title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Nozick's discussion of Rawls's theory of justice raised a prominent dialogue between libertarianism and liberalism. He sketches an entitlement theory, which states, "From each as they choose, to each as they are chosen". It comprises a theory of (1) justice in acquisition; (2) justice in rectification if (1) is violated (rectification which might require apparently redistributive measures); (3) justice in holdings, and (4) justice in transfer. Assuming justice in acquisition, entitlement to holdings is a function of repeated applications of (3) and (4). Nozick's entitlement theory is a non-patterned historical principle. Almost all other principles of distributive justice (egalitarianism, utilitarianism) are patterned principles of justice. Such principles follow the form, "to each according to..."


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Nozick's famous Wilt Chamberlain argument is an attempt to show that patterned principles of just distribution are incompatible with liberty. He asks us to assume that the original distribution in society, D1, is ordered by our choice of patterned principle, for instance Rawls's Difference Principle. Wilt Chamberlain is an extremely popular basketball player in this society, and Nozick further assumes 1 million people are willing to freely give Chamberlain 25 cents each to watch him play basketball over the course of a season (we assume no other transactions occur). Chamberlain now has $250,000, a much larger sum than any of the other people in the society. This new distribution in society, call it D2, obviously is no longer ordered by our favored pattern that ordered D1. However Nozick argues that D2 is just. For if each agent freely exchanges some of his D1 share with the basketball player and D1 was a just distribution (we know D1 was just, because it was ordered according to the favored patterned principle of distribution), how can D2 fail to be a just distribution? Thus Nozick argues that what the Wilt Chamberlain example shows is that no patterned principle of just distribution will be compatible with liberty. In order to preserve the pattern, which arranged D1, the state will have to continually interfere with people's ability to freely exchange their D1 shares, for any exchange of D1 shares explicitly involves violating the pattern that originally ordered it.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Nozick analogizes taxation with forced labor, asking the reader to imagine a man who works longer to gain income to buy a movie ticket and a man who spends his extra time on leisure (for instance, watching the sunset). What, Nozick asks, is the difference between seizing the second man's leisure (which would be forced labor) and seizing the first man's goods? "Perhaps there is no difference in principle," Nozick concludes, and notes that the argument could be extended to taxation on other sources besides labor. "End-state and most patterned principles of distributive justice institute (partial) ownership by others of people and their actions and labor. These principles involve a shift from the classical liberals' notion of self ownership to a notion of (partial) property rights in "other" people."


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Nozick then briefly considers Locke's theory of acquisition. After considering some preliminary objections, he "adds an additional bit of complexity" to the structure of the entitlement theory by refining Locke's proviso that "enough and as good" must be left in common for others by one's taking property in an unowned object. Nozick favors a "Lockean proviso" that forbids appropriation when the position of others is thereby worsened. For instance, appropriating the only water hole in a desert and charging monopoly prices would not be legitimate. But in line with his endorsement of the historical principle, this argument does not apply to the medical researcher who discovers a cure for a disease and sells for whatever price he will. Nor does Nozick provide any means or theory whereby abuses of appropriation—acquisition of property when there is "not" enough and as good in common for others—should be corrected.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Nozick attacks John Rawls's Difference Principle on the ground that the well-off could threaten a lack of social cooperation to the worse-off, just as Rawls implies that the worse-off will be assisted by the well-off for the sake of social cooperation. Nozick asks why the well-off would be obliged, due to their inequality and for the sake of social cooperation, to assist the worse-off and not have the worse-off accept the inequality and benefit the well-off. Furthermore, Rawls's idea regarding morally arbitrary natural endowments comes under fire; Nozick argues that natural advantages that the well-off enjoy do not violate anyone's rights and that, therefore, the well-off have a right to them. He also states that Rawls's proposal that inequalities be geared toward assisting the worse-off is morally arbitrary in itself.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Nozick's opinions on "historical entitlement" ensures that he naturally rejects the "Original Position" since he argues that in the "Original Position" individuals will use an "end-state" principle to determine the outcome, whilst he explicitly states the importance of the historicity of any such decisions (for example punishments and penalties will require historical information).


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Nozick presses "the major objection" to theories that bestow and enforce positive rights to various things such as equality of opportunity, life, and so on. "These 'rights' require a substructure of things and materials and actions," he writes, "and 'other' people may have rights and entitlements over these."


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Nozick concludes that "Marxian exploitation is the exploitation of people's lack of understanding of economics."


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Demoktesis is a thought-experiment designed to show the incompatibility of democracy with libertarianism in general and the entitlement theory specifically. People desirous of more money might "hit upon the idea of incorporating themselves, raising money by selling shares in themselves." They would partition such rights as which occupation one would have. Though perhaps no one sells himself into utter slavery, there arises through voluntary exchanges a "very extensive domination" of some person by others. This intolerable situation is avoided by writing new terms of incorporation that for any stock no one already owning more than a certain number of shares may purchase it. As the process goes on, everyone sells off rights in themselves, "keeping one share in each right as their own, so they can attend stockholders' meetings if they wish." The inconvenience of attending such meetings leads to a special occupation of stockholders' representative. There is a great dispersal of shares such that almost everybody is deciding about everybody else. The system is still unwieldy, so a "great consolidational convention" is convened for buying and selling shares, and after a "hectic three days (lo and behold!)" each person owns exactly one share in each right over every other person, including himself. So now there can be just one meeting in which everything is decided for everybody. Attendance is too great and it's boring, so it is decided that only those entitled to cast at least 100,000 votes may attend the grand stockholders' meeting. And so on. Their social theorists call the system "demoktesis" (from Greek δῆμος "demos", "people" and κτῆσις "ktesis", "ownership"), "ownership of the people, by the people, and for the people", and declare it the highest form of social life, one that must not be allowed to perish from the earth. With this "eldritch tale" we have in fact arrived at a modern democratic state.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: The utopia mentioned in the title of Nozick's first book is a meta-utopia, a framework for voluntary migration between utopias tending towards worlds in which everybody benefits from everybody else's presence. This is meant to be the Lockean "night-watchman state" writ large. The state protects individual rights and makes sure that contracts and other market transactions are voluntary. The meta-utopian framework reveals what is inspiring and noble in this night-watchman function. They both contain the only form of social union that is possible for the atomistic rational agents of "Anarchy, State, and Utopia", fully voluntary associations of mutual benefit. The influence of this idea on Nozick's thinking is profound. Even in his last book, "Invariances", he is still concerned to give priority to the mutual-benefit aspect of ethics. This coercively enforceable aspect ideally has an "empty core" in the game theorists' sense: the core of a game is all of those payoff vectors to the group wherein no subgroup can do better for itself acting on its own, without cooperating with others not in the subgroup. The worlds in Nozick's meta-utopia have empty cores. No subgroup of a utopian world is better off to emigrate to its own smaller world. The function of ethics is fundamentally to create and stabilize such empty cores of mutually beneficial cooperation. His view is that we are fortunate to live under conditions that favor "more-extensive cores", and less conquest, slavery, and pillaging, "less imposition of noncore vectors upon subgroups." Higher moral goals are real enough, but they are parasitic (as described in "The Examined Life", the chapter "Darkness and Light") upon mutually beneficial cooperation.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: In Nozick's utopia if people are not happy with the society they are in they can leave and start their own community, but he fails to consider that there might be things that prevent a person from leaving or moving about freely. Thomas Pogge states that items that are not socially induced can restrict people's options. Nozick states that for the healthy to have to support the handicapped imposes on their freedom, but Pogge argues that it introduces an inequality. This inequality restricts movement based on the ground rules Nozick has implemented, which could lead to feudalism and slavery, a society which Nozick himself would reject. David Schaefer notes that Nozick himself claims that a person could sell himself into slavery, which would break the very ground rule that was created, restricting the movement and choices that a person could make.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: In chapter 4 Nozick discusses two theories of punishment: the deterrence and the retributive ones. To compare them, we have to take into account what is the decision that a potential infractor is facing. His decision may be determined by:


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Where G are the gains from violating the victim's rights, p is the probability of getting caught and (C + D + E) are the costs that the infractor would face if caught. Specifically, C is full compensation to the victim, D are all the emotional costs that the infractor would face if caught (by being apprehended, placed on trial and so on) and E are the financial costs of the processes of apprehension and trial.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: So if this equation is positive, the potential infractor will have an incentive to violate the potential victim's rights.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Here the two theories come into play. On a retributive justice framework, an additional cost R should be imposed to the transgressor that is proportional to the harm done (or intended to be done).


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: But this still will not deter all people. The equation would be positive if G is high enough or, more importantly, if p is low. That is, if it is very unlikely that you will be caught, you may very well choose to do it even if you have to face the new cost R. Therefore, retributive justice theories allow some failures of deterrence.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: On the other hand, deterrence theories ("the penalty for a crime should be the minimal one necessary to deter commission of it") do not give enough guidance on how much deterrence should we aim at. If every single possible violation of rights is to be deterred, "the penalty will be set unacceptably high". The problem here is that the infractor may be punished well beyond the harm done to deter "other people".


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: According to Nozick, the utilitarian response to the latest problem would be to raise the penalty until the point where more additional unhappiness would be created than would be saved to those who will not be victimized as a consequence of the additional penalty. But this will not do, according to Nozick, because it raises another problem: should the happiness of the victim have more weight in the calculation than the happiness of the felon? If so, how much?


