title: TD Bank (United States)

text: In 2016, the bank was sued for allegations that their coin counting machines, "Penny Arcades," were inaccurately counting coins. The lawsuit estimates that 26 cents out of every $100 was not counted, totaling to $9 million.


title: TD Bank (United States)

text: Many cases of financial penalties against the company do feature mitigating factors including accidental human error at branches due to customers presenting fraudulent information; however, the company has been assessed penalties in excess of $197 million since the year 2000 for consumer, banking, investor protection, wage and privacy violations.


title: TD Bank (United States)

text: In 2005, TD Banknorth announced it purchased the naming rights of what is currently the TD Garden, home of the Boston Celtics and Boston Bruins sports teams.


title: TD Bank (United States)

text: When TD Bank bought Commerce Bancorp in 2009, the company became title sponsor of the TD Bank Ballpark, home of the Somerset Patriots.


title: TD Bank (United States)

text: On August 22, 2019, TD announced its partnership with The Shed, the new arts center on Manhattan's Far West Side, as lead sponsor of the "Open Call" artist commissioning program


title: TD Bank (United States)

text: On November 4, 2019, TD announced an extension of their long standing Canadian partnership with the Toronto Blue Jays into the United States with the naming rights to the team's spring training home in Dunedin, FL., to be renamed TD Ballpark.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: Cláudio Luiz Rodrigues Parise Leonel (born 28 January 1997), commonly known as Claudinho, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as either an attacking midfielder or a forward for Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: Born in São Vicente, São Paulo, Claudinho joined Santos' youth setup in 2003, aged six. In July 2015, after impressing with the under-17s, he signed a professional contract with Corinthians, being initially assigned to the under-20 squad.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: Claudinho was part of the squad that won the 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, despite never playing and only being an unused substitute. After losing the under-20s final from Flamengo in 2016 Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, he made his professional debut on 19 March of that year, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 4–0 Campeonato Paulista routing of Linense at the Arena Corinthians.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: On 3 June 2016, Claudinho was loaned to Série B side Bragantino for the remaining of the season. He contributed with 18 matches, as the club suffered relegation.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: Claudinho spent the 2017 Campeonato Paulista on loan at Santo André, scoring four goals during the competition; his first came on 12 February, as he scored the second in a 2–0 away win against his parent club Corinthians.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: On 18 May 2017, Claudinho signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Ponte Preta in the top tier, with the club acquiring 50% of his federative rights. He made his debut in the category (and for the club) ten days later, replacing Lins in a 2–2 away draw against Atlético Mineiro.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: On 9 January 2018, Claudinho was loaned to Red Bull Brasil for the 2018 Campeonato Paulista, where he featured regularly but scored just one goal. On 11 April, he moved to Oeste also in a temporary deal, but cut short his loan in August to return to Red Bull.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: On 24 April 2019, after Red Bull Brasil's merger with Bragantino to create Red Bull Bragantino, Claudinho's loan was renewed until the end of 2020. He became a key unit for the club during the 2019 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, contributing with ten goals as the club achieved promotion as champions; in September, "RB Bragantino" bought the 50% of his federative rights belonging to Ponte Preta, and he signed a contract until 2023.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: Claudinho was also a regular starter in the 2020 season, and scored his first Série A goal on 9 August, netting a last-minute equalizer in a 1–1 away draw against former club Santos. The following 6 January, after impressing in the league, he further extended his deal until 2024.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: On 7 August 2021, after winning gold medal at the Tokyo Olympics with Brazil, Russian club FC Zenit Saint Petersburg announced the signing of Claudinho from RB Bragantino. On 13 August 2021, he signed a five-year contract with Zenit.


title: Claudinho (footballer, born 1997)

text: In his first season at Zenit Claudinho was elected the best player of the 2021/22 season of the Russian Championship by athletes who work in the Russian first division. He participated in 31 games, where he scored 10 goals and scored three assists.


title: Clara Ward

text: Clara Mae Ward (April 21, 1924 – January 16, 1973) was an American gospel singer who achieved great artistic and commercial success during the 1940s and 1950s, as leader of The Famous Ward Singers. A gifted singer and arranger, Ward adopted the lead-switching style, previously used primarily by male gospel quartets, creating opportunities for spontaneous improvization and vamping by each member of the group, while giving virtuoso singers such as Marion Williams the opportunity to perform the lead vocal in songs such as "Surely, God Is Able" (among the first million-selling gospel hits), "How I Got Over" and "Packin' Up".


title: Clara Ward

text: Ward's mother, Gertrude Mae Ward (née Murphy; 1901–1981), founded the Ward Singers in 1931 as a family group, then called, variously, The Consecrated Gospel Singers or The Ward Trio, consisting of herself, her youngest daughter Clara, and her elder daughter, Willarene Mae ("Willa"). Ward recorded her first solo song in 1940, and continued accompanying the Ward Gospel Trio, thereafter.


title: Clara Ward

text: The Ward Singers began touring nationally in 1943, following a memorable appearance at the National Baptist Convention held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, earlier that year. Henrietta Waddy joined the group in 1947. Waddy brought to the group a "rougher" alto sound and the enthusiastic stage manners learned from her South Carolina Pentecostal church background. The group's performance style, such as the mimed packing of suitcases as part of the song "Packin' Up", condemned by some gospel music purists as "clowning", was wildly popular with their audiences. The addition of Marion Williams, who arose of the Miami, Florida Pentecostal tradition brought to the group a powerful singer with a preternaturally broad range, able to reach the highest registers of the soprano range without losing either purity or volume, with the added ability to descend "growling low notes" in the style of a country preacher. Williams' singing style helped make the group nationally popular when they began recording in 1948.


title: Clara Ward

text: In 1949, the Ward Singers toured from Philadelphia to California in their new Cadillac, appeared on national television programs, and recorded for the Miltone Record Company of Los Angeles. The Miltone recordings were purchased in a multi-artist package by Gotham Record Company, which had moved to Philadelphia. Gotham's Irv Ballen recorded some new Ward material, including "Surely God Is Able", and some of the Ward Singers' Gotham recordings were transferred to Savoy Record Company in Newark, New Jersey to settle a contract dispute. When Savoy began contracting with the Ward Singers for new recordings in the 1950s, they were primarily recorded and engineered in Bergen County, New Jersey, by Rudy Van Gelder. In 1950, Clara Ward and the Famous Ward Singers of Philadelphia made their first Carnegie Hall appearance on a gospel program titled "Negro Music Festival," produced by gospel music pioneer, Joe Bostic, sharing the stage with Mahalia Jackson, appearing at the famed venue for Bostic's program in 1952, as well.


title: Clara Ward

text: Gertrude Ward created a booking agency for gospel acts, sponsored tours under the name "The Ward Gospel Cavalcade", established a publishing house for gospel music, and wrote an instructional manual for churches, detailing how to promote gospel programs. Gertrude created and managed a second group, "The Clara Ward Specials", to accompany the Ward Singers. Although as musical director of the Ward franchise, Clara was willing to share the spotlight with her talented co-singers, she and her mother were allegedly reticent about sharing the group's financial rewards with other members, as well. According to Willa Ward's biography of Clara Ward, with the exception of Gertrude and Clara, Willa and other members of the group were grossly underpaid. In addition, their meager earnings were further reduced as Gertrude and Clara provided the group's housing and charged them for it. Accordingly, stars such as Marion Williams and Frances Steadman not only had to accept second billing and lesser pay for their work, but pay their employers rent out of their earnings.


title: Clara Ward

text: Williams left the group in 1958, when her demand for a raise and reimbursement for hotel expenses was rejected. She was followed shortly thereafter by the rest of the group—Henrietta Waddy, Esther Ford, Frances Steadman and Kitty Parham—who formed a new group, "The Stars of Faith". Their departure marked the end of the glory days for the Ward Singers, who later alienated much of their churchgoing audience by performing in Las Vegas, nightclubs, and other secular venues in the 1960s. By this time, gospel singer Albertina Walker formed her group, The Caravans, in 1952, following the advice of her mentor Mahalia Jackson, and their group began to grow in popularity. In 1963, Clara Ward was the second gospel singer to sing gospel songs on Broadway in Langston Hughes' play "Tambourines To Glory"(The first being her former group members, which were known as the Stars of Faith, which starred Langston Hughes in the first Gospel stage play and first play that featured an all black cast to be produced on Broadway, "The Black Nativity".). She was also the play's musical director.


title: Clara Ward

text: Ward was the first gospel singer to sing with a 100-piece symphony orchestra in the 1960s. The Clara Ward Singers recorded an album together on the Verve label, V-5019, "The Heart, The Faith, The Soul of Clara Ward," and the Ward Singers performed their music live in Philadelphia with the city's Symphony and the Golden Voices Ensemble. Ward sang backup for pop artists with her sister Willa's background group, most notably on Dee Dee Sharp's hit, "Mashed Potato Time", which reached #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962. In 1969, Ward recorded an album for Capitol Records, "Soul and Inspiration", consisting of pop songs from Broadway plays, Hollywood movies and the Jimmy Radcliffe song of hope "If You Wanna Change The World". The album was later reissued on the Capitol's budget Pickwick label minus one track. In the same year, she recorded an album in Copenhagen, Denmark on the Philips label, "Walk A Mile In My Shoes", which included the pop title song, other pop songs (such as "California Dreaming") and a few gospel songs.


title: Clara Ward

text: Ward also recorded an album for MGM/Verve, "Hang Your Tears Out To Dry," which included country and Western, blues/folk, pop and an arrangement of the Beatles' hit song, "Help". Her 1972 album "Uplifting" on United Artists, produced by Nikolas Venet and Sam Alexander, included an interpretation of Bill Wither's pop hit "Lean On Me" and a rearrangement of the Soul Stirrer's 1950's recording of "Thank You, Jesus". Also in 1972 Ward, because she was under exclusive contract to United Artists at this time, provided vocals for a Canned Heat's album "The New Age," on the ballad "Lookin' For My Rainbow"; it was released on that album and as a single 45 rpm record.


