title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The ARCA Menards Series is an American stock car series, the premier division of the Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA). It is considered a minor, semi-professional league of stock car racing, used as a feeder series into the three national touring series of NASCAR, and hosts events at a variety of track types including superspeedways, road courses, and dirt tracks. The series has had a longstanding relationship with NASCAR, including using former NASCAR Cup Series cars, hosting events in the same race weekend such as Daytona Speedweeks, and naming an award after NASCAR founder Bill France, Sr. However, the series was not officially affiliated with NASCAR until its buyout on April 27, 2018.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The series was known as the ARCA Permatex SuperCar Series from 1986 until 1991, the ARCA Hooters SuperCar Series from 1993 until 1995, and as the ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series from 1996 to 2000. The series was sponsored by real estate company RE/MAX as the ARCA RE/MAX Series from 2001 until 2009. Midwest-based home improvement company Menards began sponsoring the series in 2010 jointly with RE/MAX, and became the lone presenting sponsor in 2011, and from then until February 2019 the series was known as the ARCA Racing Series presented by Menards.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The series was founded in Toledo, Ohio in 1953 as the "Midwest Association for Race Cars" (MARC), a local touring group in the Midwestern United States. The series was founded by John Marcum, a friend and former competitor of Bill France, Sr. and former NASCAR employee, who created MARC as a northern counterpart to the southern-based NASCAR. Early drivers included Iggy Katona and Nelson Stacy.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The series became a part of Daytona Speedweeks in 1964 at the request of Bill France, allowing the series to open its season alongside the Daytona 500. The same year, the series name was changed from MARC (Midwest Association for Race Cars) to the current ARCA (Automobile Racing Club of America) as a suggestion from France to give the series more national exposure.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The series races on a variety of tracks from small ovals to superspeedways such as Daytona International Speedway. In 2008 the series returned to racing on a road course. The series is currently headed by Marcum's grandson, Ron Drager.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: Due to the similarity between the cars and racetracks of the two series, the ARCA Racing Series is frequently used to develop young drivers looking to break into the top three series of NASCAR. The series has spawned such drivers as Benny Parsons, Ken Schrader and Kyle Petty, and helped more recent NASCAR Cup Series drivers Kyle Busch, Justin Allgaier, Casey Mears, and Sam Hornish Jr. get acclimated to stock cars. Young drivers will often race in the series opener at Daytona International Speedway to gain NASCAR approval to run at superspeedways in the Truck or Xfinity Series. Other drivers, such as 10-time champion Frank Kimmel and 9-time race winner Bobby Gerhart remain in the series as opposed to pursuing a full-time career in NASCAR. NASCAR regulars, notably Ken Schrader, are known to frequent the series as well.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The general minimum age for drivers is 18. However, drivers as young as 17 may be approved to drive on speedway tracks, and drivers as young as 15 years can be permitted to drive at courses less than one mile in length and road courses. This is one year younger than the minimum age of 16 in the Camping World Truck Series (also for short tracks and road courses only).


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: An Indiana-based indie game developer created "ARCA Sim Racing '08" to simulate the RE/MAX championship.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: From 1995 until 2016, the Hoosier Racing Tire company was the series tire supplier, with the tires being branded in 2016 by their business partner Continental AG's General Tire. Continental acquired Hoosier in October 2016.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: On April 27, 2018, it was announced that the National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) had bought out the Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA), though 2018 and 2019 seasons continued as planned. The ARCA Menards Series plans to retain its name for the 2020 season, while the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East and West will rebrand as the ARCA Menards Series East and West, respectively. On October 2, 2019, NASCAR and ARCA announced the creation of a ten-race short track and road course slate called the ARCA Racing Series Showdown, with drivers from all three series eligible to compete.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: In January 2019, ARCA announced that every race for the 2019 season would be broadcast live on television. Eight races were broadcast between FS1 and FS2, while the remaining 12 races ran on MAVTV. This was the first time in series history that every race in a season was broadcast live.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The series is known for using veteran steel-bodied Generation 4 cars from the NASCAR Cup Series, running cars until they are several years old and even after a model's discontinuation in the Cup Series. For example, Bobby Gerhart's winning Daytona car in 1999 used a chassis built by Hendrick Motorsports in 1989. Following the transition of the Cup and Xfinity Series to the Car of Tomorrow in 2007 and 2010 respectively, the ARCA Series continued to use the 2007-style models of the Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS (re-branded as the Impala), Ford Fusion, Toyota Camry, and Dodge Charger. The carbureted V8 engines used by the series are also built under similar specifications to their NASCAR counterparts, and occasionally purchased from NASCAR teams. In spite of the similarities, ARCA racing is much more affordable than its more popular counterpart, with car owner Larry Clement estimating the required budget to run an ARCA car as "10 percent of what a NASCAR Cup Series budget is."


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: On August 1, 2014, ARCA president Ron Drager announced a new engine package option for the 2015 season, in addition to the current open motor rules package. The package is called the ARCA Ilmor 396 engine, alternately known as the ARCA Control Engine (ACE). Developed by Ilmor, which has also developed engines for the IndyCar Series, the engine is a "purpose-built powerplant" using Holley electronic fuel injection and based on the Chevrolet LS engine family that is able to deliver and of torque. The engine costs $35,000 to build and $15,000 to be re-built, and allows teams to use the same engine at all track types for up to between re-builds.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The Ilmor engine debuted during testing at Daytona International Speedway in December 2014, with Sean Corr's Ilmor-powered #48 Ford topping the speed charts at an average of in a time of 47.743 seconds. The new engine has generated controversy, with some teams that use the former engine package believing that their motors will become obsolete and converting to the new package will be too costly. Teams and outside engine builders also cannot perform maintenance on the engines, and minimal tuning is allowed (including a specification lubricant from Valvoline). The spec engine also reduces manufacturer identity for teams, with construction based on the Chevrolet engine package and branded as an Ilmor. Non-Ilmor engines, meanwhile, are subject to intake and RPM restrictions to maintain performance limits relative to the new package.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: On November 4, 2014, at the SEMA Show in Las Vegas, NASCAR president Mike Helton unveiled a new body style for the K&N Pro Series East and West that would also be eligible for use in ARCA competition, based on the Sprint Cup Series Gen 6 models of the Chevrolet SS (A re-badged Holden), Ford Fusion, and Toyota Camry (no Dodge option was offered due to a lack of factory support). The new body, developed with Five Star Race Car Bodies, is constructed of a composite laminate blend and designed with easily replaceable body panels, to reduce the costs of fabrication, and to eliminate on-track debris after accidents. The composite body is also significantly lighter than traditional steel bodies. The composite body debuted at preseason testing at Daytona, with the intent of approving it for tracks over a mile in length.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The composite body debuted at 2015 preseason testing at Daytona, with the intent of approving it for tracks over a mile in length. The body style was made eligible in the 2015 ARCA season only on tracks one mile or shorter in length, with the traditional steel bodies running alongside. The composite bodies made their superspeedway debut at Pocono Raceway on June 3, 2016. In 2018, ARCA began to phase out the Steel bodies, mandating all composite bodies at Daytona and Talladega. They were then mandated for all tracks over in 2019, and all tracks in 2020.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: Below is the list of all-time ARCA Racing Series champions, along with the Rookie of the Year and Bill France Four Crown award winners.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The Rookie of the Year award – currently sponsored by Scott Paper Company – is given to the rookie that scores most points at the end of the season. Winners have included future NASCAR drivers Benny Parsons, Davey Allison, Jeremy Mayfield, Michael McDowell, and Parker Kligerman.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: The Bill France Four Crown award, inaugurated in 1984, is a prize given to the driver with most points at four specific events, combining dirt ovals, short ovals, superspeedways and road courses. The award was known as the Bill France Triple Crown prior to 2009, when the road course component was added to the competition. Future Winston Cup Series star Davey Allison won the first Four Crown. Frank Kimmel is the top Bill France Four Crown winner with seven titles.


title: ARCA Menards Series

text: Other awards include the Superspeedway Challenge (Owners only), the Short Track Challenge (Drivers only), the Pole Award (most poles), the Marcum Award, the ARCA Motorsports Media Award, the Bob Loga Memorial Scholarship, the Spirit Award, Most Popular Driver Award, Most Improved Driver, and Engine Mechanic of the Year.


title: Voseo

text: In Spanish grammar, () is the use of as a second-person singular pronoun, along with its associated verbal forms, in certain regions where the language is spoken. In those regions it replaces , i.e. the use of the pronoun and its verbal forms. can also be found in the context of using verb conjugations for with as the subject pronoun (verbal voseo), as in the case of Chilean Spanish, where this form coexists with the ordinary form of .


title: Voseo

text: In all regions with , the corresponding unstressed object pronoun is and the corresponding possessive is .


title: Voseo

text: Originally a second-person plural, came to be used as a more polite second-person singular pronoun to be used among one's familiar friends. The following extract from a late-18th century textbook is illustrative of usage at the time:


title: Voseo

text: The standard formal way to address a person one was not on familiar terms with was to address such a person as ("your grace", originally abbreviated as ) in the singular and in the plural. Because of the literal meaning of these forms, they were accompanied by the corresponding third-person verb forms. Other formal forms of address included ("your excellence", contracted phonetically to ) and ("your lordship/ladyship", contracted to ). Today, both and are considered to be informal pronouns, with being somewhat synonymous with in regions where both are used. This was the situation when the Spanish language was brought to the Río de la Plata area (around Buenos Aires and Montevideo) and to Chile.


