title: Southern Illinois

text: The Illinois oil basin is located mostly in Little Egypt. During the early 1940s and 1950s, Little Egypt had a modest oil boom in towns such as Carmi, McLeansboro, and Lawrenceville. Oil production reached more than per year in the 1940s, but dropped to per year by 1995. Oil wells in the region have relatively low yield and produce oil with a high sulfur content, making it expensive to process. There has been no significant drilling activity in the basin since the late 1970s.


title: Southern Illinois

text: Manufacturing in Southern Illinois is typically clustered in the largest towns of each county, with the people of smaller towns and villages often commuting to work in the factories. Many of these towns have a number of light factories and other industrial facilities in their industrial parks. Products include industrial electronics, minor electrical items, automobile parts, and packaging materials. Related services include large-scale printing as well as transportation and distribution of warehoused materials and goods. A high percentage of local jobs are in these light industries.


title: Southern Illinois

text: Southern Illinois is influenced culturally by the rest of Illinois, neighboring Missouri, and Upper Southern states like Kentucky and Tennessee. The immigration route from the east coast ran along the Ohio River, which joined settlements on both sides. In addition, the Cumberland River flowed northwest through Kentucky and Tennessee before joining the Ohio near Paducah, Kentucky, affording a migration route from the interior of those states. Thus, settlers who came to Southern Illinois were from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, with most of these being of northern English and Scots-Irish descent, who formed the last major migration from the British Isles to the colonies before the Revolutionary War, and settled mostly in the backcountry. Some migrated further west into Missouri. A road between Golconda and Jonesboro carried settlers and commerce across Southern Illinois, as well as the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears.


title: Southern Illinois

text: Little Egypt exists at the confluence of the North Midland and South Midland dialects of American English. South Midland becomes more prominent as one approaches the Ohio River. The dialect change is not a continuum, but rather occurs in pockets, with certain towns and regions notably favoring one dialect over the other. This difference can be found between lifelong residents of the same town. No stigma is associated to either dialect within southern Illinois. According to David Hackett Fischer in his book "Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways to America", the dialect of this region is Southern Highland. It was derived from the linguistics of the people of the Southern Appalachian region. This is consistent with the majority of the early settlers of this region migrating from the Upper South. The older term for this type of dialect was "Scotch-Irish" speech (the correct term today is Scots-Irish.)


title: Southern Illinois

text: Southern Illinois prides itself in tourism as a quaint rural area. There are many state parks in the area, benefiting from the scenery of the Shawnee National Forest. Additionally, Southern Illinois is the oldest part of the state with many historical landmarks to be seen in the area and numerous historical markers dotting the counties.


title: Seaweed farming

text: Seaweed farming or kelp farming is the practice of cultivating and harvesting seaweed. In its simplest form, it consists of the management of naturally found batches. In its most advanced form, it consists of fully controlling the life cycle of the algae. The top seven most cultivated seaweed taxa are "Eucheuma" spp., "Kappaphycus alvarezii", "Gracilaria" spp., "Saccharina japonica", "Undaria pinnatifida", "Pyropia" spp., and "Sargassum fusiforme". "Eucheuma" and "K. alvarezii" are farmed for carrageenan (a gelling agent); "Gracilaria" is farmed for agar; while the rest are farmed for food. The largest seaweed-producing countries are China, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Other notable producers include South Korea, North Korea, Japan, Malaysia, and Zanzibar (Tanzania). Seaweed farming has frequently been developed as an alternative to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure and overexploited fisheries.


title: Seaweed farming

text: Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from in 1995 to just over in 2016. As of 2014, seaweed was 27% of all marine aquaculture.


title: Seaweed farming

text: Seaweed farming is a carbon negative crop, with a high potential for climate change mitigation. The IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.


title: Seaweed farming

text: The earliest seaweed farming guides in the Philippines recommended the cultivation of "Laminaria" seaweed and reef flats at approximately one meter's depth at low tide. They also recommended cutting off seagrasses and removing sea urchins before farm construction. Seedlings are then tied to monofilament lines and strung between mangrove stakes pounded into the substrate. This off-bottom method is still one of the primary methods used today.


title: Seaweed farming

text: There are new long-line cultivation methods that can be used in deeper water approximately 7 meters in depth. They use floating cultivation lines anchored to the bottom and are the primary methods used in the villages of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Species cultured by long-line include those of the genera "Saccharina", "Undaria", "Eucheuma", "Kappaphycus", and "Gracilaria."


title: Seaweed farming

text: The cultivation of seaweed in Asia is a relatively low-technology business with a high labor requirement. There have been many attempts in various countries to introduce high technology to cultivate detached plant growth in tanks on land to reduce labor, but they have yet to attain commercial viability.


title: Seaweed farming

text: Seaweed is an extractive crop that has little need for fertilisers or water, meaning that seaweed farms typically have a limited environmental footprint compared to other forms of agriculture or fed aquaculture. Nonetheless, many environmental problems can result from seaweed farming. For instance, seaweed farmers sometimes cut down mangroves to use as stakes for their ropes. This, however, negatively affects farming since it reduces the water quality and mangrove biodiversity due to depletion. Farmers may also sometimes remove eelgrass from their farming areas. This is also discouraged as it adversely affects water quality.


title: Seaweed farming

text: Seaweed farming can also pose a biosecurity risk, as farming activities have the potential to introduce or facilitate invasive species to new environments. For this reason, only native varieties of seaweed may be grown in many regions, such as in the UK, Maine and British Columbia.


title: Seaweed farming

text: While seaweed farms may have some negative environmental impacts, they may also have a variety of positive environmental effects. For instance, seaweed farms may support positive ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, carbon uptake, and habitat provision, and so provide additional value through these other benefits that complement crop production. Notably, however, many of the impacts of seaweed farms, both positive and negative, remain understudied and uncertain.


title: Seaweed farming

text: Seaweed culture can be used to capture, absorb, and eventually incorporate excessive nutrients into living tissue. "Nutrient bioextraction" is the preferred term for bioremediation involving cultured plants and animals. Nutrient bioextraction (also called bioharvesting) is the practice of farming and harvesting shellfish and seaweed to remove nitrogen and other nutrients from natural water bodies. (See main article Nutrient pollution.)


title: Seaweed farming

text: Similarly, seaweed farms may provide an additional positive service by creating habitat that enhances biodiversity. In this sense, seaweed farms have been suggested to help preserve coral reefs by increasing diversity where the algae and seaweed have been introduced, providing an added niche for local species of fish and invertebrates. Farming may be beneficial by increasing the production of herbivorous fish and shellfish in the area. reported an increase in Siginid population after the start of extensive farming of eucheuma seaweed in villages in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. However, the biodiversity benefits of seaweed farms remain widely uncertain and seaweed farming often has the potential to negatively impact local biodiversity instead.


title: Seaweed farming

text: In Japan alone, the annual production value of nori amounts to US$2 billion and is one of the world's most valuable crops produced by aquaculture. The high demand for seaweed production provides plentiful opportunities and work for the local community.


title: Seaweed farming

text: A study conducted by the Philippines showed that plots of approximately one hectare could have a net income from "Eucheuma" farming that was 5 to 6 times that of the minimum average wage of an agriculture worker. In the same study, they also saw an increase in seaweed exports from 675 metric tons (MT) in 1967 to 13,191 MT in 1980, which doubled to 28,000 MT by 1988.


title: Seaweed farming

text: Farmed seaweed is used in several different industrial products: directly as food, as an ingredient in animal feed, and as source material for biofuels.


title: Seaweed farming

text: Many seaweeds are used to produce derivative chemicals that can be used for various industrial, pharmaceutical, or food products. Two major derivative products are carrageenan and agar. However, there are a wide range of bioactive ingredients that can be used for a variety of industries, such as the pharmaceutical industry, industrial food, and the cosmetic industry.


title: Seaweed farming

text: There has been considerable attention to how large-scale seaweed cultivation in the open ocean can act as a form of carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. A number of academic studies have demonstrated that nearshore seaweed forests constitute a source of blue carbon, as seaweed detritus is carried by wave currents into the middle and deep ocean thereby sequestering carbon. Moreover, nothing on earth sequesters carbon faster than "Macrocystis pyrifera" (also known as giant kelp) which can grow up to 60 m in length and as rapidly as 50 cm a day in ideal conditions. It has therefore been suggested that growing seaweeds at scale can have a significant impact on climate change. According to one study, covering 9% of the world’s oceans with kelp forests “could produce sufficient biomethane to replace all of today’s needs in fossil fuel energy, while removing 53 billion tons of CO2 per year from the atmosphere, restoring pre-industrial levels”.


title: Seaweed farming

text: As well as climate change mitigation, seaweed farming may be an initial step towards adapting to inevitable environmental constraints that may arise as a result of climate change in the near future. These include essential shoreline protection through the dissipation of wave energy, especially important to mangrove coasts. Carbon dioxide intake would raise pH locally, which will be highly beneficial to calcifiers (e.g. crustaceans) or in preventing the irreversibility of coral bleaching. Finally, seaweed farming and regenerative ocean farming would provide a strong oxygen input to coastal waters, thus countering the effects of ocean deoxygenation through the rising ocean temperature.


title: Seaweed farming

text: There has been considerable discussion as to how seaweeds can be cultivated in the open ocean as a means to regenerate decimated fish populations and contribute to carbon sequestration. Notably, Tim Flannery has highlighted how growing seaweeds in the open ocean, facilitated by artificial upwelling and substrate, can enable carbon sequestration if seaweeds are sunk below a depth of one kilometer. Similarly, the NGO Climate Foundation and a number of permaculture experts have posited that the offshore mariculture of seaweed ecosystems can be conducted in ways that embody the core principles of permaculture, thereby constituting marine permaculture. The concept envisions using artificial upwelling and floating, submerged platforms as substrate to replicate natural seaweed ecosystems that provide habitat and the basis of a trophic pyramid for marine life. Following the principles of permaculture, seaweeds and fish can be sustainably harvested while sequestering atmospheric carbon. As of 2020, a number of successful trials have taken place in Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Tasmania. The idea has received substantial public attention, notably featuring as a key solution covered by Damon Gameau’s documentary 2040 and in the book Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming edited by Paul Hawken.


