title: Nondisjunction

text: Exposure of spermatozoa to lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of aneuploidy. Cigarette smoke is a known aneugen (aneuploidy inducing agent). It is associated with increases in aneuploidy ranging from 1.5 to 3.0-fold. Other studies indicate factors such as alcohol consumption, occupational exposure to benzene, and exposure to the insecticides fenvalerate and carbaryl also increase aneuploidy.


title: Ekin-Su Cülcüloğlu

text: Ekin-Su Cülcüloğlu (; born 21 August 1994) is a British actress, model and television personality of Turkish origin. After portraying the role of Isil in the Turkish soap opera "Kuzey Yıldızı İlk Aşk" in 2022, she won the eighth series of the ITV2 reality series "Love Island" alongside Davide Sanclimenti. Following her win, she starred in a travel series with Sanclimenti and is set to compete in the fifteenth series of "Dancing on Ice" in 2023.


title: Ekin-Su Cülcüloğlu

text: Cülcüloğlu was born on 21 August 1994 in Islington, London to her mother Sezer, and she has a younger brother, Arda. She moved to Loughton, Essex at the age of 10. Cülcüloğlu is of Turkish descent and splits her time between Essex and Istanbul. In 2011, Cülcüloğlu competed in Miss Asia Pacific World, representing Ireland. She competed in various other beauty pageants before going on to study performing arts at the University of Central Lancashire, graduating in 2015. At the beginning of her career, Cülcüloğlu went by various stage names; Susie Hayzel, Su Hayzel and Su Ekin Cülcüloğlu.


title: Ekin-Su Cülcüloğlu

text: In 2020, Cülcüloğlu was cast in the Turkish television series "Kuzey Yıldızı İlk Aşk", in which she portrayed the role of Işıl, a photographer from London who saves the life of leading character Kuzey (İsmail Demirci). She also portrayed a serial killer in a Turkish soap opera. In June 2022, Cülcüloğlu became a contestant on the eighth series of "Love Island". She entered the villa as a "bombshell" on Day 3. She won the series alongside Davide Sanclimenti. Following their win, they starred in a travel series on ITV2. In September 2022, she signed a deal with fashion retailer Oh Polly to become their brand ambassador. A month later, it was announced that Cülcüloğlu is set to compete in the fifteenth series of "Dancing on Ice" in 2023.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Albert Namatjira (born Elea Namatjira; 28 July 1902 – 8 August 1959) was an Arrernte painter from the MacDonnell Ranges in Central Australia, widely considered one of the greatest and most influential Australian artists. As a pioneer of contemporary Indigenous Australian art, he was arguably one of the most famous Indigenous Australians of his generation. He was the first Aboriginal artist to receive popularity from a wide Australian audience.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: A member of the Western Arrernte people, Namatjira was born and raised at the remote Hermannsburg Lutheran Mission, 126 km west-southwest from Alice Springs. He showed interest in art from an early age but it was not until 1934 (aged 32) and under the guidance of Rex Battarbee that he began to paint seriously. Namatjira's richly detailed, Western art-influenced watercolours of the outback departed significantly from the abstract designs and symbols of traditional Aboriginal art, and inspired the Hermannsburg School of painting. He became a household name in Australia and reproductions of his works hung in many homes throughout the nation.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: In 1956, a portrait of Namatjira by William Dargie became the first of an Aboriginal person to win the Archibald Prize. Namatjira was awarded the Queen's Coronation Medal in 1953, and was honoured with an Australian postage stamp in 1968.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Namatjira was the first recorded Northern Territory Aboriginal person to be freed from restrictions that made Aboriginal people wards of the state when he was granted British Subjecthood and Australian citizenship in 1957. This gave him the right to vote in national, state and territory elections, freedom of movement and freed him from restrictions on buying alcohol but, in the Northern Territory, he still had limited land rights. However, Namatjira remained poorly treated by the government; he was sentenced to prison after leaving a bottle of rum on the back seat of his car, which was likely taken and consumed by a man who had then drunkenly beaten and killed his own wife. Public and international outcry intervened in the liability ruling and Namatjira instead served less than two months in a native reserve in Papunya. He continued to live in Papunya with his wife, until he died of heart disease in an Alice Springs hospital in 1959.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Described as a "monumental figure" within Australian art, Namatjira is considered one of the most talented Arrernte artists to have lived. As one of the foremost painters of the Hermannsburg movement, he blended indigenous landscapes and Western-style painting techniques to "“bring central Australia to life, for thousands who had never seen it for themselves." His legacy lives on through international critical acclaim, the naming of his homeland's electorate after him, and his artistically inclined descendants. They form the artistic and memorial collective the Namatjira project, which includes his Ramsay Prize-winning great-grandson Vincent Namatjira.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: He was born at Hermannsburg Mission, Ntaria, in Alice Springs in 1902, the son of Namatjira and Ljukuta. They were Western Arrernte people.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Namatjira was raised on the Hermannsburg Mission and baptised after his parents' adoption of Christianity. He was born as Elea, but once baptised, they changed his name to Albert. As a child, he sketched what he saw around him. After a western-style upbringing on the mission, including attending the school and living in a dormitory, separated from his parents, at the age of 13 Namatjira returned to the bush for initiation and was exposed to traditional culture and initiated as a member of the Arrernte community (in which he was to eventually become an elder).


title: Albert Namatjira

text: When he was 18 years old, he left the mission and married his wife Ilkalita, a Kukatja woman, who was christened Rubina upon their return to Hermannsburg. They had five sons and three daughters.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: His wife, like his father's wife, was from the wrong skin group and he violated the law of his people by marrying outside the classificatory kinship system. In 1928 he was ostracised for several years in which he worked as a camel driver and saw much of Central Australia, which he was later to depict in his paintings. He also worked as a blacksmith, carpenter and stockman, at the mission and at the surrounding cattle stations.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: He was a cousin of Aboriginal country music star Gus Williams, and is credited with bringing music into Williams' life.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Namatjira was introduced to western-style painting through an exhibition by two painters from Melbourne, Rex Battarbee and John Gardner, at his mission in 1934. Battarbee returned to the area in the winter of 1936 to paint the landscape, and Namatjira, expressing an interest in learning to paint, acted as his cameleer and guide to show him local scenic areas. Battarbee showed him how to paint with watercolours.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Namatjira started painting in a unique style. His landscapes normally highlighted both the rugged geological features of the land in the background, and the distinctive Australian flora in the foreground with very old, stately and majestic white gum trees surrounded by twisted scrub. His work had a high quality of illumination showing the gashes of the land and the twists in the trees. His colours were similar to the ochres that his ancestors had used to depict the same landscape, but his style was appreciated by Europeans because it met the aesthetics of western art.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: In his early career, Namatjira's work included tjuringa (sacred object) designs, biblical themes and figurative subjects, and he also carved and painted various artefacts.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: In 1937 Friedrich Albrecht, superintendent of Hermannsburg, took ten of Namatjira's watercolours with him to a Lutheran conference at Nuriootpa, South Australia, and Battarbee put three of his paintings in an exhibition with the Royal South Australian Society of Arts in Adelaide. In 1938, Namatjira held his first solo exhibition in Melbourne.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: He became the first prominent Aboriginal artist to work in a contemporary western style, and thus regarded as an example of assimilation. In 1944 he was included in "Who's Who in Australia".


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Subsequent exhibitions in Sydney and Adelaide also sold out. His work garnered wide acclaim, both in Australia and in other countries. Queen Elizabeth II became one of his more notable fans and he was awarded the Queen's Coronation Medal in 1953 and met her in Canberra in 1954. He was elected an honorary member of the Royal Art Society of New South Wales in 1955.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Not only did his own art become widely recognised, but a painting of him by William Dargie won the Archibald Prize in 1956, the first painting of an Aboriginal person to win the prize.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Namatjira's artworks were colourful and varied depictions of the Australian landscape. One of his first landscapes from 1936, "Central Australian Landscape", shows a land of rolling green hills. Another early work, "Ajantzi Waterhole" (1937), shows a close up view of a small waterhole, with Namatjira capturing the reflection in the water. The landscape becomes one of contrasting colours, a device that is often used by Western painters, with red hills and green trees in "Red Bluff" (1938). "Central Australian Gorge" (1940) shows detailed rendering of rocks and reflections in the water. In "Flowering Shrubs" Namatjira contrasts the blossoming flowers in the foreground with the more barren desert and cliffs in the background. Namatjira's love of trees was often described so that his paintings of trees were more portraits than landscapes, which is shown in the portrait of the often depicted ghost gum in "Ghost Gum Glen Helen" (c.1945-49).


