title: FADEC

text: With the operation of the engines relying on automation, safety is a great concern. Redundancy is provided in the form of two or more separate but identical digital channels. Each channel may provide all engine functions without restriction. FADEC also monitors a variety of data coming from the engine subsystems and related aircraft systems, providing for fault tolerant engine control.


title: FADEC

text: Engine control problems simultaneously causing loss of thrust on up to three engines have been cited as causal in the crash of an Airbus A400M aircraft at Seville Spain on 9 May 2015. Airbus Chief Strategy Officer Marwan Lahoud confirmed on 29 May that incorrectly installed engine control software caused the fatal crash. "There are no structural defects [with the aircraft], but we have a serious quality problem in the final assembly."


title: FADEC

text: A typical civilian transport aircraft flight may illustrate the function of a FADEC. The flight crew first enters flight data such as wind conditions, runway length, or cruise altitude, into the flight management system (FMS). The FMS uses this data to calculate power settings for different phases of the flight. At takeoff, the flight crew advances the throttle to a predetermined setting, or opts for an auto-throttle takeoff if available. The FADECs now apply the calculated takeoff thrust setting by sending an electronic signal to the engines; there is no direct linkage to open fuel flow. This procedure can be repeated for any other phase of flight.


title: FADEC

text: In flight, small changes in operation are constantly made to maintain efficiency. Maximum thrust is available for emergency situations if the throttle is advanced to full, but limitations can not be exceeded; the flight crew has no means of manually overriding the FADEC.


title: FADEC

text: Note: Most modern FADEC controlled aircraft engines (particularly those of the turboshaft variety) can be overridden and placed in manual mode, effectively countering most of the disadvantages on this list. Pilots should be very aware of where their manual override is located, because inadvertent engagement of the manual mode can lead to an overspeed of the engine.


title: FADEC

text: NASA has analyzed a distributed FADEC architecture rather than the current centralized one, specifically for helicopters. Greater flexibility and lower life cycle costs are likely advantages of distribution.


title: Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy

text: Edmund Maurice Burke Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy (15 May 1885 – 8 July 1955) was a British Conservative Party politician who held a title in the Peerage of Ireland. He was the maternal grandfather of Diana, Princess of Wales.


title: Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy

text: Roche was born on 15 May 1885 in Chelsea, London, the elder of twin sons of the Hon. James Roche (later 3rd Baron Fermoy) and his American wife, Frances Ellen Work. The Roches separated in December 1886, with James Roche agreeing to relinquish custody of his sons to his wife's father, multi-millionaire stockbroker Frank Work, in exchange for Work paying Roche's debts.


title: Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy

text: He was educated at Harvard University and graduated in 1909. As a condition of their inheritance, Work stipulated that Maurice and his twin brother Francis "shall assume and retain the name 'Work' in place of the name 'Roche'", and must not travel to Europe or marry a European; Maurice ignored the edicts. Roche returned to England on succeeding to his father's Irish peerage in 1920. He was a naturalized American citizen, but resumed British nationality following his succession to the title.


title: Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy

text: He rented Park House at Sandringham, Norfolk, from the royal family. At the 1924 general election, he contested and won the local parliamentary constituency, King's Lynn, holding the seat until he stood down at the 1935 general election. He was also elected the town's mayor in 1931.


title: Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy

text: On 17 September 1931, Lord Fermoy married Ruth Sylvia Gill, the youngest daughter of Col. William Gill, at St. Devenick's, Bieldside, Aberdeenshire, and they had three children:


title: Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy

text: Lord Fermoy joined the Royal Air Force in 1939 at the start of World War II, but when the incumbent Member of Parliament (MP) for King's Lynn was killed on active service in 1943, he resigned his commission and stood for re-election. He retired from politics when Parliament was dissolved for the 1945 general election.


title: Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy

text: Lord Fermoy was a member of the shooting party organized by King George VI on 5 February 1952, on the grounds of Sandringham, which was the King's last full day alive.


title: Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy

text: Lord Fermoy collapsed in a shop at King's Lynn, Norfolk, in June 1955 and died three weeks later. He was succeeded by his only son.


title: Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy

text: His life was the subject of the book "Lilac Days", by Gavan Naden and Maxine Riddington (HarperCollins ()), where it was claimed he had a 30-year affair with an American, Edith Travis.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The Treaty of Paris of 1856 brought an end to the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The treaty, signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris, made the Black Sea neutral territory, closing it to all warships and prohibiting fortifications and the presence of armaments on its shores.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The treaty diminished Russian influence in the region. Conditions for the return of Sevastopol and other towns and cities in the south of Crimea to Russia were severe since no naval or military arsenal could be established by Russia on the coast of the Black Sea.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The Treaty of Paris was signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris with Russia on one side of the negotiating table and France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia on the other side. The treaty came about to resolve the Crimean War, which had begun on 23 October 1853, when the Ottoman Empire formally declared war on Russia after it moved troops into the Danubian Principalities.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The Treaty of Paris was seen as an achievement of the Tanzimat policy of reform. The Western European alliance powers pledged to maintain the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and restored the respective territories of the Russian and the Ottoman Empires to their pre-war boundaries. They also demilitarised the Black Sea to improve trade, which greatly weakened Russia's influence in the region. Moldavia and Wallachia were recognized as quasi-independent states under Ottoman suzerainty. They gained the left bank of the mouth of the Danube and part of Bessarabia from Russia as a result of the treaty.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: As the Crimean War ended, all sides of the war wanted to come to a lasting resolution due to the casualties and attrition suffered. However, competing ideas of war resolution inhibited the drafting of lasting and definitive peace treaty. Even amongst the allies, disagreements between nations concerning the nature of the treaty created an uncertain peace, resulting in further diplomatic issues involving the Ottoman Empire, especially in terms of its relations with the Russian Empire and the Concert of Europe. Also, mistrust between the French and British allies during the war effort compounded problems in formulating a comprehensive peace. Thus, the terms of the treaty made future relations between the major powers uncertain.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Despite losing the war, the Russians wanted to ensure that they attained the best possible outcome for the empire at the Congress of Paris. When Alexander II took the crown of Russia in 1855, he inherited a potential crisis that threatened the collapse of the empire. There were problems throughout the empire, stretching from parts of Finland to Poland and Crimea and many tribal conflicts, and the Russian economy was on the brink of collapse. Russia knew that within a few months, a total defeat in the war was imminent, which would mean the complete humiliation of Russia on an international scale, and further loss of territory. Peace talks were pursued by Alexander II with Britain and France in Paris in 1856 as a means of attempting to keep some imperial possession, but also of stopping the deaths of thousands of its army reserves as well as preventing an economic crisis. Similarly, Russia wanted to maintain at least a pretence of military power, which had posed a formidable threat to the west European allies. It attempted "to turn defeat into victory ... through ... peacetime [internal] reforms and diplomatic initiatives."