title: Seaweed farming

text: In order to mitigate global warming, seaweed farming is both possible and plausible. Seaweeds remove carbon through the process of photosynthesis, taking in excess and producing . About 0.7 million tonnes of carbon are removed from the sea each year by commercially harvested seaweeds. Even though seaweed biomass is small, compared to the coastal region, they remain essential due to their biotic components, the ability to provide valuable ecosystem services and high primary productivity. Seaweeds are different from mangroves and seagrasses, as they are photosynthetic algal organisms and are non-flowering. Even so, they are primary producers that grows in the same way as their terrestrial counterparts, both of which assimilate carbon by the process of photosynthesis and generates new biomass by taking up phosphorus, nitrogen, and other minerals.


title: Seaweed farming

text: The attractiveness of large-scale seaweed cultivation has been proven over the years by low-cost technologies and the multiple uses that can be made of its products. As of 2018, seaweed farming made up approximately 25% of the world's aquaculture production and its maximum potential has not been utilised.


title: Seaweed farming

text: Currently in the world, seaweeds contributes approximately 16–18.7% of the total marine-vegetation sink. In 2010 there are 19.2 × formula_1 tons of aquatic plants worldwide, 6.8 × formula_1 tons for brown seaweeds; 9.0 × formula_1 tons for red seaweeds; 0.2 × formula_1 tons of green seaweeds; and 3.2 × formula_1 tons of miscellaneous aquatic plants. Seaweed is largely transported from coastal areas to the open and deep ocean, acting as a permanent storage of carbon biomass within marine sediments.


title: Seaweed farming

text: "Ocean afforestation” is a proposal for farming seaweed for carbon removal. After harvesting the seaweed decomposes into biogas, (60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide) in an anaerobic digester. The methane can be used as a biofuel, while the carbon dioxide can be stored to keep it from the atmosphere. Seaweed grows quickly and takes no space on land. Afforesting 9% of the ocean could sequester 53 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually (annual emissions are about 40 billion tons). The approach requires efficient techniques for growing and harvesting, efficient gas separation, and carbon capture and storage.


title: Seaweed farming

text: Human use of seaweed harvested from the wild date back to at least the Neolithic period. Cultivation of "gim" (laver) in Korea is reported in books from the 15th century. Seaweed farming began in Japan as early as 1670 in Tokyo Bay. In autumn of each year, farmers would throw bamboo branches into shallow, muddy water, where the spores of the seaweed would collect. A few weeks later these branches would be moved to a river estuary. The nutrients from the river would help the seaweed to grow.


title: Seaweed farming

text: In the 1940s, the Japanese improved this method by placing nets of synthetic material tied to bamboo poles. This effectively doubled production. A cheaper variant of this method is called the "hibi" method — simple ropes stretched between bamboo poles. In the early 1970s, there was a recognized demand for seaweed and seaweed products, outstripping supply, and cultivation was viewed as the best means to increase production.


title: Seaweed farming

text: In the tropics, commercial cultivation of "Caulerpa lentillifera" (sea grapes) was pioneered in the 1950s in Cebu, Philippines, after accidental introduction of "C. lentillifera" to fish ponds in the island of Mactan. This was further developed by local research, particularly through the efforts of Gavino Trono, since recognized as a National Scientist of the Philippines. Local research and experimental cultures led to the development of the first commercial farming methods for other warm-water algae (since cold-water red and brown edible algae favored in East Asia do not grow in the tropics), including the first successful commercial cultivation of carrageenan-producing algae. These include "Eucheuma" spp., "Kappaphycus alvarezii", "Gracilaria" spp., and "Halymenia durvillei". In 1997, it was estimated that 40,000 people in the Philippines made their living through seaweed farming. The Philippines was the world's largest producer of carrageenan for several decades until it was overtaken by Indonesia in 2008.


title: Seaweed farming

text: The practice of seaweed farming has long since spread beyond Japan and the Philippines. Cultivation is also common in all of southeast Asia, Canada, Great Britain, Spain, and the United States.


title: Seaweed farming

text: In the 2000s, seaweed farming has been getting increasing attention due to its potential for mitigating both climate change and other environmental issues, such as agricultural runoff. Seaweed farming can be mixed with other aquaculture, such as shellfish, to improve water bodies, such as in the practices developed by American non-profit GreenWave. The IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.


title: Lycos

text: Lycos, Inc., is a web search engine and web portal established in 1994, spun out of Carnegie Mellon University. Lycos also encompasses a network of email, web hosting, social networking, and entertainment websites. The company is based in Waltham, Massachusetts, and is a subsidiary of Kakao.


title: Lycos

text: Lycos is a university spin-off that began in May 1994 as a research project by Michael Loren Mauldin of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Lycos Inc. was formed with approximately US$2 million in venture capital funding from CMGI. Bob Davis became the CEO and first employee of the new company in 1995, and concentrated on building the company into an advertising-supported web portal, led by Bill Townsend, who served as Vice President, Advertising. Lycos enjoyed several years of growth during the 1990s and became the most visited online destination in the world in 1999, with a global presence in more than 40 countries.


title: Lycos

text: In April 1996, the company completed the fastest initial public offering from inception to offering in NASDAQ (LCOS) history, ending its first day with a market value of $300 million. It also became the first search engine to go public, before its big rivals Yahoo! and Excite. Lycos started offering e-mail services in October 1997, the same year it became one of the first profitable Internet businesses in the world. In 1998, Lycos acquired Tripod.com for $58 million in an attempt to "break into the portal market".


title: Lycos

text: Lycos Europe was a joint venture between Lycos and the Bertelsmann transnational media corporation, but it has always been a distinct corporate entity. Although Lycos Europe remains the largest of Lycos's overseas ventures, several other Lycos subsidiaries also entered into joint venture agreements including Lycos Canada, Lycos Korea and Lycos Asia.


title: Lycos

text: Lycos was one of the most popular websites on the internet, ranking 8th in 1997, and peaking at 4th in both 1999 and 2001.


title: Lycos

text: On May 16, 2000, near the peak of the dot-com bubble, Lycos announced its intent to be acquired by Terra Networks, the Internet arm of the Spanish telecommunications giant Telefónica, for $12.5 billion. The acquisition price represented a return of nearly 3,000 times the company's initial venture capital investment and about 20 times its initial public offering valuation. The transaction closed in October 2000 and the merged company was renamed Terra Lycos, although the Lycos brand continued to be used in the United States. Overseas, the company continued to be known as Terra Networks.


title: Lycos

text: Having been set back by the dot-com bubble burst, Lycos abandoned its own search crawler in late 2001, and started using FAST.


title: Lycos

text: In August 2004, Terra announced that it was selling Lycos to Seoul, South Korea–based Daum Communications Corporation, now Kakao, for $95.4 million in cash, less than 2% of Terra's initial multibillion-dollar investment. In October 2004, the transaction closed and the company name was changed back to Lycos.


title: Lycos

text: Under new ownership, Lycos began to refocus its strategy. The company moved away from being a search-centric portal and toward a community destination for broadband entertainment content. With a new management team in place, Lycos also began divesting properties that were not core to its new strategy. In July 2006, Wired News, which had been part of Lycos since the purchase of Wired Digital in 1998, was sold to Condé Nast Publications and re-merged with "Wired Magazine". The Lycos Finance division, best known for Quote.com and RagingBull.com, was sold to FT Interactive Data Corporation in February 2006, while its online dating site, Matchmaker.com, was sold to Date.com. In 2006, Lycos regained ownership of the Lycos trademark from Carnegie Mellon University, allowing the company to rename to Lycos, Inc.


title: Lycos

text: During 2006, Lycos introduced several media services, including Lycos Phone which combined video chat, real-time video on demand, and an MP3 player. In November 2006, Lycos began to roll out applications centered on social media, including its video application, Lycos Cinema, that featured simultaneous watch and chat functionality. In February 2007, Lycos MIX was launched, allowing users to pull video clips from YouTube, Google Video, Yahoo! Video and MySpace Video. Lycos MIX also allowed users to create playlists where other users could add video comments and chat in real-time.


title: Lycos

text: As part of a corporate restructuring to focus on mobile, social networks and location-based services, Daum sold Lycos for $36 million in August 2010 to Ybrant Digital, an Internet marketing company based in Hyderabad, India. Ybrant Digital paid $20 million at signing and there has been a legal dispute over magnitude of the second installment between Ybrant and Daum. In 2018, a New York court ruled in favor of Daum and appointed Daum (by then merged with Kakao) as receiver of Ybrant's 56% ownership interest in Lycos.


title: Lycos

text: In May 2012, Lycos announced the appointment of former employee Rob Balazy as CEO of Media division of Lycos.


title: Lycos

text: In September 2014, Ed Noel was appointed in place of Rob and manages the operations under the title of General Manager of Lycos Media.


title: CSB Bank

text: CSB Bank Limited (erstwhile Catholic Syrian Bank Limited) is an Indian private sector bank with its headquarters at Thrissur, Kerala, India. The bank has a network of over 560 branches and more than 390 ATMs across India.


title: CSB Bank

text: CSB was founded on 26 November 1920, and opened for business on 1 January 1921 with an authorized capital of ₹ 5 lakhs and a paid up capital of ₹ 45,270.


title: CSB Bank

text: In 1969, it was included in the Second Schedule of Reserve Bank of India Act and the Bank became a Scheduled Bank. The bank achieved Scheduled Bank - A Class, status by 1975.


title: CSB Bank

text: In Dec 2016, RBI allowed Fairfax Financial Holdings to acquire 51% of the bank and in Feb 2018, Fairfax India (via FIH Mauritius Investments Ltd) acquired 51% of the bank for Rs.1180 Crores.


title: CSB Bank

text: The terms of investment includes a mandatory 5-year lock-in period and 15-year time period to pare the stake in multiple tranches as per RBI's norms.


title: CSB Bank

text: As of March 2019, the bank had significant presence in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka with a customer base of nearly 1.3 million people and it’s credit portfolio focused on agriculture, MSMEs, education, and housing.


title: Sucker (album)

text: Sucker (stylized in all uppercase) is the second studio album by English singer Charli XCX, released on 15 December 2014 by Asylum and Atlantic Records. The album was met with positive reviews from critics, praising its throwback style, and ended up being included on many year-end lists for best albums of 2014. "Sucker" spawned the singles "Boom Clap", "Break the Rules", "Doing It" (featuring Rita Ora) and "Famous".