title: Albert Namatjira

text: His unique style of painting was denounced soon after his death by some critics as being a product of his assimilation into western culture, rather than his own connection to his subject matter or his natural style. This view has, however, been largely abandoned.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Although Namatjira's paintings appear similar to conventional European landscapes, his work was imbued with his feeling for country and sacred sites. He used repetition, intricate patterns and high horizons to blend the styles of the two worlds he lived in.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: The Art Gallery of New South Wales website quotes George Alexander, coordinator of Contemporary Art Programmes:


title: Albert Namatjira

text: In 2022, Namatjira's work enjoyed a surge in popularity that exceeded the general increased interest in Australian art at this time. "Glen Helen Gorge" sold for more than in Melbourne, and in July "The Granseur – Mount Sonda" fetched in Adelaide. The latter was a record price, achieving nearly more than had been expected.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Due to his wealth, Namatjira soon found himself the subject of humbugging, a ritualised form of begging. Arrernte are expected to share everything they own, and as Namatjira's income grew, so did his extended family. At one time he was singlehandedly providing for over 600 people with financial support. To ease the burden on his strained resources, Namatjira sought to lease a cattle station to benefit his extended family. Originally granted, the lease was subsequently rejected because the land was part of a returned servicemen's ballot, and also because he had no ancestral claim on the property. He then tried to build a house in Alice Springs, but was cheated in his land dealings. The land he was sold was on a flood plain and was unsuitable for building. The Minister for Territories, Paul Hasluck, offered him free land in a reserve on the outskirts of Alice Springs, but this was rejected, and Namatjira and his family took up residence in a squalid shanty at Morris Soak, a dry creek bed some distance from Alice Springs which is now the location of one of the town camps. Despite the fact that he was held as one of Australia's greatest artists, Namatjira was living in poverty. His plight became a media "cause célèbre", resulting in a wave of public outrage.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: In 1957 the government exempted Namatjira and his wife from the restrictive legislation that applied to Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Namatjira was encouraged to apply for and became an Australian citizen at 55 years of age. As an Australian citizen, he could vote, own land, build a house and buy alcohol. As an Australian citizen, he was exempt from classification as an ‘Aboriginal’ for the purposes of the "Welfare Ordinance 1953". This did not mean that he was legally "not" an Aboriginal, as some sources mistakenly suggest. However, his adult children and other relatives remained as "wards" under the "Welfare Ordinance 1953". Although Albert and Rubina were legally allowed to drink alcohol, his Aboriginal family and friends were not. This artificial social divide and the Arrernte culture that expected him to share everything he owned brought Namatjira into conflict with the law.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: When an Aboriginal woman, Fay Iowa, was killed at Morris Soak, Namatjira was held responsible by stipendiary magistrate, Jim Lemaire, for bringing alcohol into the camp. He was reprimanded at the coronial inquest. In the Northern Territory at that time, it was against the law to supply alcohol to an Aboriginal person. Namatjira was charged with leaving a bottle of rum in a place, i.e. on a car seat, where a clan brother and fellow Hermannsburg artist Henoch Raberaba, could get access to it. Convicted for an offence under the "Welfare Ordinance 1953", for supplying an Aboriginal (a "ward") with liquor, he was sentenced to six months in prison. Namatjira appealed against the conviction to the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory (with his defence supported by the Council for Aboriginal Rights in Victoria). The Supreme Court upheld the conviction but reduced the sentence from six to three months. The High Court of Australia refused an application to appeal. There was widespread sympathy for Namatjira and negative publicity about the operation of the Ordinance across Australia and abroad. After the public uproar, the Minister for Territories, Paul Hasluck, intervened and the sentence was served at Papunya Native Reserve. He was released after only serving two months due to medical and humanitarian reasons.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Despondent after his incarceration, Namatjira continued to live with Rubina in a cottage at Papunya, where he suffered a heart attack. There is evidence that Albert believed that he had the bone pointed at him by a member of Fay Iowa's family (this idea of being "sung" to death was also held by Frank Clune, a popular travel writer, Aboriginal activist and organiser of Albert's whirlwind 1956 trip). After being transferred to Alice Springs hospital, Namatjira astonished his mentor Rex Battarbee by presenting him with three landscapes, with a promise of more to come; a promise unrealised. He died soon after of heart disease complicated by pneumonia on 8 August 1959 in Alice Springs.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: At the time of his death Namatjira had painted a total of around 2,000 paintings. He is hailed today as one of the greatest Australian artists and a pioneer for Aboriginal rights. Namatjira's work is on public display in some of Australia's major art galleries. The Art Gallery of New South Wales now displays a number of Namatjira's work, although Hal Missingham, then Director of the gallery, initially rejected his work, saying: "We'll consider his work when it comes up to scratch".


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Two years before his death, part of Namatjira's copyright was sold to a company in exchange for royalties. After his death, Albert Namatjira's copyright was sold by the public trustee in 1983 for , despite Namatjira's will leaving his copyright to his widow and children. The copyright was returned to the family's Albert Namatjira Trust in an October 2017 deal enabled by a donation by philanthropist Dick Smith, in the name of art dealer John Brackenreg, who was seen as having acquired the rights to Namatjira's art in 1957 in an act of exploitation.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Namatjira was honoured on postage stamps issued by Australia Post in 1968, again in 1993 with examples of his work, and in the Namatjira Centenary stamp series in 2002.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: The Northern Territory electoral division of Namatjira, which surrounds Alice Springs, was renamed in 2012 from MacDonnell, in honour of Namatjira.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: In January 2013, two gum trees that featured prominently in Namatjira's watercolours were destroyed in an arson attack, while they were in the process of being heritage-listed, in an "appalling and a tragic act of cultural vandalism". In 2015, the Twin Gums site was again nominated for heritage listing.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: A number of biographical films have been made about Namatjira (at least three before his death), including the 1947 documentary "Namatjira the Painter".


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Namatjira has been the subject of numerous songs. Country star Slim Dusty was the first artist to record a tribute song, "Namatjira", in the 1960s, and Rick and Thel Carey followed up with their tribute "The Stairs That Namatjira Climbed" in 1963. Other tributes include John Williamson's "Raining on the Rock" from his 1986 album "Mallee Boy" and "The Camel Boy" from "Chandelier of Stars" (2005); "Albert Namatjira" by the Australian band Not Drowning, Waving, featured on their 1993 album, "Circus", and Midnight Oil's song "Truganini" of the same year; the famous patriotic song "I Am Australian"; Archie Roach's song, "Native Born"; and the reconciliation song, "Namatjira", written by Geoff Drummond and included on the politically activist album, "The Chess Set" released by Pat Drummond in 2004.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: The Namatjira Project was a community cultural development project launched in 2009 that included an award-winning theatre production by Big hART focusing on Namatjira's life and work.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: On 28 July 2017, Google commemorated Namatjira's 115th birthday with a featured Doodle for Australian users, acknowledging his substantial contributions to the art and culture of Australia.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: A number of Albert Namatjira's descendants paint at the "Iltja Ntjarra - Many Hands" art centre in Alice Springs.


title: Albert Namatjira

text: Vincent Namatjira, Albert Namatjira's great-grandson, is a well-known artist in his own right, winning the Ramsay Art Prize in 2019. Vincent's 2014 series, "Albert's Story", reflects on Albert Namatjira's life and legacy. About the series, Vincent has stated: "I hope my grandfather would be quite proud, maybe smiling down on me; because I won’t let him go. I just keep carrying him on, his name and our families' stories." The series comprises 13 artworks, telling the story of Albert's life. Vincent's work was also shortlisted for the Archibald Prize in 2017, 2018 and 2019 and won the prize in 2020. Vincent's 2021 book about his great-grandfather, featuring artworks from "Albert's Story", was shortlisted for a 2022 Australian Book Industry Award in the "Small Publishers’ Children’s Book of the Year" category.


title: The Story of the Trapp Family Singers

text: The Story of the Trapp Family Singers is a 1949 memoir written by Maria Augusta von Trapp, whose life was later fictionalized in Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical "The Sound of Music" in 1959.


title: The Story of the Trapp Family Singers

text: Maria never intended to write anything of her life. However, a friend persistently pleaded with her not to allow her story to be forgotten by others. Though she denied she had any writing skill whatsoever, her friend was not to be put off and kept on asking her whenever they saw each other. Finally, one day, in desperation, Maria excused herself and went to her room for an hour to scribble a few pages about her life story, hoping to prove once and for all she was no writer. However, this displayed such natural writing talent that she reluctantly agreed to finish what she had started, and her jottings formed the basis of the first chapter of her memoirs. Her book, "The Story of the Trapp Family Singers", was a best-seller. The book was published in 1949 by J. B. Lippincott Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: The Story of the Trapp Family Singers

text: The book describes the life of the von Trapp family, from their beginnings in Salzburg, Austria, to their adventures in America where they escaped from Nazi-invaded Europe. The story reflects on family tragedies, victories, and the kindness of strangers who soon became friends to the young family.


