbard's first son, her half-brother L. Ron Hubbard, Jr.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: As the United Press International news agency noted, Church of Scientology biographies of Hubbard's life do not mention either of his first two wives. In one publication the Church has airbrushed Northrup out of a photograph of the couple that appeared in the "Miami Daily News" issue of June 30, 1946. The news story which the photograph accompanied has been republished by the Church with all mention of Northrup edited out from the text.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: The church continues to promulgate Hubbard's claims about their relationship. The writer Lawrence Wright was told in September 2010 by Tommy Davis, the then spokesman for the Church of Scientology, that Hubbard "was never married to Sara Northrup. She filed for divorce in an effort to try and create a false record that she had been married to him." She had been part of Jack Parsons' group because "she had been sent in there by the Russians. I can never pronounce her name. Her actual true name is a Russian name. That was one of the reasons L. Ron Hubbard never had a relationship with her. He never had a child with her. He wasn't married to her. But he did save her life and pull her out of that whole black magic ring."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: After the documentary-maker Alex Gibney directed the film "Going Clear", based on Wright's book of the same name and citing Northrup's words about Hubbard, the Church published a video calling Northrup a "failed gold digger" and "self admitted perjurer" who was responsible for "a get-rich-quick scheme [concocted] by the woman and her publicity starved lawyer to try to shake down Mr. Hubbard for money and take over the Hubbard Dianetics Foundation after Dianetics soared to the top of national bestseller lists."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Although Northrup did not speak out publicly against her ex-husband following their divorce, she broke her silence in 1972. She wrote privately to Paulette Cooper, the author of the book "The Scandal of Scientology" who was subsequently targeted by the Church's Operation Freakout. Northrup told Cooper that Hubbard was a dangerous lunatic, and that although her own life had been transformed when she left him, she was still afraid both of him and of his followers, whom she later described as looking "like Mormons, but with bad complexions."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: In July 1986 she was interviewed by the ex-Scientologist Bent Corydon several months after Hubbard's death, which had reduced her fear of retaliation. Excerpts from the interview were published in Corydon's 1987 book, "".


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: She died of breast cancer in 1997 but in the last few months of her life she dictated a tape-recorded account of her relationship with Hubbard. It is now in the Stephen A. Kent Collection on Alternative Religions at the University of Alberta. Rejecting any suggestion that she was some kind of "pathetic person who has suffered through the years because of my time with Ron", Northrup spoke of her relief that she had been able to put it behind her. She stated that she was "not interested in revenge; I'm interested in the truth."


title: Ad nauseam

text: The term is defined by the "American Heritage Dictionary" as "to a disgusting or ridiculous degree; to the point of nausea." Colloquially, it is sometimes used as "until nobody cares to discuss it any more."


title: LGBT conservatism

text: LGBT conservatism refers to LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) individuals with conservative political views. It is an umbrella term used for what is bifurcated into two specific sub-categories, each with its own term and meaning. The first sub-categorical term, Pre-Stonewall LGBT Conservatives, refers to LGBT individuals embracing and promoting (even in the post-Stonewall era) the ideology of a traditional and often anti-LGBT (or at least non-"LGBT-friendly") conservatism in either a general or specifically-LGBT social context or environment. The second sub-categorical term, Post-Stonewall LGBT Conservatives, refers to self-affirming LGBT persons with fiscally, culturally, and politically conservative views. These post-Stonewall conservatives' social views, though generally conservative too, at the same time reflect a self-determination-stemmed and more recent socio-historical "gay-affirmation" on issues like marriage equality for same-sex couples, gay family recognition, civic equality generally for LGBTs in society, and also a positive role for (gay-affirming) religion in LGBT life, though there is not complete unanimity of opinion among them on all issues, especially those regarding the dynamics and politics of the closet and "identity management," and various legal and political issues (e.g. adoption agency placement, rights of private businesses, certain "intra-LGBT" issues of bisexuality, transgender topics, and others.) The first term can include LGBTs who are actually opposed to same-sex marriage or other LGBTQ rights while the second term, contrastingly, usually refers to self-affirming gays who unequivocally favor marriage as a legal institution for both heterosexuals and gays (in countries where this is feasible) and who simultaneously prefer economic and political conservatism more generally. The number of self-affirming LGBT advocates for conservative ideas and policies became more apparent only after the advent of the modern LGBT civil rights movement in the 1970s (which encouraged affirmation of LGBT identity to achieve greater consolidation of political power) even as many gay conservatives then did remain closeted in areas where (antigay) socially conservative politicians led the most organized opposition to LGBT rights. The Realpolitik and ideology situations (and alliance/coalition possibilities) for LGBT conservatives today vary by their own self-definition, and each country's (and local area's) sociopolitical, cultural, and legal LGBT rights landscape.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In France, in 1791, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau presented a new criminal code to the national Constituent Assembly. He explained that it outlawed only "true crimes", and not "phony offenses created by superstition, feudalism, the tax system, and [royal] despotism". He did not list the crimes "created by superstition". The new penal code did not mention blasphemy, heresy, sacrilege, witchcraft, incest or homosexuality, which led to these former offences being swiftly decriminalized. In 1810, a new criminal code was issued under Napoleon. As with the Penal Code of 1791, it did not contain provisions for religious crimes, incest or homosexuality. In 1852, under the prime ministership of the Duke of Saldanha, a liberal-conservative Cartista, same-sex sexual intercourse was legalized throughout Portugal.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 1870, the draft penal law submitted by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to the North German Confederation retained the relevant Prussian penal provisions criminalizing male same-sex sexual intercourse, justifying this out of concern for "public opinion":


title: LGBT conservatism

text: Even though one can justify the omission of these penal provisions from the standpoint of Medicine as well as on grounds taken from certain theories of criminal lawthe public's sense of justice ("das Rechtsbewußtsein im Volke") views these acts not merely as vices but as crimes [...].


title: LGBT conservatism

text: On May 15, 1871, under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Paragraph 175 was enacted throughout the German Empire.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In August 1885, under Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, the Labouchere Amendment passed August 7, 1885 becoming Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 1887, during the period known as the Conservative Republic (), same-sex sexual intercourse was legalized throughout Argentina.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: On February 24, 1954, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, during a cabinet meeting, bluntly replied that the Conservative Party was not going to accept responsibility for making the law more lenient towards gay men. He suggested that an enquiry might be the way forward, proposed limiting press coverage of the convictions of homosexuals, and suggested that any man caught by police should be offered the option of medical treatment. “Otherwise, I wouldn’t touch the subject,” he said. “Let it get worse – in hope of a more united public pressure for some amendment.”


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 2007, Brian Coleman, a former openly gay Conservative member of the London Assembly and former mayor of Barnet, wrote in the "New Statesman" that in the mid-1950s, London police were aware that future Prime Minister Edward Heath was "cottaging" (seeking out anonymous sex partners in public lavatories) and that they warned him to stop, lest it damage his career. Coleman also claimed that gays "ran" the Conservative Party in London for many years, suggesting Heath may have been “protected”. “[Britain] had managed for decades with gay men holding a significant number of public offices”, Coleman wrote.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 1957, after the international conference Wolfenden50, the Conservative government appointed the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution 1957 to investigate what were perceived as two increasing social problems, in the context of rising prosecutions. The committees terms of reference asked members to consider ‘the law and practice’ relating to both ‘homosexual offences and the treatment of persons convicted of such offences’ and to offences connected to ‘prostitution and solicitation for immoral purposes’. The association between homosexuality and prostitution reflected the committee's assumption that both were forms of deviance threatening the family as ‘the basic unit of society’. The committee's report in 1957 included as its first recommendation ‘That homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private be no longer a criminal offence’; other recommendations sought the tightening of the law concerning public same-sex behaviour and street prostitution, although acts of selling sex would remain legal.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In May 1965, Arthur Gore, 8th Earl of Arran and Conservative Party Chief Whip, introduced into the House of Lords a bill decriminalizing male same-sex sexual intercourse in England and Wales. During its passage, senior peers inserted a strict privacy clause, applying a more restrictive standard of privacy than for heterosexual behavior. This specified that a ‘homosexual act’ would not be considered ‘private’ if ‘more than two persons take part or are present’, or if occurring in a public lavatory. The bill passed through the Lords in July 1965 and was brought into the House of Commons by Conservative MP Humphrey Berkeley, known to be homosexual by many in parliament. After a Labour victory in the general election in 1966, Berkeley lost his seat and was replaced as the bill's sponsor by Labour MP Leo Abse.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: Prospective Conservative Prime Minister Robert Boothby (later Lord Boothby), who was homosexual, was peppered throughout parliament and the establishment, and hence their political colleagues had every interest in decriminalizing their activities. Boothby was involved in a friendship and possibly a sexual relationship with Ronnie Kray, while simultaneously the long-term lover of Lady Dorothy Macmillan, wife of Harold Macmillan, Conservative Prime Minister from 1957 to 1963.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: When the Sexual Offences Act 1967 passed in 1967, only a handful of Conservatives voted for the decriminalization of male same-sex sexual intercourse, including future Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: On June 25, 1969, shortly before the end of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) – Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Grand Coalition headed by CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Paragraph 175 was reformed, in that only the "qualified cases" that were previously handled in §175a – sex with a man less than 21 years old, homosexual prostitution, and the exploitation of a relationship of dependency (such as employing or supervising a person in a work situation) – were retained. Paragraph 175b (concerning bestiality) also was removed.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 1975, the Conservative Group for Homosexual Equality (CGHE) was founded in the United Kingdom by Peter Walter Campbell. It was the first LGBT conservative organization ever.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 2007, Brian Coleman, a former openly gay Conservative member of the London Assembly and former mayor of Barnet, wrote in the "New Statesman" that many of the gay politicians in the Conservative Party joined the party and became active during the Thatcher years. He also contended that the underlying ethos of Thatcherism might well be pro-gay and it was Margaret Thatcher's personality which attracted so many homosexual men to the party. The reason he contended that the Iron Lady drew many gay men to the Conservative Party was her pure elegance, feminine perfection, perfect dress sense, and sheer determination to change society and whilst her government might have had an anti-gay aura there was simply nothing in her personal attitude to demonstrate any prejudice, she appointed gay ministers, such as Earl of Avon (son of ex-Prime Minister Anthony Eden). On the subject of AIDS it was her government with Norman Fowler as Health Secretary which faced the issue head on and refused to take a moral tone on public information and prevention work. He finishes by stating that "There are many gay Tory men who would like to sleep with David Cameron but it is Lady Thatcher whose portrait hangs over their bed!"


