title: White pride

text: Political and social scientists commonly argue that the idea of "white pride" is an attempt to provide a clean or more palatable public face for white supremacy or white separatism and that it is an appeal to a larger audience in hopes of inciting more widespread racial violence. According to Joseph T. Roy of the Southern Poverty Law Center, white supremacists often circulate material on the internet and elsewhere that "portrays the groups not as haters, but as simple white pride civic groups concerned with social ills". Philosopher David Ingram argues that "affirming 'black pride' is not equivalent to affirming 'white pride,' since the former—unlike the latter—is a defensive strategy aimed at rectifying a negative stereotype". By contrast, then, "affirmations of white pride—however thinly cloaked as affirmations of ethnic pride—serve to mask and perpetuate white privilege". In the same vein, Professor of Education at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Cris Mayo, characterizes white pride as "a politically distasteful goal, given that whiteness is not a personal or community identity, but has been a strategy to maintain inequities of privilege and power."


title: White pride

text: Political scientists Carol M. Swain and Russell Nieli, in their text on white nationalism, identify the idea of "white pride" as a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. They argue that over the course of the 1990s, "a new white pride, white protest, and white consciousness movement has developed in America". They identify three contributing factors: an immigrant influx during the 1980s and 1990s, resentment over affirmative action policies, and the growth of the Internet as a tool for the expression and mobilization of grievances. According to Janet E. Helms, founding director of Boston College's Institute for the Study and Promotion of Race and Culture, a white person "must become aware of his or her Whiteness, accept it as personally and socially significant ... Not in the sense of Klan members' 'white pride' but in the context of a commitment to a just society." Among people who strongly identify as white, research differentiates between a power cognizant group and a prideful group. The prideful group is more likely to devalue diversity and to show prejudice, while the power cognizant group is more likely to value diversity.


title: White pride

text: Sociologist Luigi Esposito of Barry University writes that "the emphasis on white pride or white identity resonates with supporters of the alt-right because racial tribalism is regarded as an antidote to the neoliberal emphasis on competitive individualism and self-serving behavior that presumably threatens the interests of whites."


title: White pride

text: The slogan "White Pride Worldwide" appears on the logo of Stormfront, a website owned and operated by Don Black, who was formerly a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. The North Georgia White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan describe themselves as "a patriotic, White Christian revival movement dedicated to preserving the maintenance of White Pride and the rights of the White Race". A 2002 study identified white pride as a motivation for racial hate crimes on a US college campus, while in a different study on internet racism, the slogan was identified as being part of an emerging transnationalist trend in white supremacist movements. The slogan was also documented to have been used in hate speech incidents at New York University, Vassar College, Temple University, the University of Oregon, and the University of Tennessee, and it was a slogan used in posters put up by a white supremacist organization at dozens of US colleges.


title: White pride

text: Certain Denver Nuggets jerseys were named "white pride" by Adidas and were listed as such on the team's website in 2016, after which internet outcry prompted the team to rename the jerseys. Similarly, a fitness room in River Falls, Wisconsin was renamed to avoid the racist connotations of it being referred to as the "White Pride Fitness Room". The slogan was chanted along with "White Power" by up to 100 neo-Nazis rallying in Manchester, United Kingdom in March 2015 and was the theme of a March 2016 event in Swansea and a March 2017 event in Edinburgh, all of which were organized by the National Front. In an exposé from "The Week", James Poulos warned that "Europe is on track to rediscover what looks to us like a highly unsettling form of white pride."


title: Space (punctuation)

text: In writing, a space () is a blank area that separates words, sentences, syllables (in syllabification) and other written or printed glyphs (characters). Conventions for spacing vary among languages, and in some languages the spacing rules are complex. Inter-word spaces ease the reader's task of identifying words, and avoid outright ambiguities such as "now here" vs. "nowhere". They also provide convenient guides for where a human or program may start new lines.


title: Space (punctuation)

text: Typesetting can use spaces of varying widths, just as it can use graphic characters of varying widths. Unlike graphic characters, typeset spaces are commonly stretched in order to align text. The typewriter, on the other hand, typically has only one width for all characters, including spaces. Following widespread acceptance of the typewriter, some typewriter conventions influenced typography and the design of printed works.


title: Space (punctuation)

text: Computer representation of text facilitates getting around mechanical and physical limitations such as character widths in at least two ways:


title: Space (punctuation)

text: Modern English uses a space to separate words, but not all languages follow this practice. Spaces were not used to separate words in Latin until roughly 600–800 AD. Ancient Hebrew and Arabic did use spaces partly to compensate in clarity for the lack of vowels. The earliest Greek script also used interpuncts to divide words rather than spacing, although this practice was soon displaced by the .


title: Space (punctuation)

text: Word spacing was later used by Irish and Anglo-Saxon scribes, beginning after the creation of the Carolingian minuscule by Alcuin of York and the scribes' adoption of it. The modern space originated here and then spread to the rest of the world. Indeed, the actions of these Irish and Anglo-Saxon scribes marked the dramatic shift for reading between antiquity and the modern period. Spacing would become standard in Renaissance Italy and France, and then Byzantium by the end of the 16th century; then entering into the Slavic languages in Cyrillic in the 17th century, and only in modern times entering modern Sanskrit.


title: Space (punctuation)

text: CJK languages do not use spaces when dealing with text containing mostly Chinese characters and kana. In Japanese, spaces may occasionally be used to separate people's family names from given names, to denote omitted particles (especially the topic particle "wa"), and for certain literary or artistic effects. Modern Korean, however, has spaces as an essential part of its writing system (because of Western influence), given the phonetic nature of the hangul script that requires word dividers to avoid ambiguity, as opposed to Chinese characters which are mostly very distinguishable from each other. In Korean, spaces are used to separate chunks of nouns, nouns and particles, adjectives, and verbs; for certain compounds or phrases, spaces may be used or not, for example the phrase for "Republic of Korea" is usually spelled without spaces as rather than with a space as .


title: Space (punctuation)

text: Runic texts use either an interpunct-like or a colon-like punctuation mark to separate words. There are two Unicode characters dedicated for this: and .


title: Space (punctuation)

text: Languages with a Latin-derived alphabet have used various methods of sentence spacing since the advent of movable type in the 15th century.


title: Space (punctuation)

text: There has been some controversy regarding the proper amount of sentence spacing in typeset material. The "Elements of Typographic Style" states that only a single word space is required for sentence spacing. Psychological studies suggest "readers benefit from having two spaces after periods."


title: Space (punctuation)

text: The International System of Units (SI) prescribes inserting a space between a number and a unit of measurement (the space being regarded as an implied multiplication sign) but never between a prefix and a base unit; a space (or a multiplication dot) should also be used between units in compound units.


title: Space (punctuation)

text: The only exception to this rule is the traditional symbolic notation of angles: degree (e.g., 30°), minute of arc (e.g., 22′), and second of arc (e.g., 8″).


title: Space (punctuation)

text: The SI also prescribes the use of a space (often typographically a thin space) as a thousands separator where required. Both the point and the comma are reserved as decimal markers.


title: Space (punctuation)

text: Sometimes a narrow non-breaking space or non-breaking space, respectively, is recommended (as in, for example, IEEE Standards and IEC standards) to avoid the separation of units and values or parts of compounds units, due to automatic line wrap and word wrap.


title: Space (punctuation)

text: "Note: The above representation of a regular space is replaced with a non-breaking space for visibility."


title: Im Se-mi

text: On February 3, 2022, Im signed an exclusive contract with Noon Company, after her contract with YNK Entertainment has expired.


title: UFC 239

text: UFC 239: Jones vs. Santos was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that was held on July 6, 2019 at T-Mobile Arena in Paradise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area.


title: UFC 239

text: A UFC Light Heavyweight Championship bout between current two-time champion Jon Jones and Thiago Santos served as the event headliner.


title: UFC 239

text: A UFC Women's Bantamweight Championship bout between the current champion Amanda Nunes (also current UFC Women's Featherweight Champion) and former champion Holly Holm served as the event co-headliner.


title: UFC 239

text: A bout between former UFC Heavyweight title challenger Francis Ngannou and former UFC Heavyweight Champion Junior dos Santos was scheduled to take place at this event. The matchup was originally scheduled to take place in September 2017 at UFC 215, but dos Santos pulled out of that event, citing a failed drug test. However, it was reported on May 21, that the bout was being moved to headline UFC on ESPN 3 after former UFC Welterweight Champion Tyron Woodley was forced to pull out of his rematch against also former champion Robbie Lawler due to a hand injury.


title: UFC 239

text: A featherweight bout between former Strikeforce and WEC Lightweight Champion (as well as former UFC Lightweight Championship challenger) Gilbert Melendez and Arnold Allen headlined the prelims of the event. The matchup was originally scheduled to take place in November 2018 at , however Melendez pulled out of the fight citing an injury.


title: UFC 239

text: A bantamweight bout between bantamweight winner Alejandro Pérez and Song Yadong took place at this event. The matchup was originally scheduled to take place in March 2019 at UFC 235, but Song pulled out of the fight for undisclosed reasons.


title: UFC 239

text: Sean O'Malley was expected to face Marlon Vera at the event. However, O'Malley announced his withdrawal from the bout on June 21 due a failed test for ostarine. The Nevada State Athletic Commission decided to suspend him due to the failed test, however the United States Anti Doping Association USADA did not impose any further sanctions. The ostarine in his system was likely residual from his previously failed test prior to UFC 229. Drako Rodriguez from King of the Cage was offered to replaced O'Malley initially; however the president of the promotion, Terry Trebilcock, refused to release him. Nohelin Hernandez served as the replacement.


title: UFC 239

text: Melissa Gatto was scheduled to face Julia Avila at the event. However, Gatto was removed from the card on June 24 for undisclosed reasons and was replaced by returning veteran Pannie Kianzad.


title: UFC 239

text: UFC 239 served as the first UFC to air on PPV in the United Kingdom. Following this event select UFC numbered events will now air on BT Sport Box Office in the United Kingdom.


title: UFC 239

text: The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the Nevada State Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money and also does not include the UFC's traditional "fight night" bonuses. The total disclosed payroll for the event was $3,331,000.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: The 2014 season of the Indian Premier League, abbreviated as IPL 7 or Pepsi IPL 2014, was the seventh season of the IPL, a professional Twenty20 cricket league established by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. The tournament featured eight teams, one fewer than in 2013 after the withdrawal of the Pune Warriors India, and was held from 16 April 2014 to 1 June 2014. The opening ceremony was held in the UAE on 15 April 2014. Kolkata Knight Riders won the tournament, defeating Kings XI Punjab by 3 wickets with Manish Pandey declared the man of the match in the final. The average attendance for the tournament was 31,751. The tagline was "Bulawa aaya hai (invitation has arrived)."