title: The Story of the Trapp Family Singers

text: Maria married Georg von Trapp in 1927, not 1938 as portrayed in the musical. She initially fell in love with the children rather than the father and only later came to love him. The father was not the aloof patriarch who disapproved of music but a warm gentle-hearted parent. They also left Austria openly by train instead of secretly at night.


title: The Story of the Trapp Family Singers

text: They first performed in the Salzburg Festival in 1936, not 1938 as portrayed in the musical, and not as a ruse to give them more time to make their escape as portrayed in the musical. The musical telescopes many events and a long time frame into fewer events and a very short space of time. By the time the family left Austria in real life in 1938, two more children had been born and a third was on the way. In the musical, only the original seven children are portrayed, and Maria and Georg have only been married for one month when they and the seven children leave Austria.


title: The Story of the Trapp Family Singers

text: The children's names and ages are different in the musical and there is no exact equivalent for each child, although some of the children in the musical seem similar to the ones in the book. Liesl, the fictional oldest daughter in the musical, is for the most part an invention of fiction, and certainly Rolf, the messenger boy with a romantic interest in Liesl, has no known equivalent in the family's real life situation. The younger children were probably at least partly inspired by the family's real children but this does not necessarily imply any direct link between any particular fictional child and any particular actual child.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay, officially the Municipality of Taytay (; ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. It is also known as the Garments Capital of the Philippines. Most occupation of the residents are related to supplying different types of garments related things like blouses, pants, dresses and the garment itself at a very low cost. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 386,451 people. It is the 2nd most populous municipality in the country, after Rodriguez, Rizal.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Conurbanated with Metro Manila, it is bounded by Cainta on the north, Pasig and Taguig on the west, Antipolo in the east and Angono on the south. While economically, demographically and politically qualified, plans to convert it into a city was set aside, pending social and administrative reforms in the municipality.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The National Competitiveness Council has named Taytay as the "2nd Most Competitive Municipality (1st & 2nd Class)", for year 2019 after topping the ranking last year.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay is one of the municipalities in the Philippines that has high financial capability with Php 775.3 million, making it the 2nd or 3rd Richest Municipality in the Philippines in 2016. The elevated high capacity monorail MRT Line 4 is expected to terminate at the Taytay Municipal Hall with an empty lot beside it reserved for the depot.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay was a settlement situated along the coastline of the eastern side of Laguna de Bay that formed part of the Kingdom of Namayan, also known as the Kingdom of ""Sapa"", which was ruled by Lakan Tagkan. The said territory is what we know now as the district of Santa Ana, Manila.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Upon the arrival of the Franciscan missionaries on July 2, 1578, in Manila, they proceeded to evangelize the inhabitants of Namayan and organized it into a "pueblo" and named it "Visita Santa Ana de Sapa". It comprised the communities of Meycatmon, Calatongdongan, Dongos, Dibag, Pinacauasan, Yamagtogon, Meysapan (Pasay), Malate, Dilao (Paco), Pandacan, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Miguel, San Juan del Monte, San Felipe Neri (Mandaluyong), San Pedro Macati, and Taytay.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: In 1579, Taytay was formally established as a town and Church in a symbiotic relation, "i.e.," it presupposes that one could not have existed without the other. A church was built out of light materials and called it “Visita de Santa Ana de Sapa”. Taytay—now a larger village, a "pueblo", a town—came into being, as a juridical entity as well as an actual territorial unit.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Saint John the Baptist has since been the patron of the town and the parish under the ministry of the Franciscans.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The ecclesial jurisdiction of Taytay, including the visita of Cainta, which was an annex of Taytay, were transferred to the newly arrived Jesuit missionaries in 1591. They served until 1768—for 177 years.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Fray Pedro Chirino, a distinguished historian, became the first Jesuit parish priest of Taytay. He celebrated his first Holy Mass as a missionary in the swampy resettlement area on March 25, 1591, the feast of the Annunciation.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Due to incessant flood, the town was relocated to a higher ground. The people followed suit after the church was rebuilt atop a hill. Taytay town was dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and christened “San Juan del Monte” [which means “Saint John of the Mountain”]. “San Juan” got the “del Monte” tag in reference to the hilly terrain of the new relocation site of the town.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Nevertheless, the townspeople continued to call their town Taytay, and Taytay it has remained to this day.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: "Adelantado" Miguel Lopez de Legazpi enforced the "encomienda" system into the Philippine Islands since his arrival in 1565. Taytay "encomienda" alone had 500 natives in 1582. There were about 400 households in Taytay, while only 100 households in Antipolo in 1591 [both "encomiendas" had already been granted to Juan Pacheco de Maldonado]; and in that same year, Taytay "encomienda" also listed 600 "tributantes" and inhabitants of 2,400 to 3,000.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The kinds of "encomienda" were those of the Royal Crown "(encomienda de la real corona)", and those of the private persons "(encomienda de perticulares)". In 1591, the "encomienda" of Taytay which was included in the vast district of "Santa Ana de Sapa," belonged to the Royal Crown.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The lakeshore town of Taguig on the West was at the opposite side of Taytay on the East of Laguna de Bay. They were both "encomiendas" under the scope of "Santa Ana de Sapa." They were separated by a narrow tip portion of Pasig town. Adjacent to Pasig was the area situated on the lakeshore of Barangay Santa Ana of Taytay. It was a tract of agricultural land considered as a “friar estate” which is still known today as "“Lupang Arenda”" which has now become a relocation and resettlement site.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: "“Arenda”" is a lease of fixed assets or of prerogatives, such as land, or of special rights engaging in agriculture, mining, the collection of duties and taxes. "“Arenda”" rights are directly associated with the "encomienda."


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: According to former Taytay Mayor Felix M. Sanvictores (1925-1931), "“Lupang Arenda" was donated by Don Juan Valerio Gonzales and Don Cristobal Paramdam to the "Municipio" in 1740. Aside from their own farmlands, Taytay farmers were also benefiting from farming in the "“arenda"” as well as fishing in the wide rivers flowing down the lake and in the vast flooded farmlands near the lake during the rainy season.”


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: On February 23, 1853, a decree of the Superior Government created a district composed of the towns of Taytay, Antipolo, Bosoboso, and Cainta [from the Province of Tondo], and the towns of Morong, Baras, Tanay, Pililla, Angono, Binangonan, Cardona, and Jalajala [from the Province of La Laguna], with Morong as its capital town. It was later called "Distrito Politico-Militar de Morong".


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay suffered heavy casualties during the Philippine–American War in 1899, with the church almost burned down and most of the town razed to the ground.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: On June 11, 1901, Taytay became part of the newly created Province of Rizal by virtue of an Act No. 137 enacted by the First Philippine Commission. In 1903, Taytay was merged with the neighboring towns of Cainta and Angono by virtue of Act No. 942. That did not last long as Angono was separated to be merged with Binangonan later that year and Cainta became an independent town again in 1914.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: During the Second World War, Taytay was occupied by Japanese forces in 1942. Local soldiers of the pre-war 42nd Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and 4th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary liberated and entered Taytay in 1945 to help the recognized guerrilla fighter units to defeat and attack the Japanese Imperial Army. On November 7, 1975, by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 824, which created the Metro Manila Area, Taytay was among the towns that remained within the Province of Rizal.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay has its growth of population and income, which qualifies for cityhood. Like its neighbor Cainta, it did not fully qualified to be a city due to boundary disputes. Its cityhood bid was supported by the League of Cities of the Philippines and then-governor of Rizal, Casimiro Ynares III. It was currently set aside for the meantime, citing that there are priorities that needed to be attended to before cityhood.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The National Competitiveness Council has named Taytay as the "2nd Most Competitive Municipality (1st & 2nd Class) since 2016 until 2017", up from 10th place in 2014 and 3rd place in 2015. In The Year 2018, The Municipality of Taytay jumped from "2nd Most Competitive Municipality" to "1st Most Competitive Municipality (1st & 2nd Class)