title: LGBT conservatism

text: During the First Thatcher ministry, Criminal Justice Act 1980 was passed in 1980, legalizing same-sex sexual intercourse in Scotland.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: On May 28, 1988, during the Third Thatcher ministry, Clause 28 of the Local Government Act 1988 received a 2 to 1 majority in the House of Lords and a vote of 254 to 201 in the House of Commons.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 1991, the CGHE reconstituted at the Conservative Party Conference and renamed the Tory Campaign for Homosexual Equality (TORCHE). The organization would remain active til 2004 when it disbanded.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: On April 21, 2003, the Ba'athist regime in Iraq was deposed. The Coalition Provisional Authority, established by the George W. Bush administration, abolished the death penalty and reverted to a revised 1988 penal code, thus legalizing same-sex sexual intercourse in Iraq.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: On June 24, 2004, Fine Gael proposed legalizing civil partnerships for same-sex and opposite-sex couples who choose not to marry, the first Irish political party to do so. In November 2004, in reaction to the legal challenge on tax issues Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern said "Couples want equality and we should try to deal with some of those issues" but added that moves to legalise gay marriage are "a long way off". During the 2004 Irish presidential election, Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, and Progressive Democrats, produced policies or made statements in favor of varying forms of recognition for same-sex couples. During the 2007 Irish general election, the manifestos of Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, and Progressive Democrats, supported civil unions for same-sex couples. All parties ran advertisements in Gay Community News (GNC) with commitments to same-sex couples.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 2010, the Botswana government, under the control of the Botswana Democratic Party, passed an amendment to its Employment Act that will bring an end to dismissal based on an individual's sexual orientation or HIV status.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: On October 5, 2011, British Prime Minister David Cameron said at a Conservative Party conference that "So I don't support gay marriage despite being a Conservative. I support gay marriage because I'm a Conservative."


title: LGBT conservatism

text: On February 5, 2013, Marriage Act 2013, during its second reading, received in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom that Conservatives voted 126 for, 134 against (including 8 voted against from the Democratic Unionist Party), 5 both, and 36 did not vote. On May 21, 2013, the act, during its third reading, received in the House of Commons that Conservatives voted 117 for, 127 against (including 8 voted against from the Democratic Unionist Party), 7 both, and 51 did not vote. On June 4, 2013, the act, during its second reading, received in the House of Lords that Conservatives voted against the Dear Amendment to reject second reading, 66 voted in favour, including 2 in favour from the Democratic Unionist Party, 1 in favour from Ulster Unionist Party, and 2 in favor from UK Independence Party, and 63 did not vote. The act had its third reading on July 15, 2013, and was passed by a simple voice vote. The amended Bill returned to the House of Commons for approval of the amendments on 16 July 2013, which the House approved on the same day.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: On May 22, 2015, the Thirty-Fourth Amendment (Marriage Equality Act) to the Irish Constitution was passed in Ireland via national referendum. 62% of Irish voters voted in favour of same-sex marriage. Voter turnout was 61% of the national electorate. The referendum was introduced under the Fine Gael-Labour coalition government.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In Belgium, while centre-right parties like the New Flemish Alliance support LGBT rights. As of 2014 none of the major conservative party's is opposed to LGBT rights


title: LGBT conservatism

text: Before and following the Impeachment process against Dilma Rousseff, several gay conservatives have been visible. Clodovil Hernandes of the Christian Labour Party and later the Party of the Republic before his death in 2009 is considered to be the first known gay MP for the Chamber of Deputies.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: On 16 January 2017, Marcelo Crivella, the mayor of Rio de Janeiro, promoted Nélio Georgini, a gay evangelical conservative, to the head of the city LGBT council.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 2018, 30% of the Brazilian LGBT community voted for the right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro against 57% of votes for left-wing Fernando Haddad in the presidential runoff, according to Datafolha. Following the conservative wave that contributed to the emergence of the Gays com Bolsonaro Movement (inspired by the Gays for Trump organization), the 30% of LGBT votes for Bolsonaro shocked many in the Brazilian Media, as Bolsonaro is seen as a socially conservative homophobic politician. The reasons attributed to these votes were the widespread fear of violence, economic insecurity, attachment to traditional values, discontent with the Workers' Party, as well as a perceived political manipulation of LGBT activism by the left.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: LGBTory was founded in 2015 as a group for LGBT supporters of the Conservative Party of Canada and provincial conservative parties across Canada. Prior to that, small groups existed locally in some Canadian cities or as discussion forums on the Internet.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: Openly gay political figures such as Scott Brison, Lorne Mayencourt and Jaime Watt are or have been associated with conservative parties at the provincial or federal levels, Keith Norton, Phil Gillies and Heward Grafftey came out as gay after their careers as politicians had ended, and Richard Hatfield was outed as gay after his death. Most such figures, however, have been Red Tories, a moderate or even progressive faction within Canadian conservatism, rather than conventionally conservative "Blue" Tories; Brison, in fact, quit the Progressive Conservative Party to join the Liberals after the PCs merged with the more right-wing Canadian Alliance to form the Conservative Party.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 2015, a contingent of federal Conservative MPs and provincial Ontario Progressive Conservative Party MPPs participated in Toronto's annual Pride Week parade for the first time in its history. Organized by LGBTory, the marching contingent included federal MPs Kellie Leitch and Bernard Trottier, Ontario PC leader Patrick Brown and MPPs Lisa MacLeod and Jack MacLaren, alongside numerous out LGBT party activists and supporters.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 2016, Interim Conservative leader Rona Ambrose became the first leader of the federal Conservative Party to march in the Toronto Pride Parade. She was joined by leadership contestants & MPs, Lisa Raitt, Michael Chong, Kellie Leitch, and Maxime Bernier.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 2019, Ontario Premier Doug Ford, Deputy Premier Christine Elliott, and cabinet ministers Caroline Mulroney & Stephen Lecce all marched in the York Region Pride Parade. This was the first time a sitting conservative Ontario Premier had marched in a pride parade while in office.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: Eric Duncan was elected as the first openly gay Conservative MP in 2019, and Melissa Lantsman was elected as the first openly lesbian Conservative MP in 2021.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: LGBT representation in politics is promoted by ProudPolitics, a non-partisan networking and mentoring organization whose members span the political spectrum.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 2014, the doctrinal council of the conservative National Renewal voted 72.3% to reject a proposal that would have advocated limiting marriage and adoption to heterosexual couples.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: Members of the European Parliament from across the political spectrum, including left-wing, have formed the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: A 2013 IFOP survey of French LGBT people found that French LGBT people have same underlying trends as the rest


