title: Labour Party (Malta)

text: In March 2020, Malta registered its first COVID-19 case. Abela was at first reluctant to close the airport, retail outlets and the schools, but felt compelled to do so a few days later as public pressure mounted.


title: Labour Party (Malta)

text: In April 2020, Prime Minister Abela called for 'national unity' on TVM, the country's national broadcasting television. This has been criticized for being partisan.


title: Labour Party (Malta)

text: In November 2020, Abela stated "that the party will continue to reinvent itself with the introduction of more young people and women at the centre of its decision-making process."


title: Labour Party (Malta)

text: On 18 February 2021, Abela announced plans to introduce a law that would end police arrests for those possessing a small amount of cannabis and plants for personal use. This bill was passed in December 2021, and Malta became the first country in the European Union to legalise cannabis.


title: Labour Party (Malta)

text: Abela's leadership was criticised with the number of co-options that have been put into place since his appointment, being deemed as undemocratic.


title: Virulence

text: In most, especially in animal systems, virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host. The pathogenicity of an organism—its ability to cause disease—is determined by its virulence factors. In the specific context of gene for gene systems, often in plants, virulence refers to a pathogen's ability to infect a resistant host.


title: Virulence

text: The noun "virulence" derives from the adjective "virulent", meaning disease severity. The word "virulent" derives from the Latin word "virulentus", meaning "a poisoned wound" or "full of poison."


title: Virulence

text: From an ecological standpoint, virulence is the loss of fitness induced by a parasite upon its host. Virulence can be understood in terms of proximate causes—those specific traits of the pathogen that help make the host ill—and ultimate causes—the evolutionary pressures that lead to virulent traits occurring in a pathogen strain.


title: Virulence

text: The ability of bacteria to cause disease is described in terms of the number of infecting bacteria, the route of entry into the body, the effects of host defense mechanisms, and intrinsic characteristics of the bacteria called virulence factors. Many virulence factors are so-called effector proteins that are injected into the host cells by specialized secretion apparati, such as the type three secretion system. Host-mediated pathogenesis is often important because the host can respond aggressively to infection with the result that host defense mechanisms do damage to host tissues while the infection is being countered (e.g., cytokine storm).


title: Virulence

text: The virulence factors of bacteria are typically proteins or other molecules that are synthesized by enzymes. These proteins are coded for by genes in chromosomal DNA, bacteriophage DNA or plasmids. Certain bacteria employ mobile genetic elements and horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these specific virulence factors and mobile genetic elements have been proposed. Bacteria use quorum sensing to synchronise release of the molecules. These are all proximate causes of morbidity in the host.


title: Virulence

text: Virus virulence factors allow it to replicate, modify host defenses, and spread within the host, and they are toxic to the host.


title: Virulence

text: They determine whether infection occurs and how severe the resulting viral disease symptoms are. Viruses often require receptor proteins on host cells to which they specifically bind. Typically, these host cell proteins are endocytosed and the bound virus then enters the host cell. Virulent viruses such as HIV, which causes AIDS, have mechanisms for evading host defenses. HIV infects T-helper cells, which leads to a reduction of the adaptive immune response of the host and eventually leads to an immunocompromised state. Death results from opportunistic infections secondary to disruption of the immune system caused by AIDS. Some viral virulence factors confer ability to replicate during the defensive inflammation responses of the host such as during virus-induced fever. Many viruses can exist inside a host for long periods during which little damage is done. Extremely virulent strains can eventually evolve by mutation and natural selection within the virus population inside a host. The term "neurovirulent" is used for viruses such as rabies and herpes simplex which can invade the nervous system and cause disease there.


title: Virulence

text: Extensively studied model organisms of virulent viruses include virus T4 and other T-even bacteriophages which infect Escherichia coli and a number of related bacteria.


title: Virulence

text: The lytic life cycle of virulent bacteriophages is contrasted by the temperate lifecycle of temperate bacteriophages.


title: Virulence

text: According to evolutionary medicine, optimal virulence increases with horizontal transmission (between non-relatives) and decreases with vertical transmission (from parent to child). This is because the fitness of the host is bound to the fitness in vertical transmission but is not so bound in horizontal transmission.


title: Tripwire Interactive

text: Tripwire Interactive LLC is an American video game developer and publisher based in Roswell, Georgia.


title: Tripwire Interactive

text: Tripwire was co-founded by John Gibson and Alan Wilson with support by members of the international team that created "Unreal Tournament 2004" mod "". "Red Orchestra" won top prize in the Nvidia-sponsored Make Something Unreal competition. Their first retail product, "", was released over Valve's Steam service on March 14, 2006.


title: Tripwire Interactive

text: Tripwire's second game, "Killing Floor", was released on May 14, 2009. Like "Red Orchestra", this game also began development as a "Unreal Tournament 2004" mod, later becoming a standalone retail title. Tripwire released and published their third game on September 13, 2011 titled "", which is the sequel to their debut World War II-themed "" first-person shooter. The title focuses heavily on the Battle of Stalingrad. and uses Unreal Engine 3. On May 30, 2013, the expansion pack "Rising Storm" was released, focusing on the Pacific War with real life battle locations such as the Battle of Iwo Jima.


title: Tripwire Interactive

text: After 2014, both Rising Storm and Red Orchestra 2 were integrated into a singular release titled Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad with Rising Storm.


title: Tripwire Interactive

text: Tripwire Interactive announced their fifth game, "Killing Floor 2" in May 2014 and released it into early access in early 2015. In 2015, Tripwire announced "" at E3 2015 and proceeded to release it in 2017.


title: Tripwire Interactive

text: In August 2022, it was announced that Tripwire was being purchased by Embracer Group, the parent company of THQ Nordic. The company would be made a subsidiary of Saber Interactive.


title: Tripwire Interactive

text: On September 4, 2021, Tripwire CEO and co-founder John Gibson stated on Twitter that he supports the Texas Heartbeat Act. The Act bans abortion after an embryo’s heartbeat is detected, except to save the mother's life. In response, Gibson faced criticism from people involved in the video games industry, including Torn Banner Studios, which had used Tripwire for publishing of "Chivalry 2", and Shipwright Studios, which had been working with Tripwire for three years but stated their intent to terminate these contracts due to the comments. By September 6, 2021, Gibson announced he was stepping down as CEO of Tripwire, and the company issued its own announcement that "the comments given by John Gibson are of his own opinion, and do not reflect those of Tripwire Interactive as a company". Tripwire announced that co-founder and vice president Alan Wilson would assume Gibson's duties, and the company would immediately address employee concerns related to Gibson's statement and promote open communication to transition to the new leadership.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: Montreuil (), sometimes unofficially referred to as Montreuil-sous-Bois (), is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris in Seine-Saint-Denis. With a population of 109,914 as of 2018, Montreuil is the fourth most populous suburb of Paris after Boulogne-Billancourt, Saint-Denis and Argenteuil. It is located north of Paris's Bois de Vincennes (in the 12th arrondissement), on the border with Val-de-Marne.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: The name Montreuil was recorded for the first time in a royal edict of 722 as "Monasteriolum", meaning "little monastery" in Medieval Latin. The settlement of Montreuil started as a group of houses built around a small monastery.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: Under the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XVI the "Peach Walls" which provided the royal court with the fruits were located in Montreuil. It was also later home to the Lumière brothers and George Méliès whose workshops were located in lower Montreuil.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighboring communes. On that occasion, the commune of Charonne was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Montreuil, and Bagnolet. Montreuil received a small part of the territory of Charonne.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: Montreuil has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfb"). The average annual temperature in Montreuil is . The average annual rainfall is with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Montreuil was on 25 July 2019 and 12 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 17 January 1985.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: Montreuil's inhabitants often exaggeratedly nickname the town the "second Malian town after Bamako", or sometimes "Mali-sous-Bois" or "Bamako-sur-Seine" even if the Seine doesn't cross the town. Montreuil has indeed a very important Malian population : more than inhabitants according to the INSEE in 1999, between and people according to the "mairie", which estimates that Montreuil has the largest Malian community in France. 10% of the population is Malian or has Malian origins.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: The mayor of Montreuil is the member of Parti communiste français Patrice Bessac, who was elected on the second round of 2014 municipal elections, defeating the former ex-Communist mayor Jean-Pierre Brard in a four-way second round. He was re-elected in the first round of the 2020 elections with 51.34% votes, though with 33.67% participation (down from 53.11% in the 2014 election) due to the COVID-19 crisis (which also caused a delay of the 2nd turn in other cities).


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: Video game company Ubisoft has its corporate head office in Montreuil. The Air France Paris office (of Air France-KLM) is in Montreuil.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: The commune's educational services are operated out of the Opale B Administrative Building. Montreuil has eight "collèges", three "lycées", two "lycées techniques", and the IUT of the University of Paris 8.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: The Montreuil Library (Bibliothèque de Montreuil) consists of the Robert-Desnos Central Library, the Daniel-Renoult Library, the Colonel-Fabien Library, and the Paul-Eluard Library. Robert-Desnos, in a park near the commune's town hall, is the largest library in the commune. It houses a music library and Internet access points. Daniel-Renoult, near Montreau Park, serves the Montreau-Ruffins Théophile Sueur community. Colonel-Fabien, in the Ramenas-Fabien-Léo Lagrange community, is near the Intercommunal Hospital. Paul-Eluard is near the La Grande Porte shopping centre and is within of the Robespierre Paris Métro station and Rue de Paris.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: Montreuil is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 9: Robespierre, Croix de Chavaux, and Mairie de Montreuil.


