title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: He was a strong proponent of the rights of freedom of expression and freedom of the press. In an attempt to stifle dissenting opinion, the central government imposed import controls on newsprint in 1972. In the case before the Supreme Court [Bennett Coleman & Co. vs Union of India, (1972) 2 SCC 788], Palkhivala argued that newsprint was more than just a general commodity: "Newsprint does not stand on the same footing as steel. Steel will yield products of steel. Newsprint will manifest whatever is thought of by man."


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: In the 1970s, state legislation (education is a subject covered by the Concurrent list in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution – i.e., both central and state governments can legislate on it) was increasingly encroaching on the rights of minority educational institutions which are protected by articles in the Indian constitution. In a landmark case [Ahmedabad St. Xavier's College Society vs. State of Gujarat, (1974) 1 SCC 717], Palkhivala argued that the extant right of a state government to administer an academic institution did not extend to a right to maladminister. The majority of the nine-judge bench upheld his contention, significantly strengthening the rights of the minorities.


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: Major Gen Nilendra Kumar in his book Nani Palkhivala: A Role Model (published by Universal/Lexis Nexis) has listed 140 prominent cases in which Nani appeared, giving the name of parties, citation, opposite counsels, the name of the judge who delivered the verdict and brief of the law points involved. Notable cases in the list are PJ Irani, Ujjam Bai, Gujarat University, Article 143 matter on immunity of state legislatures, Keshavnanda Bharti case, Birla Cotton, Bank Nationalization, Privy Purses, Harbhajan Singh Dhillon, Bennet Coleman, St Xaviers College, Indira Nehru Gandhi, Minerva Mills, Mandal case and TN Seshan matter of Chief Election Commissioner.


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: Although Nani Palkhivala was one of the leading interpreters of constitutional law and a most ardent defender of the civil liberties guaranteed by the constitution, his legacy also includes


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: the aforementioned authoritative book, "The Law and Practice of Income Tax", which he co-authored with his mentor "Sir Jamshedji Behramji Kanga".


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: Although anyone who deals with the convoluted mess that is the Indian tax code will invariably regard the work as a primary reference, the tome has also secured international recognition and served as a tax law draft guide at the International Monetary Fund. The first edition was published in 1950 when Palkhivala was only 30 years old, and is still in print today (10th edition in 2014). Sir Jamshedji, who is listed first as author, gracefully acknowledged that the credit belongs to Palkhivala.


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: Former Attorney-General Soli J. Sorabjee, Nani's friend and colleague for many years, recalls: "His talent in expounding the subject was matched by his genius in explaining the intricacies of the Budget to thousands of his listeners. His famous Annual Budget speeches had humble beginnings in 1958 in a small hall of an old hotel called Green Hotel in Bombay. He spoke without notes and reeled off facts and figures from memory for over an hour keeping his audience in rapt attention."


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: Describing the Annual Budget meetings, Sorabjee goes on to say: "The audience in these meetings was drawn from industrialists, lawyers, businessmen and the common individual. Nani's speeches were fascinating for their brevity and clarity. His Budget speeches became so popular throughout India and the audience for them grew so large that bigger halls and later the Brabourne Stadium in Bombay had to be booked to keep pace with the demand of an audience of over 20,000. It was aptly said that in those days that there were two Budget speeches, one by the Finance Minister and the other by Nani Palkhivala, and Palkhivala's speech was undoubtedly the more popular and sought after."


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: Palkhivala received a great deal of recognition from academics, academic institutions and the government.


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: In 1968, he was offered the position of Attorney-General by Govinda Menon, then the Law Minister in the Congress Government. Palkhivala recounts in his book "We the Nation": "After a great deal of hesitation I agreed. When I was in Delhi I conveyed my acceptance to him, and he told me that the announcement would be made the next day. I was happy that the agonising hours of indecision were over. Sound sleep is one of the blessings I have always enjoyed. That night I went to bed and looked forward to my usual quota of deep slumber. But suddenly and inexplicably, I became wide awake at three o'clock in the morning with the clear conviction, floating like a hook through my consciousness, that my decision was erroneous and that I should reverse it before it was too late. Early in the morning I profusely apologised to the Law Minister for changing my mind. In the years immediately following, it was my privilege to argue on behalf of the citizen, under the same Congress Government and against the government, the major cases which have shaped and moulded [...] constitutional law[...]"


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: Nani Palkhivala was appointed Indian Ambassador to the United States in 1977 by the Janata government (the first non-Congress Government in India) headed by Morarji Desai and served in the capacity till 1979. He received honorary doctorates from Princeton University, Rutgers University, Lawrence University, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Annamalai University, Ambedkar Law University and the University of Mumbai. The "laudation" from Princeton called him "... Defender of constitutional liberties, champion of human rights ...", and stated, "he has courageously advanced his conviction that expediency in the name of progress, at the cost of freedom, is no progress at all, but retrogression. Lawyer, teacher, author, and economic developer, he brings to us as Ambassador of India intelligence, good humour, experience, and vision for international understanding..."


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: In the last years of his life, Nani Palkhivala was severely affected by what may have been Alzheimer's disease. According to former Attorney-General Soli J. Sorabjee, who had known him for many years, "it was painful to see that a person so eloquent and articulate unable to speak or recognize persons except occasionally in a momentary flash."


title: Nanabhoy Palkhivala

text: Nani was taken critically ill on 7 December 2002, and taken to Jaslok Hospital in Mumbai. He died on 11 December 2002. He was 82.


title: Deborah Kaplan

text: Deborah Kaplan was born and raised in Abington, Pennsylvania. Born to Susan Kaplan. She went to Abington Senior High School, which is the school her movie "Can’t Hardly Wait" is based on.


title: Deborah Kaplan

text: Kaplan attended the Tisch School of the Arts of New York University (NYU). While there she met her creative partner Harry Elfont. They have since written several films together, and directed both "Can't Hardly Wait" starring Jennifer Love Hewitt, Ethan Embry and Seth Green and "Josie and the Pussycats", which featured Rachael Leigh Cook, Tara Reid, Rosario Dawson and Alan Cumming.


title: Deborah Kaplan

text: Kaplan married actor Breckin Meyer on October 14, 2001. They have two daughters together. The couple's separation and subsequent divorce was announced in 2012.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: True and the Rainbow Kingdom is an animated children's web series produced by Home Plate Entertainment and Guru Studio in collaboration with American artist duo FriendsWithYou and Pharrell Williams' I Am Other. Based on the artwork by FriendsWithYou, it aired on CBC Television in Canada, WIPR-TV in Puerto Rico and Netflix in the United States and internationally.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: The 10-episode first season of the series was release on Netflix on August 11, 2017, which led to two five-episode spin-off series, Season 2 True: Magical Friends and True: Wonderful Wishes, both of which debuted on June 15, 2018. The series was renewed for a 4-episode second season of the series, titled Mushroom Town, which was released on Netflix on May 3, 2019. True Tunes was released on July 12 on Netflix, with 8 new tracks. The series finale was released on August 30, 2019.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: "True and the Rainbow Kingdom" follows True and her best friend Bartleby the Cat, as they help the whimsical citizens of the Rainbow Kingdom, a wondrous, colorful universe filled with delightful and fantastical citizens. True is the only one with the ability to activate the magical powers of The Wishes of the Wishing Tree, solve problems in the Rainbow Kingdom, and empower viewers with her imagination, mindfulness, and empathy.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: The series was originally announced in March 2013. Titled "Wish Come True" at that time after the eponymous designer toys by FriendsWithYou, it was planned to have 10 half-hour episodes in a season, as produced by Home Plate Entertainment.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: In June 2015, TVO has announced 5 new titles for their line-up of preschool series. Among them was "True and the Rainbow Kingdom", and this time, it was announced to have ten 22-24-minute episodes in a season, and slated to be released in 2017. In the announcement, Pharrell Williams' I Am Other was also included in the list of companies.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: The first season of the series, entitled "The Rainbow Kingdom", was released on Netflix on August 11, 2017.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: The second season of "True and the Rainbow Kingdom", entitled "True: Magical Friends" and "True: Wonderful Wishes", was released as a standalone series on Netflix on June 18.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: The third season of "True and the Rainbow Kingdom", entitled "Mushroom Town" and "Wild Wild Yetis", was released on Netflix on May 3 and August 30, 2019.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: On July 12, 2019, A collection of 8 original "True and the Rainbow Kingdom"-themed music videos were released on Netflix under the title "True Tunes", featuring re-imagined versions of classic kids' songs based around the world and characters of the show.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: A number of additional specials were released: the Valentines Day special "TRUE: Happy Hearts Day", the Easter special "TRUE: Wuzzle Wegg Day", the Halloween Special "TRUE: Tricky Treat Day", the Christmas special "TRUE: Winter Wishes", the Thanksgiving special "TRUE: Grabbleapple Harvest", the special "TRUE: Rainbow Rescue", and the special "TRUE: Friendship Day".