title: Clara Ward

text: In 1968, The Clara Ward Singers toured Vietnam at the request of the U.S. State Department and the U.S.O. It was a popular war-time tour supported by recorded radio broadcasts of the Ward Singers on U.S. Armed Forces Radio. The Ward Singers narrowly missed death when their hotel in Vietnam was bombed and several guests died. Ward was invited back to Vietnam by U.S.O. in 1969 for several more months. These war-time tours were filmed and all the Ward Singers were given special certificates of recognition by the U.S. Army.


title: Clara Ward

text: Ward co-starred in the Hollywood movie "A Time to Sing", starring Hank Williams, Jr., Shelley Fabares, Ed Begley, and D'Urville Martin. She was cast as a waitress in a Nashville, Tennessee cafeteria who inspires a young singer, played by Hank Williams, Jr., to pursue his dream of becoming a country recording artist. There are also several scenes of the Clara Ward Singers performing gospel songs in the film. This movie was released by MGM in 1968 and Clara's picture appears on lobby cards and other movie advertisements. Other movie appearances include "Its Your Thing", starring The Isley Brothers, and "Spree", also known as "Night Time In Las Vegas". The Clara Ward Singers toured in Australia, Japan, Europe, Indonesia, and Thailand during the late-1960s through the early-1970s. They had a one-day TV special in London, England. They were in constant demand on American television programs and appeared on "The Mike Douglas Show" over a dozen times. They appeared on Oral Roberts' "Country Roads" TV special, later released as a soundtrack album. Clara continued to perform at her mother's church, the Miracle Temple of Faith for All People in Los Angeles, California, as well as at Victory Baptist Church. Her mother, Gertrude Ward, also had a popular religious radio program in the Los Angeles market.


title: Clara Ward

text: Despite her career success Clara's life was an unhappy one. Financial hardships caused her and her family to move 19 times before her adulthood. Sexually abused in childhood by a cousin and relentlessly driven as prime breadwinner by her mother throughout her life, Clara's life was one of constant work and little joy. According to her sister Willa, Gertrude Ward recognized Clara's exceptional musical ability when Clara was a child and controlled and manipulated Clara throughout her life.


title: Clara Ward

text: In her biography of Clara, her sister Willa attests that Gertrude worked to prevent Clara from forming any romantic attachments. Although Clara eloped as a teenager (at age 17 in 1941), her mother Gertrude forced her to tour and the strain caused the always frail Clara to have a miscarriage. Her marriage ended after only one year.


title: Clara Ward

text: Willa describes Clara as explaining her occasional lesbian encounters as the sexual expression likely to escape her mother's notice. Her only real happiness seems to have come from her longtime romance with Rev. C. L. Franklin (with whom the Ward groups extensively toured), the famous Detroit-based preacher and father of legendary Aretha Franklin.


title: Clara Ward

text: Clara spent much time in the Franklin home and, along with Mahalia Jackson (another close Franklin family friend), mentored Aretha. Clara's depression resulted in alcoholism.


title: Clara Ward

text: Ward collapsed while performing at the Castaways Lounge in Miami Beach, Florida in May 1966. Ward suffered a series of strokes prior to her death. The first occurred in August 1967 which was listed as "massive". Two more strokes followed: one listed as "minor" during a recording session at her home in December 1972; another on January 9, 1973, which left Ward in a coma.


title: Clara Ward

text: Ward died on January 16, 1973 at age 48 as a result of the strokes. Aretha Franklin and Rev. C. L. Franklin sang at her funeral in Philadelphia; Marion Williams sang at her second memorial service held days later in Los Angeles.


title: Clara Ward

text: In 1977, Ward was honored posthumously at the Songwriters Hall of Fame in New York City and her surviving sister, Willa, accepted the award in her honor.


title: Clara Ward

text: In July 1998, in recognition of her status, the United States Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp with her image. The stamp can still be purchased with a CD and other gospel singers' stamps online.


title: Clara Ward

text: Ward's alto (with a distinctly nasal tone) in gospel songs and the Methodist hymns of the 18th century had a marked influence on later singers, such as her protegee Aretha Franklin, who adopted her moan for secular songs and who saluted Ward in "Amazing Grace", the gospel album she made with James Cleveland in the early 1970s.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: Filipendula ulmaria, commonly known as meadowsweet or mead wort, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Rosaceae that grows in damp meadows. It is native throughout most of Europe and Western Asia (Near east and Middle east). It has been introduced and naturalised in North America.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: Meadowsweet has also been referred to as queen of the meadow, pride of the meadow, meadow-wort, meadow queen, lady of the meadow, dollof, meadsweet, and bridewort.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: The stems, growing up to 120 cm, are tall, erect and furrowed, reddish to sometimes purple. The leaves are dark-green on the upper side and whitish and downy underneath, much divided, interruptedly pinnate, having a few large serrate leaflets and small intermediate ones. Terminal leaflets are large, 4–8 cm long, and three- to five-lobed.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: Meadowsweet has delicate, graceful, creamy-white flowers clustered close together in irregularly-branched cymes, having a very strong, sweet smell redolent of antiseptic. They flower from early summer to early autumn and are visited by various types of insects, in particular "Musca" flies.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: The fungus "Podosphaera filipendulae" causes mildew on the leaves and flower heads, coating them with a white powder.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: The midge "Dasineura ulmariae" causes pinkish-white galls on the leaves that can distort the leaf surface.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: The English common name meadowsweet dates from the 16th century. It did not originally mean 'sweet plant of the meadow', but a plant used for sweetening or flavouring mead. An earlier common name dating from the 15th century was 'meadsweet'


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: Meadowsweet is known by many other names. In Chaucer's "The Knight's Tale" it is known as meadwort and was one of the ingredients in a drink called "save". It was also known as bridewort, because it was strewn in churches for festivals and weddings, and often made into bridal garlands. In Europe, it took its name "queen of the meadow" for the way it can dominate a low-lying, damp meadow.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: The specific epithet ulmaria means "elmlike", possibly in reference to its individual leaves which resemble those of the elm ("Ulmus"). The generic name, "Filipendula", comes from "filum", meaning "thread" and "pendulus", meaning "hanging". This is said to describe the slender attachment of root tubers, which hang characteristically on the genus, on fibrous roots.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: Meadowsweet is common throughout the British Isles in damp areas and is dominant in fens and wet woods.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: "Juncus subnodulosus"-"Cirsium palustre" fen-meadow and Purple moor grass and rush pastures BAP habitat plant associations of Western Europe consistently include this plant.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: The whole herb possesses a pleasant taste and flavour, the green parts having a similar aromatic character to the flowers, hence the use of the plant as a strewing herb, strewn on floors to give the rooms a pleasant aroma, and its use to flavour wine, beer, and many kinds of vinegar. The flowers can be added to stewed fruit and jams, giving them a subtle almond flavour. Some foragers also use the flowers to flavour desserts such as panna cotta. It has many medicinal properties. The whole plant is a traditional remedy for an acidic stomach, and the fresh root is often used in homeopathic preparations. The dried flowers are used in potpourri. It is also a frequently used spice in Scandinavian varieties of mead.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: Chemical constituents include salicin, flavone glycosides, essential oils, and tannins. In 1838, Raffaele Piria obtained salicylic acid from the buds of meadowsweet. Thereafter in 1899, scientists at the firm Bayer used salicylic acid derived from meadowsweet to synthesise acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), which was named after the old botanical name for meadowsweet, "Spiraea ulmaria". The name then became aspirin.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: A tea made from "Filipendula ulmaria" flowers or leaves has been used in traditional Austrian herbal medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, gout, infections, and fever.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: White-flowered meadowsweet has been found with the cremated remains of three people and at least one animal in a Bronze Age cairn at Fan Foel, Carmarthenshire. Similar finds have also been found inside a beaker from Ashgrove, Fife, and a vessel from North Mains, Strathallan. These could indicate honey-based mead or flavoured ale, or might suggest that the plant was placed on the grave as a scented flower.


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: In Welsh mythology, Gwydion and Math created a woman out of oak blossom, broom, and meadowsweet and named her Blodeuwedd ("flower face").


title: Filipendula ulmaria

text: In the 16th century, when it was customary to strew floors with rushes and herbs (both to give warmth underfoot and to overcome smells and infections), it was a favorite of Elizabeth I of England. She desired it above all other herbs in her chambers.


title: Paulina Vega

text: Paulina Vega Dieppa (; born 15 January 1993) is a Colombian television host, model and beauty queen crowned Miss Colombia 2013 and Miss Universe 2014. Vega is the second Miss Universe from Colombia.


title: Paulina Vega

text: Paulina Vega Dieppa was born in Barranquilla, Colombia to Laura Dieppa and cardiologist Rodolfo Vega Llama. She has seven brothers and sisters. Ms. Vega is of Spanish and French descent the granddaughter of Colombian tenor Gastón Vega and Miss Atlántico 1953 Elvira Castillo, also a distant cousin of Miss Colombia 2014 Ariadna Gutiérrez who placed first runner-up at Miss Universe 2015. Vega completed her elementary and high school education between Colegio Karl C. Parrish and the German School of Barranquilla during her years living in the Caribbean city, after moving to the capital where she finished her last years at Deutsche Schule Bogotá. She also studied Business Administration at the Pontifical Xavierian University.


title: Paulina Vega

text: Paulina Vega Dieppa competed in Miss Colombia 2013 on November 11, 2013, held in Cartagena, representing the Atlántico Department, where she won the title of Miss Colombia, gaining the right to represent the country at Miss Universe 2014. She was crowned by the outgoing titleholder Lucia Aldana, Miss Colombia 2012. Vega became the eleventh Miss Atlantico to win that title since the Miss Colombia pageant began in 1934, the first Miss Atlantico to win Miss Universe, and the second Colombian to win Miss Universe after Luz Marina Zuluaga in 1958.