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: A part of tournament was held outside India as Indian Home Minister Sushil Kumar Shinde declined to provide security for the league as the tournament took place at the same time as the 2014 Indian general election. As a result, the tournament was jointly hosted by India and the United Arab Emirates. The opening 20 matches were held in the UAE at three different stadiums in Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah with the tournament returning to India on 2 May.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: The player auction took place on 12 and 13 February 2014. Unlike previous seasons, the auction was in Indian Rupees as opposed to US dollars.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: On 14 February, BCCI secretary Sanjay Patel told the media after the IPL governing council meeting: "As far as possible our interest is to hold the IPL in India. Then, probably, South Africa is the preferred venue at the moment." The initial part of the season was held outside India, to avoid adding to the existing security demands for the 2014 Lok Sabha Elections. South Africa, Bangladesh and UAE were initially shortlisted as alternative venues. The BCCI working committee's meeting on 28 February decided that a final decision would be taken once the schedule for the general election was announced as the BCCI wanted to have as many matches as possible hosted in India due to pressure from the sponsors.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: On 2 March 2014, it was reported that Sri Lanka, which was under fourth consideration for hosting the matches, had been ruled out due to prospect of rains in the country during the period. On 5 March 2014, when the dates for general elections were announced, IPL chairman Ranjib Biswal stated that 60–70 percent of the tournament would be held in India. Also, South Africa as an alternate venue was effectively ruled out since they wanted to host the entire tournament, leaving chances open for UAE and Bangladesh.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: On 12 March 2014, it was announced that the tournament would begin on 16 April and at least 16 matches would be played in United Arab Emirates till 30 April. From 1 to 12 May, BCCI approached the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India seeking permission to play IPL matches in India in cities where the polling concluded in the respective state. All matches after 12 May, which is last day of polling for the elections, would be played in India. No matches would be played on 16 May, the day for counting of votes for the general election. The final was played on 1 June 2014.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: The schedule of the first phase of the IPL 2014 was announced on 19 March 2014. The first phase of the tournament consisted of 20 matches played from 16 to 30 April 2014 in the United Arab Emirates. The opening match of the tournament was played between the defending champions Mumbai Indians and the Kolkata Knight Riders on 16 April 2014 at the Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi at 6:30 pm local time (8:00 pm IST). From 2 May onwards the 36 games of the regular season and the 4 playoffs were played in India across 10 venues.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: Gary Kirsten signed up as Head Coach of Delhi Daredevils. Kolkata Knight Riders appointed Woorkeri Raman as batting coach while Wasim Akram returned as bowling coach after taking break for IPL-6. Royal Challengers Bangalore announced Daniel Vettori (member of RCB squad, 2011–13) as head coach and Allan Donald (Head coach of the former Pune Warriors India in the last IPL) as bowling coach, while Trent Woodhill (former batting and fielding coach of Delhi Daredevils) was appointed as batting and fielding coach. Darren Lehmann was not able to continue with Kings XI Punjab due to his commitments with Australian cricket team. Sanjay Bangar was appointed as Kings XI's assistant coach. As former Indian cricket team captain Rahul Dravid decided to quit playing IPL after IPL 2013, Rajasthan Royals team management decided to appoint him as the Chief Team Mentor of the Rajasthan Royals team.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: Since this year's IPL was played during the Lok Sabha Elections in the country, re-insurance companies asked to double the rates for insurance cover of IPL 7. The insurance cover includes parties like BCCI, franchisees and media partners. The insurance companies expected a high security danger threat during the elections period in the country. The companies demanded Rs. 140 million for a cover of Rs. 9 billion this year which is exactly double the previous year price of Rs. 70 million.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: Times Internet decided to share IPL digital rights with STAR India giving StarSports.com streaming rights alongside YouTube, which had been streaming IPL since its inception in 2008. In the UK, ITV4 showed the league for the final time before Sky Sports took over in 2015. Willow Cricket carried coverage of the season in the United States.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: On 24 December 2013, the IPL Governing Council finalised the Player Regulations for the 2014 season. All teams were allowed to retain a maximum of five players (at most four Indian capped players) and the rest of the players had to be sent into the auction pool. Retention of players led to reduction of the teams' salary cap by a fixed amount, regardless of the players' actual salaries. Some franchises were unhappy with new retention rules. Each team had a starting salary cap of 600 million ( 60 crore). Three franchises retained the maximum of 5 players while Delhi Daredevils retained none.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: This season's auction saw the introduction of several new rules. For the first time Indian uncapped players were also into the auction. There is no minimum quota for catchment area players restriction. All player fees was denominated in Indian rupees but overseas players may choose to be paid in another currency. There was also introduction of the "rights to match", which allowed teams to purchase a player from their 2013 squad in the auction by matching the highest bid. The number of "rights to match" depends on the number of players retained by the team. Also, the players' salaries will not include their fees for participation in the Champions League Twenty20. Teams who qualify will pay each player who represents them an additional 10% of his IPL fee. Previously, players who qualified for the CLT20 with their IPL team had to forfeit 20% of their IPL salary to represent another team.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: On 27 January 2014 BCCI released a list of capped players to all the franchises which would be available for the auction. This list had a total of 233 players from 10 countries. On 29 January 2014 this list was updated to 244 capped players and 651 uncapped players. On 6 February 2014, the final auction list was shortlisted by teams to 514 players (219 capped and 295 uncapped). The list was further shortened to 511 players (216 capped and 295 uncapped) after the withdrawal of 3 players. The highest base price set was of Rs 20 million and the lowest of Rs 1 million. The auction took place on 12 and 13 February.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: On 7 February 2014, a plea was filed in the Supreme Court to interfere in the IPL auction in relation to the 2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case involving Gurunath Meiyappan of Chennai Super Kings. On 10 February 2014, an IPL spot-fixing report finding Meiyappan involved in betting was submitted to the Supreme Court. However the Supreme Court allowed the auction to go ahead as planned.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: A total of 154 players including 50 overseas players were sold. The list consisted of 80 capped players (of which 34 were Indians) and 74 uncapped players. 127 players (including 10 who have only been part of the squad) have previously been part of IPL teams. 66 players will represent the same side that they played for in 2013. 13 Right to Match cards were used during the auction. Yuvraj Singh fetched the highest bid of while Dinesh Karthik was the second most expensive purchase at a price of by Delhi Daredevils. Kevin Pietersen was the costliest foreign player. Among uncapped players, Karn Sharma was the most expensive at . Many prominent Indian players and most Sri Lankan and English players were unsold like Luke Wright & Alex Hales.


title: 2014 Indian Premier League

text: The first part of the tournament was hosted in the United Arab Emirates so that the competition would not clash with the Indian elections, with the second part hosted in India. The MA Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai was removed as a venue due to a dispute with the municipal authorities. The home ground of the Rajasthan Royals for the season was also changed from the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur to the Sardar Patel Stadium in Ahmedabad as the Rajasthan Cricket Association, the owners of the Sawai Mansingh Stadium, were suspended by the BCCI due to the election of Lalit Modi as its chairman.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: Rifujin na Magonote created Rudeus to be a controversial character to make his character arc instill a major impact in the audience. In Japanese, the character is voiced by Tomokazu Sugita in his inner mind and former self, while Yumi Uchiyama voices the reborn Rudeus. Ben Phillips takes Sugita's work in the English dub, while Madeleine Morris does the young Rudeus.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: Critical response to Rudeus has been mixed, with polarizing response due to his excessively perverted or even pedophilic nature with regards to his early interactions with young female characters, while others have enjoyed his growth into a more mature man upon meeting his mentor Roxy and training Eris.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: Rifujin na Magonote commented that he created Rudeus while being aware of how controversial he would be. He intended Rudeus' actions to be more meaningful in the process. He had no issue with criticizing Rudeus at the beginning stage, and left it to the audience to judge him. Magonote wanted the audience to pay attention to a specific side of his character and be able to relate to him. The author said it was a little strange for the hero who had ruined his entire life because of his failure at school in his previous life to call the school "a place where he can fail". Rifujin na Magonote had thought that he should give such impression. However, he also wanted to depict a student who fails at school trying to have another chance at life through this series. Earlier, he said that he felt a big response in episodes 6 to 7 of the web version of the novels, but that was just when Roxy took Rudeus out. Thanks to her, Rudeus overcomes the trauma. Such a story gave a warm impression to his readers, and made him, think, "Let's grow [the character] in this direction."


