title: Shaukat Aziz

text: Speaking at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations conference in 2008, Aziz maintains his views that the Financial crisis occurred due to financial mismanagement, lack of understanding the macroeconomics principles and fragmented regulatory regimes in the world. In an interview with CNN, Aziz remains pessimistic about Pakistan's approach to Free Trade Agreement with the United States in 2012 based on his judgment of the current relations with the United States and economic challenges faced by the country.


title: Left-Green Movement

text: The Left-Green Movement (), officially the Left Movement – Green Candidature and also known by its short-form name Vinstri græn (VG), is an eco-socialist political party in Iceland.


title: Left-Green Movement

text: The Left-Green Movement is the third largest party in the Althing, with 8 members of 63 in total after the 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election. It is also the leading party in a three-party coalition government that has governed since the 2017 Icelandic parliamentary election. The party chair is Katrín Jakobsdóttir, a member of Parliament and the 28th prime minister of Iceland since 30 November 2017. The vice chairperson is Guðmundur Ingi Guðbrandsson while the secretary-general of the party is Björg Eva Erlendsdóttir.


title: Left-Green Movement

text: The party was founded in 1999 by members of Althing who did not approve of the merger of left-wing political parties in Iceland which resulted in the formation of the Social Democratic Alliance.


title: Left-Green Movement

text: In the 1999 Icelandic parliamentary election, the Left-Green Movement took 9.1% of the vote and six seats in the Althing. The party had five members in the 63-seat Icelandic parliament after the 2003 Icelandic parliamentary election, where it polled 8.8% of the vote. After the 2007 Icelandic parliamentary election, the party had 9 seats in parliament, having received 14.3% of the vote.


title: Left-Green Movement

text: After the 2009 Icelandic parliamentary election, the Left-Green Movement joined the first cabinet of Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir as the minor partner to the centre-left Social Democratic Alliance after the previous coalition government of the Alliance and the centre-right Independence Party collapsed. In the 2009 Icelandic parliamentary election, it rose from 9 seats to 14, becoming Iceland's third-largest party (close behind the Independence Party) with 21.7% of the vote, the second largest outcome of a left-wing party in Iceland after the post-communist People's Alliance in 1978, when it got 22.9% of the vote. The party gained one seat in addition, when a non-party parliamentarian joined the party. Later, three members of the parliamentary group have left the party. One joined the Nordic agrarian Progressive Party and two others became non-partisans. After the 2013 Icelandic parliamentary election, the party was in the opposition and had 7 seats in the parliament. In the 2016 Icelandic parliamentary election, the party polled 15.9% of the vote and 10 seats in the Althing, becoming the second largest party, tied with the Pirates, after the Independence Party. However, after the collapse of the coalition government and snap parliamentary elections in 2017, the party increased its seats in parliament to 11 and became the second-largest party, forming a three-party coalition with the Independence Party and Progressive Party, and party chair Katrín Jakobsdóttir became the prime minister. The party lost a single seat in the 2021 parliamentary elections, but stayed in government. After the 2021 parliamentary election, the new government was, just like the previous government, a tri-party coalition of the Independence Party, the Progressive Party and the Left-Green Movement, headed by Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir.


title: Left-Green Movement

text: The Left-Green Movement focuses on democratic socialist values, feminism, and environmentalism, as well as increased democracy and direct involvement of the people in the administration of the country. The party opposes Iceland's involvement in NATO, and also the American invasion and occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan. The party rejects membership of the European Union, and supports the Palestinian cause in the Middle East. It supports the mutual adaptation and integration of immigrants into Icelandic society as necessary.


title: Rick Zumwalt

text: Richard Lee Zumwalt Jr. (September 24, 1951 – March 19, 2003) was an American professional arm-wrestler and actor. He is known for playing the character of Bob "Bull" Hurley in the 1987 Sylvester Stallone movie "Over the Top".


title: Rick Zumwalt

text: In addition to his role in "Over the Top", Zumwalt appeared in several other films. In 1988, he had a small but memorable role fighting Sean Connery in a bar in "The Presidio". In 1992, he played a tattooed strongman, one of the Penguin's henchmen, in "Batman Returns".


title: Rick Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt also appeared on TV. He co-starred as "Judge Mental" on the kids' gameshow "Pictionary" and also had a supporting role in a 1990 episode of "Night Court".


title: Rick Zumwalt

text: In the mid-1990s, Zumwalt began appearing as a strongman in the popular theatrical production Cirque du Soleil.


title: Rick Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt became an alcoholic in his early thirties. Ten years later, he became an active member in a clean and sober fellowship and spent a great deal of time and effort serving others suffering from substance abuse.


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: Poecilotheria metallica, also known as the peacock tarantula, is an Old World species of tarantula. It is the only blue species of the genus "Poecilotheria". Like others in its genus it exhibits an intricate fractal-like pattern on the abdomen. The species' natural habitat is deciduous forest in Andhra Pradesh, in central southern India. It has been classified as Critically endangered by the IUCN.


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: "Poecilotheria metallica" has similar intricate geometric body coloration as other "Poecilotheria" species, but it is the only species in the genus to be covered in blue hair. While it is young, "P. metallica" is less chromatic, the coloring turns to blue as it matures. This blue is much less significant in the mature males. Males also have more slender bodies, and their legs are longer. The definitive trait of a mature male are the revelation of emboli at the end of their pedipalps following their "mature molt." Females can be determined through molt confirmations before maturity. When full size, the leg span of "P. metallica" is .


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: "Poecilotheria metallica" is found only in a small area of less than , a reserve forest that is nonetheless highly disturbed. Surveys of adjacent forest have failed to observe this species. The type specimen was discovered in a railway timber yard in Gooty about 100 km southwest of its known range, but it is believed to have been transported there by train.


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: "Poecilotheria metallica's" behavior parallels that of many arboreal spiders. In the wild, "P. metallica" lives in holes of tall trees where it makes asymmetric funnel webs. The primary prey consists of various flying insects. Spiders of this genus may live communally when territory, i.e. the number of holes per tree, is limited. The species is skittish and will try to flee first, and will also flee when light shines upon it, as it is a photosensitive species. Under provocation, however, members of the species may bite.


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: Females typically live for 11 to 12 years, or, in rare instances, for up to 15 years. Males live for 3 to 4 years.


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: There has never been a recorded human death from its bite. However, "P. metallica's" bite is considered medically significant, with venom that may cause intense pain, judging from the experience of keepers bitten by other spiders in the genus. The vast majority are "dry bites," where no venom is injected into the handler. The mechanical effects of the bite can still be worrisome, as an adult's fangs can reach nearly 3/4 of an inch in length. "P. metallica" can move rapidly and may defend itself when cornered. Venom may produce a heart-rate increase followed by sweating, headache, stinging, cramping, or swelling. Effects can last for up to a week. However in extreme bites from the genus "Poecilotheria", effects may still be felt months later.


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: As with other tarantulas with blue hair, the vivid colors of "P. metallica" are produced by quasi-periodic perforated multilayer nanostructures. Structural colours are usually highly iridescent, changing color when viewed from different angles. Some species of blue tarantulas have hairs with a "special flower-like" structure which may reduce iridescence. Given that many tarantulas express nearly a full suite of opsins found in other colourful spiders with colour vision, blue colors could potentially function in mate-choice or contests for mates.


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: "P. metallica" is also known as the Gooty sapphire ornamental tree spider, Gooty sapphire, and Gooty tarantula. Other common names are metallic tarantula, peacock parachute spider, or peacock tarantula.


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: "P. metallica" has been bred in captivity for ten years and is popular with tarantula enthusiasts. It sometimes priced above $500 in the United States, but as a spiderling is typically between $100 and $200. As with most tarantulas, the spider's sex can influence price - females generally being more expensive because of their longer life. Members of the species are hardy, relatively fast-growing spiders that are generally fed crickets, but may also eat moths, grasshoppers and cockroaches. "P. metallica" measures between in legspan when fully grown. In captivity, humid environments with temperatures between and a humidity level of 75 to 85% are preferred.