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: It is situated in the province's western portion, bounded by the grids 14° 34’ 24" north latitude and 121° 07’ 48" east longitude. It shares boundaries with Cainta in the Northwest, Antipolo in the North-north-east, Angono in the East-southeast and Taguig in the Southwest. The municipality is sited to East of Pasig and to the North of Laguna Lake. It has an area of representing 3.3% of Rizal Province's land area.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The shape of Taytay is rectangular – trapezoidal with gently hilly rolling terrain on its eastern side while relatively flat on its south-western side, including the poblacion. The municipality's highest elevation ranges from 200 to 255 meters which is situated along the inner north-eastern hills of Barangay Dolores, alongside the Antipolo Boundary. Its lowest points are from 5 to 20 meters along the southern portion of Barangay San Juan and Muzon towards Laguna Lake.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The Manggahan Floodway lessens flood conditions in Metro Manila by carrying flood waters to Laguna de Bay, but contributes to flooding of the coastal areas of Taguig, Taytay, and other towns in Laguna and Rizal along the lake.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The municipality is principally drained by south-west trending rivers such as Taytay River, Panghulo River, and Napindan Channel, all of which empties into Laguna Lake. Taytay River flows across Barangays Dolores and San Isidro and joins Antipolo River (present course of Manggahan Floodway) as it passes through the southern end of Barangays Santa Ana and San Juan. Panghulo River snakes its way from upper Taytay across Barangay San Juan towards the southern portion of Barangay Muzon. Napindan Channel crosses the southern boundaries of Barangay Santa Ana and San Juan as it empties into Laguna Lake. Bangiad Creek, found at the south-eastern limits of the municipality, flows south-west ward across Barangay Muzon, extending toward Laguna Lake.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay is away from Manila. It is accessible from various points from Metro Manila through the Ortigas Avenue Extension, Manila East Road, Felix Avenue (formerly Imelda Avenue), Taytay Diversion Road, Manggahan Floodway, and Sumulong Highway.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay still has only five barangays since the late period of the Spanish era. This political subdivision remains the same even though Taytay consistently ranks among the top municipalities throughout the country in terms of economic development and status and population density. Taytay conspicuously has the fewest barangays throughout the country. Today there is a clamor from its citizens for the creation of more barangays for better coordination and management of its huge terrain and growing population.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: San Juan is the largest and most populous barangay and is the center of the municipality and its local industries.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The Municipal seal is composed of a gold-colored single circular arc, encrypted with the word "BAYAN NG TAYTAY" at the upper part and "LALAWIGAN NG RIZAL" at the lower part.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The emblem at the center represents the town, its colors came from the Philippine Flag. The left side resembles two-crossed hammers and grills, represents the Taytay's industrious workers while right side resembles a sewing machine and a scissor represents the People of Taytay which were marked in the field of Dress-making. Conspicuously, this also represents the HaMaKa ("Hamba, Makina at Kabuhayan") that Taytay is celebrating annually.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The five stars at the most upper part, represents the five barangays that compose the municipality. Finally, the scroll at the bottom part encrypted with "Republika ng Pilipinas" basically pertains to the Philippine Republic.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Garment industry is the main economic driver of the town known for its high quality ready-to-wear (RTW) clothing. The town's garment industry and its related downstream cottage industries provide livelihood and employment opportunities to people on its villages where subcontracting among household families is a cottage industry. It has also spawned small entrepreural brick-and-mortar stores and online sellers among its residents. The upstream industries created is the mushrooming of textile markets, sewing machine making, and cargo and delivery.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay town is now the Philippines' production hub of cheaper ready-to-wear clothes. It enabled the country to resurrect its garment industry back after decades of hiatus due to competition from countries such as Bangladesh, Cambodia, Vietnam and to a certain extent China. It is now displacing imported clothings due to its highly competitive pricing, wide array designs and quality.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Today, various shops cluster in Kalayaan park every Friday or in Club Manila East Open Space every Saturday to take the advantage of low-cost ready-made clothings.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: As of 2017, there are around 10 garments center operating in Club Manila East Compound. Each garment center has hundreds to thousands of stalls selling different clothes by family owned garment factories. Of these ten, the biggest are Taytay Municipal Tiangge, Bagpi Garment Center, Igpai Garment Center, MASUERTE 4JC Tiangge and Freedom bazaar. Each center has varying schedule of opening and closing but almost all are open on main market days of Monday and Thursday evenings.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Woodworks continue to be a valuable source of income among the residents of this town. Several carving shops continue to survive despite the threats of cheaper imported products.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Several multinational companies have also made their presence here, which include SM Prime Holdings, Puregold Price Club Inc., Wilcon Builders, Megaworld Constructions and several more.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay's local income surged to Php 770 million during the first quarter in 2016, making it the second richest municipality in the province after Cainta. The economy is in transitory period from agricultural to a more pronounced commercial and industrial activities.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Commerce and industry is a very active economic sector in the municipality. This sector contributes a substantial income to the municipal coffers.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: As of late 2009s, commercial activity dominated the economic landscape with 75% of the total number of economic establishments registered with the Business Permits and Licensing Division of the municipal government. There are more than 7000 commercial and industrial firms operating in the municipality.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: SM City Taytay is a shopping mall owned and constructed by SM Prime Holdings. It is the first SM Supermall in the province in Rizal. The mall is located in Manila East Road Taytay, Rizal. The mall consists of two buildings interconnected with a bridge featuring anchors like the SM Hypermarket, SM Department Store, SM Cinemas, SM Foodcourt, Watsons, SM Appliance Center, Ace Hardware and various shops and restaurants. In 2014, SM Prime announced the expansion of the mall, with a four-storey mix commercial and office building set to rise in the newly acquired lot adjacent to the mall. Robinsons Companies are also conducting studies for the possibility of constructing another mall in province. Coca-Cola Inc., San Miguel Breweries, Megaworld, Santa Lucia Realty, Robinsons Mall, CityMall, Xentro Mall and Ayala Land have either planned or expanded its business portfolio in Taytay citing reasons of economic viability, strong internal market and accessibility. In 2012, the town was ranked second after Cainta in the Philippines for the highest income.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Club Manila East (CME) is another getaway destinations in the heart of the municipality of Taytay. The resort-hotel has a 9,100 sqm "Funtasy Lagoon" pool which is a scaled-down model of Laguna de Bay. The surrounding day-tour cabanas, good for up to 20 persons and complete with shower and bath are named after the surrounding towns of Laguna de Bay. CME, with Philippine Surfing Academy (PSA), also conducts surfing lessons in its two wavepools, the "Beachwaves" and the "Oceanwaves". The Oceanwaves is the biggest of its kind in the country with powerful waves rising up to 1.5 meters high. And through its "CME FLY", a 6-floor-high, 360-meter-long zipline, CME takes its guests to a high adrenaline level. The latest addition to the facilities of CME is the Beach Volleyball court. To date, CME has 70 overnight villas, and 4 big-room dormitories. It has various seminar and function facilities to accommodate 50 to 1,000 people. And to serve the food needs of its clients, the Doña Nelia Restaurant serves a wide range of Filipino and Continental dishes at very affordable prices.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: In 2014, MySpace Properties, A Megawide Construction Corporation Subsidiary, has unveiled its newest mix-use commercial and residential complex along Ortigas Avenue in Barangay San Isidro, dubbed as The Hive Malls + Residences. The project sits beside Baltao compound and has a frontage of more than one hundred meters. It will host several commercial establishments and residential condominiums, providing a one-stop shop for Taytayenos who need not travel more to avail of some services and commercial goods. The project kicked off this October and is expected to be completed in the next one to two years.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay has a budding business processing outsourcing industry as it hosts some BPO locators. In 2016, Taytay was named as one of the 10 Next Wave Cities in the Philippines making it the next hub for the information technology and business process management (IT-BPM) sector. The location of Taytay was identified based on the 2015 assessment guided by the NWC scorecard, which includes the following criteria: talent, infrastructure, cost, and business environment.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Robinsons Companies are also conducting studies for the possibility of constructing another mall in the province. Coca-Cola Inc., San Miguel Breweries, Megaworld, Santa Lucia Realty, CityMall and Ayala Land have either planned or expanded its business portfolio in Taytay, citing reasons of economic viability, strong internal market and accessibility.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay has a current total fleet of only ten dump trucks that regularly collect the garbage generated by its five barangays. Their capabilities can haul the average generated solid waste of 50–60 tons per day based on population. These are dumped three kilometers away in a valley area near the boundary with Antipolo north-east of the town center and adjacent to Rosario Memorial Park.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay has an existing road network with a total length of 139.666 km. The two main roads cutting through Taytay and serving as the main access from Metro Manila are Rizal Avenue which leads to the Poblacion and the Central Business district of the town and the Manila East Road connecting from Ortigas Avenue Extension which passes north and north-east of the town center. The roads meet at a junction just off the location of the New Taytay Public Market towards the adjacent town of Angono on its eastern boundary.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Before World War II, Taytay was also served by a railway system. Known as the Antipolo Line, this railroad line passed through Santa Mesa, Mandaluyong, Pasig, and Cainta, going all the way up to Antipolo near the Hinulugang Taktak Falls. Apart from a street named "Daangbakal" in Antipolo, no traces of this line presently survive especially in the Cainta and Taytay areas where the railway tracks used to be as roads have been paved over them.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Today, the town's transport needs are served by tricycles, jeepneys, taxis, buses, and UV Express services, many of which serve to link the town to Metro Manila where many of the town's citizens work and study.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: A proposed rapid transit line, Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 4, to be built in Metro Manila and Rizal Province will link Taytay to Ortigas Center business center. When completed, it is expected to significantly reduce the volume of vehicular traffic along Ortigas Avenue and improve connectivity in the eastern parts of the metropolis, including the nearby municipalities in southern Rizal.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: One exit point of the under construction Southeast Metro Manila Expressway will help decongest the existing roadways across Metro Manila, such as EDSA and Circumferential Road 5. SEMME is also known as Skyway Stage 4.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The provision of efficient power services is the linchpin of productivity Any area that envisions itself to modernize, to be more productive, and its product competitive needs to have ample power supply to engine its growth and development.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: It has been recorded that Taytay is the third largest user of power among the towns of Rizal, which all have been energized and served the Meralco. This makes Taytay a town with sufficient power for domestic use. Added to this is the presence of a substation of the National Power Corporation in Barangay Dolores.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Communication is another major and key infrastructure component. Its ample availability in an area is one of the essential requisites for economic progress and social integration.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Currently, majority of the communication needs of the people of Taytay are being served by the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT) with some availing of cellular phone and paging services. The number of telephones of the town is far beyond the minimum of one telephone line per 1000 residential population and also a single telephone line per 1500 population in industrial areas.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The town operates a telegraph services unit which issues an average of 116 transmissions and 5,483 telegrams of all kinds per month.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Taytay can be reached by all radio and television stations, printed communications such as newspapers and magazines are distributed from Metro Manila.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The provision of primary health care is being undertaken by the Municipal Health Office which provides medical services to the Municipals five barangays. Taytay has seven health units with a total of 40 Barangay Health Centers. These are commonly staffed of doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, etc. Only Taytay Emergency Hospital which is based at the Office of Municipal Health Officer at the Municipal Hall has daily schedule of medical services from Mondays through Sundays, 24 hrs a day. The other units are on scheduled basis.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: The services offered by these hospitals and clinics to the municipal and provincial residents include out-patient treatment, child delivery, EENT treatment, surgery, internal medicine, pediatric, obstetrics and gynecological treatment and diagnosis of social diseases.