title: LGBT conservatism

text: of the population, namely a radicalization of positions and some disenchantment with political parties. The left wing parties of France did not capitalize on Law 2013-404 with LGBT voters, which implies that the party positions on social issues are secondary to policy choices, with LGBT people having no distinction on this point the rest of the population. Despite some French media representations, sexual orientation does not appear to determine political views. With increasing acceptance of LGBT people in France, LGBT people in France feel less inclined to mobilize behind parties with the political demands of the LGBT community.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: Support for the Socialist Party (PS) from 2012 and 2013 found that 21% of bisexuals supported PS in 2012, but only 16% supported PS in 2013, while LGBT people maintained support for PS and the Europe Ecology – The Greens at 27% and 6% from 2012 to 2013. Law 2013-404 has allowed the left government to maintain its support among LGBT people overall, while in steep decline in the overall population. In 2011, 50% of LGBT people supported left wing parties, while in 2012, 44% of LGBT people supported left wing parties, and in 2013, 36% of LGBT people supported left wing parties. When counting gay voters only, 45% supported left wing parties in 2012, while 38% supported left wing parties in 2013. Among non-heterosexuals, 24% supported left wing parties in 2012, while 21% supported left wing parties in 2013. Among heterosexuals, 21% supported left wing parties in 2012, while 18% supported left wing parties in 2013. Disaffection towards the left party is a phenomenon is affecting all sexual orientation categories of the population.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 2011, 15% of non-heterosexuals supported center-right wing parties, while in 2012, 20% of non-heterosexuals supported center-right wing parties, and in 2013, 22% of non-heterosexuals supported center-right wing parties. In 2011, 17% of bisexuals supported center-right wing parties, while in 2012, 21% of bisexuals supported center-right wing parties, and in 2013, 17% of bisexuals supported center-right wing parties. In 2011, 13% of LGBT people supported center-right wing parties, while in 2012, 20% of LGBT people supported center-right wing parties, and in 2013, 21% of LGBT people supported center-right wing parties. In 2011, 21% of heterosexuals supported center-right wing parties, while in 2012, 25% of heterosexuals supported center-right wing parties, and in 2013, 22% of heterosexuals supported center-right wing parties.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: Despite their opposition to Law 2013–404, the center right parties maintains its support among the LGBT electorate, but in a more fragmented way than in the past. In 2012, 16% of LGBT people supported the Union for a Popular Movement (UPM), while in 2013, 14% of LGBT supported the UPM. In 2012, 20% of heterosexuals people supported the UPM, while in 2013, 17% of heterosexuals supported the UPM. This decline of support for UPM helped benefit of the Union of Democrats and Independents, with 6% among LGBT people in 2013, given that the positions taken by some of its leaders, such as Rama Yade and Jean-Louis Borloo, in favor of same-sex marriage it was perhaps not unrelated.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In 2012, 10% of non-heterosexuals supported the National Front, while in 2013, 16% of non-heterosexuals supported the National Front. In 2012, 9% of bisexuals supported the National Front, while in 2013, 16% of bisexuals supported the National Front. In 2012, 10% of LGBT people supported the National Front, while in 2013, 15% of LGBT supported the National Front. In 2012, 9% of heterosexuals people supported the National Front, while in 2013, 13% of heterosexuals supported the National Front.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: Support for the National Front is stronger in the ranks of LGBT people than among all the French people, with 13% support for the National Front in 2013. The National Front is benefiting among LGBT voters, with a +5% increase between 2012 and 2013, than in the rest of the population, +4% of heterosexuals in the same period. The increase of the National Front among LGBT people is probably due to the composition of the electorate, with more male, urban, and younger people than the average population therefore generally more willing to vote for the National Front. In Paris, 26% of LGBT residents support the National Front, with 16% heterosexuals support National Front. The National Front's opposition to Islamism is attractive to LGBT people who perceive Islam as a threat to their lives and freedoms.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: Much of the Dutch right wing (including figures such as Geert Wilders) has evolved to include LGBT rights platforms which do not conflict with the current status quo but also embrace an increased perturbation to supposed threats from minority religions (especially Islam) which, in their view, threaten to upend the vestiges of the liberalism and tolerance which has been associated with the Dutch social climate.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: The former political party the Pim Fortuyn List supported LGBT rights, and its leader and namesake Pim Fortuyn was openly gay.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: The Open Moderates is the LGBT-organisation of the Moderate Party in Sweden. The Open Moderates is an organization for everyone that shares the values of the Moderate Party and who believe that LGBT-issues are important political issues to work with from a centre-right perspective.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: The origin of the Open Moderates is the Stockholm-based club “Gay Moderates” that was formed already in the late 1970s. That club had mostly social activities and it was active upon until the mid-1990s. A new generation took over and reorganized the Gay Moderates as a new more political network to lobby the Moderate Party. In 2003 the name was changed to the current Open Moderates to signal that the organisation is open to everyone regardless of sexual orientation that want to work with LGBT political issues.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In recent years, the national conservative Sweden Democrats party has softened its stance on LGBT rights and same-sex parenting with party leader Jimmie Åkesson suggesting in 2018 that the party would rewrite its program for the first time to include LGBT related issues. One of the SD's legislators and spokesmen Bo Broman is homosexual.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In Switzerland, the centre-right party Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland support LGBT rights, but the right-wing Swiss People's Party does not.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: In April 2015, PinkNews found 26% of British LGBT people supported the Conservative and Unionist Party, a 5% increase from the last election in 2010, 26% support the Labour Party, a 2% decrease from the last election in 2010, 19% support the Liberal Democrats, a 21% decrease from the last election in 2010, 20% support the Green Party of England and Wales/Scottish Green Party/Green Party in Northern Ireland, a 16% increase from the last election in 2010, and 2% supported the UK Independence Party. This is the first time in the 10 years that PinkNews has polled the LGBT community that the Conservatives have led the survey of voting intentions.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: The first LGBT Conservative group was called CGHE (Conservative Group for Homosexual Equality). That group was reconstituted at the Conservative party Conference in 1991 and was renamed TORCHE (the Tory Campaign for Homosexual Equality). This group was active until 2003. Some years later LGBTory was formed. LGBTory has an active membership often organised using its Facebook groups and pages and attends vigils and LGBT Pride events across the UK including Pride London, Pride Scotia, Leeds Pride, Manchester Pride, Doncaster Pride and Brighton Pride.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: LGBTory campaigned in seats throughout the campaign for the 6 May 2010 General Election. There are now at least 12 openly gay and lesbian Conservative MPs in parliament.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: LGBTory, now renamed to LGBT+ Conservatives, works to promote LGBT Equality within the Conservative Party and generally across the UK, actively campaigning against the Gay Blood Ban and for marriage equality, regardless of sexuality or gender identity.


title: LGBT conservatism

text: The UK Independence Party has an officially recognised LGBTQ in UKIP campaigning group which is active on the social media sites Twitter and Facebook. It has been represented at the party's annual conference. Peter Whittle of the UKIP was the only LGBT candidate in the 2016 London Assembly election and afterwards was selected as the UKIP's deputy leader.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Edmund "Ed" Pevensie is a fictional character in C. S. Lewis's "The Chronicles of Narnia" series. He is a principal character in three of the seven books ("The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", "Prince Caspian", and "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader"), and a lesser character in two others ("The Horse and His Boy" and "The Last Battle").


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: In the live-action films "", "" and "", Edmund is portrayed by actor Skandar Keynes. Actor Mark Wells portrays an older Edmund at the end of the first film.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: In "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", Edmund betrays his siblings to the White Witch while under her influence, but as the story goes on, he accepts the error of his ways. He is redeemed with the intervention of Aslan and joins the fight against the witch. Fulfilling an ancient prophecy, he becomes King Edmund the Just', King of Narnia, and with sisters Susan and Lucy, co-ruler under High King Peter. Edmund is described in one book in a scene in Tashbaan as being part of a group of men "as fair-skinned as [Shasta], and most of them had fair hair", although whether Edmund is one of the fair-haired ones is not clear. In the illustrations of him in the final book he is drawn as having fair hair.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Edmund was born in 1930 and (according to the film series) lived in Finchley, England, and he is 10 years old when he appears in "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". By "The Last Battle" he is 19 years old.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Though Lucy is specifically described as being "golden haired", she, Susan, and Peter are depicted in the illustrations with dark hair, while Edmund is usually blond. By contrast, in the most recent film adaptions Edmund is played by British actor Skandar Keynes, who has Lebanese and Turkish ancestry and therefore has darker hair and eyes than his siblings.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Edmund is a spiteful and mean-spirited boy at the beginning of "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". By the end of the book, and throughout the rest of the series, Edmund is seen to be loyal, courageous, logical, and mature. In his adult life, as a king of Narnia, it is revealed that he handles many of Narnia's negotiations and transactions, as seen in "The Horse and His Boy" when Shasta runs into Edmund in Tashbaan the capital city of Calormen, where he has accompanied Susan to discuss a marriage proposal from Prince Rabadash. Edmund becomes protective particularly of Lucy, and acts as a voice of reason to Peter, who is more apt to become carried away.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: On his return to Narnia in "Prince Caspian", he makes friendships with both Prince Caspian and Reepicheep, which develop further in the "Voyage of the Dawn Treader".


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Edmund acts as confidante and confessor to his cousin Eustace in the novel "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader".