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: There are several new Métro (Line 11 - Montreuil-Hôpital) and tramway (extension of the T1 tramway) stations under construction. The region is also working on the extension of the Métro Line 1 to Val-de-Fontenay, with a possible new station in the East of Montreuil (Grands Pêchers).


title: Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis

text: Montreuil is twinned with Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany and a few other towns and cities of Africa, Asia and Europe.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: The 2021 season was the New Orleans Saints' 55th season in the National Football League, the 46th playing home games at Caesars Superdome and the 15th and final season under head coach Sean Payton. After starting the season 5–2, the Saints fell into a five game losing streak after losing starting quarterback Jameis Winston to a torn ACL in Week 8 vs. Winston's former team, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. They also failed to improve on their 12–4 record from last year, as well as failing to win the division title for the first time since 2016. Despite winning four of their last five games, the Saints missed the playoffs for the first time since 2016 after the San Francisco 49ers defeated the Los Angeles Rams in Week 18. The Saints finished tied with the Philadelphia Eagles for the 7th seed in the NFC, but lost the tiebreaker based on the —won by the Eagles. The team started a record of 58 different players (due to injuries and COVID-19) and ranked in the bottom 5 in total offense.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: This was the first season since 2005 without long-time quarterback Drew Brees on the roster. He announced his retirement on March 14, after playing 20 years in the league. A 13-time Pro Bowler, Brees broke several records during his tenure in New Orleans, led the franchise to its first and only Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XLIV and also retired as the league's all-time leader in passing yards, a record that would be broken by quarterback Tom Brady in Week 4 of the 2021 season against his former team, the New England Patriots. Brees was also the last remaining active player from the 2001 Draft class.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: Despite having 3 years left in his contract, this was also long-time head coach Sean Payton's final season with the Saints, as he announced his departure from the team on January 25, 2022, after 16 years of coaching the team. In his tenure, Payton led the Saints to 9 playoff appearances and to the franchise's first and only Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XLIV.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: Despite being in Jacksonville due to the impacts of Hurricane Ida, the Saints still started their regular season 1–0 with the victory against Green Bay. Jameis Winston notched his first win as a Saints quarterback and set an odd record for least yards thrown (148) in a 5 passing TD game since 1948. This was also the Saints first victory over the Packers since the 2017 Season.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: With Sam Darnold as the Panthers starting quarterback, the Saints struggled with turnovers and scoring. With the loss, their record fell to 1–1. This was the Saints first loss against the Panthers since the 2018 season.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: For the first time since the 2009 season, the Saints beat the Patriots. This also marked the Saints' first road game victory against New England. This victory improved their record to 2–1.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: The Saints returned to the Superdome shortly after repairs from the hurricane and fire from a pressure washer mishap, but ultimately lost to the Giants in overtime due to Aldrick Rosas missing field goals. Suffering their first loss to the Giants since 2016, it also dropped their record to 2–2 and prompted the team to cut Rosas for a replacement kicker.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: The Saints match up with Washington for the first time since the 2018 season, but face quarterback Taylor Heinicke due to Ryan Fitzpatrick's injury in Week 1. The Saints also brought in Cody Parkey, who missed a few field goals or PAT's. With the win, they improve to 3–2.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: For the first time since the 2013 season, the Saints play the Seahawks on a Monday Night game. It's also their 3-point victory. They also replaced Cody Parkey with rookie kicker, Brian Johnson. They also bump their record to 4–2.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: They meet Tom Brady again for the first time since the Divisional Round. Jameis Winston was hurt after a horse-collar tackle slammed him to the ground, prompting Trevor Siemian to start for the rest of the game and beyond. The Buccaneers were stunned after P.J. Williams scored a pick six. With the victory, they improve to 5–2.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: The Saints were defeated by the Falcons for the first time since the 2019 season. It was also the first struggle of the season to gain victories. They drop to 5–3.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: The Saints lose to the Titans for the first time six seasons ago. Their kicker, Brian Johnson also struggled to kick PAT's. Their record drops to 5–4.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: It was one year ago that the Saints were beaten by the Eagles. Although the Saints got kicker Brett Maher from the Cowboys, it was determined that the Eagles had a much bigger surprise for them. They brought in their new coach. The Saints still lost and downgraded their record to 5–5.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: The Saints host the Bills in the Superdome. This was also Drew Brees' return to New Orleans as a broadcast partner for NBC. The Saints unfortunately gave up to the Bills and went down to 5–6. This was also their first loss to Buffalo since the 1998 season.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: After Trevor Siemian struggled to win those games, Taysom Hill was placed as a starter. They would lose to the Cowboys for the first time since the 2018 season, which brought their record down to 5–7.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: Despite the Buccaneers being the defending Super Bowl champions from last season, the Saints still swept them. With a rare shutout victory, they improve to 7–7.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: For the first time since the 2005 season, the Saints lost to the Dolphins. This was due, in part, to at least 20 players being on the COVID-19 reserve list. This dropped them to 7–8.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: Meeting the Panthers again from a 26-7 loss in Week 2, the Saints defeat the Panthers under Taysom Hill. They improve to 8–8.


title: 2021 New Orleans Saints season

text: Previously, the Saints lost to the Falcons by two points in Week 9. Despite winning the game, the team was eliminated from the playoffs when the 49ers defeated the Rams, claiming the final playoff spot. They finish with a 9–8 record and maintained a winning season, despite not making the playoffs. Taysom Hill also got hurt, prompting Trevor Siemian to start for the remainder of the game. Paulson Adebo stuns the Falcons with a one-handed interception.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Edward Macdonald Carey (March 15, 1913 – March 21, 1994) was an American actor, best known for his role as the patriarch Dr. Tom Horton on NBC's soap opera "Days of Our Lives". For almost three decades, he was the show's central cast member.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: He first made his career starring in various B-movies of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s (with a few A-picture exceptions like Hitchcock's "Shadow of a Doubt"). He was known in many Hollywood circles as "King of the Bs", sharing the throne with his "queen", Lucille Ball.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Born in Sioux City, Iowa, Carey graduated from the University of Iowa in Iowa City with a bachelor's degree in 1935, after attending the University of Wisconsin–Madison for a year where he was a member of Alpha Delta Phi. He became involved with the drama school at the University of Iowa and decided to become an actor.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey toured with the Globe Players. He began to work steadily on radio, including playing Dick Grosvenor on the soap opera "Stella Dallas" and Ridgeway Tearle in "John's Other Wife", both in the early 1940s. He was also in "Lights Out".


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey was on Broadway in "Lady in the Dark" (1941) opposite Gertrude Lawrence, Danny Kaye and Victor Mature. His performance led to him receiving a contract offer from Paramount. He later recalled, "1941 was probably the greatest year of my life. I got my first big hit with Lady in the Dark, I got married and I signed with Paramount Pictures. I only wish I could remember it all better." The reason was his alcoholism.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey made his film debut in "Star Spangled Rhythm" (1942). Paramount gave him the third lead in "Take a Letter, Darling" (1942), directed by Mitchell Leisen. He followed it with "Dr. Broadway" (1942), which was his first starring role. He had a leading part in "Wake Island" (1942), directed by John Farrow, a big hit.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey's career received a boost when borrowed by Alfred Hitchcock at Universal to play the romantic lead in "Shadow of a Doubt" (1943) with Joseph Cotten and Teresa Wright. However the momentum was halted when he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. He had two months before he left, which enabled him to star in a musical for Paramount, "Salute for Three" (1943). Carey received his commission in early 1944 and attended fighter director school at Camp Murphy in Orlando, Florida. After school he served with Air Warning Squadron 3 with stints on Espiritu Santo, Bougainville and Mindanao.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: In 1947 Carey returned to Paramount. They put him back into leading roles: "Suddenly, It's Spring" (1947), directed by Leisen, co-starring Paulette Goddard; "Hazard" (1948), again with Goddard; and "Dream Girl" (1948), supporting Betty Hutton, directed by Leisen.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey played Cesare Borgia in "Bride of Vengeance" (1948) alongside Goddard, directed by Leisen, but it was a flop. More popular was a Western, "Streets of Laredo" (1949), but William Holden was the hero; Carey was the villain.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: In 1949 he co-starred as "Nick Carraway" in Alan Ladd's version of "The Great Gatsby". Carey followed this with "Song of Surrender" (1949), once again directed by Leisen.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Universal borrowed Carey for two films: a Western with Maureen O'Hara, "Comanche Territory" (1950), and "South Sea Sinner" (1950) with Shelley Winters.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Back at Paramount he was in a low budget Western, "The Lawless" (1950) directed by Joseph Losey. Back at Paramount he was a villain to Ray Milland in "Copper Canyon" (1950), directed by John Farrow. At Paramount he was Jesse James in "The Great Missouri Raid" (1951) and was in "Mystery Submarine" (1950) at Universal.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: At 20th Century Fox Carey supported Betty Grable in "Meet Me After the Show" (1951) and Claudette Colbert in "Let's Make It Legal" (1951). He went back to Universal for "Cave of Outlaws" (1951)


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey began appearing on television in episodes of "The Christophers", "Celanese Theatre", "Hope Chest", and "Lux Video Theatre".


title: Macdonald Carey

text: He continued to appear in films like "My Wife's Best Friend" (1952), at Fox with Anne Baxter; "Count the Hours" (1953), with Teresa Wright at RKO; "Hannah Lee" (1953), a Western with John Ireland; "It's Everybody's Business" (1953), and "Málaga" (1954) with Maureen O'Hara.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey returned to Broadway in "Anniversary Waltz" (1954–55), directed by Moss Hart, which was a big hit and ran for two years.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey's work was increasingly on the small screen: "The Quiet Gun", "Stage 7", "Science Fiction Theatre", "Hour of Stars", "Celebrity Playhouse", and "The 20th Century Fox Hour". For the latter he appeared as Fred Gaily in a remake of the 1947 film classic, "Miracle on 34th Street", starring Teresa Wright and Thomas Mitchell. He was also in "General Electric Theater", "Screen Directors Playhouse", "The Alcoa Hour", and "Climax!". Carey managed a single, starring turn as a young professor traveling cross-country in the fifth season of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" ("Coyote Moon") as well.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: He did make some features such as "Stranger at My Door" (1956), a Western for Republic Pictures, and "Odongo" (1956) for Warwick Films.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: In 1956 Carey took over the role of the kindly small-town physician Dr. Christian, a character created in the late 1930s by actor Jean Hersholt on radio and in films. Carey portrayed Dr. Christian on syndicated television for one season.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey guested on "The Kaiser Aluminium Hour", "The Joseph Cotten Show", "Jane Wyman Presents the Fireside Theatre", "Zane Grey Theatre", "Wagon Train", "Studio One in Hollywood", "Playhouse 90", "The Frank Sinatra Show", "Suspicion", "Target", "Pursuit", "Schlitz Playhouse", "The Dupont Show of the Month", and "Rawhide".