title: Taytay, Rizal

text: Some of the hospitals in Taytay are Taytay Emergency Hospital and Manila East Medical Center(MEMC) and the new Taytay Doctors Hospital.


title: Honne (band)

text: Honne (stylised as HONNE) are an English electronic music duo formed in 2014 in Bow, London, consisting of James Hatcher (producer) and Andy Clutterbuck (singer, producer). Honne's debut studio album, "Warm on a Cold Night", was released 22 July 2016. Their second album, "Love Me/Love Me Not", followed on 28 August 2018. The duo then released their first mixtape, "No Song Without You", on 3 July 2020. Across these albums the band have achieved gold, platinum and multiplatinum certifications in multiple countries around the world. Their third album, "Let's Just Say the World Ended a Week from Now, What Would You Do?", was released on 22 October 2021.


title: Honne (band)

text: Clutterbuck and Hatcher met while at university and started making music together under the name of Honne—a Japanese word (本音) meaning "true feelings"—in late 2014. Honne's musical style has been described as "futuristic soul destined to re-invent babymaking music" by "The Telegraph".


title: Honne (band)

text: The band released their debut single "Warm on a Cold Night" in September 2014 via Super Recordings. They followed up with their second EP "All in the Value" in November 2014, and made their live debut at the Sebright Arms on the same day.


title: Honne (band)

text: Honne started 2015 with a sold out show at Electrowerkz in London in February before announcing the release of their EP "Coastal Love" on their own label Tatemae Recordings, which they have released all of their works under since.


title: Honne (band)

text: Following the release of "Coastal Love" on 1 May, the band played a sold out headline gig at The Laundry in London on 13 May and performed on the BBC Introducing stage at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend 2015 in Norwich. From early to mid-2015, the band performed at various festivals in the UK and across Europe, including The Great Escape Festival, Field Day, Calvi on the Rocks, and Latitude.


title: Honne (band)

text: On 22 July 2016, Honne released their first full-length album, "Warm on a Cold Night". The album cover features an image taken on the night of one of their London shows. The album achieved huge popularity and success internationally, particularly in Asia, where the album has gone multi-platinum in South Korea, Thailand and Indonesia.


title: Honne (band)

text: From late-2016 to mid-2017, the band toured extensively, performing at various festivals around Asia, Europe and North America, including Coachella, Lollapalooza, Osheaga, Wanderland, WayHome Festival and Summerwell.


title: Honne (band)

text: On 7 April 2017, Honne released a new version of "Warm on a Cold Night" featuring American rapper Aminé. Honne released a single titled "Just Dance" on 7 July 2017.


title: Honne (band)

text: Honne released their second album, "Love Me/Love Me Not" on 24 August 2018. The album features Tom Misch, Georgia, Anna of the North, Beka, and Nana Rogues. The album continued to build on their success, again going multi-platinum or gold in multiple territories.


title: Honne (band)

text: On 27 March 2019, the band released a new version of "Crying Over You" featuring RM of BTS. On 3 November 2018, the duo released a stripped back live performance of "Location Unknown" featuring Beka. This version of the track was particularly well received, gaining over 126 million views on YouTube and over 92 million streams on Spotify, and later got synced to the film "Ali & Ratu Ratu Queens".


title: Honne (band)

text: The album campaign saw the band touring in many parts of the world, as well as playing several festivals including All Points East, Corona Capital, NOS Alive, Shaky Knees, Lollapalooza Stockholm, and Sziget Festival.


title: Honne (band)

text: On 3 July 2020, during the global coronavirus pandemic, Honne released the mixtape "No Song Without You".


title: Honne (band)

text: Honne released their third studio album, "Let's Just Say the World Ended a Week from Now, What Would You Do?", on 22 October 2021. Singles from the album include features from Khalid, Griff, Niki, Pink Sweats, and Sofía Valdés. Other non-featuring collaborators on the album include Sam Smith and Arlo Parks.


title: Body cavity search

text: A body cavity search, also known simply as a cavity search, is either a visual search or a manual internal inspection of body cavities for prohibited materials (contraband), such as illegal drugs, money, jewelry, or weapons. Body cavities frequently used for concealment include the mouth, vagina, and rectum. It is far more invasive than the standard strip search that is typically performed on individuals taken into custody, either upon police arrest or incarceration at a jail, prison, or psychiatric hospital. Often the procedure is repeated when the person leaves the institution.


title: Body cavity search

text: Body cavity searches may also be conducted at some international border crossings such as the U.S. Customs and Border Protection when they suspect international travelers of hiding contraband—such as drugs


title: Body cavity search

text: Many articles of contraband are concealable in the body's cavities, via means such as insertion into the rectum. Illegal drugs are often found in condoms and temporarily stowed in the colon, and cylinders such as Cigar Tubes are used to hide money, intravenous syringes, and knives. Duplicate handcuff keys could be concealed in many body orifices, such as in the nasal passages or underneath the tongue.


title: Body cavity search

text: In a thorough "visual body cavity" search, a flashlight is used to illuminate common bodily areas, including the nostrils, ears, mouth, navel, penis (urethra and foreskin) or vulva, and buttocks. Generally, the detainee is required to cooperate with manipulating these body parts as they are examined.


title: Body cavity search

text: Squatting is sometimes instructed during the visual search, and prolonged holding of a squat can be demanded; squats are sometimes demanded while standing over a mirror (so that the observer has an improved view). The person may be asked to “squat and cough,” with the aim of dislodging an object stored in the rectum or vagina.


title: Body cavity search

text: During "manual body cavity" searches, an inmate is temporarily transferred to an offsite clinic to be examined by a licensed physician of the same sex; body orifices are probed using fingers or instruments. The circumstances in which these inspections may be done are often restricted, such as on individuals refusing to offer to consent to a visual body cavity search for reasons other than anxiety or in situations where there is a strong evidence to suspect the presence of contraband, and require a court order.


title: Body cavity search

text: As cavity searches have proven as an ineffective strategy in the total prevention of smuggling objects as it cannot detect objects in the intestines or stomach, as well as taking into consideration the intrusive nature and inherently humiliating or degrading procedure, it has become fairly normal for authorities to instead isolate individuals in a monitored environment until they pass excreta and/or x-ray the individual's pelvic area as it is less invasive and psychologically damaging.