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: Originally, the story arc where Rudeus reunites with Aisha was supposed to be completely different from the published work. The original plan was not to make the trip so long, because Rudeus' plot was planned to be more stuffed, in the form of having an affair with Sylphy while being tied to Eris. In the final scenario, Rudy is not cheating with anyone, so his relationships can be perceived as a little forcible, but the author decided to get him misunderstood. For the final chapters, Rudeus was written to be a more powerful fighter as well as cautious, with influences from the light novel "High School DxD". Seven Seas made localization changes in their translations of the light novels, such as toning down Rudeus' perverted behavior and removing references to rape. They later decided to "re-evaluate" their localization decisions.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: Anime director Manabu Okamoto said the "character has an opposing personality: a vulgar side that is incredibly difficult to sympathize with, as well as a more normal and conventional side that can be sympathized with. Those negative traits are a part of his identity, so he can't be rid of them", but took consideration to in avoiding discomfort with the audience. The staffs felt it were extremely difficult to portray the gradual growth of a Rudeus going through significant body changes. In contrast to traditional time-skips to change Rudeus' design, the team decided to make the protagonist change little by little. The director left it up to the viewers to decide whether they did that well or not.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: In the first "Mushoku Tensei" audio drama, Rudeus was voiced by Hiro Shimono. The actor enjoyed the work despite being unfamiliar with the novels. He still expressed difficulties in delivering certain lines where the character yells. Rudeus' father Paul was voiced by Eiji Takemoto who wanted to connect with his "son" which led him to connect with Shimono during recording. Shimono stated that he felt the audio drama to be quite dark, despite his beliefs of the original novel being more comical.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: The reason the anime staff cast Tomokazu Sugita as the man in Rudy's previous life was because when the director read the original story, he thought it was "impossible for him [Rudeus] to be [portrayed by] anyone else". It also served as an homage to his (Sugita) role in a beloved anime that once aired in the past, and that was the starting point for the casting. After Rudeus reincarnates, he lives in his new world by generally acting with a mask on. His voice actor Yumi Uchiyama was noted to be "very skilled person", to the point "she nails that nuance". Upon first seeing the character, Sugita said he could not blame Rudeus for his actions based on how much bullied he was in his previous one. As a result, he is not sure how he would act in the story.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: In the scene where Rudeus and Paul quarrel in episode 3, Uchiyama was able to know that there was a conflict from the perspective of the parents, but it is because the backbone and human drama of each of those characters are drawn very carefully. She felt that each and every character has a reality and is loved by everyone. From the standpoint of Rudeus, she was very encouraged when Eris said, "Rudeus is amazing!" thanks to how both characters have been interacting. Regarding Rudeus' mind, she says that he wants to be able to trace the character of Sugita, who played the role of a man in his previous life, but he also plays his own character. So as an actor, she was also experiencing a feeling that she cannot easily experience in other works. Uchiyama relates to Rudeus' second change at life because she once quit her job but ended up taking it again, which helped her to become a more skilled worker. In December 2021, Uchiyama posted an update on Twitter that she would leaving the series after the next episode and was glad with her work and support.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: In the English dub of the series, the character is voiced by Ben Phillips as his former self and Madeleine Morris in his reborn persona. In November 2021, Morris claimed she grew fond of Rudeus due to all the hidden depths he has, which leaves his traumatic past as a mystery.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: Before his reincarnation, he is an overweight 34-year-old Japanese NEET who became a recluse following his high school persecution. After his reincarnation, he discards his past identity and works to make his new life as Rudeus Greyrat meaningful. As such, he adopts a gentleman persona, though his past life's perversion sometimes emerges and scares those around him. Since he retains his intellect, Rudeus had been able to start magic training at the age of three and was able to learn how to cast magic without chanting. Due to this training, he has an abnormally large mana capacity. Because Roxy Migurdia helped him overcome his fear of the outside world, he worships her like a god, and ties his accomplishments to her. During his spare time, Rudeus makes figurines to enhance his earth magic, which has become his main offensive magic. Rudeus then is brought into the Boreas branch of the Greyrat family and becomes a tutor to Eris Boreas Greyrat. Over the years, Rudeus bonds with the Boreas family and teaches himself more about the world, learning several languages on the side. On his tenth birthday, Eris and the Boreas family presents Rudeus with a magic staff. Shortly after, a magic beam hits the country, transporting people throughout the world.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: Rudeus later befriends Ruijerd Supardia, who volunteers to escort them home. Rudeus comes upon a kidnapping and intervenes, learning that the kidnapping had actually been a rescue orchestrated by Paul's search group. Paul chastises Rudeus for failing to search for teleportation victims on the magic continent, who is taunted by Rudeus in return, causing the two to fight. Rudeus realizes that aside from Norn, the rest of his family are still missing. After some self-reflection, Rudeus and Paul reconcile before continuing on their journey. The party arrives at Eris' hometown. After saying their goodbyes to Ruijerd, Eris learns her entire family is dead. In response, Eris asks Rudeus to become her family and sleeps with him. Two years after Eris' departure, Rudeus has been adventuring and spreading his name in order to search for his missing mother. Rudeus and Elinalise Dragonroad later reunite and enroll into Ronoa Magic University to cure his erectile dysfunction.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: The two later find Roxy. After finding Roxy, they retreat, allowing her to recuperate before re-entering the dungeon. The party proceeds to the final room and battles a Lernaean Hydra, resulting in the loss of Paul's life and Rudeus' left hand. Rudeus mourns Paul's death and agonizes the neglect he's shown his parents from the past life. To cheer him up, Roxy seduces him, and the two start a relationship. Returning home, Rudeus gains Sylphy's permission to have Roxy as his second wife. Months later, Sylphy gives birth to Lucy Greyrat.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: The initial response to Rudeus was generally negative, with "Anime Feminist" calling out his lust for women with the mention of lolicon in the novel, making him come across as disgusting. His first interactions with Roxy were also called out for how Rudeus takes advantage of his young age to accidentally spy on her while suggesting that she could be his future wife due to her antisocial personality. "Anime News Network" found Rudeus hard to sympathize, as in early chapters he barely develops connections, to the point he always refers to his parents by their names. However, the way Rudeus interacts with Roxy during his training as a mage was noted to benefit him, as thanks to her, he manages to mature and deal with his new life on a more positive note. "Comic Book Resources" saw the focus on Rudeus' emotions as what marks the series a major departure from other "isekai" storylines.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: "HITC" found the anime properly followed the novel's narrative, most importantly Rudeus' coming-of-age story, which appealed to the audience. He was still present in anime popularity polls by Anime Trending from 2021, while "Comic Book Resources" listed him as one of the strongest "isekai" mages. The character has also received user criticism in China for containing perceived misogynistic comments and content. The series includes sexually-charged plot elements, like the main character stealing used underwear or using his mental powers to give an underage relative an orgasm at a funeral. "Real Sound" was concerned about how the narrative portrays Rudeus' previous life, as it appears to focus highly on retired school students and issues they had at school, comparing it to the famous "isekai" "". Nevertheless, they noted the fact that Rudeus dedicates his new life to focus on surpassing his flaws, turned him into a more sympathetic main character.


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: Despite the several negative comments about Rudeus, his character progression led to praise. IGN praised the characterization of Rudeus for reincarnating in a life where he has to deal with the traumas of his previous life which were seen as harsh, accomplishing multiple goals in the process. In a general overview, Roxy's training of Rudeus was noted to have generated a major impact within light novels as a result of how much Rudeus matures accidentally when his mentor helps him deal with his fears of leaving his house, something that tormented him in his past life. The writer from "Anime News Network" described Rudeus as "a mean-spirited caricature of a pedophilic otaku" that contrast his growth in the narrative. In later story arcs from the series, "Anime News Network" acclaimed Rudeus' dilemma when dealing with his father on an antagonistic side on their a brief fight, Rudeus comes to sympathize with Paul, seeing his past sins on his own father and rather than attacking him again, he makes the peace he regretted not making in his past life. Although Rudeus sinks into depression when Eris leaves him, "Anime News Network" praised how Rudeus overcomes his situation on his own and leaves on a journey on his own which, according to the reviewer, helps to further develop himself as he continues facing his past life. "Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World" novelist Tappei Nagatsuki said that one of the strongest points of "Mushoku Tensei" was the handling of Rudeus who is noted to suffer similarly to the main character from the visual novel "Clannad".


title: Rudeus Greyrat

text: The original author Rifujin na Magonote noted that there were several negative comments about how perverted Rudeus was in the series. In response, he said that in the series' beginning, he is "100%" perverted when being reborn and "0%" regarding seriousness. As a result, when the narrative progresses in the series, Rudeus becomes a more serious character but without erasing his original self. However, the anime omitted such event from the original novel, which makes the protagonist more perverted in comparison. In retrospect, when Rudeus lusts for Roxy in the first chapters, the author commented Rudeus was still not used to his new life and asked fans to look forward to future episodes where the protagonist starts developing more. When the anime was released, Rifujin na Magonote was surprised by the amount of negative comments by viewers. Still, he believes he managed to give Rudeus a good balance when it comes to his characterization.


title: Triplicity

text: Western astrology assumes that each sign of the same triplicity is 120 degrees apart, forming angles to one another called trines, which are each equivalent to the 360 degrees of the circle divided by three. Trines are considered to be very powerful and yet very comfortable, free-flowing connections. This suggests that the signs in each element are very comfortable and compatible with one another and tend to have many of the same qualities in common.


title: Triplicity

text: In traditional astrology, the concept of triplicity embodied several factors concerning the four classical elements and were considered of particular importance. Besides the four classical elements, two other ways triplicity could be organized were by "rulership" type and by "season". However, neither are given much attention by modern astrologers. However, astrology by season, in particular has been adopted by astrologers who practice in modern Neopaganism, Druidism and Wicca.


title: Triplicity

text: In traditional Western astrology there are four triplicities based on the classical elements. Beginning with the first sign Aries which is a Fire sign, the next in line Taurus is Earth, then to Gemini which is Air, and finally to Cancer which is Water—in Western astrology the sequence is always Fire, Earth, Air, & Water in that exact order. This cycle continues on twice more and ends with the twelfth and final astrological sign, Pisces. The elemental rulerships for the twelve astrological signs of the zodiac (according to Marcus Manilius) are summarized as follows:


title: Triplicity

text: In traditional astrology, each triplicity has several planetary "rulers," which change with conditions of sect—that is, whether the chart is a day chart or a night chart.