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: A sneak peek screening of the series was held on July 10, 2017 at a Pacific Theatres venue at The Grove at Farmers Market in Los Angeles. Among the attendees and guests were Frank Falcone, Bill Schultz, Pharrell Williams, the FriendsWithYou duo, Kelly Rowland, Christina Milian, and Tyga. The series was premiered on Netflix on July 11, 2017.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: The second season began in production in 2017, slated to premiere in 2018. Later, Netflix announced that the second season would be released two standalone titles, "True: Magical Friends" and "True: Wonderful Wishes", on June 15, 2018.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: On September 28, 2017, another season of the series, which was scheduled to debut in 2019, was announced. The season, entitle "Mushroom Town", was released on Netflix on May 3, 2019.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: On May 18, 2018, Netflix launched "Dance and Sing with True", a collection of music videos for remixes of songs from the show. On October 2, 2018, Netflix announced they will release specials and shorts. Shortly after, they confirmed another season.


title: True and the Rainbow Kingdom

text: As announced in February 2017, Home Plate Entertainment has appointed Brand Central in Los Angeles as the licensing agent of "True and the Rainbow Kingdom". In August 2017, it was announced that Toy State has become the master toy licensee of the property, with first products to be released in fall 2018. In May 2018 announcement, more licensees, as brokered by Brand Central, were added. One of the newly named license holders was Chouette, which was given master publishing rights. The announcement stated that the products would be launched in fall 2018 in the United States, and in 2019 the rest of the world.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) is a department of His Majesty's Government responsible for welfare, pensions and child maintenance policy. As the UK's biggest public service department it administers the State Pension and a range of working age, disability and ill health benefits to around 20 million claimants and customers. It is the second largest governmental department in terms of employees, and the largest in terms of expenditure (£187bn).


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The department has four operational organisations: Jobcentre Plus administers working age benefits such as Jobseeker's Allowance, and decides which claimants receive Employment and Support Allowance; the Pension Service which pays the Basic State Pension and Pension Credit and provides information on related issues; Disability and Carers Service which provides financial support to disabled people and their carers; and the Child Maintenance Group which provides the statutory Child Support Schemes, operating as the Child Support Agency and the Child Maintenance Service. Three non-departmental bodies are accountable to DWP; the Health and Safety Executive, The Pensions Regulator and the Money and Pensions service.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The department was created on 8 June 2001 as a merger of the Department of Social Security, Employment Service and the policy groups of the Department for Education and Employment involved in employment policy and international issues.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The department was initially tasked with creating Jobcentre Plus and the Pensions Service from the remains of the Employment Service and the Benefits Agency. The department is therefore responsible for welfare and pension policy. It aims "to help its customers become financially independent and to help reduce child poverty".


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: In 2019, the department was found by an independent inquiry to have broken its own rules, in a case where a disabled woman killed herself in 2017 after her benefits were stopped when she missed a Work Capability Assessment because she had pneumonia. Previous research published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health by Oxford University and Liverpool University had found that there were an additional 590 suicides between 2010 and 2013 in areas where such assessments were carried out. The researchers said that the DWP had introduced the policy of moving people off benefits without understanding the consequences.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: Until 2021, the DWP was still using ICL VME based computer systems, originating from its 1988 Pension Service Computer System, to support state pension payments. The software was migrated to an in-house VME replacement system, in one of the largest computer replacement projects in Europe.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: With the creation of the department in June 2001, the Pension Service was created, bringing together many different departments and divisions. The Pension Service is a 'dedicated service for current and future pensioners'.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The Pension Service consists of local Pension Centres and centrally-based centres, many of latter are based at the Tyneview Park complex in Newcastle upon Tyne. At Tyneview Park the following centres are found:


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: Local Pension Centres deal with localised claims for state pension and retirement related benefits. Pension Centres are found all over the country. Benefits dealt with at local Pension Centres include:


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The Disability and Carers Service offers financial support for those who are disabled and their carers, whether in or out of employment. The DCS have offices throughout the country and deal with the following benefits:


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The department has been found to frequently invite disabled people to interviews in buildings which are themselves not accessible to people with disabilities. When the person does not attend the interview they deny the person disability benefits, causing malnutrition and destitution. The DWP systematically underpaid disabled claimants who were transferred from Incapacity Benefit to Employment and Support allowance risking hardship for claimants. A cross party committee of MP's, the Public Accounts Committee accused the DWP of a culture of indifference to claimants.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: Since at least 2020 DWP has had a policy of cold-calling vulnerable and disabled people to attempt to pressure them into accept lower benefit claims than they were legally entitled. In July 2021 the DWP agreed to stop after it was threatened with legal action.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: DWP administers the Disability Confident scheme, which supports employers to employ people with disabilities and to maintain the employment of staff who become disabled. The scheme operates as three levels:


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The scheme is intended to encourage employers to “think differently about disability and take action to improve how they recruit, retain and develop disabled people”, but the DWP lost more disability discrimination cases at employment tribunal than any other employer in Britain between 2016 and 2019.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The DWP introduced the "Tell Us Once" system in 2011 to enable people to use a single interface to inform the government about a change in their personal circumstances. Using ‘Tell Us Once’, departments and agencies like the pensions service, HM Revenue & Customs, the Passport Office and local authorities are informed about a person's change in circumstances in parallel, removing the need for "repeated, unnecessary form-filling". Local authority departments making use of the service include libraries, housing departments, "Blue Badge" services and adult social care.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: In most cases, a Registrar of Births, Marriages and Deaths will notify a person who registers a death about using the service.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: DWP transferred to a cloud-based service in 2016 using the government's G-Cloud purchasing process for IT services. The Crown Commercial Service states that "cutting administration costs and reducing the overpayments of benefits – usually because of out-of-date records of people’s personal circumstances – protected the cross-government savings generated by Tell Us Once, estimated at more than £20 million per year. By switching from a physical infrastructure to a cloud solution, DWP has also benefited from cost savings of around 50% on the IT running costs of Tell Us Once".


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: Before 2008, The Pension Service and the Disability and Carers Service were two separate executive agencies; however it was decided in April 2008 to merge them into one entity named The Pension, Disability and Carers Service.<ref name="Pension, Disability and Carers Service Business Plan 2008/9"></ref>


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: Both former agencies kept their corporate branding and provided services under their separate identities. The decision was made due to the two agencies sharing about half of the same customers; as a single agency, the rationalisation of services would provide a better service for customers.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The status of PDCS as an executive agency (and its existence as a merged entity) was removed on 1 October 2011 with the functions being brought back inside the department; and both The Pension Service and the Disability and Carers Service becoming distinct entities once again. Prior to July 2012 the Child Support Agency was the operating arm of the Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission (CMEC).


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: All are now operated wholly from within the department, with the names continuing as brand identifiers.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The department has corporate buildings in London, Leeds, Blackpool, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Newcastle upon Tyne, Warrington, Manchester and Sheffield. Jobcentre Plus, The Pension Service and the Disability and Carers Service operate through a network of around 1,000 Jobcentres, contact centres and benefit processing centres across the UK.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The total annual budget of the department in 2011–12 was £151.6 billion, representing approximately 28% of total UK Government spending. The department spends a far greater share of national wealth than any other department in Britain, by a wide margin. The department spends an average of £348.9 million with suppliers a month.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: A report of February 2012 found that billions of pounds payable had not been claimed. In 2009–2010 the Dept stated £1.95 billion job-seekers allowance, £2 billion income support and employment and support allowance, £2.4 billion in council tax, £2.8bn in pension credit and £3.1 billion for housing benefit; in total £12.25 billion had not been claimed.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: The department is a major commissioner of external social science research, with the objective of providing the evidence base needed to inform departmental strategy, policy-making and delivery. The department has developed and uses various microsimulation and other models, including the Policy Simulation Model (for appraisal of policy options), Pensim2 (to create projections of pension entitlements up to 2100) and Inform (to produce the department's benefit caseload forecasts). Datasets held include the LLMDB and the Family Resources Survey.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: During 2012 the department announced records of the number of people born outside of the United Kingdom ("non-UK nationals") claiming work-related benefits from 2011, using data already collated within the department together with those of HM Revenue and Customs and the UK Border Agency (whose duties are now fulfilled by UK Visas and Immigration).


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: Employment, health and safety, and social security policy are reserved matters of the United Kingdom government. The Scotland Act 2016 devolved specific areas of social security to the Scottish Government to administer and reform. The Scottish Parliament passed the Social Security (Scotland) Act 2018 to establish a statutory basis of Social Security in Scotland. This created a principled based legislative agenda for Social Security providing for social security to be a human right in Scotland. Most aspects of social security in Scotland remain reserved to the United Kingdom and those will remain administered by the DWP.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: Policy in these areas is technically devolved but, in practice, follows policy set by Parliament to provide consistency across the United Kingdom. Employment and health and safety policy are fully devolved.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: In August 2015, the department admitted using fictional stories from made-up claimants on leaflets advertising the positive impact of benefit sanctions, following a Freedom of Information request from Welfare Weekly, claiming that they were for "illustrative purposes only" and that it was "quite wrong" to pass these off as genuine quotes.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: Later that month figures were released which showed that between December 2011 and February 2014, 2,650 people died shortly after their Work Capability Assessment told them that they should be finding work. The DWP had fought hard for the figures not to be released, with chief minister Iain Duncan Smith at one point telling Parliament that they did not exist.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: In 2019, computer systems are being introduced. The DWP is refusing to reveal details. Claimants and their supporters fear it will add to poverty and hardship. Frank Field MP stated that claimants, “will be left at the mercy of online systems that, even now, leave all too many people teetering on the brink of destitution. We’ve already seen, in the gig economy, how workers are managed and sacked, not by people, but by algorithms. Now the welfare state looks set to follow suit, with the ‘social’ human element being stripped away from ‘social security’.


title: Department for Work and Pensions

text: In 2022 the department refused to release data to researchers at Glasgow University investigating if benefit sanctions were linked to suicides. This was despite earlier promises by ministers they were supporting the researchers.


title: The Shop

text: The Shop: Uninterrupted, or simply The Shop, is an American television talk show created by Paul Rivera. It stars professional basketball star LeBron James and businessman Maverick Carter, who alongside guests have conversations and debates in a barbershop. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on August 28, 2018. On February 28, 2022, the series was renewed for a fifth season and will be moving to YouTube.