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: This is a very fast, sometimes defensive tarantula that has the potential for medically significant venom.


title: Poecilotheria metallica

text: "P. metallica" is classified as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) due to its occurrence in a single, small area in which habitat is rapidly degrading due to logging and firewood harvesting. Another threat identified by IUCN assessors is specimen collection for the pet trade. Population size is unknown, but the combination of its small natural range and the habitat threats indicate a declining population trend.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: In economics, economic equilibrium is a situation in which economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the (equilibrium) values of economic variables will not change. For example, in the standard text perfect competition, equilibrium occurs at the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: Market equilibrium in this case is a condition where a market price is established through competition such that the amount of goods or services sought by buyers is equal to the amount of goods or services produced by sellers. This price is often called the competitive price or market clearing price and will tend not to change unless demand or supply changes, and quantity is called the "competitive quantity" or market clearing quantity. But the concept of "equilibrium" in economics also applies to imperfectly competitive markets, where it takes the form of a Nash equilibrium.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: An economic equilibrium is a situation when the economic agent cannot change the situation by adopting any strategy. To fully grasp the concept of economic equilibrium, it must be highlighted that it has been borrowed from the physical sciences. Take a system where physical forces are balanced for instance.This economically interpreted means no further change ensues.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: In a competitive equilibrium, supply equals demand. Property P1 is satisfied, because at the equilibrium price the amount supplied is equal to the amount demanded. Property P2 is also satisfied. Demand is chosen to maximize utility given the market price: no one on the demand side has any incentive to demand more or less at the prevailing price. Likewise supply is determined by firms maximizing their profits at the market price: no firm will want to supply any more or less at the equilibrium price. Hence, agents on neither the demand side nor the supply side will have any incentive to alter their actions.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: To see whether Property P3 is satisfied, consider what happens when the price is above the equilibrium. In this case there is an excess supply, with the quantity supplied exceeding that demanded. This will tend to put downward pressure on the price to make it return to equilibrium. Likewise where the price is below the equilibrium point there is a shortage in supply leading to an increase in prices back to equilibrium. Not all equilibria are "stable" in the sense of equilibrium property P3. It is possible to have competitive equilibria that are unstable. However, if an equilibrium is unstable, it raises the question of reaching it. Even if it satisfies properties P1 and P2, the absence of P3 means that the market can only be in the unstable equilibrium if it starts off there.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: In most simple microeconomic stories of supply and demand a static equilibrium is observed in a market; however, economic equilibrium can be also dynamic. Equilibrium may also be economy-wide or general, as opposed to the partial equilibrium of a single market. Equilibrium can change if there is a change in demand or supply conditions. For example, an increase in supply will disrupt the equilibrium, leading to lower prices. Eventually, a new equilibrium will be attained in most markets. Then, there will be no change in price or the amount of output bought and sold — until there is an exogenous shift in supply or demand (such as changes in technology or tastes). That is, there are no endogenous forces leading to the price or the quantity.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: In a monopoly, marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). The equilibrium quantity is obtained from where MR and MC intersect and the equilibrium price can be found on the demand curve where MR = MC. Property P1 is not satisfied because the amount demand and the amount supplied at the equilibrium price are not equal. Property P2 is not satisfied. Because the monopolist's profit-maximizing quantity is different from the socially-maximizing quantity, consumer's have an incentive to demand more at the equilibrium price. However, at the market price, monopolists maximize their profits so they have no incentive to change their price. Therefore, agents on the demand side have an incentive to alter their actions while the agents on the supply side do not have any incentive to alter their actions.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: In order to determine if Property P3 is satisfied, the same situations used to determine P3 in a competitive equilibrium can be used. When there is an excess in supply, monopolists will realize that the equilibrium is not at the profit-maximizing quantity and will put upward pressure on the price to make it return to equilibrium. This is the same case when the price is above the equilibrium and the shortage in supply leads the monopolist to decrease the supply to return to the profit-maximizing quantity. Therefore the equilibrium is the result of stability.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: The Nash equilibrium is widely used in economics as the main alternative to competitive equilibrium. It is used whenever there is a strategic element to the behavior of agents and the "price taking" assumption of competitive equilibrium is inappropriate. The first use of the Nash equilibrium was in the Cournot duopoly as developed by Antoine Augustin Cournot in his 1838 book. Both firms produce a homogenous product: given the total amount supplied by the two firms, the (single) industry price is determined using the demand curve. This determines the revenues of each firm (the industry price times the quantity supplied by the firm). The profit of each firm is then this revenue minus the cost of producing the output. Clearly, there is a "strategic interdependence" between the two firms. If one firm varies its output, this will in turn affect the market price and so the revenue and profits of the other firm. We can define the payoff function which gives the profit of each firm as a function of the two outputs chosen by the firms. Cournot assumed that each firm chooses its own output to maximize its profits given the output of the other firm. The Nash equilibrium occurs when both firms are producing the outputs which maximize their own profit given the output of the other firm.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: In terms of the equilibrium properties, we can see that P2 is satisfied: in a Nash equilibrium, neither firm has an incentive to deviate from the Nash equilibrium given the output of the other firm. P1 is satisfied since the payoff function ensures that the market price is consistent with the outputs supplied and that each firms profits equal revenue minus cost at this output.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: Is the equilibrium stable as required by P3? Cournot himself argued that it was stable using the stability concept implied by best response dynamics. The reaction function for each firm gives the output which maximizes profits (best response) in terms of output for a firm in terms of a given output of the other firm. In the standard Cournot model this is downward sloping: if the other firm produces a higher output, the best response involves producing less. Best response dynamics involves firms starting from some arbitrary position and then adjusting output to their best-response to the previous output of the other firm. So long as the reaction functions have a slope of less than -1, this will converge to the Nash equilibrium. However, this stability story is open to much criticism. As Dixon argues: ""The crucial weakness is that, at each step, the firms behave myopically: they choose their output to maximize their current profits given the output of the other firm, but ignore the fact that the process specifies that the other firm will adjust its output"...". There are other concepts of stability that have been put forward for the Nash equilibrium, evolutionary stability for example.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: A fictional auctioneer calls out prices. Consumers and firms report honestly their demands and supplies.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: When Net Demand = [Demand - Supply] is zero, the auctioneer's job is done. The prices are market clearing prices.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: Consumers a and b survive by consuming coconuts that fall from the palm trees, x, and crayfish, y, trapped in the lagoon. This yields 1 basketful per day of each commodity.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: The marginal rates of rates of substitution in Power σ economy are MRS(a)=(Ax(a)/y(a)) and MRS(b)=(Bx(b)/y(b))


title: Economic equilibrium

text: The marginal rates of substitution are the same for an efficient allocation. So (Ax(a)/y(a)) = (Bx(b)/y(b)).


title: Economic equilibrium

text: Therefore, for all Powers the condition for efficiency is Ax(a)/y(a) and MRS(b)=Bx(b)/y(b). This yields the first big result.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: If an allocation is (in)-efficient in any power economy, then it is (in)-efficient in all power economies


title: Economic equilibrium

text: A consumer's choice is an allocation for which the consumer's marginal willingness to trade is equal to the price ratio.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: The marginal rates of substitution must be the same. Therefore, p =(Ax(a)/y(a) =(Bx(b)/y(b)). IT follows that


title: Economic equilibrium

text: Key observation: The two market clearing equations are two equations for the three variables, x, y and σ"." Therefore, any one of the variables can be eliminated.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: Mutliplying the two demand price equations. The efficient allocations are on a level set of the following rectangular hyperbola


title: Economic equilibrium

text: If consumer a is allocated everything, this is efficient allocation. Any reallocation makes consumer a worse off. Therefore K=-AB.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: Most economists, for example Paul Samuelson, caution against attaching a normative meaning (value judgement) to the equilibrium price. For example, food markets may be in equilibrium at the same time that people are starving (because they cannot afford to pay the high equilibrium price). Indeed, this occurred during the Great Famine in Ireland in 1845–52, where food was exported though people were starving, due to the greater profits in selling to the English – the equilibrium price of the Irish-British market for potatoes was above the price that Irish farmers could afford, and thus (among other reasons) they starved.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: In most interpretations, classical economists such as Adam Smith maintained that the free market would tend towards economic equilibrium through the price mechanism. That is, any excess supply (market surplus or glut) would lead to "price cuts", which decrease the quantity supplied (by reducing the incentive to produce and sell the product) and increase the quantity demanded (by offering consumers bargains), automatically abolishing the glut. Similarly, in an unfettered market, any excess demand (or shortage) would lead to "price increases", reducing the quantity demanded (as customers are priced out of the market) and increasing in the quantity supplied (as the incentive to produce and sell a product rises). As before, the disequilibrium (here, the shortage) disappears. This automatic abolition of


title: Economic equilibrium

text: non-market-clearing situations distinguishes markets from central planning schemes, which often have a difficult time getting prices right and suffer from persistent shortages of goods and services.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: This view came under attack from at least two viewpoints. Modern mainstream economics points to cases where equilibrium does not correspond to market clearing (but instead to unemployment), as with the efficiency wage hypothesis in labor economics. In some ways parallel is the phenomenon of credit rationing, in which banks hold interest rates low to create an excess demand for loans, so they can pick and choose whom to lend to. Further, economic equilibrium can correspond with monopoly, where the monopolistic firm maintains an artificial shortage to prop up prices and to maximize profits. Finally, Keynesian macroeconomics points to underemployment equilibrium, where a surplus of labor (i.e., cyclical unemployment) co-exists for a long time with a shortage of aggregate demand.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: To find the equilibrium price, one must either plot the supply and demand curves, or solve for the expressions for supply and demand being equal.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: In the diagram, depicting simple set of supply and demand curves, the quantity demanded and supplied at price P are equal.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: At any price above P supply exceeds demand, while at a price below P the quantity demanded exceeds that supplied. In other words, prices where demand and supply are out of balance are termed points of disequilibrium, creating shortages and oversupply. Changes in the conditions of demand or supply will shift the demand or supply curves. This will cause changes in the equilibrium price and quantity in the market.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: When there is a shortage in the market we see that, to correct this disequilibrium, the price of the good will be increased back to a price of $5.00, thus lessening the quantity demanded and increasing the quantity supplied thus that the market is in balance.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: When there is an oversupply of a good, such as when price is above $6.00, then we see that producers will decrease the price to increase the quantity demanded for the good, thus eliminating the excess and taking the market back to equilibrium.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: A change in equilibrium price may occur through a change in either the supply or demand schedules. For instance, starting from the above supply-demand configuration, an increased level of disposable income may produce a new demand schedule, such as the following:


title: Economic equilibrium

text: Here we see that an increase in disposable income would increase the quantity demanded of the good by 2,000 units at each price. This increase in demand would have the effect of shifting the demand curve rightward. The result is a change in the price at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. In this case we see that the two now equal each other at an increased price of $6.00. Note that a decrease in disposable income would have the exact opposite effect on the market equilibrium.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: We will also see similar behaviour in price when there is a change in the supply schedule, occurring through technological changes, or through changes in business costs. An increase in technological usage or know-how or a decrease in costs would have the effect of increasing the quantity supplied at each price, thus reducing the equilibrium price. On the other hand, a decrease in technology or increase in business costs will decrease the quantity supplied at each price, thus increasing equilibrium price.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: The process of comparing two static equilibria to each other, as in the above example, is known as comparative statics. For example, since a rise in consumers' income leads to a higher price (and a decline in consumers' income leads to a fall in the price — in each case the two things change in the same direction), we say that the comparative static effect of consumer income on the price is positive. This is another way of saying that the total derivative of price with respect to consumer income is greater than zero.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: Whereas in a static equilibrium all quantities have unchanging values, in a dynamic equilibrium various quantities may all be growing at the same rate, leaving their ratios unchanging. For example, in the neoclassical growth model, the working population is growing at a rate which is exogenous (determined outside the model, by non-economic forces). In dynamic equilibrium, output and the physical capital stock also grow at that same rate, with output per worker and the capital stock per worker unchanging. Similarly, in models of inflation a dynamic equilibrium would involve the price level, the nominal money supply, nominal wage rates, and all other nominal values growing at a single common rate, while all real values are unchanging, as is the inflation rate.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: The process of comparing two dynamic equilibria to each other is known as comparative dynamics. For example, in the neoclassical growth model, starting from one dynamic equilibrium based in part on one particular saving rate, a permanent increase in the saving rate leads to a new dynamic equilibrium in which there are permanently higher capital per worker and productivity per worker, but an unchanged growth rate of output; so it is said that in this model the comparative dynamic effect of the saving rate on capital per worker is positive but the comparative dynamic effect of the saving rate on the output growth rate is zero.


title: Economic equilibrium

text: Disequilibrium characterizes a market that is not in equilibrium. Disequilibrium can occur extremely briefly or over an extended period of time. Typically in financial markets it either never occurs or only momentarily occurs, because trading takes place continuously and the prices of financial assets can adjust instantaneously with each trade to equilibrate supply and demand. At the other extreme, many economists view labor markets as being in a state of disequilibrium—specifically one of excess supply—over extended periods of time. Goods markets are somewhere in between: prices of some goods, while sluggish in adjusting due to menu costs, long-term contracts, and other impediments, do not stay at disequilibrium levels indefinitely.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) is a subfield of machine learning that combines reinforcement learning (RL) and deep learning. RL considers the problem of a computational agent learning to make decisions by trial and error. Deep RL incorporates deep learning into the solution, allowing agents to make decisions from unstructured input data without manual engineering of the state space. Deep RL algorithms are able to take in very large inputs (e.g. every pixel rendered to the screen in a video game) and decide what actions to perform to optimize an objective (e.g. maximizing the game score). Deep reinforcement learning has been used for a diverse set of applications including but not limited to robotics, video games, natural language processing, computer vision, education, transportation, finance and healthcare.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Deep learning is a form of machine learning that utilizes a neural network to transform a set of inputs into a set of outputs via an artificial neural network. Deep learning methods, often using supervised learning with labeled datasets, have been shown to solve tasks that involve handling complex, high-dimensional raw input data such as images, with less manual feature engineering than prior methods, enabling significant progress in several fields including computer vision and natural language processing.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Reinforcement learning is a process in which an agent learns to make decisions through trial and error. This problem is often modeled mathematically as a Markov decision process (MDP), where an agent at every timestep is in a state formula_1, takes action formula_2, receives a scalar reward and transitions to the next state formula_3 according to environment dynamics formula_4. The agent attempts to learn a policy formula_5, or map from observations to actions, in order to maximize its returns (expected sum of rewards). In reinforcement learning (as opposed to optimal control) the algorithm only has access to the dynamics formula_4 through sampling.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: In many practical decision-making problems, the states formula_1 of the MDP are high-dimensional (eg. images from a camera or the raw sensor stream from a robot) and cannot be solved by traditional RL algorithms. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms incorporate deep learning to solve such Maps a, often representing the policy formula_5 or other learned functions as a neural network, and developing specialized algorithms that perform well in this setting.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Along with rising interest in neural networks beginning in the mid 1980s, interest grew in deep reinforcement learning, where a neural network is used in reinforcement learning to represent policies or value functions. Because in such a system, the entire decision making process from sensors to motors in a robot or agent involves a single neural network, it is also sometimes called end-to-end reinforcement learning. One of the first successful applications of reinforcement learning with neural networks was TD-Gammon, a computer program developed in 1992 for playing backgammon. Four inputs were used for the number of pieces of a given color at a given location on the board, totaling 198 input signals. With zero knowledge built in, the network learned to play the game at an intermediate level by self-play and TD(formula_9).


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Seminal textbooks by Sutton and Barto on reinforcement learning, Bertsekas and Tsitiklis on neuro-dynamic programming, and others advanced knowledge and interest in the field.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Katsunari Shibata's group showed that various functions emerge in this framework, including image recognition, color constancy, sensor motion (active recognition), hand-eye coordination and hand reaching movement, explanation of brain activities, knowledge transfer, memory, selective attention, prediction, and exploration.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Starting around 2012, the so called Deep learning revolution led to an increased interest in using deep neural networks as function approximators across a variety of domains. This led to a renewed interest in researchers using deep neural networks to learn the policy, value, and/or Q functions present in existing reinforcement learning algorithms.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Beginning around 2013, DeepMind showed impressive learning results using deep RL to play Atari video games. The computer player a neural network trained using a deep RL algorithm, a deep version of Q-learning they termed deep Q-networks (DQN), with the game score as the reward. They used a deep convolutional neural network to process 4 frames RGB pixels (84x84) as inputs. All 49 games were learned using the same network architecture and with minimal prior knowledge, outperforming competing methods on almost all the games and performing at a level comparable or superior to a professional human game tester.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Deep reinforcement learning reached another milestone in 2015 when AlphaGo, a computer program trained with deep RL to play Go, became the first computer Go program to beat a human professional Go player without handicap on a full-sized 19×19 board.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: In a subsequent project in 2017, AlphaZero improved performance on Go while also demonstrating they could use the same algorithm to learn to play chess and shogi at a level competitive or superior to existing computer programs for those games, and again improved in 2019 with MuZero. Separately, another milestone was achieved by researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in 2019 developing Pluribus, a computer program to play poker that was the first to beat professionals at multiplayer games of no-limit Texas hold 'em. OpenAI Five, a program for playing five-on-five Dota 2 beat the previous world champions in a demonstration match in 2019.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Deep reinforcement learning has also been applied to many domains beyond games. In robotics, it has been used to let robots perform simple household tasks and solve a Rubik's cube with a robot hand. Deep RL has also found sustainability applications, used to reduce energy consumption at data centers. Deep RL for autonomous driving is an active area of research in academia and industry. Loon explored deep RL for autonomously navigating their high-altitude balloons.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Various techniques exist to train policies to solve tasks with deep reinforcement learning algorithms, each having their own benefits. At the highest level, there is a distinction between model-based and model-free reinforcement learning, which refers to whether the algorithm attempts to learn a forward model of the environment dynamics.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: In model-based deep reinforcement learning algorithms, a forward model of the environment dynamics is estimated, usually by supervised learning using a neural network. Then, actions are obtained by using model predictive control using the learned model. Since the true environment dynamics will usually diverge from the learned dynamics, the agent re-plans often when carrying out actions in the environment. The actions selected may be optimized using Monte Carlo methods such as the cross-entropy method, or a combination of model-learning with model-free methods.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: In model-free deep reinforcement learning algorithms, a policy formula_5 is learned without explicitly modeling the forward dynamics. A policy can be optimized to maximize returns by directly estimating the policy gradient but suffers from high variance, making it impractical for use with function approximation in deep RL. Subsequent algorithms have been developed for more stable learning and widely applied. Another class of model-free deep reinforcement learning algorithms rely on dynamic programming, inspired by temporal difference learning and Q-learning. In discrete action spaces, these algorithms usually learn a neural network Q-function formula_11 that estimates the future returns taking action formula_2 from state formula_1. In continuous spaces, these algorithms often learn both a value estimate and a policy.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: An RL agent must balance the exploration/exploitation tradeoff: the problem of deciding whether to pursue actions that are already known to yield high rewards or explore other actions in order to discover higher rewards. RL agents usually collect data with some type of stochastic policy, such as a Boltzmann distribution in discrete action spaces or a Gaussian distribution in continuous action spaces, inducing basic exploration behavior. The idea behind novelty-based, or curiosity-driven, exploration is giving the agent a motive to explore unknown outcomes in order to find the best solutions. This is done by "modify[ing] the loss function (or even the network architecture) by adding terms to incentivize exploration". An agent may also be aided in exploration by utilizing demonstrations of successful trajectories, or reward-shaping, giving an agent intermediate rewards that are customized to fit the task it is attempting to complete.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: An important distinction in RL is the difference between on-policy algorithms that require evaluating or improving the policy that collects data, and off-policy algorithms that can learn a policy from data generated by an arbitrary policy. Generally, value-function based methods such as Q-learning are better suited for off-policy learning and have better sample-efficiency - the amount of data required to learn a task is reduced because data is re-used for learning. At the extreme, offline (or "batch") RL considers learning a policy from a fixed dataset without additional interaction with the environment.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Inverse RL refers to inferring the reward function of an agent given the agent's behavior. Inverse reinforcement learning can be used for learning from demonstrations (or apprenticeship learning) by inferring the demonstrator's reward and then optimizing a policy to maximize returns with RL. Deep learning approaches have been used for various forms of imitation learning and inverse RL.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Another active area of research is in learning goal-conditioned policies, also called contextual or universal policies formula_14 that take in an additional goal formula_15 as input to communicate a desired aim to the agent. Hindsight experience replay is a method for goal-conditioned RL that involves storing and learning from previous failed attempts to complete a task. While a failed attempt may not have reached the intended goal, it can serve as a lesson for how achieve the unintended result through hindsight relabeling.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: Many applications of reinforcement learning do not involve just a single agent, but rather a collection of agents that learn together and co-adapt. These agents may be competitive, as in many games, or cooperative as in many real-world multi-agent systems. Multi-agent reinforcement learning studies the problems introduced in this setting.