title: Triplicity

text: Triplicity rulerships are a very important essential dignity—one of the several factors used by traditional astrologers to weigh the strength, effectiveness and integrity of each planet in a chart. Many Hellenistic astrologers (for example, Dorotheus of Sidon) considered triplicity rulership the most powerful and demonstrable of the several essential dignities of a planet.


title: Triplicity

text: <div style="font-size:90%">* "(Ptolemy later modified the rulerships of Water triplicity, making Mars the ruler of the water triplicity for both day and night charts--and William Lilly concurred.)" </div style>


title: Triplicity

text: One way in which triplicity rulerships were used by earlier astrologers was to divide a person's life into three periods: early, middle, and late. The condition of the triplicity ruler that is "in sect" in the chart is evaluated when considering the tenor of the early part of life; the ruler out of sect is examined for the middle of life; and the last third of life is evaluated by looking at the condition of the participating triplicity ruler. "Participating" rulers were not used after the Hellenistic period.


title: Triplicity

text: In medieval systems of astrology, each essential dignity was given a different weight. Domicile rulers were given 5 points of weight; exaltation rulers were given 4 points; and triplicity rulers were assigned 3 points of weight. This gives some idea of how much power medieval astrologers accorded to each essential dignity.


title: Triplicity

text: Traditional astrology also organizes triplicities according to the actual season in which the zodiac rose. For example, Aries, Taurus, and Gemini appear during the spring season.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: Fuka-Arthur Masuaku Kawela (born 7 November 1993), known as Arthur Masuaku, is a professional footballer who plays as a wing-back or left back for Süper Lig club Beşiktaş, on loan from club West Ham United, and the DR Congo national team.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: Masuaku began his senior career with Valenciennes, and has also played for Olympiacos. He represented France at youth level before switching his allegiance to DR Congo in 2017.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: Masuaku was born in Lille. He came through the youth system of Valenciennes. He made his Ligue 1 debut on the opening game of the 2013–14 season on 10 August 2013 against Toulouse. He was substituted after 75 minutes for Tongo Doumbia. On 29 January 2014 Masuaku scored his first competitive goal for Valenciennes in a 2–1 away defeat against Marseille.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: In July 2014, Masuaku signed for Olympiacos. He made his Superleague debut against Niki Volos, and in his third league match he provided two assists against OFI Crete in a 3–0 home win. Three days later he made his debut and scored in the UEFA Champions League competition against Atlético Madrid in a 3–2 home win.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: In April and May 2015, interest from Roma, Internazionale and Juventus was reported. His agent, Roger Henrotay, however stated a renewal of Masuaku's contract was on the cards. In July, a reported €4 million offer for Masuaku including former Olympiacos midfielder Giannis Fetfatzidis from Genoa was rejected by the club.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: On 8 August 2016, Masuaku joined West Ham United on a four-year contract for a £6.2 million fee. He made his West Ham debut in a 2–1 away defeat to Chelsea on 15 August 2016. Masuaku admitted that he found his Premier League debut very tough due to the pace and physicality of the league. He scored his first goal for West Ham in an EFL Cup tie against Bolton Wanderers on 19 September 2017.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: In the FA Cup fourth round game against Wigan Athletic on 27 January 2018, Masuaku was sent off for spitting at Wigan's Nick Powell following a challenge. It was the first sending-off of Masuaku's career. Masuaku apologised for the sending off, saying the incident was "totally unacceptable and out of character". He received a six match ban for the offence.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: In July 2019, having played 75 times for West Ham, Masuaku signed a contract extension with the club until 2024 with an option to further extend the contract for two years.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: On 4 December 2021, Masuaku scored the winning goal in a 3–2 victory over defending UEFA Champions League winners Chelsea. The goal, a mishit cross that caught out Chelsea goalkeeper Edouard Mendy at his near post, was his first ever Premier League goal.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: On 2 August 2022, Masuaku joined Turkish team Beşiktaş on a season long loan with an option to buy in 2023.


title: Arthur Masuaku

text: Having represented France at under-18 and under-19 level, Masuaku switched his allegiance to DR Congo in June 2017. In August 2017, he was called into his first DR Congo squad, for two 2018 World Cup qualification games against Tunisia. In March 2018, still yet to make his international debut, Masuaku travelled with the DR Congo squad for a friendly against Tanzania. He was one of four players to drop out before the game, amidst claims of organisational problems and travel disorder, and did not appear. He made his debut on 13 October 2018, starting in a 1–2 home loss against Zimbabwe in a 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification game. Masuaku scored his first goal for DR Congo, a free-kick, in a 1–1 away draw with Kenya on 15 June 2019.


title: Flobots

text: Flobots is an experimental rap rock band from Denver, Colorado, formed in 2005 by Jamie Laurie. The band's origins date back 5 years earlier to a similar project by Laurie. Flobots found mainstream success with their major label debut "Fight with Tools" (2007), featuring the single "Handlebars", which became a popular hit on Modern Rock radio in April 2008. The band has released four studio albums and one EP, with their latest "Noenemies" being released in May 2017.


title: Flobots

text: The Flobots project started in the mid 1990s, with two albums self-released on cassette tape in 1996 and 1998, respectively. The personnel and aliases varied between the albums, but by the second album James Laurie was using the alias "Johnny Five". In 2000 James Laurie, now going by "Jonny 5", teamed up with producer Farhad Ebrahimi, a.k.a. Yahktoe (who had contributed to the previous Flobots cassette as musician, producer and cover designer). Together they released "Onomatopoeia" in 2001 under the alias "Jonny 5 + Yak", and the title track ended up in a compilation by the MIT Songwriting Club at Yahktoe's alma mater. In that compilation the band was still credited as "Flobots" (and as "Flobots (a.k.a. Jonny5 and Yak)" in the liner notes). The title track featured guitar player David Gralow, cello player Terrence Favors, and bass player Jaymz Haynes.


title: Flobots

text: After the release of "Onomatopoeia", the project went on a hiatus. In 2005, Laurie reformed the project under the name The Flobots. Joining Laurie was MC/vocalist Stephen "Brer Rabbit" Brackett, bassist Jesse Walker, guitarist Andy Guerrero, trumpet player Joe Ferrone, viola player Mackenzie Gault, and drummer Kenny Ortiz. Guerrero and Ferrone were previously in the band Bop Skizzum together. With a revamped lineup, Flobots released their debut EP under the new name "Flobots Present...Platypus", which went on to sell more than 3,000 copies over the next two years.


title: Flobots

text: After the release of "Platypus", Flobots began work on their next album. After a year of writing and producing, the Flobots released their proper debut album "Fight with Tools" and sold out their CD release show at the Gothic Theatre in Englewood, Colorado. A Denver Post survey of music critics ranked Flobots the 51st best independent band in all of Colorado in late 2007.


title: Flobots

text: Flobots entered a contest held by Denver radio station 93.3 (KTCL), called Hometown for the Holidays, which allowed fans to vote for their favorite songs from 35 local bands. Flobots subsequently won both the radio portion of the contest as well as the live performance award. As a result, the station put "Handlebars" into full rotation at the end of January due to the immense popularity of the song during the contest.


title: Flobots

text: In February 2008, Flobots held a show at the Gothic Theatre in Englewood called "The Heart Attack" featuring local bands The Hot IQs and Paper Bird. It was after this show that the group was approached by and subsequently signed to Universal Republic on a two CD major label deal. On March 31, the band announced that they would be playing Tucson, Arizona's major alternative rock festival, KFMA Day, with Metallica, Apocalyptica, Chiodos, and Scars on Broadway on May 16. Flobots were also part of the sixteenth annual KROQ Weenie Roast on May 17, along with Atreyu, Bad Religion, Flogging Molly, Metallica, The Offspring, Pennywise, The Raconteurs, Rise Against, Scars on Broadway and Seether. On July 20, 2008, Flobots played at the Mile High Music Festival in Commerce City, Colorado with headliners Dave Matthews Band and John Mayer. On July 26, 2008, Flobots played 93.3's Big Gig at Coors Amphitheater in Greenwood Village, Colorado with Offspring. On September 1, 2008 they performed at Bumbershoot Music and Arts Festival in Seattle, Washington.


title: Flobots

text: The single "Handlebars" became popular on alternative rock radio in April 2008 and peaked at No. 3 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart. "Fight With Tools" peaked at #15 on the Billboard charts, the band's highest charting album to date.


title: Flobots

text: They made their television debut on Last Call with Carson Daly on May 20, 2008. Also on May 20, Flobots spent two hours with Dr. Drew and Stryker answering sex questions on Loveline and re-released their album "Fight With Tools" to a wider audience after their newfound success. Flobots also appeared on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on June 5, 2008 with their song "Handlebars". They performed their second single "Rise" on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" on October 13, 2008.


title: Flobots

text: On February 17, 2009, the Flobots announced in a MySpace blog entry that they were "working really hard on their next album and plan to have it completed soon."


title: Flobots

text: In September 2009, the band finished recording their second album. The band announced on YouTube that the album was to be titled "Survival Story". The album was released on March 16, 2010. The key single from that album is the song "White Flag Warrior", featuring Tim McIlrath of Rise Against. The album was produced by Mario Caldato, Jr., best known for his work with The Beastie Boys.


title: Flobots

text: In December 2010, the band parted ways with Universal Republic Records. Brer Rabbit mentioned that the split was a mutual decision between the band and the label.


title: Flobots

text: In the summer of 2011, lead guitarist Andy "Rok" Guerrero left the group due to "creative differences" and to focus on his previous project, Bop Skizzum.