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey was in the Western film "Man or Gun" (1958), for Republic. and "The Redeemer" (1959). He played patriot Patrick Henry in "John Paul Jones" (1959), directed by John Farrow who had worked with Carey at Paramount. He appeared in "Blue Denim" (1959).


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey starred as crusading Herb Maris in the 1950s syndicated series "Lock-Up". A total of seventy-eight episodes were made between 1959 and 1961.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey guest starred on "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "Moment of Fear", "Thriller" ("The Devil's Ticket"), "The United States Steel Hour", "Insight", "Target", "Checkmate" and "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour".


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey went to England to make the films "The Devil's Agent" (1962) and "The Damned" (known as "These Are the Damned" in the US) (1963), for director Joseph Losey. He was also in "Stranglehold" (1962),


title: Macdonald Carey

text: In the first season of "The Outer Limits", Carey starred in the episode titled "The Special One". He was also in "The Dick Powell Theatre", "Kraft Mystery Theatre", and "Arrest and Trial",


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey supported Sandra Dee in "Tammy and the Doctor" (1963). He guest starred in the 1964–1965 sitcom "The Bing Crosby Show" on ABC. He appeared as Mr. Edwards in the 1963 episode "Pay the Two Dollars" of the NBC education drama series, "Mr. Novak", starring James Franciscus. He could also be seen on "Burke's Law", "Branded", "Kraft Suspense Theatre", "Run for Your Life", "Ben Casey", "Lassie", and "Bewitched".


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey started playing Tom Horton on "Days of Our Lives" in 1965. He says he took the show "because I couldn't get a movie at the time". He ended up playing it until his death from lung cancer in Beverly Hills, California, in 1994, six days after his 81st birthday.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: During this time, Carey suffered from a drinking problem, and eventually joined Alcoholics Anonymous in 1982.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: A longtime pipe smoker, he was seen in many films and early episodes of "Days of Our Lives" with it. He was ordered by his doctor to quit in September 1991 after having to take a leave of absence from "Days" in order to remove a cancerous tumor from one of his lungs. He returned to the show in November of that year.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: He is most recognized today as the voice who recites the epigraph each day before the program begins: "Like sands through the hourglass, so are the "Days of Our Lives"." From 1966 to 1994 he would also intone, "This is Macdonald Carey, and these are the "Days of Our Lives"." (After Carey's death, the producers, out of respect for Carey's family, decided not to use the second part of the opening tagline.) At each intermission, his voice also says "We will return for the second half of "Days of Our Lives" in just a moment". Since the Horton family is still regarded as the core of "Days of our Lives", his memory has been allowed to remain imprinted on the show by leaving the voice-overs intact. He also served as voice-over for the very first PBS ident, in which he said "This is PBS ... the Public Broadcasting Service."


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey continued to act in other productions during his run on "Days". He had roles in "Gidget Gets Married" (1972), "The Magician", "Ordeal" (1973), "Owen Marshall, Counsellor at Law", "Who Is the Black Dahlia?" (1975), "McMillan & Wife", "Police Story", "Switch", "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries", "Fantasy Island" and "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century".


title: Macdonald Carey

text: He later appeared in many all-star television miniseries, such as "Roots", "The Rebels", "The Top of the Hill" and "Condominium".


title: Macdonald Carey

text: He was in the films "Foes" (1977), "End of the World" (1977), and "Summer of Fear" (1978), and had a small part in "American Gigolo" (1980).


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey was in the TV movie "The Girl, the Gold Watch & Everything" (1980) and the films "Access Code" (1984) and "" (1987). He guest starred on "Finder of Lost Loves", and "Murder, She Wrote". His last non-"Days" role was in "A Message from Holly" (1992).


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey did the onstage introduction for the "Stars of the Days Of Our Lives" and musical artist/director Ricky Dee at the Greek Theatre (1992)


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey wrote several books of poetry, and a 1991 autobiography, "The Days of My Life". For his contribution to television, Carey has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6536 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey was married to Elizabeth Heckscher from 1943 until their divorce in 1969. They had six children: Lynn, Lisa, Stevens, Theresa, Edward Macdonald Jr., and Paul. Later, he dated Lois Kraines. The couple remained together from 1973 until Carey's death. His grandchildren include Ellie Diamond and Vytas and Aras Baskauskas. He has a godson, Maurice Heckscher.


title: Macdonald Carey

text: Carey was a Roman Catholic, and a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills, California. He is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California, alongside a space already set aside for his daughter Lisa.


title: Michelle Young (television personality)

text: Michelle Anne Young (born June 3, 1993) is an American television personality and elementary school teacher. She received national recognition as the runner-up on season 25 of "The Bachelor", and as the star of season 18 of "The Bachelorette".


title: Michelle Young (television personality)

text: Young was born in St. Louis Park, Minnesota to parents LaVonne and Ephraim Young, and was raised in nearby Woodbury. She has two siblings, Angela and Alex. She was a star basketball player at Woodbury High School, and played Division I basketball at Bradley University on an athletic scholarship. She graduated from Bradley in 2015 with a degree in elementary education.


title: Michelle Young (television personality)

text: Young first appeared as a contestant on Matt James' season of "The Bachelor". She entered in the third week of the competition, where she made it to the final two but was rejected in favor of fellow contestant Rachael Kirkconnell.


title: Michelle Young (television personality)

text: Young and Katie Thurston were announced as the leads of consecutive seasons of "The Bachelorette" on March 15, 2021, during the "Bachelor" season 25 "After the Final Rose" special.


title: Michelle Young (television personality)

text: Outside of her appearances on "The Bachelor" franchise, Young works as a fifth grade teacher at Echo Park Elementary School in Burnsville, Minnesota. She was previously employed as a fourth grade teacher at Normandale Hills Elementary School in Bloomington.


title: Michelle Young (television personality)

text: On September 9, 2021, Young got engaged to Nayte Olukoya, whom she chose as the winner on her season of "The Bachelorette". They announced their breakup on June 17, 2022.


title: Economic interventionism

text: Economic interventionism, sometimes also called state interventionism, is an economic policy position favouring government intervention in the market process with the intention of correcting market failures and promoting the general welfare of the people. An economic intervention is an action taken by a government or international institution in a market economy in an effort to impact the economy beyond the basic regulation of fraud, enforcement of contracts, and provision of public goods and services. Economic intervention can be aimed at a variety of political or economic objectives, such as promoting economic growth, increasing employment, raising wages, raising or reducing prices, promoting income equality, managing the money supply and interest rates, increasing profits, or addressing market failures.


title: Economic interventionism

text: The term "intervention" is typically used by advocates of "laissez-faire" and free market capitalism, and assumes that, on a philosophical level, the state and economy should be inherently separated from each other and that government action is inherently exogenous to the economy. The terminology applies to capitalist market-based economies where government actions interrupt the market forces at play through regulations, subsidies, and price controls; state-owned enterprises that operate as market entities do not constitute an intervention. Capitalist market economies that feature high degrees of state intervention are often referred to as a type of mixed economy.


title: Economic interventionism

text: Liberals and other advocates of free market or "laissez-faire" economics generally view government interventions as harmful due to the law of unintended consequences, belief in government's inability to effectively manage economic concerns and other considerations. However, modern liberals (in the United States) and contemporary social democrats (in Europe) are inclined to support interventionism, seeing state economic interventions as an important means of promoting greater income equality and social welfare. Furthermore, many center-right groups such as Gaullists, paternalistic conservatives and Christian democrats also support state economic interventionism to promote social order and stability. National-conservatives also frequently support economic interventionism as a means of protecting the power and wealth of a country or its people, particularly via advantages granted to industries seen as nationally vital. Such government interventions are usually undertaken when potential benefits outweigh the external costs.


title: Economic interventionism

text: On the other hand, Marxists often feel that interventions in the form of social welfare policies might interfere with the goal of replacing capitalism with socialism because a developed welfare state makes capitalism more tolerable to the average worker, thereby perpetuating the continued existence of capitalism to society's detriment. Socialists often criticize interventionism (as supported by social democrats and social liberals) as being untenable and liable to cause more economic distortion in the long-run. While interventions might solve single issues in the short term, they cause distortions and hamper the efficiency of the capitalist economy. From this perspective, any attempt to patch up capitalism's contradictions would lead to distortions in the economy elsewhere, with the only lasting solution being the replacement of capitalism with a socialist economy.