title: The Shop

text: In December 2014, James' longtime friend and business partner Maverick Carter launched Uninterrupted (stylized in all caps), a platform designed for athletes to give testimonials about their experiences. Uninterrupted was created and produced by James' SpringHill Entertainment production company, run by Carter, and hosted on Turner Sports' Bleacher Report website. Athletes that made early contributions to Uninterrupted included Rob Gronkowski, Draymond Green, and Ronda Rousey. In December 2015, Warner Bros. and Turner Sports invested $15.8 million in the platform. By March 2017, Uninterrupted was described by "Forbes" as a digital media company.


title: The Shop

text: James spoke on how "The Shop" became an idea saying, "when I was a kid, being in barbershops meant listening to adults talk about sports, clothing, politics, music, everything happened in the shop. It was so real and so candid — no one had a sense of, well I can't be myself here." Randy Mims and Paul Rivera, both business partners of James' and Carter's, first proposed "The Shop".


title: The Shop

text: In February 2016, during the NBA's All-Star Weekend, the first iteration of "The Shop" was filmed in a Toronto-based barbershop for the Uninterrupted website. The following year, another episode of "The Shop" was filmed in a New Orleans-based barbershop. James and Carter were joined by Golden State Warriors power forward Draymond Green, Atlanta rapper 2 Chainz, "Grey's Anatomy" star Jesse Williams, former New York Knicks All-Star Charles Oakley, and businessman Steve Stoute. Stoute moderated the group's discussion, which notably generated James detailing how his mother did not want him to return to the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2014. The filming premiered on the Uninterrupted platform on June 9, 2017, coinciding with Game 4 of the NBA Finals between James' Cavaliers and Green's Warriors. The New Orleans episode was optioned by ESPN as a one-off.


title: The Shop

text: Following the New Orleans episode, talks with HBO began in earnest. HBO then ordered a handful of episodes of "The Shop", with the episode order being left vague due to James' primary focus on his basketball career. The deal with HBO did not include airing the Toronto or New Orleans episodes; the first episode for HBO was filmed in West Hollywood's Barber Surgeons Guild, in July 2018. The episode guest starred New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr., rapper Snoop Dogg, Los Angeles Sparks forward Candace Parker, comedian Jon Stewart, New Orleans Saints running back Alvin Kamara, and Green, alongside James and Carter. The episode premiered on HBO on August 28. Further episodes aired later throughout the year. The second episode was filmed in a Washington, D.C. hair salon, which houses a separate cuttery. This episode is notable for the guest appearance from rapper Drake, who spoke on the personal troubles between him and fellow musician Kanye West. Drake was honest and offered insight to the fight that normally would not have been made known. The third and fourth episodes were also filmed in Los Angeles, with the latter notable for wide receiver Antonio Brown publicly musing on his dissatisfaction with his role on the Pittsburgh Steelers, as well as with his heated relationship with quarterback Ben Roethlisberger.


title: The Shop

text: The second season of "The Shop" premiered on March 1, 2019, with the premiere episode being filmed in Charlotte, North Carolina, during the NBA's 2019 All-Star Weekend.


title: The Shop

text: Following the series' HBO premiere, Haley O'Shaughnessy of "The Ringer" wrote: "The setting creates a very personal facade, an opportunity to speak on fame and kids and race openly. The viewer is in on the conversation, but isn't "in" the conversation. Opinions on hot-topic issues that LeBron's addressed before aren’t delivered like a sermon, which are more likely to fall flat. He’s chatting with people he respects. And you feel like part of that group." O'Shaughnessy added that, ""The Shop" is another platform, but it isn't a pedestal. It's not a postgame press conference, where power dynamics are heavily skewed. It's an HBO show that attempts to keep a level playing field for everyone involved." Following the second episode, "The Ringer"s Micah Peters opined, "["The Shop" is] really good TV––they sip wine, they offer a side of themselves rarely seen in public, and "LeBron James says swear words". Even the color palette is spare and direct. This, like most barbershops, is a space reserved strictly for "real talk"." Rashad Grove of "The Source" wrote on the series' authenticity of the Black barbershop experience, "LeBron on "The Shop" is showing the world what really goes down at the Black barbershop. The conversations are raw and authentic over many glasses of wine."


title: The Shop

text: Meredith Blake of the "Los Angeles Times" published a lukewarm review of the first episode, writing, "Though the effort to capture the vibrance and tell-it-like-it-is spirit of the African American barbershop met with slightly mixed results in the first episode, "The Shop" is more than worth a return visit," and adding "stylish black-and-white photographs of guests arriving at the shop serve as act breaks and enhance the show’s documentary feel. But the choppy editing sometimes removes context from the conversation, offering little sense of how one subject flows to the next."


title: The Shop

text: Billy Haisley of "Deadspin" wrote a more critical review of "The Shop"s first episode, questioning its candidness. Haisley referred to other outlets' comments on the episode, writing," Amazing: "Slate", the "Washington Post", and HBO all agree that an edited, literally filtered TV program created, produced, and starring a world-famous athlete with a notoriously and meticulously maintained image is best described as 'unfiltered.' "The Ringer" and the "Sporting News" at least consulted a thesaurus before copying "The Shop"s press release language, writing, respectfully, that the episode was 'honest' and 'candid.'" Haisley added, "The point here isn't that the things LeBron and Co. say in "The Shop" are insincere or fake or anything of the sort [...] Rather, the point is that the things said in The Shop are calculated, risk-free, decidedly filtered, stated for the predominant purpose of bolstering LeBron's brand. It's to position LeBron as a bold truth-teller without him having to actually tell any bold truths. And it should be treated as such." Carrie Battan of "The New Yorker" wrote positively of the show's candidness, however, commenting: "Theoretically, "The Shop" should have been yet another affirmation of our worst suspicions—that we would only ever get to see our superheroes in sanitized, strictly controlled ways. But James has offered a potent rebuttal to the argument that celebrities can't make interesting, revelatory content about themselves and their colleagues."


title: The Shop

text: Battan wrote a positive review of "The Shop", following its first season, as she opined positively on the series' setting "designed to generate the sense of candor, camaraderie, and intimacy that happens inside African-American barbershops." Battan conceded "[she does] not operate under the delusion that this show is a purely unfiltered, candid, and unprecedentedly revealing look at the assembled stars. There are plenty of platitudes and generalities being proffered here," but opined that "The Shop" "does exactly what the best celebrity profiles have always aspired to do: delight, surprise, inform."


title: The Shop

text: Due to the series airing during James' basketball career, sports media outlets naturally covered "The Shop", focusing on segments that dealt with James' presence in basketball. The ongoings of James' first season as a member of the Los Angeles Lakers lent themselves to discussion topics on the series, which led to further coverage by sports media. For example, Anthony Davis was the subject of rumors regarding an attempt to trade him to the Lakers at the time of his appearance on "The Shop". The series also chronicled James' and fellow Lakers teammate Lonzo Ball's reactions to Magic Johnson stepping down from his Lakers front office role during the 2019 offseason; this was also noted by sports media outlets.


Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), also referred to as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), is an analytical technique used for the detection of chemical elements. It is a type of emission spectroscopy that uses the inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths characteristic of a particular element. The plasma is a high temperature source of ionised source gas (often argon). The plasma is sustained and maintained by inductive coupling from cooled electrical coils at megahertz frequencies. The source temperature is in the range from 6000 to 10,000 K. The intensity of the emissions from various wavelengths of light are proportional to the concentrations of the elements within the sample.


title: Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

text: The ICP-AES is composed of two parts: the ICP and the optical spectrometer. The ICP torch consists of 3 concentric quartz glass tubes. The output or "work" coil of the radio frequency (RF) generator surrounds part of this quartz torch. Argon gas is typically used to create the plasma.


text: The ICPs have two operation modes, called capacitive (E) mode with low plasma density and inductive (H) mode with high plasma density, and E to H heating mode transition occurs with external inputs. The torch is operated in the H mode.


text: When the torch is turned on, an intense electromagnetic field is created within the coil by the high power radio frequency signal flowing in the coil. This RF signal is created by the RF generator which is, effectively, a high power radio transmitter driving the "work coil" the same way a typical radio transmitter drives a transmitting antenna. Typical instruments run at either 27 or 40 MHz. The argon gas flowing through the torch is ignited with a Tesla unit that creates a brief discharge arc through the argon flow to initiate the ionization process. Once the plasma is "ignited", the Tesla unit is turned off.


text: The argon gas is ionized in the intense electromagnetic field and flows in a particular rotationally symmetrical pattern towards the magnetic field of the RF coil. A stable, high temperature plasma of about 7000 K is then generated as the result of the inelastic collisions created between the neutral argon atoms and the charged particles.


text: A peristaltic pump delivers an aqueous or organic sample into an analytical nebulizer where it is changed into mist and introduced directly inside the plasma flame. The sample immediately collides with the electrons and charged ions in the plasma and is itself broken down into charged ions. The various molecules break up into their respective atoms which then lose electrons and recombine repeatedly in the plasma, giving off radiation at the characteristic wavelengths of the elements involved.


text: In some designs, a shear gas, typically nitrogen or dry compressed air is used to 'cut' the plasma at a specific spot. One or two transfer lenses are then used to focus the emitted light on a diffraction grating where it is separated into its component wavelengths in the optical spectrometer. In other designs, the plasma impinges directly upon an optical interface which consists of an orifice from which a constant flow of argon emerges, deflecting the plasma and providing cooling while allowing the emitted light from the plasma to enter the optical chamber. Still other designs use optical fibers to convey some of the light to separate optical chambers.