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Aslan proclaims him King Edmund the Just, but in the letter sent to Miraz in the novel "Prince Caspian" he styles himself "Duke of Lantern Waste and Count of the Western March, Knight of the Noble Order of the Table".


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: In "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", Edmund is one of the main characters, at the age of 10 years, and the character who develops the most over the course of story.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: It is implied in the book that Edmund started life as a likeable person, but then changed for the worse and became spiteful after starting at a new school. However, in the 2005 film adaptation of the book, it is implied that he is upset that their father was forced to serve in the war and that they are sent away from home as a result. In the 1988 BBC version, the reason for his change in behaviour is not mentioned.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Edmund makes unjust and hurtful comments to Lucy when she first finds the entrance to Narnia through the wardrobe, and is the second of the Pevensie children to go to Narnia, after following Lucy to mock her during a game of hide and seek.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: He walks some distance into the forest, convinced that he will find Lucy, but instead he meets the White Witch (who introduces herself as the Queen of Narnia) and eats some enchanted Turkish delight, which causes an addiction in the person who eats it. As a result, he promises the Witch that he will bring his siblings to her castle, not knowing that she intends to kill them all to prevent the fulfillment of a Narnian prophecy - she had promised to make him a Prince and heir to her throne if he brought his siblings into Narnia. Lucy did mention the White Witch in a subsequent conversation and Edmund realised that the witch was none other than the "Queen of Narnia", but the magic of the Turkish Delight was so strong that he was still determined to go back to her for more.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Upon returning, he denies having been in Narnia, not wishing to admit that Lucy's story had been true. When Lucy tells the older siblings that they went to Narnia and told Edmund to tell them too, Edmund betrays Lucy and tells them that Lucy was making Narnia up.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: It is when all four of the Pevensie children later go through the wardrobe that he lets slip that he has been in Narnia before. He and the other three children are taken under protection of Mr and Mrs Beaver, but while the others are having an in-depth conversation about the arrival of Aslan, Edmund sneaks away to the White Witch's castle, where he expects to be made a prince and later a king.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: However, his opinion of the Witch changes when she reveals her true character in her castle. She harshly berates him for coming alone, only offers him hard bread and cold water for his efforts, and does not shelter him from the cold on her sledge. She is even more horrified to hear from Edmund that Aslan has arrived in Narnia, and heads straight in the direction of the Stone Table, having first ordered Maugrim to find and kill his siblings and the Beavers. Edmund realises the full extent of her evil on their journey to the Stone Table, when they encounter a group of creatures enjoying a feast provided by Father Christmas. When the creatures continue to affirm that Father Christmas is their benefactor and has entered the land - a clear sign of her waning power - she turns them to stone over the protests of Edmund. (In the 2005 film, after Maugrim catches the fox which helped the beavers and the other three Pevensies elude him, the witch turns the fox to stone and hits Edmund for withholding information about Aslan and his army. In the 1988 BBC version, the scenario shown is the original that is portrayed in the book.)


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: He has now realized to his horror the full extent of the evil with which he has allied himself. In another sign of the witch's crumbling power the sledge eventually stalls as the snow melts, so they have to continue their journey on foot. They eventually stop in a wooded valley, where the Witch prepares to put him to death as a traitor. She ties Edmund to a tree and draws her knife, but a rescue party sent by Aslan arrives, frees him, and brings him to his siblings and the rest of Aslan's army. Edmund becomes fully reformed after a long conversation with Aslan, who afterward commands the Pevensies to consider the matter of their brother's misdeeds resolved.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: The next day, the Witch arrives and reiterates her claim to Edmund's life. She and Aslan work out an agreement that Aslan will die in Edmund's place (though the other Narnians do not know this); but unknown to her, the magical nature of this contract allows Aslan to be brought back to life. Susan and Lucy witnessed Aslan's sacrifice and resurrection.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: While Aslan and Edmund's sisters race to free the cursed prisoners in the Witch's castle, Edmund consolidates his reformation by aligning himself with Peter's army in battle, where he plays a critical role in neutralizing the White Witch's most dangerous advantage, her wand, and is gravely wounded in the attempt.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: However, he is saved from death by the timely arrival of reinforcements led by Aslan, who leaps upon the Witch and kills her and by Lucy, who gives Edmund a dose of a magic cordial which can quickly heal any injury. The remnants of the enemy then either give themselves up or take to flight.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Eventually, a completely reformed Edmund Pevensie is crowned by Aslan as King Edmund, co-ruler of Narnia with Queen Lucy, Queen Susan and High King Peter, and is knighted as Duke of Lantern Waste, Count of the Western March, and Knight of the Noble Order of the Table.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: After fifteen years in Narnia, he and his siblings return to England, where they all magically appear as children again.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: King Edmund, Queen Susan, Tumnus the Faun and a raven named Sallowpad are visitors in the country of Calormen, where Crown Prince Rabadash wants to force Susan to marry him. Mistaking Shasta for the missing prince Corin Thunderfist of Narnia's ally Archenland, Edmund scolds the young boy for running off and making everyone worry. The Narnians manage to escape, which leads Rabadash to convince his father the Tisroc that they should take Narnia by invading Archenland.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Shasta brings warning of Rabadash's invasion to Narnia, and meets Edmund once again. Edmund gently reminds Shasta that he should not eavesdrop, but is clear that all is well before they march to Anvard to stop Rabadash. Edmund, Shasta, and Corin's father, King Lune of Archenland, lead the fight against the Calormene army and defeat them. Shasta is then recognized as Prince Cor, the long-lost heir of Archenland.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Edmund's own redemption lends him perspective during the judgment of Rabadash; despite the fact that Rabadash has acted treacherously, Edmund argues against killing him, saying (in reference to himself) "Even a traitor may mend. I have known one who did."


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Edmund and his siblings return to Narnia to aid Caspian, rightful King of Narnia, against King Miraz the Usurper. He convinces Trumpkin the dwarf that they are the Kings and Queens from the legend by defeating him in a sparring practice. He later helps Peter and Trumpkin defend Caspian against Nikabrik, a hag, and a werewolf, which Edmund kills. Edmund is also there to witness Peter's duel against Miraz. In the book Edmund is around 11 years old at the time of their return.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: He has since become more caring and protective of Lucy, and is the first person to believe her when she sees Aslan, supporting her against the disbelief of Trumpkin and her other siblings. Edmund is shown in a more positive light in this book than in The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. His demeanor is more cooperative and loyal, even under the guidance of Peter, who is unprepared for the new Narnia and its current status. He rarely stands up to Peter openly but often subtly takes charge.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: In the film, Edmund proves to be much more mature than Peter or Caspian, but he stays out of their arguments. Edmund sneaks into Miraz's castle ahead of the army to signal that it is safe to enter, and later presents Peter's proposition for a duel to Miraz and goads him into accepting, thereby buying them time. Also in the film, he stops the White Witch from being brought back from the dead by forcing his sword into the ice wall through which she is trying to re-enter Narnia, smashing it.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Edmund, Lucy and their cousin Eustace enter the world of Narnia through a magic painting, and end up in the ocean. They are rescued and brought on board the Dawn Treader, where they are reunited with King Caspian, who is on a quest to search for the missing Lords that his uncle had sent to explore other lands some years before. This is Edmund and Lucy's last adventure in the world of Narnia since Aslan told them they were getting too old to come back. By this point Edmund's character has matured a great deal which can be seen in the way he deals with his cousin Eustace and in the power struggle with Caspian. Edmund and Lucy are noticeably close in this installment, as can be seen in the way they defend each other against Eustace. When Eustace changes his behavior after being changed back from a dragon, Edmund mentions his own betrayal and says that Eustace was not worse than he was. While on Ramandu's Island, Edmund says to Ramandu's daughter that when he looks at her, he cannot help believing what she says, but the same might happen with a witch.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: In the , Edmund is haunted by a green mist in the form of the White Witch and becomes jealous of Caspian's status as the current Narnian king (being overruled by him). He and Caspian become violent at one point, over the enchanted pool that turns everything submerged in it to gold, which Lucy quickly breaks up and reprimands them both for. After this, Edmund no longer appears to be bothered by Caspian's status as king. He is also greatly distressed when the Dufflepuds appear to have taken Lucy, and when he believes Eustace to have been eaten by a dragon. He is also the person who imagines and defeats the sea serpent, and helps Caspian to rescue the slaves from Narrowhaven slave market on the island of Doorn.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: After seeing a vision of King Tirian of Narnia pleading for their help in England, Peter and Edmund go to the Ketterleys' old home in London to dig up the magic rings that Professor Kirke buried in the yard as a boy in "The Magician's Nephew" to be used by Eustace and Jill to reach Narnia. They are waiting for the others at the train platform when the accident happens.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: When King Tirian sees the Seven Friends of Narnia in his dream/vision, he thinks that, as with Peter, that Edmund 'had already the face of a King and a warrior'.