title: Economic interventionism

text: Regulatory authorities do not consistently close markets, yet as seen in economic liberalization efforts by states and various institutions (International Monetary Fund and World Bank) in Latin America, "financial liberalization and privatization coincided with democratization". One study suggests that after the lost decade an increasing "diffusion of regulatory authorities" emerged and these actors engaged in restructuring the economies within Latin America. Through the 1980s, Latin America had undergone a debt crisis and hyperinflation (during 1989 and 1990). These international stakeholders restricted the state's economic leverage and bound it in contract to co-operate. After multiple projects and years of failed attempts for the Argentine state to comply, the renewal and intervention seemed stalled. Two key intervention factors that instigated economic progress in Argentina were substantially increasing privatization and the establishment of a currency board. This exemplifies global institutions, including the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, to instigate and propagate openness to increase foreign investments and economic development within places, including Latin America.


title: Economic interventionism

text: In Western countries, government officials theoretically weigh the cost benefit for an intervention for the population or they succumb beneath coercion by a third private party and must take action. Intervention for economic development is also at the discretion and self-interest of the stake holders, the multifarious interpretations of progress and development theory. To illustrate this, the government and international institutions did not prop up Lehman Brothers during the financial crisis of 2007–2008, therefore allowing the company to file bankruptcy. Days later, when American International Group waned towards collapsing, the state spent public money to keep it from falling. These corporations have interconnected interests with the state, therefore their incentive is to influence the government to designate regulatory policies that will not inhibit their accumulation of assets. In Japan, Abenomics is a form of intervention with respect to Prime Minister Shinzō Abe's desire to restore the country's former glory in the midst of a globalized economy.


title: Economic interventionism

text: President Richard Nixon signed amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1970 that expanded it to mandate state and federal regulation of both automobiles and industry. It was further amended in 1977 and 1990. One of the first modern environmental protection laws enacted in the United States was the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), which requires the government to consider the impact of its actions or policies on the environment. NEPA remains one of the most commonly used environmental laws in the nation. In addition to NEPA, there are numerous pollution-control statutes that apply to such specific environmental media as air and water. The best known of these laws are the Clean Air Act (CAA), Clean Water Act (CWA), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) commonly referred to as Superfund. Among the many other important pollution control laws are the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Oil Pollution Prevention Act (OPP), Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), and the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA).


title: Economic interventionism

text: United States pollution control statutes tend to be numerous and diverse and many of the environmental statutes passed by Congress are aimed at pollution prevention. However, they often need to be expanded and updated before their impact is fully realized. Pollution-control laws are generally too broad to be managed by existing legal bodies, so Congress must find or create an agency for each that will be able to implement the mandated mission effectively.


title: Economic interventionism

text: During World War I, the United States government intervention mandated that the manufacturing of cars be replaced with machinery to successfully fight the war. Government intervention could be used to break the United States dependence on oil by mandating American automakers to produce electric cars such as the Chevrolet Volt. Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm said: "We need help from Congress", namely renewing the clean energy manufacturing tax credit and the tax incentives that make plug-ins cheaper to buy for consumers. It is possible that government mandated carbon taxes could be used to improve technology and make cars like the Volt more affordable to consumers. However, current bills suggest carbon prices would only add a few cents to the price of gasoline, which has negligible effects compared to what is needed to change fuel consumption.


title: Economic interventionism

text: Washington is beginning to invest in car manufacturing industry by partially providing $6 billion in battery-related public and private investments since 2008 and the White House has taken credit for putting a down payment on the American battery industry that may reduce battery prices in the coming years. Currently, opponents believe that the carbon dioxide emissions tax the United States government introduced on new cars is unfair on consumers and looks like a revenue-raising fiscal intervention instead of limiting harm caused to the environment. A national fuel tax means everyone will pay the tax and the amount of tax each individual or company pays will be proportional to the emissions they generate. The more they drive, the more that they would need to pay. While this tax is supported by the motor manufacturers, stipulations confirmed by the National Treasury state that minibuses and midibuses will receive a special exclusion from the emissions tax on cars and light commercial vehicles which went into effect on 1 September 2010. This exclusion is because these taxi vehicles are used for public transport, which opponents of the tax disagree with.


title: Economic interventionism

text: During George W. Bush’s 2000 campaign, he promised to commit $2 billion over ten years to advance clean coal technology through research and development initiatives. According to Bush supporters, he fulfilled that promise in his fiscal year 2008 budget request, allocating $426 million for the Clean Coal Technology Program. During his administration, Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005, funding research into carbon-capture technology to remove and bury the carbon in coal after it is burned. The coal industry received $9 billion in subsidies under the act as part of an initiative supposedly to reduce American dependence on foreign oil and reduce carbon emissions. This included $6.2 billion for new power plants, $1.1 billion in tax breaks to install pollution-control technology and another $1.1 billion to make coal a cost efficient fuel. The act also allowed redefinitions of coal processing, such as spraying on diesel or starch, to qualify them as "non-traditional", allowing coal producers to avoid paying $1.3 billion in taxes per year.


title: Economic interventionism

text: The Waxman-Markey bill, also called the American Clean Energy and Security Act, passed by the House Energy and Commerce Committee in 2010, targets dramatic reductions after 2020, when the price of the permits would rise to further limit consumers' demand for -intensive goods and services. The legislation is targeting 83 percent reduction in emissions from 2005 levels in the year 2050. A study by the Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the price of the permit would rise from about $20 a ton in 2020 to more than $75 a ton in 2050.


title: Economic interventionism

text: The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) shows that federal subsidies for coal in the United States were planned to be reduced significantly between 2011 and 2020, provided the budget passed through Congress and reduces four coal tax preferences, namely Expensing of Exploration and Development Costs, Percent Depletion for Hard Mineral Fossil Fuels, Royalty Taxation and Domestic Manufacturing Deduction for Hard Mineral Fossil Fuels. The fiscal 2011 budget proposed by the Obama administration would cut approximately $2.3 billion in coal subsidies during the next decade.


title: Economic interventionism

text: Insurance companies that are regulated to accept all customers or patients within the state-regulated public basic insurance policy, which requires egalitarian treatment of all customers or patients and reimbursement of all health care treatment prescribed by a gatekeeper medical doctor, covered by the policy and charged to a patient. This basic health care insurance policy may be obligatory for all residents in a country, effectively putting all residents on a market-driven medical welfare program, like for example in the Netherlands, where these insurance companies receive, from tax revenue, an additional leverage sum with respect to the premium of about a factor 9. This policy is known to be very effective at eliminating waiting lines in health care.


title: Growth hacking

text: Growth hacking is a subfield of marketing focused on the rapid growth of a company. It is referred to as both a process and a set of cross-disciplinary (digital) skills. The goal is to regularly conduct experiments, which can include A/B testing, that will lead to improving the customer journey, and replicate and scale the ideas that work and modify or abandon the ones that don't, before investing a lot of resources. It started in relation to early-stage startups that need rapid growth within short time on tight budgets, and also reached bigger corporate companies.


title: Growth hacking

text: A growth hacking team is made up of marketers, developers, engineers and product managers that specifically focus on building and engaging the user base of a business. Growth hacking is not just a process for marketers. It can be applied to product development and to the continuous improvement of products as well as to growing an existing customer base. As such, it’s equally useful to everyone from product developers, to engineers, to designers, to salespeople, to managers.


title: Growth hacking

text: Those who specialise in growth hacking use various types of marketing and product iterations to rapidly test persuasive copy, email marketing, SEO and viral strategies, among other tools and techniques, with a goal of increasing conversion rates and achieving rapid growth of the user base. Some consider growth hacking a part of the online marketing ecosystem, as in many cases growth hackers are using techniques such as search engine optimization, website analytics, content marketing and A/B testing. On the other hand, not all marketers have all the data and technical skills required by a growth hacker, therefore a separate name for this field is applicable.


title: Growth hacking

text: Sean Ellis coined the term "growth hacker" in 2010. In the blog post, he defined a growth hacker as "a person whose true north is growth. Everything they do is scrutinized by its potential impact on scalable growth." Andrew Chen introduced the term to a wider audience in a blog post titled, "Growth Hacker is the new VP Marketing" in which he defined the term and used the short term vacation rental platform Airbnb's integration of Craigslist as an example. He wrote that growth hackers "are a hybrid of marketer and coder, one who looks at the traditional question of 'How do I get customers for my product?' and answers with A/B tests, landing pages, viral factor, email deliverability, and Open Graph." In the book "Growth Hacking", Chad Riddersen and Raymond Fong define a Growth Hacker as "a highly resourceful and creative marketer singularly focused on high leverage growth"


title: Growth hacking

text: The second annual (2013) "Growth Hackers Conference" was held in San Francisco set up by Gagan Biyani. It featured growth hackers from LinkedIn, Twitter, and YouTube among others.


title: Growth hacking

text: In 2015, Sean Ellis and Everette Taylor created GrowthHackers - the largest website community dedicated to growth hacking and now host the annual GrowthHackers Conference.


title: Growth hacking

text: To combat this lack of money and experience, growth hackers approach marketing with a focus on innovation, scalability, and user connectivity. Growth hacking does not, however, separate product design and product effectiveness from marketing. Growth hackers build the product's potential growth, including user acquisition, on-boarding, monetization, retention, and virality, into the product itself. Growth hacking is all about intentionality and efficiency. So there is always a chance you'll hit on something huge and have a viral campaign. "Fast Company" used Twitter's "Suggested Users List" as example: "This was Twitter's real secret: It built marketing into the product rather than building infrastructure to do a lot of marketing." However growth hacking isn't always free. TechCrunch shared several nearly free growth hacks explaining that growth hacking is effective marketing and not mythical marketing pixie dust.


title: Growth hacking

text: The heart of growth hacking is the relentless focus on growth as the only metric that truly matters. Mark Zuckerberg had this mindset while growing Facebook. While the exact methods vary from company to company and from one industry to the next, the common denominator is always growth. Companies that have successfully "growth hacked" usually have a viral loop naturally built into their onboarding process. New customers typically hear about the product or service through their network and by using the product or service, share it with their connections in turn. This loop of awareness, use, and sharing can result in exponential growth for the company.