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Similarly, under the retributive theory, he contends that self-defense is appropriate even if the victim uses more force to defend themself. In particular, he proposes that the maximum amount of force that a potential victim can use is:


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: And in this case H is the harm that the victim thinks that the other is going to inflict upon themself. However, if he uses more force than f(H), that additional force has to be subtracted later from the punishment that the felon gets.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Nozick discusses in chapter 3 whether animals have rights too or whether they can be used, and if the species of the animal says anything about the extent to which this can be done. He also analyzes the proposal "utilitarianism for animals, Kantianism for people," ultimately rejecting it, saying: "Even for animals, utilitarianism won't do as the whole story, but the thicket of questions daunts us." Here Nozick also espouses ethical vegetarianism, saying: "Though I should say in my view the extra benefits Americans today can gain from eating animals do "not" justify doing it. So we shouldn't." Philosopher Josh Milburn has argued that Nozick's contributions have been overlooked in the literature on both animal ethics and libertarianism.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: "Anarchy, State, and Utopia" came out of a semester-long course that Nozick taught with Michael Walzer at Harvard in 1971, called "Capitalism and Socialism". The course was a debate between the two; Nozick's side is in "Anarchy, State, and Utopia," and Walzer's side is in his "Spheres of Justice" (1983), in which he argues for "complex equality".


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Murray Rothbard, an anarcho-capitalist, criticizes "Anarchy, State, and Utopia" in his essay "Robert Nozick and the Immaculate Conception of the State" on the basis that:


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: The American legal scholar Arthur Allen Leff criticized Nozick in his 1979 article "Unspeakable Ethics, Unnatural Law". Leff stated that Nozick built his entire book on the bald assertion that "individuals have rights which may not be violated by other individuals", for which no justification is offered. According to Leff, no such justification is possible either. Any desired ethical statement, including a negation of Nozick's position, can easily be "proved" with apparent rigor as long as one takes the licence to simply establish a grounding principle by assertion. Leff further calls "ostentatiously unconvincing" Nozick's proposal that differences among individuals will not be a problem if like-minded people form geographically isolated communities.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Cato Institute fellow Tom G. Palmer writes that "Anarchy, State, and Utopia" is "witty and dazzling", and offers a strong criticism of John Rawls's "A Theory of Justice". Palmer adds that, "Largely because of his remarks on Rawls and the extraordinary power of his intellect, Nozick's book was taken quite seriously by academic philosophers and political theorists, many of whom had not read contemporary libertarian (or classical liberal) material and considered this to be the only articulation of libertarianism available. Since Nozick was writing to defend the limited state and did not justify his starting assumption that individuals have rights, this led some academics to dismiss libertarianism as 'without foundations,' in the words of the philosopher Thomas Nagel. When read in light of the explicit statement of the book's purpose, however, this criticism is misdirected".


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: Libertarian author David Boaz writes that "Anarchy, State, and Utopia", together with Rothbard's "For a New Liberty" (1973) and Ayn Rand's essays on political philosophy, "defined the 'hard-core' version of modern libertarianism, which essentially restated Spencer's law of equal freedom: Individuals have the right to do whatever they want to do, so long as they respect the equal rights of others."


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: In the article "Social Unity and Primary Goods", republished in his "Collected Papers" (1999), Rawls notes that Nozick handles Sen's liberal paradox in a manner that is similar to his own. However, the rights that Nozick takes to be fundamental and the basis for regarding them to be such are different from the equal basic liberties included in justice as fairness and Rawls conjectures that they are thus not inalienable.


title: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

text: In "Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy" (2007), Rawls notes that Nozick assumes that just transactions are "justice preserving" in much the same way that logical operations are "truth preserving". Thus, as explained in Distributive justice above, Nozick holds that repetitive applications of "justice in holdings" and "justice in transfer" preserve an initial state of justice obtained through "justice in acquisition or rectification". Rawls points out that this is simply an assumption or presupposition and requires substantiation. In reality, he maintains, small inequalities established by just transactions accumulate over time and eventually result in large inequalities and an unjust situation.


title: Yashin Trophy

text: The Yashin Trophy is an association football award presented annually by "France Football" to the best performing goalkeeper.


title: Yashin Trophy

text: The award is named former Soviet Union goalkeeper Lev Yashin, and the winner is selected by former Ballon d'Or winners since it's creation in 2019.


title: Shalanda Young

text: Shalanda Delores Young (born August 29, 1977) is an American political advisor who is the director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), previously serving in an acting capacity from March 24, 2021, through March 17, 2022 concurrently as deputy director. She previously worked for the United States House Committee on Appropriations as its staff director.


title: Shalanda Young

text: Young was born in Zachary, Louisiana, and raised in Clinton, Louisiana. After graduating from Scotlandville Magnet High School, she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Loyola University New Orleans and a Master of Health Administration from Tulane University.


title: Shalanda Young

text: Young moved to Washington D.C., around 2001, where she became a Presidential Management Fellow with the National Institutes of Health.


title: Shalanda Young

text: For 14 years, Young worked as a staffer for the United States House Committee on Appropriations. In February 2017, she was named staff director of the committee, a position in which she served until her nomination for deputy director of OMB in 2021. As staff director on the committee, Young was involved with creating proposals related to the 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown and the federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Shalanda Young

text: During a hearing concerning her nomination for deputy director of the OMB, she received some praise from Republican members of the Senate Budget Committee, including Lindsey Graham, who said "Everybody who deals with you on our side has nothing but good things to say." The approval of her nomination as deputy director by the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee was less bipartisan, with a vote along party lines to advance it, with GOP Senators voicing concerns over her support of removing the Hyde amendment from the federal budget.


title: Shalanda Young

text: As she was confirmed as deputy director of the OMB, she then became the acting director until she was officially confirmed.


title: Shalanda Young

text: As the nomination of Neera Tanden for OMB director faced opposition, Democrats in the Congressional Black Caucus began to consider Young for the position of OMB director, should Tanden's nomination fail. After Tanden's nomination for OMB director was withdrawn, the CBC and New Democrat Coalition later endorsed Young outright. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Majority Whip Jim Clyburn released a joint statement concerning Young, saying:As longtime Members of the Appropriations Committee, we take great pride in recommending Shalanda Young as Director of the Office of Management and Budget. ... Her leadership at the OMB would be historic and would send a strong message that this Administration is eager to work in close coordination with Members of Congress to craft budgets that meet the challenges of our time and can secure broad, bipartisan support.Young also received an endorsement for OMB director from Rosa DeLauro, who is the chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations. Young received support from various Senate Republicans other than Lindsey Graham, including Senate Appropriations Committee ranking member Richard Shelby from Alabama.


title: Shalanda Young

text: Young was confirmed by the United States Senate by a vote of 63–37 to be OMB deputy, on March 23, 2021.


title: Shalanda Young

text: On November 24, Biden announced he would nominate Young as OMB director, after eight months serving as acting director. The Senate confirmed Young in a 61–36 vote on March 15, 2022.


title: Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: Figure skating at the 2018 Olympic Winter Games was held at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung, South Korea. The five events took place between 9 and 23 February 2018.


text: A total of 148 quota spots were available to athletes to compete at the games. Each NOC could enter a maximum of 18 athletes, with a maximum of nine men and nine women. An additional six quota spots were made available for the team event. A further ten team trophy quotas (two in each discipline) were distributed to countries who qualified for the team event but not the discipline itself. This meant up to a maximum of 158 athletes could participate.


text: The following was the competition schedule for all five events. Sessions that included the event finals are shown in bold.


text: Countries began announcing their entries in 2017. The International Skating Union published the complete list on 30 January 2018.


text: 153 athletes from 32 nations were expected to participate, with number of athletes in parentheses. Malaysia made their Olympic debuts in the sport.


title: Apeiron

text: Apeiron (; ) is a Greek word meaning "(that which is) unlimited," "boundless", "infinite", or "indefinite" from "a-", "without" and "peirar", "end, limit", "boundary", the Ionic Greek form of "peras", "end, limit, boundary".


title: Apeiron

text: The "apeiron" is central to the cosmological theory created by Anaximander, a 6th-century BC pre-Socratic Greek philosopher whose work is mostly lost. From the few existing fragments, we learn that he believed the beginning or ultimate reality ("arche") is eternal and infinite, or boundless ("apeiron"), subject to neither old age nor decay, which perpetually yields fresh materials from which everything we can perceive is derived. "Apeiron" generated the opposites (hot–cold, wet–dry, etc.) which acted on the creation of the world (cf. Heraclitus). Everything is generated from "apeiron" and then it is destroyed by going back to "apeiron", according to necessity. He believed that infinite worlds are generated from "apeiron" and then they are destroyed there again.


title: Apeiron

text: His ideas were influenced by the Greek mythical tradition and by his teacher Thales (7th to 6th century BC). Searching for some universal principle, Anaximander retained the traditional religious assumption that there was a cosmic order and tried to explain it rationally, using the old mythical language which ascribed divine control on various spheres of reality. This language was more suitable for a society which could see gods everywhere; therefore the first glimmerings of laws of nature were themselves derived from divine laws. The Greeks believed that the universal principles could also be applied to human societies. The word "nomos" (law) may originally have meant "natural law" and used later to mean man-made law.


title: Apeiron

text: Greek philosophy entered a high level of abstraction. It adopted "apeiron" as the origin of all things, because it is completely indefinite. This is a further transition from the previous existing mythical way of thought to the newer rational way of thought which is the main characteristic of the archaic period (8th to 6th century BC). This shift in thought is correlated with the new political conditions in the Greek city states during the 6th century BC.


title: Apeiron

text: In the mythical Greek cosmogony of Hesiod (8th to 7th century BC) the first primordial god is Chaos, which is a void or gap. Chaos is described as a gap either between Tartarus and the earth's surface (Miller's interpretation) or between earth's surface and the sky (Cornford's interpretation). One can name it also abyss (having no bottom).


title: Apeiron

text: Alternately, Greek philosopher Thales believed that the origin or first principle was water. Pherecydes of Syros (6th century BC) probably called the water also "Chaos" and this is not placed at the very beginning.


title: Apeiron

text: In the creation stories of Near East the primordial world is described formless and empty. The only existing thing prior to creation was the water abyss. The Babylonian cosmology Enuma Elish describes the earliest stage of the universe as one of watery chaos and something similar is described in Genesis.


title: Apeiron

text: In the Hindu cosmogony which is similar to the Vedic (Hiranyagarbha) the initial state of the universe was an absolute darkness.