title: Paulina Vega

text: Miss Universe 2013, Gabriela Isler from Venezuela, crowned her as Miss Universe 2014 on January 25, 2015, in Doral, Florida, beating 87 contestants. She was the second Colombian in 56 years to win the Miss Universe crown after Miss Universe 1958 Luz Marina Zuluaga. Vega debuted the pageant's new crown as designed by Diamonds International Corporation, a Czech-based jeweler officially responsible for Miss Universe jewelry. Her prize package included cash, a year contract promoting Miss Universe, world travel, a rent-free luxury apartment in New York City, a gift bag stuffed with designer shoes, dresses, and beauty products, a US$100,000 stipend for a two-year course at the New York Film Academy, and free access to famous fashion houses and beauty parlors. Vega intends to spend her year-long reign traveling the world to lecture on humanitarian issues and to promote education regards HIV/AIDS. After her crowning, Paulina was interviewed by CNN en Español, ABC, Rendezvous with Miss Universe (Indonesia), Fox News, Univision, Caracol Televisión (Colombia), RCN TV (Colombia), Telemundo, "Way Too Early with Thomas Roberts" (MSNBC), "Morning Joe" (MSNBC), "Today" (NBC) and "Live! with Kelly and Michael" (ABC).


title: Paulina Vega

text: In early February, Vega attended Mercedes Benz-New York Fashion Week in New York City together with Miss USA 2014 and Miss Teen USA 2014. On February 17, 2015, Vega made an appearance on the season finale of "The Celebrity Apprentice". On February 20, 2015, Vega visited Indonesia to attend the 19th annual Puteri Indonesia 2015 pageant. She assisted in the crowning of Puteri Indonesia 2015 (Miss Universe Indonesia). She also visited Jakarta and Surabaya where she filmed publicity for YOU•C1000 along with former Miss Universes Dayana Mendoza and Olivia Culpo in Bali.


title: Paulina Vega

text: In early March, Vega traveled to Doral, Florida, to attend the World Golf Championships at Trump National Doral Miami golf resort. On March 8, 2015, Vega became a public speaker at the Women's History Month Event 2015 in New York City. On March 11, 2015, Vega volunteered at GMHC, New York City, to learn about their services and critical issues of HIV and AIDS. In addition, she was interviewed on MSNBC in "Out There with Thomas Roberts" to discuss how she would work to raise awareness for HIV/AIDS in her new role. On March 13, 2015, she joined New York state senator Jose Peralta to help honor distinguished women in the community as a part of Women's History Month at Woodside, Queens. On March 19, 2015, Vega traveled to Nice, France. She was invited by SAGA Cosmetics to launch the 'Miss Universe Style Illuminate by CHI' haircare line. On March 22, 2015, Vega attended the CosmoProf Worldwide Beauty Show to launch the 'Miss Universe Style Illuminate by CHI' haircare line at Bologna, Italy. During the same week, she was also invited to launch the Yamamay for Miss Universe' 2015 Swimwear Collection at Milan. After her European trips, Vega visited Toronto, Canada, for the first time as it prepared for the 2015 Pan American Games.


title: Paulina Vega

text: On April 6, 2015, Vega attended the Jeffrey Fashion Cares 2015 at ArtBeam in New York City. On April 9, 2015, Vega emerged as the winner of Missosology's Timeless Beauty 2014 contest. On April 10, 2015, Vega attended AID FOR AIDS International to support National Youth HIV & AIDS Awareness Day. She is committed to fighting against HIV and AIDS, as well as providing support to children and young adults fighting this disease. On the same day, Vega attended the Colombian International Film Festival in New York. On April 13, 2015, Vega traveled to Santiago, Chile, where she was invited for a photoshoot with Falabella. On April 15, 2015, Vega became the godmother for the Latino Commission on AIDS. During the same event, she helped launch the 25th-anniversary campaign at Macy's Herald Square in New York City. On April 20, 2015, Vega traveled to Bogotá, Colombia, where she was officially revealed as the new face of Falabella. On April 27, 2015, Vega began her homecoming trip to Colombia, arriving in Bogotá. On April 28, 2015, Vega met the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, and his wife Clemencia Santos at the Presidential Palace for a welcoming ceremony. Vega was appointed as the ambassador to fight against child malnutrition. On April 29, 2015, Vega met the employees of Vogue Cosmetics Plant, the sponsor of Miss Universe in Colombia. She was the guest of honor at RCN TV where she met Colombia's first Miss Universe, Luz Marina Zuluaga. On April 30, 2015, Vega traveled to Cartagena where she met the board of directors of Miss Colombia. Also on April 30, Vega traveled to her hometown, Barranquilla. On May 1, 2015, Vega attended a welcoming event at Plaza de la Paz where she met the Mayor of Barranquilla, Ms. Elsa Noguera.


title: Paulina Vega

text: On May 1, 2015, Vega was chosen as one of the 50 most beautiful Hispanic celebrities by "People en Español" magazine. During the same day, Vega walked the red carpet at the "People en Español" 50 Most Beautiful 2015 Gala in New York City. On May 14, 2015, Vega attended the 13th Annual Smile Gala in New York City. On May 15, 2015, Vega attended the Latino Commission on AIDS Cielo in New York City. On May 18, 2015, Vega attended the 30th annual AIDS Walk in New York. On May 27, 2015, Vega traveled to Macau, China, to attend the grand opening of Galaxy Macau and Broadway Macau.


title: Paulina Vega

text: On June 5, 2015, Vega traveled to Machala, Ecuador, to attend the Annual 'Fiestas Machala' Parade. Vega received a certificate from Mayor Carlos Falquez Aguilar and the city of Machala for her visit. Vega also met with Mayor of Guayaquil Jaime Nebot during her trip. On June 27, 2015, Vega traveled to Almaty, Kazakhstan, to attend the VII Opera Ball and serve as Master of Ceremony.


title: Paulina Vega

text: On July 12, 2015, Vega traveled to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to attend the 2015 Miss USA pageant. Vega assisted in crowning the winner, Olivia Jordan of Oklahoma. On July 20, 2015, Vega attended the "Pixels" New York premiere. On July 23, 2015, Vega volunteered at Gay Men's Health Crisis serving meals to men and women living with HIV and AIDS. On July 27, 2015, Vega participated in the Colombian Day parade in New York City. On July 28, 2015, Vega modeled for the pasarela Falabella Colombia Moda 2015, in Medellín, Colombia.


title: Paulina Vega

text: On August 4, 2015, Vega traveled to Mumbai, India, to launch the Jealous 21 Limited Edition Miss Universe Collection. On August 22, 2015, Vega traveled to Nassau, Bahamas, to attend Miss Teen USA 2015 held at the Atlantis Paradise Island. Vega assisted in crowning the winner Katherine Haik of Louisiana. On August 25, 2015, Vega attended the New York Yankees vs Houston Astros game at Yankee Stadium in New York City. On August 26, 2015, Vega spent a day volunteering with God's Love We Deliver, helping to prepare meals in New York City. On August 27, 2015, Vega attended the Ride of Fame city sightseeing cruise to the Statue of Liberty.


title: Paulina Vega

text: In early September 2015, Vega attended the U.S. Open. On September 8, 2015, Vega attended Colombia vs Peru international friendly match at Red Bull Arena in Harrison, New Jersey. From September 10 to 16, 2015, Vega attended Spring 2016 New York Fashion Week. Among others, she attended Angel Sanchez Show, Concept Korea Show, Axe and Esquire Show, Zang Toi Show, Nicholas K Show. Vega also attended Shenzhen Show, Sherri Hill Show, and the Australian Evening & Bridal Wear Show. On September 11, 2015, Vega attended Annual Charity Day hosted by Cantor Fitzgerald and BGC at BGC Partners, INC in New York City. On September 28, 2015, Vega attended the Fashion 4 Development's 5th annual Official First Ladies luncheon at The Pierre Hotel in New York City. It was also around this time during her reign Donald Trump acquired full ownership of the Miss Universe Organization and sold the entire company, ending his affiliation with the pageant.


title: Paulina Vega

text: On October 11, 2015, Vega led the annual Hispanic Day Parade up Fifth Avenue in New York City. From October 14 to 17, 2015, Vega attended various events in Colombia, among them, Miss Universe Cover Party Latino Show Magazine 2015 in Medellin and Pereira. On October 23, 2015, Vega attended the 11th Annual Orphaned Starfish Foundation's New York Gala at Cipriani Wall Street in New York City.


title: Paulina Vega

text: On November 3, 2015, Vega attended the 2015 Aid for AIDS Gala at Cipriani Downtown in New York City. On November 16, 2015, Vega attended the 2015 Miss Colombia pageant in Cartagena, Colombia. On November 18, 2015, Vega attended the 2015 Latin GRAMMY Person of the Year honoring Roberto Carlos at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, Nevada.


title: Paulina Vega

text: On December 10, 2015, Vega and the 2015 Miss Universe contestants participated in the traditional National Gift Auction held at the Opportunity Village in Las Vegas, Nevada. On December 20, 2015, Vega crowned her successor Pia Wurtzbach at Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas, Nevada.


title: Paulina Vega

text: During her reign as Miss Universe, Vega traveled to The Bahamas, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Kazakhstan, Ecuador, France, India, Indonesia, Italy and numerous trips around the United States.


title: King Saud University

text: King Saud University (KSU, ) is a public university in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Established in 1957 by King Saud bin Abdulaziz to address the country's skilled worker shortage, it is the first university in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The university was known as Riyadh University before a name change in 1982.


title: King Saud University

text: The student body of KSU today consists of 40,000 male and female students, 7% of which are international. The female students have their own disciplinary panel, and there is a center supervising the progress of female students, either personally by female faculty members or by male faculty members via a closed television network. The university offers courses in the natural sciences, the humanities, and professional studies, and many courses are tuition-free. The medium of instruction in undergraduate programs is English and Arabic depending on the chosen major. Among Arab universities, its medical programs are highly regarded.


title: King Saud University

text: Establishing Saudi Arabia's first university was a response to the educational and professional needs of a young nation. King Abdulaziz became king in 1932, and began laying the foundations for modernizing his country and establishing an educational system. In 1953 King Saud, the eldest son of Abdulaziz, acceded to the throne upon his father's death, and instituted the Council of Ministers and the Ministry Education.


title: King Saud University

text: Prince Fahd, who eventually became the Saudi king, was the first minister of education. Following the first session of the Council of Ministers, he announced that the first Saudi university would be established as a house of culture and sciences. Prince Fahd said that he was committed to promoting higher education.