title: Flobots

text: On September 17, 2011 while performing at the Gallogly Events Center, UCCS, Colorado Springs, the Flobots announced that "they will be releasing an album in 2012 so they might as well name it "Stop The Apocalypse"." They also performed a brand new song off the album titled "The Circle in the Square". It was revealed via their official website on June 15, 2012, that the album would not be titled "Stop the Apocalypse", but will be called "The Circle in the Square" and will be released on August 28, 2012. On June 20, the band posted a video for the title song "The Circle in the Square" on their YouTube channel. On August 28, 2012, their album "The Circle in the Square" was released.


title: Flobots

text: In 2013 and 2014, The Flobots performed a free concert for high school students in Jefferson County, Colorado for the annual A Day Without Hate rally.


title: Flobots

text: In an interview with Standley Lake High School's news magazine "The Lake", Jamie Laurie mentioned how he believed A Day Without Hate was "really inspiring."


title: Flobots

text: In 2015 it was announced that they were working on a new music project called "Noenemies," which will focus on issues such as climate change and immigration reform. The band raised funds via Kickstarter to record two albums.


title: Flobots

text: On November 8, 2016, Flobots have released a new track from the upcoming album on their official SoundCloud, "Rattle the Cage". The song was premiered earlier than planned in response to the 2016 US Presidential election, with the band saying "Wounds are raw. The pain is real. We wanted to share something a little earlier than planned. This is a song for all of us".


title: Flobots

text: On January 20, 2017, they released another new song, the politically charged "Pray", released on the same day as the Inauguration of Donald Trump.


title: Flobots

text: On May 5, 2017, "Noenemies" was officially released. The album was influenced by the works of Vincent Harding, who was a mentor to the band. The group describes the album as "a body of protest songs that speak to the urgency of the current moment." The band intends to release a follow up album soon afterwards, with new songs already debuted live.


title: Flobots

text: The webcomic series created by D.J. Coffman (13) "Rise of the Flobots: Architects of Change" launched on June 9, 2008 at flobots.net, and features stories inspired by fans and the music of the Flobots along in a science fiction context.


title: Paulinho (footballer, born 1994)

text: Paulo Henrique Soares dos Santos (born 10 July 1994), simply known as Paulinho, is a Brazilian professional footballer who current plays for Chinese Super League club Shanghai Port as a winger.


title: Paulinho (footballer, born 1994)

text: Born in Ceilândia, Distrito Federal, Paulinho finished his formation with EC Bahia, and appeared on the bench on 11 March 2012, against Juazeiro SC. In December, his rights were sold to a group of investors, which arranged trials to various clubs, including Real Madrid.


title: Paulinho (footballer, born 1994)

text: On 22 January 2013, Paulinho signed an 18-month contract with Córdoba CF. On 24 March, he played his first match as a professional, in a 0-4 defeat against Real Madrid Castilla.


title: Paulinho (footballer, born 1994)

text: In July, Paulinho rescinded his contract with the Andalusians, and remained nearly seven months without a club before joining Cádiz CF in Segunda División B. On 25 August 2014, after appearing rarely, he moved to fellow league team CD Eldense.


title: Paulinho (footballer, born 1994)

text: On 28 January 2015 Paulinho switched teams and countries again, joining Segunda Liga's S.C. Beira-Mar.


title: Paulinho (footballer, born 1994)

text: On 21 January 2018, Paulinho joined FC Porto on loan for the remainder of the season, in a deal that included a buyout option.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Conductive polymers or, more precisely, intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) are organic polymers that conduct electricity. Such compounds may have metallic conductivity or can be semiconductors. The biggest advantage of conductive polymers is their processability, mainly by dispersion. Conductive polymers are generally not thermoplastics, "i.e.", they are not thermoformable. But, like insulating polymers, they are organic materials. They can offer high electrical conductivity but do not show similar mechanical properties to other commercially available polymers. The electrical properties can be fine-tuned using the methods of organic synthesis and by advanced dispersion techniques.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Polyaniline was first described in the mid-19th century by Henry Letheby, who investigated the electrochemical and chemical oxidation products of aniline in acidic media. He noted that reduced form was colourless but the oxidized forms were deep blue.


title: Conductive polymer

text: The first highly-conductive organic compounds were the charge transfer complexes. In the 1950s, researchers reported that polycyclic aromatic compounds formed semi-conducting charge-transfer complex salts with halogens. In 1954, researchers at Bell Labs and elsewhere reported organic charge transfer complexes with resistivities as low as 8 ohms-cm. In the early 1970s, researchers demonstrated salts of tetrathiafulvalene show almost metallic conductivity, while superconductivity was demonstrated in 1980. Broad research on charge transfer salts continues today. While these compounds were technically not polymers, this indicated that organic compounds can carry current. While organic conductors were previously intermittently discussed, the field was particularly energized by the prediction of superconductivity following the discovery of BCS theory.


title: Conductive polymer

text: In 1963 Australians B.A. Bolto, D.E. Weiss, and coworkers reported derivatives of polypyrrole with resistivities as low as 1 ohm·cm. Refs. and cite multiple reports of similar high-conductivity oxidized polyacetylenes. With the notable exception of charge transfer complexes (some of which are even superconductors), organic molecules were previously considered insulators or at best weakly conducting semiconductors. Subsequently, DeSurville and coworkers reported high conductivity in a polyaniline. Likewise, in 1980, Diaz and Logan reported films of polyaniline that can serve as electrodes.


title: Conductive polymer

text: While mostly operating in the quantum realm of less than 100 nanometers, "molecular" electronic processes can collectively manifest on a macro scale. Examples include quantum tunneling, negative resistance, phonon-assisted hopping and polarons. In 1977, Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa reported similar high conductivity in oxidized iodine-doped polyacetylene. For this research, they were awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry ""for the discovery and development of conductive polymers."" Polyacetylene itself did not find practical applications, but drew the attention of scientists and encouraged the rapid growth of the field. Since the late 1980s, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have emerged as an important application of conducting polymers.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Linear-backbone "polymer blacks" (polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyindole and polyaniline) and their copolymers are the main class of conductive polymers. Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and its soluble derivatives have emerged as the prototypical electroluminescent semiconducting polymers. Today, poly(3-alkylthiophenes) are the archetypical materials for solar cells and transistors.


title: Conductive polymer

text: The following table presents some organic conductive polymers according to their composition. The well-studied classes are written in bold and "the less well studied ones are in italic".


title: Conductive polymer

text: Conductive polymers are prepared by many methods. Most conductive polymers are prepared by oxidative coupling of monocyclic precursors. Such reactions entail dehydrogenation:


title: Conductive polymer

text: The low solubility of most polymers presents challenges. Some researchers add solubilizing functional groups to some or all monomers to increase solubility. Others address this through the formation of nanostructures and surfactant-stabilized conducting polymer dispersions in water. These include polyaniline nanofibers and PEDOT:PSS. In many cases, the molecular weights of conductive polymers are lower than conventional polymers such as polyethylene. However, in some cases, the molecular weight need not be high to achieve the desired properties.


title: Conductive polymer

text: There are two main methods used to synthesize conductive polymers, chemical synthesis and electro (co)polymerization. The chemical synthesis means connecting carbon-carbon bond of monomers by placing the simple monomers under various condition, such as heating, pressing, light exposure and catalyst. The advantage is high yield. However, there are many impurities plausible in the end product. The electro (co)polymerization means inserting three electrodes (reference electrode, counter electrode and working electrode) into solution including reactors or monomers. By applying voltage to electrodes, redox reaction to synthesize polymer is promoted. Electro (co)polymerization can also be divided into Cyclic Voltammetry and Potentiostatic method by applying cyclic voltage and constant voltage. The advantage of Electro (co)polymerization are the high purity of products. But the method can only synthesize a few products at a time.


title: Conductive polymer

text: The conductivity of such polymers is the result of several processes. For example, in traditional polymers such as polyethylenes, the valence electrons are bound in sp hybridized covalent bonds. Such "sigma-bonding electrons" have low mobility and do not contribute to the electrical conductivity of the material. However, in conjugated materials, the situation is completely different. Conducting polymers have backbones of contiguous sp hybridized carbon centers. One valence electron on each center resides in a p orbital, which is orthogonal to the other three sigma-bonds. All the p orbitals combine with each other to a molecule wide delocalized set of orbitals. The electrons in these delocalized orbitals have high mobility when the material is "doped" by oxidation, which removes some of these delocalized electrons. Thus, the conjugated p-orbitals form a one-dimensional electronic band, and the electrons within this band become mobile when it is partially emptied. The band structures of conductive polymers can easily be calculated with a tight binding model. In principle, these same materials can be doped by reduction, which adds electrons to an otherwise unfilled band. In practice, most organic conductors are doped oxidatively to give p-type materials. The redox doping of organic conductors is analogous to the doping of silicon semiconductors, whereby a small fraction of silicon atoms are replaced by electron-rich, "e.g.", phosphorus, or electron-poor, "e.g.", boron, atoms to create n-type and p-type semiconductors, respectively.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Although typically "doping" conductive polymers involves oxidizing or reducing the material, conductive organic polymers associated with a protic solvent may also be "self-doped."