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: During the war Britain and France resumed their latent rivalry, largely derived from the Napoleonic Wars. The French blamed many of the defeats of the alliance on the fact that Britain had marched into war without a clear plan. Defeats including the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Battle of Balaclava were used to highlight the logistical and tactical failures of Britain, and there were resultant calls for increased army professionalism. The British were increasingly wary throughout the war that the French might capitalise on a weakened Russia and focus their attention on seeking revenge on the British for French military defeats at Trafalgar and Waterloo.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Although there was a call for the end of the war in Britain, including riots in London, there was support for its continuation, and expansion to punish Russia's imperial ambition, particularly from the incumbent prime minister Lord Palmerston.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Britain and France desired to ensure that the Ottoman Empire were made stronger by the Treaty of Paris, ensuring a stable balance of power in Europe. Britain and France hoped that peace and restricting Russian access to key areas, such as the Black Sea, would allow the Ottoman Empire to focus on internal issues including rising nationalism in many nations under the empire's authority. Without the Ottomans being in full control of their empire, the great powers feared that it could lose much of its territory in future wars with the Russian Empire and the German Confederation, eventually strengthening these nations that could pose a significant threat to the French and British. Thus, the full removal of Russian presence in the Danubian provinces and the Black Sea served both to protect British dominance and to inhibit the Russian Empire from expanding its influence so readily.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The Ottoman, British and French governments desired a more crushing defeat for Russia, which was still crippled in many key areas. The Russian Empire had lost over 500,000 troops and knew that pressing further militarily with their largely unprofessional army would have resulted in higher casualties and attrition.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Russia was forced to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, where it had started a period of common tutelage for the Ottomans and the Congress of Great Powers.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Russia had to return to Moldavia part of its territory it had annexed in 1812 (to the mouth of the Danube, in southern Bessarabia). The Romanian principalities and the Principality of Serbia, were given greater independence, resulting in the Russian Empire having a diminished influence over them.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Russia was forced to abandon its claim to protect Christians in the Ottoman Empire, which initially served as part of the pretext for the Crimean War.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Russian warships were banned from sailing the Black Sea, which greatly decreased Russian influence over the Black Sea trade.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The defeat accentuated the impediments of the Russian Empire, contributing to future reform including the emancipation of the serfs and the spread of revolutionary ideas.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The treaty reopened the Black Sea for international trade to be safe and effectual after both the naval warfare of the Crimean War and the presence of Russian warships had made trade difficult, including many trade disputes.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The Treaty of Paris was influenced by the general public in France and Britain because the Crimean War, was one of the first wars in which the general public received relatively prompt media coverage of the events. The British prime minister, Lord Aberdeen, who was viewed as being incompetent to lead the war effort, lost a vote in Parliament and resigned in favour of Lord Palmerston, who was seen as having a clearer plan to victory. Peace was accelerated in part because the general population of the western allies had greater access to and understanding of political intrigue and foreign policy, and therefore demanded an end to the war.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Nationalism was bolstered in many ways by the Crimean War, and very little could be done at a systemic level to stem the tides of growing nationalist sentiment in many nations. The Ottoman Empire, for the next few decades until World War I, had to face a number of patriotic uprisings in many of its provinces. No longer capable of withstanding the internal forces tearing it apart, the empire was splintering, as many ethnic groups cried out for more rights, most notably self-rule. Britain and France may have allowed the situation in Europe to stabilise briefly, but the Peace of Paris did little to create lasting stability in the Concert of Europe. The Ottomans joined the Concert of Europe after the Peace was signed, but most European nations looked to the crumbling empire with either hungry or terrified eyes.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The war revealed to the world just how important solving the "Eastern Question" was to the stability of Europe; however, the Peace of Paris provided no clear answer or guidance.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The importance of the Ottoman Empire to Britain and France in maintaining the balance of power in the Black and the Mediterranean Seas made many view the signing of the Treaty of Paris to be the entrance of the Ottoman Empire to the European international theatre. Greater penetration of European influence into Ottoman international law and a decline in emphasis of Islamic practices in their legal system illustrate more of an inclusion of the Ottoman Empire into European politics and disputes, leading to its major role in the First World War.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Austria and Germany were affected by nationalism as a result of the signing of the Peace of Paris. Austria was normally an ally of Russia but was neutral during the war, mobilized troops against Russia and sent at least an ultimatum asking the withdrawal of Russian armies from the Balkans.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: After the Russian defeat, relations between the two nations, the most conservative in Europe, remained very strained. Russia, the gendarme of conservatism and the saviour of Austria during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, angrily resented the failure of Austria to help or assist its former ally, which contributed to Russia's non-intervention in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy; in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, with the loss of its influence in most German-speaking land; and in the Ausgleich (compromise) with Hungary of 1867, which meant the sharing of the power in the Danubian Empire with the Magyars. The status of Austria as a great power, after the unifications of Germany, Italy and, to a lesser extent, of Romania, was now severely diminished. Austria slowly became little more than a German satellite state.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: A unified and strengthened Germany was not a pleasant thought for many in Britain and France since it would pose a threat to both French borders and British political and economic interest in the East.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Essentially, the war that sought to stabilise power relations in Europe brought about by a temporary peace. The great powers only strengthened nationalist aspirations of ethnic groups, under the control of the victorious Ottomans and of the German states. By 1877, the Russians and the Ottomans would once again be at war.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The treaty admitted the Ottoman Empire to the European concert, and the Powers promised to respect its independence and territorial integrity. Russia gave up some and relinquished its claim to a protectorate over the Christians in the Ottoman domains. The Black Sea was demilitarised, and an international commission was set up to guarantee freedom of commerce and navigation on the Danube River.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: Moldavia and Wallachia would stay under nominal Ottoman rule but be granted independent constitutions and national assemblies, which were to be monitored by the victorious powers. A project of a referendum was to be set in place to monitor the will of the peoples on unification, which eventually happened on 1859. Moldavia recovered part of Bessarabia (including part of Budjak), which it had held prior to 1812, creating a buffer between the Ottoman Empire and Russia in the west. The United Principalities of Romania, which would later be formed from the two territories, would remain an Ottoman vassal state until 1877.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: New rules of wartime commerce were set out in the Declaration of Paris: (1) privateering was illegal; (2) a neutral flag covered enemy goods except contraband; (3) neutral goods, except contraband, were not liable to capture under an enemy flag; (4) a blockade, to be legal, had to be effective.


title: Treaty of Paris (1856)

text: The treaty also demilitarised the Åland Islands in the Baltic Sea, which belonged to the autonomous Russian Grand Duchy of Finland. The fortress Bomarsund had been destroyed by British and French forces in 1854, and the alliance wanted to prevent its future use as a Russian military base.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: Raymond Sharkey Jr. (November 14, 1952 – June 11, 1993) was an American stage, film and television actor. His most notable film role was Vincent Vacarri in the 1980 film "The Idolmaker", for which he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. He is also known for his role as Sonny Steelgrave in the television series "Wiseguy".


title: Ray Sharkey

text: Sharkey was born in Brooklyn to Cecelia and Ray Sharkey, Sr. He was of Irish and Italian descent. Sharkey's father was a professional drummer who abandoned the family when Sharkey was five years old. He was raised by his mother, Cecelia, in Brooklyn's Red Hook neighborhood. Sharkey became interested in acting after seeing Jack Lemmon in the 1962 film "Days of Wine and Roses". After attending New York City Community College for one year, he enrolled at the HB Studio to study acting. While attending the HB Studio, Sharkey performed in various Off-Broadway stage productions. In 1973, he and his friend, boxer/actor Chu Chu Malave, moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting careers.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: In 1974, he made his film debut in "The Lords of Flatbush". Sharkey went on to appear in more than forty motion pictures and dozens of guest appearances on various television series.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: An early standout performance in a character role came in "Who'll Stop the Rain" (1978), directed by Karel Reisz. The film's editor, John Bloom, said, "I do not believe there’s ever been a better pair of villains than Richard Masur and Ray Sharkey — funny and terrifying in equal measure." This echoed a contemporary review, which called them "psychopaths played to the hilt" and added, "They're a great team. Whether they are supposed to be so funny, even when they are shouting obscenities, only the director knows. But funny they are."


title: Ray Sharkey

text: In 1980, Sharkey portrayed rock promoter Vinnie Vacarri in "The Idolmaker". The role boosted Sharkey's career and earned him a Golden Globe Award for his performance in the film. The following year, he was nominated for another Golden Globe for his role in "The Ordeal of Bill Carney", in which he played the title role. Shortly after appearing in "The Idolmaker", Sharkey developed a $400 a day heroin habit. As a result of his drug use, his career declined and he was relegated to mainly supporting roles. He overdosed several times and was involved in four drug-related car accidents, two of which required him to undergo microsurgery on his eyes. He tried undergoing rehab treatment several times but would ultimately relapse a few months later. In 1987, Sharkey spent two months in an Orange County rehab center in an effort to kick his drug and alcohol addiction for good.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: Four days after leaving rehab, he won the role of Sonny Steelgrave in the series "Wiseguy". As one reviewer observed, "The Steelgrave episodes were wonderful, partly because of Sharkey's performance as the tough-tender Sonny." Another stated, "Sharkey's portrayal of Steelgrave, with his murderous, mercurial charm, has been likened to James Cagney's Cody Jarrett in "White Heat"". Producer Stephen J. Cannell and many fans were sorry to see Sharkey's character go, but the format of "Wiseguy" was self-contained story "arcs" of several episodes. The character proved to be popular with audiences—indeed, many letters came in to ask that he return, prompting speculation about flashback Steelgrave episodes (which never happened). Sharkey was viewed as deserving an Emmy Award nomination but did not receive it. A 2008 "Entertainment Weekly" retrospective on "The 50 Biggest Emmy Snubs" ranked Sharkey's as #26.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: With that career boost, Sharkey then co-starred in the biographical film "Wired". Based on the life of John Belushi, Sharkey portrayed a Puerto Rican angel who meets Belushi after his death in the morgue and "show[s] him the error of his ways." Sharkey's next role was in the 1989 black comedy film "Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills".


title: Ray Sharkey

text: In 1991, he starred in the ABC sitcom "The Man in the Family". While Sharkey received good reviews for his performance, the show was panned by critics and canceled after one season. The following year, he appeared in a guest spot on "Jake and the Fatman", and starred in the television movie "". On July 30, 1992, while filming a guest spot on the television series, "The Hat Squad", in Vancouver, he was arrested for drug possession. Canadian customs officials, making a routine inspection of incoming cargo at the airport, discovered small amounts of cocaine and heroin in a black envelope being sent from Los Angeles to Sharkey in Vancouver. Police searched his hotel room and found an additional supply of drugs. He was jailed and later released on bail. Sharkey was later fired from "The Hat Squad". Sharkey's final role was in the 1993 comedy film "Cop and a Half".


title: Ray Sharkey

text: In May 1981, Sharkey married model Rebecca Wood. The marriage ended in 1986 due to Sharkey's drug abuse. In 1988, he married actress Carole Graham. That marriage produced one daughter, Cecelia, in 1989. In November 1992, Graham divorced Sharkey, also citing his drug abuse as the reason for the divorce.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: On September 22, 2015, Sharkey's daughter, Cecelia Bonnie Sharkey, was charged with capital murder for the death of her boyfriend's mother, Patricia Metropoulous (Hickerson). In November 2017, she pleaded no contest, was declared insane at the time of the crime and was committed to Patton State Hospital.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: Sharkey was diagnosed as HIV positive in the late 1980s. He reportedly contracted the virus through intravenous drug use. After his death, Sharkey's manager Herb Nanas admitted that they both decided to keep his diagnosis a secret, fearing it would hurt his career. Despite his diagnosis, Sharkey remained in denial about his HIV-positive status and, according to his manager, had sex with an estimated 100 women after he was diagnosed.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: Sharkey began a relationship with model/actress Elena Monica, daughter of comedian Corbett Monica, in April 1991. She became ill and was hospitalized with aseptic meningitis in July 1991. During a routine check, she tested positive for HIV. Monica believed she contracted the virus from Sharkey, who continued to deny that he had infected her. Monica ended the relationship in October 1991 due to her suspicions. In July 1992, she learned that another woman also suspected that Sharkey had infected her with HIV as well. Later that same year, Monica filed a $52 million lawsuit against the actor for knowingly infecting her with HIV.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: In an interview with "Details" magazine conducted in March 1993, three months before his death, Sharkey told the reporter that he was in fact HIV-positive by saying that he "harbored a strain of HIV" that he believed would never develop into AIDS. At the time of the interview, Sharkey weighed , had a hacking cough and was suffering from a brain lesion. When asked about his ex-girlfriend Elena Monica who accused him of infecting her with HIV, Sharkey said, "This disease is funny. One day you're negative and the next day you're positive. And people suffer. I don't think she suffered from me." Monica won her lawsuit against Sharkey by default judgment after his death (Sharkey declined to challenge her suit when it was originally filed), but she received no compensation from his estate because the actor had very little money.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: Sharkey died of complications from AIDS at Lutheran Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, on June 11, 1993, at age 40. He is interred in Saint Charles Cemetery in Farmingdale, Long Island, New York.


