title: Radcliffe Camera

text: The library's collection grew only slowly. The first book to be placed in the library was identified by one contemporary account as Thomas Carte's "A General History of England". The first donation was some 50,000 pamphlets from a Mr Bartholomew of University College, subsequently gifted to the Bodleian in 1794. The first major purchase was books to the value of £45 from a seller in Newport in 1751, although they were kept in private possession until 1755. In 1754, the Library received a number of books from the estate of James Gibbs, mostly concerning architecture. A number of classical and history books by the bequest of Richard Frewin, Camden Professor of Ancient History, and law books of Charles Viner, the founder of the Vinerian Professorship of Common Law, were also added to the Library. Early purchases also included the purchase of the manuscripts of James Fraser to the value of £500, and those of George Sale for £157 10s., both concerned with the Middle East – the first on the advice of Thomas Hunt, Laudian Professor of Arabic. The texts appear to have suffered from poor care after their acquisition. Three further collections were purchased before Wise's death in 1767. Even at this early stage, the Trustees appear to have collaborated with the Bodleian to avoid duplication. The Library quickly became known as 'the Physic Library'. Despite its name, its acquisitions were varied for the first sixty years, but from 1811 its intake was confined to works of a scientific nature. During the first half of the 19th century the collections included coins, marbles, candelabra, busts, plaster casts, and statues. These collections have since been moved to more specifically appropriate sites.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: A muniment room was created in 1753 to house the collection documents relating to Radcliffe's will and the accumulated deeds of the land on which the Library had been built. Despite regular inspections, in 1817, a number of deeds were found to have degraded completely. Although the Trustees did not believe that the particular documents lost were likely to cause many future problems, the remaining manuscripts were moved to the main Library to prevent further damage. In other respects, Wise's tenure was marked only by his poor (and worsening) health and poor relations with the university. University members expected to be admitted and the vice-chancellor made it clear to Wise that he believed the Library part of the university and thus under his overall control. Wise did not agree, threatening at one point to padlock the Library and refer any man who cut it to the courts. The vice-chancellor took this as an unprovoked insult and turned to consideration of the university statutes and the imposition, if they did not already exist, of such statutes as would compel the ageing Wise to attend to his duties from which he was now regularly absent. Five years before his actual death in 1767, a satirical death notice was placed in the London papers announcing the "greatly regretted" death of Wise "[his death] occasioned by a violent cold, contracted by too close attendance on the duties of his respective offices". In those last years, Wise was so ill that he could no longer attend the Library. Upon his death, his collection of coins was presented to the Library.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: He was replaced by Benjamin Kennicott who served as librarian until his death in 1783. His librarianship saw the purchase of more Arabic, Hebrew and Persian works, the subject of study of Kennicott. Despite several reparative measures, the building continued to fall into disrepair, with Kennicott immersed in his academic study. Comments at the time of his death noted that the collection was "so far from being 'one of the first collections in the Universe,' that it is even inconsiderable and invaluable when compared, not only with the Bodley collection, but perhaps others in Oxford." Kennicott's successor, Thomas Hornsby, did nothing to improve the situation, devoting much of time to his other post of Radcliffe Observer. There are no records of any books being bought before his death in 1810. There was, however, one controversial benefaction of a series of marbles, with a custodian appointed and funded (along with the cost of securing the statues) by Sir Roger Newdigate. It was eventually accepted, although not without opposition from Hornsby who believed it would distract from the Library's academic purpose and block readers' light. Upon Newdigate's death, the statues had not been purchased and his executors added to the opposition. The benefaction was reassessed and finally rejected. In the last years of his tenure, Hornsby was asked to provide a catalogue, but no such document was put together before his death.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: Hornsby's successor was chosen as George Williams. It was under his tenure that "a new era dawned" for the Radcliffe Library. Williams, a physician in the Radcliffe Infirmary and Professor of Botany, adopted an approach which had been mooted a couple of years before to fill the Library's shelves not with a general collection of works, but rather specifically scientific books. Huge sums were spent from funds which had accumulated from previous years: £2000 in 1814, and around £500 annually for the years after. Dr. Abraham Robertson was asked to donate a copy of the Radcliffe Observatory's records each year in exchange for being allowed to borrow certain books. In 1814, the Library hosted a banquet for the visiting Prince Regent. The Library also received a number of marble busts and a collection of 1,000 marble specimens. The grounds of the Library were enclosed by railings in 1827 at a cost of £1,310, although the ascertainment of the exact extent of the Trustee's holdings required careful examination and a previous overlooked transfer completed. Upon Williams' death in 1834, the Trustees gave an unprecedented statement of thanks; it was echoed by a report in "The Gentleman's Magazine" which read: "In carrying into effect these great national as well as academic purposes, the Trustees found in Dr. Williams's extensive reading, retentive memory... exact judgment, comprehensive views and philosophical mind, the very talents and accomplishments which were necessary to ensure the successful execution of their design".


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: Williams was succeeded by John Kidd, Regius Professor of Medicine. Gas heating and lighting was introduced into the Library, a third member of staff (an assistant) hired at a salary of £25 per annum, and insurance taken out against the risk of fire – £10,000 to cover the buildings and a further £10,000 for the books. In 1835, the Library catalogue was finally published, for which Kidd received £100 by way of bonus. He was, however, unsuccessful in three attempts to secure a pay rise. The book collection continued to expand, with Kidd required to provide a memorandum of books added each year to the Library, and the first proper bookcases installed. A visitors' book was created to distinguish students and academics from "those who visit the Library from mere motives of general curiosity". In other respects Library life was unremarkable for the rest of Kidd's tenure, which ended with his death in 1851.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: Henry Wentworth Acland succeeded Kidd as Librarian. He made several structural alterations, creating a reading room, improving the lighting and heating and adding a hot water system. More significantly, in light of the sum of £200 to be spent on books annually, which Acland considered insufficient, he set out a detailed proposal to bring the Library under the leadership of the university. In 1856, he laid out his plan to the Trustees, at which point the Library contained between 14,000 and 15,000 volumes: "[I fear] the Library be found wanting in some standard work of reference [or] the ordinary Scientific Literature... [while] it is supposed by visitors... that the great collection of scientific works in Oxford is to be found in the Radcliffe Library... the Bodleian Library is far richer in scientific transactions and periodicals; it receives, or ought to receive, without cost all British books... the Radcliffe Library must be accounted to be, and will remain, of much less public utility than is generally supposed." The Radcliffe Library building was to become a reading room of the Bodleian, and the collection transferred to the new 'Museum Library' being constructed (now the Radcliffe Science Library). The plan was accepted by both parties and on 23 October 1861 the keys to the Radcliffe Library building were handed to Bodley's Librarian. It took four more years to finalise everything. The Radcliffe Library building thus became the Radcliffe Camera as the Library ceased to be fully independent. The Trustees retained the freehold to the building, which was finally transferred to the university in 1927.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: Between 1909 and 1912, an underground book store of two floors was constructed beneath the north lawn of the library with a tunnel connecting it with the Bodleian, invisibly linking the two library buildings, something envisaged by Henry Acland in 1861. It was known as the "Radder" in 1930s slang but was later referred to as "the Radcliffe Link" or "the Link". This was refurbished as reading rooms, completed in 2011, and is now known as the "Gladstone Link".


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: After the Radcliffe Science Library moved into another building, the Radcliffe Camera became home to additional reading rooms of the Bodleian Library. The interior of the upper reading-room houses a six-foot marble statue of John Radcliffe, carved by John Michael Rysbrack. It now holds books from the English, history, and theology collections, mostly secondary sources found on Undergraduate and Graduate reading lists. There is space for around 600,000 books in rooms beneath Radcliffe Square.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: In November 2010, the Radcliffe Camera was occupied by students for over twenty-four hours, as part of wider national protest against proposed changes to university funding and substantial increases in the cost of tuition.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: The building is the earliest example in England of a circular library. It is built in three main stages externally and two stories internally, the upper one containing a gallery. The ground stage is heavily rusticated and has a series of eight pedimented projections alternating with niches. The central stage is divided into bays by coupled Corinthian columns supporting the continuous entablature. The pedimented windows stand above mezzanine openings, reflecting the interior arrangement. The top stage is a lanterned dome on an octagonal drum, with a balustraded parapet with vases.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: The construction used local stone from Headington and Burford, which was then ashlar faced. The dome and cupola are covered with lead. Inside, the original walls and dome were distempered but this was later removed, revealing the decorations to be carved in stone. Only the decorative work of the dome is plaster.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: Originally, the basement was an open arched arcade with a vaulted stone ceiling, with Radcliffe's coat of arms in the centre. The arcade arches were fitted with iron grilles: three of them were gates which were closed at night, and which gave access to the library by a grand staircase. In 1863, when the building had become a reading-room of the Bodleian, the arches were glazed, a new entrance was created on the north side in place of a circular window, with stone steps leading up to the entrance.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: The area around the Library was originally partly paved, partly cobbled, and partly gravelled. In 1751 stone posts and obelisks surmounted by lamps were placed around the perimeter. All but the three at the entrance to Brasenose Lane were removed around 1827 when the lawns were laid and iron railings installed.