title: Apeiron

text: Hesiod made an abstraction, because his original "chaos" is a void, something completely indefinite. In his opinion the origin should be indefinite and indeterminate. The indefiniteness is spatial in early usages as in Homer (indefinite sea). A fragment from Xenophanes (6th century BC) shows the transition from "chaos" to "apeiron": "The upper limit of earth borders on air. The lower limit reaches down to the unlimited. (i.e. the Apeiron)". Either "apeiron" meant the "spatial indefinite" and was implied to be indefinite in kind, or Anaximander intended it primarily 'that which is indefinite in kind' but assumed it also to be of unlimited extent and duration. His ideas may have been influenced by the Pythagoreans:


title: Apeiron

text: Greek philosophy entered a high level of abstraction making "apeiron" the principle of all things and some scholars saw a gap between the existing "mythical" and the new "rational" way of thought ("rationalism"). But if we follow the course, we will see that there is not such an abrupt break with the previous thought. The basic elements of nature, water, air, fire, earth, which the first Greek philosophers believed composed the world, represent in fact the mythical primordial forces. The collision of these forces produced the cosmic harmony according to the Greek cosmogony (Hesiod). Anaximander noticed the mutual changes between these elements, therefore he chose something else (indefinite in kind) which could generate the others without experiencing any decay.


title: Apeiron

text: There is also a fragment attributed to his teacher Thales: "What is divine? What has no origin, nor end." This probably led his student to his final decision for "apeiron", because the divinity applied to it implies that it always existed. The notion of the temporal infinity was familiar to the Greek mind from remote antiquity in the religious conception of immortality and Anaximander's description was in terms appropriate to this conception. This "arche" is called "eternal and ageless" (Hippolitus I,6,I;DK B2).


title: Apeiron

text: The "apeiron" has generally been understood as a sort of primal chaos. It acts as the substratum supporting opposites such as hot and cold, wet and dry, and directed the movement of things, by which there grew up all of the host of shapes and differences which are found in the world.


title: Apeiron

text: Out of the vague and limitless body there sprang a central mass—this earth of ours—cylindrical in shape. A sphere of fire surrounded the air around the earth and had originally clung to it like the bark round a tree. When it broke, it created the sun, the moon and the stars. The first animals were generated in the water. When they came to earth they were transmuted by the effect of the sun. The human being sprung from some other animal, which originally was similar to a fish. The blazing orbs, which have drawn off from the cold earth and water, are the temporary gods of the world clustering around the earth, which to the ancient thinker is the central figure.


title: Apeiron

text: In the commentary of Simplicius on Aristotle's "Physics" the following fragment is attributed direct to Anaximander:


title: Apeiron

text: This fragment remains a mystery because it can be translated in different ways. Simplicius comments that Anaximander noticed the mutual changes between the four elements (earth, air, water, fire), therefore he did not choose one of them as an origin, but something else which generates the opposites without experiencing any decay. He mentions also that Anaximander said all these in poetic terms, meaning that he used the old mythical language. The Goddess "Justice" (Dike), appears to keep the order. The quotation is close to the original meanings of the relevant Greek words. The word "dike" (justice) was probably originally derived from the boundaries of a man's land and transmits metaphorically the notion that somebody must remain in his own sphere, respecting the one of his neighbour. The word "adikia" (injustice) means that someone has operated outside of his own sphere, something that could disturb "law and order" ("eunomia"). In Homer's "Odyssey" "eunomia" is contrasted with "hubris" (arrogance). Arrogance was considered very dangerous because it could break the balance and lead to political instability and finally to the destruction of a "city-state".


title: Apeiron

text: Friedrich Nietzsche claimed that Anaximander was a pessimist and that he viewed all coming to be as an illegitimate emancipation from the eternal being, a wrong for which destruction is the only penance. In accordance to this the world of the individual definite objects should perish into the indefinite since anything definite has to eventually return to the indefinite. His ideas had a great influence on many scholars including Martin Heidegger.


title: Apeiron

text: Werner Heisenberg, noted for his contributions to the foundation of quantum mechanics, arrived at the idea that the elementary particles are to be seen as different manifestations, different quantum states, of one and the same "primordial substance". Because of its similarity to the primordial substance hypothesized by Anaximander, his colleague Max Born called this substance "apeiron".


title: Apeiron

text: Scholars in other fields, e.g. Bertrand Russell and Maurice Bowra, didn't deny that Anaximander was the first who used the term "apeiron", but claimed that the mysterious fragment is dealing with the balance of opposite forces as central to reality being closer to the quotation transmitted by Simplicius.


title: Apeiron

text: There are also other interpretations which try to match both the previous aspects. "Apeiron" is an abstract, void, something that cannot be described according to the Greek pessimistic belief for death. Death indeed meant "nothingless". The dead live like shadows and there is no return to the real world. Everything generated from "apeiron" must return there according to the principle genesis-decay. There is a polar attraction between the opposites genesis-decay, arrogance-justice. The existence itself carries a guilt.


title: Apeiron

text: Justice has to destroy everything which is born. There is no external limit that can restrict the activities of men, except the destruction. Arrogance is an expression of the chaotic element of human existence and in a way a part of the rebounding mechanism of order, because pushing it to exertions causes destruction which is also a reestablishment.


title: Apeiron

text: We may assume that the contradiction in the different interpretations is because Anaximander combined two different ways of thought. The first one dealing with "apeiron" is metaphysical (and can lead to monism), while the second one dealing with mutual changes and the balance of the opposites as central to reality is physical. The same paradox existed in the Greek way of thought. The Greeks believed that each individual had unlimitable potentialities both in brain and in heart, an outlook which called a man to live at the top of his powers. But that there was a limit to his most violent ambitions, that arrogance-injustice ("hubris" or "adikia") could disturb the harmony and balance. In that case justice ("dike") would destroy him to reestablish the order. These ideas are obvious in later Greek philosophers. Philolaus (5th century BC) mentions that nature constituted and is organized with the world from unlimitable ( "apeira", plural of "apeiron") and limitable. Everything which exists in the world contains the unlimited ("apeiron") and the limited. Something similar is mentioned by Plato: Nothing can exist if it doesn't contain continually and simultaneously the limited and the unlimited, the definite and the indefinite.


title: Apeiron

text: Some doctrines existing in Western thought still transmit some of the original ideas: "God ordained that all men shall die", "Death is a common debt". The Greek word "adikia" (injustice) transmits the notion that someone has operated outside of his own sphere, without respecting the one of his neighbour. Therefore, he commits hubris. The relative English word "arrogance" (claim as one's own without justification; ), is very close to the original meaning of the aphorism: "Nothing in excess."


title: Apeiron

text: Other pre-Socratic philosophers had different theories of the "apeiron". For the Pythagoreans (in particular, Philolaus), the universe had begun as an "apeiron", but at some point it inhaled the void from outside, filling the cosmos with vacuous bubbles that split the world into many different parts. For Anaxagoras, the initial "apeiron" had begun to rotate rapidly under the control of a godlike "Nous" (Mind), and the great speed of the rotation caused the universe to break up into many fragments. Since all individual things had originated from the same "apeiron", all things must contain parts of all other things. This explains how one object can be transformed into another, since each thing already contains all other things in germ.


title: 211 (film)

text: 211 is a 2018 American crime-action film directed by York Shackleton and written by Shackleton and John Rebus. The film stars Nicolas Cage, Sophie Skelton, Cory Hardrict, Michael Rainey Jr., Ori Pfeffer and Weston Cage. Filming began on February 27, 2018 and ended on April 27, 2018. The film was released on June 8, 2018, by Momentum Pictures. It is based on the 1997 North Hollywood shootout.


title: 211 (film)

text: 211 refers to the Hundred Code for robbery used in California, although the story is set in the fictional city of Chesterford, Massachusetts.


title: 211 (film)

text: In Afghanistan, disgruntled mercenaries corner a mob boss who owes them money. Under torture, he discloses it has been wired to various banks including one in Chesterford. In a Kabul market, Interpol Agent Rossi's operation to catch an antiquities smuggler is interrupted and she is redirected to the crime scene caused by the mercenaries.


title: 211 (film)

text: In Chesterford, Massachusetts, Kenny Ralston, a quiet high school student, has an altercation with bullies. The school vice-principal tells Shawnee Ralston, Kenny's mother, that he must go on a police ride-along or face expulsion.


title: 211 (film)

text: Meanwhile, Agent Rossi asks a gun shop manager for information on the mercenaries and receives a warehouse address.


title: 211 (film)

text: Patrolman Mike Chandler has lost his wife of thirty years to cancer. His difficulty in expressing his emotions has strained his relationship with his daughter, Lisa. Mike’s patrol partner and son-in-law, Steve, reveals that Lisa is pregnant.


title: 211 (film)

text: At the bank, an armoured cash transport delivers over $1.3 million. Tre, Rob and Luke finalise their heist plan, while Hyde plants a cell-phone IED in a restaurant.


title: 211 (film)

text: Mike and Steve arrive at work. Kenny signs forms regarding the ride-along. Responding to a call from headquarters, Steve and Mike draw their weapons on a suspect and Kenny records it using his smartphone.


title: 211 (film)

text: The crew storm the bank and threaten everyone. Near the bank, Steve goes for coffee while Mike and Kenny discuss the school altercation. Gaining insight, Mike empathizes with Kenny. On Steve’s return, Mike indicates a black Escalade parked in the red zone outside the bank. Inside the bank, Tre orders Hyde to ‘make the call’. The IED destroys the restaurant.


title: 211 (film)

text: Police headquarters alerts all patrols to the explosion. Mike chooses to remain because of Kenny. Hyde becomes agitated. The other patrols converge on the restaurant and news reaches the hospital where Shawnee prepares to receive multiple casualties. Rossi diverts to Chesterford. First responders arrive and SWAT Captain, Horst, issues orders.