title: Ray Sharkey

text: In June 1993, shortly after Sharkey's death, a Beverly Hills graphic designer who said she had an on-and-off relationship with Sharkey from 1985 to 1991 announced that she was suing Sharkey's estate. The woman, who was only identified as "Joyce", cared for Sharkey in his final months and said that she believed that she also had contracted HIV from Sharkey after she was diagnosed with the virus in April 1992.


title: Wader

text: Waders or shorebirds are birds of the order Charadriiformes commonly found wading along shorelines and mudflats in order to forage for food crawling or burrowing in the mud and sand, usually small arthropods such as aquatic insects or crustaceans. The term "wader" is used in Europe, while "shorebird" is used in North America, where "wader" may be used instead to refer to long-legged wading birds such as storks and herons.


title: Wader

text: There are about 210 species of wader, most of which live in wetland or coastal environments. Many species of Arctic and temperate regions are strongly migratory, but tropical birds are often resident, or move only in response to rainfall patterns. Some of the Arctic species, such as the little stint, are amongst the longest distance migrants, spending the non-breeding season in the southern hemisphere.


title: Wader

text: Many of the smaller species found in coastal habitats, particularly but not exclusively the calidrids, are often named as "sandpipers", but this term does not have a strict meaning, since the upland sandpiper is a grassland species.


title: Wader

text: The smallest member of this group is the least sandpiper, small adults of which can weigh as little as and measure just over . The largest species is believed to be the Far Eastern curlew, at about and , although the beach thick-knee is the heaviest at about .


title: Wader

text: In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, waders and many other groups are subsumed into a greatly enlarged order Ciconiiformes. However, the classification of the Charadriiformes is one of the weakest points of the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, as DNA–DNA hybridization has turned out to be incapable of properly resolving the interrelationships of the group. Formerly, the waders were united in a single suborder "Charadrii", but this has turned out to be a "wastebasket taxon", uniting no fewer than four charadriiform lineages in a paraphyletic assemblage. However, it indicated that the plains wanderer actually belonged into one of them. Following recent studies (Ericson et al., 2003; Paton et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2004a, b; van Tuinen et al., 2004; Paton & Baker, 2006), the waders may be more accurately subdivided.


title: Wader

text: The waders are a group of two Charadriiformes suborders which include 13 families. Species in the third Charadriiforme suborder, Lari, are not considered as waders.


title: Wader

text: Shorebirds is a blanket term used to refer to multiple bird species that live in wet, coastal environments. Because most these species spend much of their time near bodies of water, many have long legs suitable for wading (hence the name ‘Waders’). Some species prefer locations with rocks or mud. Many shorebirds display migratory patterns and often migrate before breeding season. These behaviors explain the long wing lengths observed in species, and can also account for the efficient metabolisms that give the birds energy during long migrations.


title: Wader

text: The majority of species eat small invertebrates picked out of mud or exposed soil. Different lengths of bills enable different species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Many waders have sensitive nerve endings at the end of their bills which enable them to detect prey items hidden in mud or soft soil. Some larger species, particularly those adapted to drier habitats will take larger prey including insects and small reptiles.


title: Wader

text: Shorebirds, like many other animals, exhibit phenotypic differences between males and females, also known as sexual dimorphism. In shorebirds, various sexual dimorphisms are seen, including, but not limited to, size (e.g. body size, bill size), color, and agility. In polygynous species, where one male individual mates with multiple female partners over his lifetime, dimorphisms tend to be more diverse. In monogamous species, where male individuals mate with a single female partner, males typically do not have distinctive dimorphic characteristics such as colored feathers, but they still tend to be larger in size compared to females. The suborder Charadrii displays the widest range of sexual dimorphisms seen in the order Charadriiformes. However, cases of sexual monomorphism, where there are no distinguishing physical features besides external genitalia, are also seen in this order.


title: Wader

text: One of the biggest factors that leads to the development of sexual dimorphism in shorebirds is sexual selection. Males with ideal characteristics favored by females are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genetic information to their offspring better than the males who lack such characteristics. Mentioned earlier, male shorebirds are typically larger in size compared to their female counterparts. Competition between males tends to lead to sexual selection toward larger males and as a result, an increase in dimorphism. Bigger males tend to have greater access (and appeal) to female mates because their larger size aids them in defeating other competitors. Likewise, if the species exhibits gender role reversal (where males take on roles traditionally done by females such as childcare and feeding), then males will select female mates based on traits that are the most appealing. In the Jacana species, females compete with each other for access to male mates, so females are larger in size. Males choose female mates based on who presents herself as the strongest and who 'owns' the most territory.


title: Wader

text: Another factor that leads to the development of dimorphisms in species is natural selection. Natural selection focuses on traits and the environment's response to the traits in question; if the said trait increases the overall fitness of the individual possessing it, then it will be 'selected' and eventually become a permanent part of the population's gene pool. For example, depending on the food available in a shorebird specie's respective niche, bigger bill sizes may be favored in all individuals. This would essentially lead to monomorphism within the species but is subject to change once sexual selection acts on the trait. Sexual selection could give rise to males with relatively larger bills than females if males used their bills to compete with other males. If larger bill size assisted the male in gathering resources, it would also make him more attractive to female mates.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: New Castle is a city in New Castle County, Delaware. The city is located six miles (10 km) south of Wilmington and is situated on the Delaware River. As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 5,285.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: New Castle was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651 under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant on the site of a former aboriginal village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"), to assert their claim to the area based on a prior agreement with the aboriginal inhabitants of the area. The Dutch originally named the settlement Fort Casimir, but this was changed to Fort Trinity (Swedish: "Trefaldighet") following its seizure by the colony of New Sweden on Trinity Sunday, 1654. The Dutch conquered the entire colony of New Sweden the following year and rechristened the fort Nieuw-Amstel ("New Amstel", after the Amstel). This marked the end of the Swedish colony in Delaware as an official entity, but it remained a semi-autonomous unit within the New Netherland colony and the cultural, social, and religious influence of the Swedish settlers remained strong. As the settlement grew, Dutch authorities laid out a grid of streets and established the town common (The "Green"), which continue to this day.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: In 1664, the English seized the entire New Netherland colony in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. They changed the name of the town to "New Castle" and made it the capital of their Delaware Colony. The Dutch regained the town in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680, New Castle was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York by livery of seisin and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil on October 27, 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason–Dixon line.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: Prior to the establishment of Penn's Philadelphia, New Castle was a center of government. After being transferred to Penn, Delaware's Swedish, Dutch, and English residents used to the relaxed culture of the Restoration monarchy grew uncomfortable with the more conservative Quaker influence, so Delaware petitioned for a separate legislature, which was finally granted in 1702. Delaware formally broke from Pennsylvania in 1704. New Castle again became the seat of the colonial government, thriving with the various judges and lawyers that fueled the economy. Many smaller houses were torn down and replaced in this era. In February, 1777, John McKinly was elected the first President of Delaware (a title later renamed "Governor"). During the Revolution, when New Castle was besieged by William Howe, the government elected to move its functions south to Dover in May, 1777. McKinley was captured by the British and held prisoner for several months. New Castle remained the county seat until after the Civil War, when that status was transferred to Wilmington. Three signers of the Declaration of Independence were from New Castle—Thomas McKean, George Read, and George Ross.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: The portage between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay saved a trip around the Delmarva Peninsula, so this brought passengers, goods, and business to New Castle's port. In the years following the Revolution, a turnpike was built to facilitate travel between the two major waterways. Later, New Castle became the eastern terminus of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, the second-oldest rail line in the country, launched in 1828 with horse-drawn rail cars, then converting to steam power when an engine was purchased from Great Britain in 1832. The line traversed the Delmarva Peninsula, running to the Elk River, Maryland, from where passengers changed to packet boats for further travel to Baltimore and points south. This helped the New Castle economy to further boom; however, by 1840, rail lines were in place between Philadelphia and Baltimore, which had a stop in Wilmington, thus leaving New Castle to deal with a substantial decline in traffic and revenue.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: The decline in New Castle's economy had the long-range fortunate effect of preventing most residents from making any significant structural changes to their homes. So, the many buildings of historic New Castle look much as they did in the colonial and Federal periods.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: New Castle has a tradition, dating back to 1927, of tours of historical homes, churches, and gardens. These tours, called "A Day in Olde New Castle", are usually held on the third Saturday of May. Householders dress in colonial costumes and an admittance fee is collected which is used toward the maintenance of the town's many historic buildings. In June the town holds its annual Separation Day celebration.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: On April 28, 1961, an F3 tornado hit the north side. Although no fatalities or injuries occurred, it was the only tornado of this magnitude ever recorded in Delaware.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km), of which 3.0 square miles (7.9 km) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km) of it (3.79%) is water.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 4,862 people, 2,012 households, and 1,339 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,199 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 77.48% White, 20.20% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.84% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.41% of the population.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: There were 2,012 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.93.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: The median income for a household in the city was $52,449, and the median income for a family was $56,368. Males had a median income of $40,153 versus $31,571 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,052. About 3.9% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: The New Castle Historic District is an area approximately 4 by 5 blocks square in the center of town with about 500 historic buildings that date from c. 1700 to 1940. This area contains one of the highest concentrations of well-preserved buildings dating from the 17th to early 19th centuries. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967 and it was relisted, with enlarged boundaries and expanded period of significance, in 1984. The historic district then covered of area and includes Amstel House and Old Courthouse which are separately listed on the NRHP. The area includes 461 contributing buildings, one other contributing structure, and one contributing object.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: The New Castle Court House, the Green, and the Sheriff's House are parts of First State National Historical Park, a unit of the National Park System. The national park interprets Delaware's settlement and role in the founding of the United States.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: The Bellanca Airfield, located outside of the Historic District, is the site of the former Bellanca Aircraft Corporation factory (1928–1960) which built over 3,000 airplanes. Delaware Aviation Hall of Fame Museum is located in hangar. Also nearby are Buena Vista, Glebe House, The Hermitage, New Castle Ice Piers, Penn Farm of the Trustees of the New Castle Common, and Swanwyck, all listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: The town attended a World Summit of towns called "Newcastle" held in Newcastle-under-Lyme in England for six days from 17 June 2006