title: Body cavity search

text: Some inmates and human rights activists argue that body cavity searches are done not so much to stop the flow of contraband but rather to harass and humiliate detainees. A visual inspection of the rectum will not reveal objects concealed deeply inside. Likewise, it is possible to circumvent detection during manual body cavity searches. In some instances, suspects swallow packages of drugs protected by condoms and allow them to pass through their digestive tract. Only diagnostic imaging will reveal the concealed contraband, invalidating the body cavity search.


title: Body cavity search

text: Because these searches are highly invasive and greatly compromise an individual’s right of privacy, the legality of visual and manual body cavity searches is frequently contested.


title: Body cavity search

text: In the United States, "Bell v. Wolfish" is the benchmark case on this issue. In its judgment of the case, the U.S. Supreme Court established a standard of reasonable grounds for performing cavity searches. Among these are security concerns at prisons. Such searches are generally governed by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which prohibits searches without probable cause.


title: Body cavity search

text: In the UK, cavity searches are not carried out upon entry to prisons, although new prisoners are required to perform squats as part of their strip-search. Though said prisoners may be visually searched, prison staff do not have the power to carry out cavity searches.


title: Body cavity search

text: Law enforcement officers are not allowed to conduct cavity searches or strip searches in Pakistan. Any officer who conducts a cavity search or strip search can be sentenced up to 4 years in prison and given a Rs.7500 fine.


title: Body cavity search

text: The body cavity search is frequently used as a joke in comedies such as the movies "Beavis and Butt-head Do America", "Rush Hour 3", and "Wayne’s World", and the American sitcom television series "Seinfeld", due to its humiliating, uncomfortable, and invasive nature. Generally, it adds to the suffering of a comedic foil. It is generally not depicted explicitly, but implied by the donning of a lubricated glove by a searcher. It is similar to the use of the rectal examination in this regard.


title: Bamba Müller

text: Maharani Bamba, Lady Duleep Singh (born Bamba Müller; 6 July 1848 – 18 September 1887), was the Egyptian wife of Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh. Brought up by Christian missionaries, she married Sir Duleep Singh and became Maharani Bamba, wife of the last Maharaja of Lahore. Her transformation from illegitimate girl, born to a German father and Abyssinian (Ethiopian) mother, living in a Cairo mission to a Maharani living a life of luxury with the "Black Prince of Perthshire" has been compared to the "Cinderella" story.


title: Bamba Müller

text: Bamba Müller was the daughter of Ludwig Müller, a German merchant banker with the company Todd Müller and Co., by his mistress of Abyssinian descent called Sofia. The name Bamba was Arabic for "pink". Her father already had a wife and he therefore placed his illegitimate daughter in the care of missionaries in Cairo. Her father had requested and paid for her education, and remained in contact with the missionaries. Müller became an enthusiastic and charismatic member of the Christian community and was the only female in a select group of communicants at the American Presbyterian Mission school in Cairo.


title: Bamba Müller

text: Duleep Singh was the last ruler of the Sikh Empire, being dethroned by the East India Company after the Second Anglo-Sikh War. In 1863, Singh was being supervised in Britain where he was a friend of Queen Victoria and kept a large social circle. He was known as the "Black Prince of Perthshire" around his home in Scotland. Singh was given money by the East India Company administration on condition that he complied with the demands of the British government. Duleep had been taken to Britain when a child and raised as a Christian. This was after he had been persuaded to agree to the annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company. The treaty also included handing the Koh-i-Nor diamond as well, which became part of the Crown Jewels. Singh was separated from his mother, Maharani Jindan Kaur. His mother remained in India, although eventually she was allowed to rejoin her son in England. Duleep collected her after special permission was given. Duleep was allowed by the East India Company to visit India for the second time to bury his mother after she died in Britain, although the body remained at Kensal Green Cemetery for nearly a year whilst this was negotiated upon. His mother's ashes were not allowed to be buried in Lahore (the main city of the Punjab), but had to be placed in a memorial in Bombay instead.


title: Bamba Müller

text: On his return from Bombay Duleep passed through Cairo and visited the missionaries there on 10 February 1864. He visited again a few days later and was taken around the girls' school, where he first met Bamba Müller, who was an instructor. She was the only girl there who had committed herself to a Christian life. On each visit Duleep made presents to the mission of several hundreds of pounds.


title: Bamba Müller

text: Duleep Singh wrote to the teachers at the missionary school at the end of the month in the hope that they would recommend a wife for him as he was to live in Britain and he wanted a Christian wife of Eastern origin. Queen Victoria had told Duleep that he should marry an Indian princess who had been educated in England, but he desired a girl with less sophistication. The final proposal had to be done via an intermediary as Duleep did not speak Arabic, Müller's only language. The missionaries discussed this proposal with Müller. She was unsure whether to accept the proposal offered via the missionaries. Her first ambition was to rise to teach children in a missionary school. Her father was consulted but he left the choice to his daughter. Müller eventually made her decision after praying for guidance. She decided that the marriage was God's call for her to widen her ambitions. Singh made a substantial contribution of one thousand pounds to the school and married Müller on 7 June 1864 in the British Consulate in Alexandria, Egypt. The ceremony was described as brief, with few witnesses. Both of them wore European dress though Duleep wore a turban. Bamba wore simple jewellery including pearls. She had a short sleeved, moire, antique dress, orange blossoms in her hair, and a veil. The Prince made his vows in English, whilst Bamba spoke in Arabic.


title: Bamba Müller

text: The couple had three sons and three daughters whom they brought up at Elveden Hall in Suffolk, England. Her six children were: Victor Albert Jay (1866–1918), Frederick Victor (1868–1926), Bamba Sophia Jindan (1869–1957), Catherina Hilda (1871–1942), Sophia Alexandra (1876–1948), and Albert Edward Alexander (1879–1893).


title: Bamba Müller

text: Victor and Frederick both joined the British Army whilst Frederick became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. One of her daughters, Bamba Sophia Jindan, returned to Lahore as the wife of a Dr Sutherland. She was known as Princess Bamba Sutherland.


title: Bamba Müller

text: In 1886 her husband resolved to return to India. On his way there he was arrested in Aden and forced to return to Europe. Bamba died on 18 September 1887 and was buried at Elveden. The cause of death was reported as "comprehensive renal failure brought on by an acute case of diabetes, made worse by her drinking (of alcohol)".


title: Bamba Müller

text: Her son Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh died aged thirteen in Hastings on 1 May 1893 and was buried next to his mother. When Bamba's husband died, his body was brought back to England and buried with his wife and son at Elveden.


title: Untitled Nas album

text: The untitled ninth studio album by American rapper Nas, commonly referred to eponymously as Nas, or simply "Untitled," was released on July 15, 2008 by The Jones Experience and Def Jam Recordings. Its original title "Nigger" was omitted due to controversy surrounding the racial epithet. The album is distinguished for its political content, diverse sources of production, and provocative subject matter. The album features guest appearances from Chris Brown, Keri Hilson, Busta Rhymes, and The Game, among others.


title: Untitled Nas album

text: The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, becoming Nas' fifth to do so, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of over 500,000 copies in the United States. Upon its release, the album received generally positive reviews from critics.


title: Untitled Nas album

text: The original title of the album, "Nigger", was mentioned by Nas several times, as well as on an October 12, 2007, performance at the Roseland Ballroom in New York City where he announced the title and release date. Def Jam made no comment on the title. This was similar to attempts to name his 2006 album, eventually titled "Hip Hop Is Dead", to both "Nigga" and "Hip Hop Is Dead... The N". On May 19, 2008, it was confirmed that Nas changed the name of the album to an untitled one (although on the iTunes Store, the album is self-titled), stating that "the people will always know what the real title of this album is and what to call it." The cover of the album depicts the back of a shirtless Nas with flagellation scars forming the shape of the letter N, a reference to the racial slur and how slaves were tortured in the United States. Fort Greene, Brooklyn assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries requested New York's Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli to withdraw $84 million from the state pension fund that has been invested into Universal and its parent company, Vivendi, if the album's title was not changed.


title: Untitled Nas album

text: L.A. Reid, chairman of Def Jam at the time, confirmed that the label fully backed Nas and his decision on naming his album. The album's original title received support from Eminem, Ice Cube, Jay-Z, Bishop Lamont, Alicia Keys, LL Cool J, Rev Run, Common, Akon, Method Man, Lupe Fiasco, David Banner, GZA, and Melle Mel, while receiving criticism from 50 Cent, Will Smith, Al Sharpton, Bill O'Reilly, Oprah Winfrey, Reverend Jesse Jackson and the NAACP.