title: Sucker (album)

text: Charli promoted the album through a series of public appearances and televised live performances, as well as appearing on the Jingle Ball Tour 2014. The album was supported by Charli's Girl Power North America Tour, which lasted from September to October 2014. She was also the opening act for the European leg of Katy Perry's Prismatic World Tour in 2015.


title: Sucker (album)

text: In 2013, Charli released her first major studio album, "True Romance". The album received positive reviews by music critics, who praised its unique style. However, the album failed to chart on major markets. On 13 March 2014, she revealed to "Complex" that she had begun working on her second album with Weezer frontman Rivers Cuomo and Rostam Batmanglij of Vampire Weekend. Stargate duo and John Hill were also confirmed as producers. In an interview with "DIY" magazine, she stated that she wrote the record for girls and wants them to feel "a sense of empowerment". Charli explained in her tour diary with Replay Laserblast that the record's genre is still pop, but has "a very shouty, girl-power, girl-gang, Bow Wow Wow" feel to it at the same time. She also said in an interview with "Idolator" that "Sucker" would be influenced by the Hives, Weezer, the Ramones and 1960s yé-yé music.


title: Sucker (album)

text: On 7 January 2015, it was announced that the European release of the album would be pushed back yet again to 16 February 2015, featuring a revised track listing, including the new version of "Doing It" featuring Rita Ora, as well as the tracks "So Over You" and "Red Balloon".


title: Sucker (album)

text: XCX's first high-profile performance of "Boom Clap" was at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards pre-show on 24 August. She later sang "Boom Clap", followed by "Break the Rules", at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards, the American Music Awards of 2014, and on "Saturday Night Live". In support of the album, Charli embarked on the Girl Power North America Tour in 2014. The tour kicked off in Orlando, Florida, on 26 September and concluded in San Francisco, California, on 25 October. She also performed the tracks from "Sucker" as part of her set for the Jingle Ball Tour 2014, and supported Katy Perry on European dates of her Prismatic World Tour in February and March 2015. Charli further promoted the album by embarking on an eight-date UK tour in 2015, which began in Brighton on 24 March and ended in Birmingham on 2 April.


title: Sucker (album)

text: "Boom Clap", the first single released from "Sucker", was released worldwide on 17 June 2014. It was originally part of the soundtrack album for "The Fault in Our Stars". The song was a commercial success, peaking at number six on the UK Singles Chart and number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song has since sold more than one million copies in the United States, receiving platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America, and has been certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry. There are two existing mixes of this song: the first and original one is heard on the film, the film's soundtrack, and the music video shot in Amsterdam; the second mix is heard on the music video shot in Japan and in this album.


title: Sucker (album)

text: "Break the Rules" was released as the second single from the album. The song and its accompanying music video were released on 25 August 2014. The song was moderately successful, reaching number four in Germany, number six in Austria, number 10 in Australia and the top 40 in Belgium, France, Norway and in Charli's native UK. Moreover, the song peaked at number 91 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, her second consecutive entry on the chart.


title: Sucker (album)

text: "Doing It" was released on 3 February 2015 as the album's third single. The single version features English singer Rita Ora. Details of the collaboration first emerged when a setlist for BBC Radio 1 appeared on Twitter which featured the song. It peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Sucker (album)

text: "Famous" was released on 29 May 2015 as the fourth and final single from the album. The music video was released on 23 March 2015.


title: Sucker (album)

text: The tracks "London Queen" and "Gold Coins" premiered in advance of the album's release on 6 October and 17 November 2014, respectively. A music video for the song "Breaking Up" was released on 2 December 2014.


title: Sucker (album)

text: In November 2014, the album's European bonus track "Red Balloon" was used in a trailer for the 2015 animated film "Home". The song was also included on the film's soundtrack, curated by Rihanna.


title: Sucker (album)

text: "Sucker" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, "Sucker" received an average score of 75, based on 25 reviews. Will Hermes of "Rolling Stone" stated that ""Sucker" is no retro gesture: Charli runs the album's rock & roll guitars and attitude through enough distressed digital production and thumb type vernacular to make this the first fully updated iteration of punk pop in ages... Like so many of the pop pleasures here, it's a sentiment that just never gets old." Miles Raymer of "Entertainment Weekly" commented that ""SUCKER" is pop-punk, radically redefined and dragged, middle fingers waving, into the future." Brian Mansfield of "USA Today" wrote, "On "Sucker", XCX doesn't just tweak the ear-candy pop template, she blows it up, then pries the shiniest bits from the asphalt. It's still sweet once she's finished sticking it back together, but it's got a bit of crunch, too." At AllMusic, Heather Phares opined that the album's "mix of youth and sophistication is more than a little volatile, and sometimes it feels like XCX is still figuring out what really works for her music... Nevertheless, it succeeds as an introduction to Charli XCX the Pop Star while retaining her whip-smart songwriting and attitude."


title: Sucker (album)

text: Dan Weiss of "Spin" expressed that ""Sucker" is just an exceptionally good pop album... Those are rare enough as it is." James Rainis of "Slant Magazine" viewed the album as "the sound of a long-incubating star emerging so fully formed on an international stage that it's difficult to figure that an artist gifted with so much sneering bravado was ever thought of as an underdog... Someone needed to author the aural equivalent of the body shot, and Charli XCX has provided the platonic ideal of just that: a party album charged equally with punkish rebellion, hip-hop cool, and pop universality." Jamieson Cox of "Pitchfork" felt that ""Sucker" isn't an endpoint for Charli [...] and it's not her finest work, but it's plenty good enough to rope a cohort of new fans into what's promising to be one hell of a creative ride." Jon Pareles, reviewing positively for "The New York Times", emphasizes ""Sucker" is far more direct; it's smart, loud, cheeky, gimmick-loving pop, intent on making every song go bang... The ambition and calculation on "Sucker" are overt but not a deal-breaker. It's a brittle, professional album full of sonic treats."


title: Sucker (album)

text: The album was named the best pop album of the year by "Rolling Stone", who said, "Charli XCX is the pop star 2014 was waiting for: a badass songwriting savant who's the most fun girl in any room she steps into. The 22-year-old artist came into her own with "Sucker", a middle-finger-waving teenage riot packed into 13 punky gems. It's a dance party, a mosh pit and a feminist rally – Charli's definitely in charge." "Spin" ranked it the sixth pop album of 2014, commenting that "Charli's second full-length shaves off the densely layered atmospherics and dreamy soundscapes." Meanwhile, Jason Lipshutz from "Billboard" listed "Sucker" as the second best pop album of 2014. "NME" listed "Sucker" as the 32nd best album of 2015.


title: Sucker (album)

text: "Sucker" debuted at number 28 on the US "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 28,907 copies, making it Charli's first album to enter the chart. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 15, selling 5,622 copies in its first week. The album's UK sales as of May 2020 stood at 46,667 units.


title: Devils' Line

text: "Devils' Line", written and illustrated by Ryo Hanada, was serialized in Kodansha's "seinen" manga magazine "Monthly Morning Two" from March 22, 2013, to December 22, 2018. A series of extra chapters were published in the magazine from January 22 to May 22, 2019. Kodansha collected its chapters in thirteen "tankōbon" volumes, released from September 20, 2013 to February 22, 2019. An additional volume, listed as fourteenth, was released on June 21, 2019.


title: Devils' Line

text: A sequel manga series titled "Devils' Line II: Gyakushū" will begin serialization in the same magazine in the March 2022 issue on January 20, 2022.


title: Devils' Line

text: In North America, the manga was licensed for English release by Vertical. The fourteen volumes were released from May 24, 2016 to March 24, 2020. Kodansha USA published the series digitally.


title: Devils' Line

text: An anime adaptation was announced in "Monthly Morning Two" on July 22, 2017. The series is directed by Hideaki Nakano at animation studio Platinum Vision, with Ryouma Mizuno serving as assistant director. Kenji Konuta and Ayumu Hisao have written the series. Pony Canyon Enterprises produced the series. The music is composed by Kana Shibue and recorded by King Records. The opening theme song is "Eclipse" by Shouta Aoi, and the ending theme song is "Sotto Toketeyuku Yō ni" by Mamoru Miyano. The series aired from April 7 to June 23, 2018. It broadcast on AT-X, Tokyo MX, BS11, Sun TV, and KBS Kyoto. Sentai Filmworks have licensed the anime in North America, the British Isles, Australasia, and other regions, and streamed the series on Hidive. MVM Entertainment released the series in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: The 2A28 Grom is the main armament of the BMP-1 and BMD-1 infantry fighting vehicles. It is a 73 mm low pressure smoothbore semi-automatic gun with a wedge breech block. Development of the 2A28 Grom was directly linked to that of the SPG-9 recoilless gun; both fired projectiles similar to rocket-propelled grenades.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: During the early 1960s, the Soviet Armed Forces issued a requirement for a new infantry transporter that was highly mobile, sufficiently armed to destroy comparable Western vehicles such as the M59 and the Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30, and allowed embarked infantrymen to fight from within its crew compartment. This concept evolved into the BMP-1.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: The BMP was initially to be armed with a 23mm autocannon, a choice directly inspired by the success of the West German HS.30. However, the Soviet government had invested heavily in the development of anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) systems and discussion soon shifted to arming the BMP with missiles. This would allow it to defend itself against main battle tanks. The "KB Priborostroyeniye" design bureau in Tula soon proposed a specialized turret carrying both a low-velocity smoothbore gun and a mount for 9M14 Malyutka ATGMs. The purpose of the gun was to destroy tanks at closer ranges where the missiles were largely ineffective.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: The gun is relatively compact and weighs . In the BMP, the gun is brought to bear by an electric motor, with a manual mechanical backup. The maximum horizontal and vertical traverse speed with the electrical system is 20 °/s and 6 °/s respectively. Minimum horizontal and vertical direction rate is correspondingly 0.1 °/s and 0.07 °/s. The gun can be depressed and elevated between −4° and +33°, with aimed fire possible up to an elevation of +15°. The turret can traverse 360°. Cyclic rate of fire is between 8 and 10 rounds per minute, with the gun returning to an elevation of +3° 30' to reload after each shot if the autoloader is used.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: It is fed from a forty-round mechanized conveyor double-row magazine located around the turret ring of the BMP-1. The gun is reloaded by the M3 electromechanical autoloader with ammunition conveyor, but can be reloaded by hand if necessary. The autoloader is not reliable; it can break down from vibration when the vehicle is moving at high speed over rough ground, and its operation is a danger to the gunner's fingers. With the autoloader, the gun has a rate of fire of 8 rounds per minute. These drawbacks caused the autoloader to be removed in Ob'yekt 765Sp3, Finnish BMP-1 and Swedish Pbv 501. Some units removed the autoloader altogether when new vehicles were delivered, but the mechanized ammunition conveyor magazine was retained.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: The 2A28 'Grom' smoothbore gun fires the same projectiles as the SPG-9 infantry light recoilless gun, but with a smaller propellant charge. Before 1974, the ammunition only consisted of high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds; the PG-15V HEAT fixed fin-stabilized rocket-assisted round. After 1974, OG-15V HE-Fragmentation projectiles were introduced. In the Ob'yekt 765Sp3, the standard ammunition load is 24 PG-15V HEAT rounds and 16 OG-15V HE-Frag rounds.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: The PG-15V HEAT round weighs and uses a PG-9 shell with a RDX explosive charge in the warhead. A small PG-15P powder charge is used to boost the projectile from the gun barrel at . Once the projectile has travelled , the rocket motor starts and accelerates it to .