title: Voseo

text: In time, lost currency in Spain but survived in a number of areas in Spanish-speaking America: Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia (east), Uruguay, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and some smaller areas; it is not found, or found only in internally remote areas (such as Chiapas) in the countries historically best connected with Spain: Mexico, Panama, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Colombia, Perú, and Equatorial Guinea. evolved into ; in fact, is still abbreviated as either or ). Note that the term is a combined form of (meaning literally "ye/you others"), while the term comes from ("we/us others").


title: Voseo

text: In the first half of the 19th century the use of was as prevalent in Chile as it was in Argentina. The current limitation of the use of in Chile is attributed to a campaign to eradicate it by the Chilean education system. The campaign was initiated by Andrés Bello who considered the use of a manifestation of lack of education.


title: Voseo

text: The independent disjunctive pronoun also replaces , from the set of forms. That is, is both nominative and the form to use after prepositions. Therefore, ("for you") corresponds to the form , etc.


title: Voseo

text: Chavacano, a Spanish-based creole, employs . The Chavacano language below in comparison of other Chavacano dialects and level of formality with in both subject and possessive pronouns. Note the mixed and co-existing usages of , and .


title: Voseo

text: All modern conjugations derive from Old Spanish second person plural , , , and (as in , "you are"). The 14th and 15th centuries saw an evolution of these conjugations, with originally giving , giving (or ), giving , and giving . Soon analogous forms and appeared. Hence the variety of forms the contemporary American adopts, some varieties featuring a generalized monophthong (most of them), some a generalized diphthong (e.g. Venezuela), and some combining monophthongs and diphthongs, depending on the conjugation (e.g. Chile). In the most general, monophthongized, conjugation paradigm, a difference between forms and respective forms is visible exclusively in the present indicative, imperative and subjunctive, and, most of the time, in the "preterite". Below is a comparison table of the conjugation of several verbs for and for , and next to them the one for , the informal second person plural currently used orally only in Spain; in oratory or legal language (highly formal forms of Spanish) it is used outside of Spain. Verb forms that agree with are stressed on the last syllable, causing the loss of the stem diphthong in those verbs, such as and , which are stem-changing.


title: Voseo

text: General conjugation is the one that is most widely accepted and used in various countries such as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, parts of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia, as well as Central American countries.


title: Voseo

text: Some Uruguayan speakers combine the pronoun "tú" with the "vos" conjugation (for example, "tú sabés"). Conversely, speakers in some other places where both "tú" and "vos" are used combine "vos" with the "tú" conjugation (for example, "vos sabes"). This is a frequent occurrence in the Argentine province of Santiago del Estero.


title: Voseo

text: The verb forms employed with "vos" are also different in Chilean Spanish: Chileans use and 'you are' instead of or and or . Chileans never pronounce these conjugations with a final "-s". The forms for 'you are', and and for 'you have' are also found in Chilean Spanish.


title: Voseo

text: In the case of the ending "-ís" (such as in "comís, podís, vivís, erís, venís"), the final "-s" is pronounced like any other final in Chilean Spanish. It is most often pronounced as an aspiration similar to the 'h' sound in English. It can also be pronounced as a fricative , or be dropped completely. Its variable pronunciation is a phonological rather than a morphological phenomenon.


title: Voseo

text: Venezuelan Maracucho Spanish is notable in that they preserve the diphthongized plural verb forms in all tenses, as still used with "vosotros" in Spain. Chilean Spanish also notably uses the diphthong .


title: Voseo

text: In Chile, it is much more usual to use "tú" + "vos" verb conjugation (tú sabís"). The use of "pronominal vos" (vos sabís") is reserved for very informal situations and may even be considered vulgar in some cases.


title: Voseo

text: Unlike "tú", which has many irregular forms, the only "voseo" verbs that are conjugated irregularly in the indicative present are "ser", "ir" and "haber". However, "haber" is seldom used in the indicative present, since there is a strong tendency to use preterite instead of present perfect.


title: Voseo

text: "Vos" also differs in its affirmative imperative conjugation from both "tú" and "vosotros". Specifically, the "vos" imperative is formed by dropping the final "-r" from the infinitive, but keeping the stress on the last syllable. The only verb that is irregular in this regard is "ir"; its "vos" imperative is not usually used, with "andá" (the "vos" imperative of "andar", which is denoted by *) being generally used instead; except for the Argentine province of Tucumán, where the imperative "ite" is used. For most regular verbs ending in "-ir", the "vos" imperatives use the same conjugations as the "yo" form in the preterite; almost all verbs that are irregular in the preterite (which are denoted by ‡) retain the regular "vos" imperative forms.


title: Voseo

text: Again, the conjugation of "tú" has far more irregularities, whereas "vos" has only one irregular verb in the affirmative imperative.


title: Voseo

text: In most places where "voseo" is used, it is applied also in the subjunctive. In the Río de la Plata region, both the "tú"-conjugation and the "voseo" conjugation are found, the "tú-"form being more common. In this variety, some studies have shown a pragmatic difference between the "tú"-form and the "vos"-form, such that the "vos" form carries information about the speaker's belief state, and can be stigmatized. For example, in Central America the subjunctive and negative command form is "no mintás", and in Chile it is "no mintái"; however, in Río de la Plata both "no mientas" and "no mintás" are found. "Real Academia Española" models its "voseo" conjugation tables on the most frequent, unstigmatized Río de la Plata usage and therefore omits the subjunctive "voseo".


title: Voseo

text: The traditional assumption that Chilean and River Plate "voseo" verb forms are derived from those corresponding to "vosotros" has been challenged as synchronically inadequate in a 2014 article, on the grounds that it requires at least six different rules, including three monophthongization processes that completely lack phonological motivation. Alternatively, the article argues that the Chilean and River Plate "voseo" verb forms are synchronically derived from underlying representations that coincide with those corresponding to the non-honorific second person singular "tú". First, both Chilean and River Plate has an accentuation rule which assigns stress to the syllable following the verb's root, or its infinitive in the case of the future and conditional conjugations. This alone derives all the River Plate verb conjugations, in all tenses. Chilean verb forms also undergo rules of semi-vocalization, vowel raising, and aspiration. In semi-vocalization, becomes the semivowel when after ; thus, becomes , and becomes 'you are'. The vowel raising rule turns stressed into , so becomes . Aspiration, a normal part of Chilean, and River Plate, Spanish phonology, means that syllable or word-final becomes pronounced like an .


title: Voseo

text: The proposed theory requires the use of only one special rule in the case of Chilean "voseo". This rule plus other rules that are independently justified in the language make it possible to synchronically derive all the Chilean and River Plate "voseo" verb forms in a straightforward manner. The article additionally solves the problem posed by the alternate verbal forms of Chilean "voseo" like the future indicative (e.g. "bailaríh" or 'you will dance'), the present indicative forms of "haber" ("habíh" and "hai" 'you have'), and the present indicative of "ser" ("soi", "eríh" and "eréi" 'you are'), without resorting to any ad hoc rules. All these different verb forms would come from different underlying representations. The future forms and come from underlying and , the latter related to the historical future form in which was documented in Chile in the 17th century. and come from and , while and come from and . The form also comes from , with an extension of semi-vocalization. The theoretical framework of the article is that of classic generative phonology.


title: Voseo

text: In some countries, the pronoun "vos" is used with family and friends (T-form), like "tú" in other varieties of Spanish, and contrasts with the respectful "usted" (V-form used with third person) which is used with strangers, elderly, and people of higher socioeconomic status; appropriate usage varies by dialect. In Central America, "vos" can be used among those considered equals, while "usted" maintains its respectful usage. In Ladino, the pronoun "usted" is completely absent, so the use of "vos" with strangers and elders is the standard.


title: Voseo

text: "Voseo" was long considered a backwards or uneducated usage by prescriptivist grammarians. Many Central American intellectuals, themselves from nations, have condemned the usage of in the past. With the changing mentalities in the Hispanic world, and with the development of descriptive as opposed to prescriptive linguistics, it has become simply a local variant of Spanish. In some places it has become symbolically important and is pointed to with pride as a local defining characteristic.


title: Municipal council

text: A municipal council is the legislative body of a municipality or local government area. Depending on the location and classification of the municipality it may be known as a city council, town council, town board, community council, rural council, village council, or board of aldermen.


title: Municipal council

text: Because of the differences in legislation between the states, the exact definition of a city council varies. However, it is generally only those local government areas which have been specifically granted city status (usually on a basis of population) that are entitled to refer to themselves as cities. The official title is "Corporation of the City of ______" or similar.


title: Municipal council

text: Some of the urban areas of Australia are governed mostly by a single entity (see Brisbane and other Queensland cities), while others may be controlled by a multitude of much smaller city councils. Also, some significant urban areas can be under the jurisdiction of otherwise rural local governments. Periodic re-alignments of boundaries attempt to rationalize these situations and adjust the deployment of assets and resources.


title: Municipal council

text: There are currently seven town councils in Belize. Each town council consists of a mayor and a number of councillors, who are directly elected in municipal elections every three years. Town councils in Belize are responsible for a range of functions, including street maintenance and lighting, drainage, refuse collection, public cemeteries, infrastructure, parks and playgrounds.


title: Municipal council

text: Township councils in Ontario play a similar role as city councils in cities for smaller or low tier municipalities. Directly elected every four years, the number of councillors vary depending on the size of their municipalities. The councillors' powers and responsibilities are governed by the Municipal Act, 2001.