text: Within the optical chamber(s), after the light is separated into its different wavelengths (colours), the light intensity is measured with a photomultiplier tube or tubes physically positioned to "view" the specific wavelength(s) for each element line involved, or, in more modern units, the separated colors fall upon an array of semiconductor photodetectors such as charge coupled devices (CCDs). In units using these detector arrays, the intensities of all wavelengths (within the system's range) can be measured simultaneously, allowing the instrument to analyze for every element to which the unit is sensitive all at once. Thus, samples can be analyzed very quickly.


text: The intensity of each line is then compared to previously measured intensities of known concentrations of the elements, and their concentrations are then computed by interpolation along the calibration lines.


text: In addition, special software generally corrects for interferences caused by the presence of different elements within a given sample matrix.


text: The first published attempt to use plasma emissions as a source for spectroscopic analysis were in 1956 by Eugen Bădărău. In 1964 Stanley Greenfield working at Albright & Wilson was the first to use ICP for non experimental analysis. The first commercial machine was produced by KONTRON in 1975.


text: Examples of the application of ICP-AES include the determination of metals in wine, arsenic in food, and trace elements bound to proteins.


text: ICP-OES is widely used in minerals processing to provide the data on grades of various streams, for the construction of mass balances.


text: In 2008, the technique was used at Liverpool University to demonstrate that a "Chi Rho" amulet found in Shepton Mallet and previously believed to be among the earliest evidence of Christianity in England, only dated to the nineteenth century.


text: ICP-AES is often used for analysis of trace elements in soil, and it is for that reason it is often used in forensics to ascertain the origin of soil samples found at crime scenes or on victims etc. Taking one sample from a control and determining the metal composition and taking the sample obtained from evidence and determine that metal composition allows a comparison to be made. While soil evidence may not stand alone in court it certainly strengthens other evidence.


text: It is also fast becoming the analytical method of choice for the determination of nutrient levels in agricultural soils. This information is then used to calculate the amount of fertiliser required to maximise crop yield and quality.


text: ICP-AES is used for motor oil analysis. Analyzing used motor oil reveals a great deal about how the engine is operating. Parts that wear in the engine will deposit traces in the oil which can be detected with ICP-AES. ICP-AES analysis can help to determine whether parts are failing. In addition, ICP-AES can determine what amount of certain oil additives remain and therefore indicate how much service life the oil has remaining. Oil analysis is often used by fleet manager or automotive enthusiasts who have an interest in finding out as much about their engine's operation as possible. ICP-AES is also used during the production of motor oils (and other lubricating oils) for quality control and compliance with production and industry specifications.


title: Clark Spencer

text: Clark Spencer (born April 6, 1963) is an American film producer, businessman and studio executive best known for his work at Walt Disney Animation Studios, and for winning the Oscars for Best Animated Feature for his work on "Zootopia" and "Encanto".


title: Clark Spencer

text: Spencer was born in Seattle, Washington, and attended Woodrow Wilson High School in Tacoma, Washington from September 1976 to June 1981. Spencer graduated from Harvard University in 1985 with a degree in history.


title: Clark Spencer

text: He joined Walt Disney Feature Animation in 1993. He was director of planning but moved on to be senior vice president of finance and operations. He moved on to the Florida animation division of the company where he was the head of studio before becoming the producer of "Lilo & Stitch" (2002). Since then, Spencer has gone on to also produce the Disney animated film "Bolt", as well as "Winnie the Pooh", "Wreck-It Ralph" and "Zootopia".


title: Clark Spencer

text: In August 2019, Spencer was named president of Walt Disney Animation Studios after Andrew Millstein was moved over to co-president of Blue Sky Studios.


title: Heliotropium

text: Heliotropium is a genus of flowering plants in the heliotrope family, Heliotropiaceae. There are around 325 species in this almost cosmopolitan genus, which are commonly known as heliotropes (sg. ). It is highly toxic for dogs and cats.


title: Heliotropium

text: The name "heliotrope" derives from the old idea that the inflorescences of these plants turned their rows of flowers to the Sun. Ἥλιος ("helios") is Greek for "Sun", τρέπειν ("trepein") means "to turn". The Middle English name "turnsole" has the same meaning.


title: Heliotropium

text: A Classical myth, told in Ovid's "Metamorphoses", imagines that the water nymph Clytie, in love with the sun god Helios, was betrayed by him. Wasting away, she transformed into the heliotrope, whose flowers supposedly always face the Sun.


title: Heliotropium

text: Like other members of the Heliotropiaceae, plants in the genus "Heliotropium" have 5-merous, tetracyclic flowers and actinomorphic corollas. They likewise share in their characteristic terminal styles and highly modified stigmatic heads (basal stigma, infertile apex). Species in the genus are typically herbs or subshrubs exclusively and are characterized by their dry fruits that divide into two or four mericarpids.


title: Heliotropium

text: Several heliotropes are popular garden plants, most notably garden heliotrope ("H. arborescens"). Some species are weeds, and many are hepatotoxic if eaten in large quantities due to abundant pyrrolizidine alkaloids. There have been cases of canine death due to over-ingestion of this toxic plant. Some danaine butterflies, such as male queen butterflies, visit these plants, being attracted to their pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Though it is not palatable and most animals will completely ignore it, there have been cases of horses, swine and cattle being poisoned due to contamination of hay.


title: Heliotropium

text: Caterpillars of the grass jewel ("Freyeria trochylus"), a gossamer-winged butterfly, feed on "H. strigosum".


title: Heliotropium

text: The sap of heliotrope flowers, namely of European heliotrope ("H. europaeum"), was used as a food coloring in Middle Ages and Early Modern French cuisine.


title: Heliotropium

text: One of the most famous ragtime piano melodies is "Heliotrope Bouquet", composed in 1907 by Louis Chauvin (the first two strains) and Scott Joplin (the last two strains).


title: Heliotropium

text: The purplish facial rash of dermatomyositis is called "heliotrope rash" because it resembles "E. arborescens".


title: Heliotropium

text: Seeds of the "Heliotropium" genus were discovered in the 1940s and 50s to be responsible for liver disease in populations that consumed them in large quantities, either inadvertently (as a contaminant of food crops) or deliberately (associated with the ingestion of herbal infusions for the treatment of certain ailments). The seeds contained high concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, identified mainly as the N-oxide of heliotrine (74%), and one or two other compounds similar in character to lasiocarpine.


title: Heliotropium

text: Taxonomic revision supported through molecular phylogenetics led to the recognition of "Euploca" as genus separate from "Heliotropium". In contrast, the genus "Tournefortia" was included in "Heliotropium" in a 2016 revision.


title: Heliotropium

text: Three of the four major clades within "Heliotropium" have their centers of diversity in South America. The origins of the remaining Old World "Heliotropium" clade can be traced back to a single colonization event from the New World. ITS1 data shows there is a single characteristic long deletion between positions 61 and 111 in the genome of the Old World species, which defines the Old World "Heliotropium" species and separates them from their New World counterparts. Researchers concluded this is a single autapomorphic character from a single deletion event in the past. This most reasonably explains how the whole group may have come to share this characteristic deletion when comparing the genomes of Old World and New World "Heliotropium".


title: Heliotropium

text: The most likely driver of "Heliotropium" diversification across the three New World clades is early Andean uplift. Researchers identified three independent diversification events in the phylogeny of Andean "Heliotropium", whose timings correspond to late Miocene Andean uplift as well as the development of arid environments in South America during the Pliocene. These three diversification events each mark the separation of the "Heliothamnus", "Cochranea", and "Tournefortia" clades from the rest of "Heliotropium".


title: Heliotropium

text: "Heliothamnus" diversification is estimated to have taken place in the late Miocene. The age of "Heliothamnus" suggest that its diversification could have been triggered directly by the uplift of the Andes, something that would have promoted speciation in inner-Andean valleys and the Andean scrub. The majority of endemic "Heliothamnus" taxa in the region are restricted to these sorts of environments, further supporting this theory as the current leading theory explaining "Heliothamnus" diversification.


title: Heliotropium

text: Before the main rise of the Andes, "Cochranea" and "Tournefortia" coinhabited the Andean region at the same time and significant speciation had not yet occurred. Once the Andes began to rise, "Cochranea" became isolated on the western side of the Andes while "Tournefortia" grew on the eastern side. This east-west division is still true of each group’s present distributions. The rise of the Andes affected the climate of the region and is believed to have contributed to the hyperaridity of the Atacama Desert, something that could have acted as an additional barrier to filter out other "Heliotropium" species into the range of "Cochranea", thus promoting "Cochranea" speciation. Elevation differences would have also acted as barriers that helped promote speciation in "Tournefortia" species as many large groups within "Tournefortia" became well-adapted to high-elevation environments while other "Heliotropium" clades did not and thus could not coinhabit the same environments as "Tournefortia".


title: Structure and agency

text: In the social sciences there is a standing debate over the primacy of structure or agency in shaping human behaviour. "Structure" is the recurrent patterned arrangements which influence or limit the choices and opportunities available. "Agency" is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. The structure versus agency debate may be understood as an issue of socialization against autonomy in determining whether an individual acts as a free agent or in a manner dictated by social structure.


title: Structure and agency

text: The debate over the primacy of structure or of agency relates to an issue at the heart of both classical and contemporary sociological theory: the question of social ontology: "What is the social world made of?" "What is a cause of the social world, and what is an effect?" "Do social structures determine an individual's behaviour or does human agency?"


title: Structure and agency

text: Structural functionalists such as Émile Durkheim see structure and hierarchy as essential in establishing the very existence of society. Theorists such as Karl Marx, by contrast, emphasize that the social structure can act to the detriment of the majority of individuals in a society. In both these instances "structure" may refer to something both material (or "economic") and cultural (i.e. related to norms, customs, traditions and ideologies).