title: 211 (film)

text: Hyde opens fire on the cruiser. As Mike takes evasive action, Steve alerts headquarters. Some officers leave the restaurant area to provide backup to Mike and Steve. Mike crashes the cruiser and gets out, returning fire. Initially trapped, Steve manages to free himself and then Kenny. Kenny grabs his phone as he exits the cruiser and Mike eventually kills Hyde. Realising Steve is seriously injured, Mike fabricates a tourniquet. Rossi arrives at the restaurant area and Hyde is identified.


title: 211 (film)

text: The back-up team attempt to evacuate Steve and Mike retrieves a first aid kit. Inside the bank, Luke uses a 50-cal rifle to shoot Mike but misses. Two other officers are killed.


title: 211 (film)

text: Steve gets Kenny to record a farewell message on his phone. Lisa learns of the restaurant explosion and gets Steve’s voicemail.


title: 211 (film)

text: The back-up team reach their colleagues. Moving Steve, they become separated from Kenny who hides in a parked Blazer. His phone dead, Kenny looks for another battery and hacks a charger.


title: 211 (film)

text: An EMT assesses Steve, Hanson returns with a seriously-wounded Jacobs and Mike notices Kenny is missing. Starting a search with Hanson, Mike receives a call from Lisa and prepares her for bad news. Lisa arrives at the ER and questions the now barely-conscious Jacobs who says Mike is still on scene looking for the 'ride-along kid'. Shawnee, in earshot of Jacobs, reacts just as Kenny telephones to let her know he is safe, for now.


title: 211 (film)

text: Rossi arrives in the command post to witness Mike shouting that his dead son has ‘a child on the way’. Horst finalizes the breach. Mike and Hanson head for the parking lot to locate and rescue Kenny. SWAT advances. Tre orders the hostages out. Now safe, a hostage reveals something in her pocket. Horst, identifying another IED, dies selflessly protecting the hostages.


title: 211 (film)

text: SWAT begin their breach but are repelled. Rob exits first, firing to cover his escape but gets killed. Luke is killed at the bank door. Tre approaches Mike firing wildly. Hanson is killed. Mike is wounded and as Tre raises his weapon to kill Mike, Kenny uses Hanson’s side arm to shoot Tre. Rossi appears and shoots Tre.


title: 211 (film)

text: As Mike and Kenny sit in an ambulance, Shawnee arrives and hugs her son. Lisa arrives and embraces her father.


title: 211 (film)

text: One year later, Mike arrives home after a run. He is greeted with shouts of Happy Birthday. Among his well wishers are Jacobs, Steve, and Mike’s granddaughter. Stepping towards his visitors, Mike asks Kenny to ‘take some new pics’.


title: 211 (film)

text: On January 27, 2017, Nicolas Cage joined the cast of the film. Filming took place at Nu Boyana Film Studios in Sofia, Bulgaria.


title: 211 (film)

text: The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes rates it positive based on reviews with an overall rating of . The website's critics consensus reads: ""211"s disjointed assortment of action clichés and uninspired set pieces adds up to roughly zero." Metacritic reports an aggregate score of 21 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: 211 (film)

text: Luke Y. Thompson of "Forbes" gave it a fresh rating, writing “I can’t begrudge you waiting until 211 shows up on a Blu-ray at Walmart that also contains ten other Cage movies...But I can tell you that when it does, you shouldn't skip over this one.”


title: 211 (film)

text: Other reviewers were not as complimentary. Jacob Knight from "Birth Movies Death" declared it rotten, writing, “Nic Cage’s latest DTV action endeavour is a bizarre slog.” Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave it 2/4 and wrote, "A muddled, overcrowded, trigger-happy heist movie brimming with clichés while constantly trying our patience." Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave it 1/4, describing it as "This effort is a cavalcade of crap. Loud crap." Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "It's probably foolish to wish that Nicolas Cage would once again make movies as good as "Adaptation" and "Leaving Las Vegas". But is it too much to ask that he go back to the comparative glory days of "Con Air" and "The Rock"?" Dennis Harvey of "Variety" wrote, "Unsurprisingly, the director doesn't get very good work from a cast asked primarily to ramp up the intensity on stereotypes."


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Norwegian cuisine in its traditional form is based largely on the raw materials readily available in Norway and its mountains, wilderness, and coast. It differs in many respects from continental cuisine through the stronger focus on game and fish. Many of the traditional dishes are the result of using conserved materials, necessary because of the long winters.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Modern Norwegian cuisine, although still strongly influenced by its traditional background, has been influenced by globalization: pasta, pizza, tacos, and the like are as common as meatballs and cod as staple foods.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Most Norwegians eat three or four regular meals a day, usually consisting of a cold breakfast with coffee, a cold (usually packed) lunch at work and a hot dinner at home with the family. Depending on the timing of family dinner (and personal habit), some may add a cold meal in the late evening, typically a simple sandwich.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: The basic Norwegian breakfast consists of bread, brown cheese, and milk. Traditionally this meal included a porridge such as "grøt" (flour, rice or groats boiled with milk) or "rømmegrøt" (with sour cream instead).


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: For most Norwegians, weekday packed lunch usually consists of very simple open-faced sandwiches known as "matpakke", with each slice separated with smaller sheets of wax paper called "mellomleggspapir." More extensive open-faced sandwiches (with multiple toppings) are considered smørbrød.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Norwegians usually eat dinner starting around 4–7 PM. This is the most important meal of the day and typically includes carbohydrate-rich foods such as potatoes and protein-rich foods such as meat or fish.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Norwegians usually eat a very small meal later in the evening before bed. This may consist of foods similar to what is prepared for breakfast.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Preserved meat and sausages come in a large variety of regional variations, and are sometimes accompanied by sour cream dishes and flatbread or wheat/potato wraps. Particularly sought after delicacies include the "fenalår", a slow-cured lamb's leg, and "morr", usually a smoked cured sausage, though the exact definition may vary regionally.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Lamb and mutton is very popular in autumn, often used in "fårikål" (mutton stew with cabbage). "Pinnekjøtt"—steamed cured and sometimes smoked mutton ribs, traditionally on a bed of birch sticks, hence the name, meaning "stick meat" —is traditionally served as Christmas dinner in the western parts of Norway. An oddity is "smalahove", a salted, or salted and smoked, lamb's head.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Kjøttkaker: Rough, large patties — about the size of a child's fist — of ground beef, onion, salt, and pepper—generally served with "sauce espagnole" ("Kjøttkakesaus" or "Brunsaus" in Norwegian). Potatoes, stewed peas or cabbage and carrots are served on the side. Lingonberry jam is a common relish.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Kjøttboller – Meatballs: A rougher version of Swedish meatballs. Served with mashed potatoes and cream sauce or "sauce espagnole" depending on the locality.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Svinekoteletter – Pork chops: simply braised and served with potatoes and fried onions or whatever vegetables are available.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: All good cuts of meat are roasted, as in any cuisine. Side dishes vary with season and what goes with the meat. Roast leg of lamb is an Easter classic, roast beef is not very common and game is often roasted for festive occasions.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Lobscouse – stew: A stew consisting of cooked meat and various vegetables like potatoes, carrots, swede and onion. Lobscouse is often served with flatbrød.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Fårikål – mutton stew: the national dish of Norway. Preparation is very simple: cabbage and mutton are layered in a big pot


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: along with black peppercorns and salt (and, in some recipes, wheat flour to thicken the sauce), covered with water and simmered until the meat is very tender. Potatoes are served on the side.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Stekte pølser – fried sausages: fresh sausages are fried and served with vegetables, potatoes, peas and perhaps some gravy.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Syltelabb is usually eaten around and before Christmas time, made from boiled, salt-cured pig's trotter. They are traditionally eaten using one's fingers, and served as a snack and sometimes served with beetroot, mustard, and fresh bread or with "lefse" or flatbread. Historically "syltelabb" is served with the traditional Norwegian "juleøl" (English: Christmas ale), beer and liquor (like aquavit). This is because "Syltelabb" is very salty food.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Pinnekjøtt is a main course dinner dish of lamb or mutton ribs, and this dish is largely associated with the celebration of Christmas in Western Norway and is rapidly gaining popularity in other regions as well. 31% of Norwegians say they eat "pinnekjøtt" for their family Christmas dinner. "Pinnekjøtt" is often served with puréed swede (rutabaga) and potatoes, beer and "akevitt".


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Smalahove is a traditional dish, but really more of a local oddity, usually eaten around Christmas time, made from a sheep's head. The skin and fleece of the head are torched, the brain removed, and the head is salted, sometimes smoked, and dried. The head is boiled for about 3 hours and served with mashed swede and potatoes.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Sodd is a traditional Norwegian soup-like meal with mutton and meatballs. Usually, vegetables such as potatoes or carrots also are included.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Gryterett (a.k.a. gryte, lit. saucepan meal) are stews with ground meat from cow or lamb, rice (sometimes replaced with pasta), tomato, mild spices, and small amounts of other vegetables like paprika, onion, kidney beans or champignon. The meal was popularised in the 1970s by Toro powderbag meals with often inaccurate geographical monickers (e.g. Mexican, American), but is now also found in homemade varieties.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: High cuisine is very reliant on game, such as moose, reindeer (strictly speaking not game, as nearly all Norwegian reindeer are semi-domesticated), mountain hare, duck, rock ptarmigan and fowl. These meats are often hunted and sold or passed around as gifts, but are also available at shops nationwide, and tend to be served at social occasions. Because these meats have a distinct, strong taste, they will often be served with rich sauces spiced with crushed juniper berries, and a sour-sweet jam of lingonberries on the side.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Offal is eaten extensively, "leverpostei" (liver pâté) being one of the most common spreads for sandwiches, along with cold cuts such as "sylte" (brawn) and "tunge" (beef tongue).