title: Growth hacking

text: Twitter, Facebook, Dropbox, Pinterest, YouTube, Groupon, Udemy, Instagram and Google are all companies that used and still use growth hacking techniques to build brands and improve profits.


title: Growth hacking

text: Below are the examples of growth hacks and are the most well-known acts of growth hacking. Often people see growth hacking as merely repeating these growth hacks, but one should know that the 'hacks' are only the result of a repeatable growth hacking process, which all growth hackers use a way of working. Below are some of the most famous growth hacking examples:


title: Against the Sun

text: Against the Sun is a 2014 American survival drama film. Based on a true story in World War II, the film was written, produced, and directed by Brian Falk and starring Garret Dillahunt, Tom Felton, and Jake Abel. The film was released via video on demand on January 23, 2015.


title: Against the Sun

text: On January 16, 1942, US Navy airmen pilot Harold Dixon (Garret Dillahunt), bombardier Tony Pastula (Tom Felton) and radioman Gene Aldrich (Jake Abel), flying a Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo bomber from the aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise", encounter problems on a patrol mission over the South Pacific. Separated from other aircraft on the mission and unable to get their bearings, Dixon makes a decision to head back to the carrier.


title: Against the Sun

text: Radioman Aldrich announces they are out of range of reception. Running low in fuel and unsure of their exact location, Dixon orders his crew to prepare for the ditching and to assemble their survival gear. After making a successful ditching, the survivors find themselves on a tiny life raft, surrounded by open ocean. Even seeing a dive bomber from their carrier searching for them, they realize that the search is too far away from their position, and the rescue effort will soon move away from them. Dixon describes their predicament as "lost at sea", the naval term for giving up the search.


title: Against the Sun

text: With Dixon taking charge, an inventory of their survival gear is made. They realize there are no oars, or map, and more importantly, no food or water. With little hope of rescue, they drift across the ocean. Aldrich is eventually able to kill a shark after it attacks their makeshift fishing rod, which they then eat to stave off starvation, and rainfall initially prevents dehydration, though rations for both dwindle and the 3 are forced to drink their own urine. Aldrich's hand is bitten by a shark, and Dixon is almost eaten after retrieving a bird that Aldrich had shot.


title: Against the Sun

text: Tensions rise and Aldrich turns on Dixon prompting the latter to reveal that he fell asleep prior to their having to ditch the plane, and is the reason that they became lost in the first place, despite this both men are able to partially forgive Dixon after he uses their shoes as makeshift oars. They begin to row and agree that whoever spots land first is owed a meal by the other 2, "anything he wants, anywhere he wants". Despite this optimism, a storm hits the raft and Tony is nearly lost, though all 3 survive now with no supplies. At their lowest point and nearly dead, the trio spot land and wash up on the shore of an island, PukaPuka.


title: Against the Sun

text: Credits reveal they spent 34 days at sea, having rowed for over 1000 miles. Dixon was awarded the Navy Cross and never flew again. Tony was unable to continue with the Navy though his ashes were scattered at sea upon his death in 1986. Aldrich continued as a Radioman and married Tony's sister, Frances, in 1946.


title: Against the Sun

text: Principal photography on "Against the Sun" started in 2014 with location work at El Rosario, Sinaloa, Mexico. The cast underwent a strict diet of 500 calories daily to show the emaciated state of the survivors. As they lost weight, the actors more accurately depicted the stages of starving that took place over 34 days stranded on the ocean.


title: Against the Sun

text: "Against the Sun" had a premiere at the National World War II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana on November 23, 2014. The film was released to video on demand on January 23, 2015. "Against the Sun" also played at the Arena Theater in Los Angeles.


title: Against the Sun

text: "Against the Sun" received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 67% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. On Metacritic, the film had score of 43 out of 100, based on 5 reviews.


title: Against the Sun

text: The "Los Angeles Times" said "Against the Sun" was admirable but compared it unfavorably to Angelina Jolie's film "Unbroken" (2014) which had been released a month before.


title: Against the Sun

text: On January 16, 1942, Chief Aviation Machinist's Mate and enlisted Naval pilot Harold Dixon (aged 41, from La Mesa, California), radioman Gene Aldrich (aged 22 from Sikeston, Missouri) and bombardier Anthony Pastula (aged 24 of Youngstown, Ohio) took off from the aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise" in a Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo bomber Bureau Number 0335. As part of Torpedo Squadron SIX (VT-6), they were to undertake an anti-submarine sweep over the Pacific Ocean. Once airborne they were to maintain radio silence to safeguard the carrier being detected by the Japanese.


title: Against the Sun

text: Their aircraft lost position and was unable to return to the carrier. Running low on fuel, Dixon ditched the aircraft in the ocean. The aircraft sank quickly taking most of the crew's survival equipment with it. The men inflated the small rubber life raft and climbed inside. Surviving on rainwater and rations the men drifted for 34 days and travelled over 1,000 miles, before landing on the Pukapuka atoll, a friendly island. The crew was picked up a week later by a seaplane from the USS "Swan".


title: Against the Sun

text: For his efforts to keep his crew alive Dixon was awarded the Navy Cross. The citation read "...for extreme heroism, exceptional determination, resourcefulness, skilled seamanship, excellent judgment and highest quality of leadership". Both Pastula and Aldrich received presidential commendations for their "extraordinary courage, fortitude, strength of character and exceptional endurance".


title: Against the Sun

text: The emergency life raft along with the crew was washed ashore on Pukapuka atoll and later sent to Pearl Harbor. After the war, the raft was repaired and on display at the United States Naval Academy Museum for the remainder of the war. Currently on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum, the raft is displayed with a cut-out of the crew in the exhibit "Raft: A story of survival at sea".