title: Deep reinforcement learning

text: The promise of using deep learning tools in reinforcement learning is generalization: the ability to operate correctly on previously unseen inputs. For instance, neural networks trained for image recognition can recognize that a picture contains a bird even it has never seen that particular image or even that particular bird. Since deep RL allows raw data (e.g. pixels) as input, there is a reduced need to predefine the environment, allowing the model to be generalized to multiple applications. With this layer of abstraction, deep reinforcement learning algorithms can be designed in a way that allows them to be general and the same model can be used for different tasks. One method of increasing the ability of policies trained with deep RL policies to generalize is to incorporate representation learning.


title: DINK

text: "DINK" is an acronym that stands for "double income, no kids" or "dual income, no kids". It describes a couple without children living together while both partners are receiving an income; because both of their wages are coming into the same household, they are free to live more comfortably than couples who live together and spend their money on raising their children. The term was coined at the height of yuppie culture in the 1980s. The Great Recession solidified this social trend, as more couples waited longer to have children or chose not to have children at all.


title: DINK

text: "DINKY" means "double income, no kids yet", implying that the couple in question is childless only temporarily and intends to have children later, rather than eschewing having children entirely. The British radio sitcom "Double Income, No Kids Yet" bore this name.


title: DINK

text: "GINK" means "green inclinations, no kids", referring to those who choose not to have children for environmental reasons.


title: DINK

text: Some marketers have proposed "yappie" ("young affluent parent", adapted from "yuppie") as a term to describe similar couples who do have children.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: Chester Cheetah is a fictional character and the official mascot for Frito-Lay's Cheetos brand snacks as well as Chester's Snacks which consists of flavored fries, popcorn and puffcorn.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: Cheetos' original mascot was the Cheetos Mouse, who debuted in 1971 and disappeared around 1979. In 1985, Chester Cheetah was created by Brad Morgan, who art directed the commercials and designed the character, and Stephen Kane who wrote the original scripts for television commercials. The original 24-frame animation was done by Richard Williams. After Chester's introduction, the sly, smooth voiced cheetah began starring in more commercials and eventually became Cheetos' official mascot. He used the slogans "It's not easy being cheesy" and "The cheese that goes crunch!" from 1985 to 1997", until it became "Dangerously cheesy!" from 1997 onward.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: From the mid-1980s to early 2000s, television adverts often featured Chester's desperate attempts to eat other people's Cheetos. The self-described "hip kitty" would often speak in rhyme and sneak up on an unsuspecting stranger at a beach or public park. The result would always involve cartoon violence in the vein of "Looney Tunes", such as Chester riding a motorcycle off a bridge, getting thrown to the top of a coliseum, or plunging miles through the air to unwittingly grab a hang-gliding bodacious babe, only to cast her aside in favor of Cheetos. These spots were first directed by Keith Van Allen and later by "Cow and Chicken" creator David Feiss.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: In 1992, Chester's own television program called "Yo! It's the Chester Cheetah Show!" was under development for the Fox Kids Saturday morning fall lineup. However, an ethics debate erupted over Chester's status as an advertising character, and likely due to the protests of Action for Children's Television, the show was prevented from airing. Their petition marked the first time that the organization protested something before it actually became a program. In 2019 a petition appeared on change.org for someone to make the series happen sometime for Nickelodeon.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: Chester's character underwent slight revamping in 1997. With the introduction of the "Dangerously cheesy!" slogan and Pete Stacker replacing Joel Murray as his voice actor. Chester began appearing in live-action/animated hybrid advertisements where he entered the real world. During this time, the ads began portraying him in a less antagonistic manner; he went from being bumbling to suave and cool, and he actually managed to eat Cheetos unlike in the older commercials.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: In the United States in 2003, Chester was rendered as a computer generated character, but he continued to appear in his old animation style in other countries.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: One particular commercial series in 2006 had Chester defeating rival Chef Pierre in a baking contest to create Baked Cheetos. This led to an advertising campaign titled "Chester Goes Undercover", in which Pierre, disguised in silhouette, steals the Baked Cheetos recipe, and Chester gives chase by finding clues that lead him to Pierre's minions: Twisty McGee, Flamin' Hot Fiona, and The Cruncher. Upon confrontation with Chef Pierre, Chester signaled his agents to appear and apprehend Pierre and his minions, recovering the stolen recipe. These commercials were linked to an interactive online campaign.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: By 2008, Cheetos took aim at an adult demographic with a series of ads featuring the mascot in promotion of OrangeUnderground.com. In this incarnation, Chester (originally a puppet) is computer generated, but now with photorealistic textures/detail; he speaks with a mid-Atlantic accent and encourages people to use their Cheetos in acts of revenge or to solve problems (e.g. plug the nostrils of a snoring man or dirty the cubicle of a ), sometimes referring to himself as "Papa Chester". In this incarnation, Chester is voiced by Adam Leadbeater.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: According to an article in "The New York Times", DDB Needham Worldwide was responsible for the creation of Chester. However, an episode of "Unwrapped" claims that the mascot was created by Hawley Pratt, the same man behind the Pink Panther.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: Chester starred in two video games produced by Kaneko for the Sega Genesis and Super NES: "Chester Cheetah: Too Cool to Fool" in 1992 and "Chester Cheetah: Wild Wild Quest" in 1993.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: 2 Angry Birds Facebook games were released in 2012 & 2013 titled Angry Birds Cheetos and Angry Birds Cheetos 2. The games are very similar to other titles in the Angry Birds series except a new Cheetos bag power up is added in both games. The first game adds a regular Cheetos bag that acts like the Blue bird and will split into multiple Cheetos & the sequel adds a flaming hot Cheetos bag that acts like the Bomb bird and will explode on impact


title: Chester Cheetah

text: A promotional plush doll was produced, featuring dark sunglasses and lace-up shoes. It was 18" tall. A 10" doll is still available today.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: "Chester Cheetah: Too Cool to Fool" is a 1992 video game that starred Cheetos mascot Chester Cheetah, only released in North America.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: The game is composed of simple side-scrolling platform levels. On each level there is a hidden "scooter" part. In game, Chester can dash and stun enemies by jumping on their heads.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: The instruction manual contains a popular Engrish recognized by many gamers: "As is Chester Cheetah way, is one-person play." The Engrish spawned due to bad translations and an attempt to rhyme in anapestic tetrameter like Dr. Seuss. No actual mention of the Cheetos snack food is made in the game, but Chester's health points are represented as Cheetos Paws.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: Chester Cheetah: Wild Wild Quest is a 1993 video game by Kaneko for the Super NES and Sega Genesis. The game stars Cheetos mascot Chester Cheetah and is the sequel to "Chester Cheetah: Too Cool to Fool".


title: Chester Cheetah

text: The player dies in one hit unless they have a cheese puff on hand. Collecting 100 paws per level results in a new continue, and there are three difficulty levels. Some stages involve controlling vehicles, like a car or a motorcycle.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: After breaking out of a zoo, Chester Cheetah is going to Hip City when Mean Eugene tears up his map into 10 pieces and scatters it across the United States. Chester Cheetah must then travel across America to recover the map. Chester visits fictional cities in states such as Nebraska, California, Florida, Arkansas, and Alaska.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: Both the Genesis and SNES versions of the game received mixed reviews. "Electronic Gaming Monthly" reviewed both the versions. They gave the SNES version a score of 28 out of 50, and the Genesis version 24 out of 40. The reviewers praised the graphics and animations but cited poor control as a negative.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: "Nintendo Power" reviewed the SNES version and stated it had stiff controls, low challenge, but had good audio and graphics. They gave it an average score of 3.3/5.


title: Chester Cheetah

text: "GamePro" magazine called it "High on the list of unnecessary sequels" and said "like the cheese puffs themselves, Chester might sound like a tempting idea, but you'll get no nourishment and you'll soon be hungry again".