title: Conductive polymer

text: Undoped conjugated polymers are semiconductors or insulators. In such compounds, the energy gap can be > 2 eV, which is too great for thermally activated conduction. Therefore, undoped conjugated polymers, such as polythiophenes, polyacetylenes only have a low electrical conductivity of around 10 to 10 S/cm. Even at a very low level of doping (< 1%), electrical conductivity increases several orders of magnitude up to values of around 0.1 S/cm. Subsequent doping of the conducting polymers will result in a saturation of the conductivity at values around 0.1–10 kS/cm for different polymers. Highest values reported up to now are for the conductivity of stretch oriented polyacetylene with confirmed values of about 80 kS/cm. Although the pi-electrons in polyacetylene are delocalized along the chain, pristine polyacetylene is not a metal. Polyacetylene has alternating single and double bonds which have lengths of 1.44 and 1.36 Å, respectively. Upon doping, the bond alteration is diminished in conductivity increases. Non-doping increases in conductivity can also be accomplished in a field effect transistor (organic FET or OFET) and by irradiation. Some materials also exhibit negative differential resistance and voltage-controlled "switching" analogous to that seen in inorganic amorphous semiconductors.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Despite intensive research, the relationship between morphology, chain structure and conductivity is still poorly understood. Generally, it is assumed that conductivity should be higher for the higher degree of crystallinity and better alignment of the chains, however this could not be confirmed for polyaniline and was only recently confirmed for PEDOT, which are largely amorphous.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Conductive polymers show promise in antistatic materials and they have been incorporated into commercial displays and batteries. Literature suggests they are also promising in organic solar cells, printed electronic circuits, organic light-emitting diodes, actuators, electrochromism, supercapacitors, chemical sensors, chemical sensor arrays, and biosensors, flexible transparent displays, electromagnetic shielding and possibly replacement for the popular transparent conductor indium tin oxide. Another use is for microwave-absorbent coatings, particularly radar-absorptive coatings on stealth aircraft. Conducting polymers are rapidly gaining attraction in new applications with increasingly processable materials with better electrical and physical properties and lower costs. The new nano-structured forms of conducting polymers particularly, augment this field with their higher surface area and better dispersability. Research reports showed that nanostructured conducting polymers in the form of nanofibers and nanosponges, showed significantly improved capacitance values as compared to their non-nanostructured counterparts.


title: Conductive polymer

text: With the availability of stable and reproducible dispersions, PEDOT and polyaniline have gained some large-scale applications. While PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) is mainly used in antistatic applications and as a transparent conductive layer in form of PEDOT:PSS dispersions (PSS=polystyrene sulfonic acid), polyaniline is widely used for printed circuit board manufacturing – in the final finish, for protecting copper from corrosion and preventing its solderability. Moreover, Polyindole is also starting to gain attention for various applications due to its high redox activity, thermal stability, and slow degradation properties than competitors polyaniline and polypyrrole.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Electroluminescence is light emission stimulated by electric current. In organic compounds, electroluminescence has been known since the early 1950s, when Bernanose and coworkers first produced electroluminescence in crystalline thin films of acridine orange and quinacrine. In 1960, researchers at Dow Chemical developed AC-driven electroluminescent cells using doping. In some cases, similar light emission is observed when a voltage is applied to a thin layer of a conductive organic polymer film. While electroluminescence was originally mostly of academic interest, the increased conductivity of modern conductive polymers means enough power can be put through the device at low voltages to generate practical amounts of light. This property has led to the development of flat panel displays using organic LEDs, solar panels, and optical amplifiers.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Since most conductive polymers require oxidative doping, the properties of the resulting state are crucial. Such materials are salt-like (polymer salt), which diminishes their solubility in organic solvents and water and hence their processability. Furthermore, the charged organic backbone is often unstable towards atmospheric moisture. The poor processability for many polymers requires the introduction of solubilizing or substituents, which can further complicate the synthesis.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Experimental and theoretical thermodynamical evidence suggests that conductive polymers may even be completely and principally insoluble so that they can only be processed by dispersion.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Most recent emphasis is on organic light emitting diodes and organic polymer solar cells. The Organic Electronics Association is an international platform to promote applications of organic semiconductors. Conductive polymer products with embedded and improved electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection have led to both prototypes and products. For example, Polymer Electronics Research Center at University of Auckland is developing a range of novel DNA sensor technologies based on conducting polymers, photoluminescent polymers and inorganic nanocrystals (quantum dots) for simple, rapid and sensitive gene detection. Typical conductive polymers must be "doped" to produce high conductivity. As of 2001, there remains to be discovered an organic polymer that is "intrinsically" electrically conducting. Recently (as of 2020), researchers from IMDEA Nanoscience Institute reported experimental demonstration of the rational engineering of 1D polymers that are located near the quantum phase transition from the topologically trivial to non-trivial class, thus featuring a narrow bandgap.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Hamlet is a 1948 British film adaptation of William Shakespeare's play of the same name, adapted and directed by and starring Laurence Olivier. "Hamlet" was Olivier's second film as director and the second of the three Shakespeare films that he directed (the 1936 "As You Like It" had starred Olivier, but had been directed by Paul Czinner). "Hamlet" was the first British film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. It is the first sound film of the play in English.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Olivier's "Hamlet" is the Shakespeare film that has received the most prestigious accolades, winning the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor and the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. However, it proved controversial among Shakespearean purists, who felt that Olivier had made too many alterations and excisions to the four-hour play by cutting nearly two hours' worth of content. Milton Shulman wrote in "The Evening Standard": "To some it will be one of the greatest films ever made, to others a deep disappointment. Laurence Olivier leaves no doubt that he is one of our greatest living actors... his liberties with the text, however, are sure to disturb many."


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: The film follows the overall story of the play, but cuts nearly half the dialogue and leaves out two major characters.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: The action begins on the battlements of Elsinore where a sentry, Francisco (John Laurie), is relieved of his watch (and questioned if he has seen anything) by another sentry, Bernardo (Esmond Knight), who, with yet another sentry, Marcellus (Anthony Quayle), has twice previously seen the Ghost of King Hamlet. Marcellus then arrives with the skeptical Horatio (Norman Wooland), Prince Hamlet's friend. Suddenly, all three see the Ghost, and Horatio demands that the ghost speak. The ghost vanishes then, without a word.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Inside the Great Hall of the castle, the court is celebrating the marriage of Gertrude (Eileen Herlie) and King Claudius (Basil Sydney); old King Hamlet has died apparently of an accidental snakebite, and his wife, Gertrude, has, within a month of the tragedy, married the late King's brother. Prince Hamlet (Laurence Olivier) sits alone, refusing to join in the celebration, despite the protests of the new King. When the court has left the Great Hall, Hamlet fumes over the hasty marriage, muttering to himself the words "and yet, within a month!"


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Soon, Horatio and the sentries enter telling Hamlet of the ghostly apparition of his father. Hamlet proceeds to investigate, and upon arriving on the battlements, sees the ghost. Noting that the ghost beckons him forward, Hamlet follows it up onto a tower, wherein it reveals its identity as the Ghost of Hamlet's father. He tells Hamlet that he was murdered, who did it, and how it was done. The audience then sees the murder re-enacted in a flashback as the ghost describes the deed – Claudius is seen pouring poison into the late King Hamlet's ear, thereby killing him. Hamlet does not at first accept this as the truth, and then prepares to feign madness, so as to test Claudius' conscience, without jumping to conclusions.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: This feigned insanity attracts the attention of Polonius (Felix Aylmer) who is completely convinced that Hamlet has gone mad. Polonius pushes this point with the King, claiming that it is derived from Hamlet's love for Ophelia (Jean Simmons), Polonius's daughter. Claudius, however, is not fully convinced, and has Polonius set up a meeting between Hamlet and Ophelia. Hamlet's "madness" is constant even in this exchange, and Claudius is convinced.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Hamlet then hires a group of wandering stage performers, requesting that they enact the play "The Murder of Gonzago" for the king. However, Hamlet makes a few alterations to the play, so as to make it mirror the circumstances of the late King's murder. Claudius, unable to endure the play, calls out for light, and retires to his room. Hamlet is now convinced of Claudius' treachery. He finds Claudius alone, and has ample opportunity to kill the villain. However, at this time, Claudius is praying, and Hamlet does not seek to send him to heaven, so, he waits, and bides his time.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: He instead confronts Gertrude about the matter of his father's death and Claudius' treachery. During this confrontation, he hears a voice from the "arras", and, believing that it was Claudius eavesdropping, plunges his dagger into the curtains. On discovering that he has in fact, killed the eavesdropping Polonius instead, Hamlet is only mildly upset, and he continues to confront his mother. He then sees the ghostly apparition of his father, and proceeds to converse with it (the Ghost is uncredited in the film, but is apparently voiced by Olivier). Gertrude, who cannot see the ghost, becomes convinced that Hamlet is mad.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Hamlet is deported to England by Claudius, who has given orders for him to be killed once he reaches there. Fortunately, Hamlet's ship is attacked by pirates, and he is returned to Denmark. In his absence, however, Ophelia goes mad over Hamlet's rejection and the idea that her own sweetheart has killed her father, and she drowns, supposedly committing suicide. Laertes (Terence Morgan), Ophelia's brother, is driven to avenge her death, as well as his father's.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Claudius and Laertes learn of Hamlet's return and prepare to have him killed. However, they plan to make it look like an accident. Claudius orders Laertes to challenge Hamlet to a duel, wherein Laertes will be given a poisoned blade that will kill with a bare touch. In case Laertes is unable to hit Hamlet, Claudius also prepares a poisoned drink.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Hamlet meets Laertes' challenge and engages him in a duel. Hamlet wins the first two rounds, and Gertrude drinks from the cup, suspecting that it is poisoned. Whilst in-between bouts, Laertes rushes Hamlet and strikes him on the arm, fatally poisoning him. Hamlet, not knowing this, continues to duel. Hamlet eventually disarms Laertes and switches blades with him. Hamlet then strikes Laertes in the wrist, fatally wounding him. Gertrude then submits to the poison and dies, warning Hamlet not to drink from the cup. (Olivier thus makes Gertrude's death a virtual suicide to protect her son, while Shakespeare writes it as if it were purely accidental, with Gertrude having no idea that the cup is poisoned.)


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Laertes, dying, confesses the whole plot to Hamlet, who flies at Claudius in a fit of rage, killing him, then dies. Horatio, horrified by all this, orders that Hamlet be given a decent funeral, and the young prince's body is taken away while the Danish court kneels and the cannons of Elsinore fire off a peal of ordnance in respect. (A few women can be seen weeping quietly in the background.)