title: Against the Sun

text: Dixon died on June 26, 1987, and is buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery. Pastula died on October 19, 1982, and is buried in Ohio. Aldrich died of cancer on March 27, 1973, in San Diego. After the war, Aldrich married Frances Pastula, Tony's sister.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue is an attraction located at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris. Set in the "Star Wars" universe, Star Tours – The Adventures Continue takes passengers on a turbulent trip across the galaxy, as droids C-3PO and R2-D2 attempt to safely return a spy to the Rebel Alliance.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: "The Adventures Continue" features locations and characters from all 9 films of the Skywalker saga, unlike its predecessor, which mostly took place after the events of the original trilogy ("Episode IV – A New Hope" through "Episode VI – Return of the Jedi"). The attraction opened on May 20, 2011, at Disney's Hollywood Studios, on May 20, 2011, at Disneyland, on May 7, 2013, at Tokyo Disneyland, and on March 26, 2017, at Disneyland Paris.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: In 1998, Disney began planning to upgrade Star Tours as part of the release of the upcoming 1999 film "", the first film of the new prequel trilogy. There would be new flights, with passengers going to the Boonta Eve Classic Podrace on Tatooine. Captain Rex would still be a part of the new version and the droids in the queue line would be working on engines and podrace components. Plus, this version would be in 3D, with glasses resembling Anakin Skywalker's goggles. However, there was a big situation. Changing the story to focus on Episode I would make the attraction outdated fast, as two new upcoming films would feature new characters and locations. Officials chose to wait until 2003 when production began on "" before remodeling Star Tours.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: In April 2005, at "Star Wars" Celebration III at the Indiana Convention Center in Indianapolis, creator George Lucas confirmed that a "Star Tours II" was in production. In May 2009, /Film reported that filming for the new version of Star Tours was underway in West Hollywood, California.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: During pre-production, one of the locations that Imagineers wanted guests to visit was the ice planet of Hoth while it was under siege by Imperial walkers. However, the idea was quickly scrapped because it would interfere with the attraction's placement in the "Star Wars" timeline. According to Imagineer Jason Surrell, after the Hoth battle idea was replaced with an encounter with the planet's native fauna (e.g. tauntauns and wampas), the concept was presented to George Lucas. Lucas, although liking the idea, requested that the battle scene be used instead, even if it meant disrupting the series' canon. Lucas offered the possibility that there was perhaps an earlier scuffle between Rebel and Imperial forces on the planet before the events in "Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back" unfolded and that they "later decided to build a base there figuring the Empire wouldn't think the rebels would return to that same location." The Kashyyyk sequence was suggested by John Lasseter. Industrial Light & Magic was responsible for the extensive computer-generated imagery seen throughout the attraction.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: At the 2009 D23 Expo in Anaheim, Walt Disney Imagineering announced that Star Tours at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios would be closed in October 2010 for total renovation and would reopen in May and June 2011 as "Star Tours – The Adventures Continue". The updated ride system would consist of high-definition video, a Dolby 3D high-definition screen, an improved motion simulator, as well as several other newly added special effects. A short teaser trailer was shown at the expo featuring a podracing scene similar to that from "". An accompanying teaser picture depicted a red-colored "StarSpeeder 1000" spacecraft.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: In May 2010, Disney announced exact dates for the closure of "Star Tours" at both parks, both earlier than the originally announced October 2010 date. Star Tours closed on July 27 at Disneyland and on September 7 at Disney's Hollywood Studios.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: On June 11, 2010, at the "What's Next?" presentation, Disney announced that the re-imagined attraction would take place between "" and "Star Wars – Episode IV: A New Hope" and would be named Star Tours – The Adventures Continue. They also premiered an image showcasing the StarSpeeder 1000 flying through Coruscant.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: On August 12, during Celebration V, Disney showed a preview 'commercial' of what guests may expect to see, including visits to Endor, Bespin, and Alderaan.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: By September 24, two new characters were revealed for Star Tours – The Adventures Continue. The first one was Ace, the new pilot, and the second one was the Aly San San spokesdroid, voiced by Allison Janney. During D23's "Destination D" event, Disneyland Resort President George Kalogridis stated that the new ride would feature 54 possible different experiences.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: On October 26, Tom Fitzgerald, Executive VP and Senior Creative Executive of Walt Disney Imagineering, stated that while "Ace" was supposed to be the pilot of the StarSpeeder 1000s, by the time riders actually take off, the pilot would be C-3PO. Fitzgerald also mentioned that Captain Rex, the former Star Tours pilot (but within the series' timeline, the future pilot), would also make an appearance somewhere on the new version of the attraction. Anthony Daniels, who played C-3PO in all the "Star Wars" films, returned to portray the character in three mediums; live-action suit, motion capture, and Audio-Animatronic voice.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: Fitzgerald revealed on February 11, 2011, that more characters would be encountered on the ride, including Darth Vader, Boba Fett, Imperial Stormtroopers, "Jumptroopers", Admiral Ackbar, Yoda, Princess Leia, and Chewbacca. He confirmed on April 1, locations that guests could visit on the new attraction. Destinations include Tatooine, Coruscant, Hoth, Naboo, Kashyyyk, and the Death Star as it orbits Geonosis.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: The attraction in Orlando began soft openings on May 14, with the official opening at midnight on May 20, 2011. The attraction in Anaheim began soft openings on May 20, with the official opening in the morning of June 3, 2011. Tokyo Disneyland's Star Tours attraction closed on April 2, 2012, and reopened as the revamped attraction on May 7, 2013. Disneyland Paris' Star Tours attraction was the final incarnation to change; it closed on March 16, 2016, and reopened as The Adventures Continue on March 26, 2017.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: In 2012, Star Tours – The Adventures Continue was awarded as the most "Outstanding Attraction Refresh" by the Themed Entertainment Association.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: At the 2015 D23 Expo, it was announced that a desert planet called Jakku from "" would be added to the attraction. The new adventure became available beginning November 16, 2015. The mineral planet Crait from "" and Batuu, the remote outpost forest and mountain planet from "", were added to the attraction on November 17, 2017. The ocean moon Kef Bir from "" was added to the ride on December 20, 2019, the film's release date.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: The exteriors of all four Star Tours attractions are different in their respective parks. The attraction in Florida is inspired by an Ewok village on the forest moon of Endor, whereas the California, Japan, and France versions are modeled after a Tomorrowland-esque space port.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: According to the opening crawl that preceded the attraction's inaugural opening; after the Dark Times began, Captain Antilles had dispatched C-3PO and R2-D2, the series' protagonist droids who were placed in the custody of Antilles by order of Bail Organa near the end of "", to assist in the inauguration of the spaceline. The seemingly close relationship between the Rebel Alliance and the Star Tours agency, caused the Galactic Empire to believe that both entities were in a partnership, and thus has monitored the agency's actions over the years.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: Similar to the functionality of the previous Star Tours attraction, The Adventures Continue places guests in the role of space tourists en route to a predetermined destination. The queue is designed to resemble a spaceport terminal: posters advertise voyages to different planets, and a large LCD screen informs riders of flight statuses, planetary weather forecasts, and advertisements promoting the benefits of booking flights with Star Tours. The screen displays information in spoken basic language and Aurebesh. The queue is populated with Audio-Animatronic characters, including C-3PO, R2-D2, and two Mon Calamari officers, that interact with one another and to guests. Entering the cargo bay, Captain Rex from the original attraction can be found, who in accordance with the timeline has not been used yet, and is therefore being sent back to a factory as defective. He occasionally has a power surge and delivers a line from the original attraction. Two G2 droids interact with guests as they conduct their tasks. The more outspoken droid processing the passengers' luggage on a scanning system reveals the luggages' contents to the guests waiting in the queue. Many references, gags, and in-jokes relating to "Star Wars", Disney, and Pixar films are made via the contents of this luggage. Guests then retrieve their 3-D "flight glasses" and are directed by a flight agent to 4 gates in Disneyland and 6 gates in Disney's Hollywood Studios, Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris where they wait to board.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: Television monitors show C-3PO, who has been assigned to maintenance on the StarSpeeder 1000 that guests are about to board, inadvertently getting trapped in the cockpit after the ship's captain leaves. Following this, Aly San San presents safety instructions to the guests. Once the doors to the StarSpeeder 1000 open, guests enter one of several ride simulators. After the doors close, C-3PO complains to R2-D2 (who is stationed on top of the ship) about the misunderstanding, but is ignored when the StarSpeeder 1000 begins to take flight with C-3PO in it.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: The ride sequence is randomized; guests riding Star Tours will experience four out of 21 different segments during each journey. This gives Star Tours the advantage of being both highly repeatable and constantly surprising. Even though guests can experience different journeys, the main priority is always delivering a Rebel spy to safety. The "rebel spy" is chosen from the guests on the ride vehicle and whose photo is displayed to all the riders, with the dialogue in the ride accommodating to their sex or gender identity.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: There are 21 random segments of the film: four opening segments, five primary destination segments, seven hologram message segments, and five ending destination segments. Combined, they allow for 700 different possible ride experiences. Segments are chosen randomly with no regard to the chronology of the series, however characters and locations from the sequel trilogy are not mixed with other eras.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: John Williams, who composed the music for all the main "Star Wars" saga films, approached Walt Disney Imagineering about writing the music for the attraction. After evaluating the storyboards of the ride sequences, Williams determined that a newly written musical score was unnecessary. Instead, Williams suggested that the on-ride music should be the original cues from the films, along with unused passages from the film scores that he and his music editor found. Michael Giacchino provided additional arrangements of various "Star Wars" themes for use in the commercials and pre-show videos in the attraction. Also, the signature Star Tours logo chimes, composed by Richard Bellis, remained in the attraction.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: The attraction combines high-definition video, a Dolby 3D high-definition screen, an improved motion simulator and several newly added special effects and Audio-animatronics.


title: Star Tours – The Adventures Continue

text: Similar to its predecessor, Star Tours–The Adventures Continue utilizes the same hydraulic motion base cabin, patented as Advanced Technology Leisure Application Simulator (ATLAS), which features several degrees of freedom, including the ability to move 35 degrees in the X-Y-Z plane. In the original version, passengers rode in a vehicle named the "StarSpeeder 3000". Since the new attraction is set before the original film, the new ride vehicle is referred to as a "StarSpeeder 1000". The motion simulator itself was originally manufactured by Rediffusion Simulation.


title: Outline (list)

text: An outline, also called a hierarchical outline, is a list arranged to show hierarchical relationships and is a type of tree structure. An outline is used to present the main points (in sentences) or topics (terms) of a given subject. Each item in an outline may be divided into additional sub-items. If an organizational level in an outline is to be sub-divided, it shall have at least two subcategories, as advised by major style manuals in current use. An outline may be used as a drafting tool of a document, or as a summary of the content of a document or of the knowledge in an entire field. It is not to be confused with the general context of the term "outline", which a summary or overview of a subject, presented verbally or written in prose (for example, "The Outline of History" is not an outline of the type presented below). The outlines described in this article are lists, and come in several varieties.


title: Outline (list)

text: A sentence outline is a tool for composing a document, such as an essay, a paper, a book, or even an encyclopedia. It is a list used to organize the facts or points to be covered, and their order of presentation, by section. Topic outlines list the subtopics of a subject, arranged in levels, and while they can be used to plan a composition, they are most often used as a summary, such as in the form of a table of contents or the topic list in a college course's syllabus.


title: Outline (list)

text: Outlines are further differentiated by the index prefixing used, or lack thereof. Many outlines include a numerical or alphanumerical prefix preceding each entry in the outline, to provide a specific path for each item, to aid in referring to and discussing the entries listed. An alphanumerical outline uses alternating letters and numbers to identify entries. A decimal outline uses only numbers as prefixes. An outline without prefixes is called a "bare outline".


title: Outline (list)

text: Specialized applications of outlines also exist. A reverse outline is a list of sentences or topics that is created from an existing work, as a revision tool; it may show the gaps in the document's coverage so that they may be filled, and may help in rearranging sentences or topics to improve the structure and flow of the work. An integrated outline is a composition tool for writing scholastic works, in which the sources, and the writer's notes from the sources, are integrated into the outline for ease of reference during the writing process.


title: Outline (list)

text: Outlines are differentiated by style, the inclusion of prefixes, and specialized purpose. There are also hand-written outlines (which are highly limited in utility), and digitized outlines, such as those contained within an outliner (which are much more useful).


title: Outline (list)

text: Propædia is the historical attempt of the Encyclopædia Britannica to present a hierarchical "Outline of Knowledge" in a separate volume in the 15th edition of 1974. The "Outline of Knowledge" was a project by Mortimer Adler. Propædia had three levels, 10 "Parts" at the top level, 41 "Divisions" at the middle level and 167 "Sections" at the bottom level, numbered, for example, "1. Matter and Energy", "1.1 Atoms", "1.1.1. Structure and Properties of Sync”.


title: Outline (list)

text: A feature included in many outlines is prefixing. Similar to section numbers, an outline prefix is a label (usually alphanumeric or numeric) placed at the beginning of an outline entry to assist in referring to it.


title: Outline (list)

text: An "alphanumeric outline" includes a prefix at the beginning of each topic as a reference aid. The prefix is in the form of Roman numerals for the top level, upper-case letters (in the alphabet of the language being used) for the next level, Arabic numerals for the next level, and then lowercase letters for the next level. For further levels, the order is started over again. Each numeral or letter is followed by a period, and each item is capitalized, as in the following sample:


title: Outline (list)

text: Some call the Roman numerals "A-heads" (for "A-level headings"), the upper-case letters, "B-heads", and so on. Some writers also prefer to insert a blank line between the A-heads and B-heads, while often keeping the B-heads and C-heads together.