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: The 1744 work "The Present State of the Universities" by Thomas Salmon described the new Radcliffe library as "the most magnificent Structure in Oxford... I find a great many People of Opinion that he intended to perpetuate his Memory by it, and therefore give it the name of 'Radcliffe's Mausoleum'". This was echoed by "The Gentleman and the Lady's Pocket Companion for Oxford" (1747) which said that "the most magnificent structure in Oxford is the new public Library". In 1773, however, Edward Tatham was not so complimentary: "The writer... cannot help expressing his disapprobation of the situation of the Radclivian Library. Whatever merit this edifice reflects on the architect, and splendor on the University, it certainly destroys the regularity of the area, and intercepts the view of every building in it." He regarded the north side of Broad Street, south of the gardens of Trinity College, to have been a more suitable site and the chosen site left largely open "as we pronounce in general that the areas in a town should be free, open, and without obstruction".


title: Radcliffe Camera

text: Gibbs later said of the Trustees: "I never observed a trust discharged with greater unanimity, integrity and candor, during the whole time I had the honour of serving you, from the laying of the first stone of this fabric to its finishing." Contemporaries found great irony in the fact that the iconoclast Radcliffe, who scorned book-learning, should bequeath a substantial sum for the founding of the Radcliffe Library. Sir Samuel Garth quipped that the endowment was "about as logical as if a eunuch should found a seraglio".


title: Arshile Gorky

text: Arshile Gorky (; born Vostanik Manoug Adoian, ; April 15, 1904 – July 21, 1948) was an Armenian-American painter who had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism. He spent the last years of his life as a national of the United States. Along with Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning, Gorky has been hailed as one of the most powerful American painters of the 20th century. The suffering and loss he experienced in the Armenian genocide had crucial influence at Gorky’s development as an artist.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: Gorky was born in the village of Khorgom (today's Dilkaya), situated on the shores of Lake Van in the Ottoman Empire (modern-day Turkey). His birthdate is often cited as April 15, 1904, but the year might have been 1902 or 1903. Toward the end of his life, he was particularly vague about his date of birth, changing it from year to year. In 1908, his father emigrated to America to avoid the draft, leaving his family behind in the town of Van. He settled in Providence, Rhode Island.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: In 1915, Gorky fled Lake Van during the Armenian genocide and escaped with his mother and three sisters into Russian-controlled territory. In the aftermath of the genocide, Gorky's mother died of starvation in Yerevan in 1919. Arriving in America in 1920, the 16-year-old Gorky was reunited with his father, but they never grew close.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: In the process of reinventing his identity, he changed his name to "Arshile Gorky", claiming to be a Georgian noble (taking the Georgian name Arshile/Archil), and even telling people he was a relative of the Russian writer Maxim Gorky.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: In 1923, Gorky enrolled in the recently founded New England School of Art in Boston, eventually becoming a part-time instructor. During the early 1920s he was influenced by Impressionism, although later in the decade he produced works that were more postimpressionist. During this time he was living in New York and was influenced by Paul Cézanne. In 1925 he was asked by Edmund Greacen of the Grand Central Art Galleries to teach at the Grand Central School of Art; Gorky accepted and remained with them until 1931. In 1927, Gorky met Ethel Kremer Schwabacher and developed a lifelong friendship. Schwabacher was his first biographer. Gorky said:


title: Arshile Gorky

text: The stuff of thought is the seed of the artist. Dreams form the bristles of the artist's brush. As the eye functions as the brain's sentry, I communicate my innermost perceptions through the art, my worldview.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: In 1931, Gorky sent a group of works ranging in price from $100 to $450 to the Downtown Gallery in New York. (The artist's name was spelled "Archele Gorki" in the gallery's records. Most of Gorky's works from this period were unsigned.) The exact nature of their relationship is unknown. Mrs. John D. Rockefeller (Abby Aldrich Rockefeller) purchased from the gallery a Cézannesque still life by Gorky titled "Fruit". Gorky may have been introduced to the gallery owner by Stuart Davis who regularly exhibited there.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: In 1933, Arshile Gorky became one of the first artists employed by the Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project. This later came to include such artists as Alice Neel, Lee Krasner, Jackson Pollock, Diego Rivera and Mark Rothko.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: In 1935, Gorky signed a three-year contract with the Guild Art Gallery (37 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York). Co-owned by Anna Walinska and Margaret Lefranc, but funded and directed by Lefranc, the gallery organized the artist's first solo exhibition in New York, "Abstract Drawings by Arshile Gorky".


title: Arshile Gorky

text: Notable paintings from this time include "Landscape in the Manner of Cézanne" (1927) and "Landscape, Staten Island" (1927–1928). At the close of the 1920s and into the 1930s he experimented with cubism, eventually moving to surrealism. The painting illustrated above, "The Artist and His Mother," (ca. 1926–1936) is a memorable, moving and innovative portrait. His "The Artist and His Mother" paintings are based on a childhood photograph taken in Van in which he is depicted standing beside his mother. Gorky made two versions; the other is in the National Gallery of Art Washington, DC. The painting has been likened to Ingres for simplicity of line and smoothness, to Egyptian Funerary art for pose, to Cézanne for flat planar composition, to Picasso for form and color.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: "Nighttime, Enigma, Nostalgia" (1930–1934) are the series of complex works that characterize this phase of his painting. The canvas "Portrait of Master Bill" appears to depict Gorky's friend, Willem de Kooning. De Kooning said: "I met a lot of artists — but then I met Gorky ... He had an extraordinary gift for hitting the nail on the head; remarkable. So I immediately attached myself to him and we became very good friends. It was nice to be foreigners meeting in some new place." However recent publications contradict the claim that the painting is of de Kooning but is actually a portrait of a Swedish carpenter Gorky called Master Bill who did some work for him in exchange for Gorky giving him art lessons.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: When Gorky showed his new work to André Breton in the 1940s, after seeing the new paintings and in particular "The Liver Is the Cock's Comb," Breton declared the painting to be "one of the most important paintings made in America" and he stated that Gorky was a Surrealist, which was Breton's highest compliment. The painting was shown in the Surrealists' final show at the Galérie Maeght in Paris in 1947.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: Michael Auping, a curator at the Modern Art Museum in Fort Worth, saw in the work a "taut sexual drama" combined with nostalgic allusions to Gorky's Armenian past. The work in 1944 shows his emergence in the 1940s from the influence of Cézanne and Picasso into his own style, and is perhaps his greatest work. It is over six feet high and eight feet wide, depicting "an abstract landscape filled with watery plumes of semi-transparent color that coalesce around spiky, thorn like shapes, painted in thin, sharp black lines, as if to suggest beaks and claws."


title: Arshile Gorky

text: Artist Corinne Michelle West was Gorky's muse and probably his lover, although she refused to marry him when he proposed several times.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: In 1941, Gorky met and married Agnes Ethel Magruder "(maiden;" 1921–2013) daughter of Admiral John Holmes Magruder, Jr. (1889–1963). Gorky soon nicknamed her "Mougouch", an Armenian term of endearment. They had two daughters, Maro and Yalda (renamed Natasha some months later). Maro Gorky became a painter, and married the British sculptor and writer Matthew Spender, son of the poet Sir Stephen Spender.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: From 1946, Gorky suffered a series of crises: his studio barn burned down (destroying his library and thirty of his paintings); he underwent a colostomy for cancer; Mougouch had an affair with Roberto Matta. In 1948, Gorky's neck was broken and his painting arm temporarily paralyzed in a car accident, and his wife left him, taking their children with her. She was later married to British writer Xan Fielding.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: On July 21, 1948, after telling a neighbor and one of his students that he was going to kill himself, Gorky was found hanged in his barn studio. On a nearby wooden crate he had written "Goodbye My Loveds". Gorky is buried in North Cemetery in Sherman, Connecticut.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: Gorky's contributions to American and world art are difficult to overestimate. His work as lyrical abstraction was a "new language. He "lit the way for two generations of American artists". The painterly spontaneity of mature works like "The Liver is the Cock's Comb" (1944), "One Year the Milkweed" (1944), and "The Betrothal II" (1947) immediately prefigured Abstract expressionism, and leaders in the New York School have acknowledged Gorky's considerable influence. Arshile Gorky had a distinct, signature style and was known for his draftsmanship. He used twisted but elegant lines to bring in 'biomorphic' forms in his abstract paintings along with an overlay of colours to create a complex landscape of lines and colours on the canvas.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: His oeuvre synthesizes Surrealism and the sensuous color and painterliness of the School of Paris with his own highly personal formal vocabulary. His paintings and drawings hang in every major American museum including the National Gallery of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Metropolitan, Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art in Eugene, and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York (which maintains the Gorky Archive), and in many worldwide, including the Tate in London.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: A selection of Gorky's letters were translated and published by Karlen Mooradian in "Arshile Gorky Adoian and The Many Worlds of Arshile Gorky" in 1980. Matthew Spender (1999) and Nouritza Matossian (2000) concluded from their research that the translations of Gorky’s letters to his younger sister, Vartoosh, published by her son, Mooradian, had been embellished and some of these letters were fabricated by Mooradian. The most accurate translations of Gorky’s letters to family and friends were published at "Goats on the Roof: A Life in Letters and Documents" (2009), edited by Spender with translations by Father Krikor Maksoudian.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: Fifteen of Gorky's paintings and drawings were destroyed in the crash of American Airlines Flight 1 in 1962.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: In June 2005, the family of the artist established the Arshile Gorky Foundation, a not-for-profit corporation formed to further the public's appreciation and understanding of the life and artistic achievements of Arshile Gorky. The foundation is working on a catalogue raisonné of the artist's entire body of work. In October 2009, the foundation relaunched its website to provide accurate information on the artist, including a biography, bibliography, exhibition history, and list of archival sources.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: In October 2009 the Philadelphia Museum of Art held a major Arshile Gorky exhibition: "Arshile Gorky: A Retrospective". On June 6, 2010, an exhibit of the same name opened at the Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA) in Los Angeles. In 2021, during routine maintenance of "The Limit," a hidden painting was discovered underneath; both paintings were exhibited and included in the latest catalogue of his work.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: In 2015 a fountain monument commemorating Gorky was erected in Edremit, a town near his birthplace. After the town's People's Democracy Party administration was replaced by government appointees the water supply to the fountain was cut off, the taps were broken off, and signs with Gorky's biography in four languages - Armenian, Kurdish, English and Turkish - were removed from the monument.


title: Arshile Gorky

text: Gorky's estate has been represented by Hauser & Wirth since 2016. It previously worked with Gagosian Gallery.