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: Private schools located in New Castle include: Serviam Girls Academy, St. Peter's Catholic School (of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington) and Delaware Valley Classical School.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: Delaware Route 9 runs southwest-to-northeast through New Castle, passing through the city along 7th Street, Washington Street, Delaware Street, and Ferry Cut Off Street; the route bypasses the historic area. DE 9 heads north to Wilmington and south to Delaware City. Delaware Route 141 heads north from New Castle on Basin Road and provides a bypass to the west of Wilmington. Delaware Route 273 heads west from New Castle on Frenchtown Road and provides access to Christiana and Newark. Several important roads are located just outside the city limits. U.S. Route 13 and U.S. Route 40 pass northwest of New Castle along Dupont Highway, with access to the city via DE 141 and DE 273. Interstate 295 passes north of New Castle and crosses the Delaware River on the Delaware Memorial Bridge to New Jersey, with DE 9 providing access to New Castle from I-295.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: The Wilmington Airport (formerly New Castle Airport) is located northwest of New Castle along US 13/US 40. The airport offers general aviation and formerly had commercial air service. The nearest airport to New Castle with commercial air service is the Philadelphia International Airport in Philadelphia.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: A freight line operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway passes through New Castle. The nearest passenger rail station to New Castle is Wilmington station in Wilmington, which is served by Amtrak and SEPTA Regional Rail's Wilmington/Newark Line.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: DART First State provides bus service to New Castle along Route 15 and Route 51, which both run between downtown Wilmington and the Christiana Mall and offer connections to multiple bus routes serving points across northern New Castle County.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: The Municipal Services Commission of the City of New Castle provides electricity and water to the city. The electric department is a member of the Delaware Municipal Electric Corporation. Natural gas service in New Castle is provided by Delmarva Power, a subsidiary of Exelon. The city's Public Works department provides trash and recycling collection to New Castle.


title: New Castle, Delaware

text: New Castle has served as the filming location for numerous films and television series, including "Dead Poets Society", "Beloved", and "River Ridge".


title: Jema Galanza

text: Jessica Margarett "Jema" Casidsid Galanza (born November 28, 1996) is a Filipino volleyball player and former captain of the Adamson Soaring Lady Falcons volleyball team in the UAAP and a National Team Member. She also played for the Laoag Power Smashers during the 2016 SVL Reinforced Conference and has become one of the top spikers for the Creamline Cool Smashers since 2017 in the Premier Volleyball League (PVL).


title: Jema Galanza

text: Galanza was born and raised in San Pedro, Laguna, Philippines to Jesse and Fe Galanza. She went to San Pedro Relocation Center National High School, San Pedro, Laguna and earned her bachelor's degree at Adamson University. She has three siblings and her youngest sister, Maria Fe "Mafe" Galanza, played for the University of Santo Tomas' Golden Tigresses.


title: Jema Galanza

text: In March 2018, pictures of Galanza went viral as netizens could not get over her photogenic face and smile while playing volleyball for her school.


title: Jema Galanza

text: Galanza is one of the most-followed streamers in KUMU, where she gained at least 85,000 followers in less than a month since joining the streaming app in September 2021. In an out-of-town game where Galanza was being wildly cheered, she told reporters that her followers were an added motivation to have stellar plays.


title: Jema Galanza

text: In 2013, Galanza debuted as a reserve player of Adamson University in the beach volleyball tournament. She teamed up with star players Bang Pineda and Amanda Villanueva, and they completed a two-game championship sweep of the UAAP Season 76 women’s beach volleyball tournament against University of Santo Tomas.


title: Jema Galanza

text: During her collegiate years, she played with the Adamson Lady Falcons and was the team captain in UAAP Season 80. Galanza is playing for the Creamline Cool Smashers in Premier Volleyball League along with Alyssa Valdez, Jia Morado, Michele Gumabao, and Tots Carlos.


title: Jema Galanza

text: In 2018, Galanza played for the Philippine women's volleyball team that competed in the 2018 Asian Women's Volleyball Cup held at Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. During the 2018 Premier Volleyball League Open Conference, Galanza received the 2nd best outside spiker award and together with the Creamline Cool Smashers, eventually won the championship.


title: Jema Galanza

text: During the 2019 Premier Volleyball League Open Conference, she bagged the 1st Best Outside Spiker and Most Valuable Player of the Conference awards and won the third PVL championship title of her current team Creamline Cool Smashers.


title: Jema Galanza

text: In 2021, Galanza was invited to the training pool of the Philippine national volleyball team who would compete in the 2021 Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship in Thailand from October 01 to 07, 2021.


title: Jema Galanza

text: In 2022, Galanza was again called up in the final line-up of the Philippine national volleyball team and was set for her first SEA games appearance in Hanoi, Vietnam in May 2022.


title: Jema Galanza

text: Eat Bulaga co-host Allan K asked Galanza in her noontime show appearance in August 2021 if she can accept an acting role and she answered in the affirmative; in fact, the genre she wanted was comedy. She ended up starring in Day Zero, an action-horror movie that premiered at a film fest in Switzerland on July 3, 2022, with lead actors Brandon Vera, Joey Marquez, Mary Jean Lastimosa, and Ricci Rivero, among others.


title: Jema Galanza

text: There is no stopping Galanza's professional volleyball onslaught from scoring her career-high 28 points in the Adamson win over UST in the UAAP way back in 2016 to creating a highly unusual play of five straight points for the Cool Smashers via her spikes as part of the 2022 TV5 highlights shown on One Sports half a decade later, not to mention a triple-double of 17 points, 18 excellent digs, and 13 excellent receptions in a thrilling Creamline-Chery Tiggo finals match in the PVL in 2021.


title: Jema Galanza

text: The Cool Smashers' top two highest pointers, Galanza and eventual MVP Carlos, led the team in clinching another crown in the 2022 Premier Volleyball League Invitational Conference at the expense of KingWhale Taipei in a knockout final.


title: Jema Galanza

text: An AVC veteran, Galanza helped the Creamline-powered Philippine National Team take a gallant stand against five-time champion China on August 23, 2022, and the next day, she topscored with 21 points while Carlos and Gumabao added 14 and 13 points in the first win of the host Philippines over Iran.


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: "Crisis Theory" is the eighth episode and third season finale of the HBO science fiction dystopian thriller television series "Westworld". The episode aired on May 3, 2020. It was written by Denise Thé and Jonathan Nolan, and directed by Jennifer Getzinger. It is the lowest-rated episode of the series to-date, according to Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: Caleb takes Dolores' control module to a warehouse, where another Dolores host body awaits. Dolores reveals she manipulated events so that Caleb would meet her. She chose Caleb as a representative of humanity. We see a flashback of him standing up to a soldier advocating for the rape of hosts including Dolores, which she says was an example of free will. This happened after a military exercise in a Delos park made for training military personnel and ended with the hosts being protected. Dolores tells Caleb they need to insert Solomon's drive into Rehoboam at Incite headquarters.


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: Dolores is confronted by Maeve and gains the upper hand, but then lets her go, warning her to stay out of the way. However, as Dolores leaves, her body shuts down, and a holographic image of Charlotte appears and reminds her she can still be controlled by Delos. Meanwhile, Ash and Giggles guide Caleb safely through rioting crowds and police surrounding Incite.


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: Serac has Dolores connected to Rehoboam to locate the Delos immortality data. Rehoboam fails to find it, so Serac orders Dolores' mind erased. Caleb successfully infiltrates Incite, but is stopped by Maeve before he can reach Rehoboam. Serac shows a Rehoboam prediction that humanity will end within decades with Solomon's plan, and orders Caleb to be killed. Hearing whispers, Maeve discovers that Serac is speaking for Rehoboam, using a hidden earpiece.


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: As Dolores' memories are being wiped, she communicates with Maeve, reminding her that humanity appreciates the beauty of the world. Dolores implores Maeve to help humanity. Maeve breaks through Serac's behavior inhibitor, kills his guards, and wounds him. Maeve reveals Dolores' last memory was Solomon's program, which transferred control of Rehoboam to Caleb. Maeve affirms Dolores chose Caleb to decide if Rehoboam should be deactivated. Caleb instructs Rehoboam to erase itself and it appears to. They both venture outside into a chaotic city, while Serac's fate remains unknown.


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: Elsewhere, William shoots Stubbs and flees. Bernard and Stubbs hunker down at a motel room, where Bernard realizes that Dolores put the key to the Sublime in his mind. Bernard enters the Sublime to learn what's there, appearing to go idle.


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: In a post-credits scene, William enters a Delos facility in Dubai to kill hosts, and encounters Charlotte. Before he can attack her, a host fashioned after his Man in Black persona slits his throat, leaving his fate unclear. Hundreds of host-making machines activate behind him. In another post-credit scene, a dust-covered Bernard wakes up in the motel room.