title: Municipal council

text: Manitoba town council members serve primarily as a policy and direction board for the community. They consist of five to seven members with the head of council being the mayor or reeve.


title: Municipal council

text: Municipal councils exist in the People's Republic of China, these are designated as "Municipal People's Congress" in many sub-provincial cities and direct-administered municipalities such as the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress.


title: Municipal council

text: In spite of enormous differences in populations, each of the communes of the French Republic possesses a mayor () and a municipal council (), which manage the commune from the "mairie" (city hall), with exactly the same powers no matter the size of the commune and council. The one exception is the city of Paris, where the city police is in the hands of the central state, not in the hands of the mayor of Paris. This uniformity of status is a clear legacy of the French Revolution, which wanted to do away with the local idiosyncrasies and tremendous differences of status that existed in the kingdom of France.


title: Municipal council

text: The size of a commune still matters, however, in two domains: French law determines the size of the municipal council according to the population of the commune; and the size of the population determines which voting process is used for the election of the municipal council


title: Municipal council

text: Established as the Sanitary Board in 1883, the Municipal Council in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (including the New Kowloon) provided municipal services to the covered regions in the then British Hong Kong. Partial elections were allowed in 1887, though merely enabling selected persons to vote for members of the Board. The Board was reconstituted in 1935 and hence renamed as Urban Council in the following year after the government had passed the Urban Council Ordinance. Democratisation had been implemented, allowing universal suffrage to happen throughout its development. Two years after the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the Council was disbanded in 1999 by the then Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. All members of the council were elected through universal suffrage by the time of the dissolution.


title: Municipal council

text: The counterpart of the Municipal Council serving the New Territories (excluding New Kowloon) was the Regional Council established as the Provisional Regional Council in 1986. The functional select committees, district committees, and sub-committees constituted the entire Regional Council. All members were elected from the constituencies and district boards.


title: Municipal council

text: Municipal councils are parliamentary bodies established in local authorities in accordance with Article 93 of the Constitution of Japan and Article 89 of the Local Autonomy Act, etc. The Yokohama and Osaka City Councils are examples.


title: Municipal council

text: The Municipal Council in Moldova is the governing body in five municipalities: Chișinău, Bălți, Tiraspol and Bendery (also known as "Tighina" or "Bender"). The Municipal Council (Moldovan language: "Consiliul municipal") serves as a consultative body with some powers of general policy determination. It is composed of a legally determined number of counsellors (for example 35 in Bălți) elected every four years, representing political parties and independent counsellors. Once elected, counsellors may form fractions inside of the Municipal Council.


title: Municipal council

text: Last regional elections of local public administration held in Bălți in June 2007, brought to the power the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM), which holds 21 mandates, 11 mandates are held by representatives of other parties, and 3 mandates by independents. There are two fractions in the Municipal Council: PCRM fraction (21 counsellors) and "Meleag" fraction (3 independent counsellors and 4 representatives of different parties).


title: Municipal council

text: The Mayor of the municipality is elected for four years. In Bălți, Vasile Panciuc (PCRM) is the incumbent from 2001 and was re-elected twice: in 2003 during the anticipated elections (as a result of a new reform of the administrative division in Moldova in 2003), and in 2007. In Chișinău, the last mayor elections had to be repeated three times, because of the low rate of participation. As a result, Dorin Chirtoacă (Liberal Party), won the last mayor elections in Chișinău.


title: Municipal council

text: In the Netherlands the municipal council (Dutch: "gemeenteraad") is the elected assembly of the municipality. It consists of between 9 and 45 members (as determined by law) who are elected by the citizens once every four years.


title: Municipal council

text: The council's main tasks are setting the city's policies and overseeing the execution of those policies by the municipality's executive board.


title: Municipal council

text: Local councils in New Zealand do vary in structure, but are overseen by the government department Local Government New Zealand. For many decades until the local government reforms of 1989, a borough with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city. The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area.


title: Municipal council

text: New Zealand's local government structural arrangements were significantly reformed by the Local Government Commission in 1989 when approximately 700 councils and special purpose bodies were amalgamated to create 87 new local authorities.


title: Municipal council

text: The word "city" came to be used in a less formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded. Gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a district council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed.


title: Municipal council

text: The municipal council (), literally municipal board, is the highest governing body of the municipality in Norway. The municipal council sets the scope of municipal activity, takes major decisions, and delegates responsibility. The council is led by a mayor ("ordfører") and is divided into an executive council ("formannskap") and a number of committees, each responsible for a subsection of tasks. It is not uncommon for some members of the council to sit in the county councils too, but very rare that they also hold legislative (Storting) or Government office, without leave of absence.


title: Municipal council

text: The municipal council dates back to 1837 with the creation of the "Formannskabsdistrikt". In cities the council is often called a city council ("bystyre").


title: Municipal council

text: The Palestinian National Authority established village councils to serve as local administrations and service providers for Palestinian villages and small towns. Village councils are also referred to as D-level municipalities.


title: Municipal council

text: In the Philippines, all municipalities have their own municipal council, and these are officially called: "Sangguniang Bayan". Cities have a similar but separate form of legislature called "Sangguniang Panlungsod" (literally "city council"). The Local Government Code of 1991 established the current local government structure, including municipal councils. City councils range from 12, in most cities, to 38 members, such as the Manila City Council. Members of city councils are called "councilors".


title: Municipal council

text: The Local Government Act 2001 restyled the five county boroughs of Dublin, Cork, Galway, Waterford, and Limerick as cities, each with a city council, having the same status in law as county councils.


title: Municipal council

text: The Local Government Reform Act 2014 amalgamated Limerick City Council and Limerick County Council to form Limerick City and County Council, and Waterford City Council and Waterford County Council to form Waterford City and County Council.


title: Municipal council

text: In Singapore, town councils are in charge of maintaining the common areas of Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats and estates, such as the common corridors, void decks, lifts, water tanks, external lighting and the open spaces surrounding the estates. They are regulated under the .


title: Municipal council

text: The rationale was to delegate the duties of estate management to the members of parliament in addition to their existing responsibilities. They would also gain management experience and be accountable to their district's resident voters.


title: Municipal council

text: Town councils boundaries are drawn based on electoral districts boundaries. A town council area can consist of a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), a Single Member Constituency (SMC), or a collection of neighbouring GRCs and SMCs controlled by the same political party. The Members of Parliament head the town councils of their constituencies. Town councils boundaries do not correspond to new town boundaries; different parts of the same HDB town may be managed by different town councils.


title: Municipal council

text: In the Republic of China, a municipal council represents a special municipality or a provincial city. Members of the councils are elected through municipal elections held every 4–5 years.


title: Municipal council

text: Councils for the special municipalities in Taiwan are Taipei City Council, New Taipei City Council, Taichung City Council, Tainan City Council, Kaohsiung City Council and Taoyuan City Council.


title: Municipal council

text: Councils for the provincial cities in Taiwan are Chiayi City Council, Hsinchu City Council, and Keelung City Council.


title: Municipal council

text: In the United Kingdom, not all cities have city councils, and the status and functions of city councils vary.


title: Municipal council

text: In England, since the Local Government Act 1972, "town council" is the specific name given to a civil parish council which has declared itself by resolution to be a town council. If another type of local council, such as a district authority, covers a single town (such as Luton or Stevenage) then the council is often a 'borough council': borough status is however conferred at the discretion of the Crown. There is also the London assembly which is City council by default


title: Municipal council

text: Civil parishes are the most local level in the local government system. The higher levels are district, unitary and county. However town councils are not subordinate in democratic accountability to those higher levels, but to the electorate of their civil parish area.


title: Municipal council

text: The chairman of a town council is entitled to be styled as "town mayor". This term contrasts with simply "mayor", which means the mayor of a borough or a city. However, this is often abbreviated simply to mayor, especially where the town was historically a borough or city, such as Lewes or Ely. In Scotland, the term 'provost' is commonly used to designate the leader of the town council.


title: Municipal council

text: Historically the term 'town council' was used for the governing body of a municipal borough until the 1972 Act.


title: Municipal council

text: Belfast City Council is now the only city council. Since the local government reforms of 2015 the other four cities form parts of wider districts and do not have their own councils.


title: Municipal council

text: A city council is the council of one of four council areas designated a City by the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994.


title: Municipal council

text: In Wales, where the lowest tier of local government is known as a community, the Community Council may unilaterally declare itself to be a Town Council, but this has the same status as a Community Council.


title: Municipal council

text: City councils and town boards generally consist of several (usually somewhere between 5 and 51) elected aldermen or councillors. In the United States, members of city councils are typically called council member, council man, council woman, councilman, or councilwoman, while in Canada they are typically called councillor.


title: Municipal council

text: In some cities, the mayor is a voting member of the council who serves as chairman; in others, the mayor is the city's independent chief executive (or strong mayor) with veto power over city council legislation. In larger cities the council may elect other executive positions as well, such as a council president and speaker.


title: Municipal council

text: The council generally functions as a parliamentary or presidential style legislative body, proposing bills, holding votes, and passing laws to help govern the city.


title: Municipal council

text: The role of the mayor in the council varies depending on whether or not the city uses council–manager government or mayor–council government, and by the nature of the statutory authority given to it by state law, city charter, or municipal ordinance.


title: Municipal council

text: There is also a mayor pro tem councilmember. In cities where the council elects the mayor for one year at a time, the mayor pro tem is in line to become the mayor in the next year. In cities where the mayor is elected by the city's voters, the mayor pro tem serves as acting mayor in the absence of the mayor. This position is also known as vice mayor.