title: 2A28 Grom

text: The OG-15V HE-Frag round weighs , it uses an OG-9 shell with a TNT bursting charge. The muzzle velocity of the OG-9 is . The OG-15V is loaded by hand as it is too short to be handled by the autoloader.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: The HEAT warhead can penetrate of steel armor—more than enough to penetrate the frontal armor of NATO main battle tanks (MBT)s of the 1970s, such as the US M60A1, the British Chieftain or the German Leopard 1. The modernised PG-9 shell is able to penetrate up to of steel armor.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: On the ranges, the PG-9 proved capable of hitting a high target at a range of , while its maximum direct fire range is , reduced to at night, due to the limitations of the night vision system. Under battlefield conditions, it has a maximum effective range of .


title: 2A28 Grom

text: Maximum effective indirect range of the OG-15V HE-Frag round against formation targets is . Its effective direct fire range against small point targets is around .


title: 2A28 Grom

text: A coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun is mounted to the right of the main armament for which the BMP-1 carries 2,000 rounds in belts of 250. They are stowed in two boxes under the main gun. The machine gun has a rate of fire of around 800 rounds a minute.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: The 2A28 "Grom" gun and PKT coaxial machine gun cannot be accurately fired while the vehicle is moving over rough ground. This means that the BMP-1's main armament is less capable than modern stabilised autocannons, which can be fired accurately while moving. The BMP-1 is unable to engage tanks and APCs using the 2A28 "Grom" gun from hull-down positions due to its limited depression, making it vulnerable to enemy fire. The limited elevation of the main gun, its lack of firepower and inaccuracy against point targets at meant that it could not fight effectively in the mountains of Afghanistan.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: In Soviet and Russian service, the only other armored fighting vehicle besides the BMP-1 known to have utilized the 2A28 Grom was the BMD-1. However, it is also mounted on the Chinese Type 86 (WZ-501) and the Iranian Boragh.


title: 2A28 Grom

text: Both the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces are known to possess a number of wheeled BTR-60PB armored personnel carriers retrofitted with the complete turret and main gun assembly of the BMP-1. There is a fire support variant of the WZ-551 in Chinese service equipped with the 2A28 Grom in a modified turret. The Namibian Army currently operates a variant of the WZ-523 and the Wer'wolf MKII APC mounting the BMP-1 turret.


title: Abhinay Vaddi

text: Abhinay Vaddi made his film debut with the Telugu film "Young India" (2010) directed by Dasari Narayana Rao. He was set to make his Tamil debut with "Vilambaram", but the delay of the film meant that the biographical film "Ramanujan", based on the mathematician, was his debut film in Tamil. He was awarded the role after a series of auditions which had prominent actors from the Tamil film industry. Akin to Ramanujan, Vaddi is also good at math. Each scene was shot first in Tamil and then in English, with changes made between the versions due to the different theatrical audience. A critic from "The" "Indian Express" cited that "the highlight of the film is that it has a talented debutant playing Ramanujan to the hilt. You could see Ramanujan in Vaddi, literally, and his portrayal of the genius is nearly flawless". Vaddi played a negative cameo role in "Chennai 600028 II". He will play the lead role in "Michaelagiya Naan", which is a psychological thriller and stars Vasundhara Kashyap and Malobika Banerjee. Vaddi also plays the Protagonist in "Sugar" starring Simran and Trisha. He is paired opposite Simran in the film .


title: Abhinay Vaddi

text: Abhinay Vaddi's grandfather is Gemini Ganesan and his grandmother is Nadigaiyar Thilagam (Mahanati) Savithri. Abhinay was also a National Level table tennis player and now is a High Performance Table Tennis Coach and trains State and National Level professional athletes in the sport of Table Tennis. He has avid interest in agriculture and farming and runs his own farm in Chennai following the new aspects of agriculture like Polyhouse Farming.


title: Bishop score

text: Bishop score, also Bishop's score or cervix score, is a pre-labor scoring system to assist in predicting whether induction of labor will be required. It has also been used to assess the likelihood of spontaneous preterm delivery. The Bishop Score was developed by Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Edward Bishop, and was first published in August 1964.


title: Bishop score

text: The total score is calculated by assessing the following five components on manual vaginal examination by a trained professional:


title: Bishop score

text: The Bishop score grades patients who would be most likely to achieve a successful induction. The duration of labor is inversely correlated with the Bishop score; “A Bishop score of 9 conveys a high likelihood for a successful induction. For research purposes, a Bishop score of 4 or less identifies an unfavorable cervix and may be an indication for cervical ripening.”


title: Bishop score

text: F. Gary Cunningham, Kenneth J. Leveno, Steven L. Bloom, Jodi S. Dashe, Barbara L. Hoffman, Brian M. Casey and Catherine Y. Spong


title: Bishop score

text: They can be remembered with the mnemonic: "Call PEDS For Parturition" = "C"ervical "P"osition, "E"ffacement, "D"ilation, "S"oftness; "F"etal Station.


title: Bishop score

text: The examiner assigns a score to each component of 0 to 2 or 0 to 3. The highest possible score is 13 and the lowest possible score is 0.


title: Bishop score

text: A Bishop's score 6 or less often indicates that induction (e.g., with controlled-release prostaglandin E2/prostin gel [Cervidil], intravaginal gel [Prostin], intracervical gel [Prepidil]) is unlikely to be successful. Some sources indicate that only a score of 8 or greater is reliably predictive of a successful induction.


title: Bishop score

text: According to the Modified Bishop's pre-induction cervical scoring system, effacement has been replaced by cervical length in cm, with scores as follows: 0 for >3 cm, 1 for >2 cm, 2 for >1 cm, 3 for >0 cm. Cervical length may be easier and more accurate to measure and have less inter-examiner variability.


title: Bishop score

text: Another modification for the Bishop's score is the modifiers. Points are added or subtracted according to special circumstances as follows:


title: Milk Tea Alliance

text: The Milk Tea Alliance is an online democracy and human rights movement consisting mainly of netizens from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, and Myanmar (Burma). It originally started as an internet meme, created in response to the increased presence of Chinese nationalist commentators on social media and has evolved into a dynamic multinational protest movement against authoritarianism and advocating democracy. Aside from the four main countries mentioned, the movement has also established a significant presence in the Philippines, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Belarus and Iran.


title: Milk Tea Alliance

text: "The Diplomat" describes the Milk Tea Alliance, despite it not being institutionalised, as a pro-democracy alternative to ASEAN. In Myanmar's case especially, "The Diplomat" considers it to be "a central force in shaping the way Myanmar's youth understand the current battle between pro-democracy protesters and their vastly better armed opponents, a predicament faced by other youth in neighboring countries."


title: Milk Tea Alliance

text: Milk tea is a popular drink in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand, the original three countries and territories included in the movement. Netizens from Myanmar and India who later joined also share their own variations of tea with milk. Taiwanese bubble tea, Hong Kong-style milk tea, Thai tea and Burmese milk tea are all local variations of milk tea with strong similarities.


title: Milk Tea Alliance

text: In April 2020 during the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, Thai actor Vachirawit "Bright" Chivaaree, the star of "," a Thai TV drama that was also popular in China, reposted an image on Twitter which listed Hong Kong as a "country", as oppose to special administrative region of China. His post led to negative reactions from Chinese netizens, who attacked him and called for a boycott of his show. Vachirawit later apologised and removed the image. Thai netizens took to social media and defended Vachirawit with their criticism turning into more generalised criticism of China, launching a Twitter war with the hashtag #nnevvy. Chinese netizens launched attacks targeting various aspects of Thailand, including Thai King Vajiralongkorn and Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha, though much of this failed to have the intended effect as the Thai netizens were generally already critical of their own country and government, with some even encouraging the insults. The Chinese embassy in Bangkok posted a long statement on Facebook condemning the online criticism and a fierce digital battle ensued between Thai netizens and the Chinese embassy.


title: Milk Tea Alliance

text: Within Thailand, support for Hong Kong and Taiwan's struggle against Chinese encroachment has unified the disparate groups of pro-democracy protesters with anti-Beijing sentiment becoming a part of their anti-authoritarian platform. Twitter users in Taiwan and Hong Kong soon joined Thai users in what "The Telegraph" called "a rare moment of regional solidarity". Pallabi Munsi, writing in "OZY," in July 2020, described the Milk Tea Alliance as "Asia's volunteer army rising against China's internet trolls."


title: Milk Tea Alliance

text: In the following months, the Milk Tea Alliance evolved from an anti-Beijing meme into a "leaderless protest movement pushing for change across Southeast Asia."


title: Milk Tea Alliance

text: Following the 2020 China–India skirmishes, India has also been included in some formulations of the Alliance with masala chai being their representative variety of milk tea. Politicians in both Taiwan and India have highlighted the existence of the Milk Tea Alliance including Taiwanese representative to the US Hsiao Bi-khim who used the hashtag in a tweet thanking Indians for their support. After Australia called for an investigation into the World Health Organization's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, China threatened a consumer boycott if Australia did not back down from its demands for an inquest. Netizens then included Australia as a member of the Milk Tea Alliance, however, the relation to milk tea is tenuous with the milk product Aptamil standing in for an actual variety of milk tea in imagery.