title: Structure and agency

text: Some theorists put forward that what we know as our social existence is largely determined by the overall structure of society. The perceived agency of individuals can also mostly be explained by the operation of this structure. Theoretical systems aligned with this view include:


title: Structure and agency

text: All of these schools in this context can be seen as forms of holism – the notion that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts".


title: Structure and agency

text: On the other hand, other theorists stress the capacity of individual "agents" to construct and reconstruct their worlds. In this sense the individual can be viewed as more influential than the system. Theoretical systems aligned with this view include:


title: Structure and agency

text: Lastly, a third option, taken by many modern social theorists, attempts to find a point of balance between the two previous positions. They see structure and agency as complementary forces – structure influences human behaviour, and humans are capable of changing the social structures they inhabit. Structuration issue one prominent example of this view.


title: Structure and agency

text: The first approach (emphasizing the importance of societal structure) dominated in classical sociology. Theorists saw unique aspects of the social world that could not be explained simply by the sum of the individuals present. Durkheim strongly believed that the collective had emergent properties of its own and saw the need for a science which would deal with this emergence.


title: Structure and agency

text: The second approach (methodological individualism, etc.), however, also has a well-established position in social science. Many theorists still follow this course (economists, for example, tend to disregard any kind of holism).


title: Structure and agency

text: The central debate, therefore, pits theorists committed to the notions of methodological holism against those committed to methodological individualism. The first notion, methodological holism, is the idea that actors are socialized and embedded into social structures and institutions that constrain, or enable, and generally shape the individuals' dispositions towards, and capacities for, action, and that this social structure should be taken as primary and most significant. The second notion, methodological individualism, is the idea that actors are the central theoretical and ontological elements in social systems, and social structure is an epiphenomenon, a result and consequence of the actions and activities of interacting individuals.


title: Structure and agency

text: Georg Simmel (1858–1918) was one of the first generation of German nonpositivist sociologists. His studies pioneered the concepts of social structure and agency. His most famous works today include "The Metropolis and Mental Life" and "The Philosophy of Money".


title: Structure and agency

text: Norbert Elias (1897–1990) was a German sociologist whose work focused on the relationship between power, behaviour, emotion, and knowledge over time. He significantly shaped what is called "process sociology" or "figurational sociology".


title: Structure and agency

text: Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) was an American sociologist and the main theorist of action theory (misleadingly called "structural functionalism") in sociology from the 1930s in the United States. His works analyze social structure but in terms of voluntary action and through patterns of normative institutionalization by codifying its theoretical gestalt into a system-theoretical framework based on the idea of living systems and cybernetic hierarchy. For Parsons there is no structure–agency problem. It is a pseudo-problem. His development of Max Weber's means-end action structure is summarized in Instrumental and value-rational action


title: Structure and agency

text: Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) was a French theorist who presented his "theory of practice" on the dichotomic understanding of the relation between agency and structure in a great number of publications, beginning with "An Outline of the Theory of Practice" in 1972, where he presented the concept of habitus. His book "Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste" (1979), was named as one of the 20th century's 10 most important works of sociology by the International Sociological Association.


title: Structure and agency

text: The key concepts in Bourdieu's work are habitus, field, and capital. The agent is socialized in a "field", an evolving set of roles and relationships in a social domain, where various forms of "capital" such as prestige or financial resources are at stake. As the agent accommodates to their roles and relationships in the context of their position in the field, they internalize relationships and expectations for operating in that domain. These internalized relationships and habitual expectations and relationships form, over time, the "habitus".


title: Structure and agency

text: Bourdieu's work attempts to reconcile structure and agency, as external structures are internalized into the habitus while the actions of the agent externalize interactions between actors into the social relationships in the field. Bourdieu's theory, therefore, is a dialectic between "externalizing the internal", and "internalizing the external".


title: Structure and agency

text: Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann in their "Social Construction of Reality" (1966) saw the relationship between structure and agency as dialectical. Society forms the individuals who create society – forming a continuous loop.


title: Structure and agency

text: The sociologist James Samuel Coleman famously diagramed the link between macrosociological phenomena and individual behaviour in what is commonly referred to as "Coleman's Boat". A macro-level phenomenon is described as instigating particular actions by individuals, which results in a subsequent macro-level phenomenon. In this way, individual action is taken in reference to a macro-sociological structure, and that action (by many individuals) results in change to that macro-structure. He had a behavior issue in many fields of his mind and this caused him to "go crazy" as his colleges said and he later died to leaping of a building in efforts to escape authorities.


title: Structure and agency

text: Contemporary sociology has generally aimed toward a reconciliation of structure and agency as concepts. Anthony Giddens has developed structuration theory in such works as "The Constitution of Society" (1984). He presents a developed attempt to move beyond the dualism of structure and agency and argues for the "duality of structure" – where social structure is both the medium and the outcome of social action, and agents and structures as mutually constitutive entities with "equal ontological status". For Giddens, an agent's common interaction with structure, as a system of norms, is described as "structuration". The term "reflexivity" is used to refer to the ability of an agent to consciously alter his or her place in the social structure; thus globalization and the emergence of the 'post-traditional' society might be said to allow for "greater social reflexivity". Social and political sciences are therefore important because social knowledge, as self-knowledge, is potentially emancipatory.


title: Structure and agency

text: His access to research on structure and agency is characterized by socialization theory. Central to the theory is the life-long interaction between the individual and his/her longing for freedom and autonomy, and society with its pressure of order and structure. As he states in his "Model of Productive Processing of Reality (PPR)", personality "does not form independently from society any of its functions or dimensions but is continuously being shaped, in a concrete, historically conveyed life world, throughout the entire space of the life span". The PPR model places the human subject in a social and ecological context that must be absorbed and processed subjectively. The human being as an autonomous subject has the lifelong task to harmonize the processes of social integration and personal individualization. This task is mastered in specific steps that are typical for the respective age and the achieved developmental stage ("developmental tasks").


title: Structure and agency

text: The social theorist and legal philosopher Roberto Mangabeira Unger developed the thesis of negative capability to address this problem of agency in relation to structure. In his work on false necessity – or anti-necessitarian social theory – Unger recognizes the constraints of structure and its molding influence upon the individual, but at the same time finds the individual able to resist, deny, and transcend their context. The varieties of this resistance are negative capability. Unlike other theories of structure and agency, "negative capability" does not reduce the individual to a simple actor possessing only the dual capacity of compliance or rebellion, but rather sees him or her as able to partake in a variety of activities of self empowerment.


title: Structure and agency

text: A recent development in the debate is the critical realist structure/agency perspective embodied in Roy Bhaskar's transformational model of social action (TMSA) which he later expanded into his concept of four-planar social being. A major difference between Giddens' structuration theory and the TMSA is that the TMSA includes a temporal element (time). The TMSA has been further advocated and applied in other social science fields by additional authors, for example in economics by Tony Lawson and in sociology by Margaret Archer. In 2005, the "Journal of Management Studies" debated the merits of critical realism.


title: Structure and agency

text: Kenneth Wilkinson in the "Community in Rural America" took an interactional/field theoretical perspective focusing on the role of community agency in contributing to the emergence of community.


title: Structure and agency

text: With critical psychology as a framework, the Danish psychologist Ole Dreier proposes in his book "Psychotherapy in Everyday Life" that we may best conceptualize persons as participants in social practices (that constitute social structures) who can either reproduce or change these social practices. This indicates that neither participants, nor social practices can be understood when looked at in isolation (in fact, this undermines the very idea of trying to do so), since practice and structure is co-created by participants and since the participants can only be called so, if they "participate" in a social practice.


title: Structure and agency

text: The structure/agency debate continues to evolve, with contributions such as Nicos Mouzelis's "Sociological Theory: What Went Wrong?" and Margaret Archer's "Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach" continuing to push the ongoing development of structure/agency theory. Work in information systems by Mutch (2010) has emphasized Archer's Realist Social Theory as well as Robert Archer's (2018) application in the field of education policy and organization theory. In entrepreneurship a discussion between Sarason et al. and Mole and Mole (2010) used Archer's theory to critique structuration by arguing that starting a new business organization needs to be understood in the context of social structure and agency. However, this depends upon one's view of structure, which differs between Giddens and Archer. Hence if strata in social reality have different ontologies, then they must be viewed as a dualism. Moreover, agents have causal power, and ultimate concerns which they try to fallibly put into practice. Mole and Mole propose entrepreneurship as the study of the interplay between the structures of a society and the agents within it.


title: Structure and agency

text: While the structure–agency debate has been a central issue in social theory, and recent theoretical reconciliation attempts have been made, structure–agency theory has tended to develop more in European countries by European theorists, while social theorists from the United States have tended to focus instead on the issue of integration between macrosociological and microsociological perspectives. George Ritzer examines these issues (and surveys the structure agency debate) in greater detail in his book "Modern Sociological Theory" (2000).


title: Aaron Burckhard

text: Aaron Burckhard (born November 14, 1963) is an American musician who was the first drummer recruited for Kurt Cobain and Krist Novoselic's rock group that soon came to be known as Nirvana. Burckhard performed as a part of this band until December 1987. Burckhard was no longer a part of Nirvana by the time it recorded its first demo at Reciprocal Recordings in Seattle on January 23, 1988 (Dale Crover of Melvins served as his replacement).


title: Aaron Burckhard

text: Burckhard's drumming can be heard on the first disc of Nirvana's "With the Lights Out". He played at the band's first live show, which was a 1987 house party in Raymond, Washington. He also played drums for a radio broadcast on KAOS on May 6, 1987.


title: Aaron Burckhard

text: Burckhard's dismissal purportedly came as a result of his volatile nature which propelled him into frequent physical confrontations with people. An additional complaint against Burckhard was that he did not take his membership with the band as seriously as Kurt Cobain wanted him to. Burckhard frequently skipped practice, which infuriated Cobain. The last straw occurred when Burckhard got Cobain's car impounded after getting arrested for DUI.


title: Aaron Burckhard

text: Beginning in 2005, Burckhard has played with the band Attica. In 2011, Burckhard, Clint Mullins, and Mat Watson formed the band Screaming Sons of... In 2013, he joined a new band called Under Sin.