title: Municipal council

text: In some cities a different name for the municipal legislature is used. In Portland, Oregon, for example, it is known as the City Commission. In San Francisco, it is known as the Board of Supervisors; San Francisco is a consolidated city-county and the California constitution requires each county to have a Board of Supervisors.


title: Municipal council

text: Ohio constitution allows local home rule to define any type of government via a Charter Commission including a type with no Mayor (city manager) or potentially citizen's could vote to institute a pure democracy with no council .


title: Municipal council

text: Indiana town council members serve as both the executive and legislative branches for small communities incorporated as towns within the state. They consist of three or five members, depending upon the town's population.


title: Municipal council

text: Unlike some states, Indiana councilmembers must declare a political party affiliation, if any, when they file to run for office. Upon election in November, they are sworn in before 1 January of the following year, where they serve a four-year term. There are no state term limits affecting how many times a candidate may run for re-election to office.


title: Municipal council

text: The first meeting after an election, members of the town council hold an organising meeting, where they elect a president to set future agendas and act as an official spokesman for the town or as liaison between the town and state and county government.


title: Municipal council

text: Indiana town councils work in conjunction with an elected town clerk, who manages the day-to-day business of the municipal government. As an elected official, the town clerk is solely executive in function and operates independently of the town council. But the council has final say on budgets which clerks depend upon to operate.


title: Municipal council

text: In addition to a clerk, the council can authorise the hiring of other staff to run the operations of government, including law enforcement officers, utility workers, park and recreation employees and town managers. These employees serve at the pleasure of the council.


title: Municipal council

text: Town councils in Massachusetts are essentially city councils in towns which have adopted a city form of government but prefer to retain the "town of" in their names. In several communities which have adopted such a government, the official name of the community is "The City known as the Town of..." The legislative body of a legal town in Massachusetts is a town meeting; the executive board is a board of selectmen. In addition to having the structure of a city with a mayor and council, cities in Massachusetts can enact ordinances, while towns may adopt by-laws, which are subject to the approval of the Attorney General. City ordinances are presumed to be legal unless challenged and set aside in court. "See" Massachusetts Government.


title: Municipal council

text: In Michigan, there are 257 incorporated villages that are governed by village councils, which is a form of weak–mayor administration. Michigan does not use "town" as a defined municipality, and villages are the lowest-level form of incorporated municipality. Villages are distinct from cities in that they share certain duties with their surrounding township and are not completely autonomous. Guidelines for village governments are defined in the General Law Village Act (Act 3) of 1895. Village councils consist of elected officials, including a village president, trustees, clerk, and treasurer.


title: Municipal council

text: In New Hampshire, the Town Council is an elected body which serves as the legislative and executive body of the town. The town is governed by a charter, which is allowed under the home rule provision of the New Hampshire Constitution (Pt I, Art. 39) and Title III of the New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated. The charter for a Town Council must meet the following requirements of RSA 49-D:3 I. (a) – (e) and all other applicable laws. The basic notion of home rule in New Hampshire is that local communities are not allowed to supersede the authority specifically granted to them by the state.


title: Municipal council

text: The Official Ballot Town Council is a variant form of the Town Council. In the Official Ballot form of government, the town council is vested with the limited authority to vote on all matters not voted on by official ballot. The authority and restrictions on the Official Ballot town council is the same as the Town Council, except with respect to those matters specified to be voted on by official ballot. Also, the council decides what is placed on the ballot, not the registered voters.


title: Municipal council

text: The charter also must specify whether a or majority vote is required to approve bonds or notes, with the default being .


title: Municipal council

text: In Ohio, the default form of municipal government organization provides limitations on the legislative body of a statutory form of government. The Ohio Revised Code does not allow the local legislative authority (council) the power to review contracts nor perform administrative duties. No review of Contracts limiting the checks & balances in a statutory form of government. A charter form of government could provide the legislative body more administrative powers, change number of seats, or change required qualifications.


title: Municipal council

text: The Ohio Constitution provides for local self-government powers via a charter as defined in Section 7 of Article XVIII reads as follows:


title: Municipal council

text: Sections 8 and 9 of Article XVIII provide the procedures for adoption and amendment of a municipal charter. <br>


title: Municipal council

text: The initial form of Municipal Government in Ohio is called Statuary because it is based on the default form outlined in the Ohio Revised Code statute Title 7 . <br>


title: Municipal council

text: Ohio Revised code allows for a system with no Mayor and strong council, known as Section 705.51 | City manager plan.


title: Municipal council

text: Bicameral city councils were common in the United States until the 20th century, when many were abolished for cost cutting purposes and replaced with unicameral legislatures. Typically, bicameral city councils were divided into Common Councils and Boards of Aldermen, to reflect the structure of federal and state legislatures. The city of Everett, Massachusetts was the last to abolish its own bicameral city council (a seven-member Board of Aldermen and an 18-member Common Council) and replace it with an 11-member City Council, doing so with a November 8, 2011 referendum which took effect in 2014.


title: Lance Klusener

text: Lance Klusener (born 4 September 1971) is an international cricket coach and former cricketer of South Africa. He was known for his aggressive batting and his fast-medium swing bowling. He called himself as a "fill-in bowler who can bat a bit". He was known for his ferocious batting, ability to hit the deck hard and ability to take wickets on crunch situations, ability to break partnerships.


title: Lance Klusener

text: He is nicknamed "Zulu" because of his fluency in the Zulu language. Since his retirement he has occasionally commentated on cricket in both Zulu and Xhosa.


title: Lance Klusener

text: In September 2019, Klusener was appointed as the head coach of the Afghanistan national cricket team.


title: Lance Klusener

text: He attended Durban High School and he broke into the school's first team only in his final year. He also underwent military service for three years which contributed to a straightforward approach to his bowling. The manager of Natal Denis Carlstein identified the true potential in his bowling and he recommended Klusener to attend the provincial nets. He was later spotted by the West Indian fast bowler Malcolm Marshall who was then Natal's overseas player in the first-class cricket season. Klusener was drafted into Natal's first XI in 1993/94 season and was mentored by Malcolm Marshall. He spent his childhood among Zulu children on a sugar cane farm.


title: Lance Klusener

text: Klusener played for KwaZulu-Natal (Nashua Dolphins) in the domestic level in South Africa between 1991 and 2004. In 2004, Northamptonshire County Cricket Club signed him on a contract running until late 2008. At Wantage Road he impressed with his fired-up seam bowling and his hard-hitting in the low middle-order. Due to family bereavements back home, it was announced that his contract with the county would not be renewed at the end of the 2008 season. In late 2007, he started playing in the Indian Cricket League Twenty20 tournament in India for the Kolkata Tigers team.


title: Lance Klusener

text: Klusener made his ODI debut on 19 January 1996 against England. He made his Test debut for South Africa against India in Calcutta during the second Test in 1996/97. At the time playing primarily as a bowler, Klusener took some fearful hammering in the first innings at the hands of Mohammad Azharuddin, who at one point hit him for five consecutive fours, but Klusener returned what would remain career best figures of eight for 64 in the second. It is noteworthy to highlight that on his test debut he picked 8 wicket haul in a flat pitch in Kolkata and he led from the front especially after Allan Donald had broken down. His bowling figures of 8/64 is regarded as the best bowling figures by a South African bowler in an innings on test debut.


title: Lance Klusener

text: In his fourth test appearance, he registered the then fastest ever test century by a South African in test cricket when he raced to the milestone off 100 balls against India at Cape Town in January 1997. It was also his maiden test century as he achieved it while batting at no 9 position. He was initially selected to the South African squad for the 50 over cricket tournament at the 1998 Commonwealth Games but he later withdrew from the tournament without featuring in any of the games and was subsequently replaced by Alan Dawson. He also raised his game in test cricket further by scoring 174 against England in a drawn test match in Port Elizabeth in December 1999 and he was awarded the player of the match.


title: Lance Klusener

text: Klusener is remembered for his contributions in One Day Internationals, in which he became feared as a hard hitting batsman and was voted as Man of the Tournament during the 1999 World Cup. He showed glimpses of his big-hitting in the years leading to the 1999 World Cup. His baseball-style backlift and thunderous hitting lit up the tournament and his heroics nearly took South Africa to the final. He was also voted as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 2000.


title: Lance Klusener

text: His international career tapered off after this, mainly due to persistent ankle injuries, as well as a public dispute with the then South African captain Graeme Smith, who at a breakfast meeting shortly after his appointment to the captaincy described Klusener as a "disruptive force" to the younger players within the South African national cricket team, with the quote ending up in the South African press. Later Klusener and Smith patched up their differences.


title: Lance Klusener

text: He had scored 1,906 runs in 49 matches with a highest score of 174 and took 80 wickets with best figures of 8/64 in test matches. He scored 3,576 runs in 171 ODI matches at an average of 41.1 with a highest score of 103 and took 192 wickets with a best of 6/49. He has most fifers for South Africa in ODIs with 6.


title: Lance Klusener

text: In the 1999 Cricket World Cup, South Africa had progressed to the semi-finals, and Klusener until then had an excellent tournament, taking 17 wickets and scoring 250 runs (including two half centuries) in 8 matches and building a reputation as a hard-hitting batsman in tight situations. During the 1999 World Cup, he remained not out in five consecutive innings which yielded 214 runs without being dismissed. His streak was finally ended by Gavin Larsen in the Super Six stage match against New Zealand when he was dismissed for the first time in the tournament after scoring just four runs. His finishing prowess prior to the New Zealand match made team thinktank to promote him to no 3 position in the match against New Zealand but it backfired.