title: Outline (list)

text: If more levels of outline are needed, lower-case Roman numerals and numbers and lower-case letters, sometimes with single and double parenthesis can be used, although the exact order is not well defined, and usage varies widely.


title: Outline (list)

text: The scheme recommended by the "MLA Handbook", and the "Purdue Online Writing Lab", among others, uses the usual five levels, as described above, then repeats the Arabic numerals and lower-case letter surrounded by parentheses (round brackets) – I. A. 1. a. i. (1) (a) – and does not specify any lower levels, though "(i)" is usually next. In common practice, lower levels yet are usually Arabic numerals and lowercase letters again, and sometimes lower-case Roman again, with single parentheses – 1) a) i) – but usage varies. MLA style is sometimes incorrectly referred to as APA style, but the "APA Publication Manual" does not address outline formatting at all.


title: Outline (list)

text: A very different style recommended by "The Chicago Manual of Style", based on the practice of the United States Congress in drafting legislation, suggests the following sequence, from the top to the seventh level (the only ones specified): I. A. 1. "a") (1) ("a") "i") – capital Roman numerals with a period, capital letters with a period, Arabic numerals with a period, italic lowercase letters with a single parenthesis, Arabic numerals with a double parenthesis, italic lowercase letters with a double parenthesis, and italic lowercase Roman numerals with a single parentheses, though the italics are not required). Because of its use in the US Code and other US law books, many American lawyers consequently use this outline format.


title: Outline (list)

text: Another alternative scheme repeats all five levels with a single parenthesis for the second five – I) A) 1) a) i) – and then again with a double parenthesis for the third five – (I) (A) (1) (a) (i).


title: Outline (list)

text: Many oft-cited style guides besides the "APA Publication Manual", including the "AP Stylebook", the "NYT Manual", Fowler, "The Guardian" Style Guide, and Strunk & White, are curiously silent on the topic.


title: Outline (list)

text: One side effect of the use of both Roman numerals and uppercase letters in all of these styles of outlining is that in most alphabets, "I." may be an item at both the top (A-head) and second (B-head) levels. This is usually not problematic because lower level items are usually referred to hierarchically. For example, the third sub-sub-item of the fourth sub-item of the second item is item II. D. 3. So, the ninth sub-item (letter-I) of the first item (Roman-I) is item I. I., and only the top level one is item I.


title: Outline (list)

text: The "decimal outline" format has the advantage of showing how every item at every level relates to the whole, as shown in the following sample outline:


title: Outline (list)

text: A first subsection may be numbered 0 rather than 1 (as in 2.0 Career opportunities) if it is an introduction or similar to the following subsections.


title: Outline (list)

text: A "reverse outline" is an outline made from an existing work. Reverse outlining is like reverse engineering a document. The points or topics are extracted from the work, and are arranged in their order of presentation, by section, in the outline. Once completed, the outline can be filled in and rearranged as a plan for a new improved version of the document.


title: Outline (list)

text: An "integrated outline" is a helpful step in the process of organizing and writing a scholarly paper (literature review, research paper, thesis or dissertation). When completed the integrated outline contains the relevant scholarly sources (author's last name, publication year, page number if quote) for each section in the outline. An integrated outline is generally prepared after the scholar has collected, read and mastered the literature that will be used in the research paper. Shields and Rangarajan (2013) recommend that new scholars develop a system to do this. Part of the system should contain a systematic way to take notes on the scholarly sources. These notes can then be tied to the paper through the integrated outline. This way the scholar reviews all of the literature before the writing begins.


title: Outline (list)

text: An integrated outline can be a helpful tool for people with writer's block because the content of the paper is organized and identified prior to writing. The structure and content is combined and the author can write a small section at a time. The process is less overwhelming because it can be separated into manageable chunks. The first draft can be written using smaller blocks of time.


title: Outline (list)

text: "Merriam-Webster's manual for writers and editors" (1998, p. 290) recommends that the section headings of an article should when read in isolation, combine to form an outline of the article content. Garson (2002) distinguishes a 'standard outline', presented as a regular table of contents from a refined tree-like 'hierarchical outline', stating that "such an outline might be appropriate, for instance, when the purpose is taxonomic (placing observed phenomena into an exhaustive set of categories). ... hierarchical outlines are rare in quantitative writing, and the researcher is well advised to stick to the standard outline unless there are compelling reasons not to."


title: Outline (list)

text: Writers of fiction and creative nonfiction, such as Jon Franklin, may use outlines to establish plot sequence, character development and dramatic flow of a story, sometimes in conjunction with free writing.


title: Outline (list)

text: Preparation of an outline is an intermediate step in the process of writing a scholarly research paper, literature review, thesis or dissertation. A special kind of outline (integrated outline) incorporates scholarly sources into the outline before the writing begins.


title: Outline (list)

text: In addition to being used as a composition tool during the drafting process, outlines can also be used as a publishing format. Outlines can be presented as work's table of contents, but they can also be used as the body of a work. The "Outline of Knowledge" from the 15th edition of the "Encyclopedia Britannica" is an example of this. Wikipedia includes outlines that summarize subjects (for example, see Outline of chess, Outline of Mars, and Outline of knowledge).


title: Outline (list)

text: Professors often hand out to their students at the beginning of a term, a summary of the subjects to be covered throughout the course in the form of a topic outline. It may also be included as part of a larger course synopsis.


title: Outline (list)

text: Outlines, especially those used within an outliner, can be used for planning, scheduling, and recording.


title: Outline (list)

text: An outliner (or "outline processor") is a specialized type of word processor used to view, create, build, modify, and maintain outlines. It is a computer program, or part of one, used for displaying, organizing, and editing hierarchically arranged text in an outline's tree structure. Textual information is contained in discrete sections called "nodes", which are arranged according to their topic-subtopic (parent-child) relationships, sort of like the members of a family tree. When loaded into an outliner, an outline may be collapsed or expanded to display as few or as many levels as desired.


title: Outline (list)

text: Outliners are used for storing and retrieving textual information, with terms, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs attached to a tree. So rather than being arranged by document, information is arranged by topic or content. An outline in an outliner may contain as many topics as desired. This eliminates the need to have separate documents, as outlines easily include other outlines just by adding to the tree.


title: Outline (list)

text: The main difference between a hand-written outline and a digital one, is that the former is usually limited to a summary or blueprint of a planned document, while the latter may easily include all of the content of the entire document and many more. In other words, as a hand-written work an outline is a writing tool, but on a computer, it is a general purpose format supported by a robust development and display medium capable of handling knowledge from its creation to its end use.


title: Outline (list)

text: Outliners may be used in content creation instead of general word processors for capturing, organizing, editing, and displaying knowledge or general textual information. Outliners are ideal for managing lists, organizing facts and ideas, and for writing computer programs. They are also used for goal and task management (including personal information management and project management), and for writing books and movie scripts.


title: 2017–18 Serie A

text: The 2017–18 Serie A (known as the Serie A TIM for sponsorship reasons) was the 116th season of top-tier Italian football, the 86th in a round-robin tournament and the 8th since its organization under a league committee separate from Serie B. Juventus were the six-time defending champions. The season ran from 19 August 2017 to 20 May 2018.


title: 2017–18 Serie A

text: On 13 May, Juventus won a record seventh consecutive title and 34rd title overall with one game remaining following their 0–0 draw with Roma.


title: 2017–18 Serie A

text: The season was marred by the death of Davide Astori, the captain of Fiorentina, due to heart problems.


title: 2017–18 Serie A

text: On 13 May 2017, SPAL were mathematically promoted from Serie B after 49 years away. Five days later, Hellas Verona clinched promoted as well, one year on from being relegated. On 8 June 2017, Benevento won the promotion play-offs to earn the club a first ever promotion to Serie A; they became the 67th team to participate in the Italian top flight.


title: 2017–18 Serie A

text: After video assistant refereeing (VAR) was privately tested in the previous season, on 10 June 2017 it was announced replay assistance would be implemented for this season. The percentage of errors in Serie A in this season was reportedly 0.89 percent, compared to 5.78 percent if VAR had not been not used.


title: 2017–18 Serie A

text: Subsequently to the new UEFA entry criteria, Italy obtained four group stage spots for the following Champions League season, as did the other three leagues with the highest coefficient in Europe; this was an improvement on the three Champions League spots (two group stage places and one qualifying play-off place) that Serie A had received prior.


title: 2017–18 Serie A

text: On 4 March 2018, Davide Astori, captain of Fiorentina, died in his sleep while staying in a hotel in Udine prior to Fiorentina's match against Udinese, proven to be caused by cardiac arrest determined from an autopsy conducted two days later. All Serie A, Serie B and Serie C matches scheduled for 4 March were postponed. Cagliari and Fiorentina both retired the number 13 jersey worn by Astori in his honour.


title: 2017–18 Serie A

text: The teams that were relegated included Benevento (on 22 April 2018, after one year in Serie A), Hellas Verona (on 5 May 2018, also after one year), and Crotone (on 20 May 2018, after two seasons in the top flight).


title: 2017–18 Serie A

text: On 13 May 2018, Juventus won their seventh title in a row and the 34th in their history following their 0–0 draw away to Roma in the penultimate matchweek. Four days later, Juventus goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon announced his farewell to Serie A (and the national football team). He left the league after 23 career seasons, the last seventeen being with Juventus, having earned nine league titles and 640 caps, the second highest ever in Serie A. However, after a year away with Paris Saint-Germain, Buffon would return to Juventus and to Serie A for the 2019–20 season.