title: King Saud University

text: In 1957, according to the dictates of the Royal Decree No. 17, Prince Fahd announced the founding of King Saud University, established to "Disseminate and promote knowledge in Our Kingdom for widening the base of scientific and literary study, and for keeping abreast with other nations in the arts and sciences and for contributing with them discovery and invention, in addition to reviving Islamic civilization and articulate its benefits and glories, along with its ambitions to nurture the young virtuously and to guarantee their healthy minds and ethics."


title: King Saud University

text: Students began studying at the College of Arts in the 1957–58 academic year. Since then KSU developed further according to the needs of the nation.


title: King Saud University

text: Between 1958 and 1960 the College of Sciences, the College of Business (now the College of Public Administration) and the College of Pharmacy were established.


title: King Saud University

text: Royal Decree no. 112 of 1961 recognized that King Saud University was an independent legal entity, with a budget of its own, responsible for higher education, promoting scholarly research, and advancement of sciences and arts in the country. Naming the minister of education as the president of the university, the statute ordered that the university have a vice president and secretary general, and that each college and institute have a dean, vice dean, and a council.


title: King Saud University

text: In 1965 the College of Agriculture was established and KSU assumed control over the Colleges of Engineering and Education, formerly under the Ministry of Education in cooperation with UNESCO.


title: King Saud University

text: Royal Decree no. M/11 of 1967 enforced the Statute of the University of Riyadh (currently King Saud University), rescinding all earlier statutes, bylaws, and regulations. Of the main landmarks of the new statute is the creation of the Higher Council of the university as one of its administrative powers. The membership of the new council includes two active or inactive university presidents, two faculty members who had assumed such positions outside the country, or two native leading intellectuals.


title: King Saud University

text: The Higher Council of the university is the dominant power over the university affairs: it draws out policies, issues decisions to implement and achieve the objectives of the university (especially those pertaining to the creation of new colleges and departments), proposes budgets, and systems of faculty salaries, annuities, and financial awards.


title: King Saud University

text: Royal Decree no M/6 of 1972 superseded the statute of 1967. With the new statute, the membership of the Higher Council of the university includes five active or inactive university presidents, or native leading intellectuals. To the council are also added the university secretary general and two other non-university members. Again, the statute dictates the creation of an Academic Council overlooking scholarly research and studies. The Higher Council of the university issues the bylaws governing the number of the Academic Council's members, responsibilities, and powers.


title: King Saud University

text: These decrees were issued in response to the growing and widening needs of the university as the establishment of new colleges started. Between 1958 and 1960, three colleges were established: the College of Sciences, College of Business (now the College of Public Administration) and the College of Pharmacy. In 1961/1962 women were first admitted into the College of Arts and the College of Public Administration.


title: King Saud University

text: Five years later the College of Agriculture was established. In the same year the College of Engineering and College of Education, having been under the Ministry of Education in cooperation with the UNESCO, were annexed to the university. A year later (1969/1970) the College of Medicine opened. In 1974/1975 the Arabic Language Institute was inaugurated to serve non-Arabic speakers. At this time deanships of Admission and Registration, Students Affairs, Libraries were also established. Again, a year later (1976) the College of Dentistry and the College of Applied Medical Sciences were added to the Riyadh campus, while launching at the same time the Abha-based campus with the College of Education. In 1977, the Graduate College assumed its office in supervising and organizing all graduate programs in the various departments of the university.


title: King Saud University

text: At Abha, the College of Medicine was established according to Royal Order no. 3/M/380 of 1979 and was added to the university according to Royal Directive no. 15128 of 29 June 1400H. Formal study there started in the academic year of 1980/1981.


title: King Saud University

text: In 1980 another branch of the university opened at Qassim with three colleges: Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine, and Economics and Administration. Formal study started in 1980/1981 academic year.


title: King Saud University

text: In 1981, celebrating its 25th anniversary, the University of Riyadh went back to its original name of King Saud University at the orders of King Khalid bin Abdulaziz. In that year, too, the Deanship of Community Service and Continuing Education replaced the Center for Community Service, and King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) was formally opened.


title: King Saud University

text: Two years later (1983) two other colleges were created: the College of Computer and Information Science Sciences and the College of Architecture and Planning. Later, in 1990, the Institute of Languages and Translation was established to be turned four years later into the full-fledged College of Languages and Translation.


title: King Saud University

text: In 1993, the royal ratification of the System of the Council of Higher Education and Universities was issued dictating that each university form its own council which attends to its academic, administrative, and financial affairs, and carries out its general policy.


title: King Saud University

text: In 1996, the Council of Higher Education issued its decision no. 1282/A approving the creation of the Center for Consulting and Research which was renamed King Abdullah Center for Consulting and Research.


title: King Saud University

text: In 1997, Royal Decree no. 33 dictated the creation of a King Saud University Community College in Jazan, as well as the establishment of the College of Sciences at the Qassim campus.


title: King Saud University

text: In 1998, Royal Order no. 7/78/M of 11 March 1419 decreed that King Khalid University be created in the south. The branches of Imam University and of King Saud University consequently formed the new university. In the same year, after the issuance of the unified regulations for Graduate Studies at Saudi universities, the Graduate College became the Deanship of Graduate Studies, and the Deanship of Academic Research was established in accordance with the dictates of the System of Academic Research issued that year.


title: King Saud University

text: In 2000, the College of Medicine was established at the Qassim campus, and the Deanship of Community Service and Continuing Education was turned into the College of Applied Studies and Community Service.


title: King Saud University

text: In 2001, the Community College in Riyadh was inaugurated according to the Cabinet Council no. 73. During the academic year of 2002/2003 the College of Science at Al-Jouf was established. That same year the College of Engineering was opened at the Qassim campus, and the creation of community colleges at Al-Majma’ah, Al-Aflaj, and Al-Qurayat was approved.


title: King Saud University

text: Beginning with the academic year 2003/2004 the Qassim campus became an independent university. In 2003, the Council of Higher Education approved the promotion of the Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, into the College of Nursing.


title: King Saud University

text: The school's current main campus was designed by HOK Architects, headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. Mechanical and Electrical systems were designed by Syska Hennessy Group, Inc. New York City, New York. The facility was constructed in the 1980s by Blount International, a construction firm led by Winton M. Blount headquartered in Montgomery, Alabama, after the firm was awarded the world's then-largest fixed-price contract in history for the sum of approximately $5 billion.


title: King Saud University

text: The King Salman Central library is housed in a seven-floor building, with an area of and more than 4,000 seats, has collections of books, periodicals, manuscripts, government publications, academic theses, dissertations, press clippings, audio-visual and electronic media.


title: King Saud University

text: In 1982, a dedicated university hospital was opened and was named King Khalid University Hospital. This facility is an 850-bed facility with all general and subspecialty medical services. It contains a special outpatient building, more than 20 operating rooms, and a fully equipped and staffed laboratory, radiology, and pharmacy services in addition to all other supporting services.


title: King Saud University

text: The hospital provides primary and secondary care services for Saudi patients from Northern Riyadh area. It also provides tertiary care services to all Saudi citizens on referral bases. All care is free of charge for all King Saud University staff and students.


title: King Saud University

text: In 1982, Dr. Basil Al Bayati won the 1st prize in the King Saud Competition to build the main mosque for the university. His design incorporated extensively the motif of the palm trunk, as used in the very first Mosque of the Prophet in Medina. It was highly praised and was even claimed to "mark the beginning of a new era, a new revival in Islamic architecture." The interior calligraphy above the doors and in the mihrab was done by Ghani Alani, the last of the Baghdad School of Calligraphy. He was a student of Hashem al-Khattat. Ghani Alani taught Dr. Bayati whilst at the College of Engineering in Baghdad. The building was also nominated for the 1992 Aga Khan Award for Architecture.


title: King Saud University

text: As well as designing the mosque, Dr. Basil Al Bayati also designed the entrance gates to the university which are based upon the theme of faith and knowledge; two pillars of Islam that must be taken together, "Knowledge cannot do without faith nor can faith ignore knowledge for Islam calls always for faith and knowledge to run in parallel." "The design consists of two books representing knowledge and faith. They have been so placed so that their pages are interlocked thus showing the close connection between faith and knowledge. Verses from the Quran on faith and knowledge are written in script on the cover of each book."


title: King Saud University

text: The university offers a broad range of undergraduate courses in the natural sciences, the social sciences, the humanities and professional studies. Tuition is completely free and generous scholarships are available for Saudi and international students. The medium of instruction in undergraduate programs is English and Arabic. Applicants are required to pass an Arabic examination if they are from a non-Arabic speaking country. English-language support at all levels is provided by the Languages Unit.


title: King Saud University

text: This college was established in 1959 and got the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), and it comprises nine departments:


title: King Saud University

text: The College of Engineering was established as a joint project between the Saudi Ministry of Education and UNESCO in November 1962. This project lasted until 1969 when the college became an official part of King Saud University. The college now has seven departments:


title: King Saud University

text: The number of students of the college rose from 17 in 1962 to more than 4000 students in 2005. The Faculty members have grown from 4 to 210 (including lecturers and teaching assistants) in the same time span.


title: King Saud University

text: This college was initially established as a department in the College of Engineering in 1968. It was extended as a college in 1984 to include the department of "Urban Planning".


title: King Saud University

text: The College of Pharmacy was established in 1959, with a stated mission of "high-quality instruction and research" and currently has numerous teaching and research centers. There are five academic departments: Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacognosy and Clinical Pharmacy. The college offers a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) program as a six-year program undergraduate entry-level program with a final year of internship. The college also offers many graduate programs Masters (MSc) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), along with many postgraduate programs including Residencies and Fellowships.


title: King Saud University

text: Being one of the initiatives of the Deanship of Scientific Research, Research Chairs Program Home Page | Research Chairs Program was inaugurated in 2007 with the aim of undertaking research in critical areas of national development. As it stands world over today, there is a desire for a clean, smart and sustainable economy, mass employment, an emphasis on well-being and prosperity to be achieved through cutting-edge science- Research chairs act as catalyst for development. The program currently has 70 research chairs. The trio-Dr. AbdulHamid, Dr. Fathi and Khalid Mutairi have continued to steer the program towards achieving its mission. The program has research portfolios covering basic and innovation-focused research in various specialties placed under the rubrics of Science, Humanities, Engineering and Medical Sciences.