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: The one traditional Norse dish with a claim to international popularity is smoked salmon. It is now a major export, and could be considered the most important Scandinavian contribution to modern international cuisine. Smoked salmon exists traditionally in many varieties, and is often served with scrambled eggs, dill, sandwiches and mustard sauce. Another traditional salmon product is "gravlaks", (literally "buried salmon"). Traditionally, "gravlaks" would be cured for 24 hours in a mix of sugar and salt and herbs (dill). The salmon may then be frozen or kept in a chilled area. Since "grav" means "buried" it is a common misunderstanding that the salmon is buried in the ground, (similar to how "rakfisk" is still prepared). This was the case in the medieval ages because the fermenting process was important, however, this is not the case today. "Gravlaks" is often sold under more sales-friendly names internationally. A more peculiar Norwegian fish dish is "Rakfisk", which consists of fermented trout, similar to Swedish "surströmming".


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Until the 20th century, shellfish were not eaten to any extent. This was partly due to the abundance of fish and the time involved in catching shellfish as compared to its nutritional value, as well as the fact that such food spoils rather quickly, even in a northern climate. However, prawns, crabs, and mussels have become quite popular, especially during summer. Lobster is, of course, popular, but restrictions on the catch (size and season) limit consumption. Lobster has become rather rare and expensive.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: People gather for "krabbefest", which translates to "crab party" feasts, either eating readily cooked crabs from a fishmonger or cooking live crabs in a large pan. This is typically done outdoors, the style being rather rustic with only bread, mayonnaise, and wedges of lemon to go with the crab. Crabs are caught in pots by both professionals and amateurs, prawns are caught by small trawlers and sold ready cooked at the quays. It is popular to buy half a kilogram of pie prawns and to eat it on the quay, feeding the waste to seagulls. Beer or white wine is the normal accompaniment.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: The largest Norwegian food export (in fact the main Norwegian export of any kind for most of the country's history) in the past has been stockfish ("tørrfisk" in Norwegian). The Atlantic cod variety known as "skrei" because of its migrating habits, has been a source of wealth for millennia, fished annually in what is known as the "Lofotfiske" named for the island chain of Lofoten. Stockfish has been a staple food internationally for centuries, in particular on the Iberian peninsula and the African coast. Both during the age of sail and in the industrial age, stockfish played a part in world history as an enabling food for cross-Atlantic trade and the slave trade triangle.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: A large number of fish dishes are popular today, based on such species as salmon, cod, herring, sardine, and mackerel. Seafood is used fresh, smoked, salted or pickled. Variations on creamed seafood soups are common along the coastline.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Due to seafood's availability, seafood dishes along the coast are usually based on fresh produce, typically poached (fish) and very lightly spiced with herbs, pepper, and salt. While coastal Norwegians may consider the head, roe, and liver an inseparable part of a seafood meal, most inland restaurants do not include these in the meal. In Northern Norway a dish called "mølje", consisting of poached fish, roe, and liver, is often considered a "national dish" of the region, and it is common for friends and family to get together at least once during winter for a "møljekalas" (loosely translated, "mølje feast"). A number of the fish species available have traditionally been avoided (especially those perceived as scavengers, due to a fear of indirectly eating friends or family members who had died at sea) or reserved for bait, but most common seafood is part of the modern menu.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Because of industrial whaling, whale meat was commonly used as a cheap substitute for beef early in the 20th century. Consumption has been declining over time, but it is still widely available in all parts of the country and most Norwegians eat it occasionally. It is not considered controversial in Norway.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Rakfisk – Norwegian fish dish made from trout or sometimes char, salted and fermented for two to three months, or even up to a year, then eaten without further cooking. Rakfisk must be prepared and stored very hygienically, due to the risk of developing "Clostridium botulinum" (which causes botulism) if the fish contain certain bacteria during the fermentation process.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: bacon, roe and cod liver may also accompany the fish. A delicacy which is somewhat popular in Norway is "torsketunger", cod's tongue.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Lutefisk – lyed fish: a modern preparation made of stockfish (dried cod or ling) or "klippfisk" (dried and salted cod) that has been steeped in lye. It was prepared this way as a way to preserve the fish for longer periods prior to refrigeration. It is somewhat popular in the United States as a heritage food. It retains a place in Norwegian cuisine (especially on the coast) as a traditional food around Christmas time.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Stekt fisk – braised fish: almost all fish are braised, but as a rule, the larger specimens tend to be poached and the smaller braised. The fish is filleted, dusted with flour, salt and pepper and braised in butter. Potatoes are served on the side, and the butter from the pan used as a sauce or food cream is added to the butter to make a creamy sauce.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Fatty fish like herring and brisling are given the same treatment. Popular accompaniments are sliced and fresh-pickled cucumbers and sour cream.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Fiskesuppe – fish soup: A white, milk-based soup with vegetables, usually carrots, onions, potato and various kinds of fish.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Spekesild – salt cured herring which for centuries was used to fight hunger, along with boiled potatoes, beets, raw onions, dill, butter and flatbrød.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: sugar-based sauces with tomato, mustard, and sherry-based sauces. Pickled herring is served as an hors-d'oeuvre or on rye bread as a lunch buffet. This dish is a popular Christmas and New Year's Eve/holiday lunch in Norway.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: The basic methods of curing are used: drying, salting, smoking and fermenting. Stockfish is fish (mainly cod) dried on racks, meats are dried, salt curing is common for both meats and fish. Fermenting (as in the preparation of sauerkraut) is used for trout. Smoking is mainly used on the west coast as an addition to drying and salting, perhaps due to the wet climate.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Along with the rest of Scandinavia, Norway is one of the few places outside Asia where sweet and sour flavoring is used extensively. The sweet and sour flavor goes best with fish. There is also a treatment called "graving", literally burying, a curing method where salt and sugar are used as curing agents. Although salmon or trout are the most common, other fish and meat also get a treatment similar to "gravlaks".


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Sandefjordsmør – a traditional butter and cream sauce typically served with fish dishes such as salmon, garnished with fresh dill and peppercorn. This sauce was reputedly first concocted in Sandefjord, a coastal city in Vestfold, in 1959.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Gravlaks – sweet and salty cured salmon: a filleted side of salmon or trout that has been frozen for at least 24 hours to kill off parasites, is cured with the fillet and is covered with a half-salt, half-sugar mixture, spiced with black pepper, dill and akevitt, covered with clingfilm, and cured in the refrigerator for three days, turned once a day.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Gravet elg – sweet and salt-cured moose: this treatment may be used for all red meat, but works best with game and beef. It is the same procedure as for "gravlaks", but aquavit is often substituted for brandy, and juniper berries for dill.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Pickled herring: a pickle is made with vinegar, sugar, herbs and spices like dill, mustard seed, black peppercorns, onion and so on. The pickle must be acidic enough to prevent bacterial growth. Rinsed, salt-cured herring is added and allowed to stand for at least 24 hours.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Tomato pickled herring: this pickle features a thick sauce: 4 Tablespoons tomato paste, 3 Tablespoons sugar, and 3 Tablespoons vinegar are mixed and thinned with about 4 Tablespoons water, flavoured with black pepper and bay leaf. Salt-cured herring is rinsed, cut in 1 cm (1/3in) thick slices and a raw, sliced onion added. Let stand for at least 24 hours.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Fruits and berries mature slowly in the cold climate. As a result, they are smaller with a more intense taste. Strawberries, bilberries, lingonberries, raspberries and apples are popular and are part of a variety of desserts, as are cherries in the parts of the country where they are grown. Wild cloudberry is regarded as a delicacy. A typical Norwegian dessert on special occasions is cloudberries with whipped or plain cream. Strawberry-apple pie is also popular because of its rich flavour. Rhubarb pie ("rabarbrapai" in Norwegian) is another favoured dish in Norway.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: German and Nordic-style cakes and pastries, such as sponge cakes and Danish pastry (known as "wienerbrød", literal translation: "Viennese bread") share the table with a variety of homemade cakes, waffles and biscuits. Cardamom is a common flavoring. Another Norwegian cake is Krumkake, a paper-thin rolled cake filled with whipped cream. (Krumkake means 'Curved Cake' or 'Crooked Cake'). Baked meringues are known as "pikekyss", literally translated as "girl's kiss".


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: During Christmas ("jul"), the traditional Norwegian holiday season, many different dessert dishes are served including Julekake, a heavily spiced leavened loaf often coated with sugar and cinnamon, and Multekrem (whipped cream with cloudberries).