title: Avanti (car)

text: The Avanti (including the Avanti II) is an American performance sports coupe based on the Studebaker Avanti and marketed through a succession of five different ownership arrangements between 1965 and 2006.


title: Avanti (car)

text: Subsequent to Studebaker's December 20, 1963, closure of its South Bend factory and effective discontinuation of the auto with the 1964 model year, cars carrying the Avanti nameplate were initially produced from left-over Studebaker components, and later by the Avanti Motor Company from General Motors and Ford chassis and engines. A small and often interrupted stream of increasingly modified cars were made before all production ceased in 2006.


title: Avanti (car)

text: After Studebaker ended production at South Bend on December 20, 1963, the "Avanti" model name, tooling, Studebaker truck production rights and parts and plant space were bought by local Studebaker dealers, Nate and Arnold Altman and Leo Newman, who incorporated as Avanti Motor Corporation and hand-built a small number of cars. Leo Newman ran the Studebaker truck parts division which enabled the company to be profitable at its outset. According to Stu Chapman, Studebaker Director of Advertising & Public Relations 1964–1966, in his book 'My Father The Car: Memoirs Of My Life With Studebaker', there was talk with Studebaker of reintroducing the Avanti to Studebaker showrooms in 1965/66, along with ambitious plans for rebadging an Isuzu Bellett as an entry level Studebaker, and combining with Canadian Motor Industries.


title: Avanti (car)

text: The Altman brothers introduced a slightly modified version of the car in 1965 under the brand name "Avanti II". which initially had a Chevrolet Corvette engine. This evolved to the 400, then the small-block 350, and then the 305 for 1981. The V8 had electronic engine controls, , and GM's Turbo 350 automatic transmission with lock-up. Building one of the 1980s Avanti IIs required 10 to 12 weeks, depending on special color or upholstery orders. The last Avanti II made came off the line with a V6 engine from Roush and only one was made. After Nate Altman's death, Arnold Altman ran the company until it was sold in 1982. From 1963 to 1985, Avanti IIs were built on the Studebaker-designed chassis, then the Chevrolet Monte Carlo chassis was used; Chevy discontinued the Monte Carlo in 1987, and Avanti switched to the Chevrolet Caprice chassis.


title: Avanti (car)

text: On October 1, 1982, real-estate developer Stephen H. Blake bought the rights to the Avanti II. The state of Indiana guaranteed $1.9 million in loans to Avanti, as part of the financial package offered Blake when he bought the company.


title: Avanti (car)

text: Modifications were introduced to the car, which had remained unchanged since the production of the Avanti II model began in the mid-1960s. A new convertible body style along with an all-new and lighter backbone chassis that was designed by Herb Adams, a former Pontiac engineer, using a torque tube with a 1985 Chevrolet Corvette aluminum rear end and independent suspension. Rectangular headlight openings and plastic body-colored bumpers were introduced. Each of these cars took eight to ten weeks to hand build.


title: Avanti (car)

text: The Avanti Motor Company was purchased by Michael Eugene Kelly. The "II" was dropped from the car's name and all subsequent cars were called the "Avanti". The company then had second-generation Avanti styling originated by Tom Kellogg, the youngest member of the original Studebaker Avanti design team.


title: Avanti (car)

text: The company was acquired and run from 1987–1991 by John J. Cafaro. With the financial assistance of the State of Ohio, he moved all Avanti production from South Bend – its birthplace – to Youngstown, Ohio. In 1988 and 1989 Avanti made two-door coupes and a convertible. The 1988 Avanti were called the "Silver Year" models, marking 25 years since the Avanti's introduction.


title: Avanti (car)

text: In 1989, Cafaro lost faith in the original coupe and introduced a four-door version, of which 90 were built. In four years, only 405 Avantis were made at the Youngstown plant, which closed in 1991.


title: Avanti (car)

text: Kelly repurchased the company in 1999. He moved its operations from Ohio to Georgia and produced redesigned Avanti automobiles in Villa Rica from 2000 to 2005. From 2004, Ford Mustang chassis and engines were used. In October 2005 an internet report said "Avanti Motors [had] recently announced a new relationship with Ford Motor Company and was planning a big comeback".


title: Avanti (car)

text: In early 2006, Kelly moved Avanti production to a new plant in Cancun, Mexico, but the company floundered after Kelly's arrest on fraud charges in December 2006, over a large Ponzi scheme he was running.


title: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement

text: On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, contending that the agreement would "undermine" the U.S. economy, and put the U.S. "at a permanent disadvantage."


text: In accordance with Article 28 of the Paris Agreement, a country cannot give notice of withdrawal from the agreement within the first three years of its start date in the relevant country, which was on November 4, 2016, in the case of the United States. The White House later clarified that the U.S. will abide by the four-year exit process. On November 4, 2019, the administration gave a formal notice of intention to withdraw, which takes 12 months to take effect. Until the withdrawal took effect, the United States was obligated to maintain its commitments under the Agreement, such as the requirement to continue reporting its emissions to the United Nations. The withdrawal took effect on November 4, 2020, one day after the 2020 U.S. presidential election.


text: Trump's decision to withdraw the U.S. was backed by many Republicans but was strongly opposed by Democrats. Trump's decision to withdraw was strongly criticized in the U.S. and abroad by environmentalists, some religious organizations, business leaders, and scientists. A majority of Americans opposed withdrawal.


text: Following Trump's announcement, the governors of several U.S. states formed the U.S. Climate Alliance to continue to advance the objectives of the Paris Agreement at the state level despite the federal withdrawal. As of July 1, 2019, 24 states, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico have joined the alliance, and similar commitments have also been expressed by other state governors, mayors, and businesses.


text: Trump's withdrawal from the Paris agreement impacted other countries by reducing its financial aid to the Green Climate fund. The termination of the $3 billion U.S. funding ultimately impacted climate change research and decreased society's chance of reaching the Paris Agreement goals, as well as omitted U.S. contributions to the future IPCC reports. Trump's decision also affected the carbon emission space as well as the carbon price. The U.S.'s withdrawal also meant that the spot to take over the global climate regime was obtainable for China and the EU.


text: Following the 2020 presidential election, President-elect Joe Biden vowed to rejoin the Paris Agreement on his first day in office. Once inaugurated, Biden signed an executive order to rejoin the agreement on January 20, 2021. The country formally rejoined the Paris Agreement on February 19, 2021. The period from November4, 2020 to the date of rejoining represents 107days.


text: The Paris Agreement was an addition to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), initially agreed to by all 195 countries present at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in December of that year, including the United States then under the presidency of Barack Obama. Due to the status of the United States and China as the greatest emitters of carbon dioxide, Obama's support and his cooperation with China were seen as major factors leading to the convention's early success.


text: The main aim of the Agreement is to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels", predominantly by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Agreement differs from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the last widely adopted amendment to the UNFCCC, in that no annexes are established to lessen responsibility of developing nations. Rather, emissions targets for each nation were separately negotiated and are to be voluntarily enforced, leading United States officials to regard the Paris Agreement as an executive agreement rather than a legally binding treaty. This removed the requirement for the United States Congress to ratify the agreement. In April 2016, the United States became a signatory to the Paris Agreement, and accepted it by executive order in September 2016. President Obama committed the United States to contributing US$3 billion to the Green Climate Fund. The Fund has set itself a goal of raising $100 billion a year by 2020.


text: Article 28 of the agreement enables parties to withdraw from the agreement after sending a withdrawal notification to the depositary, but notice can be given no earlier than three years after the agreement goes into force for the country. Withdrawal is effective one year after the depositary is notified. Alternatively, the Agreement stipulates that withdrawal from the UNFCCC, under which the Paris Agreement was adopted, would also withdraw the state from the Paris Agreement. The conditions for withdrawal from the UNFCCC are the same as for the Paris Agreement.


text: On November 8, 2016, four days after the Paris Agreement entered into force in the United States, Donald Trump of the Republican Party was elected President of the United States. Many conservative Republicans dispute the level of human involvement in climate change. Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change and tweeted in 2012 that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness. During Trump's 2016 election campaign, Trump promised to revitalize the coal industry, which he claimed has been hampered by environmental regulations. It has been argued that this contributed to the support he enjoyed from crucial swing states. His opposition to climate change mitigation was unchanged in the first months of his presidency, in which he issued an executive order to reverse Obama's Clean Power Plan and other environmental regulations.


text: In April 2017, a group of 20 members of the European Parliament from the right-wing Alternative for Germany, UK Independence Party, and other parties sent a letter to Trump on urging him to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. On May 25, 2017, 22 Republican Senators, including Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, sent a two-page letter to Trump urging him to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement. The letter was drafted by Senator John Barrasso, the chairman of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, and Senator Jim Inhofe, known for his longtime climate change denial. Most of signatories to the letter were elected from states reliant on the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas); the group of 22 senators had collectively received more than $10 million in campaign contributions from fossil-fuels companies in the previous three election cycles. Earlier the same week, a group of 40 Democratic Senators sent Trump a letter urging him to keep America in the Paris Agreement, writing that "a withdrawal would hurt America's credibility and influence on the world stage."


text: Both support for the move and opposition to it were reported among Trump's cabinet and advisers: Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, economic advisor Gary Cohn, and advisor and son-in-law Jared Kushner reportedly wanted the United States to remain committed to the agreement, while White House Advisor Steve Bannon, White House Counsel Don McGahn, and EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt wanted the United States to abandon it.


text: During the G7 summit in late May 2017, Trump was the only G7 member not to reconfirm commitment to the Paris Agreement. German Chancellor Angela Merkel, one of the other leaders present, was publicly unimpressed with Trump's refusal to cooperate on climate change mitigation, which was seen to damage Germany–United States relations. The communique issued at the conclusion of the summit stated that the United States "is not in a position to join the consensus" of the other G7 countries on policies regarding climate change and the Paris Agreement.