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: While the episode appears to be the end of Dolores Abernathy character, showrunners Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy affirmed that actress Evan Rachel Wood was still set to be part of the show's fourth season though they were not at a point they could talk about it. Nolan said "from the beginning Lisa and I wanted to make a show that constantly reinvented itself, that could be a different show every season", and that "it's important with a show in which death can be impermanent — these are robots, after all — to mark the occasion with Dolores. That version of that character is gone."


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: The protests and riots in this episode were inspired by the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, though by happenstance, the episode aired in the wake of several anti-lockdown protests to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: "Crisis Theory" received mixed to negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode holds an approval rating of 45% and an average score of 6.4/10, based on 20 reviews. The site's critics consensus: ""Westworld" undermines its third season's big ideas by rushing to conclusions, hiding behind cool visuals instead of letting its characters grow, turning a once innovative show into just another sci-fi series." It is the worst-reviewed episode of the series on the site.


title: Crisis Theory (Westworld)

text: Writing for IndieWire, Ben Travers said: "What should've been a game-changing finale filled with emotional goodbyes only proved how far off the rails "Westworld" has gone."


title: Nord (French department)

text: Nord (; officially ; ; , ) is a department in Hauts-de-France region, France bordering Belgium. It was created from the western halves of the historical counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and the Bishopric of Cambrai. The modern coat of arms was inherited from the County of Flanders.


title: Nord (French department)

text: Nord is the country's most populous department. It had a population of 2,608,346 in 2019. It also contains the metropolitan region of Lille (the main city and the prefecture of the department), the fourth-largest urban area in France after Paris, Lyon and Marseille. The department is the part of France where the French Flemish dialect of Dutch has historically been spoken as a native language. Similarly, the distinct French Picard dialect Ch'ti is spoken there.


title: Nord (French department)

text: Tribes of the Belgae, such as the Menapii and Nervii were the first peoples recorded in the area later known as Nord.


title: Nord (French department)

text: During the 4th and 5th Centuries, Roman rulers of "Gallia Belgica" secured the route from the major port of Bononia (Boulogne) to Colonia (Cologne), by co-opting Germanic peoples north-east of this corridor, such as the Tungri. In effect, the area known later as Nord became an isogloss (linguistic border) between the Germanic and Romance languages. Saxon colonisation of the region from the 5th to the 8th centuries likely shifted the isogloss further south so that, by the 9th century, most people immediately north of Lille spoke a dialect of Old Dutch. This has remained evident in the place names of the region. After the County of Flanders became part of France in the 9th century, the isogloss moved north and east.


title: Nord (French department)

text: During the 14th century, much of the area came under the control of the Duchy of Burgundy and in subsequent centuries was therefore part of the Habsburg Netherlands (from 1482) and the Spanish Netherlands (1581).


title: Nord (French department)

text: Areas that later constituted Nord were ceded to France by treaties in 1659, 1668, and 1678, becoming the Counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and part of the Bishopric of Cambrai.


title: Nord (French department)

text: On 4 March 1790, during the French Revolution, Nord became one of the original 83 departments created to replace the counties.


title: Nord (French department)

text: Modern government policies making French the only official language have led to a decline in use of the Dutch West Flemish dialect. There are currently 20,000 speakers of a sub-dialect of West Flemish in the arrondissement of Dunkirk and it appears likely that this particular sub-dialect will be extinct within decades.


title: Nord (French department)

text: Nord is part of the current Hauts-de-France region and is surrounded by the French departments of Pas-de-Calais, Somme, and Aisne, as well as by Belgium and the North Sea. Its area is . It is the longest department in metropolitan France, measuring 184 km from Fort-Philippe in the north-west to Anor in the south-east.


title: Nord (French department)

text: Situated in the north of the country along the western half of the Belgian frontier, the department is unusually long and narrow. The principal rivers are the following: Yser, Lys, Escaut, Scarpe, Sambre.


title: Nord (French department)

text: The most populous commune is Lille, the prefecture. With nearby Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve-d'Ascq, it constitutes the center of a cluster of industrial and former mining towns totalling slightly over a million inhabitants. As of 2019, there are 10 communes with more than 30,000 inhabitants:


title: Nord (French department)

text: With a population of 2,608,346 in 2019, Nord is the department with the largest population. The population of the department is being approximately equal to Albania.


title: Nord (French department)

text: The first President of the Fifth Republic, General Charles de Gaulle, was born in Lille in the department on 22 November 1890.


title: Nord (French department)

text: At the forefront of France's 19th century industrialisation, the area suffered severely during World War I and now faces the economic, social and environmental problems associated with the decline of coal mining with its neighbours following the earlier decline of the Lille-Roubaix textile industry.


title: Nord (French department)

text: Until recently, the department was dominated economically by coal mining, which extended through the heart of the department from neighbouring Artois into central Belgium.


title: RAW (rolling papers)

text: RAW is a brand of rolling papers created in 1995 by Josh Kesselman. They are designed to be used for smoking tobacco and cannabis. RAW filters and hand-rolling machines are also available.


title: RAW (rolling papers)

text: In 1993, after selling all of his possessions, Josh Kesselman was able to start a small smoke shop named Knuckleheads in Gainesville, Florida which imported specialty rolling papers from Europe and sold smoking paraphernalia. In 1996, Kesselman accidentally sold a bong to a woman whose father worked for the US government. Kesselman was raided and placed under house arrest. Later that year, Kesselman moved to Arizona to start a smoke shop supply and distribution company called HBI.


title: RAW (rolling papers)

text: By 1997, the business was expanding. Kesselman met the owner of an old rolling paper factory in Spain's Alcoy region who looked to create and sell new products. Kesselman joined and later developed two brands, Juicy Jay's, which were flavored papers, and Elements, which is similar to rice papers.


title: RAW (rolling papers)

text: In 2004, Kesselman made a $1 million investment to a supplier of natural, unprocessed and unbleached hemp fiber, which could be marketed as "vegan" papers. The concept was successful and RAW became the first company to offer "vegan" papers. In 2005, RAW started mass production.


title: RAW (rolling papers)

text: Wiz Khalifa dedicated a song to the brand, titled "Raw." Mary Schumacher of "The Fresh Toast" recommended RAW rolling papers to people who smoke cannabis.


title: Adrienne King

text: Adrienne King (born July 21, 1960) is an American film, stage, and voice actress. A child actor, King made her film debut as Melinda in the television feature "Inherit the Wind" (1965) before appearing in "Between the Lines" (1977), "Saturday Night Fever" (1977), and "Hair" (1979) in uncredited roles. She is best known for portraying Alice Hardy in Sean S. Cunningham's horror film "Friday the 13th" (1980), a role she later reprised in Steve Miner's sequel "Friday the 13th Part 2" (1981) and James Sweet's fan film "Jason Rising" (2021).


title: Adrienne King

text: After appearing in the first "Friday the 13th" film, King was stalked aggressively; although the man was eventually imprisoned, the experience prompted her to go into seclusion. King worked as a stunt performer and extra for the supernatural comedy film "Ghostbusters" (1984). She reemerged doing voice acting and dubbing in the early 1990's, providing looping voices for a wide range of films including, "The Night We Never Met" (1993), "The Man Without a Face" (1993), "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993), "The Good Son" (1993), "Wolf" (1994), "While You Were Sleeping" (1994), "Jerry Maguire" (1996), and "Titanic" (1997).


title: Adrienne King

text: In 2009, she made her first on-screen appearance in nearly three decades in the independent film, "Psychic Experiment", followed by supporting parts in "All American Bully" (2011) and "The Butterfly Room" (2012). King is the narrator of the audiobook of Grady Hendrix's novel "The Final Girl Support Group" (2021).


title: Adrienne King

text: King was born July 21, 1960 in Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York. She is a first-generation American; her mother was English and from Liverpool, and her father was of Hungarian Jewish and Czech descent. King's mother put her into acting at 6-months old in commercials alongside her brother and sister, something she describes as her not having much control over. In 1965 around age five, she appeared in the television film "Inherit the Wind" in a supporting role. Beginning in ninth grade, she began auditioning for films in New York City: "As long as I kept my grades up, everyone was cool with it," she recalled.


title: Adrienne King

text: She soon began training under Bill Esper, a student of acting instructor Sanford Meisner. She began to obtain parts in soap operas, Off-off-Broadway productions, and in several television commercials most notably Burger King advertising. Additionally, she worked as an extra, as well as performing as an uncredited dancer in the films "Saturday Night Fever" (1977) and "Hair" (1979). She also had a small supporting role in the comedy film "Between the Lines" (1977). During this time, she studied art at New York's Fashion Institute of Technology.


title: Adrienne King

text: In 1979, while King was appearing in a commercial for Burger King, she was referred to producer Sean S. Cunningham through a mutual friend for a role in his directorial debut, the horror film "Friday the 13th". Cunningham felt King embodied the qualities of the film's lead heroine, Alice Hardy, and he cast her in the film. "Friday the 13th" grossed nearly $60 million worldwide.


title: Adrienne King

text: The following year, she reprised her role as Alice Hardy in the sequel "Friday the 13th Part 2", in which the character meets her demise. After the success of "Friday the 13th", King was pursued by a male stalker who managed to learn areas she frequented, where she exercised, and ate lunch. The man took Polaroid photographs of King that he would slip under the door of her apartment in New York City, and at one point, broke into her apartment and defaced her artwork. On one occasion, the man confronted her in her apartment and held a gun to her head. The assailant was apprehended and spent some time imprisoned, but the incident traumatized King, prompting her to leave the public eye. Her last on-camera screen appearance at that time was a commercial for Downy which she filmed in 1983. Subsequently, King was hired as a stunt performer and background actor for the Ivan Reitman film "Ghostbusters" (1984), having been acquainted with the stunt coordinator Cliff Cudney.