title: Edmund Pevensie

text: Edmund accompanies everyone, except Susan, into Aslan's country. Like his brother and younger sister, he is killed in the train crash and is transferred to Aslan's country, where they all live forever.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: The thiazolidinediones , abbreviated as TZD, also known as glitazones after the prototypical drug ciglitazone, are a class of heterocyclic compounds consisting of a five-membered CNS ring. The term usually refers to a family of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 that were introduced in the late 1990s.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: Thiazolidinediones or TZDs act by activating PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of nuclear receptors, specific for "PPARγ" (PPAR-gamma, PPARG). They are thus the PPARG agonists subset of PPAR agonists. The endogenous ligands for these receptors are free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids. When activated, the receptor binds to DNA in complex with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), another nuclear receptor, increasing transcription of a number of specific genes and decreasing transcription of others. The main effect of expression and repression of specific genes is an increase in the storage of fatty acids in adipocytes, thereby decreasing the amount of fatty acids present in circulation. As a result, cells become more dependent on the oxidation of carbohydrates, more specifically glucose, in order to yield energy for other cellular processes.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: The activated PPAR/RXR heterodimer binds to peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements upstream of target genes in complex with a number of coactivators such as nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and CREB binding protein, this causes upregulation of genes (for a full list see PPARγ):


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: TZDs also increase the synthesis of certain proteins involved in fat and glucose metabolism, which reduces levels of certain types of lipids, and circulating free fatty acids. TZDs generally decrease triglycerides and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Although the increase in LDL-C may be more focused on the larger LDL particles, which may be less atherogenic, the clinical significance of this is currently unknown. Nonetheless, rosiglitazone, a certain glitazone, was suspended from allowed use by medical authorities in Europe, as it has been linked to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: Binding of PPARγ to coactivators appears to reduce the levels of coactivators available for binding to pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as NF-κB; this causes a decrease in transcription of a number of pro inflammatory genes, including various interleukins and tumour necrosis factors.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: Chemically, the members of this class are derivatives of the parent compound thiazolidinedione, and include:


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: The only approved use of the thiazolidinediones is in diabetes mellitus type 2. According to a 2014 Cochrane systematic review of four randomized controlled trials, PPARγ-agonists may be effective in preventing further strokes in those who have already had a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and may stabilize atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: Experimental investigations on TZDs have been carried out since 2005 in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), psoriasis, autism, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (by VEGF inhibition in granulosa cells), lichen planopilaris, and other conditions.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: Several forms of lipodystrophy cause insulin resistance, which has responded favorably to thiazolidinediones. There are some indications that thiazolidinediones provide some degree of protection against the initial stages of breast carcinoma development.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: Evidence was emerging in 2008 that vitamin E with thiazolidinediones is effective in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis due to their combined antioxidant and insulin sensitizing effects, producing histological improvements in steatosis severity.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: The withdrawal of troglitazone has led to concerns of the other thiazolidinediones also increasing the incidence of hepatitis and potential liver failure, an approximately 1 in 20,000 individual occurrence with troglitazone. Because of this, the FDA recommends two to three month checks of liver enzymes for the first year of thiazolidinedione therapy to check for this rare but potentially catastrophic complication. To date, 2008, the newer thiazolidinediones, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone have been free of this problem.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: The main side effect of all thiazolidinediones is water retention, leading to edema, generally a problem in less than 5% of individuals, but a big problem for some and potentially, with significant water retention, leading to a decompensation of potentially previously unrecognized heart failure. Therefore, thiazolidinediones should be prescribed with both caution and patient warnings about the potential for water retention/weight gain, especially in patients with decreased ventricular function (NYHA grade III or IV heart failure).


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: Though older studies suggested there may be an increased risk of coronary heart disease and heart attacks with rosiglitazone, pioglitazone treatment, in contrast, has shown significant protection from both micro- and macro-vascular cardiovascular events and plaque progression. These studies led to a period of Food and Drug Administration advisories (2007 - 2013) that, aided by extensive media coverage, led to a substantial decrease in rosiglitazone use. In November 2013, the FDA announced it would remove the usage restrictions for rosiglitazone in patients with coronary artery disease. The new recommendations were largely based on the reasoning that prior meta-analyses leading to the original restrictions were not designed to assess cardiac outcomes and, thus, not uniformly collected or adjudicated. In contrast, one of the largest trials (RECORD trial) that was specifically designed to assess cardiac outcomes found no increased risk of myocardial infarction with rosiglitazone use, even after independent re-evaluation for FDA review.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that use of pioglitazone is associated with a slightly higher risk of bladder cancer compared to the general population. The authors of the same analysis recommended that other blood sugar lowering agents be considered in people with other risk factors for bladder cancer such as cigarette smoking, family history, or exposure to certain forms of chemotherapy.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: A 2020 Cochrane systematic review did not find enough evidence of reduction of all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke or end-stage renal disease when comparing metformin monotherapy to Thiazolidinedione for treatment of type 2 diabetes.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: Thiazolidinediones reduce bone mineral density and increase the risk of fractures in women, possibly as a result of biasing the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells away from osteoblast differentiation and toward adipocyte formation.


title: Thiazolidinedione

text: Thiazolidinediones increase expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). It is hypothesized that this increases the chance of serious infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19.


title: Markowitz model

text: In finance, the Markowitz model ─ put forward by Harry Markowitz in 1952 ─ is a portfolio optimization model;


title: Markowitz model

text: it assists in the selection of the most efficient portfolio by analyzing various possible portfolios of the given securities.


title: Markowitz model

text: Here, by choosing securities that do not 'move' exactly together, the HM model shows investors how to reduce their risk.


title: Markowitz model

text: The HM model is also called mean-variance model due to the fact that it is based on expected returns (mean) and the standard deviation (variance) of the various portfolios.


title: Markowitz model

text: To choose the best portfolio from a number of possible portfolios, each with different return and risk, two separate decisions are to be made, detailed in the below sections:


title: Markowitz model

text: A portfolio that gives maximum return for a given risk, or minimum risk for given return is an efficient portfolio. Thus, portfolios are selected as follows:


title: Markowitz model

text: (a) From the portfolios that have the same return, the investor will prefer the portfolio with lower risk, and


title: Markowitz model

text: (b) From the portfolios that have the same risk level, an investor will prefer the portfolio with higher rate of return.


title: Markowitz model

text: As the investor is rational, they would like to have higher return. And as they are risk averse, they want to have lower risk. In Figure 1, the shaded area PVWP includes all the possible securities an investor can invest in. The efficient portfolios are the ones that lie on the boundary of PQVW. For example, at risk level x, there are three portfolios S, T, U. But portfolio S is called the efficient portfolio as it has the highest return, y, compared to T and U[needs dot]. All the portfolios that lie on the boundary of PQVW are efficient portfolios for a given risk level.


title: Markowitz model

text: The boundary PQVW is called the Efficient Frontier. All portfolios that lie below the Efficient Frontier are not good enough because the return would be lower for the given risk. Portfolios that lie to the right of the Efficient Frontier would not be good enough, as there is higher risk for a given rate of return. All portfolios lying on the boundary of PQVW are called Efficient Portfolios. The Efficient Frontier is the same for all investors, as all investors want maximum return with the lowest possible risk and they are risk averse.


title: Markowitz model

text: For selection of the optimal portfolio or the best portfolio, the risk-return preferences are analyzed. An investor who is highly risk averse will hold a portfolio on the lower left hand of the frontier, and an investor who isn’t too risk averse will choose a portfolio on the upper portion of the frontier.


title: Markowitz model

text: Figure 2 shows the risk-return indifference curve for the investors. Indifference curves C, C and C are shown. Each of the different points on a particular indifference curve shows a different combination of risk and return, which provide the same satisfaction to the investors. Each curve to the left represents higher utility or satisfaction. The goal of the investor would be to maximize their satisfaction by moving to a curve that is higher. An investor might have satisfaction represented by C, but if their satisfaction/utility increases, the investor then moves to curve C Thus, at any point of time, an investor will be indifferent between combinations S and S, or S and S.


title: Markowitz model

text: The investor's optimal portfolio is found at the point of tangency of the efficient frontier with the indifference curve. This point marks the highest level of satisfaction the investor can obtain. This is shown in Figure 3. R is the point where the efficient frontier is tangent to indifference curve C, and is also an efficient portfolio. With this portfolio, the investor will get highest satisfaction as well as best risk-return combination (a portfolio that provides the highest possible return for a given amount of risk). Any other portfolio, say X, isn't the optimal portfolio even though it lies on the same indifference curve as it is outside the feasible portfolio available in the market. Portfolio Y is also not optimal as it does not lie on the best feasible indifference curve, even though it is a feasible market portfolio. Another investor having other sets of indifference curves might have some different portfolio as their best/optimal portfolio.