title: King Saud University

text: In 2014 a female student died on campus after a cardiac arrest. The Saudi news outlet "Okaz" claimed that male paramedics were blocked from entering the women's part of the campus, for more than an hour, resulting in her death, causing outrage on campus and on social media. Badran Al-Omar, the University Rector, stated that paramedics were allowed in the premises on arrival, and the patient received the best of care but could not be revived. She was taken to a local hospital, stretching the total time of intervention to almost two hours.


title: Dai Bradley

text: David "Dai" Bradley (born 27 September 1953) is an English actor known for his debut role of Billy Casper in the critically acclaimed 1969 film "Kes", directed by Ken Loach.


title: Dai Bradley

text: David Bradley was born in the hamlet of Stubbs, near Barnsley. His mother was Nora, a seamstress, and his father was Horace "Pop" Bradley, a miner who worked from North Gawber Colliery. By his own account, he had an "unremarkable" childhood, and was not involved in any acting apart from amateur Christmas pantos.


title: Dai Bradley

text: At the age of 14, he gained the part of Billy Casper in "Kes". Bradley has said that the making of the film was a happy one. The cast was "like one huge family" and he spent much of his time playing with the other young boys who appeared in the film. One of his least favorite memories was of the filming of the football scene, which he recalled in an interview: "They chose the worst day of the summer for that scene. They had a local fire engine come round and flood the field with hundreds of gallons of water. Although it was August, it was bloody cold and freezing."


title: Dai Bradley

text: Bradley spent several hours after each day's filming training with the three kestrels used in the film. One of the birds did not take to the training, and had to be reintroduced to the wild. Director Ken Loach often used unique methods to elicit authentic emotional reactions from Bradley, such as surprising him with a barking dog, caning him unexpectedly, and telling him that his costar would truly kill a kestrel for the final scene.


title: Dai Bradley

text: He received BAFTA's Award for Best Newcomer for his role. The film required extensive time training the two kestrels used for the film. One critic called Bradley's performance "one of the great adolescent portraits in cinema, joining the likes of Jean-Pierre Leaud in "The 400 Blows"".


title: Dai Bradley

text: Bradley left school at the age of 17. He moved to London and began training as an actor with the National Theatre Company. In time, he worked with Anthony Hopkins, Joan Plowright and Derek Jacobi. Bradley changed his first name to Dai when he joined Equity, the actors' union, who already had an actor named David Bradley on their books.


title: Dai Bradley

text: After "Kes" was released in 1970, Bradley joined the cast of the children's television programme "The Flaxton Boys" as Peter Weekes in series two, and starred as Terry Connor in the children's adventure serial "The Jensen Code" in 1973. He also had guest roles in episodes of popular, established drama series such as "Z Cars" and "A Family at War".


title: Dai Bradley

text: While he did not receive the same media attention for his subsequent film performances as he did for "Kes", Bradley received solid reviews for his theatre acting. He was cast as Alan Strang in Peter Shaffer's "Equus" during the mid-1970s. After he succeeded Peter Firth in the role at the Old Vic in London, the production embarked on a 2½-year worldwide tour. In the United States national production, he starred with Brian Bedford, and earned standing ovations and a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle nomination for Best Actor. Of his performance of the role at the Wilbur Theatre, "The Harvard Crimson" commented that "Bradley has the most difficult role to play in Equus and he is outstanding." Likewise, his portrayal of the character was praised as being "profoundly sensitive", with reviewer Mark J. Bly of "The Heights" calling the production "equally as good as its New York counterpart and by all means...not [to] be missed." Bradley also played the role opposite John Fraser in South Africa. He was offered the opportunity to take over the role in the Broadway production, but turned it down due to exhaustion.


title: Dai Bradley

text: Additional theatre roles during the 70s included Souplier in Henry de Montherlant's "The Fire that Consumes" with Nigel Hawthorne, which was staged in 1977 at the Mermaid Theatre. The play, which concerns a priest who is obsessed with a young student, was the recipient of the Society of West End Theatre Award for Play of the Year (now the Olivier Award) and, with Bradley contributing what was referred to as "a beautifully spontaneous performance" as the student opposite Hawthorne's guilt-ridden Abbé de Pradts. Earlier in the decade, Bradley was featured as Hanschen Rilow in the Old Vic's production of Frank Wedekind's controversial tale of sexual discovery, violence, and repression, "Spring Awakening", of which "Plays and Players" stated that "Dai Bradley's Hans is a virtuoso effort, full of awkward and loquacious passion." The production also garnered strong reviews for co-stars Michael Kitchen, Peter Firth, Veronica Quilligan, and Gerard Ryder as the object of Hanschen's forbidden affection, Ernst.


title: Dai Bradley

text: Bradley played notable roles in several 1970s films including "Malachi's Cove" (1973), "Absolution" (1978), "All Quiet on the Western Front" (1979) and the "Zulu" prequel" Zulu Dawn" (1979), but by the early 1980s his film career had largely dissipated. Although he was originally considered for the part of Neville Hope in "Auf Wiedersehen Pet", for much of the rest of the decade he worked as a carpenter and renovator after the part went to his close friend Kevin Whately. He also became an adherent of the teachings of Jiddu Krishnamurti. He embarked on several other unsuccessful projects as well: a board game, a television series focused on high-stakes backgammon, and a film about medical ethics. In 1999, he began writing a children's novel.


title: Dai Bradley

text: In 1999, when "Kes" was re-released in cinemas for the film's 30th anniversary, Bradley made hundreds of appearances in the United Kingdom with the film's other surviving cast members.


title: Dai Bradley

text: In 2003, Bradley appeared as the Catholic priest Father Michael, one of three leads in Nigel Barker's critically acclaimed independent film "The Refuge" (previously known as "Asylum"). He returned to the big screen alongside Jason Statham in the 2013 film "Hummingbird."


title: Dai Bradley

text: On 8 September 2015, Bradley appeared in an episode of "Holby City" titled "An Eye for an Eye" as an elderly man who perceives himself as a "bad luck charm." In 2016, he revealed to "The Guardian" that he had penned a sequel to "Kes", but that he had shelved the idea after original author Barry Hines' death.


title: Dai Bradley

text: Bradley was featured in Kit Monkman's new cinematic interpretation of Shakespeare's "Macbeth" as the Porter/Projectionist. The film was completed by GSP Studios in 2017 and was released in theatres across the UK on 13 March 2018.


title: Anand Shankar

text: Anand Shankar is an Indian film director and screenwriter, primarily working in Tamil cinema. Shankar started his career as an assistant director to Siddharth Anand in "Anjaana Anjaani" (2010). He also assisted producer-director AR Murugadoss in movies such as "Thuppakki" and "7aum Arivu". He successfully finished his work as debut director on "Arima Nambi" starring Vikram Prabhu and Priya Anand, a Tamil thriller film. He directed "Iru Mugan" and Arima Nambi, both of them became blockbusters at the box-office. In 2018, he directed "NOTA", starring Vijay Devarkonda in his Tamil debut. The film was released on October 5, 2018.


title: Anand Shankar

text: Anand Shankar is the grandson of National Award Winning playwright Komal Swaminathan. Anand Shankar got a mechanical engineering degree in Chennai from Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering (SVCE), after which he studied Film Making at the New York Film Academy.


title: Sound level meter

text: A sound level meter (also called sound pressure level meter (SPL)) is used for acoustic measurements. It is commonly a hand-held instrument with a microphone. The best type of microphone for sound level meters is the condenser microphone, which combines precision with stability and reliability. The diaphragm of the microphone responds to changes in air pressure caused by sound waves. That is why the instrument is sometimes referred to as a sound pressure level meter (SPL). This movement of the diaphragm, i.e. the sound pressure (unit pascal, Pa), is converted into an electrical signal (unit volt, V). While describing sound in terms of sound pressure, a logarithmic conversion is usually applied and the sound pressure "level" is stated instead, in decibels (dB), with 0 dB SPL equal to 20 micropascals.


title: Sound level meter

text: A microphone is distinguishable by the voltage value produced when a known, constant root mean square sound pressure is applied. This is known as microphone sensitivity. The instrument needs to know the sensitivity of the particular microphone being used. Using this information, the instrument is able to accurately convert the electrical signal back to sound pressure, and display the resulting sound pressure level (decibels dB SPL).


title: Sound level meter

text: Sound level meters are commonly used in noise pollution studies for the quantification of different kinds of noise, especially for industrial, environmental, mining and aircraft noise. The current international standard that specifies sound level meter functionality and performances is the IEC 61672-1:2013. However, the reading from a sound level meter does not correlate well to human-perceived loudness, which is better measured by a loudness meter. Specific loudness is a compressive nonlinearity and varies at certain levels and at certain frequencies. These metrics can also be calculated in a number of different ways.


title: Sound level meter

text: The world's first hand-held and transistorized sound level meter, was released in 1960 and developed by the Danish company Brüel & Kjær. In 1969, a group of University researchers from California founded Pulsar Instruments Inc. which became the first company to display sound exposure times on the scale of a sound level meter, as well as the sound level. This was to comply with the 1969 Walsh-Healey Act, which demanded that the noise in USA workplaces should be controlled. In 1980, Britain's Cirrus Research introduced the world's first handheld sound level meter to provide integrated and sound exposure level (SEL) measurements.


title: Sound level meter

text: The IEC 61672-1 specifies "three kinds of sound measuring instruments". They are the "conventional" sound level meter, the integrating-averaging sound level meter, and the integrating sound level meter.


title: Sound level meter

text: The standard sound level meter can be called an "exponentially averaging sound level meter" as the AC signal from the microphone is converted to DC by a root-mean-square (RMS) circuit and thus it must have a time constant of integration; today referred to as the time-weighting. Three of these time-weightings have been internationally standardized, 'S' (1 s) originally called Slow, 'F' (125 ms) originally called Fast, and 'I' (35 ms) originally called Impulse. Their names were changed in the 1980s to be the same in any language. I-time-weighting is no longer in the body of the standard because it has little real correlation with the impulsive character of noise events.


title: Sound level meter

text: The output of the RMS circuit is linear in voltage and is passed through a logarithmic circuit to give a readout linear in decibels (dB). This is 20 times the base 10 logarithm of the ratio of given root-mean-square sound pressure to the reference sound pressure. Root-mean-square sound pressure being obtained with a standard frequency weighting and standard time weighting. The reference pressure is set by the International agreement to be 20 micropascals for airborne sound. It follows that the decibel is, in a sense, not a unit, it is simply a dimensionless ratio; in this case the ratio of two pressures.