title: Untitled Nas album

text: Production credits for the album include stic.man of Dead Prez, DJ Green Lantern, Polow da Don, Salaam Remi, DJ Toomp, Stargate, Cool & Dre, Game, Mark Ronson, Mark Batson, Jay Electronica, J. Myers, Dustin Moore, Calvin McDaniel and Eric Hudson. Early reports of production mentioned that No I.D., DJ Khalil, Jermaine Dupri, Chris Webber and The Hitmen were contributing tracks, but their tracks failed to make the final cut for the album. DJ Premier stated in a 2009 interview with HipHopDX that he sent in a beat for Nas that Nas did not end up using on this album.


title: Untitled Nas album

text: Guest artists featured on the album are Busta Rhymes, Keri Hilson, Game, Chris Brown, The Last Poets, Eban Thomas, Mulatto and Mykel. Although Jay Electronica produced the introductory track, he does not have a verse on the album, as previously stated by Nas.


title: Untitled Nas album

text: Nas released a mixtape with DJ Green Lantern titled "The Nigger Tape" on June 9, 2008. The mixtape, which was released through NasIndependenceDay.com, features three songs that were later included on the album, as well as various unreleased tracks. In July 2008, it was announced that apparel company Fila will be providing financial support for the album's marketing for one year. In exchange, Nas will wear Fila sneakers at his shows.


title: Untitled Nas album

text: Prior to the release of the untitled album, Nas released a music video for "Be a Nigger Too", a song rumored to be the first single. In late June, Nas told "Billboard" magazine that "Be a Nigger Too" would not even be on the album because of sample clearance issues. During the same week, Nas released "Hero", the album's first official single. The song features a chorus sung by Keri Hilson, a beat produced by Polow da Don and lyrics about the music industry's stranglehold on artistry. The Game announced on BET's "106 & Park" that "Make the World Go Round" is the next single of the album, which was debuted in November 2008. Nas has also released videos for "Sly Fox" and "Y'all My Niggas", however he does not appear in either of them.


title: Untitled Nas album

text: Upon its release, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics, based on an aggregate score of 71/100 from Metacritic. "Entertainment Weekly" credited the album for its maturity as well as the album's ability to keep the listeners guessing. Andy Greenwald credits Nas, saying "In a summer of "Lollipop", it's good to hear a complicated record that doesn't shy from grown-up ambition." The album received a 4.5 mic rating from "The Source" magazine. "The Independent"s Andy Gill gave it 5 out of 5 stars and described it as "probably the most politically oriented rap album since the days of Public Enemy and The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy". In contrast, "Los Angeles Times" writer Jeff Weiss gave the album 2 out of 4 stars and wrote unfavorably of Nas's lyrics, perceiving his themes as hypocritical and inconsistent.


title: Untitled Nas album

text: Despite calling its production "sporadically successful and widely uneven", Slant Magazine's Jimmy Newlin gave the album 3½ out of 5 stars and commended Nas's lyricism, calling its lyrics "all terrific". Jody Rosen of "Rolling Stone" gave the album 4 out of 5 stars and called it a "sprawling, furious, deeply ambivalent theme album about institutional racism, the failures of black leadership and the pathologies and promise of early-21st-century African-American life". "USA Today"s Elysa Gardner gave it 3 out of 4 stars and wrote "Nas reconfirms his status as one of rap’s most deft, thoughtful rhymers and his knack for trenchant, defiant commentary". On December 3, it was announced that the album had been nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, but it ended up losing to Lil Wayne's "Tha Carter III" (2008).


title: Untitled Nas album

text: The album debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 album charts selling 187,078 copies in the first week of release. On September 11, 2008, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States.


title: Unruh effect

text: The Unruh effect (also known as the Fulling–Davies–Unruh effect) is a kinematic prediction of quantum field theory that an accelerating observer will observe a thermal bath, like blackbody radiation, whereas an inertial observer would observe none. In other words, the background appears to be warm from an accelerating reference frame; in layman's terms, an accelerating thermometer (like one being waved around) in empty space, removing any other contribution to its temperature, will record a non-zero temperature, just from its acceleration. Heuristically, for a uniformly accelerating observer, the ground state of an inertial observer is seen as a mixed state in thermodynamic equilibrium with a non-zero temperature bath.


title: Unruh effect

text: The Unruh effect was first described by Stephen Fulling in 1973, Paul Davies in 1975 and W. G. Unruh in 1976. It is currently not clear whether the Unruh effect has actually been observed, since the claimed observations are disputed. There is also some doubt about whether the Unruh effect implies the existence of Unruh radiation.


title: Unruh effect

text: The Unruh temperature, sometimes called the Davies–Unruh temperature, was derived separately by Paul Davies and William Unruh and is the effective temperature experienced by a uniformly accelerating detector in a vacuum field. It is given by


title: Unruh effect

text: where is the reduced Planck constant, is the local acceleration, is the speed of light, and is the Boltzmann constant. Thus, for example, a proper acceleration of corresponds approximately to a temperature of . Conversely, an acceleration of corresponds to a temperature of .


title: Unruh effect

text: The Unruh temperature has the same form as the Hawking temperature with denoting the surface gravity of a black hole, which was derived by Stephen Hawking in 1974. In the light of the equivalence principle, it is, therefore, sometimes called the Hawking–Unruh temperature.


title: Unruh effect

text: Unruh demonstrated theoretically that the notion of vacuum depends on the path of the observer through spacetime. From the viewpoint of the accelerating observer, the vacuum of the inertial observer will look like a state containing many particles in thermal equilibrium—a warm gas.


title: Unruh effect

text: The Unruh effect would only appear to an accelerating observer. And although the Unruh effect would initially be perceived as counter-intuitive, it makes sense if the word "vacuum" is interpreted in the following specific way. In quantum field theory, the concept of "vacuum" is not the same as "empty space": Space is filled with the quantized fields that make up the universe. Vacuum is simply the lowest "possible" energy state of these fields.


title: Unruh effect

text: The energy states of any quantized field are defined by the Hamiltonian, based on local conditions, including the time coordinate. According to special relativity, two observers moving relative to each other must use different time coordinates. If those observers are accelerating, there may be no shared coordinate system. Hence, the observers will see different quantum states and thus different vacua.


title: Unruh effect

text: In some cases, the vacuum of one observer is not even in the space of quantum states of the other. In technical terms, this comes about because the two vacua lead to unitarily inequivalent representations of the quantum field canonical commutation relations. This is because two mutually accelerating observers may not be able to find a globally defined coordinate transformation relating their coordinate choices.


title: Unruh effect

text: An accelerating observer will perceive an apparent event horizon forming (see Rindler spacetime). The existence of Unruh radiation could be linked to this apparent event horizon, putting it in the same conceptual framework as Hawking radiation. On the other hand, the theory of the Unruh effect explains that the definition of what constitutes a "particle" depends on the state of motion of the observer.


title: Unruh effect

text: The free field needs to be decomposed into positive and negative frequency components before defining the creation and annihilation operators. This can only be done in spacetimes with a timelike Killing vector field. This decomposition happens to be different in Cartesian and Rindler coordinates (although the two are related by a Bogoliubov transformation). This explains why the "particle numbers", which are defined in terms of the creation and annihilation operators, are different in both coordinates.


title: Unruh effect

text: The Rindler spacetime has a horizon, and locally any non-extremal black hole horizon is Rindler. So the Rindler spacetime gives the local properties of black holes and cosmological horizons. It is possible to rearrange the metric restricted to these regions to obtain the Rindler metric. The Unruh effect would then be the near-horizon form of Hawking radiation.


title: Unruh effect

text: It is worth stressing that the Unruh effect only says that, according to uniformly-accelerated observers, the vacuum state is a thermal state specified by its temperature, and one should resist reading too much into the thermal state or bath. Different thermal states or baths at the same temperature need not be equal, for they depend on the Hamiltonian describing the system. In particular, the thermal bath seen by accelerated observers in the vacuum state of a quantum field is not the same as a thermal state of the same field at the same temperature according to inertial observers. Furthermore, uniformly accelerated observers, static with respect to each other, can have different proper accelerations (depending on their separation), which is a direct consequence of relativistic red-shift effects. This makes the Unruh temperature spatially inhomogeneous across the uniformly accelerated frame.


title: Unruh effect

text: In special relativity, an observer moving with uniform proper acceleration through Minkowski spacetime is conveniently described with Rindler coordinates, which are related to the standard (Cartesian) Minkowski coordinates by


title: Unruh effect

text: An observer moving with fixed traces out a hyperbola in Minkowski space, therefore this type of motion is called hyperbolic motion. The coordinate formula_7 is related to the Schwarzschild spherical coordinate formula_8 by the relation


title: Unruh effect

text: An observer moving along a path of constant is uniformly accelerating, and is coupled to field modes which have a definite steady frequency as a function of . These modes are constantly Doppler shifted relative to ordinary Minkowski time as the detector accelerates, and they change in frequency by enormous factors, even after only a short proper time.