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: [All of the above characters reappear at the end of the film, where they are three of the 'four captains' who 'bear Hamlet's body, like a soldier, to the stage'. They are accompanied by a fourth, unidentified, soldier and by Horatio.]


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Eileen Herlie, who plays Hamlet's mother, was 29 years old when the movie was filmed in 1947. Olivier, who plays her son, was 40.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Olivier played the voice of the Ghost by recording the dialogue as an amplified whisper and playing it back at a reduced speed, giving it a deep, haunting other-worldly quality. However, for many years it was falsely assumed, even in film reference books, that John Gielgud had recorded the voice of the Ghost. (Gielgud played the role of the Ghost in three later productions – the 1964 stage, Electronovision and LP Album versions of Richard Burton's Hamlet, the 1970 telecast of the Hallmark Hall of Fame production starring Richard Chamberlain, and a 1992 BBC radio production starring Kenneth Branagh.)


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Felix Barker, Olivier's first biographer, described how the actor-director created the sound effects for the three appearances of the ghost:To produce the eerie noise which preceded the appearance of the ghost Olivier...went to enormous trouble. He made as many as fourteen separate sound tracks. On one he had recorded fifty women shrieking; on another the groans of as many men; a third consisted of a dozen violinists scraping their bows across the strings on a single screeching note. These various tracks had then to be blended in different volumes and intensity until they produced a noise which seemed to him to resemble - on what authority is uncertain - 'the lid of hell being opened'. Supernatural horror was further increased by the pulsing heart-beat which heralded its every entrance. This sound, Olivier remembered, had been used by Jean-Louis Barrault in a stage production in Paris; he made it doubly effective on the screen by bringing the camera in and out of focus to synchronize with the pulsing. Before he would use it, however, he wrote to ask Barrault's permission and insisted on paying for the idea. Because no copyright is possible Olivier is particularly scrupulous about borrowing other people's production tricks or another actor's ideas.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: The cinematography by Desmond Dickinson makes use of the deep focus photography previously popularised in films directed by William Wyler and Orson Welles.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: The music was composed by William Walton and, alongside his score for Olivier's 1944 film "Henry V", has become his most celebrated film work.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: The film's opening with Olivier's voiceover of his own interpretation of the play, was criticized as reductive: "This is the tragedy of a man who could not make up his mind."


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Olivier excised the "political" elements of the play (entirely cutting Fortinbras, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern) in favour of an intensely psychological performance, partly to save time. Olivier stated that "one great whacking cut had to be made", and the cut he chose to make was the omission of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. This was not much criticised at first, but later critics did take more notice of it, especially after shorter productions of "Hamlet" that did not leave out these characters were presented on television. John Gielgud took much the same approach years later by leaving out Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and Fortinbras from his 1951 radio production of the play, broadcast on the program "Theatre Guild on the Air". Gielgud also followed the lead of Olivier's film version by giving the final lines of the play to Horatio instead of Fortinbras.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Olivier heightened the Oedipal overtones of the play by having Hamlet kiss his mother lovingly on the lips several times during the film. Film scholar Jack Jorgens has commented that "Hamlet's scenes with the Queen in her low-cut gowns are virtually love scenes." In contrast, Jean Simmons' Ophelia is destroyed by Hamlet's treatment of her in the nunnery scene.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: According to J. Lawrence Guntner, the style of the film owes much to German Expressionism and to film noir: The cavernous sets featuring narrow winding stairwells correspond to the labyrinths of Hamlet's psyche.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: The film version of "Hamlet" was the only film in which the leading actor had directed himself to an Oscar-winning performance, until 1998, when Roberto Benigni directed himself to an Oscar win in "Life Is Beautiful". Olivier is also the only actor to win an Oscar for a Shakespearean role. "Hamlet" was the only film to have won both the Golden Lion and the Academy Award for Best Picture until "The Shape of Water" in 2017, which was followed by "Nomadland" three years later. It is also the first non-American film to win the Best Picture Academy Award.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: In the past, the 1948 film was considered the definitive cinematic rendition of "Hamlet". Over the years, however, it has lost some of its status, especially in competition with the unabridged 1996 adaptation, which many critics now consider superior, as well as the 1994 animated film "The Lion King" which was also based on Hamlet. The film has also been compared to Olivier's later Shakespearean adaptations of "Henry V" and "Richard III". This is primarily because Olivier, according to some critics, overemphasised Hamlet's Oedipal fixation on his mother, and because Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two of the more important supporting characters in the play, were omitted from this film version, robbing the film of what could have been some of its best comedic moments. The fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern had been included in the 1969 Nicol Williamson – Tony Richardson "Hamlet" and the 1990 Mel Gibson/Franco Zeffirelli version, both of which are shorter than Olivier's, did not help Olivier's rationale that the play needed such drastic cuts to work on screen. In contrast, Kenneth Branagh's 1996 film version of the complete "Hamlet" included everything that Olivier had omitted. However, the parts of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (and Osric) are reduced in the Richardson and Zeffirelli versions, and Branagh's version is almost 90 minutes longer than Olivier's - the length of an entire feature film.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: Noted film critic Pauline Kael asserted that even if you feel that certain scenes should be done differently, when has the rest of the play been done so well? Whatever the omissions, the mutilations, the mistakes, this is very likely the most exciting and most alive production of "Hamlet" you will ever see on the screen. It's never dull, and if characters such as Fortinbras and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have been sacrificed, it's remarkable how little they are missed.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: James Agee in "Time" wrote in 1948: "A man who can do what Laurence Olivier is doing for Shakespeare is certainly among the more valuable men of his time."


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: "Hamlet" was the second of Olivier's Shakespeare films to be telecast on American television – the first was "Richard III", which was given an afternoon rather than a prime-time showing by NBC on 11 March 1956, the same day that it premiered in cinemas in the U.S. ABC gave the Olivier "Hamlet" a prime time showing in December 1956, but like many theatrical films shown on television during that era, it was split into two 90-minute halves and telecast over a period of two weeks rather than being shown on one evening.


title: Hamlet (1948 film)

text: In North America, Olivier's "Hamlet" has been released on DVD as part of The Criterion Collection, which has released his film versions of "Henry V" and "Richard III" on DVD. The film has been released on Blu-ray Disc in the UK; however this disc is Region B locked and will not work in most American players. The Criterion Collection later rereleased "Henry V" and "Richard III" on Blu-ray with more special features beyond the trailer and essay that the original DVDs featured, while The Criterion Collection has not regained the rights to release "Hamlet" on Blu-ray with better picture and audio quality along with any new special features that could accompany such a release.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: Operation Dumbo Drop is a 1995 American action comedy-drama war film directed by Simon Wincer. The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Gene Quintano and Jim Kouf based on a true story by United States Army major Jim Morris. The film stars Danny Glover and Ray Liotta as Green Berets during the Vietnam War in 1968, who attempt to transport an elephant through jungle terrain to a local South Vietnamese village which in turn helps American forces monitor Viet Cong activity. The film deals broadly with themes of war, politics and animal welfare.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: A joint collective effort to commit to the film's production was made by Interscope Communications and PolyGram Filmed Entertainment. It was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures theatrically, and by Buena Vista Home Entertainment for home media.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: "Operation Dumbo Drop" premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on July 28, 1995, grossing $24,670,346 in domestic ticket receipts. The film was a moderate financial success after its theatrical run, and received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: During the Vietnam War in 1968, Green Beret Captain Sam Cahill (Danny Glover) has been working hard to create good relations between the United States and Montagnard Vietnamese in the village of Dak Nhe, which occupies an important observation point near the clandestine Ho Chi Minh trail. Cahill is coming close to his discharge, and explains to his successor, Captain T.C. Doyle (Ray Liotta), the delicate nature of Vietnamese customs as well as the counterintelligence involving covert enemy activity.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: In a lapse of judgment with surrounding village children, a child steals a Nestlé Crunch bar from Doyle's backpack; the wrapper, when found, lets the NVA know of the local villagers' cooperation with the Americans. As punishment, Brigadier Nguyen (Hoang Ly) of the NVA, orders his subordinate, Captain Quang (Vo Trung Anh), to kill the villagers' elephant right before a spiritual festival. To aid the villagers, Cahill promises to replace the slain elephant before their upcoming ceremony while Doyle (whom the villagers blame for the elephant's death) reluctantly agrees to help.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: At camp, Major Pederson (Marshall Bell) assigns Cahill and Doyle, with Doyle in command, to secure and deliver a new elephant to the villagers, as well as two soldiers, Specialist 4 Harvey Ashford (Doug E. Doug) and Specialist 5 Lawrence Farley (Corin Nemec). Cahill blackmails Chief Warrant Officer 3 David Poole (Denis Leary) into helping as well. They purchase an elephant known as Bo Tat from a local Vietnamese trader (James Hong). They also agree to take along Bo Tat's child handler, Linh (Dinh Thien Le), who has experience with verbal commands in guiding the elephant. Along the way, NVA soldiers attempt to stop them. Following a failed air transport, the soldiers use a combination of methods to reach Pleiku Air Base before the final stage of their journey to Dak Nhe.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: At Pleiku Air Base, Major Pederson notifies the captains that the mission has been cancelled. The Ho Chi Minh Trail has changed direction, and they no longer need the support of the local village. A CIA airstrip near Dak Nhe has already been destroyed by the NVA, making a landing by plane impossible. Against regulations, they commandeer a cargo aircraft, intending to parachute themselves and Bo Tat into Dak Nhe. The aircraft comes under enemy fire, forcing them and Bo Tat to parachute out early. Quang, having been ordered by Nguyen to kill Bo Tat, refuses to do so this time, explaining "I did not join this army to shoot elephants, especially ones that fly."