title: Lance Klusener

text: During the World Cup, he was dismissed only on two occasions out of the eight innings in which he played and averaged whopping 142.50 in those eight innings. He still holds the record for not having dismissed in most consecutive innings in World Cup matches. Due to his all-round performances with the bat and ball during the World Cup, he was rewarded with topping the ICC rankings for allrounders with a rating of 521 points. He showed his temperament in every matches for South Africa either with the bat and ball with performances including 12* & 3/66 against India, 52* off 45 balls & 3/21 against Sri Lanka, 48* and 1/16 against England, DNB & 5/21 against Kenya, 52* and 1/35 against Zimbabwe, 46* and 1/41 against Pakistan, 4 & 2/46 against New Zealand, 36 & 1/53 against Australia (Super Six), 31* off 16 balls & 0/50 against Australia in the semi-final. The only time he went wicketless in the tournament was the semi-final against Australia as he was always amongst the wickets. He was praised for his baseball-style backlift throughout the tournament. He had a strike rate of 163 in last 10 overs of 1999 WC.


title: Lance Klusener

text: He won four Man of the Match awards out of the nine matches South Africa played in the tournament. The four awards were consecutive with respect to South Africa's wins (one match in between was won by Zimbabwe). The only other South African to win Man of the Match award in this tournament was Jacques Kallis. He was criticized for his knock in a losing cause against Zimbabwe taking 58 balls to score 52 and when South Africa were bowled out for 185, he was stranded in the crease without being dismissed. His opposite number Neil Johnson who also took 1999 World Cup on storm had engineered Zimbabwe's epic win of the tournament against South Africa with his all-round display scoring 76 runs and taking 3/27.


title: Lance Klusener

text: His teammate Herschelle Gibbs let Klusener down when the former dropped an easy catch of Steve Waugh off Klusener's bowling in the last Super Six match which later proved out to be the turning point of the match. Waugh eventually scored a match winning century remaining unbeaten on 120 as Australia snatched a thrilling win in last over of the contest with two balls to spare.


title: Lance Klusener

text: The second semi-final was played between Australia and South Africa in Edgbaston, England. Australia, having been put in to bat, set a target of 214 for South Africa to chase in 50 overs. Klusener came in to bat when South Africa were 175/6 in 44.5 overs, and by virtue of his big-hitting (along with support from other batsmen), South Africa entered the final over at 205/9, needing nine runs to win with only one wicket remaining. The two batsmen at the crease were Klusener (on strike) and Allan Donald.


title: Lance Klusener

text: Klusener scored consecutive fours in the first two balls of the over (bowled by Damien Fleming), levelling the scores and leaving South Africa with only 1 run to win in 4 balls with Klusener on strike. The third ball was a dot, and Donald narrowly escaped getting run out when he backed out too far and tried to get back to his crease. The fourth saw Klusener mis-hit his shot to mid-wicket fielder Mark Waugh. Klusener went for the run, although chances of a run-out were high and two balls were still remaining. However, Donald at the other end, keeping his eyes on the ball and hoping to avoid another mix-up like in the last delivery, did not see Klusener sprinting down the pitch and did not hear the call to run, and Klusener was almost at the bowler's end by the time Donald (who had also dropped his bat) began running. By then, Waugh had thrown the ball to Fleming, who rolled it to Adam Gilchrist who took the bails off at the other end, meaning Donald was run-out by some distance, thus ending the match with the scores level. However, a tie meant that Australia progressed to the final since they had beaten South Africa in the group stages of the tournament. As commentator Bill Lawry put it during the final ball:


title: Lance Klusener

text: Australia went on to win the tournament; although Klusener's heroics weren't in vain, as he was voted the "Player of the Series".


title: Lance Klusener

text: In 2014, Klusener stated in an interview that Donald was not to blame for what happened. Klusener stated that he became impatient and, although he made it to the bowler's end, there was genuinely no run. After the match, he was cross at himself and regretted making that run.


title: Lance Klusener

text: After a breakthrough World Cup tournament, many expected him to continue the good work from him for South Africa. He was named in South African squad for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy. However, he couldn't deliver the level of expectations as he struggled for consistency in the tours of West Indies in 2000/01 and Australia in 2001/02 which forced him out of the team for a while. He then got a recall to the South African team for both the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy and 2003 World Cup. He did a decent job despite South Africa's group stage exit from the 2003 World Cup tournament.


title: Lance Klusener

text: He was subsequently snubbed from the side for the tour of England in 2003 which raised eyebrows over the future of him. His omission from the English test tour of 2003 was nothing short of controversy as he took legal action against United Cricket Board of South Africa for loss of earnings as he turned down the County cricket offers after being assured of a spot in the test side. Later, United Cricket Board of South Africa and Klusener both swept the legal battle under the carpet and ended their differences.


title: Lance Klusener

text: He was again available for selection following the end of disputes and was picked for the ODI series against the West Indies in 2003/04. He also received a test recall for the tour of Sri Lanka in 2004. He was also included for the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy. He retired from international cricket in 2004.


title: Lance Klusener

text: Klusener severed all of his ties with the Indian Cricket League in late 2009 and then completed a Level-three coaching course provided by Cricket South Africa in Spring 2010. He has also worked closely with the South African High Performance Program and also worked with the South Africa A cricket team.


title: Lance Klusener

text: Klusener confirmed he was in negotiations with the Bangladesh Cricket Board about becoming the team bowling coach. However, in early September 2010 the Bangladesh Cricket Board confirmed that they were still awaiting a response from Klusener. Klusener had finally turned down the offer to take over as Bangladesh's bowling coach, replacing Sri Lanka's Champaka Ramanayake. Klusener was reportedly unable to convince his wife about a permanent move to Bangladesh.


title: Lance Klusener

text: From 2012 until 2016, he was head coach of the Dolphins, whom he represented in domestic cricket during his playing career, Klusener reportedly took over the coaching job from Graham Ford during the mid domestic season in 2012 as the latter resigned midway and departed to Sri Lanka to coach the Sri Lankan national side. In February 2016, his contract with Dolphins was terminated and was told that his contract would not be renewed which also triggered Klusener to seek an arbitration proceeding over the manner of his dismissal from the Dolphins franchise.


title: Lance Klusener

text: In 2016, he started as a batting coach for the Zimbabwe national team and served in the position until 2018. He also coached the Lyca Kovai Kings in the Tamil Nadu Premier League.


title: Lance Klusener

text: In 2018, he was appointed as the head coach of Rajshahi Kings in the Bangladesh Premier League replacing Daniel Vettori.


title: Lance Klusener

text: He was named as consultant coach for Delhi team ahead of the 2018-19 Ranji Trophy season. He also served as the batting coach of Mumbai Indians and has also coached Delhi Capitals in the Indian Premier League.


title: Lance Klusener

text: In 2019, he served in an interim capacity as the assistant batting coach of South Africa for the away T20I series against India.


title: Lance Klusener

text: In July 2019, Klusener was appointed as the head coach of the Glasgow Giants for the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament.


title: Lance Klusener

text: In September 2019, Klusener was appointed as the head coach of the Afghanistan national cricket team replacing Phil Simmons. He stepped down from the post after the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. Overall, under Klusener's tenure, Afghanistan won one out of three Test matches, three out of six ODIs and nine out of fourteen T20 internationals.


title: Lance Klusener

text: In December 2020, it was announced that he would serve as team director of Bangla Tigers during the 2021 T10 League.


title: Lance Klusener

text: In January 2022, Klusener was appointed as the head coach of the Khulna Tigers in the Bangladesh Premier League In 2022, it was reported that he initially applied for the role of head coach of Sri Lankan men's cricket team but after being shortlisted by Sri Lanka Cricket as one of the candidates, he pulled out at the eleventh hour citing personal reasons.


title: Lance Klusener

text: Klusener enjoys fishing. He is also an avid hunter. Lance married Isabelle Potgieter on 13 May 2000, at age 28 in Durban. They have two sons.


title: Lance Klusener

text: He was roped in as one of the goodwill partners of Cricket Foundation which is a blockchain-based platform headquartered in Singapore.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: Kalawao County () is a county in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is the smallest county in the 50 states by land area and the second-smallest county by population, after Loving County, Texas. The county encompasses the Kalaupapa or Makanalua Peninsula, on the north coast of the island of Molokai. The small peninsula is isolated from the rest of Molokai by cliffs over a quarter-mile high; the only land access is a mule trail.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: Because of the small population, Kalawao County does not have the same functions as other Hawaii counties. Instead, it is a judicial district of Maui County, which includes the rest of the island of Molokai. The county has no elected government.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: It was developed and used from 1866 to 1969 for settlements for treatment of quarantined persons with Hansen's disease (leprosy).