title: Adrienne King

text: She subsequently relocated to London where she enrolled at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, studying voice and dance. Upon finishing her studies, she returned to the United States, settling in Los Angeles where she met her husband, Richard Hassanein, the founder of United Film Distribution. Reluctant to appear onscreen, King reemerged doing voice acting and ADR work, first for Mel Gibson's "The Man Without a Face", and the Lasse Hallström-directed drama "What's Eating Gilbert Grape?" (both 1993). She continued to provide voice work for numerous Hollywood productions throughout the 1990's, including "Philadelphia" (1993), "The Pelican Brief" (1993), "Wolf" (1994), Cameron Crowe's "Jerry Maguire" (1996), and James Cameron's "Titanic" (1997). She would later state: "Voiceover work saved me. There's no question it came all around full circle, and I'm a better, more compassionate and stronger actor and artist."


title: Adrienne King

text: In 2009, she signed on to the science-fiction/horror film "Psychic Experiment", marking her first onscreen film appearance in 27 years. In 2012, she starred in the Welsh Christmas horror film "Silent Night, Bloody Night: The Homecoming", an unofficial sequel to the American horror film "Silent Night, Bloody Night" (1974) and "The Butterfly Room". King is set to portray Jackie Winters, an investigative reporter, in the upcoming horror film "William Froste" and Theresa in the short film "Admonition".


title: Adrienne King

text: As of 2010, King also worked as a winemaker and wine company coordinator in southern Oregon. She has sold her own line of "Friday the 13th"-themed wines through the company, called Crystal Lake Wines, as well as paintings.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: Blues Saraceno (born October 17, 1971) is an American rock guitarist, composer and music producer, currently residing in Los Angeles, California. He was discovered by "Guitar for the Practicing Musician" magazine at the age of 16, which assisted him in releasing instrumental recordings on an independent basis.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: Saraceno's high profile as a gifted guitar virtuoso and musician opened the doors to an early career as a first-call guitar sideman and session musician. Saraceno is most often recognized from his time playing with Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker (Cream) as well as his brief tenure with the rock band Poison. Saraceno's early success in the music industry would eventually blossom into a career in producing and composing for television and film.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: Blues Saraceno was born to musician parents, who introduced him at an early age to several musical instruments. He started to play guitar at the age of nine. When he was thirteen, he broke his elbow when he fell from a go-kart and asked the doctor to position the cast in a way that allowed him to remove it from his sling to practice guitar during his recovery. When he was nineteen, Saraceno moved to Los Angeles to seek a career in music.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: When Saraceno was still a teenager, his manager sent a demo tape to singer Michael Bolton, who decided to enlist him to play on a song for Cher's album, "Heart of Stone". The album also featured musicians like Peter Cetera, Bonnie Tyler, Desmond Child, and others. His demo tape then reached the "Guitar for the Practicing Musician" magazine. The magazine, which was about to launch a new record label, offered Saraceno a record deal. Saraceno released his first album titled "Never Look Back" in 1989.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: Saraceno won an audition with Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker, former members of Cream, and started touring with them. After two successful US tours, Saraceno was sometimes referred to as the "kid that replaced Eric Clapton". After another year of overseas touring, Baker departed and was replaced by Simon Phillips (Who, Toto) and eventually Gary Husband (Level 42). Saraceno released two other solo albums ("Plaid" and "Hairpick") as well as furthering his reputation as a top call session guitarist and landing many high-profile equipment endorsements.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: In 1993, Saraceno joined the band Poison as lead guitarist and songwriter after Richie Kotzen was fired. After a South American tour which included the famous Hollywood rock festival in Brazil, Saraceno recorded the album "Crack a Smile" with the band. However, Capitol Records decided to shelve the album, releasing the 1996 compilation album, "", instead. Still, the album featured two of the new songs recorded with Saraceno.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: After some time, Saraceno left the group amicably and was replaced by one of the band's former guitarists, C.C. DeVille. In 2000, Capitol finally decided to release the "Crack a Smile" album under the name "Crack a Smile... and More!". The album features fifteen tracks recorded by Saraceno.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: After his departure from Poison, Saraceno met the vice-president of Advertising of Fox Television, who was a fan of Saraceno's earlier instrumental work. This resulted in Saraceno working on soundtracks and songs for several television shows and films.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: In 2000, Saraceno founded the band, Transmission OK. Saraceno also worked as record producer for the band, which was signed to Beyond Records, and was distributed by BMG. After a brief US tour, and lackluster support from the label, the group disbanded and Saraceno continued to work on television and film, as well as his session work.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: Saraceno's has done session work with everyone from Ziggy Marley ("Dragonfly") to Melissa Etheridge ("Lucky"), earning him a reputation for being a "go-to guy" for many of Los Angeles' top record producers and engineers.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: Saraceno has also produced for artists including Scott Caan ("Hawaii Five-0", "Oceans 11"), Eric Balfour ("24", Haven, "Chainsaw Massacre") of Fredalba, Lindsay Price ("Beverly Hills 90210", "Lipstick Jungle") and Anthony Michael Hall ("Dead Zone").


title: Blues Saraceno

text: Saraceno's greatest success has come in the field of television and film. His television work credits include WWE, CBS, NBC, ABC, FOX, Disney, Discovery, UPN, MTV, MTV 2, VH1, USA, TLC, Comedy Central, Telemundo, SCI FI, SPIKE, E! and BRAVO. A more detailed list can be found on his website (www.bluessaraceno.com). He has commented on how it is not uncommon to have several commercials running in different countries throughout the world, all at the same time, using the same piece of music.


title: Blues Saraceno

text: Saraceno's "Save My Soul" is the soundtrack for the History Channel's mini-series "The Men Who Built America."


title: Blues Saraceno

text: Saraceno's "Evil Ways" song was also used in various videogames trailers such as "", "", "BioShock Infinite" and ""'s zombies mode map, Mob of the Dead and was also included in the soundtrack for a videogame "Rebel Galaxy". In addition, the song was also utilized to promote AMC's 2013 "Fear Fest" and is also used as the main theme music in the History Channel's TV series, "Biker Battleground Phoenix".


title: Blues Saraceno

text: TNA wrestler AJ Styles began using "Evil Ways" at TNA's Slammiversary pay-per-view on June 2, 2013, as his new theme song. It was also used in a WWE promo featuring The Undertaker vs. CM Punk WrestleMania XXIX match and another promo featuring The Wyatt Family in an episode of "WWE SmackDown".


title: Blues Saraceno

text: It was also used during a promo for Kane, Ryback and Big Show vs. The Wyatt Family at WWE's Fastlane 2016 pay-per-view. German TV-Channel ProSieben and sister-channel ProSieben Maxx are using the song for almost every promo-clip for upcoming western-movies in their program. "Flesh It Out" was used as WWE rookie Seth Rollins' theme tune for the first year of his career on FCW and NXT. "Strident Missile" was used for Triple H's history of dominance promo for WrestleMania XXX. An instrumental version of the dubstep remix of "The River" was used for Emma's video packages leading up to her return at the post-Wrestlemania RAW in 2017. WWE also used his single "Bad Man" for Jeff Jarrett's Hall of Fame video.


title: Mike McCallum

text: Mike McCallum (born 7 December 1956) is a Jamaican former professional boxer who competed from 1981 to 1997. He held world championships in three weight classes, including the WBA super welterweight title from 1984 to 1988, the WBA middleweight title from 1989 to 1991, and the WBC light heavyweight title from 1994 to 1995.


title: Mike McCallum

text: A slick, hard-hitting technician in the ring, McCallum was known for his exceptionally durable chin and toughness, and was never stopped in any of his five losses. He earned his nickname of "The Bodysnatcher" due to his ability to land vicious body punches in fights. McCallum was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2011, "The Ring" magazine ranked him as eighth on their list of the "10 best middleweight title holders of the last 50 years."


title: Mike McCallum

text: Mike McCallum turned professional in 1981. As a professional, he fought almost exclusively in the USA. He first became a world champion in 1984 by defeating Sean Mannion to win the vacant WBA super welterweight title. McCallum would defend that title six times, winning all six fights by knock out.


title: Mike McCallum

text: His first prominent opponent was future two-weight world champion and future fellow International Boxing Hall of Fame member Julian Jackson, whom McCallum fought in his third title defense. McCallum survived some punishment in the first round and came back to stop the undefeated Jackson in the second round.


title: Mike McCallum

text: McCallum really came to prominence when he knocked out former WBC welterweight title-holder Milton McCrory and former undisputed world welterweight champion, another future International Boxing Hall of Fame member, Donald Curry in 1987. Curry was ahead on all three scorecards going into the fifth round when McCallum knocked him out with what some have called a "perfect" left hook.


title: Mike McCallum

text: In 1988, he moved up to middleweight, suffering his first defeat, a clear unanimous decision, in an attempt to win the WBA middleweight championship from Sumbu Kalambay. In 1989, McCallum defeated Herol Graham by a split decision to win the then-vacant WBA middleweight title (which had been stripped from Kalambay for signing to face IBF champion Michael Nunn). He defended the title three times, defeating Steve Collins, Michael Watson, and Kalambay in a rematch.


title: Mike McCallum

text: McCallum fought IBF middleweight champion James Toney in 1991. McCallum was stripped of the WBA title before the bout. The fight ended in a draw, and McCallum lost the second fight by a controversial majority decision the following year. Some felt that McCallum won both fights.


title: Mike McCallum

text: McCallum then moved up two weight divisions and won the WBC interim light heavyweight title against Randall Yonker, then won the full WBC title by outpointing Jeff Harding in 1994. Being in his late thirties, he did not hold the crown long, losing the title to Fabrice Tiozzo. At 40 years of age, he attempted to regain the vacant Interim WBC title against Roy Jones Jr. in December 1996, but lost by a wide decision.


title: Mike McCallum

text: In his last fight, McCallum lost a rubber match to James Toney via a unanimous decision in a cruiserweight bout.