text: In a televised announcement from the White House Rose Garden on June 1, 2017, Trump said, "In order to fulfill my solemn duty to protect the United States and its citizens, the United States will withdraw from the Paris climate accord," adding "The bottom line is that the Paris accord is very unfair at the highest level to the United States." He claimed that the agreement, if implemented, would cost the United States $3 trillion in lost GDP and 6.5 million jobs. He added that it would "undermine our economy, hamstring our workers," and "effectively decapitate our coal industry". He said he was open to renegotiating the arrangement or negotiating a new one, but European and UN leaders said the pact "cannot be renegotiated at the request of a single party". Trump also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a scheme to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries.


text: The White House said that Trump would end the implementation of carbon reduction targets set by former President Barack Obama and that the withdrawal would be done in accordance with the years-long exit process spelled out in the accord. On September 16, 2017, a European official said the Trump administration had appeared to soften its stance on withdrawing the agreement. The White House told the press that it had not changed its position on the agreement.


text: Examinations of Trump's speech by "The Washington Post" and "The New York Times" pointed to numerous fallacies, including, but not limited to, claims that the U.S., under the Paris Agreement, was forbidden to build coal power plants; that a difference of 0.2 degrees Celsius is insignificant in climatology; that U.S. contributions to the Green Climate Fund were paid out of the U.S. defense budget; projections that the U.S. is on course to become the "cleanest" nation on earth; and Trump's reiterated claim of personal support for environmental causes.


text: In accordance with Article 28 of the Paris Agreement, the United States could only file its notice of intent to withdraw no earlier than November 4, 2019, three years after the Agreement had come into effect, which would be effective one year later. Until the withdrawal took effect, the United States was obligated to maintain its commitments under the Agreement, including the requirement to continue reporting its emissions to the United Nations. According to a memo obtained by HuffPost believed to be written by US State Department legal office, any "attempts to withdraw from the Paris Agreement outside of the above-described withdrawal provisions would be inconsistent with international law and would not be accepted internationally."


text: On August 4, 2017, the Trump administration formally outlined its intention of the withdrawal in an official notice delivered to the United Nations as depositary. In a separate statement, the State Department said it will continue participating in international climate change negotiations, including talks aimed at implementing the climate deal.


text: The United States filed its intent to withdraw at the earliest possible date, on November 4, 2019. After the one-year period, on November 4, 2020, the U.S. formally withdrew from the Agreement, on the day following the 2020 U.S. presidential election but rejoined the agreement when President Biden took office.


text: The Obama administration was responsible for funding $3 billion U.S. dollars to the Green Climate Fund, that will no longer be available to be used towards climate change research. Therefore, a decrease in funds by the US will lessen the chances of being able to reach the Paris Agreement goals. In addition, the U.S. was responsible for more than 50% of the papers references for climate change in 2015, so a cut in funding will impact U.S's contribution to any further IPCC reports. Trump's termination of its funding to the Green Climate Fund can also have an impact on underdeveloped countries that are in need of that aid for their climate change projects.


text: However, President Trump's decision to withdraw did not necessarily mean that it affected US emissions since there was no direct link, but instead meant that the U.S. was no longer regulated by the Paris Agreement once officially withdrawn. On the other hand, since the U.S. was not regulated this influenced a change to the carbon emission space. For example, "[u]nder the NDC target, the withdrawal of the U.S. led to it increasing its own emission space by 14%, 28%, and 54% in the 20, 13, and 00 scenarios, respectively." This meant that the U.S. would obtain more room to emit carbon while other countries would have to cut down on their emissions in order to be able to reach their goal of only 2 °C. Trump's withdrawal increased the carbon price for other countries while reducing its own carbon price.


text: When the withdrawal took effect, the U.S. was the only UNFCCC member states who was not a signatory to the Paris Agreement. At the time of the original withdrawal announcement, Syria and Nicaragua were also not participants; however, both Syria and Nicaragua later ratified the agreement which left the U.S. the only UNFCCC member state that wasn’t intending to be a party to the Paris Agreement.


text: Luke Kemp of the Australian National University's Fenner School of Environment and Society wrote in a commentary for "Nature" that "withdrawal is unlikely to change US emissions" since "the greenhouse gas emissions of the US are divorced from international legal obligations." However, he added that it could hamper climate change mitigation efforts if the U.S. stopped contributing to the Green Climate Fund. Kemp said the effect of a US withdrawal could be either good or bad for the Paris agreement, since "a rogue US can cause more damage inside rather than outside of the agreement." Finally, "A withdrawal could also make the US into a climate pariah and provide a unique opportunity for China and the EU to take control of the climate regime and significantly boost their international reputations and soft power." On the other hand there is belief that China is not capable of taking control of the climate regime and instead should, "help rebuild global shared leadership by replacing the Sino–U.S. G2 partnership with a Climate 5 (C5) partnership that comprises China, the EU, India, Brazil, and South Africa."


text: The German car industry expressed concerns about its ability to remain competitive in light of the United States decision to withdraw. The president of the German auto industry lobby group VDA, Matthias Wissmann said, "The regrettable announcement by the USA makes it inevitable that Europe must facilitate a cost efficient and economically feasible climate policy to remain internationally competitive."


text: Many of the larger auto and aviation companies had already invested billions into reducing emissions and were unlikely to change course. General Motors, the largest automobile manufacturer in the United States, immediately pointed out: "Our position on climate change has not changed ... we publicly advocate for climate action," and reiterated its support for various climate pledges. Analyst Rebecca Lindland also pointed out that manufacturers of automobiles were under no specific restrictions under the Accord and that nothing had changed. Even if Trump loosened other restrictions on the car industry that allowed for the production of less environmental cars, such cars still needed to conform to standards before they could be exported to other continents or even certain states. Jason Bordoff, energy-policy expert at Columbia University, agreed that withdrawing would make no difference to the economy, arguing that it would be determined by market conditions like the price of oil and gas. At the same time, airlines have been spending billions on seeking more fuel efficient ways to fly anyway –fuel is an airline's second-biggest expense after labor and so using less fuel (which means less emissions) is in their financial interest. Kabir Nanda and Varad Pande, senior consultant and partner at Dahlberg, respectively, argued that despite the US withdrawal the American private sector was still committed to renewable energy and technology. Also noted was the fact that solar energy had become cheaper than coal in an increasing number of countries.


text: Petitions were launched across states in order to persuade state governors to join the Paris Agreement or have Trump reverse the planned withdrawal, which included a "ParisMyState" and a MoveOn petition that has received over 535,000 signatures.


text: Piers Forster, the director of the University of Leeds' Priestley International Centre for Climate, called the decision to withdraw "a sad day for evidence-based policy" and expressed hope that individual Americans, businesses and states would nevertheless choose to decarbonize. Climate scientist Dave Reay of the University of Edinburgh said that "The United States will come to rue this day." The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), in a statement by its president Antonio Busalacchi Jr., said that the decision to withdraw "does not mean that climate change will go away" and warned that "the heightened potential for increased greenhouse gas emissions poses a substantial threat to our communities, businesses, and military." The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation called the decision to withdraw "very discouraging" and said that it would diminish confidence in international climate change efforts; the technology think tank called for federal efforts on "the smart grid, energy storage, carbon capture and sequestration, and advanced nuclear and solar power" and warned that "Without a smart, aggressive clean-energy innovation strategy, the world will not avert the worst effects of climate change."


text: Canadian academic and environmental activist David Suzuki stated, "Trump just passed on the best deal the planet has ever seen". Navroz Dubash of the Centre for Policy Research in New Delhi expressed bafflement at Trump's move, citing the declining costs of renewable energy sources and the increasing difficulty of obtaining investment for fossil-fuel projects. Environmental scientist and risk assessor Dana Nuccitelli stated that it "now seems inevitable that the history books will view Trump as America's worst-ever president". Bob Ward of the Grantham Research Institute also described Trump's speech as "confused nonsense". Stephen Hawking criticized Trump, saying that he "will cause avoidable environmental damage to our beautiful planet, endangering the natural world, for us and our children."


text: Multiple environmental groups, such as the Sierra Club and Natural Resources Defense Council, condemned Trump's decision. American environmentalist and writer Bill McKibben, the founder of the climate change action group 350.org, called the move "a stupid and reckless decision—our nation's dumbest act since launching the war in Iraq." McKibben wrote that Trump's decision to withdraw amounted "to a thorough repudiation of two of the civilizing forces on our planet: diplomacy and science." He called upon U.S. states and cities to "double down" on commitments to renewable energy.


text: Republicans gave mixed reviews of Trump's decision to withdraw. Vice president Mike Pence stated that Trump administration "demonstrated real leadership" by pulling the United States out of the international accords which he called "a transfer of wealth from the most powerful economy in the world to other countries around the planet". He also stated that he doesn't understand why Democrats and liberals in the United States and the left around the world care about climate change. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway and Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Scott Pruitt praised the decision as a victory for America's middle class, workers, businesses and coal miners. Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton described Trump's decision as "courageous" and said that it lifted a burden from the American taxpayer. However, Republican Senator Susan Collins of Maine was critical of the decision, stating that she was disappointed. Former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger issued a video address describing Trump's decision as a retrograde step.


text: Former President Bill Clinton wrote: "Walking away from Paris treaty is a mistake. Climate change is real. We owe our children more. Protecting our future also creates more jobs." Former President Barack Obama said of Trump's decision: "Even as this Administration joins a small handful of nations that reject the future, I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got." Former vice-president Joe Biden said he believes the move imperils American security.


text: In his withdrawal speech, President Trump stated: "I was elected to represent the citizens of Pittsburgh, not Paris." The incumbent Mayor of Pittsburgh, Bill Peduto, immediately acknowledged on Twitter with a reminder that 80% of his city's voters favored Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election, and wrote: "As the Mayor of Pittsburgh, I can assure you that we will follow the guidelines of the Paris Agreement for our people, our economy and future." Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer condemned the withdrawal.