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: The Kingdom of Hawaii, the Republic of Hawaii, the Territory of Hawaii, and the state of Hawaii all exiled persons suffering from Hansen's disease to the peninsula, from 1866 to 1969. The quarantine policy was only lifted after effective antibiotic treatments were developed that could be administered on an outpatient basis and patients could be rendered non-contagious.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: Many of the residents nonetheless chose to remain on the peninsula, as they believed their disfigurements from the illness would make reintegration into society impossible. The state promised that they could live there for the rest of their lives. No new patients, or other permanent residents, were later admitted. Visitors are permitted only as part of official tours. State law prohibits anyone under the age of 16 from visiting or living there, although exceptions have been made for children visiting their relatives.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: In 1980, the Kalaupapa National Historical Park was established to preserve the county's history and environment. It is coterminous with the boundaries of Kalawao County.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: Kalawao County lacks a local, county government. Instead, Kalawao County is administered by the Hawaii Department of Health because of the history of the settlement and current patients living there. Under Hawaiian state law, the Director of the Hawaii Department of Health, who is appointed by the Governor, also serves as the Mayor of Kalawao County. The Mayor holds executive powers within the county; the mayor also appoints a county sheriff, who is selected from local residents. The only county statutes that apply to Kalawao County directly are those on matters of health.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: Kalawao is part of the First Judicial Circuit, which includes the entire island of Oahu. For the purpose of notarization, the designated venue for the First Judicial Circuit is "State of Hawaii, City and County of Honolulu."


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (77.3%) is water. By land area, it is the smallest true county in the United States; some independent cities in Virginia are smaller and are sometimes considered to be “county equivalents” for statistical purposes such as with the US Census Bureau.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: Kalaupapa Peninsula contains the county's only settlement, Kalaupapa. The Kalaupapa Peninsula developed from lava that erupted from the ocean floor near Kauhakō Crater and spread outward, forming a low shield volcano. This was the most recent volcanic episode on the island and of the larger East Molokai shield volcano, occurring after the formation of the cliffs by erosion.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: As of the census of 2000, 147 people, 115 households, and 21 families resided in the county, declining to 90 inhabitants in 2010. The population density was 11 people per square mile (4/km). The 172 housing units produced an average density of 13 per square mile (5/km). The racial makeup of the county was 48% Pacific Islander, 26% White, 17% Asian, 3% from other races, and 6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 4%. Kalawao County has the highest Pacific Islander population percentage of any U.S. county, and is the only county where they make up a plurality.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: 2% of households housed children under the age of 18. 17% were married couples living together. 3% had a female householder with no husband present. 81% were non-families. 79% of all households were made up of individuals, and 31% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.28 and the average family size was 2.27.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: 2% under the age of 18, 1% from 18 to 24, 18% from 25 to 44, 46% from 45 to 64, and 32. who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 59 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. The population has declined since 1900:


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: Current residents include 16 former patients, 40 federal employees who work on preservation projects, and some state-employed health workers.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: The only access to Kalawao County is by air, or by a steep mule trail that descends 1,600 feet from the rest of Molokai. Kalaupapa Airport has scheduled air service to Molokai Airport and to Honolulu Airport.


title: Kalawao County, Hawaii

text: Like the rest of the state, Kalawao County is a stronghold for the Democratic Party. It was the only county in the United States where the Republican candidate in the 2016 United States presidential election, Donald Trump, finished in third by only getting one vote; 70% of Kalawao's voters chose Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, and 25% of Kalawao voters cast their ballots for Green Party candidate Jill Stein, making it Stein's strongest county nationwide in terms of vote percentage. In 2020 Joe Biden improved on Clinton's 2016 performance by over 25% as the Greens declined to zero votes, giving Biden 96% of the vote, which was his strongest performance in any county in the United States.


title: Flat (music)

text: In music, flat (Italian bemolle for "soft B") means "lower in pitch". Flat is the opposite of sharp, which is a raising of pitch. In musical notation, flat means "lower in pitch by one semitone (half step)", notated using the symbol which is derived from a stylised lowercase 'b'. For instance, the music below has a key signature with three flats (indicating either E major or C minor) and the note, D, has a flat accidental.


title: Flat (music)

text: Under twelve-tone equal temperament, D for instance is enharmonically equivalent to C, and G is equivalent to F. In any other tuning system, such enharmonic equivalences in general do not exist. To allow extended just intonation, composer Ben Johnston uses a sharp as an accidental to indicate a note is raised 70.6 cents (ratio 25:24), and a flat to indicate a note is lowered 70.6 cents.


title: Flat (music)

text: In intonation, flat can also mean "slightly lower in pitch" (by some unspecified amount). If two simultaneous notes are slightly out-of-tune, the lower-pitched one (assuming the higher one is properly pitched) is "flat" with respect to the other. Furthermore, the verb "flatten" means to lower the pitch of a note, typically by a small musical interval.


title: Flat (music)

text: The order of flats in the key signatures of music notation, following the circle of fifths, is B, E, A, D, G, C and F (mnemonics for which include Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father "and" Before Eating A Doughnut Get Coffee First).


title: Flat (music)

text: Double flats also exist, which look like (similar to two flats, ) and lower a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Historically, in order to raise a double flat to a single flat, it was required to use the notation . In modern scores it is acceptable to simply denote this with a single flat .


title: Flat (music)

text: A quarter-tone flat, half flat, or demiflat indicating the use of quarter tones, may be marked with various symbols including a flat with a slash () or a reversed flat sign (). A three-quarter-tone flat, flat and a half or sesquiflat, is represented by a demiflat and a regular flat ().


title: Flat (music)

text: Although very uncommon, a triple flat () can sometimes be found. It lowers a note three semitones, or a whole tone and a semitone.


title: Flat (music)

text: The Unicode character ♭ (U+266D) can be found in the block Miscellaneous Symbols; its HTML entity is codice_1. Other assigned flat signs are as follows:


title: Madame Claude

text: Fernande Grudet (6 July 1923 – 15 December 2015), also known as Madame Claude, was a French brothel keeper. In the 1960s, she was the head of a French network of call girls who worked especially for dignitaries and civil servants.


title: Madame Claude

text: Born on 6 July 1923 in Angers, France, there are conflicting accounts of Grudet's origins, ranging from an aristocratic father in politics and an education by nuns to a father who ran a small cafe and early work selling food from a pushcart. Another unverified tale about her past includes work as an agent of the French Resistance during the German Occupation of France during World War II and imprisonment in a Nazi concentration camp. After the war, she worked as a prostitute but claimed she "was never pretty enough" and was better suited to management. By 1961, she had set up what became the most exclusive prostitution network in Paris for the next decade.


title: Madame Claude

text: At this time she ran a brothel in the expensive 16th arrondissement of Paris. "There are two things that people will always pay for: food and sex. I wasn't any good at cooking", she is reputed to have said.


title: Madame Claude

text: Her wealthy clientele included political figures and members of the Mafia, and her status as an informant for the police ensured she was protected. Her address book, Grudet claimed, had included the names of the shah of Iran, John F. Kennedy, and Gianni Agnelli, the one-time head of Fiat.


title: Madame Claude

text: In 1976, judge Jean-Louis Bruguière began dismantling Grudet's organization. She was being pursued for unpaid taxes, amounting to 11m francs (around £4.9m), and fled to Los Angeles, but returned to France in 1986, serving a four-month jail sentence. After her release, she attempted to set up a prostitution organization, but in 1992, she was sentenced to a term in Fleury-Mérogis Prison for procuring.


title: Madame Claude

text: Her life was the basis of the feature film "Madame Claude" (1977), directed by Just Jaeckin, and starring Françoise Fabian. Grudet died in Nice on 19 December 2015. In 2021, Netflix released another biographical film based on her life titled "Madame Claude". She is also namechecked in the Roxy Music song "If It Takes All Night", from their 1974 album "Country Life".


title: Annie Lowrey

text: Annie M. Lowrey (; born July 22, 1984) is an American journalist who writes on politics and economic policy for "The Atlantic". Previously, Lowrey covered economic policy for the "New York Times" and prior to that was the Moneybox columnist for "Slate". She was also a staff writer for the "Washington Independent" and served on the editorial staffs of "Foreign Policy" and "The New Yorker". She is a leading proponent of universal basic income.


title: Annie Lowrey

text: Lowrey joined "Slate" in 2010 as part of an effort to revamp their coverage of business and the economy. Lowrey has appeared as a guest on the "PBS Newshour", "The Rachel Maddow Show", "Morning Joe", "Up with Steve Kornacki", and Bloggingheads.tv.


title: Annie Lowrey

text: Lowrey is married to Ezra Klein, the co-founder of "Vox" and currently a columnist and podcast host at the "New York Times". They have two children, the first born in February 2019 and the second in fall 2021. In 2022, Lowrey wrote about how each of her pregnancies involved significant health complications.


title: Annie Lowrey

text: In 2018, Lowrey published her first book, titled "Give People Money: How a Universal Basic Income Would End Poverty, Revolutionize Work, and Remake the World". It was shortlisted for the 2018 "Financial Times" and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: Mato Grosso do Sul () is one of the Midwestern states of Brazil. Neighboring Brazilian states are (from north clockwise) Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. It also borders the countries of Paraguay, to the southwest, and Bolivia, to the west. The economy of the state is largely based on agriculture and cattle-raising. Crossed in the south by the Tropic of Capricorn, Mato Grosso do Sul generally has a warm, sometimes hot, and humid climate, and is crossed by numerous tributaries of the Paraná River. The state has 1.3% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1.5% of the Brazilian GDP.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: The state is also known for its natural environment, and is a destination for domestic and international tourism. The Pantanal lowlands cover 12 municipalities and presents a variety of flora and fauna, with forests, natural sand banks, savannahs, open pasture, fields and bushes. The city Bonito, in the mountain of Bodoquena, has prehistoric caves, natural rivers, waterfalls, swimming pools and the Blue Lake cave.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: The name "Mato Grosso do Sul" is Portuguese for "Southern Thick Bush"; the name is inherited from its northern neighbour state of Mato Grosso, of which it was part until the 1970s. It is not uncommon for people to mistakenly refer to Mato Grosso do Sul as simply "Mato Grosso". Other names that were proposed, at the time of the split and afterwards, include "Pantanal" (a reference to its best known geographical feature) and "Maracaju" (a reference to the Maracaju Mountain Range that crosses the state from north to south).