title: Milk Tea Alliance

text: In August 2020 renewed pro-democracy protests in Thailand, the largest since the 2014 military coup, drew support and solidarity from Taiwanese and Hong Kongers including activist Joshua Wong. The hashtag #MilkTeaAlliance was heavily used by protesters. The 2020 Belarusian protests broke out in August following opposition rejection to the results of the presidential election. Activists from the country, inspired by the Milk Tea Alliance, began to use Ryazhenka, a traditional fermented milk product drink of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine as a symbol of resistance to the government of Alexander Lukashenko.


title: Milk Tea Alliance

text: In February 2021, in the wake of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, activists in Myanmar and neighbouring Thailand began adopting the Milk Tea Alliance in show of solidarity, with pictures of Royal Myanmar Tea bags shared thousands of times. An illustration by Thai artist Sina Wittayawiroj that depicts Thai, Taiwanese, Hong Kong, Indian and Burmese milk tea under the "Milk Tea Alliance" headline went viral. The anti-coup protesters have been solidly integrated into the online protest movement.


title: Milk Tea Alliance

text: In April 2021, Twitter created an emoji in support of the Milk Tea Alliance following anti-Beijing protests across Hong Kong and the 2021 Myanmar coup. It marked the one year anniversary of the Milk Tea Alliance.


title: Erin Heatherton

text: Erin Heather Bubley (born March 4, 1989), known professionally as Erin Heatherton, is an American model. She was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2010 to 2013.


title: Erin Heatherton

text: Heatherton was born and raised in Skokie, Illinois, the daughter of Laura (née Stein) and Mark Bubley. Her family is Jewish, and she attended Solomon Schechter Day School, a Jewish day school, as well as Niles North High School. She grew up competing in science fairs and played basketball for Niles North High School.


title: Erin Heatherton

text: Heatherton was discovered by modeling scout Arri Taylor while vacationing with a friend on South Beach, Miami. At the age of 17, Heatherton moved to New York City and signed with the Marilyn Agency. She made her runway debut in September 2006 at the Diane von Fürstenberg fashion show. She has since walked the runway for Prada, Stella McCartney, Chanel, Tommy Hilfiger, Marc Jacobs, Jason Wu, Carolina Herrera, Michael Kors, Christian Lacroix, Lacoste, Valentino, Oscar de la Renta, Zac Posen, Dolce & Gabbana, Moschino, L.A.M.B., Elie Saab, Carmen Marc Valvo, Derek Lam, Etro and Isaac Mizrahi.


title: Erin Heatherton

text: At the age of 17, she booked her first cover with Italy's "Flair". She has since appeared on the magazine covers of "D", "Grazia", "Velvet", "Elle" (Serbia, Russia, France and Czech Republic) "GQ" (Spain, UK, Mexico and Germany), "Beauty in Vogue", "Ocean Drive", "Russh", "L'Officiel Hommes 2", "Flair", and "Muse". Additionally, she has appeared in editorials for "Mixte", "Cosmopolitan", "Glamour", "Interview", "Numero", "V", "Marie Claire", and "Harper's Bazaar". Heatherton's campaigns include Chopard, XOXO, Diesel, Versace, Lord & Taylor, Blanco, Buffalo Jeans, BLK DNM, John Galliano, H&M, Blugirl, Lacoste, Armani, Liu Jo, Valentino, Karl Lagerfeld, Osiris, Pronovias, and Dolce & Gabbana.


title: Erin Heatherton

text: Heatherton began walking in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show in 2008. Heatherton was officially contracted as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2010 to 2013. She appeared in several television commercials and advertising campaigns for the brand, including a billboard in New York City for the company's "Showstopper" launch. In 2013, it was announced that Heatherton had signed with IMG. Heatherton was ranked at number 35 on Askmen's list of the "Top 99 Most Desirable" women for 2013. She played at the annual exhibition basketball game 2014 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game on February 14, 2014. In January 2015, Heatherton became a brand ambassador for men’s fragrance, Curve Sport and appeared in Victoria's Secret's "Very Sexy Now" fragrance's spring 2015 advertising campaign. She modeled in "Sports Illustrated" "Swimsuit" "Issues" in 2015 and 2016. In 2016, she was featured in various campaigns for Adore Cosmetics and became a brand ambassador for NFL Women’s Apparel Collection. In 2017, she modeled for Kikirio Swimwear.


title: Erin Heatherton

text: Fashion stylist Clare Byrne sued Heatherton in 2017 for $10 million as compensation for a proposed sportswear line called RetroActive that never got off the ground.


title: Erin Heatherton

text: In 2019, she signed with Select Model Management. After a prolonged hiatus, she returned to modeling and appeared on the cover of "Chicago Splash" magazine in November 2019.


title: Erin Heatherton

text: In 2019, Heatherton Co-Founded Resistance Chicago Lagree, a group fitness studio in Chicago's Wicker Park neighborhood.


title: Erin Heatherton

text: She has supported numerous charities, including Global Poverty Project, and the Global Citizen Festival, a concert to combat poverty held in Central Park that attracted 60,000 attendees.


title: Erin Heatherton

text: Morton Square Condominium filed a civil lawsuit against Heatherton stating that the model "regularly causes and allows unreasonable levels of noise and bass vibrations... disturbing the condo's residents and interfering with their ability to use and enjoy their units."


title: Erin Heatherton

text: In April 2019, Heatherton filed for bankruptcy, claiming to be "more than $500,000 in debt and made less than $3,000 this year." $100,000 of the debt was to Clare Byrne, her former business partner.


title: Mister World

text: The Mister World competition is a male beauty pageant sponsored by the Miss World Organisation. The competition was founded in 1996. The entrants compete in various activities including waterskiing, mountain biking, and marathon running. The current Mister World is Jack Heslewood, an Aerospace Engineer from England, who was crowned on 23 August 2019 in Manila. He is the first ever English person to win a World title, the fifth European to be crowned Mister World in the 2019 contest. Traditionally, Mister World lives in London during his reign.


title: C. J. Henderson (American football)

text: Christopher "C. J." Henderson, Jr. (born September 30, 1998) is an American football cornerback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida and was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars ninth overall in the 2020 NFL Draft.


title: C. J. Henderson (American football)

text: Henderson was born and grew up in Miami, Florida and attended Christopher Columbus High School. He played both running back and cornerback for the Explorers' football team and was invited to play in the All-America Bowl as a senior. He was ranked a four-star prospect and initially committed to play at the University of Miami before de-committing to evaluate other offers. Henderson ultimately signed a letter of intent to play at the University of Florida.


title: C. J. Henderson (American football)

text: As a true freshman, Henderson appeared in 11 games for the Gators with five starts and made 22 tackles with four interceptions. He became the first freshman in Florida's history to return an interception for a touchdown in back-to-back games after doing so in his first two career games against Michigan and Tennessee. In his sophomore year, his first full season as a starter, Henderson recorded 38 tackles, two sacks and two forced fumbles with two interceptions and a team-high seven passes defended and was named second-team All-Southeastern Conference by the league's coaches.


title: C. J. Henderson (American football)

text: Henderson entered his junior season as a preseason first-team All-SEC selection, third-team preseason All-America, and on the Bednarik Award watchlist. Henderson was also named a second-team midseason All-American by the Associated Press despite missing four games due to injury. Henderson finished his junior season with 33 tackles (three for loss), a sack and 11 passes broken up in nine games and was named first-team All-SEC by the league's coaches and a second-team All-American by the FWAA. Following the end of the Gators' regular season, Henderson announced that he would forgo his final year of eligibility to enter the 2020 NFL Draft and also skip Florida's bowl game. Henderson finished his collegiate career with 93 tackles, 26 passes broken up and six interceptions in 33 games played.


title: C. J. Henderson (American football)

text: Henderson was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the first round with the ninth overall pick in the 2020 NFL Draft. On July 16, 2020, Henderson signed his four-year rookie contract, worth a fully guaranteed $20.5 million. Henderson made his NFL debut in the season opener on September 13, 2020 against the Indianapolis Colts, starting and recording five tackles and his first career interception, picking off a pass from Philip Rivers and returning it for 22 yards, and defending three passes, including breaking up a pass on a fourth down late in the fourth quarter to secure a Jaguars' 27–20 win, and was named the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week.


title: C. J. Henderson (American football)

text: In Week 10 against the Green Bay Packers, Henderson forced a fumble on wide receiver Davante Adams which was recovered by teammate Myles Jack during the 24–20 loss. He was placed on injured reserve on November 19, 2020 with a groin injury.


title: C. J. Henderson (American football)

text: On September 27, 2021, Henderson was traded to the Carolina Panthers with a 2022 fifth-round pick in exchange for tight end Dan Arnold and a 2022 third-round pick.


title: Volcanic glass

text: Volcanic glass is the amorphous (uncrystallized) product of rapidly cooling magma. Like all types of glass, it is a state of matter intermediate between the closely packed, highly ordered array of a crystal and the highly disordered array of liquid. Volcanic glass may refer to the interstitial material, or matrix, in an aphanitic (fine-grained) volcanic rock, or to any of several types of vitreous igneous rocks.


title: Volcanic glass

text: Volcanic glass is formed when magma is rapidly cooled. Magma rapidly cooled to below its normal crystallization temperature becomes a supercooled liquid, and, with further rapid cooling, this becomes an amorphous solid. The change from supercooled liquid to glass occurs at a temperature called the glass transition temperature, which depends on both cooling rate and the amount of water dissolved in the magma. Magma rich in silica and poor in dissolved water is most easily cooled rapidly enough to form volcanic glass. As a result, rhyolite magmas, which are high in silica, can produced tephra composed entirely of volcanic glass and may also form glassy lava flows. Ash-flow tuffs typically consist of countless microscopic shards of volcanic glass. Basalt, which is low in silica, forms glass only with difficulty, so that basalt tephra almost always contains at least some crystalline material ("quench crystals"). The glass transition temperature of basalt is about .