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Bread is an important staple of the Norwegian diet and bakeries, supermarkets, accommodations such as hotels in Norway offer a rich selection of breads. Breads containing a large proportion of whole grain flour (grovbrød, or "coarse bread") are popular, likely because bread makes up such a substantial part of the Norwegian diet and are therefore expected to be nutritious. 80% of Norwegians regularly eat bread, in the form of open-top sandwiches with butter for breakfast and lunch. A soft flat bread called lefse made out of potato, milk or cream (or sometimes lard) and flour is also very popular.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: The variety of bread available in a common supermarket is rather large: "wittenberger" (crisp-crusted wheat bread), "grovbrød" (whole-wheat bread, often with syrup), "loff" (soft wheat bread), sourdough bread and other German-style breads. Baguettes, ciabatta, bagels and so on are also popular. During the Hanseatic era, cereals were imported in exchange for fish by the Hanseatic League. Both the German Hanseatic League and the Danish colonizers influenced Norwegian cuisine, bringing continental habits, taste and produce. Norwegians are particularly fond of a crisp crust, regarding a soft crust as a sign of the bread being stale. Oats are used in addition to wheat and rye and constitute perhaps the most unusual cereal employed in bread-making, as compared to continental Europe and the UK. Nuts and seeds (such as sunflower seeds and walnuts) are rather common ingredients, along with olives and sun-dried pickles, used to improve the texture of the bread.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Cheese is still extremely popular in Norway, though the variety of traditional products available and commonly in use is severely reduced. Norvegia is a common yellow cheese (produced since the 1890s) as is Jarlsberg cheese which is also known as a Norwegian export (produced since the 1850s). The sweet "brunost" (lit. brown cheese; not a true cheese, but rather caramelized lactose from goat milk or a mix of goat and/or cow milk) is very popular in cooking and with bread. More sophisticated, traditional, or strong cheeses include "gammalost" (lit. "old cheese"), an over-matured, highly pungent cheese made from sour milk, "Pultost", made from sour milk and caraway seeds, and "Nøkkelost", flavored with cumin and cloves.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Norway has a particularly strong affinity for coffee and is the second highest per capita consumer of coffee in the world, with the average Norwegian drinking , or of coffee in 2011. Norway has the fourth highest per capita coffee consumption in the world and it plays a large role in Norwegian culture. It is common to invite people over for coffee and cakes and to drink coffee with dessert after the main courses in get-togethers. Coffee is traditionally served black, usually in a mug, rather than a cup. As in the rest of the West, Italian-style coffee bars have become popular. Coffee is included in one of the most traditional alcoholic beverages in Norway, commonly known as "karsk", from Trøndelag.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Both industrial and small-scale brewing have long traditions in Norway. In recent years, microbreweries and craft beer have become increasingly popular. Despite restrictive alcohol policies, there is a large community of brewers, and a colorful variety of beverages, some legal, some less so. The most popular industrial beers are usually pilsners and red beers ("bayer"), while traditional beer is much richer, with a high alcohol and malt content. The ancient practice of brewing "Juleøl" (Christmas beer) persists even today, and imitations of these are available before Christmas, in shops and, for the more potent versions, at state monopoly outlets. Many Norwegians brew their own beer, and there are also a large number of breweries and microbreweries. Cider brewing has faced tough barriers to commercial production due to alcohol regulations. The famous honey wine, "mjød" (mead), is mostly a drink for connoisseurs, Norse and medieval historical re-enactors, and practitioners of åsatru and other Norse neopagan religions. The climate has not been hospitable to grapes for millennia, and wines and more potent drinks are available only from the wine monopolies.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Distilled beverages include "akevitt", a yellow-tinged liquor spiced with caraway seeds, also known as akvavit or other variations on the Latin "aqua vitae" – water of life. The Norwegian "linie" style is distinctive for its maturing process, crossing the equator in sherry casks stored in the hull of a ship, giving it more taste and character than the rawer styles of other Scandinavian "akevittar". Norway also produces some vodkas, bottled water and fruit juices.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: In rural Norway, it is still common to find "hjemmebrent" (moonshine, literally "home burnt"). Even for personal consumption, it is illegal by Norwegian law to produce distilled alcohol. If the product has more than 60% alcohol by volume, it is defined as a narcotic by the law and the punishments are even harsher than for other drugs. The traditional home distiller is mostly left alone by the law enforcers, but those who produce on a larger scale and sell the product are not.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: In Norway beer is available in stores from 09:00 to 20:00 on weekdays and from 09:00 to 18:00 on Saturdays. Wine and spirits can be bought until 18:00 on weekdays and until 15:00 on Saturdays in government-owned and run liquor shops (Vinmonopolet). Only "true" grocery stores are allowed to sell beer; gas stations and so-called "Fruit & Tobacco" marts ("Frukt og Tobakk" or "kiosk" in Norwegian) are not.


title: Norwegian cuisine

text: Local sodas include Urge and Solo, which was the first soda to be released in Norway, introduced in 1934. Other sodas from Norway that is popular includes E. C. Dahls Brewery's ginger beer, which was created as a drink for sodd, and sodas from Oskar Sylte Mineral Water Factory, such as «Brus med ananassmak» (soda with pineapple taste) and «Brus med pæresmak» (soda with pear taste).


title: Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark discography

text: The discography of English electronic band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) includes 13 studio albums and 40 singles, among other releases. The group issued their debut single, "Electricity", in 1979, and achieved several international top 10 hits during the 1980s and 1990s, including their signature songs "Enola Gay" (1980) and "If You Leave" (1986). OMD's albums "Architecture & Morality" (1981), "The Best of OMD" (1988) and "Sugar Tax" (1991) were certified platinum or higher in the UK; the gold-certified "Dazzle Ships" (1983) became one of the band's most influential works.


text: OMD disbanded in 1996 but reformed in 2006, and have since re-established themselves as a top 10 presence on international album charts. The group's overall record sales stand in excess of 40 million, with sales of 15 million albums and 25 million singles as of 2019.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Jamai Raja (International title: King of Hearts) is an Indian television drama series, aired on Zee TV, that premiered on 4 August 2014, and ended on 3 March 2017 after a successful three-year run. It was produced by actor Akshay Kumar and co-produced by Ashvini Yardi and Meenakshi Sagar. Jamai 2.0 is a romantic thriller web series which is the digital sequel of Jamai Raja which streams on ZEE5. It stars Ravi Dubey, Nia Sharma, Shiny Doshi and Achint Kaur in lead roles. It premiered on 10 September 2019.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Durga Devi (DD) Patel and her daughter have many misunderstandings, and differences between them. DD is a wealthy jewellery designer. Her daughter, Roshni Patel believes that her mother does not love her and does not give her time, and only loves money. Due to this reason; she hates DD and never behaves well with her. The show starts by showing Roshni getting her kids at the NGO she manages ready for school, and it is shown that it is her birthday. She goes to the airport with her Nani to pick up DD who is returning to India. Meanwhile, DD is shown to be arrogant. On her flight, she is seated next to Siddharth Khurrana; who seeing how arrogant DD is decides to mess with her and act like a middle-class person; who has no manners or etiquette. When DD meets Roshni, she hugs her and tells her that she should have dressed better. She gives Roshni a heap of birthday gifts but does not wish her a happy birthday as she did in the past. Roshni meets Siddarth and he acts like a middle-class man after Roshni starts to hate Siddarth Khurrana without knowing who he is, believing him to be responsible for wanting to demolish her NGO's building via goons, to build his resort.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Siddarth changes his identity in front of Roshni and says that he is a middle-class man named Siddarth Kukreja. He falls in love with her and after a few meetings, she reciprocates. They get married, with even his parents, Raj & Simran, joining in on the lower middle class facade. DD is not in the attendance at the marriage as she does not approve of their relation. After marriage, they start living together in DD's house and Siddarth becomes a "Ghar Jamai" as per DD's terms and conditions. After many episodes, DD finally starts to accept Siddarth as her son-in-law. She trusts him and gives him the power of attorney papers for her property and business to guard and keep safely. Sid's mother Simran's long lost daughter, Kritika, from her previous marriage turns up who has been brought up in bad company. She poison's her mom's mind against Roshni and Sid's "ghar jamai" status leading to Simran hating DD as she believes that she is ruining Sid's life.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Rajveer, Samaira's husband, has been cheating DD in business during this time and also has an affair with Kritika, prepares fake divorce papers and convinces Simran for his & Kritika's marriage. Simran by this time has lost all her goodness in over-compensating lost years with her daughter. DD decided to get Roshni and Siddarth married again in a grand manner. On the day of both the weddings Sid tries to reveal Rajveer's truth to Simran but she does not believe him. Rajveer fakes getting beat up by DD's goons and, Sid's mother; who had been acting like a middle-class woman, revealed her identity and the fact that she has named all of DD's businesses and property for herself. She did this using the power of attorney papers Sid had with him. DD and Roshni are shattered. Siddharth knows nothing about this and he is not present there. Roshni starts to hate Siddharth, thinking that he was also involved in what Simran (Siddharth's mother) had done. Roshni goes away from him and goes to Bangkok.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Roshni lives in Bangkok and has become friends with Yash Mehra; who loves her. DD wants them together. Roshni returns to India and meets Sid; who convinces her that he did not have any hand in what happened that he really loves her and that she does too. Roshni is sick and to make her feel better, he tells her to drink some brandy. She doesn't trust him and tells him to drink some to prove that there is no poison in it. He takes a big gulp from the bottle and makes her drink some too. They become drunk and become intimate. The next day, Roshni receives a video where it is perceived that Siddarth is telling Kritika that he will fool Roshni and get her to sleep with him. However, this is not the case, and what Siddarth was saying was part of a game and not about Roshni. Roshni doubts Siddharth and accuses him of raping her. Then Sid becomes angry. He takes Roshni to the family court. The judge gives them three months to save their marriage. Sid and Roshni grow closer.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Meanwhile, Sam is being forced to marry her boss, Baweja; who Rajveer helped to succeed. Roshni goes as a maid to Baweja's house and finds Sam unconscious in a cupboard. Baweja is caught and imprisoned, where he dies. Rajveer kidnaps Roshni. DD reaches and when Rajveer threatens to kill Roshni, DD kills him to save her daughter. Sid's sister, Kritika files a case against DD and withdraws it, leading Sid and everyone else to think that she forgave DD, but when she will take her revenge without Sid's suspicion. Roshni and Sid reunite, and after the end of three months, they decide not to divorce. Sid's mother, Simran tells Sid saying that if he divorces Roshni, she will return DD's property and business. Sid is now compelled to divorce Roshni to restore her former life. He divorces her and Roshni is shattered. Yash falls for Sam and proposes to her, which she accepts. Roshni's biological father (DD's husband) Shiv Patel, returns to the house and has lost his memory. However, he soon regains it, but pretends not to get DD's love.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Sid and Roshni, along with Mona Bua and Shiv, team up to get DD to confess her true feelings to Shiv. She accepts that he is her husband when Sid informs a reporter about Shiv's identity. Meanwhile, Yash finds out about an accident that claimed the life of his sister and brother-in-law. Simran and Kritika plots to separate Roshni and Sid. Kritika tracks down Sid's childhood friend, Misha, and convinces Simran to meet her and marry Sid. One day, Siddharth tells Roshni to make a banana milkshake for him and Misha. She goes and makes the milkshake, but while she is away, Kritika puts mango in Misha's milkshake. Misha is severely allergic to mangoes and can die if she consumes them. She takes a sip of the milkshake and suffers from an allergic reaction. Siddharth believes that Roshni did this on purpose and yells at her. Then Siddharth with the help of Misha, finds out that it was Kritika who put the Mango in the milkshake and is shattered as he blamed Roshni. Misha tells him about the real reason for her coming to India (to marry Sid) he goes and convinces Roshni and apologies to her.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: DD and Shiv Patel's problems are solved, and they remarry. On the day of marriage, Roshni learns the truth behind her divorce. She proposes to Sid, and he accepts. Misha's love interest with Neil (fake). Sid, Roshni, Misha and Neil go on a date. They return home when some goons attack them. Sid fights with the goons and is shot. They kidnap Misha and molest her. Misha feigns mental instability to trick Sid into marrying her. In the process, Roshni's father is killed; Misha frames Kritika, but Sid can prove her innocence, and Kritika finally realised her mistake and apologies to Sid. Misha's obsession with Sid's love was exposed, and she is arrested. Roshni tells DD that she is pregnant. DD hides it from everyone and accepts Siddharth's proposal for Roshni. They marry with the truth unveiled.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: DD wants special care for Roshni, so she makes her live in her house. Sidharat and family accompany her as they do not want to miss the opportunity to care for Roshni. Roshni and Sid meet a child named Ayesha. They bring Ayesha home upon knowing that Ayesha is lost. She is greeted with happiness by all family members except for DD, NM (Nani Mausi) and Dadi bua. Roshni has a miscarriage while Sid and Ayesha are out. DD blames Sid and Ayesha for this situation and accuses him of murdering his child. Sid and Roshni grieve over the miscarriage. Sid decides to adopt Ayesha. Roshani (initially) opposes it, but later agrees. DD is unhappy with their decision. Later, Ayesha saves DD from the fire, and becomes kind to Ayesha and agrees over the adoption. DD meets Shabnam at her workplace and decides to bring her to her house, listening to her back story.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: DD organises a party to introduce Ayesha to everyone. Shabnam threatens to kill Roshni but fails. Shabnam and Ayesha are falsely said to be the daughters of Shiv Patel. DD becomes enraged after hearing the news and plans to kill Shabnam. Sidharth saves Shabnam. He learns how Kritika married Bunty. He is enraged and expels Bua Dadi from the house. Sam gets divorce papers from Yash and everyone; such as Roshni, blames Sid for that. Shabnam drugs Sid and brings him to her room. When Sid wakes up, he finds himself in a bad situation. Shabnam accuses Sid of molestation. Everyone but Roshni loses faith in Sidharth. Shabnam kills Sid and DD is blamed for his murder. Shattered Roshni tries to save her mother from jail, but fails. She meets DD and they both cry over Sid's death. Sid's parents leave.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Shabnam is controlling DD's house, and Roshni is taking care of Nani and Ayesha. She meets a mechanic named Raghu; who is the exact copy of Sid. She finds him only the way to save her mother and to avenge Sidharat's murder from Shabnam. Raghu helps him like Sid and this against the advice of sumati, his "supposed mother" suffering from mental disorders. With this asset, Roshni follows Raghu during his marriage with Shabnam and thinks that he is Sidharat suffering from amnesia. Raghu acts to be in love with Shabnam as Sid, and takes advantage of this personality to reconcile Sam and Yash. Sid's mother puts up an act of being sick and the truth for Sidharat being Raghu is revealed. Roshni supports Sid and they manage to defeat Shabnam. The day after Shabnam and Raghu's failed marriage, which ended with the arrest of the bride, the Patels and Sid are surprised to see coming to their house a backward Rajhistani family who claims that Roshni married their son Kunal; until she reveals Roshni isn't DD's real girl which turns out to be just blackmail on her part, she leads her and Nani to the wand while Kunal does her better to please Roshni by hiding his violent character. Bansi's daughter and also Kunal's aunt, Skakun falls in love with Sid's father and only belatedly realizes Raj's insincere feelings for her.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Shabnam; who claims to be bipolar to avoid jail, returns to the Pathels after saving Roshni from a traffic accident perpetrated by Kunal. She (initially) pretends to be nice, then allies with Bansi to accomplish her revenge against Sid. Later, they drug Roshni, which causes her to lose her memory, telling her that they are her family. Confused, Roshni accepts it, and when Sid and DD reach there, they find themselves in a worse situation. Kunal beats Sid and throws him out of the house. Sidharth comes and saves Roshni from Shabnam and the family by being Jyoti Tai. Shabnam comes again to destroy their lives, but they threw her back again with no returning point. DD plans a trip for Sidharth and Roshni; who are soon accompanied by Yash and Sam to Goa to spend some quality time with each other, which Alex destroys. Sid enters Alex home and finds her dead. The one; who killed Alex and playing the game even going so far as to kidnap Ayesha was Yash. Sid acts for being in the coma and Yash reveals he is identity by claiming to have always loved Roshni and to act in the shadows to get her back.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Sid saves Ayesha and tells Roshni about the situation. By the time things get better, Sid sends Ayesha abroad while Shabnam, having falsely reconciled with the Pathels earlier to save her sister, definitely accompanies her. Unable to endure his defeat against Siddhart, Yash cheats on DD to kidnap her and then throws her from the hilltop, and Sid fails to save her. DD loses her memory after the incident and remembers Sidharth as Kukreja. Sid tries to bring her memory back while trying to protect her from Amol's evil intentions, Roshni's new suitor chosen expressly by her mother while ignoring welcoming the non-biological brother of her worst enemy. A second time, Yash kidnaps DD after his escape. This time, he ties Roshni from one rope and DD from the other. Sid tries everything to save her but fails. DD dies and Roshni blames Sid for that. She leaves him and everyone thinks that she died..