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: Mato Grosso do Sul has humid subtropical and tropical climates. The average annual rainfall is 1471.1 mm. January is the warmest month, with mean maximum of 34 °C (93.2 °F) and minimum of 24 °C (75.2 °F) and more rain; July experiences the coldest temperatures, with mean maximum of 25 °C (77 °F) and minimum of -2,0 °C (28 °F) and sun.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: The "cerrado" landscape is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests and stream valleys. Cerrado includes various types of vegetation. Humid fields and "buriti" palm paths are found where the water table is near the surface. Alpine pastures occur at higher altitudes and mesophytic forests on more fertile soils. The "cerrado" trees have characteristic twisted trunks covered by a thick bark, and leaves which are usually broad and rigid. Many herbaceous plants have extensive roots to store water and nutrients. The plant's thick bark and roots serve as adaptations for the periodic fires which sweep the cerrado landscape. The adaptations protect the plants from destruction and make them capable of sprouting again after the fire.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: The state is located in western Brazil, in a region mostly occupied by the inland marshes of the Pantanal. The highest elevation is the 1,065 m high Morro Grande.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: In the 1630s, the Jesuits also established short-lived missions among the Guaraní people in the Itatín region of present-day Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. They were destroyed by Bandeirantes and revolts by the indigenous people.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: The first peoples or indigenous peoples of Mato Grosso do Sul, particularly occupying the Nhande Ru Marangatu tropical rainforested area, are the Guarani-Kaiowá, first contacted by non-indigenous peoples in the 1800s.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: On October 11, 1977, the state was created by dividing the state of Mato Grosso. Its status as a state went into full effect two years later on January 1, 1979. The new state also incorporated the former territory of Ponta Porã and the northern part of the former territory of Iguaçu.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: According to the IBGE of 2008, there were 2,372,000 people residing in the state. The population density was 6.4 inhabitants/km.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 1,157,000 White people (51.78%), 1,056,000 Brown (Multiracial) people (44.51%), 122,000 Black people (5.15%), 20,000 Amerindian people (0.84%), 15,000 Asian people (0.64%).


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: In the Cerrado areas, mostly in the south, central and east, there is a predominance of Southern Brazilian farmers of Spanish, German, Portuguese, Italian and Slavic descent.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: According to an autosomal DNA study from 2008, the ancestral composition of Mato Grosso do Sul is 73,60% European, 13,90% African and 12,40% Native American. Additionally, according to a different 2013 DNA study, the ancestral composition of Mato Grosso do Sul is: 58.8% European, 25.9% Amerindian and 15.3% African ancestries, respectively.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 46.1%, followed by the industrial sector at 22.7%. Agriculture represents 31.2%, of GDP (2004). Mato Grosso do Sul exports: soybean 34.9%, pork and chicken 20.9%, beef 13.7%, ores 8%, leather 7.4%, timber 5.1% (2002).


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: According to data from 2020, if Mato Grosso do Sul were a country, it would be the world's fifth largest producer of oilseeds. In 2020, Mato Grosso do Sul was the 5th biggest grain producer in the country, with 7.9%. In soy, produced 10.5 million tons in 2020, one of the largest producing states in Brazil, around 5th place. It's the 4th largest producer of sugarcane, with around 49 million tons harvested in the 2019/20 harvest. In 2019, Mato Grosso do Sul was also one of the largest producer of maize in the country with 10,1 million tons. In cassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Mato Grosso do Sul was the 6th largest producer in the country, with 721 thousand tons.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: The state has the 4th largest cattle herd in Brazil, with a total of 21.4 million head of cattle. The state is a major exporter of beef, but also poultry and pork. In poultry farming, the state had, in 2017, a flock of 22 million birds. In pork, in 2019, Mato Grosso do Sul slaughtered more than 2 million animals. The state occupies the 7th Brazilian position in pig farming, moving towards becoming the 4th largest Brazilian producer in the coming years.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: In 2017, Mato Grosso do Sul had 0.71% of the national mineral participation (6th place in the country). Mato Grosso do Sul had production of iron (3.1 million tons at a value of R$324 million) and manganese (648 thousand tons at a value of R$299 million).


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: Mato Grosso do Sul had an industrial GDP of R $19.1 billion in 2017, equivalent to 1.6% of the national industry. It employs 122,162 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Public Utility Industrial Services, such as Electricity and Water (23.2%), Construction (20.8%), Food (15.8%), Pulp and Paper (15.1%) and Petroleum Derivatives and Biofuels (12.5%). These 5 sectors concentrate 87.4% of the state's industry.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: In the city of Três Lagoas, the production of paper and cellulose is considerable. Mato Grosso do Sul recorded growth above the national average in the production of cellulose, reached the mark of 1 million hectares of planted eucalyptus, expanded its industrial park in the sector and consolidated itself as the largest exporter of the product in the country in the first quarter of 2020. Between 2010 and 2018, production in the south of Mato Grosso increased by 308%, reaching 17 million cubic meters of round wood for paper and cellulose in 2018. In 2019, Mato Grosso do Sul reached the leadership of exports in the product in the country, with 9.7 million tons traded: 22.20% of the total Brazilian pulp exports that year.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: In 2022, Mato Grosso do Sul had, between municipal, Mato Grosso do Sul state and federal highways, 45,176.8 km of municipal highways, 15,084.0 km of Mato Grosso do Sul state highways and 3,197.6 km of federal highways. In 2022 there were about 8,000 km of paved roads (between state and federal highways). In BR-163 there were about 120 km of duplicated highways in 2022, with future planning to have a total of 847 km of duplications, crossing the entire state. Other important highways in the state are BR-262, BR-060 and BR-267. As it is a state that only became more populated in the 1970s, its transport network is in a clear process of evolution, and it continues to be a low-density road network.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: The state also has two railway lines: the Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil, which connects the center-west of the state of São Paulo with the city of Corumbá, in Mato Grosso do Sul, on the of the Paraguay River, with 1,330 kilometers in length; and Ferrovia Norte Brasil, which has connected the city of Santa Fé do Sul with Rondonópolis since 1989, being one of the main corridors for the flow of grain in the region, with 755 kilometers connect the northwest of São Paulo with the south of Mato Grosso.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: River navigation, once again important, is losing its pre-eminence. Two fluvial axes make up the state, both belonging to the Río de la Plata basin. The Paraguay River integrates the state with the neighboring countries Paraguay and Argentina, and with Mato Grosso through the port of Cáceres. The main products transported by the river are: iron and manganese ores, cement, wood, petroleum derivatives and cattle. In 1999, this waterway began transporting sugar, departing from Porto Murtinho. The main ports are Corumbá (Corumbá, Ladário and Porto Esperança) and Porto Murtinho. Finally, the Paraná-Tieté Waterway runs through the Paraná River.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: The most important tourist city in the state is Bonito, considered the capital of ecotourism in Brazil. Its main attractions are the natural landscapes, and the immersions in rivers of transparent waters, waterfalls, caves and sinkholes. Along with Jardim, Guia Lopes da Laguna and Bodoquena, it is the main municipality that integrates the region's tourist complex. The Pantanal is also an area of considerable visitation.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: Ponta Porã, Bela Vista and Porto Murtinho, being located on the border with Paraguay, receive many visitors, and with the construction of Bioceanic Corridor, Porto Murtinho will have a considerable increase in business tourism.


title: Mato Grosso do Sul

text: Mato Grosso do Sul's flag was designed by Mauro Michael Munhoz. A white stripe divides an upper left green corner from a bottom right blue space with a yellow star. White symbolizes hope, green is an allusion to the state's rich flora, blue represents its vast sky, while the yellow star adds balance, force and serenity. The star on the flag is Alphard, the brightest star in the constellation Hydra.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: The View Park neighborhood is the community surrounding Angeles Vista Boulevard and the Windsor Hills neighborhood is on the southern end to the north of Slauson Avenue. Per the 2020 census, the population was 11,419.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: View Park−Windsor Hills is one of the wealthiest primarily African-American neighborhoods in the United States. The two neighborhoods are part of a band of neighborhoods, from Culver City's Fox Hills district on the west to the Los Angeles neighborhood of Leimert Park on the east, that comprise the single largest and one of the wealthiest and geographically contiguous historically black communities in the western United States. This corridor also includes the neighborhood of Baldwin Hills and the unincorporated community of Ladera Heights. It was founded in the late 1930s. While the neighborhood is still predominantly African-American, the area is undergoing a demographic shift as new homeowners (mostly Caucasian, Asian families), who work in nearby Culver City, Downtown Los Angeles, Santa Monica and other job hub areas are moving into the neighborhood.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: View Park was developed between 1923 and 1970 as a high-upper-class neighborhood akin to the style of Cheviot Hills, Bel-Air, Brentwood, Carthay Circle, and Studio City by the Los Angeles Investment Company. Along with neighboring Ladera Heights and Baldwin Hills, it is one of the wealthiest African-American areas in the United States. It contains a collection of houses and mansions in the Spanish Colonial and Mediterranean styles, most of which remain today. View Park architecture features the work of many notable architects, such as the Los Angeles Investment Company, Postle & Postle, R. F. Ruck, Paul Haynes, Leopold Fischer, H. Roy Kelley, Raphael Soriano, Charles W. Wong, Robert Earl, M.C. Drebbin, Vincent Palmer, Theodore Pletsch and Homer C. Valentine. It is also rumored that renowned African American architect, Paul Williams had built several homes in View Park. The only documented Paul Williams home in View Park is located on Mount Vernon Drive.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: On July 12, 2016, View Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an initiative led by View Park Conservancy in which almost 700 View Park residents donated over $100,000 to complete the historic work needed to complete the neighborhood's nomination. View Park is the largest National Register historic district in the country based on African American and county history, and the largest in California in terms of total property owners.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: Windsor Hills was developed in the late 1930s by Marlow-Burns Development Company and targeted the high upper-class neighborhood akin to the style of Bel-Air and Beverly Glen. It was the first subdivision in Southern California for which the newly created Federal Housing Administration provided mortgage insurance. It also contains a collection of houses and mansions in the Spanish Colonial and Mediterranean styles. African-Americans were forbidden to live in either area until the Supreme Court's invalidation of racial restrictive covenants in 1948.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land. The region has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined View Park−Windsor Hills as a census-designated place (CDP). The census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area. As of end of 2020, View Park-Windsor hills ranks # 1 among top 10 richest black communities in US, with an average family income of $159,168.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: At the 2010 census View Park−Windsor Hills had a population of 11,075. The population density was . The racial makeup of View Park−Windsor Hills was 669 (6.0%) White (4.2% Non-Hispanic White), 9,392 (84.8%) African-American, 45 (0.4%) Native American, 147 (1.3%) Asian, 4 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 244 (2.2%) from other races, and 574 (5.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 720 people (6.5%).