title: Chester Cheetah

text: Chester Cheetah made a cameo appearance in the background of the redeemable version of the song "You Make Me Feel..." featured on the "Just Dance 4" video game. The track could be unlocked with a code found in a Cheetos bag, having exclusive traits on its background like a throne, and Chester Cheetah appearing sometimes on the back pillars and dancing along with the coach. Since the offer expired, the map it became available as a downloadable track for all consoles in all regions, however, without the special characteristics, equivalent to following games said map is featured in, such as "Just Dance Now" and "Just Dance Unlimited". Along with the redeemable version, a commercial was released to promote it.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Patrick Space Force Base is a United States Space Force installation located between Satellite Beach and Cocoa Beach, in Brevard County, Florida, United States. It was named in honor of Major General Mason Patrick, USAAC. It is home to Space Launch Delta 45 (SLD 45), known as the 45th Space Wing (45 SW) when it was part of the Air Force. In addition to its "host wing" responsibilities at Patrick SFB, the 45 SW controls and operates Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) and the Eastern Range. It was originally opened and operated from 1940 to 1947 as Naval Air Station Banana River, a U.S. Navy airfield. It was then deactivated as a naval installation in 1947 and placed in caretaker status until it was transferred to the Air Force in late 1948.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Additional tenant activities at Patrick SFB include the 920th Rescue Wing, the Air Force Technical Applications Center and the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI). Total employment is 10,400. There are 13,099 military, dependents, civilian employees and contractors on base.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The base is a census-designated place (CDP) and had a resident population of 1,222 at the 2010 census.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The facility was due to be renamed Patrick Space Force Base in February or March 2020, but this was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The facility was finally renamed by Vice President Mike Pence on 9 December 2020.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Authorized by the Naval Expansion Act of 1938, Naval Air Station Banana River was commissioned on 1 October 1940 as a subordinate base of the Naval Air Operational Training Command at Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida. The Navy bought of scrub land south of Cocoa Beach.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: With the advent of war with Japan and Germany in December 1941, the Navy began anti-submarine patrols along the Florida coast using PBY Catalina and PBM Mariner seaplanes based at this facility. PBMs returned to training duty in March 1942 when replaced on patrol by OS2U Kingfisher seaplanes. Landing strips were constructed in 1943, thereby allowing for concurrent operation of shore based aircraft. Officers of the Free French Naval Air Service also trained in PBMs at NAS Banana River at this time. Various military related activities took place at NAS Banana River, including maritime patrol aviation operations against German U-Boats, air search and rescue operations, patrol bomber bombardier training, seaplane pilot training, and communications research. Other activities included a blimp squadron detachment, an Aviation Navigation Training School, and an experimental training unit termed Project Baker, a confidential program that developed and tested instrument landing equipment. NAS Banana River hosted a major aircraft repair and maintenance facility. Later in the war, a small detachment of German POWs from Camp Blanding worked at NAS Banana River on cleanup details. At its peak, the base complement included 278 aircraft, 587 civilian employees, and over 2800 officers and enlisted personnel.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Three months after the end of World War II, on 5 December 1945, NAS Banana River had an ancillary role in the search for Flight 19, five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers which had departed Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale, Florida on a routine over-water training mission. When the flight failed to return to home station, a search and rescue operation was undertaken by multiple air and naval units. After sunset on 5 December, two PBM Mariner seaplanes from NAS Banana River, originally scheduled for their own training flights were diverted to perform square pattern searches in the area west of 29°N 79°W/29, -79. One of these aircraft, a PBM-5, Bureau Number (BuNo) 59225, took off at 19:27 Eastern Time from NAS Banana River, called in a routine radio message at 19:30 Eastern Time, and was never heard from again.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: At 19:50 Eastern Time, the tanker SS "Gaines Mills" reported seeing a mid-air explosion, then flames leaping 100 feet (30 m) high and burning on the sea for 10 minutes. The position was 28°35′N 80°15′W / 28.59, −80.25. Captain Shonna Stanley of the SS "Gaines Mills" reported searching for survivors through a pool of oil, but found none. The escort carrier USS "Solomons" reported losing radar contact with an aircraft at the same position and time. No wreckage of PBM-5 BuNo 59225 was ever found.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: During investigation by a board of inquiry regarding the entire Flight 19 incident, attention was given to the loss of the NAS Banana River-based PBM. Several witnesses from both NAS Banana River and other PBM Mariner operating locations were questioned concerning occurrences of aviation gasoline (AvGas) fumes collecting in the bilges of PBM series aircraft and associated no smoking regulations, which were reportedly well posted and rigidly enforced aboard all PBMs. Although the board's report is not a verbatim record and no accusations were made, there seems to be enough inference present to cause one to suspect that the board was aware of the PBM's nickname as "the flying gas tank." As such, it is possible that the PBM-5 was destroyed by an explosion resulting from either (a) violation of the no smoking regulations in the aircraft or (b) a stray electrical spark in the lower aircraft hull that may have ignited AvGas fumes in the bilges.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The Navy buried its solid waste southeast of the base, on private land, from 1942 to 1947. The dump was estimated at up to , of which may be eligible for a federal government funding cleanup. Discarded material probably included munitions and practice bombs.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Contractors bought the land, naming it "South Patrick Shores". They constructed housing on it from 1956 to 1961. Homeowners had no mandatory solid waste removal until 1982.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Residents reported health complaints starting in about the 1990s, and again in 2018. Responding to these complaints, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers investigated the site to determine whether a cleanup was necessary.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: NAS Banana River closed in September 1947 after a gradual deactivation and was placed in a caretaker status. In September 1948 the facility was transferred to the U.S. Air Force. Several of NAS Banana River's original structures, including runway segments, certain hangars, support buildings, seaplane parking areas and seaplane ramps into the Banana River remain part of modern-day Patrick Space Force Base.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: NAS Banana River was transferred to the United States Air Force on 1 September 1948 and renamed the Joint Long Range Proving Ground on 10 June 1949. The installation was renamed Patrick Air Force Base in August 1950.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: From 1966 to 1975, the Space Coast was the second most visited spot by VIPs, after Washington, DC, a result of the Space Program. A protocol officer was assigned to Patrick to coordinate these visits, about 3 weekly consisting of 10 to 150 people.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Five of the victims of the Khobar Towers bombing in 1996 were home stationed at Patrick AFB as part of the 71st Rescue Squadron (71 RQS). The 71 RQS subsequently relocated to Moody AFB, Georgia in 1997.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The 9/11 attacks prompted the Air Force to close the heavily used four-lane State Road A1A, which ran immediately in front of the AFTAC Headquarters building. A1A was later reopened to two-lane traffic with car inspections, followed by two-lane traffic without inspections until a barrier was constructed in front of the building and the building reinforced with steel and concrete with the windows sealed.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: In 2010, the Air Force announced its intention to replace the existing AFTAC building front State Road A1A with a new facility that would cost in the range from $100 to $200 million. At the time of this announcement, this constituted the largest single military construction (MILCON) project in the United States for the Air Force. Completed in 2014, the new facility is a multistory command and control building with a radiochemistry laboratory, central utility plant and a 600 space parking garage located approximately west of the original AFTAC headquarters building.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: US Navy Boeing E-6 Mercury aircraft, part of Operation Looking Glass, were sometimes seen at Patrick AFB during the 2010–11 time frame and were often mistaken by onlookers for the previously retired VC-137 Presidential aircraft (i.e. Air Force One), which looks similar.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: On 17 May 1950, the base was renamed the "Long Range Proving Ground Base" but three months later was renamed "Patrick Air Force Base", in honor of Major General Mason Patrick.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: On 3 May 1951, the Long Range Proving Ground Division was assigned to the newly created Air Research and Development Command (ARDC). The next month the division was redesignated the Air Force Missile Test Center (AFMTC).