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Roshni and Sid have been separated after the death of DD as Roshni thinks DD died because of Sid. Two years have passed since Roshni's presumed death. Siddharth still blames himself for being responsible for the incident and refuses to remarry. On the other hand, Roshni, who turns out to be alive, has forged a whole new identity for herself alongside a good friend, Neil. She calls herself Ragini Desai and acts exactly like DD at the start of the show.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: When Sid goes to meet Ragini on business unaware that she is actually Roshni, he crosses paths with and saves a girl called Anya from suicide. It turns out that she is part of the Sengupta family, being herself Neil's sister and Ragini's assistant. Her concern is about her illegitimate pregnancy and the abandonment of her fiancé for whom she had to rebel against his family. In order to convince her not to commit suicide, Siddharth proposes to pretend to be her fiancé and to become the father of her child while waiting to find the person concerned.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: As the future son-in-law of the Sengupta family, Siddharth regularly visits Anya, without meeting Ragini/Roshni. Some days later, on Roshni's birthday, Sid and Roshni meet again. Constantly, Roshni seeks to get away from Sid to avoid further trouble while Sid himself is blinded by his love for her. When the link between Sid and Anya becomes known to Roshni, she takes it so badly that in revenge, she asks Neil in marriage, who accepts. According to her, it is only like this that they will manage to forget each other.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: So, Roshni is going to marry Neil Sengupta. Misunderstandings soon arise considering Roshni always thinks it would be better for everyone if she and Sid don't meet again, which ends up happening in a twist of fate. These characters, once lovers, both become brothers-in-law. But Neil's conspiracies and his bipolarity issue bring them together again, as Anya takes Siddhart's services for love and seeks for a while to separate her alleged fiancé from her sister-in-law.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Meanwhile, the aunt and the cousin of the Segunta siblings are far from stupid. From the start, they never approved of Neil and Roshni's relationship, for the simple reason that they are secretly working on behalf of Neil's ex-sister-in-law, Payal Walia, who has promised to give them more attention than their family if they were to make her the owner of the premises. This goal being finally achieved with the help of Anya, Roshini and Sid reunite to save this family in distress, and reconcile at the same time. Payal is out against Neil's family and creates a lot of drama in their lives.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Later, as Payal is sent away and released from prison and Neil reconciles with Ria, his lost love, Roshni gives birth to a son who is named Karanveer by Neil. Getting ready to join the Khurranas in London, Sid and Roshni are invited one last time by the Sengupta family where they share a romantic dance. Payal, who planned to take revenge, refrains from learning this sudden departure and now being a changed person. Unfortunately, unable to prevent her revenge which she herself carried out, she just hopes to see them leave as soon as possible.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: This is how after moving farewells, Sid, Roshni, Karanveer and her governess, Gangu, experience a road accident perpetrated by an old enemy of the Patel family, Gafur, whom Payal allied with in prison. Everyone predicts that Karanveer Khurana has died with his parents, but the truth was that Satya, the son of Roshni's governess, died, but Gangu makes Karan as Satya. Ria gives birth to a daughter who was named Mahi by Sid on the day he died with Roshni. Ria dies after Mahi's birth.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Things have changed after the death of Sid and Roshni. Karanveer "Karan" Khurana, Sid and Roshni's son, has grown up. Gangu named him Satya as her deceased son (that's what she believed), raised him and taught him good values despite his innate street boy character. Neil and Ria are dead too. Their child, Mahi Sengupta is taken care of by Payal who changed her surname from Walia to Sengupta. Mahi and Karan's relationship is like Roshni and Sid. But unlike DD Patel who loved her daughter, Payal hates Mahi for her parents' mistakes. By making her brother-in-law her husband, she thought of taking back the property that the Sengupta stole from her. Then finally, she adapted to passing herself off as a nice mother in the eyes of her niece, because this one turns out to be the true heiress.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: When Satya comes into Mahi's life, it is Mahi's half-sister, Koyal, who interests him. But Sid's prediction about his son's future had an effect. Satya has fallen in love with Mahi, but Mahi does not immediately realize her feelings for him. Knowing Payal's malicious intentions towards his daughter-in-law, Satya vowed to protect her.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: With the help of a friend who will turn against him, he will succeed in bringing down Payal's mask. But she comes back into their lives, still pretending to be a good person. It later turns out that she is in contact with Kritika and is blackmailing her to see her nephew again. Thus, after a series of attempts to repossess Sengupta property that will lead to the revelation of Satya's real identity, Payal is still exposed and goes back to prison while Kritika brings Mahi and Karanveer (Satya) back to the Khurannas.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Along the way, they meet and take in a weirdo who turns out to be an exact copy of an old family acquaintance. It is in fact Kareena, Shabnam's daughter. She also comes back to take revenge for her mother knowing that she took her model just like Karanveer took her father's.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: Several attempts by Kareena would later involve the return of a more loving Payal. When Mahi is expecting twins, everyone will be happy. Payal, who has made herself accepted in the family, tries to keep Kareena away from Mahi. At the end of the show, Kareena will be hit by a car after yet another attempt while Mahi, Satya and the entire Khuranna family welcome the newborns to the maternity ward.