text: Responding the following week to the withdrawal, the governors of California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance, pledging to uphold the Paris Agreement within their borders. By the evening of June 1, 2017, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Oregon, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont and Virginia declared their intention to join with United States Climate Alliance members in reaching Paris Agreement goals. Governors of other states also expressed interest in upholding the Agreement. As of November 2020 the alliance included 24 states plus Puerto Rico and American Samoa.


text: The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity and Peabody Energy, the largest listed coal producer in the United States, applauded the decision, claiming the result will be lower energy prices and greater reliability of supply.


text: On the day of Trump's predicted withdrawal, 25 companies placed a full-page open letter to President Trump in "The New York Times" and "The Wall Street Journal", encouraging the administration to keep the U.S. in the Paris Agreement. The companies were:


text: Following Trump's announcement, ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell and General Motors reaffirmed their support for the Paris Agreement and for measures to tackle climate change.


text: Michael Bloomberg pledged $15 million to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Executive Secretariat, explaining: "Americans will honor and fulfill the Paris Agreement by leading from the bottom up—and there isn't anything Washington can do to stop us". Shortly following Trump's announcement, thirty city mayors, three state governors, more than eighty university presidents and the leaders of more than a hundred businesses joined Bloomberg in opening negotiations with the United Nations to submit a plan for limiting American climate-change emissions in accord with the Paris Agreement guidelines.


text: Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein described Trump's decision as "a setback for the environment and for the U.S.'s leadership position in the world". General Electric CEO Jeff Immelt stated that "climate change is real".


text: Multiple tech company executives—including Google CEO Sundar Pichai, Microsoft President and Chief Legal Officer Brad Smith, Apple CEO Tim Cook, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, and General Electric CEO Jeff Immelt—condemned the decision. Microsoft's Satya Nadella said Microsoft believes that "climate change is an urgent issue that demands global action." Google's Sundar Pichai tweeted "Disappointed with today's decision. Google will keep working hard for a cleaner, more prosperous future for all". Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg said "Withdrawing from the Paris climate agreement is bad for the environment, bad for the economy, and it puts our children's future at risk."


text: Two business leaders resigned from Trump advisory boards in protest to his decision to withdraw. Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, Inc. and SpaceX, resigned from the two presidential advisory councils on which he had sat. Musk stated: "Climate change is real. Leaving Paris is not good for America or the world." Robert Iger, CEO of The Walt Disney Company, also resigned, saying "As a matter of principle, I've resigned from the President's Council over the Paris Agreement withdrawal."


text: The Paris Agreement is broadly popular among Americans. A national poll by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs conducted in June 2016 found that 71 percent of American adults favored U.S. participation in the Paris Agreement. Similar, a November 2016 poll conducted by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication found that 69 percent of U.S. registered voters favored U.S. participation in the Paris Agreement, while just 13 percent were opposed. Trump's decision to withdraw the U.S. from the accord was seen as an attempt to appeal to his base, even at the risk of alienating Democrats and independent voters. This strategy diverged from the typical approach taken by most U.S. presidents, who historically have sought to appeal to the center. A "New York Times" analysis described the move as "a daring and risky strategy" taken by "the first president in the history of polling to govern without the support of a majority of the public from the start of his tenure," adding: "In effect, Mr. Trump is doubling down on presiding as a minority president, betting that when the time comes, his fervent supporters will matter more, especially clustered in key Midwest states."


text: A "Washington Post"/ABC News public opinion survey of American adults, conducted from June 2–4, 2017, found that 59 percent opposed Trump's decision to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement, and just 28 percent supported it. Asked about the effect of withdrawal on the U.S. economy, 42 percent said it would hurt the economy; 32 percent believed it would help the economy; and 20 percent believed that it would make no difference. The poll showed a sharp division among partisan lines: 67 percent of Republicans supported Trump's decision, but just 22 percent of independents and 8 percent of Democrats supported it.


text: "USA Today", in an editorial, stated that "There was no greatness in the decision he rendered Thursday, just the heightened prospect of a climate-stricken globe left behind for future generations." "The New York Times" called it "disgraceful" and stated that Trump "knows nothing or cares little about the science underlying the stark warnings of environmental disruption."


text: For their edition of June 2, 2017, the "New York Daily News" revived their famous 1975 "Ford to City: Drop Dead" cover with a photo of Trump and the words "Trump to World: Drop Dead".


text: The "Tampa Bay Times" criticized the move, writing that it would especially endanger coastal states such as Florida, which are already suffering from rising sea levels, which damage property and infrastructure and harm the drinking water supply. The "Detroit Free Press" stated that "President Donald Trump has betrayed the future of our children, our grandchildren, and our planet".


text: Bloomberg stated that "Under Trump, the U.S. has already become an irresponsible role model." "The San Diego Union-Tribune" stated that "President Trump is ushering in the Chinese Century" and called it the worst decision of Trump's life.


text: A piece by commentator Erick Erickson published by Fox News described the withdrawal from the Paris Agreement as the correct move, for the reason that "climate change is [not] an issue worth caring much about". Douglas E. Schoen, also writing for Fox, contrarily said that a withdrawal from the Paris Agreement "only hastens America's retreat from global political and economic leadership".


text: Foreign coverage of Trump's announcement was overwhelmingly unfavorable. A lead in the British newspaper "The Guardian" said that the decision would be unlikely to stunt the growth of renewable energy, and suggested that "a much more likely casualty of Trump's choice is the US economy he claims to be protecting". The British newspaper "The Independent" noted the "tension between myth and reality" in Trump's withdrawal speech. The German tabloid "Berliner Kurier" ran a headline "Erde an Trump: Fuck You!" ("Earth to Trump: Fuck You!").


text: In the long catalogue of destructive things that Donald Trump has inflicted on the United States and the world, pulling out of the most important global attempt to slow the impact of climate change must go down as the worst.


text: Protesters gathered at the White House gates on the day of the announcement. Bill Nye, a science communicator and television personality known for making scientific concepts more accessible to the general public, was one of the protesters in attendance. The John A. Wilson Building in D.C. was lit in green in protest of the decision, as were One World Trade Center and the Kosciuszko Bridge in New York City; the city halls of New York, Boston and Montreal; the Hôtel de Ville in Paris; and the Monumento a la Revolución and the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Protests also occurred in New York City, Miami, San Diego, and Syracuse.


text: Joe Biden became the president-elect following the November 2020 election, defeating Trump. As part of his transition plan, Biden announced that one of his first actions on his first day in office would be to return the United States to the Paris Agreement via an executive order. He also stated plans to further the United States' commitment towards mitigating climate change in line with the Paris Agreement.


text: Under terms of the Agreement, the United States would only need to wait a month after submitting their intent to rejoin before formally rejoining, though they would lose some of the privileges from the short time the country was out of the Agreement; they would not have been able to participate in any key meetings while they were not a member, for example.


text: President Biden signed an executive order to rejoin the Paris Agreement on January 20, 2021, his first day in office; the US rejoined on February 19, 2021.


title: Mamamoo discography

text: South Korean four-member girl group Mamamoo have released three studio albums (including two Korean and one Japanese), one compilation album, twelve extended plays, 26 singles (including two as a featured artist), and 17 promotional singles since their debut under WA Entertainment in June 2014. As of February 2021, the group has sold nearly 1.2 million albums worldwide.


title: Mamamoo discography

text: Prior to their official debut, Mamamoo released several collaborations throughout early 2014, including "Don't Be Happy" with Bumkey, "Peppermint Chocolate" with K.Will and featuring Wheesung, and "Heeheehaheho" with Geeks. The most successful of these, "Peppermint Chocolate" reached a peak of number ten on the Gaon Digital Chart and seven on the "Billboard" K-Pop Hot 100 and has sold over 600,000 digital copies. On June 18, 2014, the group released their debut extended play (EP), "Hello", and official debut single, "Mr. Ambiguous" (Mr. 애매모호). Their first televised performance, on Mnet's "M Countdown", aired the next day. In November, the group came back with their second EP, "Piano Man", and the lead single of the same name. In April 2015, the group released "Ahh Oop!" (아훕!), a collaboration with label-mate Esna, as the first single from their upcoming third EP.


title: Mamamoo discography

text: Mamamoo released "Pink Funky", their third EP, and the single, "Um Oh Ah Yeh" (음오아예), on June 19, 2015. "Um Oh Ah Yeh" peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart, making it the group's first top-three single. In September, the group released "Girl Crush" as a promotional single for the video game Innisia Nest. Mamamoo released "I Miss You" as the first single from their upcoming debut studio album, "Melting", on January 29, 2016, followed by "Taller Than You" on February 12.


title: Mamamoo discography

text: "Melting" was released with a third official single, "You're the Best" (넌 is 뭔들), on February 26, 2016. The album peaked at number two on the Gaon Album Chart, while "You're the Best" peaked atop the Digital Chart, making it their first number-one on the chart. On March 6, "You're the Best" earned the group their first-ever music show win, on SBS "Inkigayo", and eight wins in total. In April, they released the single, "Woo Hoo", for LG G5 and Friends, and in August, they released a digital single album, consisting of sub-unit tracks "Angel" and "Dab Dab". That September, they released "New York" as a pre-release single from their next EP. Their fourth EP, titled "Memory", was released with another single, "Décalcomanie", in November 2016. In June 2017, Mamamoo released their fifth EP, "Purple", and its lead single, "Yes I Am".


title: Mamamoo discography

text: In 2018, Mamamoo embarked on their "Four Seasons, Four Colors" series of albums, kicking the project off with pre-release single, "Paint Me", in January. The first installment in the album series, the group's sixth EP "Yellow Flower", was released with the single, "Starry Night", in March 2018. "Starry Night" became one of the group's most successful singles; in November, it received the Korean Music & Content Association's platinum certification for 100 million streams and in July 2019 was certified for 2.5 million paid downloads. The second album in the "Four Seasons, Four Colors" project, the EP "Red Moon", was released in July with the single, "Egotistic". "Red Moon" became the group's first entry on the "Billboard" Heatseekers Albums chart, entering at number 25. The third album in the series, "Blue;s", was released with the single, "Wind Flower", that November.