title: Sound level meter

text: An exponentially averaging sound level meter, which gives a snapshot of the current noise level, is of limited use for hearing damage risk measurements; an integrating or integrating-averaging meter is usually mandated. An integrating meter simply integrates—or in other words 'sums'—the frequency-weighted noise to give sound exposure and the metric used is pressure squared times time, often Pa²·s, but Pa²·h is also used. However, because the unit of sound was historically described in decibels, the exposure is most often described in terms of sound exposure level (SEL), the logarithmic conversion of sound exposure into decibels.


title: Sound level meter

text: A common variant of the sound level meter is a noise dosemeter (dosimeter in American English). However, this is now formally known as a personal sound exposure meter (PSEM) and has its own international standard IEC 61252:1993.


title: Sound level meter

text: A noise dosimeter (American) or noise dosemeter (British) is a specialized sound level meter intended specifically to measure the noise exposure of a person integrated over a period of time; usually to comply with Health and Safety regulations such as the Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.95 Occupational Noise Exposure Standard or EU Directive 2003–10/EC.


title: Sound level meter

text: This is normally intended to be a body-worn instrument and thus has a relaxed technical requirement, as a body-worn instrument—because of the presence of the body—has a poorer overall acoustic performance. A PSEM gives a read-out based on sound exposure, usually Pa²·h, and the older 'classic' dosimeters giving the metric of 'percentage dose' are no longer used in most countries. The problem with "%dose" is that it relates to the political situation and thus any device can become obsolete if the "100%" value is changed by local laws.


title: Sound level meter

text: Traditionally, noise dosemeters were relatively large devices with a microphone mounted near the ear and having a cable going to the instrument body, itself usually belt worn. These devices had several issues, mainly the reliability of the cable and the disturbance to the user's normal work mode, caused by the presence of the cable. In 1997 following a UK research grant an EU patent was issued for the first of a range of devices that were so small that they resembled a radiation badge and no cable was needed as the whole unit could be fitted near the ear. UK designer and manufacturer, Cirrus Research, introduced the doseBadge personal noise dosimeter, which was the world's first truly wireless noise dosimeter. Today these devices measure not only simple noise dose, but some even have four separate dosemeters, each with many of the functions of a full-sized sound level meter, including in the latest models full octave band analysis.


title: Sound level meter

text: IEC standards divide sound level meters into two "classes". Sound level meters of the two classes have the same functionality, but different tolerances for error. Class 1 instruments have a wider frequency range and a tighter tolerance than a lower cost Class 2 unit. This applies to both the sound level meter itself as well as the associated calibrator. Most national standards permit the use of "at least a Class 2 instrument". For many measurements, it is not necessary to use a Class 1 unit; these are best employed for research and law enforcement.


title: Sound level meter

text: Similarly, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) specifies sound level meters as three different Types 0, 1 and 2. These are described, as follows, in the Occupational Safety and Health OSHA Technical Manual TED01-00-015, Chapter 5, OSHA Noise and Hearing Conservation, Appendix III:A, "These ANSI standards set performance and accuracy tolerances according to three levels of precision: Types 0, 1, and 2. Type 0 is used in laboratories, Type 1 is used for precision measurements in the field, and Type 2 is used for general-purpose measurements. For compliance purposes, readings with an ANSI Type 2 sound level meter and dosimeter are considered to have an accuracy of ±2 dBA, while a Type 1 instrument has an accuracy of ±1 dBA. A Type 2 meter is the minimum requirement by OSHA for noise measurements and is usually sufficient for general-purpose noise surveys. The Type 1 meter is preferred for the design of cost-effective noise controls. For unusual measurement situations, refer to the manufacturer's instructions and appropriate ANSI standards for guidance in interpreting instrument accuracy."


title: Sound level meter

text: Labels used to describe sound and noise level values are defined in the IEC Standard 61672-1:2013 For labels, the first letter is always an L. This simply stands for Level, as in the sound pressure level measured through a microphone or the electronic signal level measured at the output from an audio component, such as a mixing desk.


title: Sound level meter

text: For Measurements it's important to what frequency weighting effects (how the sound level meter responds to different sound frequencies), and time weighting (how the sound level meter reacts to changes in sound pressure)


title: Sound level meter

text: The second letter indicates the frequency weighting. "Pattern approved" sound level meters typically offer noise measurements with A, C and Z frequency weighting.


title: Sound level meter

text: Z-weighting represents the sound pressure equally at all frequencies. A-weighting, weights lower and higher frequencies much less, and has a slight boost in the mid-range, representing the sensitivity of normal human hearing at low (quiet) levels. C-Weighting, more sensitive to the lower frequencies, represents what humans hear when the sound is loud (near 100 dB SPL).


title: Sound level meter

text: The IEC 61672-1:2013 mandates the inclusion of an "A"-weighting filter in all sound level meters, and also describes "C" and "Z" (zero) frequency weightings. The older "B" and "D" frequency weightings are now obsolete and are no longer described in the standard.


title: Sound level meter

text: In almost all countries, the use of A-weighting is mandated to be used for the protection of workers against noise-induced hearing loss. The A-weighting curve was based on the historical equal-loudness contours and while arguably A-weighting is no longer the ideal frequency weighting on purely scientific grounds, it is nonetheless the legally required standard for almost all such measurements and has the huge practical advantage that old data can be compared with new measurements. It is for these reasons that A-weighting is the only weighting mandated by the international standard, the frequency weightings 'C' and 'Z' being options.


title: Sound level meter

text: Originally, the A-weighting was only meant for quiet sounds in the region of 40 dB sound pressure level (SPL), but is now mandated for all levels. C-weighting is however still used in the measurement of the peak value of a noise in some legislation, but B-weighting – a halfway house between 'A' and 'C' has almost no practical use. D-weighting was designed for use in measuring aircraft noise when non-bypass jets were being measured; after the demise of Concord, these are all military types. For all civil aircraft noise measurements, A-weighting is used, as is mandated by the ISO and ICAO standards.


title: Sound level meter

text: If the third letter is F, S or I, this represents the time weighting, with F = fast, S = slow, I = impulse. Time weighting is applied so that levels measured are easier to read on a sound level meter. The time weighting damps sudden changes in level, thus creating a smoother display.


title: Sound level meter

text: The graph indicates how this works. In this example, the input signal suddenly increases from 50 dB to 80 dB, stays there for 6 seconds, then drops back suddenly to the initial level.


title: Sound level meter

text: A slow measurement (yellow line) will take approximately 5 seconds (attack time) to reach 80 dB and around 6 seconds (decay time) to drop back down to 50 dB. S is appropriate when measuring a signal that fluctuates a lot.


title: Sound level meter

text: A fast measurement (green line) is quicker to react. It will take approximately 0.6 seconds to reach 80 dB and just under 1 second to drop back down to 50 dB. F may be more suitable where the signal is less impulsive.


title: Sound level meter

text: The decision to use fast or slow is often reached by what is prescribed in a standard or a law. However, the following can be used as a guideline:


title: Sound level meter

text: The slow characteristic is mainly used in situations where the reading with the fast response fluctuates too much (more than about 4 dB) to give a reasonably well-defined value. Modern digital displays largely overcome the problem of fluctuating analogue meters by indicating the maximum r.m.s. value for the preceding second.


title: Sound level meter

text: An impulse measurement (blue line) will take approximately 0.3 seconds to reach 80 dB and over 9 seconds to drop back down to 50 dB. The impulse response, I can be used in situations where there are sharp impulsive noises to be measured, such as fireworks or gunshots.


title: Sound level meter

text: eq = equivalent. Equivalent values are a form of time weighting that is easier to read on a display than the instantaneous sound level.


title: Sound level meter

text: If you look at these graphs of sound level over time, the area under the blue curve represents the energy. The horizontal red line drawn to represent the same area under the blue curve, gives us the LAeq. That is the equivalent value or average of the energy over the entire graph.


title: Sound level meter

text: LAeq is not always a straight line. If the LAeq is plotted as the equivalent from the beginning of the graph to each of the measurement points, the plot is shown in the second graph.


title: Sound level meter

text: Sound exposure level—in decibels—is not much used in industrial noise measurement. Instead, the time-averaged value is used. This is the time average sound level or as it is usually called the 'equivalent continuous sound level' has the formal symbol "L" as described in paragraph 3,9 "Definitions" of IEC 61672-1 where many correct formal symbols and their common abbreviations are given. These mainly follow the formal ISO acoustic definitions. However, for mainly historical reasons, "L" is commonly referred to as "L".


title: Sound level meter

text: Formally, "L" is 10 times the base 10 logarithm of the ratio of a root-mean-square A-weighted sound pressure during a stated time interval to the reference sound pressure and there is no time constant involved. To measure "L" an integrating-averaging meter is needed; this in concept takes the sound exposure, divides it by time and then takes the logarithm of the result.


title: Sound level meter

text: An important variant of overall "L" is "short "L"" where very short "L" values are taken in succession, say at 1/8 second intervals, each being stored in a digital memory. These data elements can either be transmitted to another unit or be recovered from the memory and re-constituted into almost any conventional metric long after the data has been acquired. This can be done using either dedicated programs or standard spreadsheets. Short "L" has the advantage that as regulations change, old data can be re-processed to check if a new regulation is met. It also permits data to be converted from one metric to another in some cases. Today almost all fixed airport noise monitoring systems, which are in concept just complex sound level meters, use short "L" as their metric, as a steady stream of the digital one second "L" values can be transmitted via telephone lines or the Internet to a central display and processing unit. Short "L" is a feature of most commercial integrating sound level meters—although some manufacturers give it many different names.


title: Sound level meter

text: Short "L" is a very valuable method for acoustic data storage; initially, a concept of the French Government's Laboratoire National d'Essais (ref 1), it has now become the most common method of storing and displaying a true time history of the noise in professional commercial sound level meters. The alternative method, which is to generate a time history by storing and displaying samples of the exponential sound level, displays too many artifacts of the sound level meter to be as valuable and such sampled data cannot be readily combined to form an overall set of data.