title: Volcanic glass

text: The mechanisms controlling formation of volcanic glass are further illustrated by the two forms of basaltic glass, tachylite and sideromelane. Tachylite is opaque to transmitted light because of the abundance of tiny oxide mineral crystals suspended in the glass. Sideromelane is partially transparent because it contains much fewer crystals. Sideromelane is abundant only in eruptions where basalt magma has been very rapidly cooled by contact with water, such as phreatomagmatic eruptions. Basaltic volcanic glass is also present in pillow lavas.


title: Volcanic glass

text: Of the cooling mechanisms responsible for forming volcanic glass, the most effective is quenching by water, followed by cooling by entrained air in an eruption column. The least effective mechanism is cooling at the bottom of a flow in contact with the ground.


title: Volcanic glass

text: Most commonly, "volcanic glass" refers to "obsidian", a rhyolitic glass with high silica (SiO) content.


title: Volcanic glass

text: Volcanic glass is chemically unstable and readily decomposes. Water molecules readily react with the open, disordered structure of volcanic glass, removing soluble cations from the glass and precipitating secondary ("authigenic") minerals. As a result, lithification of volcanic ash is one of the fastest low-temperature lithification processes. Alteration of volcanic glass at mid-ocean ridges may have contributed significantly to the formation of massive sulfide deposits, and alteration of volcanic ash beds formed economically important zeolite and bentonite deposits.


title: 8-bit color

text: 8-bit color graphics are a method of storing image information in a computer's memory or in an image file, so that each pixel is represented by 8 bits (1 byte). The maximum number of colors that can be displayed at any one time is 256 or 2.


title: 8-bit color

text: In order to turn a true color 24-bit image into an 8-bit image, the image must go through a process called color quantization. Color quantization is the process of creating a color map for a less color dense image from a more dense image.


title: 8-bit color

text: The simplest form of quantization is to simply assign 3 bits to red, 3 bits to green and 2 bits to blue, as the human eye is less sensitive to blue light. This creates a so called 3-3-2 8-bit color image, arranged like on the following table:


title: 8-bit color

text: This process is sub optimal. There could be different groupings of colors that make evenly spreading the colors out inefficient and likely to misrepresent the actual image.


title: 8-bit color

text: An alternative approach is to use a palette, with each of the 256 possible indexes pointing towards a larger color space (ex: 256 colors chosen from 4096).


title: 8-bit color

text: Because the color map doesn't need to have every color in it and just needs to accurately represent the more color dense image, an arbitrary color can be assigned to each of the 256 available color indexes on the map.


title: 8-bit color

text: Popular approaches for creating these maps (also known as palettes) include the "popularity algorithm" which chooses the 256 most common colors and creates a map from them. The more accurate "median cut" algorithm resorts and divides colors to find the median of different color groups resulting in a more accurate final color map.


title: 8-bit color

text: Because of the low amount of memory and resultant higher speeds of 8-bit color images, 8-bit color was a common ground among computer graphics development until more memory and higher CPU speeds became readily available to consumers. 8-bit color was used in many different applications including:


title: 8-bit color

text: Most notably, the VGA standard for graphical interface uses an 8-bit color. Developed in 1987 by IBM, the VGA interface supported a maximum resolution of 640x480 pixels. Many different image types such as GIF and TIFF use an 8-bit color system to store data.


title: 8-bit color

text: Even though it is now outdated for most consumer applications, 8-bit color encoding can still be useful in imaging systems with limited data bandwidth or memory capacity. For example, both Mars Exploration Rovers used an 8-bit grayscale format for navigation imaging.


title: 8-bit color

text: Due to the nature of the 8-bit system, most images have different color maps. Since an 8-bit color display can't display two images with different color maps at the same time, it is usually impossible to display two different 8-bit images on the same such display at the same time. In practice, in order to avoid this problem, most images don't use the full range of 256 colors. Another problem comes when doing image processing: whenever two images with different color maps are added to each other, the resulting image has to have a new color map created, meaning another quantization operation has to occur, making the resulting image an imperfect version of the expected result.


title: 8-bit color

text: Currently, most graphics hardware runs in 24-bit truecolor or 32-bit truecolor (24-bit truecolor and an 8-bit alpha channel). However, some remote desktop software (Virtual Network Computing, Remote Desktop Protocol) can switch to 8-bit color to conserve bandwidth. With the comparative low cost and high speeds of modern computers, some image editing is even done in a raw format with anywhere from 12 to 14 bits from each of the camera's image sensor pixels in order to avoid image quality reduction while editing.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: William Jeffrey Hostetler (born April 22, 1961) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League for the New York Giants, Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders, and Washington Redskins. His nickname is "Hoss."


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler started his career at Penn State, where he started three games for the 1980 season. But Todd Blackledge soon beat him out for the starting quarterback job, and Hostetler transferred to West Virginia. Hostetler sat out the 1981 season, due to NCAA transfer rules.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler's first game as a Mountaineer was a 41–27 win over the #9 1982 Oklahoma Sooners football team, when he threw for four touchdowns and 321 yards. The upset victory earned Hostetler Offensive Player of the Week honors from "Sports Illustrated". Another big win that season was a week later against the Maryland Terrapins, who were led by Boomer Esiason. The Mountaineers won 19–18 against the Top 10 ranked Terps. The Terps lost the game on a two-point conversion, while Hostetler threw for 285 yards and a touchdown. Hostetler led the Mountaineers to the 1982 Gator Bowl, where they lost to Florida State 31–12. Hostetler totaled 1,916 yards with ten touchdown passes that season.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: In 1983, Hostetler led the #7 Mountaineers over Big East rival Pitt after a fourth quarter run to beat the Panthers 24–21, the first victory over Pitt in seven years. Hostetler led the game-winning drive that he capped out with a bootleg touchdown run for victory. In the 1983 Hall of Fame Bowl, Hostetler pulled out a come-from-behind 20-16 victory over the University of Kentucky, throwing two touchdowns. Hostetler finished his college career in the 1984 Hula Bowl and in the Japan Bowl. Hostetler threw for 2,345 yards and 16 touchdowns his senior season.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler's two-year tenure at WVU led him to an 18–6 record under coach Don Nehlen. Hostetler ranks among single-season leaders at WVU in total offense, passing yards, pass completions, pass attempts, touchdown passes and passing efficiency. Hostetler also is the career leader in interception avoidance. Hostetler was named to the WVU all-time roster. In 1998, Hostetler was inducted into the West Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler was named to the 1984 GTE/CoSIDA academic All-America team and that same year won the National Football Foundation postgraduate scholarship. He was also a fan favorite in Morgantown and inspired a record, "Ole Hoss (The Ballad of West Virginia's Jeff Hostetler)".