Takiyasha the Witch and the Skeleton Spectre or Mitsukuni Defying the Skeleton Spectre Invoked by Princess Takiyasha () is an ukiyo-e woodblock triptych by Japanese artist Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1798–1861). Kuniyoshi was known for his depictions of historical and mythical scenes, and combined both in portraying the tenth-century princess Takiyasha summoning a skeleton spectre to frighten Ōya no Mitsukuni.


title: Takiyasha the Witch and the Skeleton Spectre

text: In the image, the princess recites a spell written on a handscroll, summoning a giant skeleton. It rears out of a black void, crashing its way through the tattered palace blinds with its bony fingers to menace Mitsukuni and his companion.


text: A copy of the print is housed in the Honolulu Museum of Art, having been donated by its previous owner, Victor S. K. Houston, in 1941.


text: The historical Princess Takiyasha was the daughter of the provincial warlord Taira no Masakado of Sōma, who tried to set up an "Eastern Court" in Shimōsa Province in competition with the emperor in Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). That rebellion was put down in the year 939 and he was defeated, then decapitated. After his death, Princess Takiyasha continued living in the ruined shōen, or rural manor-house, of the Sōma clan, Masakado's former residence.


text: This print shows a mythical episode in which the emperor's official, Mitsukuni, comes to search for surviving insurrectionary conspirators.


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: Erasmus of Formia, also known as Saint Elmo (died c. 303), was a Christian saint and martyr. He is venerated as the patron saint of sailors and abdominal pain. Erasmus or Elmo is also one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers, saintly figures of Christian tradition who are venerated especially as intercessors.


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: The "Acts of Saint Elmo" were partly compiled from legends that confuse him with a Syrian bishop Erasmus of Antioch. Jacobus de Voragine in the "Golden Legend" credited him as a bishop at Formia over all the Italian Campania, as a hermit on Mount Lebanon, and a martyr in the Diocletianic Persecution. There appears to be no historical basis for his "passio".


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: Erasmus was Bishop of Formia, Italy. During the persecution against Christians under the emperors Diocletian (284-305) and Maximian Hercules (286-305), he left his diocese and went to Mount Libanus, where he hid for seven years. However, an angel is said to have appeared to him, and counseled him to return to his city.


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: On the way, he encountered some soldiers who questioned him. Erasmus admitted that he was a Christian and they brought him to trial at Antioch before the emperor Diocletian. After suffering terrible tortures, he was bound with chains and thrown into prison, but an angel appeared and helped him escape.


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: He passed through Lycia, where he raised up the son of an illustrious citizen. This resulted in a number of baptisms, which drew the attention of the Western Roman Emperor Maximian who, according to Voragine, was "much worse than was Diocletian." Maximian ordered his arrest and Erasmus continued to confess his faith. They forced him to go to a temple of the idol, but along Erasmus's route all the idols fell and were destroyed, and from the temple there came fire which fell upon many of the pagans.


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: These actions angered the emperor, who had Erasmus enclosed in a barrel full of protruding spikes and rolled down a hill. An angel healed him from these wounds.


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: When he was recaptured, he was brought before the emperor and beaten and whipped, then coated with pitch and set alight (as Christians had been in Nero's games), and still he survived. Thrown into prison with the intention of letting him die of starvation, Erasmus managed to escape.


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: He was recaptured and tortured in the Roman province of Illyricum, after boldly preaching and converting numerous pagans to Christianity. Finally, according to this version of his death, his abdomen was slit open and his intestines wound around a windlass. This version may have developed from interpreting an icon that showed him with a windlass, signifying his patronage of sailors.


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: Erasmus may have become the patron of sailors because he is said to have continued preaching even after a thunderbolt struck the ground beside him. This prompted sailors, who were in danger from sudden storms and lightning, to claim his prayers. The electrical discharges at the mastheads of ships were read as a sign of his protection and came to be called "Saint Elmo's Fire".


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: Pope Gregory the Great recorded in the 6th century that the relics of Erasmus were preserved in the cathedral of Formia. When the old "Formiae" was razed by the Saracens in 842, the cult of Erasmus was moved to Gaeta. He is currently the patron of Gaeta, Santeramo in Colle and Formia.


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: There is an altar to Erasmus in the north transept of St. Peter's Basilica. A copy of Nicolas Poussin's "Martyrdom of St Erasmus" serves as the altarpiece.


title: Erasmus of Formia

text: Besides his patronage of mariners, Erasmus is invoked against colic in children, abdominal pain, intestinal ailments and diseases, cramps and the pain of women in labour, as well as cattle pests.


title: Omari Douglas

text: Omari Shaquille Douglas (born 24 March 1994) is an English actor. He is known for his role as Roscoe Babatunde in the Channel 4 drama "It's a Sin" (2021). He has received nominations for a British Academy Television Award and a Laurence Olivier Award.


title: Omari Douglas

text: Douglas was born and brought up an only child in Wolverhampton, West Midlands by his mother whilst his father lived in the United States. He is of Jamaican heritage. He took classes with the Wolverhampton Youth Music Theatre. After completing school at Thomas Telford School, he moved to London in 2012 to attend drama school and graduated from the Arts Educational Schools in 2015.


title: Omari Douglas

text: Douglas began his career in theatre. His credits include Cole Porter's "High Society" and, more recently, Emma Rice's adaptation of "Wise Children" at the Old Vic; "Peter Pan" and "Jesus Christ Superstar" at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre; Kneehigh's "Tristan & Yseult" at Shakespeare's Globe; "The Life" at the Southwark Playhouse; and "Annie Get Your Gun" at the Sheffield Crucible.


title: Omari Douglas

text: In October 2019, it was announced Douglas would star in Russell T Davies' miniseries "It's a Sin" as Roscoe Babatunde. The series premiered in January 2021 on Channel 4 and in February on HBO Max. Douglas is set to make his feature film debut in the biographical film "Midas Man".


title: Omari Douglas

text: Douglas starred in "Constellations" at the Vaudeville Theatre in 2021, alongside Russell Tovey, in a version of the play revised to accommodate two male actors. In 2022, he received an Olivier Award nomination for Best Actor for his performance. He was cast as Cliff in the West End revival of "Cabaret" later in 2021.


title: Treeshrew

text: The treeshrews (or tree shrews or banxrings) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia. They make up the entire order Scandentia, which split into two families: the Tupaiidae (19 species, "ordinary" treeshrews), and the Ptilocercidae (one species, the pen-tailed treeshrew).


title: Treeshrew

text: Though called 'treeshrews', and despite having previously been classified in Insectivora, they are not true shrews, and not all species live in trees. They are omnivores; among other things, treeshrews eat fruit.


title: Treeshrew

text: Treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammal, including humans, but high ratios are not uncommon for animals weighing less than .


title: Treeshrew

text: Among orders of mammals, treeshrews are closely related to primates, and have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia, psychosocial stress, and hepatitis.


title: Treeshrew

text: The name "Tupaia" is derived from "", the Indonesian word for squirrel, and was provided by Sir Stamford Raffles.


title: Treeshrew

text: Treeshrews are slender animals with long tails and soft, greyish to reddish-brown fur. The terrestrial species tend to be larger than the arboreal forms, and to have larger claws, which they use for digging up insect prey. They have poorly developed canine teeth and unspecialised molars, with an overall dental formula of


title: Treeshrew

text: Female treeshrews have a gestation period of 45–50 days and give birth to up to three young in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows. The young are born blind and hairless, but are able to leave the nest after about a month. During this period, the mother provides relatively little maternal care, visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them.


title: Treeshrew

text: Treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months, and breed for much of the year, with no clear breeding season in most species.


title: Treeshrew

text: Treeshrews live in small family groups, which defend their territory from intruders. Most are diurnal, although the pen-tailed treeshrew is nocturnal.


title: Treeshrew

text: They mark their territories using various scent glands or urine, depending on the particular species.


title: Treeshrew

text: Treeshrews are omnivorous, feeding on insects, small vertebrates, fruit, and seeds. Among other things, treeshrews eat "Rafflesia" fruit.


title: Treeshrew

text: The pen-tailed treeshrew in Malaysia is able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar from flower buds of the bertam palm "Eugeissona tristis" (with up to 3.8% alcohol content) the entire year without it having any effects on behaviour.


title: Treeshrew

text: Treeshrews have also been observed intentionally eating foods high in capsaicin and Cap2, a behavior unique among mammals other than humans. A single TRPV1 mutation reduces their pain response to capsaicinoids, which scientists believe is an evolutionary adaptation to be able to consume spicy foods in their natural habitats.


title: Treeshrew

text: They make up the entire order Scandentia, split into the families Tupaiidae, the treeshrews, and Ptilocercidae, the pen-tailed treeshrew. The 20 species are placed in five genera.


title: Treeshrew

text: Treeshrews were moved from the order Insectivora into the order Primates because of certain internal similarities to primates (for example, similarities in the brain anatomy, highlighted by Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark), and classified as a "primitive prosimian", however they were soon split from the primates and moved into their own clade. Taxonomists continue to refine the treeshrews' relations to primates and to other closely related clades.