title: Sound level meter

text: Until 2003 there were separate standards for exponential and linear integrating sound level meters, (IEC 60651 and IEC 60804—both now withdrawn), but since then the combined standard IEC 61672 has described both types of meter. For short "L" to be valuable the manufacturer must ensure that each separate "L" element fully complies with IEC 61672.


title: Sound level meter

text: If the words max or min appear in the label, this simply represents the maximum or minimum value measured over a certain period of time.


title: Sound level meter

text: Most national regulations also call for the absolute peak value to be measured to protect workers hearing against sudden large pressure peaks, using either 'C' or 'Z' frequency weighting. 'Peak sound pressure level' should not be confused with 'MAX sound pressure level'. 'Max sound pressure level' is simply the highest RMS reading a conventional sound level meter gives over a stated period for a given time-weighting (S, F, or I) and can be many decibels less than the peak value. In the European Union, the maximum permitted value of the peak sound level is 140 dB(C) and this equates to 200 Pa pressure. The symbol for the "A"-frequency and "S"-time weighted maximum sound level is LAS. For the "C"-frequency weighted peak it is "LC" or "L".


title: Sound level meter

text: The following International standards define sound level meters, PSEM and associated devices. Most countries' national standards follow these very closely, the exception being the USA. In many cases the equivalent European standard, agreed by the EU, is designated for example EN 61672 and the UK national standard then becomes BS. EN 61672.


title: Sound level meter

text: These International Standards were prepared by IEC technical committee 29:Electroacoustics, in cooperation with the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML).


title: Sound level meter

text: Until 2003 there were separate standards for exponential and linear integrating sound level meters, but since then IEC 61672 has described both types. The classic exponential meter was originally described in IEC 123 for 'industrial' meters followed by IEC 179 for 'precision' meters. Both of these were replaced by IEC 651, later renamed IEC 60651, while the linear integrating meters were initially described by IEC 804, later renamed IEC 60804. Both IEC 60651 and 60804 included four accuracy classes, called "types". In IEC 61672 these were reduced to just two accuracy classes 1 and 2. New in the standard IEC 61672 is a minimum 60 dB linear span requirement and "Z"-frequency-weighting, with a general tightening of limit tolerances, as well as the inclusion of maximum allowable measurement uncertainties for each described periodic test. The periodic testing part of the standard (IEC61672.3) also requires that manufacturers provide the testing laboratory with correction factors to allow laboratory electrical and acoustic testing to better mimic Free field (acoustics) responses. Each correction used should be provided with uncertainties, that need to be accounted for in the testing laboratory final Measurement uncertainty budget. This makes it unlikely that a sound level meter designed to the older 60651 and 60804 standards will meet the requirements of IEC 61672 : 2013. These 'withdrawn' standards should no longer be used, especially for any official purchasing requirements, as they have significantly poorer accuracy requirements than IEC 61672.


title: Sound level meter

text: Combatants in every branch of the United States' military are at risk for auditory impairments from steady state or impulse noises. While applying double hearing protection helps prevent auditory damage, it may compromise effectiveness by isolating the user from his or her environment. With hearing protection on, a soldier is less likely to be aware of his or her movements, alerting the enemy to their presence. Hearing protection devices (HPD) could also require higher volume levels for communication, negating their purpose.


title: Sound level meter

text: A problem in selecting a sound level meter is "How do you know if it complies with its claimed standard?" This is a difficult question and IEC 61672 part 2 tries to answer this by the concept of "pattern approval". A manufacturer has to supply instruments to a national laboratory which tests one of them and if it meets its claims issue a formal Pattern Approval certificate. In Europe, the most common approval is often considered to be that from the PTB in Germany (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt). If a manufacturer cannot show at least one model in his range that has such approval, it is reasonable to be wary, but the cost of this approval militates against any manufacturer having all his range approved. Inexpensive sound level meters (under $200) are unlikely to have a Pattern Approval and may produce incorrect measurement results.


title: Sound level meter

text: Even the most accurate approved sound level meter must be regularly checked for sensitivity—what most people loosely call 'calibration'. The procedures for periodic testing are defined within IEC61672.3-2013. To ensure accuracy in periodic testing, procedures should be carried out by a facility that can produce results traceable to International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation, or other local International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation signatories.


title: Sound level meter

text: For a simple single level and frequency check, units consisting of a computer controlled generator with additional sensors to correct for humidity, temperature, battery voltage and static pressure can be used. The output of the generator is fed to a transducer in a half-inch cavity into which the sound level meter microphone is inserted. The acoustic level generated is 94 dB which is 1 pascal and is at a frequency of 1 kHz where all the frequency weightings have the same sensitivity.


title: Sound level meter

text: For a complete sound level meter check, periodic testing outlined in IEC61672.3-2013 should be carried out. These tests excite the sound level meter across the entire frequency and dynamic range ensuring compliance with expected design goals defined in IEC61672.1-2013.


title: Sound level meter

text: Sound level meters are also divided into two types in "the Atlantic divide". Sound level meters meeting the USA American National Standards Institute (ANSI) specifications


title: Sound level meter

text: Some advanced sound level meters can also include reverberation time (RT60) (a measure of the time required for the sound to "fade away" in an enclosed area after the source of the sound has stopped) measurement capabilities. Measurements can be done using the integrated impulse response or interrupted noise methods. Such sound level meters should comply with latest ISO 3382-2 and ASTM E2235-04 measurement standards.


title: Sound level meter

text: Required for measuring the acoustics in buildings is a signal generator that provides pink or white noise through an amplifier and omnidirectional speakers. In fact, the omnidirectional speaker, or sound source, should provide an equal dispersion of sound throughout the room. To achieve accurate measurements, sound should radiate evenly. This can be achieved using a spherical distribution aligning 12 speakers in a so-called dodecahedral configuration, as illustrated by Brüel & Kjær OmniPower Sound Source Type 4292. All speakers should be connected in a series–parallel network, to achieve in-phase operation and impedance matching to the amplifier.


title: Sound level meter

text: The reverberation-time measurements are often used to calculate wall/partition sound insulation or to quantify and validate building acoustics.


title: Sound level meter

text: Some applications require the ability to monitor noise continuously on a permanent or semi-permanent basis. Some manufacturers offer permanent and semi-permanent noise monitoring stations for this purpose. Such monitoring stations are typically based on a sound level meter at the heart and some added capabilities such as remote communication, GPS, and weather stations. These can often also be powered using solar power. Applications for such monitoring stations include airport noise, construction noise, mining noise, traffic noise, rail noise, community noise, wind farm noise, industrial noise, etc.


title: Sound level meter

text: Modern monitoring stations can also offer remote communication capabilities using cellular modems, WiFi networks or direct LAN wires. Such devices allow for real-time alerts and notifications via email and text messages upon exceeding a certain dB level. Systems can also remotely email reports on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. Real-time data publication is often also desired, which can be achieved by pushing data to a website.


title: Sound level meter

text: The ubiquity of smartphones, their constant network connectivity, the built-in geographic information system functionality and user-interactivity features present a great opportunity to revolutionize the way we look at noise, its measurement, and its effects on hearing and overall health. The ability to acquire and display real-time noise exposure data raises people's awareness about their work (and off-work) environment and allows them to make informed decisions about hearing hazards and overall well-being. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a pilot study to select and characterize the functionality and accuracy of smartphone sound measurement applications (apps) as an initial step in a broader effort to determine whether these apps can be relied on to conduct participatory noise monitoring studies in the workplace.


title: Sound level meter

text: Researchers reported that challenges remain with using smartphones to collect and document noise exposure data due to encounters with privacy and collection of personal data, motivation to participate in such studies, corrupted or bad data, and the ability to store the data collected. Researchers concluded that smartphone sound apps can serve to empower workers and help them make educated decisions about their workplace environments. Although most smartphone sound measurement apps are not accurate enough to be used for legally required measurements, the NIOSH Sound Level Meter app met the requirements of IEC 61672/ANSI S1.4 Sound Level Meter Standards (Electroacoustics - Sound Level Meters - Part 3: Periodic Tests). Calibrated microphones greatly enhances the accuracy and precision of smartphone-based noise measurements. To calibrate the sound level meter apps one must use an acoustical calibrator rather than relying on the pre-defined profiles. This study indicated that the gap between professional instruments and smartphone-based apps are narrowing.


title: Sound level meter

text: Healthy Hearing, an organization dedicated to hearing health, reported on the top smartphone sound level meter apps: NIOSH Sound Level Meter, Decibel X, and Too Noisy Pro.


title: The Path of Totality

text: The Path of Totality is the tenth studio album by American nu metal band Korn and American DJ and music producer Skrillex. It was released on December 2, 2011 in Europe and December 6, 2011 in the US. The album was produced by various electronic music producers such as Skrillex, Noisia, Excision and various other independent producers. "Get Up!", is one of three tracks produced by Skrillex, and was released as a digital download on May 6, 2011. "Narcissistic Cannibal" was released as the second single on October 18, 2011.


title: The Path of Totality

text: Regarding the album, vocalist Jonathan Davis stated: "I want to trail-blaze. I want to change things. I want to do things we're not supposed to do. I want to create art that's different and not conform to what's going on. We didn't make a dubstep album. We made a Korn album." The album was made available for pre-order on Amazon and iTunes on October 21, 2011; as well as special bundle packages available on Korn.com.


title: The Path of Totality

text: "Revolver" has named "The Path of Totality" album of the year in their 100th issue. Korn was also inducted into the Kerrang! Hall of Fame during the 2011 Kerrang! Awards.


title: The Path of Totality

text: The album features production by Skrillex, Datsik, Feed Me, Excision, 12th Planet, Downlink, Kill the Noise, and Noisia. Monti, and Datsik contributed to the mixing process. The band recorded "The Path of Totality" with electronic producers back in Davis' home studio in Bakersfield during inspired sessions. It was revealed by Jonathan Davis that vocals were actually tracked in the singer's home theater or in closets and hotels everywhere from Korea to Japan.