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Cost comparison studies done in the early 1950s pointed out the desirability of letting contractors operate the station. The first range contract was signed with Pan American World Services on 31 December 1953. The Air Force Missile Test Center began transferring property and equipment to Pan American World Services at the end of that year. Pan American operated under contract to the Air Force for the next 34 years (until early October 1988). In 1988, the old range contract was divided into the Range Technical Services (RTS) and the Launch Base Services (LBS) contracts. The RTS contract was awarded to Computer Sciences Raytheon (CSR) in June 1988, and the LBS contract was awarded to Pan American World Services (later known as Johnson Controls) in August 1988.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The Eastern Range supported a variety of missile and both crewed and uncrewed space programs in the 1960s, making it a regular focus of media attention. In the 1960s, a test range office at Patrick AFB with a missile backdrop was used to film scenes for the TV sitcom "I Dream of Jeannie", which was set in nearby Cocoa Beach (no cast was present). But by the mid-1970s, the demise of the Apollo space program and the end of land-based ballistic missile development at nearby Cape Canaveral Air Force Station signaled a downturn in fortunes, and on 1 February 1977, the "Air Force Eastern Test Range" organization was inactivated and its functions transferred to Detachment 1 of the Space and Missile Test Center (SAMTEC) until the activation of the Eastern Space and Missile Center in 1979 on 1 October 1979. In 1990, ESMC was transferred from the inactivating Air Force Systems Command (AFSC) to the newly established Air Force Space Command (AFSPC). On 12 November 1991 ESMC was inactivated and the 45th Space Wing (45 SW) assumed its remaining functions.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: In 1961, Patrick AFB began hosting a joint Federal Aviation Administration/Air Defense Command (later Aerospace Defense Command) joint-use radar site featuring an AN/FPS-66 general surveillance radar set for air defense of the Patrick AFB/Cape Canaveral area. Designated site "Z-211" (FAA J-05), the 645th Radar Squadron was reactivated on 28 June 1962 to operate the radar, feeding data to Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Data Center DC-09 at Gunter AFB, Alabama.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Aerospace Defense Command (ADC) operated the radar until 25 April 1976 when it was replaced by a detachment of the 20th Air Defense Squadron (OLA-A). The USAF radar was removed around 1988. After its closure by the Air Force, the facility was turned over to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The former ADC site was replaced by a new site near Melbourne, Florida, as part of the Joint Surveillance System (JSS), designated by NORAD as Southeast Air Defense Sector (SEADS) Ground Equipment Facility "J-5", with a new ARSR-4 radar.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (9 SRW) of the Strategic Air Command established Operating Location OLYMPIC FLAME (OL-OF), a new Lockheed U-2 aircraft operating location at Patrick AFB, Florida, on 29 January 1982. OL-OF was subsequently redesignated as 9 SRW, Detachment 5 on 1 January 1983 and concentrated on reconnaissance operations (to include MIDAS and HICAT) over Central America and the Caribbean basin, replacing an operational capability that had previously been resident at nearby McCoy AFB until that installation's closure in 1975. Detachment 5 was inactivated at Patrick AFB in 1992.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The host wing for Patrick SFB is the Space Launch Delta 45, whose personnel manage all launches of uncrewed rockets at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) 12 miles to the north. These rockets include satellites for the Department of Defense, including the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and the National Security Agency (NSA), as well as scientific payload launches in support of NASA, weather satellite launches in support of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, payloads in support of international customers such as the European Space Agency, and commercial payloads for various corporate communications entities. Units and individuals from the 45th Space Wing-now-SLD 45 have deployed abroad during wartime, most notably during the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) is a tenant command headquartered at Patrick SFB. Previously an activity of the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency (AFISRA), AFTAC became a subordinate unit of Twenty-Fifth Air Force (25 AF) and now the Sixteenth Air Force (Air Forces Cyber), both of Air Combat Command (ACC). AFTAC is the sole Department of Defense agency operating and maintaining a global network of nuclear event detection sensors.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The 920th Rescue Wing (920 RQW), part of Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), is another tenant command headquartered at Patrick SFB and is the installation's only military flying unit. An Air Combat Command (ACC)-gained combat search and rescue (CSAR) organization, the 920 RQW is the only rescue wing in the Air Force Reserve, operating the HC-130P/N "King" variant of the C-130 Hercules and HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter, ready for worldwide deployment. In addition to its CSAR mission, the wing also participates in civilian rescue operations, ranging from rescue support for NASA crewed spaceflight operations, to augmentative support to U.S. Coast Guard search and rescue (SAR) operations, to Defense Support to Civil Authorities (DSCA) in the wake of major disasters. Most notable is the 920th's role in crewed spaceflight support to NASA, providing Eastern Range monitoring and having provided search and rescue support for Space Shuttle launches originating from Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Additional operations have included searching the Caribbean for downed aircraft, as well as retrieving critically ill sailors and passengers from ships hundreds of miles out in the Atlantic, often at night and/or in bad weather. Because the USAF HH-60 can refuel in flight from the USAF HC-130, MC-130, or USMC KC-130, it possesses a much greater range and mission radius versus similar military helicopters lacking such capability. The 920 RQW is a full participant in the Air Force's Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force (AEF) operating concept. Under this concept, the bulk of the wing deployed to Iraq in 2003 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Subsequent AEF deployments have included Djibouti and Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The U.S. State Department's Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Air Wing helps foreign countries combat drugs and narcotics criminals. The Bureau operates a fleet of aircraft, primarily former USAF and USMC OV-10 and former USAF C-27 aircraft at Patrick SFB to help detect and interdict the drug trade in Bolivia, Colombia, Peru and Afghanistan.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Patrick, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The base has the Space Coast Inn for visiting personnel, dormitories for permanent party single enlisted personnel, quarters for families in three separate housing areas, recreational housing on the beach, beach access, combined officers and enlisted clubs, Commissary, a large AAFES base exchange (BX), library and numerous Morale, Welfare and Recreation (MWR) facilities.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Facilities are used by 4,000 military men and women, 11,500 civilian workers, contractors and dependents, 43,000 military retirees, and 82,000 members of retirees families.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: There are several chapels including Chapel One, Chapel Two, South Chapel at the South Housing area, and Seaside Chapel (Building 440). There is a "45th Space Wing Chapel" which travels with the Wing when it is deployed. The Catholic Group is called "St. George Parish" and meets in Chapel One or Two. While the buildings are owned by the Space Force, the Catholic Parish is under the spiritual direction of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: In 2009, base housing was privatized and in addition to active duty personnel and their families, also became available for lease by members of the Reserve and Guard, military retirees, Department of Defense civil service employees and DOD contractors.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: In 2010–2012, the medical clinic underwent a major remodel project. It was estimated to cost $18.5 million.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: In 2020, the Satellite Pharmacy and Dental Clinic were remodeled to bring current with today's standard of care under DHA (Defense Health Administration), the construction of a new medical clinic was started. It was expected to cost $18.5 million.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: Patrick Space Force Base lies on a barrier island, and is primarily accessed from the mainland by the Pineda Causeway (State Road 404) in Satellite Beach, or State Road A1A which runs the entire length of Patrick SFB.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The base obtains potable water from the city of Cocoa. A single potable water line from Cocoa runs under the Sykes Creek Bridge at Sea Ray Drive.


title: Patrick Space Force Base

text: The "Missileer" was published by the base weekly until 28 September 2012. It was discontinued due to defense budget cutbacks as a result of sequestration. A local paper, "Florida Today", publishes "The Shark Pride" weekly, as a replacement for the former publication.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Thomas Campbell Clark (September 23, 1899June 13, 1977) was an American lawyer who served as the 59th United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 and as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1949 to 1967.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, and graduated from the University of Texas School of Law after serving in World War I. He practiced law in Dallas until 1937, when he accepted a position in the U.S. Department of Justice. After Harry S. Truman became President of the United States in 1945, he chose Clark as his Attorney General. In 1949, Truman successfully nominated Clark to fill the U.S. Supreme Court vacancy caused by the death of Associate Justice Frank Murphy, making Clark the first and, as of 2021, the only Supreme Court Justice from the state of Texas. Clark remained on the Court until his retirement to allow his son, Ramsey Clark, to assume the position of Attorney General. Clark was succeeded by the first African-American Supreme Court Justice, Thurgood Marshall, in October 1967.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark served on the Vinson Court and the Warren Court. He voted with the Court's majority in several cases concerning racial segregation, including the landmark case of "Brown v. Board of Education". He wrote the majority opinion in landmark "Mapp v. Ohio", which ruled that the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. He also wrote the majority opinion in "Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States", which upheld the public accommodations provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the majority opinions in "Garner v. Board of Public Works", "Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson", and "Abington School District v. Schempp".


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on September 23, 1899, the son of Virginia Maxey (née Falls) and William Henry Clark. His parents had moved from Mississippi to Texas; his lawyer father became the youngest man ever elected president of the Texas Bar Association to that time. Young Tom attended the local public schools, including Dallas High School, where he received honors for debate and oratory. He also became an Eagle Scout. He then attended the Virginia Military Institute for a year but returned home for financial reasons. In 1918, Clark volunteered to serve in World War I with the U.S. Army, but he did not weigh enough. However, the Texas National Guard accepted him, and he served as an infantryman and advanced to Sergeant.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: After the war ended, Clark enrolled at the University of Texas at Austin and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1921. He remained there and attended the University of Texas School of Law, receiving a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1922. He was a brother of Delta Tau Delta fraternity and later served as their international president from 1966 to 1968.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Upon admission to the Texas bar, Clark set up a law practice in his home town from 1922 to 1937. He left private practice to serve as the civil district attorney of Dallas from 1927 to 1932. He then resumed his private practice for four years.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark, a Democrat, joined the Justice Department in 1937 as a special assistant to the U.S. attorney general, working in the war risk litigation section. He later moved to the antitrust division, then run by legendary trust-buster Thurman Arnold, and in 1940 was sent to head up the department's West Coast antitrust office. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor the following year, Clark was named by Attorney General Francis Biddle as the Civilian Coordinator of the Alien Enemy Control Program. In this capacity, he worked with General John DeWitt, the head of West Coast military forces, and his future Supreme Court colleague Earl Warren, who was then attorney general of California, and other top federal and state officials in the lead up to the internment of Japanese Americans. The initial actions involved enforcement of policies to exclude Japanese Americans from areas designated by the military as prohibited, followed by evacuation from "critical zones and areas," and finally by forcible relocation to inland camps.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark had been reassigned to Washington in May 1942 and was not directly involved with the internment of Japanese Americans in concentration camps, although he later acknowledged that the government's relocation program was a mistake. In 1943, Clark was promoted to Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust, and subsequently became the head of the Justice Department's Criminal Division. Clark was also appointed to lead a new War Frauds unit created to investigate and prosecute corruption by government contractors. During this period, he worked closely with, and befriended Harry Truman, whose Truman Committee was investigating war frauds.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark assisted the successful prosecution of two German spies who came ashore from a German submarine in 1944 to the East Coast of the United States as part of Operation Elster ("Magpie"). One, William Colepaugh, was an American citizen, while the other, Erich Gimpel, was a native German. The prosecution took place before a military tribunal on Governor's Island in New York, only the third such military trial in the nation's history.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: One of President Truman's first changes in the cabinet that he inherited from Franklin Roosevelt was his appointment of Tom Clark as attorney general in 1945, a switch made in part because of the close personal and professional relationship shared by the two men. Media coverage of Clark's nomination was generally favorable and reflected the strength of Clark's legal and political skills. As a short article in "Life" Magazine stated, "He is a good prosecutor and good lawyer, but most of all he is a thorough politician.".