title: Mike McCallum

text: McCallum had a professional record of 49-5-1 (36 knockouts). He was never knocked out as a professional. After McCallum retired, he moved to Las Vegas and became a trainer. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: Tatoi (, ) was the summer palace and estate of the former Greek royal family. The area is a densely wooded southeast-facing slope of Mount Parnitha, and its ancient and current official name is Dekeleia. It is located  from the city centre of Athens.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: King George I of the Hellenes obtained the estate during the 1880s, purchasing it with private funds he had brought from Denmark. In 1916, during the First World War, the house was burned down.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: During the Republican regime in the 1920s, most of the estate was confiscated from its owners, but in 1936 it was returned to King George II of the Hellenes following the monarchy's restoration.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: During the Second World War, when the King was in exile and Greeks suffered considerable hardships under German occupation, the woods at Tatoi were chopped down for fuel and corpses were buried in shallow graves.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: King George II regained possession of the estate in 1946. It passed down as private property to King Konstantínos II of the Hellenes until 1994, when the royal estates were confiscated by the government of Andreas Papandreou. Konstantínos took the matter to the European Court of Human Rights, who ruled in his favour in 2003. They were not able to force the return of the estates, but they were able to legally force the government to pay him €12m in compensation; this amounted to only one percent of its real worth. The government paid his compensation from the Greek Natural Disasters Fund trying to embarrass Konstantínos by claiming by paying out money to him he was harming the Greek people in need. Konstantínos used the funds to set up the "Anna Maria Foundation" to provide grants to needy Greeks in time of hardship caused by natural disasters. The fund is named after former Queen Anne-Marie.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: In June 2007, the Government of Greece said it intended to turn the former palace and grounds into a museum.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: However it was reported in September 2012 that the government now intended to sell the palace and its estate in the face of mounting financial pressure.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: Founded in 2012, the "Friends of Tatoi Association" has set itself the goal to restore the former royal estate and convert it to a museum and public venue, while facing political indifference and lack of money.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: In 2015 ten cars which were kept in the former royal estate of Tatoi, were designated as cultural monuments by the Central Council for Modern Monuments (ΚΣΝΜ). However, the cars, as well as the carriages (which were not included in the decision) remained in the ruins, with parts of the roof falling on the cars in 2016. However, as of 2020, the cars and carriages have now been removed and restored as part of greater restoration efforts by the Greek government.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: For several years, the Greek government had no planned efforts for preservation of the Tatoi Palace, neighbouring buildings and the natural area around the Tatoi, and the estate suffered from extensive age and weather damage. The Greek state had renamed the area as "metropolitan area". A political idea to convert the former royal estate to a private winery or a resort with restaurants and barbecue was met with criticism by private persons and organisations, who feared it could erase the historical elements of the property, and who preferred to open Tatoi as a museum for the public. The former royal estate of Polydendri is also completely abandoned, and the buildings are in a state of decay.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: In late 2019, the Greek culture ministry moved ahead with plans to finally restore the palace. After approximately a year of conservation work had been undertaken, the Greek government announced that the estate would become a mixed-use development after the completion of restoration. Plans are centered on the conversion of the main house into a museum of the royal family, as well as the construction of a new luxury hotel and spa.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: The 2021 forest fires burnt a significant portion of the land surrounding Tatoi though the palace buildings were saved.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: Tatoi Royal Cemetery is a private cemetery located on the south end of the estate in a large wooded area.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: A mausoleum was built to house the bodies of King Konstantínos I, Queen Sophie and King Aléxandros. The remaining members are buried in tombs with crosses near the Royal Chapel.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark, Queen of Yugoslavia (March 25, 1921 – January 30, 1993) was buried here from 1993 until 2013, when her remains were exhumed and returned to Serbia, where they were reburied at Oplenac on 26 May 2013.


title: Tatoi Palace

text: Tatoi along with Elefsina currently hold the record for the highest ever recorded temperature in Europe according to WMO, with 48.0 °C, based on measurements made by the use of minimum/maximum thermometers.


title: Entenmann's

text: Entenmann's is an American company that manufactures baked goods and delivers them throughout the United States to supermarkets and other retailers for sale to the public. The company offers dessert cakes, donuts, cookies, cup cakes, loaf cakes, pies, cereal bars, muffins, Danish pastries, crumb cakes, and buns among other baked goods. In the past several years, they have added designer coffee flavors along with scented candles to their product line in an effort to broaden its appeal.


title: Entenmann's

text: Today, more than 100 different items carry the Entenmann's brand, which is currently owned by Bimbo Bakeries USA.


title: Entenmann's

text: Entenmann's as a company is approximately years old and it originated in New York City. William Entenmann learned the trade of baking from his father in Stuttgart, Germany, and used his acquired skills to work in a bakery in the U.S., eventually opening his own bakery in 1898 on Rogers Avenue in Brooklyn. Later, William moved his bakery to Bay Shore, Long Island. Home delivery was a substantial part of the bakery that William owned, eventually turning into 30 home delivery routes by the time his son, William Jr., took over the bakery. While William Jr. headed the bakery, it flourished; Frank Sinatra was a weekly customer.


title: Entenmann's

text: William Jr. died in 1951, leaving the bakery to his wife Martha and their sons, Robert, Charles, and William. The family phased out bread in order to focus on pastries and cakes, and began supplying grocery stores rather than offering home delivery. In 1959, the Entenmann family invented the "see-through" cake box used by many bakeries today. In 1961, the business grew, with new bakeries and factories in Bay Shore, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Charles helped turn the company into a nationally known symbol of sweetness. He excelled at administration and engineering and he presided over the automation of the company’s cake lines. He oversaw the design of a computer-controlled system that delivered ingredients to the mixing vats.


title: Entenmann's

text: Plans to expand nationally stalled in 1970. Entenmann's Bakery, with the assistance of new product consultants at Calle and Company, reformulated from heavier New England-style baked goods to lighter offerings more suitable for hotter, more humid test markets such as Miami and Atlanta. Entenmann's successful national expansion quickly followed. In 1972, Entenmann's started to sell chocolate chip cookies, and has since sold more than 620 million cookies. Since its first opening in 1898, Entenmann's has been selling an "all-butter loaf cake", and has sold more than 700 million to date.


title: Entenmann's

text: The pharmaceutical company Warner-Lambert purchased Entenmann's in 1978, and then sold it to General Foods in 1982. General Foods merged with Kraft in 1990. Kraft General Foods sold its bakery business to CPC International (later Bestfoods) in 1995. Bestfoods was purchased by Unilever in 2000, which sold its baking division to George Weston, a Canadian baked goods and supermarket business, the following year. Weston sold its United States interests including Entenmann's, in 2008 to Mexican conglomerate Grupo Bimbo. Other Bimbo Bakeries USA holdings include Thomas', Brownberry, Boboli, Arnold, Oroweat, Freihofer’s, and Stroehmann.


title: Entenmann's

text: On March 27, 2014, it was reported that Entenmann's was ceasing baking operations at their Bay Shore, New York location. Other operations, such as sales, the store, and distribution were to continue.


title: Entenmann's

text: , Entenmann's products include donuts, loaf cakes, pies, Danish, cookies, Enten-minis—Brownies, and desserts that are packed in smaller servings, cereal bars, and 100 Calorie Little Bites.


title: Entenmann's

text: In 2007, Entenmann's added a line of coffee products. Coffee Holding Company, Inc. made a three-year licensing agreement with Entenmann's Products, Inc. that gave Coffee Holding Company national rights to the sale and production of coffee that is branded Entenmann's. The agreement was terminated in 2011.


title: Entenmann's

text: Entenmann's licensed their first non-edible product in September 2008 with the sale of scented candles. The candles were scented as coffee cake, all-butter loaf cake, and raspberry Danish. Other scents such as pumpkin pie and warm gingerbread were added for the holidays, and chocolate chip cookie was made available in spring of 2009.


title: Entenmann's

text: In 2012, Entenmann's partnered with White Coffee Corporation for a new collection of flavored coffees and cocoa. The 100% arabica coffee is sold at Burlington Coat Factory, Dollar Tree, and Entenmann's Outlets, with expected sales in mass market, supermarkets, club stores, drug stores, and food service nationwide.


title: Romani cuisine

text: Romani cuisine is the cuisine of the ethnic Romani people. There is no specific "Roma cuisine"; it varies and is culinarily influenced by the respective countries where they have often lived for centuries. Hence, it is influenced by European cuisine even though the Romani people originated from the Indian subcontinent. Their cookery incorporates Indian and South Asian influences, but is also very similar to Hungarian cuisine. The many cultures that the Roma contacted are reflected in their cooking, resulting in many different cuisines. Some of these cultures are Middle European, Germany, Great Britain, and Spain. The cuisine of Muslim Romani people is also influenced by Balkan cuisine and Turkish cuisine.


title: Romani cuisine

text: Romani dishes are usually made hot and spicy with the use of spices, such as paprika, garlic and bell peppers. Potatoes are also a staple in their diet. A traditional Romani dessert is "pirogo", which is similiar to Jewish kugel. The recipe consists of eggs, raisins, walnuts, pineapple, sugar, butter, egg noodles and cottage cheese. Another traditional dish cooked by Romani people is "sarma", "salmaia" or "sodmay", which is made from cabbage stuffed with meat and rice. Romani people consume dishes consisting of stuffed peppers, especially on holidays and special occasions. Romani people also cook "pufe" (made from fried flour), "xaritsa" (fried cornbread), "bogacha" (baked bread) and "xaimoko" (a meal consisting of rabbit meat). They serve their meals with "kafa" (coffee) and "chao" (tea) with sugar and milk or fruits such as strawberries, peach slices, apple slices, or lemon. The Roma believe some foods are auspicious and give luck (baxt). American Roma believe red pepper, black pepper, salt, vinegar, garlic, onions and a sacrificed animal such a lamb to be lucky foods. In Maribor, Slovenia, there is a Romani restaurant called Romani Kafenava. Some itinerant European Romani people cook hedgehog stew. Game animals and birds such as rabbits, hares, quails and partridge are consumed by the Roma. Snails are also consumed. Snail soup and pig stomach are Romani delicacies. Bread form an essential part of any meal. Romani food is cooked outdoors in cauldrons atop a wooden flame. Romani cuisine is also, often of necessity, inexpensive and cheap to prepare and uses portable ingredients. Thus, beef and pork are rare inclusions, while chicken and lamb and goat or wild birds and game are the preferred proteins by the Roma. Potato, peppers, cabbage and rice are often the building blocks in Romani cuisine. Rabbit stew is made with rabbit meat, innards, bacon and onions. The Roma consume roasted apples, almond cakes, clay-baked hedgehog and trout, snails in broth, and fig cakes as a snack. Baked hedgehog is flavored with garlic. Horse meat is forbidden. The Roma tend to not eat at restaurants and avoid food prepared by non-Roma.