title: Markowitz model

text: All portfolios so far have been evaluated in terms of risky securities only, and it is possible to include risk-free securities in a portfolio as well. A portfolio with risk-free securities will enable an investor to achieve a higher level of satisfaction. This has been explained in Figure 4.


title: Markowitz model

text: R is the risk-free return, or the return from government securities, as those securities are considered to have no risk for modeling purposes. RPX is drawn so that it is tangent to the efficient frontier. Any point on the line RPX shows a combination of different proportions of risk-free securities and efficient portfolios. The satisfaction an investor obtains from portfolios on the line RPX is more than the satisfaction obtained from the portfolio P. All portfolio combinations to the left of P show combinations of risky and risk-free assets, and all those to the right of P represent purchases of risky assets made with funds borrowed at the risk-free rate.


title: Markowitz model

text: In the case that an investor has invested all their funds, additional funds can be borrowed at risk-free rate and a portfolio combination that lies on RPX can be obtained. RPX is known as the Capital Market Line (CML). This line represents the risk-return trade off in the capital market. The CML is an upward sloping line, which means that the investor will take higher risk if the return of the portfolio is also higher. The portfolio P is the most efficient portfolio, as it lies on both the CML and Efficient Frontier, and every investor would prefer to attain this portfolio, P. The P portfolio is known as the Market Portfolio and is also the most diversified portfolio. It consists of all shares and other securities in the capital market.


title: Markowitz model

text: In the market for portfolios that consists of risky and risk-free securities, the CML represents the equilibrium condition. The Capital Market Line says that the return from a portfolio is the risk-free rate "plus" risk premium. Risk premium is the product of the market price of risk and the quantity of risk, and the risk is the standard deviation of the portfolio.


title: Markowitz model

text: (R – I)/σ is the slope of CML. (R – I) is a measure of the risk premium, or the reward for holding risky portfolio instead of risk-free portfolio. σ is the risk of the market portfolio. Therefore, the slope measures the reward per unit of market risk.


title: Markowitz model

text: 1. At the tangent point, i.e. Portfolio "P", is the optimum combination of risky investments and the market portfolio.


title: Markowitz model

text: 2. Only efficient portfolios that consist of risk free investments and the market portfolio P lie on the CML.


title: Markowitz model

text: 3. CML is always upward sloping as the price of risk has to be positive. A rational investor will not invest unless they know they will be compensated for that risk.


title: Markowitz model

text: Figure 5 shows that an investor will choose a portfolio on the efficient frontier, in the absence of risk-free investments. But when risk-free investments are introduced, the investor can choose the portfolio on the CML (which represents the combination of risky and risk-free investments). This can be done with borrowing or lending at the risk-free rate of interest (I) and the purchase of efficient portfolio P. The portfolio an investor will choose depends on their preference of risk. The portion from I to P, is investment in risk-free assets and is called Lending Portfolio. In this portion, the investor will lend a portion at risk-free rate. The portion beyond P is called Borrowing Portfolio, where the investor borrows some funds at risk-free rate to buy more of portfolio P.


title: Markowitz model

text: 1. Unless positivity constraints are assigned, the Markowitz solution can easily find highly leveraged portfolios (large long positions in a subset of investable assets financed by large short positions in another subset of assets) , but given their leveraged nature the returns from such a portfolio are extremely sensitive to small changes in the returns of the constituent assets and can therefore be extremely 'dangerous'. Positivity constraints are easy to enforce and fix this problem, but if the user wants to 'believe' in the robustness of the Markowitz approach, it would be nice if better-behaved solutions (at the very least, positive weights) were obtained in an unconstrained manner when the set of investment assets is close to the available investment opportunities (the market portfolio) – but this is often not the case.


title: Markowitz model

text: 2. Practically more vexing, small changes in inputs can give rise to large changes in the portfolio. Mean-variance optimization suffers from 'error maximization': 'an algorithm that takes point estimates (of returns and covariances) as inputs and treats them as if they were known with certainty will react to tiny return differences that are well within measurement error'. In the real world, this degree of instability will lead, to begin with, to large transaction costs, but it is also likely to shake the confidence of the portfolio manager in the model.


title: Markowitz model

text: 3. The amount of information (the covariance matrix, specifically, or a complete joint probability distribution among assets in the market portfolio) needed to compute a mean-variance optimal portfolio is often intractable and certainly has no room for subjective measurements ('views' about the returns of portfolios of subsets of investable assets) .


title: Subhalekha Sudhakar

text: Suravajhala Sudhakar (born 19 November 1960), known by his stage name Subhalekha Sudhakar, is an Indian actor who works in Telugu and Tamil language films and television. Sudhakar's first Telugu film "Subhalekha" (1982) gained him wide recognition through which he obtained his screen name. He went onto appear in a variety of roles in films such as "Rendu Jella Sita" (1983), "Sitaara" (1984), "Siva" (1989), "Prema Zindabad" (1990), "Nirnayam" (1991), "Chitram Bhalare Vichitram" (1991)"," "Nesam" (1997), "Dongaata" (1997), "Chinnabbayi" (1997), and "Aa Naluguru" (2004).


title: Subhalekha Sudhakar

text: Sudhakar has appeared in over 100 films in Telugu, in addition to a few in Tamil. Following his stint in cinema, he subsequently moved to television. Some of his notable television series in Tamil include "Chithi", "Anni", "Kolangal" and "Thendral". He has received the Nandi TV Award for the Telugu serial "Mamathala Kovela." He also received an award for "Thendral" where he acted as a disabled person.


title: Subhalekha Sudhakar

text: Sudhakar was born as Suravajhala Sudhakar on 19 November 1960. After completing his graduation, Sudhakar moved to Madras to pursue a full time career in films. He gave several auditions and was selected for K. Viswanath's film "Subhalekha". While shooting for the film, he also shot for the Tamil film "Thunai" (1982) which released earlier. However, he gained recognition among the Telugu audience with "Subhalekha", thereby gaining his screen name "Subhalekha" Sudhakar.


title: Subhalekha Sudhakar

text: Subhalekha Sudhakar has acted in more than 100 films, including a few Tamil films as well. He is noted for his comical and supporting actor roles.


title: Subhalekha Sudhakar

text: He married playback singer S. P. Sailaja, sister of noted singer and actor S. P. Balasubrahmanyam in December 1989, and the couple has a son.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: Kenneth Joel Hotz (born May 3, 1967) is a Canadian comedy writer, producer, entertainer and television personality. He is best known as the star of the reality comedy show "Kenny vs. Spenny" alongside Spencer Rice. Hotz is the creator of the FX series "Testees", and "Kenny Hotz's Triumph of the Will". Between 2004 and 2006, he served as a staff writer (and later occasional writer) for "South Park". Hotz has directed a number of films including "Pitch", "It Don't Cost Nothin' to Say Good Morning" and "Subscribe". He also co-directed the music video for the song Monophobia by Deadmau5. Hotz is a regular contributor for Vice Media and began his career as a war correspondent and photo-journalist during the Gulf War.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: Hotz was born to a Jewish family and graduated from the Forest Hill Collegiate Institute. In 1992, Hotz graduated from the Media Arts program at the Ryerson Polytechnical Institute. Hotz met Spencer Rice in high school, and the pair later went on to direct films together and create "Kenny vs Spenny".


title: Kenny Hotz

text: Hotz began as a documentary filmmaker and news photographer, creating photo essays on subjects including Auschwitz, Dachau, and the Gulf War. Hotz was the only registered Canadian photo-journalist to cover the Gulf War. His additional photo essays also include Needle Park in Zürich, Switzerland, David Koresh, Mount Carmel, Romanian orphanages after Nicolae Ceauşescu and New Year's Eve 2000 in Times Square. Both national and provincial archives have purchased his work for their collections.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In 1996, Hotz created and starred (with Rice) in the documentary "Pitch" which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 1997. The film had numerous cameos including Al Pacino, Samuel Z. Arkoff and Neil Simon.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In 1999, Hotz moved with his long-time writing partner Rice to Los Angeles, where they worked on the development of the show "Kenny vs. Spenny".