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: The census reported that 10,999 people (99.3% of the population) lived in households, 14 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 62 (0.6%) were institutionalized.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: There were 4,535 households, 1,246 (27.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,704 (37.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 985 (21.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 276 (6.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 166 (3.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 38 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,354 households (29.9%) were one person and 575 (12.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.43. There were 2,965 families (65.4% of households); the average family size was 2.97.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: The age distribution was 2,090 people (18.9%) under the age of 18, 755 people (6.8%) aged 18 to 24, 2,286 people (20.6%) aged 25 to 44, 3,586 people (32.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,358 people (21.3%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 47.1 years. For every 100 females there were 80.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.0 males.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: There were 4,777 housing units at an average density of 2,593.4 per square mile, of the occupied units 3,275 (72.2%) were owner-occupied and 1,260 (27.8%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.2%. 8,297 people (74.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,702 people (24.4%) lived in rental housing units.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: At the 2000 census there were 10,958 people, 4,539 households, and 3,041 families in the CDP. The population density was 5,895.8 inhabitants per square mile (2,274.7/km). There were 4,738 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.0% African American, 5.4% White, 0.2% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7%. The area had the highest percentage of African-American residents of any CDP in the Western United States.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: Of the 4,539 households 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.3% were married couples living together, 19.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 28.9% of households were one person and 10.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.94.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: The age distribution was 20.3% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% 65 or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.3 males.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: The median household income was $90,876 and the median family income was $100,124. Males had a median income of $56,461 versus $43,663 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $34,382. About 3.1% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: View Park-Windsor Hills has a main park called Rueben Ingold Park, The park opened on August 17, 1971, and is adjacent to Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area with the newly Stocker Trail Corridor pathway to connect the two. Residents also use the Valley Ridge Avenue hill for exercising.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services SPA 6 South Area Health Office Ruth-Temple Health Center in Los Angeles, serves View Park-Windsor Hills.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: In the state legislature View Park−Windsor Hills is located in the 26th Senate District, represented by Democrat Holly Mitchell, and in the 54th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Sydney Kamlager-Dove. Federally, View Park−Windsor Hills is located in California's 37th congressional district, which is represented by Democrat Karen Bass.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: The CDP community is within the Los Angeles Unified School District. A portion is also within the Inglewood Unified School District.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: Some areas are jointly zoned to Audubon Middle School and Daniel Webster Middle School . Some areas are jointly zoned to Audubon Middle School, Orville Wright Middle School, and Palms Middle School. Some areas are jointly zoned to Crenshaw High School and Westchester High School. View Park Preparatory High School also serves as the center school for the View Park neighborhood. The school is an urban preparatory school partnered with LAUSD.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: Criminal Law Enforcement Services including patrol are provided by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department out of the Marina Del Ray station with a substation in the Ladera shopping center. Deputy Sheriffs also perform traffic enforcement and are often first on scene to vehicle accidents and Fire/EMS calls.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: As an unincorporated area, Traffic Law Enforcement Services are provided by the California Highway Patrol (CHP) out of the West LA Area Office in Culver City.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: The Los Angeles Unified School District Police has jurisdiction on the areas LAUSD elementary school campuses.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: Fire and EMS services are provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department Station 58 (Engine and Medic unit) and Station 38 (Engine).


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: The Los Angeles City Fire Department and Culver City Fire Department border this area. The Los Angeles, Inglewood, Inglewood School District, and Culver City Police Departments border this area.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: Library services are provided by the County of Los Angeles Public Library View Park Library. The library will be renamed after late community resident Bebe Moore Campbell.


title: View Park–Windsor Hills, California

text: View Park-Windsor Hills has been home to numerous actors, athletes, Filmmakers and musicians, including:


title: Mohammed bin Thani

text: Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani (; c. 1788 – 18 December 1878), also known as Mohammed bin Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir (), was the first Hakim (ruler) of the whole Qatari Peninsula, following his predecessor, his father, tribal leader Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir. He is known for being the father of Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, the founder of Qatar and who fended off the Ottoman army in the late 19th century.


title: Mohammed bin Thani

text: Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani was born in Fuwayrit, Qatar, by his father and predecessor to the throne, Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir (born in Zubarah), with Sheikh Mohammed being the second eldest son of his father, along with his four siblings:


title: Mohammed bin Thani

text: After living a lengthy life in Fuwayrit, the Al Thani family finally moved in 1847 from Fuwayrit to Doha, the capital city and state of Qatar, under the leadership of Sheikh Mohammed, who was 59 at the time.


title: Mohammed bin Thani

text: His father later died in 1860, when he succeeded to the throne. By the early 1860s, Sheikh Mohammed emerged as the most important figure in Qatar and an important government official in the Persian Gulf. He abdicated, due to old age, as emir of Qatar in 1876, turning the throne over to his eldest son Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani.


title: Mohammed bin Thani

text: Sheikh Mohammed died two years after abdicating from his throne in 1876. He died a natural death on 18 December 1878. As remembrance, it is a national day in Qatar.


title: Little Woods

text: Little Woods is a 2018 crime thriller film, written and directed by Nia DaCosta in her feature directorial debut. The film stars Tessa Thompson, Lily James, Luke Kirby, James Badge Dale and Lance Reddick.


title: Little Woods

text: "Little Woods" had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on 21 April 2018, and was released on 19 April 2019 in the United States by Neon and on 16 May 2019 in Australia by Limelight Distribution.


title: Little Woods

text: Ollie Hale is on probation after being caught illegally crossing the border between North Dakota and Canada. She is determined to reinvent her life and with eight days left on probation she has applied to find work in Spokane. Numerous opportunities to go back to her old way of life, including selling prescription medicine illegally and doing more work at the border, keep presenting themselves though Ollie scrapes by doing odd jobs for the construction workers who work nearby.


title: Little Woods

text: Ollie's sister Deb, who has become semi-estranged since their mother's illness and death, discovers she is pregnant and turns to Ollie for help. Deb is already a single mother to her son Johnny and is living in an illegally parked trailer. Ollie offers to sign over the title of their mother's house to Deb, however the house is due to be foreclosed on. Ollie manages to negotiate down the down payment to prevent the foreclosure but the amount of money needed seems insurmountable to the sisters. Ollie is nevertheless determined to ensure that Deb is alright before she leaves.


title: Little Woods

text: Reluctantly Ollie returns to the woods to retrieve a bag of 500 pills she hid there before crossing, intending to sell them in a week to prevent foreclosure on the house.


title: Little Woods

text: At her job interview for the Spokane job, Ollie is attacked by Bill, a local drug dealer angry she is infringing on his territory. He offers her a choice between giving him a 30 percent cut of her sales or crossing the border for him again. She decides to cut him in, rather than take on the riskier work of crossing the border.


title: Little Woods

text: After learning that going through with her pregnancy will cost her upwards of $8000, Deb decides to have an abortion. Realising that the only legal clinic is hundreds of miles away, she obtains the name of a local illegal abortion provider. The night Deb is scheduled to go for her abortion, the trailer she lives in is towed away along with the rest of the pills and all of the money for the foreclosure which Ollie had been keeping there to hide from her probation officer. On discovering that the trailer wasn't even registered in Deb's name, Ollie breaks into the pound where she finds the trailer has already been raided and all the money and drugs are gone.


title: Little Woods

text: After learning that Deb wants to have an abortion, Ollie decides to agree to Bill's drug run to Canada in exchange for enough money to secure the house, and determines to take Deb across with her so she'll be able to have a safe and clean abortion.


title: Little Woods

text: Though Deb has difficulty obtaining a fake Manitoba ID card she is able to steal one. The crossing is successful and Ollie picks up the drugs while Deb is able to have an abortion. While waiting for Deb to come out of the clinic Ollie learns that the Spokane job is hers. The sisters spend the night in Canada and Ollie tells Deb she is leaving and that Deb will be fine without her. The next morning they cross back into the U.S.