title: The Path of Totality

text: "The Path of Totality" is claimed by the band to be a fusion of their traditional sound with dubstep and drum and bass. Korn collaborated with a number of producers for the album with each producing their own individual tracks. Roadrunner released the following statement:


title: The Path of Totality

text: Korn frontman Jonathan Davis describes the new album as "very well-rounded, with a mix of mellow, upbeat tracks; possibly the most well-proportioned Korn album of all time." In a new biography on Roadrunner Records' official website, Jonathan Davis declares "The Path of Totality" as "future metal". "We're mixing metal and electro music, and you're not supposed to do that. Since day one, Korn has always been all about going against the grain, experimenting, and trying to take music different places."


title: The Path of Totality

text: The album title was revealed as "The Path of Totality". "The title "The Path of Totality" refers to the fact that in order to see the sun in a full solar eclipse, you must be in the exact right place in the exact right time," says Jonathan Davis, explaining the story behind the name. "That's how this album came together. I think all the producers feel the same way. I'm not sure it could ever happen again."


title: The Path of Totality

text: Munky stated; "I wanted to come up with a name that felt otherworldly," Shaffer explained. "A shadow is cast on the earth when a solar eclipse occurs. The moon has to be perfectly aligned with the sun to create this flawless shadow that completely covers the sun from the earth. Similarly, all of the producers and writers had to come together at the perfect time to cast these songs onto tape."


title: The Path of Totality

text: The album is a standard 11-track album, with the deluxe edition featuring extra songs and "" as a bonus DVD. The band's website also offered special pre-order packages that include a "Path of Totality" T-shirt and signed lithograph as well as the CD/DVD deluxe combo. Hot Topic offered a signed lithograph with pre-orders for a limited time.


title: The Path of Totality

text: Korn commenced a world tour to promote the album named "The Path of Totality" Tour, which offers special VIP packages. "Get Up!" was released as a promotional single, becoming a top ten hit on "Billboard"'s Mainstream Rock Songs chart and would be featured in the soundtrack for EA Sports video game Madden NFL 12. The digital single has sold over 200,000 downloads in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan. A lyric video for the single was released on YouTube which accumulated over 3 million views and more than 35,000 likes. The second single, "Narcissistic Cannibal", was released to radio stations and digital music outlets on October 18 and 24, respectively; a music video was filmed in Hollywood by ShadowMachine ("Moral Orel", "Robot Chicken"). A number of new songs have been added to the tour's setlist, including "Kill Mercy Within", "My Wall", and "Way Too Far". "Narcissistic Cannibal" leaked onto YouTube on October 11. It was later released for free download on Korn's official website as a WAV file. A lyric video was also released on both Korn's official YouTube channel and Roadrunner's channel as well. It has since accumulated more than 461,000 views and 6,200 likes. Hot Topic premiered a new track, "Sanctuary", on November 16. Roadrunner Records and Korn started streaming the album in full on December 1, as well as offering lead single "Get Up!" as a free download. "Way Too Far" and "Chaos Lives in Everything" were released as the album's third and fourth singles, respectively.


title: The Path of Totality

text: The album received polarizing reviews. "Rock Sound" gave the album an 8/10 rating, remarking that "It may not be perfect, but Korn have thrown caution to the wind and set out an impressive template for a future sound, for a band doing that nearly 20 years into their career, they deserve your respect". They do note however that the album sounds "a little formulaic" and "monotonous" at times. "Spin" gave the album a 7/10, saying "Thing is, dubstep's slithering textures actually suit Davis' demented croon". Henry Northmore from "The List" gave the album a rating of 4/5 saying that "the purists (both metal and dubstep) will probably hate it, but if you are willing to have your brain assaulted from every direction by a new Frankensteinian metal/beats hybrid, you'll find an album packed with pure adrenaline". AllMusic gave the album 4/5 saying that "despite all the electronics, there's no mistaking The Path of Totality as a Korn album...and one of their better ones to boot".


title: The Path of Totality

text: Alistair Lawrence from BBC Music criticized the album saying that "once the novelty of the squelching, space-aged din they've birthed fades, what's apparent is how little Korn have to say for themselves these days". Sputnikmusic strongly criticized the album giving it a score of 0.5/5 stating that ""The Path Of Totality" is a truly horrible album, built on a foundation of tired and overwrought stereotypes put together not by just a clueless band, but a bunch of equally confused artists who truly have no proper understanding of the genre they claim to be a part of". No Ripcord gave the album a 1/10 stating that "it is samey, ugly and spectacularly stupid at the same time". Jason Heller from "The A.V. Club" gave the album an 'F', stating: "To Korn's credit, "The Path Of Totality" is its most radical reinvention to date. It's also the worst slab of sludge it ever shat.""NME" gave the album a 6/10 saying that it's "not quite a car crash, but a near miss" and jokingly asking: "What do you do when you're 10 albums into your career, sliding down festival bills and trying to bury the tag of creators of a genre you now despise? If you're Korn, you Google '2011 music' and rope in a bunch of DJs for a 'dubstep' album, of course".


title: The Path of Totality

text: On April 11, 2012, "The Path of Totality" won "Album of the Year" at the 2012 "Revolver" Golden Gods Awards. This was Korn's first ever win at the Golden Gods Awards.


title: The Path of Totality

text: "The Path of Totality" sold 55,000 copies in its first week to debut at number 10 on the "Billboard" 200, making it Korn's eleventh album to peak within the top 10. The album has sold 270,000 copies in the US as of January 4, 2013 according to Nielsen SoundScan.


title: Hamming weight

text: The Hamming weight of a string is the number of symbols that are different from the zero-symbol of the alphabet used. It is thus equivalent to the Hamming distance from the all-zero string of the same length. For the most typical case, a string of bits, this is the number of 1's in the string, or the digit sum of the binary representation of a given number and the "ℓ"₁ norm of a bit vector. In this binary case, it is also called the population count, popcount, sideways sum, or bit summation.


title: Hamming weight

text: The Hamming weight is named after Richard Hamming although he did not originate the notion. The Hamming weight of binary numbers was already used in 1899 by James W. L. Glaisher to give a formula for the number of odd binomial coefficients in a single row of Pascal's triangle. Irving S. Reed introduced a concept, equivalent to Hamming weight in the binary case, in 1954.


title: Hamming weight

text: Hamming weight is used in several disciplines including information theory, coding theory, and cryptography. Examples of applications of the Hamming weight include:


title: Hamming weight

text: The population count of a bitstring is often needed in cryptography and other applications. The Hamming distance of two words "A" and "B" can be calculated as the Hamming weight of "A" xor "B".


title: Hamming weight

text: The problem of how to implement it efficiently has been widely studied. A single operation for the calculation, or parallel operations on bit vectors are available on some processors. For processors lacking those features, the best solutions known are based on adding counts in a tree pattern. For example, to count the number of 1 bits in the 16-bit binary number a = 0110 1100 1011 1010, these operations can be done:


title: Hamming weight

text: Here, the operations are as in C programming language, so means to shift X right by Y bits, X & Y means the bitwise AND of X and Y, and + is ordinary addition. The best algorithms known for this problem are based on the concept illustrated above and are given here:


title: Hamming weight

text: The above implementations have the best worst-case behavior of any known algorithm. However, when a value is expected to have few nonzero bits, it may instead be more efficient to use algorithms that count these bits one at a time. As Wegner described in 1960, the bitwise AND of "x" with "x" − 1 differs from "x" only in zeroing out the least significant nonzero bit: subtracting 1 changes the rightmost string of 0s to 1s, and changes the rightmost 1 to a 0. If "x" originally had "n" bits that were 1, then after only "n" iterations of this operation, "x" will be reduced to zero. The following implementation is based on this principle.


title: Hamming weight

text: If greater memory usage is allowed, we can calculate the Hamming weight faster than the above methods. With unlimited memory, we could simply create a large lookup table of the Hamming weight of every 64 bit integer. If we can store a lookup table of the hamming function of every 16 bit integer, we can do the following to compute the Hamming weight of every 32 bit integer.


title: Hamming weight

text: Muła et al. have shown that a vectorized version of popcount64b can run faster than dedicated instructions (e.g., popcnt on x64 processors).


title: Hamming weight

text: In error-correcting coding, the minimum Hamming weight, commonly referred to as the minimum weight "w" of a code is the weight of the lowest-weight non-zero code word. The weight "w" of a code word is the number of 1s in the word. For example, the word 11001010 has a weight of 4.


title: Hamming weight

text: In a linear block code the minimum weight is also the minimum Hamming distance ("d") and defines the error correction capability of the code. If "w" = "n", then "d" = "n" and the code will correct up to "d"/2 errors.


title: Hamming weight

text: Some C compilers provide intrinsic functions that provide bit counting facilities. For example, GCC (since version 3.4 in April 2004) includes a builtin function codice_1 that will use a processor instruction if available or an efficient library implementation otherwise. LLVM-GCC has included this function since version 1.5 in June 2005.


title: Hamming weight

text: In the C++ Standard Library, the bit-array data structure codice_2 has a codice_3 method that counts the number of bits that are set. In C++20, a new header codice_4 was added, containing functions codice_5 and codice_6, taking arguments of unsigned integer types.


title: Hamming weight

text: In Java, the growable bit-array data structure has a method that counts the number of bits that are set. In addition, there are and functions to count bits in primitive 32-bit and 64-bit integers, respectively. Also, the arbitrary-precision integer class also has a method that counts bits.


title: Hamming weight

text: In Python, the codice_7 type has a codice_8 method to count the number of bits set. This functionality was introduced in Python 3.10, released in October 2021.


title: Hamming weight

text: In Common Lisp, the function codice_9, given a non-negative integer, returns the number of 1 bits. (For negative integers it returns the number of 0 bits in 2's complement notation.) In either case the integer can be a BIGNUM.


title: Hamming weight

text: Starting in GHC 7.4, the Haskell base package has a codice_10 function available on all types that are instances of the codice_11 class (available from the codice_12 module).


title: Hamming weight

text: Fortran 2008 has the standard, intrinsic, elemental function codice_14 returning the number of nonzero bits within an integer (or integer array).


title: Hamming weight

text: Some programmable scientific pocket calculators feature special commands to calculate the number of set bits, e.g. codice_15 on the HP-16C and WP 43S, codice_16 or codice_17 on HP-16C emulators, and codice_18 on the WP 34S.