title: Kenny Hotz

text: Hotz starred in his second feature film titled "The Papal Chase", a documentary about Hotz trying to meet the Pope John Paul II, released in 2004. The film received the Phillip Borsos Award for Best Canadian Feature Film at the 2004 Whistler Film Festival, and in 2005 won the People's Choice Award for Best Canadian Feature at the Canadian Filmmakers Festival and the Audience Award for Best Documentary at the Brooklyn International Film Festival.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: "Kenny vs. Spenny" was first aired on CBC Television in 2003 and went on to be nominated for eight Gemini awards. The original pilot had been commissioned by USA Network, but never aired before the show was picked up by the CBC for 26 episodes. The series centred on Hotz and friend Spencer Rice as they competed against each other in competitions, the loser of which would perform a "humiliation". The show was embroiled in a deliberate controversy with the British Columbia Human Rights Commission for Hotz's actions in the episode "Who Can Piss Off More People", where he paid to have a plane fly over Toronto dragging a banner that reads "Jesus Sucks". Though he claimed his friend Jesus was getting married and it was not directed towards a religion. The show moved from CBC to Showcase television in Canada after the nationally run CBC censored two episodes of "Kenny vs. Spenny", refusing to air them on their network.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In 2004, Hotz also created the concept for the videogame "" to accompany the television show, which was nominated for a Canadian New Media Award for Excellence in Gaming.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In 2009, "Maclean's" magazine named "Kenny vs. Spenny" the number eight pick in its list of the top ten Canadian television shows of the previous decade. The magazine said of the show and Kenny's on air role that, "Many episodes feature the evil Kenny destroying his supposed friend through deceit, trickery and blatant cheating." Hotz produced the German spinoff series "Elton vs. Simon" that aired between 2004 and 2006. "Kenny vs. Spenny" show was broadcast in over 25 countries and licensed globally, with remakes including "Cenk vs. Erdem" in Turkey, "Juan vs. Roman" in Colombia, "Katja vs. Bridget" in the Netherlands, and "Ed vs. Spencer" in the UK. This resulted in the show becoming the largest selling comedy format in Canadian television history. The show was named #8 among the top 10 Canadian television shows of the 21st century. In July 2013, the show was ranked as the highest rated reality television show by IMDb.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: The last episode, ("The Kenny vs. Spenny Christmas Special"), was aired in 2010. The series produced 89 original episodes, over six seasons. Each of the main characters of the show would go on to have their own shows the following year.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In 2014, a fan campaign to have the show return to production on Netflix began, following Hotz's announcement that he and Spenny were planning the live comedy tour Kenny vs. Spenny vs. Canada. Also that year, Hotz and Rice designed a traveling stage show based on the show with a world tour of approximately 100 dates. Part of this tour included the Canadian national Kenny vs. Spenny vs. Canada tour.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In November 2020, along with Spencer Rice, Hotz directed, wrote and produced "", a CBC Gem special that focused on the pair's friendship and careers since "Kenny vs. Spenny" ended in 2010.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: Hotz worked as a consultant and writer on "South Park", providing material for episodes including "Follow That Egg!" and "Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow". Between 2004 and 2006 Hotz was a consultant writer, and sometimes staff writer, for 42 different episodes of the show, returning again in 2012 to write for the episode "Cartman Finds Love". Trey Parker and Matt Stone, the creators of "South Park", joined to help produce future episodes of "Kenny vs. Spenny" in the fall of 2007, when the show began airing on Comedy Central, becoming executive producers. They stated that they first came across the show while staying up late finishing their movie "", when they viewed the episode "Who Can Stay Awake the Longest?" from the show's first season. The Writers Guild of America named him and the rest of the South Park writing staff as the 63rd best writing team in television history.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In 2008, Hotz created the sitcom "Testees" for FX Networks, producing 13 shows centering on two roommates who work as guinea pigs for a mediocre product testing facility. The show produced 13 episodes and started airing in October 2008 on FX. Hotz stated that the inspiration of the series was Woody Allen's character Fielding Mellish in the film "Bananas". The show met with positive reviews. In a review for "The Washington Post", Tom Shales referred to the show as "wall-to-wall uproarious."


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In 2011, Hotz starred and produced a new series titled "Kenny Hotz's Triumph of the Will", which premiered on Canada's Action network on July 22, 2011. The series produced six episodes and showed Hotz attempting to complete major tasks that challenged the social assumptions of both his audience and himself, including the building of a Jewish funded mosque for Muslims, and finding his widowed mother a new boyfriend. The show was shot on location in countries including Canada, the US, and France.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: Hotz is an executive producer, host and columnist for "Vice", and won the publication's best fiction article of the year award in 2006. In 2015, he directed and starred in the Vice talk show "Me on You". Then in 2016 "Vice Media" aired a TV special starring Hotz, entitled "Getting an Election" executive produced by Spike Jonze. It was nominated for the Academy of Canadian Television and Cinema award for Best Original Series produced for Digital Media – Non-Fiction. Focusing on the 2016 US presidential election and interviews Hotz performed with citizens on the streets of the US, "BuzzFeed" called the piece the "most honest and objective piece of journalism this whole election". Hotz has also been involved as a spokesperson and on-stage presence at Vice Media project and network launches.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In 2013, Hotz signed a deal with Sirius Radio in the U.S. for a weekly radio show that airs in Canada and the United States. In 2015, he had a role in the film "The Chickening", which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. He also served as the film's producer. In 2018, Hotz co-directed a music video for the track "Monophobia" by Deadmau5. The video was later nominated for the Prism Prize.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: Hotz owned "The Hoxton", a bar and music venue in Toronto which has since closed. In December 2013, The Hoxton was the site of an impromptu post-concert performance by Kanye West and Drake.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In November 2013, Hotz was nominated for the "Digital Personality of the Year" at the Canadian Digi Awards.


title: Kenny Hotz

text: In 2013, he received the "Sovereign's Medal for Volunteers" from the Governor General of Canada for his work supporting childhood survivors of sexual abuse.


title: Emily Weiss

text: Emily Weiss (born March 22, 1985) is an American businesswoman. She is the founder and former CEO of the cosmetics company Glossier and the blog "Into the Gloss". She was featured in the "Forbes" 30 Under 30 list in 2015. In 2019, she was included in "Time" magazine's "Next 100".


title: Emily Weiss

text: Emily Weiss was raised in Wilton, Connecticut. Her father worked as an executive at Pitney Bowes and her mother stayed at home. In high school, Weiss interned at Ralph Lauren for two summers and briefly had a modeling career. While interning at "Teen Vogue" in college, she appeared on "The Hills" on a three-episode arc with Lauren Conrad and Whitney Port. Weiss graduated from New York University in 2007 with a degree in studio art. She was a fashion assistant at "W" magazine and an on-set styling assistant for "Vogue" where she assisted Elissa Santisi.


title: Emily Weiss

text: Weiss launched "Into the Gloss", a blog featuring predominantly interviews with women, in September 2010. She stayed at her day job at "Vogue" and worked on "Into the Gloss" in the mornings between the hours of 4 a.m. and 8 a.m. A popular series on the blog is "Top Shelf", where subjects are interviewed in their bathrooms and photos of their shelves and medicine cabinets are featured. Previous interviews include Jenna Lyons and Karlie Kloss. By early 2012, the site had more than 200,000 unique visitors per month. By May 2016, the site garnered 1.3 million visitors. After Weiss reached 10 million page views per month and acquired corporate partnerships for the site and a small staff, she quit her job at "Vogue" to focus on her business ventures full time.


title: Emily Weiss

text: In 2014, Weiss started approaching venture capitalists with ideas for expansion, including a potential "Into the Gloss"-curated e-commerce platform. Weiss eventually raised $2 million in seed funding, with the help of venture capitalist Kirsten Green, the founder of San Francisco-based Forerunner Ventures. Weiss used this initial investment to hire a small team and launch Glossier.com.


title: Emily Weiss

text: In October 2014, Weiss introduced Glossier's first four products on her "Into the Gloss" blog and announced the launch of Glossier.com. The Glossier team launched the e-commerce site with an all-purpose balm, a facial mist, a sheer skin tint, and a moisturizer.


title: Emily Weiss

text: According to Polina Marinova of "Fortune", Weiss, "Quietly turned Glossier into one of the most disruptive brands in beauty." She initially pitched the company to 12 firms, with 11 not interested. In February 2018, Weiss released that Glossier had successfully raised an additional $52 million in a Series C round of funding. In March 2019, Weiss announced that Glossier had officially raised $100 million in a Series D round of funding and was valued at $1.2 billion. The round was led by Sequoia Capital and Glossier announced at this time that it more than doubled its revenue in 2018, adding over 1 million new customers.


title: Emily Weiss

text: Since its initial launch with four products, Glossier has expanded its product line to include skin serums, masks, shower gel, body lotion, fragrance, lip balms and several other beauty and skincare related items.


title: Emily Weiss

text: In early 2019, Glossier added Glossier Play to its product umbrella. The line includes pigmented and metallic makeup products, such as eye shadows and eyeliners. In 2020, the company announced plans to suspend the line's production. Weiss stated that launching a sub-brand was, in hindsight, unnecessary, "The realisation we had was, 'Huh, we could have just launched more make-up products'." In August 2020, Weiss and the company were accused of failing to support Black workers at the organization.


title: Emily Weiss

text: In May 2022, Weiss stepped down as CEO of Glossier, but stayed on its board as executive chairwoman. Kyle Leahy, Glossier's former chief commercial officer, took over her position as CEO.