title: Mamamoo discography

text: Mamamoo released their ninth EP and the final installment to the "Four Seasons, Four Colors" series, "White Wind", and its lead single, "Gogobebe", in March 2019. That July, they released "Gleam" as a promotional single for Davich Sunglasses. On August 7, the group released "4Colors", their Japanese debut album. From August to October, they participated in Mnet reality-competition show "Queendom", in which they finished in first place. As part of the show, they released the original song, "Destiny". In November, Mamamoo released their second Korean studio album, "Reality in Black", and its lead single, "Hip". "Reality in Black" debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart, giving the group their third number-one on the chart. "Hip" peaked atop the "Billboard" World Digital Songs Sales chart, making it their first-ever number-one.


title: Mamamoo discography

text: In January 2020, Mamamoo released "I Miss You" from the soundtrack for "Dr. Romantic 2". Following solo activities from the members—such as Moonbyul's debut EP "Dark Side of the Moon", Solar's debut single album "Spit It Out", and Hwasa's debut EP "María"—throughout the first half of 2020, the group released a promotional single, "Wanna Be Myself", in collaboration with Andar on September 10. Mamamoo released "Dingga", the first single (and only pre-release song) from their upcoming tenth EP, on October 20. The group's tenth EP, "Travel", was released on November 3, 2020, with a second single "Aya". The Japanese version of "Travel" was released on February 3, 2021. The group's eleventh EP, "WAW", which stands for "Where Are We," was released on June 2, 2021, with the lead single "Where Are We Now".


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Ko Pha-ngan (, , ) is an island in the Gulf of Thailand in Surat Thani Province of southern Thailand. Ko Pha-ngan is best known for its Full Moon Party at Hat Rin Beach. Ko Pha-ngan has two sister islands: the larger Ko Samui to the south and the smaller Ko Tao to the north.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The name Ko Pha-ngan derives from the word "ngan", meaning 'sand bar' in southern Thai, for there are many sand bars offshore.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Ko Pha-ngan has been a longtime favorite of past kings of Thailand. Rama V, or Chulalongkorn, for example, visited Ko Pha-ngan 14 times during his reign.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The Bronze Drum of Dongson Culture (500–100 BCE) that was found on Ko Samui in 1977 is evidence that there were settlements of people on Ko Samui, Ko Pha-ngan, and their islets more than two thousand years ago. Some historians and archaeologists believe that the first group who migrated to Ko Pha-ngan were Austronesian peoples who travelled by boat from the Malay Peninsula.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Over the last century the island's population has steadily expanded, first living off the sea and the land and farming coconuts. Later, tin mining became part of the economy. In the 1970s the mining industry faltered and finally petered out. Over the next decade, tourism took hold and now it is primarily a tourist destination. Fishing and coconut farming remain important to the local economy.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Due to its topography, the population hugs the coastline. The mountainous interior is generally inaccessible. More than half the island designated as national park and Ko Pha-ngan has more than of relatively unspoiled rain forest with diverse flora and fauna. It is also considered a spiritual place, with numerous Buddhist temples around the island and a thriving spa, retreat, and meditation industry.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Visitors can reach the island by fast passager's commercial boats from the mainland from three ports in Samui, three ports in Surat Thani and one in Chumphon.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The main boat transport companies are Seatran Discovery, Lomprayah, Raja Ferry, Hadrin Queen, Nighboat and Songserm.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: There is an option to reach Ko Pha-ngan by car ferry from Ko Samui (Raja Ferry Port, which is from Ko Pha-ngan) and from Donsak on the mainland.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Since 2012 Kannithi Aviation (Kan Air) has attempted to construct an airport on the island. Kan Air has spent some 500 million baht to acquire about of land to build a passenger terminal capable of handling 1,000 passengers a day and a runway to accommodate turboprop aircraft such as Kan Air's ATR 72-600 series. The project, originally estimated at 900 million baht—now estimated to cost two billion baht—has faced inflated costs, delays resulting from the yet-to-be-issued environmental impact assessment and other complications, which pushed back initial plans to open in 2014. Kan Air's president claimed the airport would be open by the end of 2017.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Ko Pha-ngan together with Ko Tao and a few minor islands forms the district ("amphoe") Ko Pha-ngan (). The district is divided into three subdistricts ("tambons"), which are further subdivided into 17 administrative villages ("mubans").


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Originally the island was administered from Ko Samui District. The minor district ("king amphoe") Ko Pha-ngan was established on 1 October 1970, then consisting of the two "tambons", Ko Pha-ngan and Ban Tai. It was upgraded to a full district on 12 April 1977. Ko Tao subdistrict was established on 15 August 1982 by splitting off the three administrative villages on Ko Tao Island from Ko Pha-ngan subdistrict.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: the island receives about 458,000 visitors per year. They and the island residents generate about 7,300 tonnes of solid waste per year. Untreated wastewater discharges and on-going coral bleaching are also issues.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The Thai government, the local government as well as local non profit organisations such as EcoThailand Foundation or Trash Hero, local businesses such as the Sea Flower Bungalows, Sarikantang Resort but mainly locals both Thai citizens and foreigner's expatriates work for many years to continue the preservation, cleaning and restoration of the Green Island of Koh Phangan which is unique in the Gulf of Thailand.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: On May 2014, The Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (Onep) has declared Koh Samui, Koh Tao and Koh Phangan districts in Surat Thani province part of an environmentally-protected zone after nine years of efforts to regulate commercial development on the islands.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The Onep declaration, which came into force on May 30, means all commercial activities on Koh Samui, Koh Tao, Koh Phangan and 39 other islands in those districts will be restricted to preserve the environment, said Onep deputy secretary-general Noppadol Thiyajai. “We hope the declaration will at least help maintain the environment on the islands. We understand the measure may not result in significant environmental improvements, but it is better than having nothing,” Mr Noppadol said.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The TAT has helped the island to be promoted as a Green Island following the strong will of its inhabitants.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The fauna and flora of the island of Koh Phangan is exceptional, rare pink dolphins are even spotted its waters.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The island is regularly under the spotlights for its remarkable community involving both Thai and Foreigners working more and more together for a sustainable and socially fair tourism benefiting directly the local community.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: In 2020 the Island standing out with its new social actions during the COVID-19 crisis with food distributions, food banks, free community gardens showing above words that this community is about actions. A group of volunteers consisting of islanders and expats formed a group called Forward Phangan to focus on sustainability and improving the image of the island.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The island is also strongly engaged in organic sustainable farming producing and produces a large amount of organic fruits, vegetables, fertilisers, insect repellents and more. The Raitiaviset farm is a perfect example of this success.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Mr Pirat Promcharoen says "We'd like to turn the tourism industry into a more sustainable community-oriented affair" illustrating this will of the island inhabitants to turn towards a more high-end quieter and sustainable economy aiming at protecting the landscape, the Nature and most of all the unusual vibe of this famous Phangan hippie trail community.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Ko Pha-ngan featured prominently in Alex Garland's 1996 novel "The Beach" and is also mentioned in the 2006 song Magick by the new rave band Klaxons (but probably more as a reference to the 1996 novel The Beach than the island itself).


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The Full Moon Party is a monthly dance music festival set on Hat Rin Nok Beach scheduled every month at full moon. The event primarily features electronic music and attracts around 30,000 party-goers in a normal month. Steps are being taken to make Ko Pha-ngan a more family-friendly tourist destination, promoting the island's natural attractions and also stepping up the police presence; road blocks with stop and search procedures are commonplace and undercover police also patrol parties.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: There are also a Half Moon Party and Jungle Experience Party held every month. They take places in the jungle inland from Ban Tai requiring tuk-tuk, taxi or bike transport to and from.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Koh Pha-ngan's nightlife had a strong influence on the development to tourist industry by regular parties with local and International guest DJ's:


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: The British psychedelic rock band Ozric Tentacles featured a song called Ko Pha-ngan on their 1989 album "The Bits Between The Bits".


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: There are about 10 Thai governmental schools for children on Koh Phangan. The education is free, but the learners are required to speak and write in Thai Language.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Si Ri Panya International School opened in 2012 provides education for children 5 to 11 years old (Key stages 1 & 2).


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Wisdom College Tutorial and Vocational school starts Forest Schools primary programme for children 7-9 years old in September 2022.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Si Ri Panya International School provides education for children ages 12–13 (Key stage 3) with admission open for the secondary age year 7 class in September 2022 with planned expansion into year 8.


title: Ko Pha-ngan

text: Wisdom College Tutorial and Vocational School mirrors the Cambridge curriculum for children 10 to 18 years old (Stage 7-12). The learners can graduate with an academic diploma, recognized by universities worldwide. The school also practices outdoor learning to find a balance between children's academic progress and joy.


title: Disk operating system

text: A disk operating system (abbreviated DOS) is a computer operating system that resides on and can use a disk storage device, such as a floppy disk, hard disk drive, or optical disc. A disk operating system must provide a file system for organizing, reading, and writing files on the storage disk. Strictly speaking, this definition does not include any other functionality, it doesn't apply to more complex OSes, such as current generations of PC operating systems like the versions of Microsoft Windows in use, and is more appropriately used only for older generations of operating systems.


title: Disk operating system

text: Disk operating systems were available for mainframes, minicomputers, microprocessors and home computers and were usually loaded from the disks themselves as part of the boot process.


title: Disk operating system

text: In the early days of computers, there were no disk drives, floppy disks or modern flash storage devices. Early storage devices such as delay lines, core memories, punched cards, punched tape, magnetic tape, and magnetic drums were used instead. And in the early days of microcomputers and home computers, paper tape or audio cassette tape (see Kansas City standard) or nothing were used instead. In the latter case, program and data entry was done at front panel switches directly into memory or through a computer terminal / keyboard, sometimes controlled by a BASIC interpreter in ROM; when power was turned off any information was lost.