title: Treeshrew

text: Molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested that the treeshrews should be given the same rank (order) as the primates and, with the primates and the flying lemurs (colugos), belong to the grandorder Euarchonta. According to this classification, the Euarchonta are sister to the Glires (lagomorphs and rodents), and the two groups are combined into the superorder Euarchontoglires. However, the alternative placement of treeshrews as sister to both Glires and Primatomorpha cannot be ruled out. Recent studies place Scandentia as sister of the Glires, invalidating Euarchonta: It is this organization that is shown in the tree diagram below.


title: Treeshrew

text: Several other arrangements of these orders have been proposed in the past, and the above tree is only a well-favored proposal. Although it is known that Scandentia is one of the most basal Euarchontoglire clades, the exact phylogenetic position is not yet considered resolved: It may be a sister of Glires, Primatomorpha, or Dermoptera, or separate from and sister to all other Euarchontoglires. Short interspersed elements (SINEs) strongly shows scandentia belong to the euarchonta group:


title: Treeshrew

text: The 23 species are placed in four genera, which are divided into two families. The majority are in the "ordinary" treeshrew family, Tupaiidae, but one species, the pen-tailed treeshrew, is different enough to warrant placement in its own family, Ptilocercidae; the two families are thought to have separated 60 million years ago. The former Tupaiidae genus "Urogale" was disbanded in 2011 when the Mindanao treeshrew was moved to "Tupaia" based on a molecular phylogeny.


title: Treeshrew

text: The fossil record of treeshrews is poor. The oldest putative treeshrew, "Eodendrogale parva", is from the Middle Eocene of Henan, China, but the identity of this animal is uncertain. Other fossils have come from the Miocene of Thailand, Pakistan, India, and Yunnan, China, as well as the Pliocene of India. Most belong to the family Tupaiidae; one fossil species described from the Oligocene of Yunnan is thought to be closer to the pen-tailed treeshrew.


title: Treeshrew

text: Named fossil species include "Prodendrogale yunnanica", "Prodendrogale engesseri", and "Tupaia storchi" from Yunnan, "Tupaia miocenica" from Thailand, "Palaeotupaia sivalicus" from India and "Ptilocercus kylin" from Yunnan.


title: Batukeshwar Dutt

text: Batukeshwar Dutt (18 November 1910 – 20 July 1965) was an Indian socialist revolutionary and independence fighter in the early 1900s. He is best known for having exploded two bombs, along with Bhagat Singh, in the Central Legislative Assembly in New Delhi on 8 April 1929. After they were arrested, tried and imprisoned for life, he and Singh initiated a historic hunger strike protesting against the abusive treatment of Indian political prisoners, and eventually secured some rights for them. He was also a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.


title: Batukeshwar Dutt

text: Batukeshwar Dutt — also known as B. K. Dutta, Battu, and Mohan — was a son of Goshtha Bihari Dutta. He was born on 18 November 1910 in Khandaghosh village, Purba Bardhaman district, in what is now West Bengal in a Bengali family. He graduated from Pandit Prithi Nath High School in Cawnpore. He was a close associate of freedom fighters such as Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, the latter of whom he met in Cawnpore in 1924. He learned about bomb-making while working for the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).


title: Batukeshwar Dutt

text: To subdue the rise of revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, the British government decided to implement the Defence of India Act 1915, which gave the police a free hand. Influenced by a French anarchist who bombed the French Chamber of Deputies, Singh proposed to the HSRA his plan to explode a bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly, to which it agreed. Initially, it was decided that Dutt and Sukhdev Thapar would plant the bomb while Singh would travel to the USSR. However, later the plan was changed and Dutt was entrusted with planting it alongside Singh. On 8 April 1929, Singh and Dutt threw two bombs inside the assembly rushing from Visitor's Gallery. The smoke from the bomb filled the Hall and they shouted slogans of ""Inquilab Zindabad!"" (Hindi-Urdu: "Long Live the Revolution!") and showered leaflets. The leaflet claimed that the act was done to oppose the Trade Disputes and the Public Safety Bill being presented in the Central Assembly and the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. Few sustained injuries in the explosion and there were no deaths; Singh and Dutt claimed that the act was intentional. Singh and Dutt were arrested, as planned.


title: Batukeshwar Dutt

text: Along with Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev Thapar, Dutt was tried in the Central Assembly Bomb Case, and was sentenced in 1929 to life imprisonment by the Sessions Judge of Delhi under Section 307 of the Indian Penal Code & Section 4 of the Explosive Substances Act. He was deported to the Cellular Jail, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.


title: Batukeshwar Dutt

text: After his release from prison, Dutt contracted tuberculosis. He nonetheless participated in the Quit India Movement of Mahatma Gandhi and was again jailed for four years. He was lodged in Motihari Jail (in Champaran district of Bihar). After India gained independence, he married Anjali in November 1947. Independent India did not accord him any recognition, and he spent his remaining life in poverty away from the political limelight. The later life of the freedom fighter was painful and tragic. Being released from jail due to tuberculosis, he was not valued in independent India, he grappled with destitution. He was forced into starting a transport business for livelihood. Dutt outlived all his comrades (except Jaidev Kapoor) and died two hours after the midnight of 19—20 July 1965 in the AIIMS hospital in Delhi after a long illness. He was cremated in Hussainiwala near Firozepur in Punjab where the bodies of his comrades Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar were also cremated many years before. He was survived by his only daughter, Bharti Dutta Bagchi, in Patna where his house was situated in the Jakkanpur area. He was one of the writers of the film Shaheed (1965). During the filming of Shaheed, once the lead actor Manoj Kumar went to meet Bhagat Singh's mother, as she was not well at that time and was admitted in a hospital of Chandigarh. Kumar said that he met Dutt there.


title: Batukeshwar Dutt

text: The B. K. Dutt Colony in New Delhi, located on a prime location opposite Safdarjung Airport and adjacent to Jor Bagh is named after Dutt. It is the nearest private residential colony near to AIIMS in NDMC area.


title: Batukeshwar Dutt

text: Anil Verma wrote a book titled "Batukeshwar Dutt: Bhagat Singh ke Sahyogi", which was released on the centenary of Dutt's birth. The book was published by the Government of India's publication service, the National Book Trust. It is the first book published on Dutt in any language.


title: Batukeshwar Dutt

text: In Ki. Rajanarayanan's novel "Gopallapurathu makkal" (1989), Dutt is anachronistically mentioned as dead on the 56th day of his hunger-strike in 1929.


title: Suceava

text: Suceava () is the largest urban settlement and the seat town () of Suceava County, situated in the historical region of Bukovina, northeastern Romania, and at the crossroads of Central and Eastern Europe. During the late Middle Ages, namely between 1388 and 1564, this middle-sized town was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia.


title: Suceava

text: From 1775 to 1918, Suceava was controlled by the Habsburg monarchy, initially part of its Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, then gradually becoming the third most populous urban settlement of the Duchy of Bukovina, a constituent land of the Austrian Empire and subsequently a crown land within the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary. During this time, Suceava was an important, strategically-located commercial border town with the then Romanian Old Kingdom.


title: Suceava

text: Throughout the Austrian-ruled period of Bukovina, Suceava was also regarded as a "miniature Austria" by native intellectual Rudolf Gassauer given its significant ethnic diversity (which, up until the early 20th century, included an overwhelming majority of ethnic Germans, more specifically Bukovina Germans, as well). An even older ethnic German presence in the town (as well as in the entire region of Bukovina) can be traced back to the end of the 14th century, during the late Middle Ages.


title: Suceava

text: In the wake of World War I, after 1918, along with the rest of Bukovina, Suceava became part of the then newly enlarged Kingdom of Romania. After the end of World War II, the town slowly underwent a process of communist systematization which increased its population approximately tenfold throughout the decades prior to the 1989 Romanian Revolution. It became a municipality in 1968. Suceava is also crossed by the namesake river, a tributary of Siret, to the northwest, in the neighbourhood of Ițcani ().


title: Suceava

text: Moldavian chronicler Grigore Ureche presumed the name of the city came from the Hungarian "Szűcsvár", which is combined of the words "szűcs" (furrier, skinner) and "vár" (castle). This was taken over by Dimitrie Cantemir, who in his work "" gave the very same explanation of the origin of the city's name; however, there is neither historical nor vernacular evidence for this. According to another theory, the city bears the name of the river with the same name, that is supposed to be of Ukrainian origin.


title: Suceava

text: In Old German, the town was known as "Sedschopff", in High German sources it can be found under such variations as "Sotschen", "Sutschawa", or "Suczawa", in Hungarian as "Szucsáva" () or "Szőcsvásár", in Polish as "Suczawa", in Ukrainian as "Сучава" (Sučava), while in Yiddish as שאָץ ().


title: Suceava

text: The present-day territory of the city of Suceava and the adjacent surroundings were already inhabited since the Paleolithic period. Stemming from the late Antiquity, there are also traces of Dacian oppidum of the 2nd century. In stark contrast to several historical regions of Romania (most notably Transylvania and Oltenia), Suceava (along with the entire region of Bukovina for that matter) was not conquered by the legions of the Roman Empire and consequently was one of the lands of the Free Dacian tribes during the late Ancient Age. Nonetheless, according to Ptolemy, at that time in the region also dwelled two likely Celtic-speaking tribes, specifically the Anartes and the Taurisci, as well as the Germanic Bastarnae, who have also been attested there. The presence of Celtic-speaking tribes in Bukovina is further attested during the late La Tène culture period through archaeological studies.


title: Suceava

text: After the fall of Rome and during the Migration Period, the predominantly Carpiani population was successively invaded by East Germanic peoples (such as the Goths or the Gepids), Huns, Slavs, Magyars (i.e. Hungarians), Pechenegs, and ultimately Cumans.