title: Tom C. Clark

text: As attorney general, Clark initially continued to focus a good deal of the department's energy on prosecuting war fraud crimes, as well as aggressively taking on potential antitrust violations. Clark and the White House also challenged John Lewis, the head of the United Mine Workers union, who was threatening a national strike. Acting on Truman's orders to enforce a law prohibiting strikes against government-run facilities, Clark's legal battle with Lewis culminated in a Supreme Court case, which he argued successfully, and the Court upheld contempt citations against the union leader.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Early in his tenure as attorney general, Clark initiated a campaign against juvenile delinquency that emphasized the importance of rehabilitation and education. He implemented procedural changes in federal courts and supported parole for first-time juvenile offenders. He convened a national conference at the White House on the topic and created a National Commission on Juvenile Delinquency, selecting a young and inexperienced, but well connected Eunice Kennedy to head it.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark played an important role in support of Truman's pioneering efforts in civil rights, helping to bring the power of the federal government behind civil rights enforcement. In response to Truman's anger and disgust over the Ku Klux Klan's violent post-war attacks on returning black servicemen, Clark began to strengthen the federal government's response, using increased investigations and, in some cases, an unprecedented filing of federal charges. Clark also initiated an aggressive and groundbreaking legal strategy of filing "amicus" (friend of the court) legal briefs in federal civil rights cases, which signaled a new and more engaged role for the federal government. The most important of the briefs he filed was in "Shelley v. Kraemer" (1948), helping to convince the Court to strike down racial covenants in housing contracts restricting the sale of property to blacks. Clark also helped guide the creation of a presidentially established committee on civil rights. The committee released an influential report, "To Secure These Rights," which provided 35 recommendations, including ending segregation, eliminating poll taxes, enacting a law to protect voting rights, and creating a civil rights division at the Department of Justice. The report had a significant and lasting influence on civil rights providing, as Tom Clark later said, "a blueprint of most everything that's been done in the area of civil rights since that time."


title: Tom C. Clark

text: During his years as attorney general, which coincided with the early years of the Cold War, Clark was responsible for developing and implementing a number of the Truman administration's aggressive anti-communist policies, including a central feature of Executive Order 9835 concerning the loyalty of federal employees, the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations. This and other policies Clark promoted were often criticized by civil libertarians. However, at least some of Clark's efforts were initiated to deflect congressional criticism of the Truman administration, particularly by the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). Important early anti-Communist cases during his tenure include the Smith Act, Coplon, and Hiss-Chambers cases.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark's anti-communist efforts also emphasized the promotion of the values of democracy and American citizenship. He created the Freedom Train, a specially built and privately financed train with railcars designed as a museum and housing more than 100 original documents in US history, including the Bill of Rights, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the Mayflower Compact. The train visited more than 300 cities across the country on its patriotic and educational mission, and during its year of travel was viewed by millions.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: After playing an active role in reelecting Truman in 1948, Clark made clear to the White House that he was planning to return to Texas and the practice of law. Following the sudden death of Supreme court associate justice Frank Murphy, however, Truman nominated Clark to fill the vacancy, partly to bolster the majority of Chief Justice Fred Vinson, a former cabinet colleague and friend of Clark who, since his appointment three years earlier, had failed to unify the Court. Numerous attacks from across the political spectrum were leveled at the nomination, including charges of "cronyism," a lack of judicial experience, and objections based in part on his work at the center of Truman's anti-communist agenda and, specifically, the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations. Former Roosevelt cabinet members Henry Wallace and Harold Ickes also leveled broadsides for personal and ideological reasons.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Ickes said about the nomination, "President Truman has not 'elevated' Tom C. Clark to the Supreme Court, he has degraded the Court." "The New York Times" called Clark "a personal and political friend [of Truman's] with no judicial experience and few demonstrated qualifications."


title: Tom C. Clark

text: The Clark confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee took place in August 1949. Clark declined to testify in person, stating that he "didn't think that a person who had been nominated to the Supreme Court should testify, [since] it jeopardized his future effectiveness on the Court, [and] that he would invariably testify to something that would plague him." Nonetheless, on August 12, the committee voted 9–2 to send the nomination to the full Senate with a favorable recommendation. Clark was confirmed by the Senate on August 18, 1949, by a vote of 73–8, and took the judicial oath of office on August 24, 1949.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: In the four years they served together on the Court, Clark voted with Vinson more than 85 percent of the time and helped provide him with a reliable majority. However, the Court as a whole remained fragmented. In 1953, Vinson died of a heart attack. For the remainder of his tenure on the Court, Clark served alongside Chief Justice Earl Warren, producing a mix of opinions that makes it difficult to characterize him as either conservative or liberal.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark backed decisions supporting government enforcement of laws designed to promote racial equality. To this end, he authored or played a critical supporting role in many of the Court's landmark decisions in this area. Several rulings by the Vinson Court, most notably "Sweatt v. Painter" and "McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents" (1950), which held that black graduate students must be allowed into "white" state universities and law schools because the separate black school could not provide an education of equal quality, helped lay the groundwork for holdings including "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954). Clark played a critical behind-the-scenes role in "Sweatt" and "McLaurin" that shaped the discussion and provided a workable solution on this issue, helping to "move the Court from considering equality only as a measurable mathematical construct … to what would become known as intangibles." Clark's role as one of two southern justices gave him additional impact in those cases, such as "Hernandez v. Texas" (1954), in which the Court ruled that excluding persons of Mexican ancestry from juries violated the Constitution. He also authored several important decisions on race in the 1960s during the height of the Civil Rights era, including "Anderson v. Martin" (1964), which held unconstitutional a Louisiana statute because it required the races of those running for office to be printed on a ballot, "Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority", which upheld the concept of state action to find that a private restaurant violated the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, and "Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States" and "Katzenbach v. McClung", which upheld the public accommodations provision of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark also faced many cases addressing the constitutionality of Cold War-era laws that required individuals to affirm that they were not members of particular groups or parties. In this area, Clark generally took a traditionally conservative position to support such requirements, consistent with his work as attorney general. During his first years on the Court, Clark recused himself from many of these cases because they had grown out of challenges to policies and laws Clark had helped initiate or implement. In those cases in which he did participate he generally was deferential to the government, and helped provide the Court with a majority affirming the constitutionality of many such laws. "Garner v. Board of Public Works" (1951) was a 5–4 decision he authored that upheld the right of a city to require its employees to file affidavits that they were not, nor had ever been, members of the Communist Party and to take loyalty oaths to that effect. "Past conduct may well relate to present fitness. Past loyalty may have a reasonable relationship to present and future trust," he wrote. But Clark also demonstrated a willingness to strike down such laws when they were excessive or overly broad in their application, specifically when they involved the question of whether an individual knew of the organization with which they were allegedly affiliated. Thus, in "Wieman v. Updegraff" (1952), Clark struck down a loyalty statute from Oklahoma that required all state employees to take an oath that they were not and had never been for the past five years members of any organization that had been on the attorney general's list of subversive organizations. "Membership may be innocent," Clark wrote.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Over the next decade, the shifting Court makeup and the evolution of public sentiment led the Court to find a number of these Cold War statutes unconstitutional. In many instances, Clark was the lone dissenter. Among the most memorable was his solo dissent in "Jencks v. United States", in which he labeled the Court's action a "big mistake," and suggested that allowing an individual charged with falsely swearing that he was not a member of the Communist Party to see reports made by two FBI witnesses against him, "afforded him a Roman holiday for rummaging through confidential information as well as vital national secrets." Clark's dissent sparked congressional legislation overriding the Court's decision and placing limits on the kinds of documents criminal defendants can request. Even as he would demonstrate more progressive views in other areas of the law, Clark continued to exhibit his belief in the government's power to prevent people with certain associations from holding certain jobs. Thus, as late as 1967, he dissented in "Keyishian v. Board of Regents", in which the Court struck down as unconstitutionally vague a law preventing a state university from hiring "subversives."