title: Agile management

text: Agile management is the application of the principles of Agile software development and Lean Management to various management processes, particularly product development and project management. Following the appearance of the Manifesto for Agile Software Development in 2001, Agile techniques started to spread into other areas of activity. The term Agile originates from Agile manufacturing - which in the early 90s had developed from Flexible manufacturing systems and Lean manufacturing/production.


title: Agile management

text: The term "Agile Project Management" has not been picked up by any of the international organizations developing Project Management Standards.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: A wooden spoon is an award that is given to an individual or team that has come last in a competition. Examples range from the academic to sporting and more frivolous events. The term is of British origin and has spread to other English-speaking countries. In most cases it is simply a colloquial term for coming last – there is no actual award given.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: The wooden spoon was presented originally at the University of Cambridge as a kind of booby prize awarded by the students to the person who achieved the lowest exam marks but still earned a third-class degree (a "junior optime") in the Mathematical Tripos. The term "wooden spoon" or simply "the spoon" was also applied to the recipient, and the prize became quite notorious:


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: The spoons themselves, actually made of wood, grew larger, and in latter years measured up to five feet long. By tradition, they were dangled in a teasing way from the upstairs balcony in the Senate House, in front of the recipient as he came before the Vice-Chancellor to receive his degree, at least until 1875 when the practice was specifically banned by the university.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: The lowest placed students earning a second-class ("senior optime") or first-class degree ("wrangler") were sometimes known as the "silver spoon" and "golden spoon" respectively. In contrast, the highest-scoring male student was named the "senior wrangler". Students unfortunate enough to place below the wooden spoon, by achieving only an Ordinary degree, were given a variety of names depending on their number. In the 1860s about three-quarters of the roughly 400 candidates did not score enough to be awarded honours, and were known as "poll men".


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: The custom dates back at least to the late 18th century, being recorded in 1803, and continued until 1909. From 1910 onwards the results have been given in alphabetical rather than score order, and so it is now impossible to tell who has come last, unless there is only one person in the lowest class.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: The last wooden spoon was awarded to Cuthbert Lempriere Holthouse, an oarsman of the Lady Margaret Boat Club of St John's College, Cambridge, in 1909 at the graduation ceremony in the university's Senate House. The handle is shaped like an oar and inscribed with an epigram in Greek which may be translated as follows:


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: This wooden object is the last souvenir of the competitive examinations in mathematics. Look upon it, and weep.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: The last spoon to be awarded is now in the possession of St. John's College, with an earlier version being kept at the Selwyn College Library. From 8 June 2009 to 26 June 2009, St. John's College held an exhibition of the five surviving wooden spoons in College hands, from St. John's (the last one, dating from 1909), Selwyn's (1906), Emmanuel's (1889) and Corpus Christi's (1895 and 1907) in its library to mark the centenary of the "awarding" of the last spoon of all. There are five known wooden spoons in private hands.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: In rugby union's Six Nations Championship, the wooden spoon is a metaphorical award won by the team finishing in last place, or alternatively by a team that loses all its games. In 1894, the "South Wales Daily Post" remarked that within the Home Nations Championships the Ireland-Wales match has been to decide which team should be recipient of the ignominious Wooden Spoon.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: The term is commonly used in Australian and New Zealand sporting competitions, most notably in the major Australian rules, soccer, rugby league and rugby union leagues (such as the AFL, the A-League, NRL, Super Rugby and ITM Cup) and refers to the club positioned last on the league table at the end of the season.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: In the 2017 and 2018 Suncorp Super Netball seasons, the Adelaide Thunderbirds claimed the wooden spoon. In the latter year, they lost all fourteen of their regular season matches, resulting in Dan Ryan being sacked as the club's coach.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: The Queensland Firebirds, Collingwood Magpies and Melbourne Vixens have won the past three wooden spoons, with the Vixens the most recent recipient of the award.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: In United States' men's Major League Soccer, the last place team in the overall standings is generally considered as the "wooden spoon champion". However, unlike other Wooden Spoon awards, there is a physical "trophy" for the award. Before the start of the 2016 MLS season, the Independent Supporters Council decided to create an actual official "trophy" for the lowest place team in the league, as a complement to the Supporters' Shield which the ISC also manages. The trophy is passed to the "winning" team at the annual ISC Conference, and the holders of the Spoon must possess the spoon for the entire following season. At the end of the year, every group awarded the Wooden Spoon are allowed to do what they will with the trophy. Chicago Fire FC was the "winner" of the inaugural 2015 wooden spoon trophy and their supporters had the responsibility of creating the first spoon. The award was christened the Andrew Hauptman Memorial Wooden Spoon by Chicago Fire FC supporters as a dig against the team's owner, Andrew Hauptman (2007–2019).


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: Beginning with the 2017 MLS season, the wooden spoon was renamed the Anthony Precourt Memorial Wooden Spoon, after the then-owner of the Columbus Crew, who at the time was attempting to move the franchise to Austin.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: While the San Jose Earthquakes currently have the most wooden spoon "wins" overall (1997, 2000, 2008 and 2018), Chicago Fire FC holds the record for the most wooden spoons since it became an actual trophy, "winning" the award in both 2015 and 2016. This was also the only time since the award's physical creation that a club has earned this title two seasons in a row.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: The wooden spoon was not "officially" awarded following the 2020 season, as the ISC board "felt it was inappropriate to offer such a distinction for shortened and geographically-limited seasons". FC Cincinnati would have been the recipient of the 2020 Wooden Spoon had it been awarded, and as the winner again in 2021, they effectively, but unofficially, repeated twice. The current holders are D.C. United (2022).


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: The Canadian Premier League has a fan made trophy, going to the team that finishes with the fewest points at the end of the regular season. The most recent recipient are FC Edmonton as of the 2022 season.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: In the Cambridge and Oxford bumps races, a crew who get bumped each day (thus moving down four places) are awarded spoons. This is probably related to the use of wooden spoons as a booby prize in the University of Cambridge Mathematical Tripos.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: A wooden spoon, also known as the "anti-slam", is sometimes spoken about in tennis. It is described as the worst possible outcome in a tournament, won by the player who is defeated in the first round by a player who is defeated in the second round, who is defeated in the third round and so forth, until the final of the tournament.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: Some notable Grand Slam "wooden spooners" include, among others, John McEnroe (1978 Wimbledon Championships), Katerina Maleeva (1985 US Open), Nathalie Tauziat (1989 French Open), Manuela Maleeva-Fragnière (1990 Wimbledon Championships), Richard Krajicek (1994 Wimbledon Championships), Goran Ivanišević (1995 Australian Open), Mary Pierce (2002 Australian Open), Marat Safin (2004 US Open), Caroline Wozniacki (2007 French Open), Ana Ivanovic (2010 Wimbledon Championships), Karolína Plíšková (2015 US Open), Rafael Nadal (2016 Australian Open), Jelena Janković (2016 French Open), Naomi Osaka (2017 French Open), Stefanos Tsitsipas (2018 Australian Open), and Jeļena Ostapenko (2018 French Open - she was the defending champion, having won in 2017). Recently, Felix Auger Aliassime achieved it at the (2022 Wimbledon Championships) and Simona Halep at the 2022 US Open (tennis).


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: Greg Rusedski (1994 and 1995 US Open, 2006 Wimbledon Championships), Nicolás Lapentti (1996 French Open, 1997 and 2009 Wimbledon Championships) and Julien Benneteau (2014 and 2016 US Open, 2016 French Open) have claimed three wooden spoons throughout their career.


title: 21 at 33

text: 21 at 33 is the fourteenth studio album by English musician Elton John and his 21st album in total, made when John was 33 years old, hence the title.


title: 21 at 33

text: "21 at 33" was recorded at Super Bear Studios, Nice, France, in September 1979 and at Rumbo Recorders and Sunset Sound in Los Angeles, California, from January to March 1980. Three singles were released from the album, including "Little Jeannie", his highest-charting U.S. single in 5 years.


title: 21 at 33

text: The two other founding members of the original Elton John Band (active 1969–1975), drummer Nigel Olsson and bass player Dee Murray, reunited with him for two songs. His keyboardist James Newton Howard returned and performed on almost every track, as was the case on "Rock of the Westies" and "Blue Moves". Other musicians included members of the Eagles and Toto, as well as Peter Noone from Herman's Hermits and Bill Champlin and Toni Tennille of Captain & Tennille fame.


title: 21 at 33

text: The title comes from the fact that this was John's 21st album in total at the age of 33. According to the liner notes in the remastered edition of the album, the count includes all standard albums, two greatest hits compilations, two live albums, as well as the soundtrack release "Friends", the three -song 12-inch EP "The Thom Bell Sessions" and the UK-only rarities collection "Lady Samantha".


title: 21 at 33

text: John has not played any of the material in concert since touring in 1980, with the exception of "Little Jeannie", which, despite having been a huge North American hit (#3 Pop and #1 Adult Contemporary in the United States, and #1 in Canada), was included only in the two concerts from 2000 entitled "One Night Only", and the warm up gig for the two Madison Square Garden concerts in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.


title: James M. Cain

text: James Mallahan Cain (July 1, 1892 – October 27, 1977) was an American novelist, journalist and screenwriter. He is widely regarded as a progenitor of the hardboiled school of American crime fiction.


title: James M. Cain

text: His novels "The Postman Always Rings Twice" (1934), "Double Indemnity" (1936), "Serenade" (1937), "Mildred Pierce" (1941) and "The Butterfly" (1947) brought him critical acclaim and an immense popular readership in America and abroad.


title: James M. Cain

text: Though Cain never delivered a successful Hollywood screenplay, several of his novels were made into highly regarded films, among them "Double Indemnity" (1944), "Mildred Pierce" (1945) and "The Postman Always Rings Twice" (1946).


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain continued to write and publish novels into his eighties. A number of his works were issued posthumously, including "The Cocktail Waitress" (2012).