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: The soldiers land unharmed in and around the village, except for Ashford, who gets stuck in a tree and becomes separated from the rest.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: NVA forces suddenly appear, threatening to take the remaining soldiers hostage and kill the elephant. Ashford, however, is able to free himself and create a diversion long enough to distract and incapacitate the NVA troops. The villagers hold their festival with Bo Tat in the place of honor. When Cahill radios the air base, he is informed that the supply route has changed direction again, back to the village. That fact, combined with their capture of high-ranking enemy officers, has prompted the U.S. Army to sanction their relief mission "post-facto", and confirm Doyle's original mission, to replace Cahill as liaison officer in the village.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: The premise of "Operation Dumbo Drop" is based on the true story relating to the cooperation of South Vietnamese villagers and the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War in the late 1960s. The U.S. Army viewed many villages as having a strategic value due to their proximity to enemy weapons supply routes, such as the Ho Chi Minh trail. Elephants found in villages were typically the primary source of farm labor. To appease hostile villagers, the U.S. offered elephants as a token of appreciation. According to actor Glover, one such operation took place specifically on April 4, 1968, but received fairly little coverage due to the death on the same day of a Vietnamese military leader and also the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis. The film is based on a story depicted by retired United States Army Major Jim Morris, who related his experiences surrounding the elephant air-drops during the war.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: A 26-year-old Asian elephant Tai was used for the part of "Bo Tat". The female elephant was chosen for the part because of her calm demeanor and friendly disposition, which allowed her to be placid and relaxed during scenes with simulated gunfire. Many depictions in the film such as the elephant being sedated and lying down or following that, moving her legs and standing up were actually accomplished with an animal trainer.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: Principal filming took place primarily on location in Thailand. Other filming locations included film studios in Los Angeles, California and Miami, Florida.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: Certain scenes where the elephant was shown aboard a marine boat actually had I-beams under the deck to support the animal. Additionally, ballast was added to the boat to keep it afloat. One of the later scenes where the elephant was supposedly aboard the aircraft while under gun and missile fire was filmed in cuts, with both fake elephants and a mechanical elephant being used in the jump. The real elephant was used only for close-ups.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: During the village food cart scene, a trainer as an extra, ran alongside the elephant telling her to keep moving. There was also another trainer in front of her encouraging her constant movement and ensuring that nothing got in her path. Wire was attached to crates and tables to pull them over as the elephant ran by, making it appear as though she were knocking everything aside. In a flashback scene, the character of Linh sees an elephant being shot, as he tells of how his parents were killed. The film crew accomplished this feat by instructing the trainer to tell the elephant to lie down, while then shooting the scene in slow motion. To ensure the health of the elephant, her food and water, including her bathing water, was shipped from the U.S. to Thailand throughout the production. Furthermore, she was bathed in purified water every day. Young Thai men were hired to hold umbrellas over the elephant when the cameras were not shooting. Throughout filming, almost everything the elephant walked on was reinforced with timber and steel. Twelve elephants were also used as extras in the jungle mountain scenes.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: According to Denis Leary, "The movie was so painstakingly terrible — because it took a long time to shoot — that all of us actually had pictures of the things that we were gonna buy with our money to keep us going. I had a picture of this property in Connecticut. Ray Liotta had a picture of a house that he was building outside L.A., and Danny Glover had a picture of a property in San Francisco he was gonna buy. That's how we would get through it."


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: The original motion picture soundtrack for "Operation Dumbo Drop", was released by Hollywood Records on July 28, 1995. It features songs recorded by veteran musicians Marvin Gaye, Aretha Franklin and Jackie Wilson among others. The Spencer Davis Group can also be heard in the movie.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: The sound effects in the film were supervised by William Jacobs. The mixing of the sound elements was orchestrated by Doc Kane. "When I See an Elephant Fly" is taken from the Disney animated film, "Dumbo", with the music composed by Oliver Wallace and is the only Disney animated song to be soundtrack album on Hollywood Records. In 2017, Intrada Records released an expanded edition of Newman's score paired with Alex North's complete 17-minute score for "Good Morning, Vietnam".


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: Among mainstream critics in the U.S., the film received mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 31% based on reviews from 26 critics, with an average score of 4.5 out of 10. The critics' consensus reads, "The Vietnam War would seem an unlikely backdrop for a family-friendly comedy involving an airlifted elephant, and "Operation Dumbo Drop" lands with a thud." On Metacritic the film has a score of 48% based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: Hal Hinson, writing in "The Washington Post" said, the film is "so peculiar that one barely knows where to start." He noted that "the real audience for the film—the kids—will have not the slightest hint of all this. They'll be far too consumed—as well they should be—with the goofy antics of Bo-Tat, who, as movie elephants go, is actually pretty wonderful." In mixed fashion, he concluded by saying, ""Operation Dumbo Drop" isn't a shoddy piece of work or a cynical one. It's well acted, well directed and far more interesting visually than most children's films. In its heart of hearts, though, it is more than slightly schizoid. On the one hand, it's a diverting entertainment for children and young adults; on the other, it's a ludicrous fantasy about a war whose complexities cannot be contained by facile metaphors." Roger Ebert in the "Chicago Sun-Times" offered a mostly negative review commenting, "the story is so sentimentalized, so sanitized into a family comedy, that I do doubt the reality was anything like this." He expressed disappointment by saying, "There is a moment when Nguyen can shoot the elephant, but chooses not to, using dialogue that I somehow doubt was uttered by any member of the Viet Cong at any time: " 'I did not join this army to shoot elephants - especially ones that fly.' "" He concluded "As a family movie, ""Operation Dumbo Drop"" is sort of entertaining. As history, it's shameless." In the "Deseret News", critic Chris Hicks reserved a mild compliment for some of the lead acting and directing saying, "Glover and Liotta play against each other pretty well, though there is none of the chemistry Glover has with Mel Gibson in the ""Lethal Weapon"" films." He noted how director Wincer "moves things along quite well, and there is some impressive stunt work". But overall, he felt the film's screenplay was "strictly by-the-numbers stuff and contains some wildly implausible elements."


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: Janet Maslin, writing in "The New York Times", felt the film was at its most, "pleasantly innocuous when it doesn't strain itself with that kind of moralizing and instead concentrates on the logistical nightmare of elephant-moving. Beyond that, it doesn't have much plot, but the idea of tossing an elephant out of an airplane certainly makes for adequate suspense." In comparison to other films, Maslin thought, "The model for this is a lot closer to "McHale's Navy," which is mentioned here, than it is to "Platoon." But in the end, this generally lighthearted Vietnam caper does try to teach a lesson of sorts, since the gift of an elephant becomes a form of war reparations." Joe Leydon writing in "Variety", felt "Operation Dumbo Drop" was "a well-crafted and entertaining pic with broad, cross-generational appeal." and that "Glover is well cast and establishes an effectively edgy give-and-take with Liotta." He also reserved praise for "Russell Boyd's splendid cinematography and Rick Lazzarini's convincing animatronics." Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" viewed "Operation Dumbo Drop" as a "pleasing family adventure-comedy". He thought the film was "handsomely photographed by Russell Boyd" and that under "Simon Wincer's brisk, efficient direction, Glover, Liotta, Leary, et al., give the kind of full-bodied portrayals essential to making basically formulaic material come alive." Lisa Schwarzbaum writing for "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a positive ""B Grade"" rating and viewed the film as a "concept, supposedly based on a true story, is weird — this is what Vietnam movies have come to? But at least the Disney quadruped has the grace to say nothing, and Leary, still an interesting motormouth, knows enough not to smoke or swear when there are elephants around." Peter Stack writing for the "San Francisco Chronicle", saw the film as "not the terrible movie that its ubiquitous trailers would indicate. But it is an odd one," and that "Glover and Liotta, though not exactly great comic actors, play off each other with real spark, the two vying for command of the outlandish mission to deliver the elephant across 200 miles of impossible jungle terrain to the mountain village."


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film a "thumbs down" review calling it, "preposterous" and saying "I'm not buying it all the way through." He also ridiculed the outdoor market scene as "the world's most dangerous profession in the movies; selling fruit on a city street." Gary Kamiya of "The San Francisco Examiner" bluntly referred to the film as descending "upon the hapless viewer like a vast load of pachyderm dung." He believed "even the most vigorous tear-duct manipulation, and a few funny scenes, cannot save "Dumbo" from its dominant tone of stilted corniness and prefab sentimentality." Critic Joey O'Bryan of "The Austin Chronicle" did not waste any time with negativity saying, ""Operation Dumbo Drop" is a terribly irresponsible picture that seems shamefully patterned after director's Wincer's other box office success, "Free Willy"". He thought the film had numerous pitfalls including, "illogical scripting, inconsistent performances, sloppy direction, or the unbelievably offensive oversimplification of the atrocities of the Vietnam war". He concluded his review by exclaiming ""Operation Dumbo Drop" is a disastrous miscalculation that leaves the viewer with only one burning thought: 'What the hell were they thinking?' " Left unimpressed, critic Leonard Maltin wrote that the film was "Surprisingly flat until the climax" and thought the events relating to the Vietnam War was "an odd choice of setting and subject for a Disney family film ... which explains the lack of swearing and the toning-down of Leary's conniving character."


title: Operation Dumbo Drop

text: The film premiered in cinemas on July 28, 1995 in wide release throughout the United States. During its opening weekend, the film opened in a distant 6th place grossing $6,392,155 in business showing at 2,980 locations. The film "Waterworld" soundly beat its competition during that weekend opening in first place with $21,171,780. The film's revenue dropped by 33.2% in its second week of release, earning $4,271,252. For that particular weekend, the film fell to 9th place screening in 2,158 theaters but still holding on to a top ten position. "Waterworld", remained in first place grossing $13,452,035 in box office revenue. The film went on to top out domestically at $24,670,346 in total ticket sales through a 21-week theatrical run. For 1995 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 67.