title: Disk operating system

text: In the early 1960s, as disk drives became larger and more affordable, various mainframe and minicomputer vendors began introducing disk operating systems and modifying existing operating systems to exploit disks.


title: Disk operating system

text: Both hard disks and floppy disk drives require software to manage rapid access to block storage of sequential and other data. For most microcomputers, a disk drive of any kind was an optional peripheral; systems could be used with a tape drive or booted without a storage device at all. The disk operating system component of the operating system was only needed when a disk drive was used.


title: Disk operating system

text: By the time IBM announced the System/360 mainframes, the concept of a disk operating system was well established. Although IBM did offer Basic Programming Support (BPS/360) and TOS/360 for small systems, they were out of the mainstream and most customers used either DOS/360 or OS/360.


title: Disk operating system

text: Most home and personal computers of the late 1970s and 1980s used a disk operating system, most often with "DOS" in the name and simply referred to as "DOS" within their respective communities: CBM DOS for Commodore 8-bit systems, Atari DOS for the Atari 8-bit family, TRS-DOS for the TRS-80, Apple DOS and ProDOS for the Apple II, and MS-DOS for IBM PC compatibles.


title: Disk operating system

text: Usually, a disk operating system was loaded from a disk. Among the exceptions were Commodore, whose DOS resided on ROM chips in the disk drives. The Lt. Kernal hard disk subsystem for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 models stored its DOS on the disk, as is the case with modern systems, and loaded the DOS into RAM at boot time; AmigaDOS also mostly resided in ROM as a part of a Kickstart firmware, but a few select versions were also loaded from disk; the British BBC Micro's optional Disc Filing System, DFS, offered as a kit with a disk controller chip, a ROM chip, and a handful of logic chips, to be installed inside the computer.


title: Kamuy

text: A kamuy (; ) is a spiritual or divine being in Ainu mythology, a term denoting a supernatural entity composed of or possessing spiritual energy.


title: Kamuy

text: The Ainu people have many myths about the "kamuy", passed down through oral traditions and rituals. The stories of the "kamuy" were portrayed in chants and performances, which were often performed during sacred rituals.


title: Kamuy

text: In concept, "kamuy" are similar to the Japanese "kami" but this translation misses some of the nuances of the term (the missionary John Batchelor assumed that the Japanese term was of Ainu origin). The usage of the term is very extensive and contextual among the Ainu, and can refer to something regarded as especially positive as well as something regarded as especially strong. "Kamuy" can refer to spiritual beings, including animals, plants, the weather, and even human tools. Guardian angels are called Ituren-Kamui. "Kamuy" are numerous; some are delineated and named, such as "Kamuy Fuchi", the hearth goddess, while others are not. "Kamuy" often have very specific associations, for instance, there is a "kamuy" of the undertow. Batchelor compares the word with the Greek term daimon.


title: Kamuy

text: The Ainu legend goes that at the beginning of the world, there was only water and earth mixed together in a sludge. Nothing existed except for the thunder demons in the clouds and the first self created kamuy. The first kamuy then sent down a bird spirit, "moshiri-kor-kamuy," to make the world inhabitable. The water wagtail bird saw the swampy state of the earth and flew over the waters, and pounded down the earth with its feet and tail. After much work, areas of dry land appeared, seeming to float above the waters that surrounded them. Thus, the Ainu refer to the world as "moshiri," meaning "floating earth""." The wagtail is also a revered bird due to this legend.


title: Kamuy

text: Once the earth was formed, the first kamuy, otherwise known as "kanto-kor-kamuy", the heavenly spirit, sent other "kamuy" to the earth. Of these "kamuy" was "ape-kamuy" (see also "kamuy huchi, ape huchi)", the fire spirit. "Ape-kamuy" was the most important spirit, ruling over "nusa-kor-kamuy" (ceremonial altar spirit), "ram-nusa-kor-kamuy" (low ceremonial altar spirit), "hasinaw-kor-kamuy" (hunting spirit), and "wakka-us-kamuy" (water spirit). As the most important "kamuy, ape-kamuy's" permission/assistance is needed for prayers and ceremonies. She is the connection between humans and the other spirits and deities, and gives the prayers of the people to the proper spirits.


title: Kamuy

text: The Ainu had no writing system of their own, and much of Ainu mythology was passed down as oral history in the form of "kamuy yukar" (deity epics), long verses traditionally recounted by singers at a gathering. The "kamuy yukar" was seen as a significant form of communication between the "kamuy" and the humans, along with prayers and rituals. Each "kamuy yukar" recounts a deity's or hero's adventures, usually in the first person, and some of them are of great length, containing as many as 7,000 verses. In general, however, they are considered to be shorter in length in comparison to other types of oral genres in the Ainu culture. Some "yukar" contradict each other, assigning the same events to different deities or heroes; this is primarily a result of the Ainu culture's organization into small, relatively isolated groups. Records of these poems began to be kept only in the late 19th century, by Western missionaries and Japanese ethnographers; however, the Ainu tradition of memorizing the "yukar" preserved many.


title: Kamuy

text: Though "kamuy yukar" is considered to be one of the oldest genres of Ainu oral performance, anthropologist Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney supposed that there are more than 20 types of genres. Originally, it seems "kamuy yukar" was performed solely for religious purposes by the women who took on the role of shamans. The shamans became possessed and recanted the chants, possibly explaining why "kamuy yukar" is performed with a first-person narrative. As time passed, "kamuy yukar" became less of a sacred ritual, serving as entertainment and as a way to pass down traditions and cultural stories. Today, the "kamuy yukar" is no longer performed in the Horobetsu tradition. The only hints of the traditional chants are in written records, including those of Yukie Chiri (1903-1922), a Horobetsu Ainu woman who wrote fragments of traditional chants that her grandmother performed. She compiled the historical chants from her aunt Imekanu in a book titled "Ainu shin'yoshu".


title: Kamuy

text: The Ainu have rituals in which they "send back" the "kamuy" to the heavens with gifts. There are various rituals of this type, including the "iomante," the bear ceremony. The rituals center around the idea of releasing the "kamuy" from their disguises, their "hayopke", that they have put on to visit the human world in order to receive gifts from the humans. The "kamuy" in their "hayopke" choose the hunter that will hunt them, giving them the flesh of the animal in turn. Once the "hayopke" is broken, the "kamuy" are free to return to their world with the gifts from the humans.


title: Kamuy

text: The "iomante" (see also "iyomante"), is a ritual in which the people "send-off" the guest, the bear spirit, back to its home in the heavens. A bear is raised by the ritual master's wife as a cub. When it is time for the ritual, the men create prayer sticks "(inau)" for the altar "(nusa-san)", ceremonial arrows, liquor, and gifts for the spirit in order to prepare for the ritual. Prayers are then offered to "ape-kamuy", and dances, songs, and "yukar" are performed.


title: Kamuy

text: The main part of the ritual is performed the next day, taking place at a ritual space by the altar outside. Prayers are offered to various "kamuy", and then the bear is taken out of its cage with a rope around its neck. There is dancing and singing around the bear, and the bear is given food and a prayer. The men shoot the ceremonial decorated arrows at the bear, and the ritual master shoots the fatal arrow as the women cry for the bear. The bear is strangled with sticks and then taken to the altar where the people give gifts to the dead bear and pray to the "kamuy" again. The bear is dismembered, and the head brought inside. There is a feast with the bear's boiled flesh, with performances of "yukar", dances, and songs.


title: Kamuy

text: On the third and final day of the ritual, the bear's head is skinned and decorated with "inau" and gifts. It is then put on a y-shaped stick and turned to face the mountains in the east. This part of the ritual is to send the bear off to the mountains. After another feast, the skull is turned back towards the village to symbolize the "kamuy's" return to its world.


title: Kamuy

text: In Ainu mythology, the "kamuy" are believed to return home after the ritual and find their houses filled with gifts from the humans. More gifts mean more prestige and wealth in the "kamuy's" society, and the "kamuy" will gather his friends and tell them of the generosities of the humans, making the other "kamuy" wish to go to the human world for themselves. In this way, the humans express their gratitude for the "kamuy", and the "kamuy" will continue to bring them prosperity.


title: Kamuy

text: "Kamuy" can be found in proper names, especially place names in Hokkaido, such as or . is also a male proper name, and Kamui is the short word for the spelling is the same as the word "shin'i" that means "divine power".


title: Kamuy

text: A star located in the northern constellation of Corona Borealis (The Northern Crown) is named after it. See HD 145457.


title: Georges-Kévin Nkoudou

text: Georges-Kévin Nkoudou Mbida (; born 13 February 1995) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for Süper Lig club Beşiktaş. Born in France, he represents the Cameroon national team.


title: Georges-Kévin Nkoudou

text: He made his Ligue 1 debut on the opening game of the 2013–14 season on 11 August 2013 against SC Bastia. He replaced Serge Gakpé in the last minute of the game.


title: Georges-Kévin Nkoudou

text: In June 2015, Nkoudou completed a move to Marseille for £1 million. His performances during the 2015–16 season led to him finishing 30th in UEFA's Best Player in Europe poll.


title: Georges-Kévin Nkoudou

text: On 31 August 2016, Nkoudou was transferred to Tottenham Hotspur for a reported fee of £11 million, signing a five-year deal with the club. He made his Spurs debut against Gillingham in the League Cup when he came on in the 60th minute for Christian Eriksen, this was followed by a very short debut in the league when he came on in the 90th minute against Middlesbrough. He made 17 appearances for the club in the 2016–17 season, mostly as substitutes and starting only in two games – an EFL Cup game against Liverpool on 25 October 2016 and an FA Cup tie against Wycombe Wanderers on 28 January 2017.