title: Milenio Cartel

text: The Milenio Cartel, or Cártel de los Valencia (Valencia family Cartel), was a Mexican criminal organization based in Michoacán. It relocated to Jalisco in the early 2000s. The Jalisco New Generation Cartel was born from the splintering of the Milenio Cartel.


title: Milenio Cartel

text: The Milenio cartel first appeared in the late 1970s when the Valencia family, an avocado farmer family from Tamaulipas, started to grow cannabis and opium poppy in Jalisco and Michoacan and began selling these drugs to bigger cartels. By the mid 1990s they had close connections with Colombian traffickers like Fabio Ochoa Vásquez of the Medellin cartel and by the early 2000s they were working with synthetic drugs provided by Zhenli Ye Gon. By this time the cartel had taken several hits from the government, like the 2003 capture of their leader Armando Valencia Cornelio. In order to protect their structure the new leader, Óscar Orlando Nava Valencia, associated with the Sinaloa cartel, the "Milenio cartel" became a branch of what was known as "the Sinaloa federation", under the direct orders of Ignacio Coronel Villarreal.


title: Milenio Cartel

text: Luis Valencia Valencia and Óscar Nava Valencia took control of the cartel after the arrest of Armando Valencia Cornelio on August 15, 2003. The cartel operated in at least six Mexican states: Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco, Mexico City, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas, where it produced marijuana and heroin. Another relative and close associate was Oscar Nava Valencia.


title: Milenio Cartel

text: On October 28, 2009, Oscar Nava Valencia ("El Lobo") was captured after a gun battle with Mexican Army troops in the municipality of Tlajomulco de Zuniga, Jalisco. Oscar Nava and his brother, Juan Nava Valencia, were responsible for the planning and smuggling of cocaine shipments from South and Central America to the port of Manzanillo, Colima from where it was smuggled into the United States.


title: Milenio Cartel

text: After the arrest of Oscar Nava Valencia, his brother Juan Carlos Nava Valencia took over the leadership of the "Milenio cartel" until May 6, 2010 when he was arrested in Guadalajara during an operation by the Mexican Army.


title: Milenio Cartel

text: With the 2009 capture of Óscar Nava Valencia, leader of the "Milenio cartel", and the death of Ignacio Coronel Villarreal, of the "Sinaloa cartel federation", a power vacuum emerged. The "Milenio" broke into smaller factions, most notably La Resistencia, headed by Ramiro Pozos "El Molca," and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG), headed by Nemesio Oseguera "El Mencho", and started a turf war for the control of the region.


title: Milenio Cartel

text: La Resistencia formed a brief alliance with Los Zetas, the CJNG reunited with the Sinaloa cartel, and other remnants of the "milenio" that splintered from the Sinaloa Cartel went independent and reached a working agreement with La Familia Michoacana. However, when la Familia was disbanded in 2011, the Milenio Cartel relocated to Guadalajara and forged a loose alliance with a faction of Los Zetas Cartel. Although some Valencia/Milenio factions were at war with the CJNG, the core of the Valencia family is related with El Mencho, the CJNG leader, due to El Mencho's wife being a Valencia, the remnants of the Milenio gang currently form under the CJNG wing known as "Los Cuinis".


title: Milenio Cartel

text: On January 29, 2011, Oscar Nava Valencia was extradited to the United States to face charges of conspiracy and drug trafficking in the Southern District of Texas. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison on January 8, 2014.


title: Brummie dialect

text: The Brummie dialect, or more formally the Birmingham dialect, is spoken by many people in Birmingham, England, and some of its surrounding areas. "Brummie" is also a demonym for people from Birmingham. It is often erroneously used in referring to all accents of the West Midlands, as it is markedly distinct from the traditional accent of the adjacent Black Country, but modern-day population mobility has tended to blur the distinction. For instance, Dudley-born comedian Lenny Henry, Walsall-born rock musician Noddy Holder, Smethwick-reared actress Julie Walters, Wollaston-born soap actress Jan Pearson, Solihull-born motoring journalist and TV presenter Richard Hammond, and West Bromwich-born comedian Frank Skinner are sometimes mistaken for Brummie-speakers by people outside the West Midlands county.


title: Brummie dialect

text: Additionally, population mobility has meant that to a degree, the Brummie accent extends into some parts of the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull, but much of the accent within the borough might be considered to be closer to contemporary RP. For example, Solihull-born presenter Richard Hammond (despite often being referred to as a Brummie) does not speak with a strong Brummie accent but is identifiably from the West Midlands.


title: Brummie dialect

text: The Brummie accent and the Coventry accent are also quite distinct in their differences, despite only separating the cities. To the untrained ear, however, all of these accents may sound very similar, just as British English speakers may find it hard to distinguish between different Canadian and American accents or Australian and New Zealand accents.


title: Brummie dialect

text: The term "Brummie" derives from "Brummagem" or "Bromwichham", which are historical variants of the name Birmingham.


title: Brummie dialect

text: The strength of a person's accent varies greatly all across Birmingham. As with most cities, the accent changes relative to the area of the city. A common misconception is that everyone in Birmingham speaks the same accent. It could be argued Brummie is an accent rather than a dialect as in Black Country, which is a dialect with unique words and phrases, as in "owamya?" for "how are you", which many comment is not used in Brummie speech. Similarly, Brummies pronounce "I" as 'oy' whereas Black Country uses the dialect 'Ah' as in 'Ah bin' meaning I have been.


title: Brummie dialect

text: There are also differences between Brummie and Black Country accents, which are not readily apparent to people from outside the West Midlands. A Black Country accent and a Birmingham accent can be hard to distinguish if neither accent is that broad. Phonetician John Wells has admitted that he cannot tell any difference between the accents.


title: Brummie dialect

text: Rhymes and vocabulary in the works of William Shakespeare suggest that he used a local dialect, with many historians and scholars arguing that Shakespeare used a Stratford-upon-Avon, Brummie, Cotswold, Warwickshire or other Midlands dialect in his work. However, the veracity of this assertion is not accepted by all historians, and his accent would certainly have been entirely distinct from any modern English accent, including any modern Midlands accent.


title: Brummie dialect

text: According to , among UK listeners "Birmingham English in previous academic studies and opinion polls consistently fares as the most disfavoured variety of British English, yet with no satisfying account of the dislike". He alleges that overseas visitors, in contrast, find it "lilting and melodious", and from this claims that such dislike is driven by various linguistic myths and social factors peculiar to the UK ("social snobbery, negative media stereotyping, the poor public image of the City of Birmingham, and the north/south geographical and linguistic divide").


title: Brummie dialect

text: For instance, despite the city's cultural and innovative history, its industrial background (as depicted by the arm-and-hammer in Birmingham's coat of arms) has led to a muscular and unintelligent stereotype: a "Brummagem screwdriver" is UK slang for a hammer.


title: Brummie dialect

text: Thorne also cites the mass media and entertainment industry where actors, usually non-Birmingham, have used inaccurate accents and/or portrayed negative roles.


title: Brummie dialect

text: Advertisements are another medium where many perceive stereotypes. Journalist Lydia Stockdale, writing in the "Birmingham Post", commented on advertisers' association of Birmingham accents with pigs: the pig in the ad for Colman's Potato Bakes, Nick Park's Hells Angel Pigs for British Gas, the puppet simply known as Pig from Pipkins and ITV's "Dave the window-cleaner pig" all had Brummie accents. In 2003, a Halifax bank advertisement featuring Howard Brown, a Birmingham- born and based employee, was replaced by an animated version with an exaggerated comical accent overdubbed by a Cockney actor.


title: Brummie dialect

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki>In Brummie, some SQUARE words shift to the set of NEAR such as "there" and "where", thus pronounced as /ðɪə/ and /wɪə/ insted of /ðɛə/ and /wɛə/ respectively.


title: Brummie dialect

text: Urszula Clark has proposed the FACE vowel as a difference between Birmingham and Black Country pronunciation, with Birmingham speakers' using /ʌɪ/ and Black Country speakers' using /æɪ/. She also mentions that Black Country speakers are more likely to use /ɪʊ/ where most other accents use /juː/ (in words such as new, Hugh, stew, etc.). This /ɪʊ/ is also present in some North American dialects for words like "eww", "grew", "new" "due", etc., contrasting with /u/ (words like "boo", "zoo", "to", "too", "moon", "dune" etc.). Other North American dialects may use /ju/ for this purpose, or even make no distinction at all.


title: Brummie dialect

text: Below are some common features of a recognisable Brummie accent (a given speaker may not necessarily use all, or use a feature consistently). The letters enclosed in square bracketsuse the . The corresponding example words in italics are spelt so that a reader using Received Pronunciation (RP) can approximate the sounds.


title: Brummie dialect

text: Recordings of Brummie speakers with phonetic features described in SAMPA format can be found at the "Collect Britain" dialects site.