title: Suceava

text: When the town was established and very shortly afterwards, its trade was also facilitated with other Central European towns and markets by a local community of German potters and merchants (most likely Transylvanian Saxons) who migrated here during the Ostsiedlung. At the same time, the town operated under the Magdeburg German law, just like Siret (), Baia (), or Târgu Neamț (), all which were also situated on the territory of the Principality of Moldavia (more specifically on its northern area). As it was the case of other medieval towns in which the Magdeburg law held sway, this particular German town law came hand in hand with the medieval municipal law (discernible with the foundation of Freiburg im Breisgau in the early 12th century) and the "Sachsenspiegel".


title: Suceava

text: During the late Middle Ages, the town of Suceava was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia and the main residence of the Moldavian princes for nearly two centuries (namely between 1388 and 1564). The town was the capital of the lands of Stephen the Great, one of the pivotal royal figures in Romanian history, who died in Suceava in 1504. During the rule of Alexandru Lăpușneanu, the seat was moved to Iași in 1565 and Suceava failed to become the capital again. Michael the Brave captured the town in 1600 during the Moldavian Magnate Wars as he became the ruler of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania, but he was defeated during the same year.


title: Suceava

text: Together with the rest of Bukovina, Suceava was under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy (and, later, the Austrian Empire as well as Austria-Hungary) from 1775 to 1918 (with the border of the Habsburg domains passing just south-east of the city).


title: Suceava

text: During the late 19th century and early 20th century, the city was the third largest in the Duchy of Bukovina, after Cernăuți and Rădăuți. Throughout this period of time, in the process of the Josephine colonization, the Habsburgs and, later on, the Austrians, attracted many German-speaking settlers from abroad to settle down in Bukovina and, implicitly, in the contemporary city of Suceava, then just a small market town. Over the passing of time, these newly arrived German settlers and their descendants became collectively known as Bukovina Germans. This community has since dwindled to a very small number.


title: Suceava

text: Nonetheless, despite their current numbers, the Germans from Suceava are still culturally, socially, and politically active. Given its diverse ethnic background during the late Modern Age, Austrian architect Rudolf Gassauer stated that the city of Suceava could have well been perceived back then as a 'miniature Austria'. Additionally, at that time, on an administrative level, the city of Suceava was part of a namesake bezirk with a total population of 66,826 inhabitants.


title: Suceava

text: In 1918, the city of Suceava (as well as the entire region of Bukovina) became part of what is known as "Greater Romania", after an overwhelming vote of the German, Romanian, and Polish representatives of the General Congress of Bukovina. All 7 political representatives of the Bukovina Germans led by Alois Lebouton voted for the union of Bukovina with the Kingdom of Romania.


title: Suceava

text: Throughout the interwar period, Suceava underwent further infrastructural development within the then enlarged Kingdom of Romania. Moreover, from an administrative point of view, it had also briefly belonged to Ținutul Suceava (between 1938 and 1940), one of the 10 lands established during King Carol II's reign.


title: Suceava

text: In addition, the town had previously had sizable German, Jewish, and Polish ethnic communities which gradually dramatically dwindled throughout both the late 20th century and early 21st century.


title: Suceava

text: Subsequently, from the 1950s onwards (concomitantly with the rise of communism in Romania), Suceava was heavily industrialized and a significant series of historical buildings from its historical centre (including the entire "Franz Josef Straße") were demolished in order for Plattenbau-like blocks of flats to be constructed at the orders of the former Communist officials.


title: Suceava

text: After the 1989 Romanian Revolution, the town had increasingly lost both a significant amount of its population and its former industry which was forged mainly during Communism. Therefore, its local economy entered a period of decline for many years. However, during the early 21st century, Suceava's population raised, also in part due to the incorporation of several nearby communes in the main town as well as to sparse local economic development which occurred during the late 2010s and early 2020s which attracted new inhabitants from the neighbouring rural areas of Suceava County.


title: Suceava

text: During spring 2020, shortly after the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania began, Suceava was placed under lockdown due to its high rate of infection. The following year, the roof of the Administrative Palace (local landmark) was severely damaged by fire. In March 2022, the government of Romania approved a restoration/rehabilitation plan for the entire building.


title: Suceava

text: The 2022 Romanian census (which could have normally occurred in 2021 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic) remains to report the total current population living in Suceava as of early 2022. The data for this census will be later on reported by the Romanian authorities at the end of 2023.


title: Suceava

text: The city covers two types of geographical areas, the hills (of which the highest is Zamca Hill) and the meadows of the Suceava river valley. The unique setting of the urban settlement includes two groves, Zamca and Șipote, which are both located within the city limits. Burdujeni, one of the neighbourhoods, is connected to the rest of the city by a prominent avenue, which makes the neighbourhood appear to be a separate satellite city.


title: Suceava

text: The Austrian census of 1869, which recorded only population in absolute numbers (bereft of ethnicity or religion), indicated that then small town of Suceava had a total population of 7,450 permanent inhabitants. The Austrian census of 1880 indicated that the town of Suceava had a total population of 10,104, of which 5,862 were Germans , 2,652 Romanians, 441 Ruthenians, and 784 inhabitants belonging to other ethnic groups. The Austrian census of 1890 indicated that the town of Suceava had a total population of 10,221, of which 5,965 were Germans , 2,417 Romanians, 644 Ruthenians, and 905 inhabitants belonging to other ethnic groups.


title: Suceava

text: In 1900, when the town was still under the Imperial Austrian administration, its total population amounted to 10,955 inhabitants. Of those, 61.5% declared their native language to be German (i.e. "Hochdeutsch"), followed by Romanian with 25.38% and Ruthenian (or Ukrainian) with 5.46%. 20 years later, when the city switched to the Kingdom of Romania, the 1930 Romanian census recorded a population that amounted to 17,000 inhabitants with the following ethno-linguistic composition:


title: Suceava

text: According to the 2002 Romanian census, the ethnic structure of the town of Suceava can be divided into distinct groups as follows:


title: Suceava

text: According to the 2011 census data, Suceava had a population of 92,121, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census (106,138), making it the 23rd largest urban settlement in Romania at that time. Additionally, the ethnic composition was as follows:


title: Suceava

text: According to the 1930 Romanian census, the population of present-day Ițcani neighborhood, which, at the time, was considered a separate commune comprising two villages, namely "Ițcanii Noi" () and "Ițcani Gară" (), amounted to 2,422 residents. By ethnic criterion, those residents were:


title: Suceava

text: In religious terms, 28.4% of the then residents were Roman Catholic, 22.7% were Evangelical Lutheran, 22.04% were Orthodox, 18.04% belonged to Judaism, 8.17% were Greek Catholic, and the rest either belonged to other smaller cults or were irreligious.


title: Suceava

text: The mayors elected since Romania's transition back to democracy and a free market economy in the wake of the 1989 Romanian Revolution have been the following ones:


title: Suceava

text: The town's former local council for the period 1996–2000 had the following multi-party political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 1996 Romanian local elections:


title: Suceava

text: The town's former local council for the period 2000–2004 had the following multi-party political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 2000 Romanian local elections:


title: Suceava

text: The town's former local council for the period 2004–2008 had the following multi-party political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 2004 Romanian local elections:


title: Suceava

text: The town's former local council for the period 2008–2012 had the following multi-party political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 2008 Romanian local elections:


title: Suceava

text: The town's former local council for the period 2012–2016 had the following multi-party political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 2012 Romanian local elections:


title: Suceava

text: The town's former local council for the period 2016–2020 had the following multi-party political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 2016 Romanian local elections:


title: Suceava

text: The town's current local council has the following multi-party political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 2020 Romanian local elections:


title: Suceava

text: Suceava is the place of several medieval sites that are closely linked to the history of the former Principality of Moldavia. By far the most significant (and at the same time the most well preserved one) is the Seat Fortress of Suceava () or Suceava Citadel, a medieval castle situated on the eastern edge of the contemporary city.


title: Suceava

text: The fortress was built during the reign of Petru of Moldavia (1375–1391), also known as Petru Mușat. It was further expanded and strengthened during the reigns of Alexander I of Moldavia (1400–1432) and Stephen the Great (1457–1504). The medieval castle was part of the fortification system built in Moldavia during the late 14th century, given the emergence of the Ottoman danger. It even became strong enough to hold off an attack by Ottoman sultan Mehmed II (the conqueror of Constantinople) in 1476.


title: Suceava

text: Suceava was the capital city of the former Principality of Moldavia between 1388 and 1565. During this period, the castle served as princely residence. Alexandru Lăpușneanu had subsequently moved the Moldavian capital to Iași in 1565, so the castle lost its status. Afterwards, the citadel entered a period of steep decline. In 1675, during the reign of voivode Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino, the fortress was destroyed. Then, for over two centuries, the castle was completely deserted.


title: Suceava

text: During the late 19th century and early 20th century, under the patronage of Austrian architect , a series of rehabilitation works and archaeological research had been conducted. Between 1961 and 1970 other restoration and consolidation processes were carried out. In 2013, a major reconstruction program was launched, aiming to return the castle to its original architecture and shape.


title: Suceava

text: The Seat Fortress of Suceava consists of two concentric citadels. The inner citadel, known as "fortul mușatin", has a rectangular shape and a patio. It was built by Petru Mușat in late 14th century. During the second half of the 15th century, Stephen the Great expanded the structure by adding another citadel that had a circular shape surrounding the old one.


title: Suceava

text: After 1476, new fortifications were added to the outer citadel. Furthermore, the whole castle is encircled by a large defensive ditch. Today, the fortress is a landmark of Suceava and a noteworthy touristic attraction. Since 2011, it has also been used for hosting cultural events such as the rock music festival Bucovina Rock Castle. The festival attracted a series of renowned national and international bands and artists (e.g. guitarist Jan Akkerman, formerly of Dutch jazz fusion and progressive rock band Focus).