title: Georges-Kévin Nkoudou

text: In his first start of the 2017–18 season, Nkoudou scored his first goal for Tottenham in the Champions League group match against APOEL on 6 December 2017 that ended in a 3–0 win.


title: Georges-Kévin Nkoudou

text: On 8 January 2018, Nkoudou completed a loan move to Premier League club Burnley until the end of the 2017–18 season. He failed to break into the first team regularly and was mainly a back-up to Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson, going on to make eight appearances.


title: Georges-Kévin Nkoudou

text: Nkoudou returned to Tottenham for the 2018–19 season, but found it difficult to break into the first team. He made his first appearance of the season coming off the bench in the fourth round League Cup match against West Ham. He again came on as a substitute in the League match against Fulham, and provided a crucial cross for the winning goal by Harry Winks.


title: Georges-Kévin Nkoudou

text: Born in France, Nkoudou is of Cameroonian descent. Nkoudou was a youth international for France at various levels. In 24 April 2022 Nkoudou announced that he wants to play in Cameroon national football team. After three weeks on 13 May 2022 Cameroonian Football Federation announced that FIFA had approved the change in international eligibility of Nkoudou. A day after the announcement, he was called up to Cameroon national football team for the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification. He planned to play his first match against Burundi on 9 June 2022, but withdrew injured.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" (originally a 1965 Italian song, '"Io che non vivo (senza te)", by Pino Donaggio and Vito Pallavicini) is a 1966 hit recorded by English singer Dusty Springfield that proved to be her most successful single, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart and number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Elvis Presley recorded a cover version in 1970 which was a hit in both the US and the UK. Other covers have charted in the UK, Ireland, Italy and Finland.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: "Io che non vivo (senza te)" ("I, who can't live (without you)") was introduced at the 15th edition of the Sanremo Festival by Pino Donaggio — who had co-written the song with Vito Pallavicini — and his team partner Jody Miller. The song reached the final at Sanremo and, as recorded by Donaggio, reached No. 1 in Italy in March 1965. "Io che non vivo (senza te)" was prominently featured on the soundtrack of the Luchino Visconti film "Vaghe stelle dell'Orsa" (aka "Sandra"), starring Claudia Cardinale, which was awarded the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival that September.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: Dusty Springfield, who participated at the 1965 Sanremo Festival, was in the audience when Donaggio and Miller performed "Io che non vivo (senza te)" and, although she did not know the meaning of the lyrics, the song moved Springfield to tears. She obtained an acetate recording of Donaggio's song, but allowed a year to go by before actively pursuing the idea of recording an English version.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: On 9 March 1966, Springfield had an instrumental track of Donaggio's composition recorded at Philips Studio Marble Arch. The session personnel included guitarist Big Jim Sullivan and drummer Bobby Graham. Springfield still lacked an English lyric to record, but Springfield's friend Vicki Wickham, the producer of "Ready Steady Go!", wrote the required English lyric with her own friend Simon Napier-Bell, manager of the Yardbirds. Neither Wickham nor Napier-Bell had any discernible experience as songwriters. According to Napier-Bell, he and Wickham were dining out when she mentioned to him that Springfield hoped to get an English lyric for Donaggio's song, and the two light-heartedly took up the challenge of writing the lyric themselves: "We went back to [Wickham]'s flat and started working on it. We wanted to go to a trendy disco so we had about an hour to write it. We wrote the chorus and then we wrote the verse in a taxi to wherever we were going."


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: Neither Wickham or Napier-Bell understood the original Italian lyrics. According to Wickham they attempted to write their own lyric for an anti-love song to be called "I Don't Love You", but when that original idea proved unproductive, it was initially adjusted to "You Don't Love Me", then to "You Don't Have to Love Me", and finalised as "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me", a phrasing that fitted the song's melody. Napier-Bell later gave the same title to his first book, an autobiographical account of the British music scene of the 1960s.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: Springfield recorded her vocal the next day. Unhappy with the acoustics in the recording booth she eventually moved into a stairwell to record. She was only satisfied with her vocal after she had recorded 47 takes.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: Released on 25 March 1966 in the UK, the single release of Springfield's recording became a huge hit and remains one of the songs most identified with her. When she died from breast cancer in March 1999, the song was featured on "Now 42" as a tribute.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: The song hit No.1 in the UK charts and No.4 in the US billboard hot 100. It proved so popular in the US that Springfield's 1965 album "Ev'rything's Coming Up Dusty" was released there with a slightly different track listing, and titled after the hit single (the B side of the US single, "Little by Little", was issued in the UK as a separate A side and reached No.17 there). The song also topped the charts peaking at No.1 in The Philippines and peaked at No.1 in NME top thirty charts, it stayed in the number 1 position for two weeks from the week commencing 14 May 1966 to the week ending 28 May 1966. And also hit No.1 on Melody Maker magazine in May 1966.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: "Cash Box" described the song as a "hauntingly plaintive slow-shufflin’ ode about an understanding gal who has no intention of tying her boyfriend down to her."


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" was recorded by Elvis Presley for his 1970 album release "That's the Way It Is", from which it was issued as the second single 6 October 1970. The track had been recorded in the evening of 6 June 1970 in Studio B of RCA Studios (Nashville), being the third of seven songs recorded that night. The session producer, Felton Jarvis, felt that the second take was good enough to serve as the master track but Presley insisted on a third and final take.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: Reaching No.11 on the Hot 100 in "Billboard" magazine, "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" afforded Presley a No.1 hit on the "Billboard" Easy Listening chart, also reaching No.56 on the "Billboard" C&W chart. It became a gold record. A hit for Presley in both Australia (No.7) and Canada (No.6), "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" was twice a hit for Presley in the British Isles, with its original release reaching No.9 in the UK and No.17 in Ireland, in which territories the track's 2007 re-release charted with respective peaks of No.16 and No.29. The single went on to become the best-selling record of 1971 in Japan, with Oricon reporting sales of 225,000 copies, making Presley the first foreign artist in history to do so, until Michael Jackson released "Thriller" in 1984.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: Most international versions of the song were subsequent to Dusty Springfield's 1966 success with "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" and reference that version's lyrics rather than the Italian original.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: The Italian original, "Io che non vivo (senza te)", has been remade by Milva, Morgan (album "Italian Songbook Vol 2"/ 2012), and Russell Watson (album "La Voce"/ 2010). Patrizio Buanne also recorded "Io Che Non Vivo (You Don't Have to Say You Love Me)" for his 2007 album "Forever Begins Tonight", the track featuring lyrics from both the Italian and English-language versions.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: In October 1965, Richard Anthony recorded a French version of "Io che non vivo (senza te)", "Jamais je ne vivrai sans toi", which served as the title cut of an album release. In Quebec, Anthony's version of "Jamais je ne vivrai sans toi" competed with a local cover version by Margot Lefebvre, with both tracks co-ranked at No.38 in the annual listing of the top hits of 1966.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: A Catalan rendering of "Io che non vivo", entitled "Jo no puc viure sense tu", was a 1965 single release for Renata. Pino Donaggio himself recorded a Spanish version of the song, entitled "Yo que no vivo sin ti", which was remade in 1971 by Angélica María for her self-titled album, and in 1987 by Luis Miguel on his album "Soy Como Quiero Ser". Miguel's version ranked No.26 on the Hot Latin Tracks in "Billboard". Iva Zanicchi has also recorded "Yo que no vivo sin tí".


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: One of the earliest non-English renderings of "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" was the Finnish "En koskaan", recorded by Kristina Hautala on 24 May 1966, which entered the Finnish Top Ten in November 1966 - in effect superseding Springfield's version which had reached No.6 in Finland earlier that month. "En koskaan" spent eleven weeks in the Top Ten, also peaking at No.6. Subsequently "En koskaan" was remade by Lea Laven on her 1978 album release "Aamulla Rakkaani Näin", by Kurre () on his 1979 album "Jäit Sateen Taa", by Mika Pohjonen () on his 1993 self-titled album release, by Harri Marstio () on his 1993 album release "Sateenkaaren pää", and by Topi Sorsakoski on his 1997 album release "Kalliovuorten kuu".


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" has also been rendered in Croatian as "Moju ljubav nisi hteo", recorded by Nada Knežević (), and also as "Nemoj reći da me voliš", recorded by Sanjalice. It has been sung in Czech as "Hledej k mému srdci klíč", recorded by Eva Pilarová, and also as "Jarní Víra" recorded by Laďka Kozderková (), in Danish as "Du Kan Gi' Mig Hele Verden" recorded by Grethe Ingmann, and also as "Jeg har ikke brug for løfter", recorded by Ulla Pia (). It has been sung in Dutch as "Geloof me", recorded by André Hazes, in German as "Alle meine Träume" recorded by Peter Beil (), as well as Corry Brokken and Ingrid Peters, while other German renderings have been recorded by Angelika Milster () ("Unser Traum Darf Niemals Sterben") and by Trude Herr ("Ich Sage, Wat Ich Meine"). There was a Swedish version, "Vackra sagor är så korta", recorded by Marianne Kock (), as well as Jan Höiland () and Anne-Lie Rydé.


title: You Don't Have to Say You Love Me

text: This song was covered by the late Singaporean singer/songwriter/lyricist Su Yin (舒雲) in Mandarin Chinese with the Chinese lyrics written by himself and given the title 祝福你, appearing on his LP album "黃昏放牛＊一片青青的草地 ", released by EMI Columbia Records in 1967. In 1969, Hong Kong songstress Frances Yip (葉麗儀) recorded the song in alternate Mandarin Chinese and English language versions, with the title 誰令你變心/You Don't Have To Say You Love Me, on her EP "不了情" released by the Malaysian label, Life Records.


title: Hudson Austin

text: Hudson Austin (26 April 1938 – 24 September 2022) was a general in the People's Revolutionary Army of Grenada. After the killing of Maurice Bishop, he formed a military government with himself as chairman to rule Grenada.