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark's background as a former prosecutor and attorney general also influenced his views in the area of criminal procedure and cases involving the rights of criminal defendants, often leading him to support the government's prosecutorial efforts, particularly during his early years on the bench. In "Crooker v. California" (1958), for instance, he wrote the Court's 5–4 opinion upholding a murder conviction of a man who was repeatedly refused legal counsel and had not been informed of his right to remain silent during fourteen hours between his arrest and confession because, in Clark's view, the police tactics were reasonable and the confession voluntary. Six years later, however, he joined with his more liberal brethren in the landmark decision "Gideon v. Wainwright" (1963) upholding the right to a fair trial and due process under the Sixth Amendment and holding that an individual defendant must have an attorney appointed for him if he cannot afford one. Clark dissented in "Miranda v. Arizona", the historic ruling in which the Court held that the Constitution ensures a "right to remain silent." Still, he later clarified that he agreed with the underlying idea of limits on custodial interrogation. Clark also authored the Court's landmark decision in "Mapp v. Ohio", which broadened the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on the prosecution's use of improperly seized evidence, known as the exclusionary rule, to include state prosecutions. Clark's law enforcement background led him to support this approach because he believed that having a district attorney and a federal prosecutor operating under the same system would ensure that police would be more disciplined and that it would lower the risk of evidence being disallowed. Clark demonstrated this progressive understanding right up through his final day on the bench, writing "Berger v. New York" (1967), an important Fourth Amendment decision in which the Court held unconstitutional a state statute allowing electronic eavesdropping. It was a holding that was quite distant from policies he had imposed as attorney general.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark also wrote the decision for the Warren Court in a major religion case involving the First Amendment's Establishment Clause and reinforcing the principle of separation of church and state. Clark's opinion in "Abington School District v. Schempp" (1963), holding that Bible reading exercises and mandated prayer in public schools violated the Constitution, offered the most basic and textual type of constitutional interpretation, "The Constitution says that the government shall take no part in the establishment of religion … No means no," he wrote.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark's work as a Supreme Court justice generally is viewed favorably by legal historians. As one scholar noted, he was "dedicated to the work of judging, not ideology.". A leading Supreme Court scholar called Clark "the most underrated Justice in recent Supreme Court history." During his career, Clark balanced an underlying judicial restraint with a more expansive, yet principled reading of the Constitution and he demonstrated a rare capacity for change and growth. Justice William O. Douglas, with whom Clark served for all of his time on the Court, commented that Clark had "the indispensable capacity to develop so that with the passage of time he grew in stature and expanded his dimensions." Ultimately, Clark came to more fully understand, as he wrote in 1970, that the Constitution "is a living instrument which also must be construed in a manner to meet the practical necessities of the present."


title: Tom C. Clark

text: In Merle Miller's book "Plain Speaking", based on interviews with President Truman, Miller attributes to Truman the statement that appointing Clark to the Court was his "biggest mistake" as President, adding, "He was no damn good as Attorney General, and on the Supreme Court . . . it doesn't seem possible, but he's been even worse." Allegedly asked by Miller to explain the comment, Miller quotes Truman as stating further: "The main thing is . . . well, it isn't so much that he's a bad man. It's just that he's such a dumb son of a bitch. He's about the dumbest man I think I've ever run across." Truman historians have challenged the accuracy and even the existence of a number of the quotes in the book, including the one about Clark. As one historian who listened to the original interview tapes noted, Miller "changed Truman's words in countless ways, sometimes thoughtfully adding his own opinions… Worst of all, Miller made up many dates in his book, inventing whole chapters." The purported comments also run counter to Truman and Clark's warm, personal relationship. No tape of the interview in which Truman and Miller discussed Clark is known to exist.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark assumed senior status, effectively retiring from the Supreme Court, on June 12, 1967. He did so to avoid a conflict of interest when his son, Ramsey Clark, was appointed Attorney General. He was the last serving Supreme Court Justice to have been appointed by President Truman. He was succeeded on the Court by Thurgood Marshall. Lyndon Johnson was said to have appointed Ramsey Clark as Attorney General precisely to force his father off the bench, leaving a vacancy so that Johnson could appoint Marshall as the first African-American Justice on the Supreme Court.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: After he retired, Clark toured the world as a goodwill ambassador. He then headed a commission of the American Bar Association (ABA) studying the lawyer disciplinary system. This Special Committee on Evaluation of Disciplinary Enforcement, which the ABA had agreed to form at its February 1967 midyear meeting, came to be called the Clark Commission. Its 200-page study, published in 1970, criticized the existing lawyer disciplinary system, which it found grossly understaffed and underfunded, and nonexistent in many states. It also criticized methods for selecting judges. After the Watergate scandal, many of the commission's reforms were adopted, including the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination and establishment of bar disciplinary authorities in each state. Clark sought to coordinate his committee's work with that of the "Wright Committee," which was revising the Rules of Professional Responsibility.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: The ABA unanimously approved the Clark Committee's report and created a Standing Committee on Professional Discipline in 1973. Furthermore, in 1977, the ABA created another commission to study lawyer discipline. That commission, nicknamed the "Kutak Commission" after Omaha, Nebraska attorney Robert J. Kutak, drafted the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which in 1983 after extended discussion and watering-down of the client perjury/organizational misconduct section, the ABA House of Delegates recommended succeed the Model Code of Professional Responsibility which the ABA (partly on the recommendation of Justice Lewis Powell) had proposed states adopt in 1969. The Kutak Commission found the Model Code had serious inadequacies. Many states failed to adopt or enforce the model provisions relating to attorneys disclosing client misconduct, which after the Enron scandal, led Congress to pass the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark also served as the first director of the Federal Judicial Center, and a visiting judge on several U.S. Courts of Appeals. He also served as Chair of the Board of Directors for the American Judicature Society, co-founded The National Judicial College, and chaired the Joint Committee on the More Effective Administration of Justice.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Clark died in his sleep in New York City on June 13, 1977, in his son's apartment. He was interred in Restland Memorial Park, Dallas, Texas.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: The University of Texas's School of Law in Austin maintains an extensive collection (524 linear feet) of Clark's papers, including his Supreme Court files. A smaller collection of Clark's papers, primarily relating to his years as Attorney General, is kept at the Harry S. Truman Library in Independence, Missouri.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: The law school named its student lounge after Clark. It awards a tuition subsidy for selected students in his honor.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Other buildings named after Justice Clark include Tom C. Clark Building in Austin, which houses some offices of the Texas Judiciary, and Tom C. Clark High School in San Antonio, Texas' Northside Independent School District. His former law clerks honored him by creating the Tom C. Clark award given to the outstanding Supreme Court Fellow each year. Recipients have included Professor Robert George (McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence, at Princeton University) and Professor Barbara A. Perry (Senior Fellow at the University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs and former Carter Glass Professor of Government at Sweet Briar College).


title: Tom C. Clark

text: Shortly before his death, Clark became the first recipient of the Distinguished Jurist Award at Mississippi State University. Clark also received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award. In 1975, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.


title: Tom C. Clark

text: The Moot Court Honor Board and Suffolk Journal of Trial & Appellate Advocacy of Suffolk University Law School in Boston, Massachusetts, named its prestigious moot court appellate competition after Justice Clark.


title: Just Dance 2018

text: Just Dance 2018 is a 2017 dance rhythm game developed and published by Ubisoft. It was unveiled on June 12, 2017, during its E3 press conference as the ninth main installment of the series, and was released in October 2017 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Wii, Wii U, and Nintendo Switch.


title: Just Dance 2018

text: This was the last "Just Dance" game released on the PlayStation 3 console, and by extension, the final PlayStation 3 video game to be published by Ubisoft. All online services for every year-titled "Just Dance" game prior to "Just Dance 2019" on seventh-generation consoles, as well as "Just Dance 2014" and "Just Dance 2015" on eighth-generation consoles, were discontinued on November 19, 2018.


title: Just Dance 2018

text: As with the previous installments of the franchise, players must mimic the on-screen dancer's choreography to a chosen song using either motion controllers or the game's associated "Just Dance Controller" app on a smartphone.


title: Just Dance 2018

text: While the Wii, PS3, and Xbox 360 versions of the game are based on "Just Dance 2015", the current-generation console versions' user interface was redesigned, which removed other additional modes except for the "World Dance Floor" to more focus on standard gameplay. In the "Just Dance" mode menu, players can activate Sweat by pressing a certain button on the controller. A new "Super" judgment was added between "Good" and "Perfect", as well as a "Megastar" rank, achievable at 12,000 points. The new "Dance Lab" mode features medleys of choreography representing different professions and animals, while a new "Kids Mode" was designed to provide a gameplay experience and choreography tailored towards younger players, with rainbow stars is the max rank, as akin to the "Superstar" rank in the main "Just Dance" mode.


title: Just Dance 2018

text: The "World Dance Floor" mode has a revamped Team Battle feature, which players are randomly assigned to either the Red Team or the Blue Team, as well as seasonal rankings.


title: Just Dance 2018

text: The Nintendo Switch version of the game features a new "Double Rumble" mode, which features routines based on different professions that leverage the "HD Rumble" functionality in the console's Joy-Con controllers to provide feedback.


title: Just Dance 2018

text: The Ubisoft Connect feature was removed in the PS3, and Xbox 360 versions of the game. Furthermore, the Community Remix and Mashup features were also removed.


title: Just Dance 2018

text: All online services for the Wii, PS3, and Xbox 360 versions of the game were discontinued on November 19, 2018.