title: Emily Weiss

text: In 2022, Weiss became engaged to Will Gaybrick, a senior executive at Stripe. The couple announced they were expecting a baby in June 2022. On June 29th, Emily posted on her Instagram announcing the birth of her daughter, Clara Lion Weissbrick.


title: Jenna Wade

text: Jenna Krebbs (maiden name Wade; formerly Marchetta) is a fictional character on the popular American television series "Dallas", played, most notably, by Priscilla Presley from 1983 to 1988. Jenna was also briefly played by Morgan Fairchild in 1978 and Francine Tacker in 1980.


title: Jenna Wade

text: The character of Jenna Wade was originally portrayed by Morgan Fairchild for one episode in 1978; Jenna was then portrayed by Francine Tacker for two episodes in 1980. When the character was brought back in 1983, the part was recast for the second time, this time with Jenna being portrayed by Priscilla Beaulieu Presley; she would be the third and final actress to portray the character. Before her debut, Priscilla Presley described the character: "Jenna is her own woman. She's extremely self-reliant, she has lived in Europe and has a child. Just like me. Except that she's a bit more sophisticated than me. She has a lot of integrity, she's totally honest. I like her. How could I help but identify with her?".


title: Jenna Wade

text: Jenna was Bobby Ewing's childhood sweetheart. Jenna's father, Lucas Wade, was an oilman and associate of Jock Ewing. Jenna lived on her father's ranch, which was about three miles from Southfork. Bobby would often ride over to visit her as a kid. Years before Bobby met Pam, Jenna was engaged to Bobby but ditched him at the altar when she ran off to Italy and married Italian count Renaldo Marchetta. Jenna subsequently gave birth to a daughter, Charlotte (nicknamed "Charlie") and, for years, she never revealed who was Charlie's biological father.


title: Jenna Wade

text: Jenna (portrayed by Morgan Fairchild) reappeared in Bobby's life in 1978 when her affair with Maynard Anderson, a married politician and business associate of Jock and J.R. Ewing, ended and she needed a friend to turn to. Jenna introduced Bobby to her daughter Charlie; Bobby was then lead to believe that he is the girl's father - however, Jenna denied this when confronted by Pam. In 1980, Jenna (now portrayed by Francine Tacker) is still in Dallas and has an unexpected encounter with Bobby. They renew their friendship while Pam is away in Paris on business. During this brief time, Bobby is tempted to sleep with Jenna. Bobby and Jenna (now portrayed by Priscilla Beaulieu Presley) reconnected for a third time in 1983, and they began seeing each other after Bobby's marriage to Pam ended. Bobby's brother J.R. always liked Jenna and was very supportive of her relationship with Bobby. Bobby again wanted to know who had fathered Jenna's daughter Charlie. After seeing Charlie's birth certificate (which named Bobby as Charlie's legal father), Jenna confessed that Renaldo Marchetta was actually Charlie's biological father and that she had listed Bobby as the legal father in order to protect her legal interests in future disputes with Marchetta over Charlie. Nonetheless, Jenna and Bobby got engaged in 1984; she once again jilted him on their wedding day to remarry Marchetta, but this time it was against her will and under threat. The pair were tracked down to a hotel where Marchetta was found shot dead, with Jenna holding the gun. She was accused of Marchetta's murder, but this was eventually resolved, and she once again became engaged to Bobby. Bobby broke off this third engagement with Jenna after deciding that he wanted to marry his ex-wife, Pam.


title: Jenna Wade

text: During the "Dream Season", after Bobby had died, Jenna had a brief relationship with Bobby's cousin Jack Ewing, but this was cut short as Jenna became mentally unstable due to Bobby's death. Later, Jenna received counseling to help her accept Bobby's death; she also ended her differences with Pam.


title: Jenna Wade

text: After the end of the "Dream Season", Jenna discovered that she was pregnant with Bobby's child; however, Bobby was now engaged to Pam. During Bobby and Pam's second wedding, Bobby's half-brother Ray Krebbs mentioned that Jenna was pregnant with Bobby's child. This caused problems between Ray and Bobby, especially after Jenna and Charlie moved in with Ray. In 1987, Jenna gave birth to Bobby's son, Lucas, named after her father. Jenna later married Ray, who adopted Lucas and raised him with Jenna despite Bobby being the father. The next year, after problems with the now-teenaged Charlie, Jenna escorted Charlie to Europe to attend boarding school. After returning to Dallas, she and Ray decided to relocate permanently to Switzerland to be away from the drama of the Ewings.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: Kishinchand Chellaram College, commonly known as KC College, is a higher educational Autonomous institution in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is affiliated to the HSNC University.It was the first college to be awarded an "A" grade by The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) in Mumbai (and Maharashtra).


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: The college campus is located in the locality of Churchgate and can be accessed by the station terminal. Incidentally, the college is much closer to Mantralaya than Churchgate railway station.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: The College shares its campus with two other eminent institutes; namely H.R. College and KC Law College, which are also run by the same Educational trust - H(S)NC Board.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: Kishinchand Chellaram College was established in 1954 under the aegis of the Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board. It was the second institution that the Management set up in Mumbai after it relocated itself in the city, following the aftermath of the Partition. The onus of the task was taken up by founders, principal K.M. Kundnani and barrister Hotchand Gopaldas Advani, who helped set up K.C. College as well as several other educational institutions. Kundnani and Advani were the pillars of that board.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: The R. D. National College was the first of the board's institutions and K.C. College was the second. The latter came to be reckoned as its flagship institution from where the board's activities were conducted. The plot for the construction of K.C. College was leased from Ratanben Fauzdar for 99 years. Under the draught plan of architect K.M Gidwani and the management of principal Kundnani, the building was completed in six months. The foundation stone was laid by Dinkarrao Desai, the Minister Of Education.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: Students were admitted from 1 June 1954 but a formal inauguration of the inception of the college was performed by Morarji Desai, the then-Chief Minister of Bombay State (later, Prime Minister of India) on 15 August of the same year. Its first batch comprised 1800 students and, within three years, the numbers have consistently increased.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: In 2014, the college celebrated its Diamond Jubilee year with a massive celebration titled "KC@60". The celebration was inaugurated by President Pranab Mukherjee. The event was also attended by Governor K Sankaranarayanan, Maharashtra CM Prithiviraj Chavan, Union Minister of State Milind Deora, Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan, and industrialist Anil Ambani, who is also an alum. There were several other celebrities in attendance as well.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: As of 2020, HSNC University has come into existence. It is a cluster university consisting of three colleges of the board; namely, KC College, HR College and Bombay Teacher's training Institute (BTTI). The university was officially launched on 11 June by Bhagat Singh Koshyari, Governor of Maharashtra, in presence of Chief minister of Maharashtra Uddhav Thackeray.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: In addition to science, arts and commerce degrees, the college offers professional and vocational courses such as Bachelor of Mass Media (B.M.M), Bachelor of Arts in films television and new media production, B.Sc computer science, B.Sc. in information technology, Bachelor in accounts and finance, Bachelor in banking and insurance, computer applications, and biotechnology and industrial chemistry.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: The college's Department of Mass Media has been consistently ranked in Top 10 Media Schools int the country. The Dept. has a reputation of regularly hosting interactions between students and veterans of the Media & Entertainment industry such as Boman Irani, Cyrus Bharucha, Sudhir Mishra and many more. Apart from this, the college is renowned for its annual International Media Conference.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: The building had an area of and was built in the restrained art-deco style that dominated the architectural design ethic in the city since the 1920s. The college today has an air-conditioned auditorium with nearly 600 seating capacity, a parquet indoor badminton court and a community hall. The Department of Mass Media now operates through its new Colaba campus building.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: The college was awarded with Star College scheme by DBT (Department of Biotechnology) Govt. of India, in 2016, where the infrastructure of laboratories were improved and various activities and seminars were organised with the fundings provided by DBT under this scheme, to generate interest in students for pursuing science as well as motivating them for pursuing research in future. On completion of the three years under this "Star College scheme", the college was awarded with the "Star College" status in 2019 with funding provided doubled from the previous funding of "Star college scheme".


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: The college is funded with FIST program by DST (Department of Science and Technology) Govt. of India, with '0' level grant of 80 lakhs in 2016 for progress in science courses and developing infrastructure of laboratories.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: This lecture series is a flagship event of the college where distinguished guests are invited as speakers. They give a lecture about their respective fields or their journey. The lecture ends with a round of Q&A.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: There are a number of clubs and associations that are present in the college. Some of the clubs & associations in KC College are;


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: This club is responsible for all the cultural activities that take part in the college as well as college representation in other College festivals. They are responsible for hosting/organising the college's flagship festival – Kiran – which hosts a massive influx of students from all over.


title: Kishinchand Chellaram College

text: This RCKC engages in community service. They host a large number of events whose main objective varies from community service to personal or professional development.