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler was drafted by the Giants in the third round of the 1984 NFL Draft. In his first five seasons he played sparingly, rarely making an appearance as he was the third-string quarterback behind Phil Simms and Jeff Rutledge. The first time he ever touched a football in a regular season game was in the 1986 season, when he blocked a punt in a game against the Philadelphia Eagles. His first start came late in the 1988 season, where he helped lead the Giants to victory in a road game against the New Orleans Saints. In 1989, he started a key game in the middle of the season, leading the Giants to a Monday night victory over the Minnesota Vikings. However, outside of these games, Hostetler's primary roles were mop-up duty and as a holder for kickers Raul Allegre, Bjorn Nittmo, and Matt Bahr. In 2007, in the episode of "" that profiled the 1990 Giants team, Hostetler noted that he was frustrated with his lack of playing time and volunteered to play other positions, including wide receiver and blocker on the punt return team.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler finally seemed to reach his breaking point in December 1990. He had seen meaningful action in only one game that season, replacing Simms in the Giants' first game against the Phoenix Cardinals. Although he led the team to victory by engineering a late comeback with the team down 19-10 (they would win 20-19), Simms resumed his starting position the next week. Heading into Week 15 against the Buffalo Bills, Hostetler had decided that at the end of the season, he was retiring from the NFL and returning home. Something happened that week, however, that would eventually lead him to change his mind.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: In the second half of the Buffalo game, which the Giants would go on to lose, Simms again went down with an injury. The Giants lost the game; Hostetler, speaking again to NFL Network, did not believe that Simms was hurt badly and figured that he was only a placeholder until Simms returned. As it turned out, Simms had suffered a severe foot injury and thus would be out for the remainder of the season, giving Hostetler his long awaited opportunity. He led the Giants to two victories, a second win to secure a season sweep over the Cardinals and a surprisingly close victory over the team with the worst record in the league, the New England Patriots, and secured them a first-round bye with a 13-3 record. The Giants then beat the Chicago Bears in the divisional playoff.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: In the NFC Championship against the San Francisco 49ers, Hostetler suffered a knee injury in the fourth quarter when Jim Burt, his former teammate, hit him low after Hostetler released the ball. Although he was injured, Hostetler was able to walk off the field on his own and later returned to the game and engineered two late scoring drives, that culminated with a Bahr field goal, and a 15-13 victory.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler started Super Bowl XXV; the Giants defeated the heavily favored Bills 20-19. He completed 20 of 32 passes for 222 yards with one touchdown. In 2008, ESPN ranked Hostetler's performance the 30th best quarterback performance in Super Bowl history. After reconsidering his retirement, he elected to return for the 1991 season.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: During the summer of 1991, new coach Ray Handley made a decision regarding his quarterbacks. Instead of giving the starting job back to the now-healthy Simms, the coach held an open competition that Hostetler would ultimately win. He then led the Giants to victory in the season opener against the 49ers at home, snapping their NFL-record 18 game road winning streak. In his twelfth start against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Hostetler broke his back and missed the rest of the season. Of the games Hostetler started (including the one he didn't finish), the Giants went 7-5. Simms, meanwhile, lost his first three starts against the lowly Cincinnati Bengals (who won only three times that year), the Philadelphia Eagles (a loss which eliminated the Giants from playoff contention), and the eventual Super Bowl champion Washington Redskins. The Giants managed to win their final matchup against the Houston Oilers to finish 8-8.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: When the 1992 season began, Hostetler was again the backup as Simms managed to regain the starter's spot. However, the veteran's proneness to injury again caught up with him, and in Week 4, Simms suffered a severe elbow injury that ended up costing him the rest of the season. Hostetler was once again given the helm but he also had injury issues, including suffering a concussion. He missed three games after resuming his starting position but finished with five victories in his nine starts, including three wins against winning teams. Despite that, he only managed to throw for eight touchdowns and the Giants, who went through four quarterbacks that season, finished 6-10.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: After the 1992 season, Ray Handley was fired and former Denver Broncos coach Dan Reeves was hired as his replacement. Simms would be named the starter and Hostetler's contract was not renewed for 1993.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: In the 1993 offseason, Hostetler moved west and signed a contract with the Los Angeles Raiders. He would become their starter and once again found success as the Raiders finished with a 10-6 record and made the playoffs as a wild card.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Following the 1993 regular season, Hostetler led the Raiders to an impressive 42-24 playoff win over the Denver Broncos. The veteran quarterback threw for 294 yards and three touchdowns in what would be the last NFL playoff game played in Los Angeles until the 2017 season, when the LA Rams hosted the Atlanta Falcons in the wild card round.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: In 1994, Hostetler was voted to his only career Pro Bowl after leading the Raiders to a 9-7 record. With the Raiders back in Oakland for the 1995 campaign, Hostetler got his team off to an impressive 8-2 record. However, a shoulder injury kept him out for all but the final game of the season. The Raiders lost their final six games and finished 8-8.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler's final year in Oakland saw him reach a career high in touchdown passes with 23, as he started thirteen games and finished with a 7-6 record. Once again, however, the Raiders missed the playoffs and at the end of the season, Hostetler was again out of work as the Raiders did not offer him a contract.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: The 36-year old Hostetler signed a contract with the Washington Redskins for 1997, with the team signing him as a backup for their fourth-year starter Gus Frerotte.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Late in the 1997 season, Hostetler returned to the starting lineup after an odd series of events. During a late season Sunday night matchup against Hostetler's former team the Giants, Frerotte scored what would prove to be the Redskins' only touchdown in a 7-7 tie. After he did so, Frerotte walked over to a padded concrete wall in the back of the end zone and headbutted it, causing a neck injury that ended his season. Hostetler finished the game and then started the remaining three, finishing with a 2-1 record. His loss came at the hands of his former team, as the Giants defeated the Redskins in the penultimate game of the season to win the NFC East championship.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler retired after the 1998 season, which he spent on injured reserve. He nearly came out of retirement in 1999 after a tryout with the St. Louis Rams where he would have backed up newly-signed quarterback Trent Green, who supplanted both Hostetler and Frerotte as the starter in Washington in 1998. However, the Rams instead drafted Ohio State quarterback Joe Germaine in the 1999 NFL Draft to serve as their third-stringer and elevating holdover Kurt Warner to second string; Warner would have been third string behind Hostetler had the latter signed with the Rams. It can be argued that the Rams not signing Hostetler helped kick-start The Greatest Show on Turf era due to Green's injury in the subsequent preseason and Warner's unexpected rise to stardom and eventual induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler finished with 1,357 of 2,338 completions for 16,430 yards and 94 touchdowns, with 71 interceptions. He also rushed for 1,391 yards and 17 touchdowns. Perhaps most impressive about Hostetler was his ability to perform very well in the post-season. In five playoff games, he completed 72 of 115 passes (62.6 percent) for 1,034 yards, seven touchdowns, no interceptions, and a 112.0 passer rating while going 4-1.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Hostetler now lives in Morgantown, West Virginia, and owns a construction company. Hostetler is a descendant of the Amish-Mennonite immigrant, Jacob Hochstetler, member of the Northkill Amish Settlement, the first identifiable Amish settlement in the United States. With his wife, Vicky (daughter of his college coach, Don Nehlen), he has three sons. Hostetler graduated with a 3.85 GPA and a degree in Finance from West Virginia University. His nephew is Ryan Nehlen, who played wide receiver for the West Virginia Mountaineers.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: Chris Cuomo of ABC News interviewed Hostetler as part of "One Moment in Time: The Life of Whitney Houston", a two-hour special on ABC shortly after the 2012 death of singer Whitney Houston. In Super Bowl XXV, Houston performed "The Star-Spangled Banner", and Hostetler and Super Bowl XXV MVP Ottis Anderson reflected on Houston's performance in that game.


title: Jeff Hostetler

text: He is the uncle of former Buffalo Bills tight-end Jonathan Stupar and former New York Giants linebacker Nate Stupar.


title: Aviva Baumann

text: Aviva Baumann ( Farber; born July 10, 1984) is an American actress known best for her role as Nicola in the Judd Apatow and Seth Rogen comedy, "Superbad"; as young Shannon Gibbs, the first wife of Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs, in flashbacks on the US TV drama "NCIS"; and as Mandy, the much younger girlfriend of Ken Marino on "Party Down".


title: Aviva Baumann

text: Baumann is a member of Giving What We Can, a community of people who have pledged to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: Taha Sobhi Falaha (; 1977 – 30 August 2016), known as Abu Muhammad al-Adnani al-Shami (), was the official spokesperson and a senior leader of the Islamic State. He was described as the chief of its external operations. He was the second most senior leader of the Islamic State after its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Media reports in August 2016 suggested he was in charge of a special unit, known as the "Emni", that was established by IS in 2014 with the double objective of internal policing and executing operations outside IS territory.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: On 5 May 2015, the U.S. State Department Rewards for Justice Program announced a reward up to US$5 million for information leading to his capture.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: On 30 August 2016, the Islamic State announced al-Adnani had been killed in Aleppo Province. A number of fighting forces claimed responsibility for al-Adnani's death. On 12 September 2016, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that a U.S. coalition airstrike had killed al-Adnani, even though the Russian Federation had already claimed that Adnani had been killed in a Tuesday (30 August 2016) Russian airstrike involving an Su-34 bomber.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: Al-Adnani was born in 1977 in the town of Binnish in the countryside of Idlib Governorate, western Syria. In a biography published by IS cleric Turki al-Binali after Adnani's death, it's written that he "grew up with the love of mosques ... [and] memorized the Quran as a young man."


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: According to a biography penned by Turki al-Binali, Adnani became involved in Islamic militancy in the year 2000. His primary teacher was Abu Anas al-Shami, a senior leader in Jama'at al-Tawhid wal Jihad. He swore allegiance to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi along with thirty-five others while in Syria, with a plan to fight the government of Bashar al-Assad. However, the Americans invaded Iraq, and Adnani became one of the first foreign fighters to oppose Coalition forces in Iraq.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: He was summoned for questioning repeatedly by the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate and was arrested three times. One of the times he was arrested was when he was passing through al-Bukamal on his way to Iraq for the first time. He spent months in jail and was finally freed after he refused to divulge information, despite being tortured. Al-Adnani, alongside Abu Hamza al-Muhajir, was one of the last to evacuate the city of Fallujah after the Second Battle of Fallujah in 2004.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: In May 2005 Al-Adnani was arrested by Coalition forces in Al Anbar Governorate in Iraq under a fake name "Yasser Khalaf Hussein Nazal al-Rawi", and was released in 2010. In December 2012, an Iraqi intelligence official said he was using a number of aliases including "Abu Mohamed al-Adnani, Taha al-Banshi, Jaber Taha Falah, Abu Baker al-Khatab and Abu Sadek al-Rawi."


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: Al-Adnani was highly respected by his fellow fighters throughout his time in the Iraq insurgency, with ISI leader Abu Omar al-Baghdadi saying about him, "It will be for this man the whole affair (of jihad)". Abu Musab al-Zarqawi trusted him so much that he allowed him to make executive decisions independently, saying "Do not consult me on matters, just brief me." He was also the teacher of Manaf Abd al-Rahim al-Rawi, the Al-Qaeda in Iraq "governor" for Baghdad province.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: According to Harry Sarfo, a former German member of the group. "The big man behind everything is Abu Muhammad al-Adnani. ... He is the head of the Emni, and he is the head of the special forces as well. ... Everything goes back to him."


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: On 18 August 2014, the US State Department listed al-Adnani as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist. On 15 August 2014, he was sanctioned by the United Nations Security Council.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: According to a former ISIS militant and a former Yazidi slave, al-Adnani personally participated in the burning death of Jordanian pilot Muath al-Kasasbeh in 2015, and directed ISIS media crews to produce videos of killings.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: On 4 January 2016, Abu Mohammad al-Adnani was reportedly injured by an Iraqi airstrike on Barwana, near Haditha, Iraq and was moved to Mosul for recovery.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: As spokesman of the Islamic State, Adnani made a considerable number of speeches. His rhetorical style received attention. Abu al-Waleed al-Salafi, a researcher, comments, "I have analysed the speeches of Baghdadi and Adnani psychologically more than once, and I found a result: that Adnani's speech seeks to inspire zeal in the soul, while Baghdadi's speech seeks to inspire calm." Adnani's vitriolic speaking style established his reputation as the 'attack dog' of the Islamic State, especially for his denunciations of al-Qaeda.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: On 22 September 2014, al-Adnani gave a lengthy speech entitled "Indeed, Your Lord Is Ever Watchful", which was significant because it was the first official instruction by the Islamic State for its supporters to kill non-Muslims in Western countries. This speech has been credited with inspiring a wave of Islamic terrorism in Europe.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: If you can kill a disbelieving American or European - especially the spiteful and filthy French - or an Australian, or a Canadian, or any other disbeliever from the disbelievers waging war, including the citizens of the countries that entered into a coalition against the Islamic State, then rely upon Allah, and kill him in any manner or way however it may be.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: If you are not able to find an IED or a bullet, then single out the disbelieving American, Frenchman, or any of their allies. Smash his head with a rock, or slaughter him with a knife, or run him over with your car, or throw him down from a high place, or choke him, or poison him.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: On 30 August 2016, the Islamic State announced that Adnani was killed in Aleppo Province. The Russian Federation claimed that Adnani had been killed in a Tuesday (30 August 2016) Russian airstrike. Specifically, the Russian Defense Ministry indicated on August 31 that al-Adnani was killed in the Maarat Umm Hawsh area of Aleppo as the result of an airstrike conducted by a Russian Su-34 bomber, a strike which targeted and hit a group of about 40 Islamic State fighters.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: An unnamed U.S. defense official said, "coalition forces conducted an airstrike in al-Bab, Syria, targeting an ISIL senior leader" and were still trying to confirm whether he was killed. A U.S. defense official called the Russian claim to have killed al-Adnani "preposterous" and "a joke" and said they stand by the statement made on August 30 that U.S. forces conducted the strike that targeted al-Adnani. Also, earlier in the day on 30 August 2016, a U.S. military intelligence official stated that al-Adnani was wounded several days previous and succumbed to his injuries in al-Bab.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: The U.S. Department of Defense confirmed on 12 September that al-Adnani had been killed in an airstrike on 30 August near al-Bab.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: After his death al-Adnani was featured on the cover of the first issue of ISIL propaganda magazine "Rumiyah", which praised both his life as a jihadist and his 'martyrdom'. It repeatedly stated that the killing of al-Adnani will only strengthen the outfit as there are many who will follow his path and replace him.