title: Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

text: In June 2017 the series was remade in Bengali as "Jamai Raja", and was aired on Zee Bangla, and a Spin-off titled Jamai 2.0 debuted on ZEE5 with cast members Ravi Dubey, Nia Sharma, and Achint Kaur reprising their roles. Ravi Dubey, Nia Sharma and Achint Kaur are shooting for Jamai 2.0 Season 2.


title: Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (season 2)

text: The second season of the American television series "" follows Captain Christopher Pike and the crew of the USS "Enterprise" in the 23rd century as they explore new worlds and carry out missions throughout the galaxy during the decade before "". The season is produced by CBS Studios in association with Secret Hideout, Weed Road Pictures, H M R X Productions, and Roddenberry Entertainment, with Akiva Goldsman and Henry Alonso Myers serving as showrunners.


text: Anson Mount, Ethan Peck, and Rebecca Romijn respectively star as Pike, Spock, and Number One, along with Jess Bush, Christina Chong, Celia Rose Gooding, Melissa Navia, and Babs Olusanmokun. A second season of "Strange New Worlds" was confirmed in January 2022, and filming took place at CBS Stages Canada in Mississauga, Ontario, from February to July 2022. Many of the regular actors and several guest stars portray younger versions of characters from "The Original Series" in the season, which also has a crossover with "".


text: The season is expected to premiere on the streaming service Paramount+ in 2023, and run for 10 episodes.


text: Frequent "Star Trek" director Jonathan Frakes also directed for the season, as did Valerie Weiss. Frakes's episode is a crossover with the animated series "". Onitra Johnson co-wrote the eighth episode.


text: After beginning development on "", a spin-off from "", executive producer Alex Kurtzman said he wanted it to be an ongoing series rather than a miniseries, and said it could explore the seven years between "Discovery" and the accident that seriously injures Christopher Pike in "". In November 2021, a second season of "Strange New Worlds" was reported to be starting production in February 2022. Frequent "Star Trek" director Jonathan Frakes confirmed the season order a month later, before Paramount+ officially announced it in January 2022.


text: Because they began work on the second season before the was released, showrunners Henry Alonso Myers and Akiva Goldsman did not know how the series would be received but chose to commit to its structure of standalone episodes with season-long character arcs. Myers said the season would "go for broke" in differentiating its episodes with unique genres. Goldsman said it would have some genres and "creative stretches" that had not been seen in the "Star Trek" franchise before, explaining that he felt the series needed to take "big swings" despite potential fan criticisms and the second season would do this even more than the first.


text: Myers said the second season would follow-up on the "serialized threads" left by the first season, including the arrest of Number One, the death of Hemmer, and La'an Noonien-Singh taking a leave of absence from the USS "Enterprise". Elaborating on Number One's arrest after she was revealed to be a genetically altered Illyrian in the first season, Myers said he and Goldsman did not know how they would resolve that story when they added it as a cliffhanger in the first-season finale, but the writers came up with a "straight-down-the-middle classic "Trek" episode" idea to address the issue in the second season that made Myers glad to have added the cliffhanger.


text: In December 2021, Kurtzman said there was potential for the different "Star Trek" series he was producing to crossover, as long as there was a story reason to justify this. The season was announced to have a crossover episode with the animated series "" in July 2022. Myers explained that series' writer David Reed also worked on the series "The Boys", which stars "Lower Decks" voice actor Jack Quaid. Reed and Quaid had discussed the potential of their "Star Trek" series crossing over, and Reed suggested the idea to the "Strange New Worlds" writers. They moved forward with the idea after Kurtzman also suggested it independently. "Lower Decks" showrunner Mike McMahan, who did uncredited writing for the first-season episode "Spock Amok", was "heavily involved" in the crossover episode. He worked on the episode's dialogue to make it "feel more "Lower Decks"".


text: Anson Mount, Ethan Peck, and Rebecca Romijn star in the series as Captain Christopher Pike, science officer Spock, and first officer Una Chin-Riley / Number One, respectively. Also starring are Jess Bush as nurse Christine Chapel, Christina Chong as chief security officer La'an Noonien-Singh, Celia Rose Gooding as cadet Nyota Uhura, Melissa Navia as helmsman Erica Ortegas, and Babs Olusanmokun as Dr. Joseph M'Benga.


text: In March 2022, Paul Wesley was revealed to have been cast in the season as James T. Kirk, the "Enterprise" captain from "The Original Series" who was first played by William Shatner. Wesley's casting was announced before the premiere of the first season after he was spotted filming on location in Toronto. Myers cautioned fans about making assumptions regarding Kirk's involvement in the series, stating that the character was a guest who would not yet replace Pike as captain and who could be introduced in "a lot of different ways" due to "Strange New Worlds" being a science fiction series. He added that they did not want to "leave a story on the table" and decided to explore a young Kirk in this time period after already exploring characters such as Spock, Uhura, and Chapel who appear alongside Kirk in "The Original Series". Wesley was cast after a conversation with Myers and Goldsman, who had already held "a bunch of auditions" for the role. They hired him to play a younger version of the character in the second season, but the actor made a surprise first appearance as Kirk during the first-season finale where he played an alternate version from a potential future that Pike visits. Wesley did not want to imitate Shatner, but he said his portrayal of a younger Kirk in the second season would be closer to Shatner's than the alternate version from the first season. The second season explores the relationship between James Kirk and his brother George Samuel "Sam" Kirk, played by returning guest star Dan Jeannotte.


text: With the announcement of the "Lower Decks" crossover in July 2022, Tawny Newsome and Jack Quaid were revealed to be reprising their roles as Beckett Mariner and Brad Boimler from that series. After the death of chief engineer Hemmer in the first season, Myers said the second season would introduce a new engineer who would not be Montgomery Scott (the future chief engineer of the "Enterprise" as portrayed by James Doohan in "The Original Series"). Though Scott had a brief role in the first-season finale as part of the potential future that Pike visits, Myers explained that they were not ready to bring the character into the series' main events or cast a new actor in the role which is why that finale cameo was offscreen with a voice actor providing the lines. In September 2022, Carol Kane was revealed to have a recurring role in the second season as the new engineer, Pelia.


text: The virtual technology used to display digital backgrounds on an LED video wall during filming for the series required additional design work during pre-production. Visual effects company Pixomondo worked alongside the series' art department to design the environments that needed to be displayed, and a dedicated "virtual art department" was created for the second season. In addition to the sets that production designer Jonathan Lee and his team built for the first season, the second season also features sets for the "Enterprise" port galley, science lab, nacelle room, and shuttle bay. Lee described the port galley, which is the ship's lounge and bar, as "our new baby" and explained that they built it for the kinds of scenes that were filmed in the mess hall during season one. This was because the mess hall set, which used virtual production technology, was "difficult to schedule" and required space environments to be created for the video wall for each scene whereas the port galley has no windows.


text: Filming began on February 1, 2022, at CBS Stages Canada in Mississauga, Ontario, under the working title "Lily and Isaac". Producing director Chris Fisher directed the first episode of the season. By March 14, Row had begun directing the third episode of the season, while Eduardo Sánchez directed the fourth. Jonathan Frakes travelled to Toronto during the week of April 4 to direct an episode for the season, after he was prevented from working on the first season by changes to his directing schedule on "" caused by the pandemic. Frakes directed the "Lower Decks" crossover episode, working around scheduling conflicts for Quaid with "The Boys" and Newsome with the series "Space Force". Filming for the sixth episode, which was directed by Dan Liu, began by the week of April 11. Work on the episode was still underway at the end of the month. Valerie Weiss also directed for the season. Production for the second season wrapped on July 1.


text: McMahan was involved in the animated portions of the "Lower Decks" crossover episode, which used the same animation team and style as "Lower Decks"; independent animation studio Titmouse provides the animation for that series, using a style that reflects the look of "prime time animated comedy" series such as "The Simpsons". McMahan also directed the voice actors for the episode.


text: Composer Nami Melumad began work on the season's score by late July 2022, and was recording it with a 55-piece orchestra (up from the 37-piece orchestra used for the first season). Melumad also introduced a choir for the season.


text: The series was discussed during the "Star Trek" Universe panel at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2022, when the crossover with "Star Trek: Lower Decks" was announced. Kane's casting was announced at another panel for the series at a ""Star Trek" Day" event on September 8 where a clip from the season was released.


text: The season is expected to premiere on the streaming service Paramount+ in the United States, Latin America, Australia, and the Nordics in 2023, and run for 10 episodes. It is released in Canada by Bell Media (broadcast on CTV Sci-Fi Channel before streaming on Crave), in New Zealand on TVNZ, and in India on Voot. It will be released in other countries and territories as Paramount+ becomes available there.


title: Amsterdam metropolitan area

text: The Amsterdam metropolitan area () is the city region around the city of Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. It lies in the Noordvleugel (English: "North Wing") of the larger polycentric Randstad metropolitan area and encompasses the city of Amsterdam, the provinces of North Holland and Flevoland, as well as 36 further municipalities within the two provinces, with a total population of over 2.5 million inhabitants.


title: Amsterdam metropolitan area

text: The administrative responsibility for the Amsterdam metropolitan area lies with the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area Central Administration (BKG).


title: Dunnock

text: The dunnock (Prunella modularis) is a small passerine, or perching bird, found throughout temperate Europe and into Asian Russia. Dunnocks have also been successfully introduced into New Zealand. It is by far the most widespread member of the accentor family; most other accentors are limited to mountain habitats. Other common names of the dunnock include: hedge accentor, hedge sparrow or hedge warbler.