title: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani

text: He wrote a number of books, including the likes of "The Context of Jihad and Its Related Issues" and "Verses on the Jurisprudence of Jihad", that he penned while being imprisoned by the Americans. Many of his publications eventually served as textbooks for al-Qaeda and ISIS fighters in training camps, where he also used to teach the Arabic language and its grammar, as well as Islamic law.


title: Steve Speirs

text: Steve Speirs (born Steven Roberts, 22 February 1965) is a Welsh actor and writer who has appeared in films such as "" and "".


title: Steve Speirs

text: He was born as Steven Roberts in Troed-y-rhiw, a village now in the borough of Merthyr Tydfil, Wales and went to school at Afon Taf High School where he found a taste for drama. He joined the National Youth Theatre of Wales and studied drama at Loughborough University. He says he took his stage name, Speirs, from the surname of a lecturer at college.


title: Steve Speirs

text: Since graduating from university, Speirs has played Sloan in "Eragon", Andy Fellows in "Making Waves" and with Ricky Gervais in "Extras", as well as playing Captain Tarpals in "" and having a small role in "".


title: Steve Speirs

text: He appears in "Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire", a comedy fantasy series in which he plays Loquasto, an oafish servant, "who belongs to a race of pig-like creatures known as Grobble".


title: Steve Speirs

text: He wrote his first film, "Caught in the Act", in 2008 and starred in it as the lead character. Based on his memories of growing up in south Wales, it was filmed in the Merthyr Tydfil area.


title: Steve Speirs

text: Speirs often goes by the name of "Dullard" in honour of his role in "Extras", as he considers the character a mirror of himself. Speirs also appeared in the Gervais and Stephen Merchant film "Cemetery Junction" released in 2010, a part which was written particularly for him. Speirs also starred as the bouncer at Mother McOakley's Tavern in "Burke and Hare", a British black comedy directed by John Landis and released (in the United Kingdom) in October 2010.


title: Steve Speirs

text: Other roles which Speirs is known for include his portrayal of Bernard Bresslaw in "Cor, Blimey!", Big Alan Williams in "Stella" and Colour Sergeant Wormwood in "Sharpe's Peril".


title: Steve Speirs

text: Speirs played depressed geography teacher and caretaker Mr Gareth Barber in the BBC One sitcom "Big School" for two series in 2013 and 2014.


title: Steve Speirs

text: In 2013, Spiers played PC McClintock in the Christmas TV film "Gangsta Granny", an adaptation of the book written by David Walliams. He played the role of Dad in the 2014 TV film "The Boy in the Dress", also written by Walliams.


title: Steve Speirs

text: In 2015 he appeared in the TV spin off "The Bad Education Movie" playing Don alongside the main cast of "Bad Education" as well as many other guests in the movie. The same year, he also appeared in the pilot of the radio sitcom "Ankle Tag", which went on to air three series in 2017, 2018 and 2020.


title: Steve Speirs

text: In 2016 he appeared in Ben Elton's BBC One comedy series "Upstart Crow" playing "Richard Burbage" , the actor and leader of Will's acting company. He has continued in this role for three series ( 2016, 2017 & 2018) with two Christmas spin-offs in 2017 & 2018 and in the London West End in Elton's stage version of the show titled The Upstart Crow.


title: Steve Speirs

text: Speirs lives in Brighton, East Sussex. He has two sons, Jack and Lewes with his first wife. He remarried and has a son and a daughter with his second wife Joanna. His brother is opera singer Jeffrey Lloyd Roberts.


title: Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)

text: The Ford Mondeo Mk V (fourth generation), also known as the Ford Fusion, codenamed CD391, was unveiled by Ford at the 2012 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan.


title: Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)

text: With a design team based in Detroit for the planning and global launch phase, the new model takes many styling cues from the previous generation Ford Mondeo, and previous generation American Ford Fusion.


title: Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)

text: Like the newest redesigns of the Focus and Fiesta before it, the new Mondeo is set on a global platform shared with the now-identical Fusion sold in North America. However, the Fusion name was used in South Africa, despite the Mondeo having been previously sold in that country.


title: Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)

text: At the 2012 Paris Motor Show, Ford confirmed product details, and delayed the European launch from early summer 2013 to late autumn 2014 to address quality issues in ramping up production of the fourth-generation Mondeo receiving updates. It was later explained that European sales of the latest Mondeo would be delayed by "at least a year" because of the closure in 2013 of the Ford plant at Genk, which is where previous generations of the car had been produced for the European markets.


title: Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)

text: In October 2014, the fourth-generation Mondeo finally appeared in Europe, manufactured in Valencia, powered by a range of four-cylinder engines offering for the petrol/gasoline-powered cars and for diesel buyers. The smaller three-cylinder "Econetic" 125-PS unit was scheduled for 2015 and there was also talk of a four-wheel-drive version scheduled for a future date.


title: Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)

text: The car is available with Dynamic LED headlamps. Also, a first in its class, is the introduction of a Rear Inflatable Seatbelt to reduce the pressure on the occupant's body in the event of a crash.


title: Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)

text: For the Australian market, the Mondeo line-up for 2020 has been reduced to only the base Ambiente, with added active safety features from prior high-grade variants, and larger alloy wheels. This is before the Mondeo will be completely discontinued in Australia in mid-2020.


title: Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)

text: Ford initially denied rumours of killing the Mondeo and the closely related S-Max and Galaxy MPVs in Europe, but in March 2021 the company announced that it will discontinue the production of the Mondeo in Europe and Argentina with no direct successor. Production of the Mondeo ended in Europe with the final car that was completed on 30 March 2022. The car was painted grey and it rolled off the production line at the Valencia plant on 4 April 2022.


title: Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)

text: The range does not include five- or six-cylinder engines, and on launch will have a complete range of Ford EcoBoost engines. From September 2013, Ford added a three-cylinder 123-bhp Ecoboost, claimed to produce 125 g/km of CO emissions. In 2014, a hybrid equipped with a lithium-ion battery pack and a 185-bhp Atkinson cycle 2.0-litre petrol engine was added.


title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: Arthur Mitchell, often referred to as the "Trinity Killer," is a fictional character and the main antagonist of the fourth season of the Showtime TV series "Dexter"; he is portrayed by actor John Lithgow. Mitchell is as an unassuming church deacon and family man — who for 30 years has been living a double life as a serial killer. In the series, FBI agent Frank Lundy (Keith Carradine) dubs him the "Trinity Killer" because of a recurring pattern of three killings based on traumatic events during Arthur's childhood.


title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: Arthur was a suburbanite who lived a double life as one of America's most prolific serial killers for three decades. He was originally thought by the FBI to be a mere "myth" chased by Special Agent Frank Lundy.


title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: She was sliced with a straight razor while putting her in a choke hold, and holding up a small mirror so that he can see her face as she dies. His second victim is a married mother of two, whom he kidnapped. He forced her, by threatening her husband and children if she does not comply to him, He told the woman to fall from a carefully selected abandoned building which lead to her death. His third victim is a father of two, whom he bludgeons to death with a hammer. At each site he places a small sample of his sister's ashes, and arranged the victim arm to point at the ash. He has repeated this cycle in different cities all over the United States.


title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: It is later discovered before these incidents Mitchell also kidnaps a young boy whom he dresses in cowboy pajamas and convinces to play with a train set in a recreation of his childhood. Following this, he will bury the boy alive in cement at a Four Walls' building site. These killings were not connected to the pattern until shortly before Mitchell's death, because the boys were reported as missing rather than dead.


title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: Mitchell has a family, including his wife Sally (Julia Campbell), and their teenage children, Jonah (Brando Eaton) and Rebecca (Vanessa Marano). He also has another, older daughter by a previous relationship: Christine Hill (Courtney Ford). At first, Dexter Morgan (Michael C. Hall) is fascinated by Mitchell's efficient killing methods and apparent ability to balance his familial responsibilities with his secret life as a serial killer. However, Mitchell is later revealed to be secretly abusive towards his family.


title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: Lithgow's performance of Mitchell received universal acclaim, with Lithgow winning a Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award for his performance. In 2016, "Rolling Stone" ranked him #34 of their "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time". IGN ranked him #57 of the "Top 100 Villains".


title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: Mitchell was created by executive producer Clyde Phillips for the fourth season of "Dexter". He is portrayed by actor John Lithgow, a prolific actor in stage and screen.


title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: When Mitchell was 10, he spied on his older sister Vera taking a shower; when she saw him, she was so startled that she slipped and fell through the glass door, slicing her femoral artery and bleeding to death. His parents blamed him for Vera's death. His mother committed suicide two years later by jumping out of a window. His father, already a heavy drinker, became an alcoholic and frequently beat his son during his drunken rages. Ultimately, his father was bludgeoned to death with a hammer - it is suggested by Mitchell himself. Mitchell re-enacts the death of his family in his murders: the young woman represents his sister, the married mother of two represents his mother, the father of two represents his father, and the boy represents Mitchell himself.


title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: Mitchell begins the cycle again, killing his victims at the original murder sites. Mitchell punishes himself after each murder: after killing the woman in the bathtub, he takes a shower in scalding hot water; after forcing a mother to fall to her death, he provokes a drunken man into beating him up.


title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: FBI agent Frank Lundy comes out of retirement to hunt Trinity down, but is shot and killed just as he begins to close in on him. Lundy had theorized that Trinity was a loner who had no life outside killing. When Dexter goes to kill Trinity, he discovers that Trinity is a husband and father, as well as a prominent figure in a charitable Christian homebuilding organization. He uses this organization to travel around the country to cover for his murder spree, and (it is later learned) as a dump site for the first victim in each cycle.