title: Unruh effect

text: Translation in is a symmetry of Minkowski space: it can be shown that it corresponds to a boost in "x", "t" coordinate around the origin. Any time translation in quantum mechanics is generated by the Hamiltonian operator. For a detector coupled to modes with a definite frequency in , we can treat as "time" and the boost operator is then the corresponding Hamiltonian. In Euclidean field theory, where the minus sign in front of the time in the Rindler metric is changed to a plus sign by multiplying formula_10 to the Rindler time, i.e. a Wick rotation or imaginary time, the Rindler metric is turned into a polar-coordinate-like metric. Therefore any rotations must close themselves after 2 in a Euclidean metric to avoid being singular. So


title: Unruh effect

text: A path integral with real time coordinate is dual to a thermal partition function, related by a Wick rotation. The periodicity formula_12 of imaginary time corresponds to a temperature of formula_13 in thermal quantum field theory. Note that the path integral for this Hamiltonian is closed with period 2. This means that the modes are thermally occupied with temperature . This is not an actual temperature, because is dimensionless. It is conjugate to the timelike polar angle , which is also dimensionless. To restore the length dimension, note that a mode of fixed frequency in at position has a frequency which is determined by the square root of the (absolute value of the) metric at , the redshift factor. This can be seen by transforming the time coordinate of a Rindler observer at fixed to an inertial, co-moving observer observing a proper time. From the Rindler-line-element given above, this is just . The actual inverse temperature at this point is therefore


title: Unruh effect

text: It can be shown that the acceleration of a trajectory at constant in Rindler coordinates is equal to , so the actual inverse temperature observed is


title: Unruh effect

text: The temperature of the vacuum, seen by an isolated observer accelerating at the Earth's gravitational acceleration of = , is only . For an experimental test of the Unruh effect it is planned to use accelerations up to , which would give a temperature of about .


title: Unruh effect

text: The Rindler derivation of the Unruh effect is unsatisfactory to some, since the detector's path is super-deterministic. Unruh later developed the Unruh–DeWitt particle detector model to circumvent this objection.


title: Unruh effect

text: The Unruh effect would also cause the decay rate of accelerating particles to differ from inertial particles. Stable particles like the electron could have nonzero transition rates to higher mass states when accelerating at a high enough rate.


title: Unruh effect

text: Although Unruh's prediction that an accelerating detector would see a thermal bath is not controversial, the interpretation of the transitions in the detector in the non-accelerating frame is. It is widely, although not universally, believed that each transition in the detector is accompanied by the emission of a particle, and that this particle will propagate to infinity and be seen as Unruh radiation.


title: Unruh effect

text: The existence of Unruh radiation is not universally accepted. Smolyaninov claims that it has already been observed, while O'Connell and Ford claim that it is not emitted at all. While these skeptics accept that an accelerating object thermalizes at the Unruh temperature, they do not believe that this leads to the emission of photons, arguing that the emission and absorption rates of the accelerating particle are balanced.


title: Unruh effect

text: Researchers claim experiments that successfully detected the Sokolov–Ternov effect may also detect the Unruh effect under certain conditions.


title: Unruh effect

text: Theoretical work in 2011 suggests that accelerating detectors could be used for the direct detection of the Unruh effect with current technology.


title: Unruh effect

text: The Unruh effect was observed for the first time in the high energy channeling radiation explored by the NA63 experiment at CERN.


The Indonesia national under-23 football team (Indonesia: Tim Nasional Sepak Bola Indonesia U-23) is considered to be the feeder team for the Indonesia national football team, represents Indonesia at football in the Olympic Games, Asian Games and Southeast Asian Games, as well as any other under-23 international football tournaments including the AFC U-23 Asian Cup. It is controlled by the Football Association of Indonesia.


title: Indonesia national under-23 football team

text: This team was founded when the Olympic football was changed to an under-23 competition, and is also managed as under-22 team while it doesn't play in major competitions.


text: The kits used are usually follow the senior team's kits. However, they sometimes used kits with different manufacturers. In 2006 Asian Games, they used Puma kits. For the 2018 Asian Games and 2021 Southeast Asian Games, they will use Li-Ning kits after the Indonesian Olympic Committee reached full sponsorship agreement with the apparel. Li-Ning will manufacture all clothes used by all Indonesian athletes.


text: Indonesia team for Asian Cup finals tournament (if qualified, through 2024) and qualifiers, friendlies against other national teams, and SEA Games (through 2021) are currently broadcast by TVRI (SEA Games only), MNC Media and friendlies against the national clubs by Emtek. Previously, the SEA Games matches had been aired on Emtek from 2013 until 2017 plus the 2018 Asian Games (as the host country and broadcaster).


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Antisemitism in Christianity, a form of religious antisemitism, is the feeling of hostility which some Christian Churches, Christian groups, and ordinary Christians have towards the Jewish religion and the Jewish people.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Antisemitic Christian rhetoric and the antipathy towards Jews which result from it both date back to the early years of Christianity and they are derived from pagan anti-Jewish attitudes, which were reinforced by the belief that the Jews had killed Christ. Christians imposed ever-increasing anti-Jewish measures over the ensuing centuries, including acts of ostracism, humiliation, expropriation, violence, and murder, measures which culminated in The Holocaust.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Christian antisemitism has been attributed to numerous factors which include theological differences, the competition between Church and Synagogue, the Christian drive for converts, a misunderstanding of Jewish beliefs and practices, and the perception that Judaism was hostile towards Christianity. For two millennia, these attitudes were reinforced in Christian preaching, art and popular teachings, all of which expressed contempt for Jews as well as statutes which were designed to humiliate and stigmatise Jews.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Modern antisemitism has primarily been described as hatred against Jews as a race and its most recent expression is rooted in 18th-century racial theories, while anti-Judaism is rooted in hostility towards the Jewish religion, but in Western Christianity, anti-Judaism effectively merged into antisemitism during the 12th century. Scholars have debated how Christian antisemitism played a role in the Nazi Third Reich, World War II and the Holocaust. The Holocaust has forced many Christians to reflect on the relationship between Christian theology, Christian practices, and how they contributed to it.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: The legal status of Christianity and Judaism differed within the Roman Empire: Because the practice of Judaism was restricted to the Jewish people and Jewish proselytes, its followers were generally exempt from following the obligations that were imposed on followers of other religions by the Roman imperial cult and since the reign of Julius Caesar, it enjoyed the status of a "licit religion", but occasional persecutions still occurred, for example in 19 Tiberius expelled the Jews from Rome, as Claudius did again in 49. Christianity however was not restricted to one people, and because Jewish Christians were excluded from the synagogue (see Council of Jamnia), they also lost the protected status that was granted to Judaism, even though that "protection" still had its limits (see Titus Flavius Clemens (consul), Rabbi Akiva, and Ten Martyrs).


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: From the reign of Nero onwards, who is said by Tacitus to have blamed the Great Fire of Rome on Christians, the practice of Christianity was criminalized and Christians were frequently persecuted, but the persecution differed from region to region. Comparably, Judaism suffered setbacks due to the Jewish-Roman wars, and these setbacks are remembered in the legacy of the Ten Martyrs. Robin Lane Fox traces the origin of much of the later hostility to this early period of persecution, when the Roman authorities commonly tested the faith of suspected Christians by forcing them to pay homage to the deified emperor. Jews were exempt from this requirement as long as they paid the Fiscus Judaicus, and Christians (many or mostly of Jewish origin) would say that they were Jewish but refused to pay the tax. This had to be confirmed by the local Jewish authorities, who were likely to refuse to accept the Christians as fellow Jews, often leading to their execution. The Birkat haMinim was often brought forward as support for this charge that the Jews were responsible for the Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. In the 3rd century systematic persecution of Christians began and lasted until Constantine's conversion to Christianity. In 390 Theodosius I made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. While pagan cults and Manichaeism were suppressed, Judaism retained its legal status as a licit religion, though anti-Jewish violence still occurred. In the 5th century, some legal measures worsened the status of the Jews in the Roman Empire.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Another point of contention for Christians concerning Judaism, according to the modern KJV of the Protestant Bible, is attributed more to a religious bias, rather than an issue of race or being a "Semite". Paul (a Benjamite Hebrew) clarifies this point in the letter to the Galatians where he makes plain his declaration ″ There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. And if ye be Christ's, then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise.″ Further Paul states: ″ Brethren, I speak after the manner of men; Though it be but a man's covenant, yet if it be confirmed, no man disannulleth, or addeth thereto. Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ.″ Many misled Christians read Matthew 23, John 8:44, Revelations 2:9, 3:9, and wrongly believe that the term "Jew" means a Hebrew or a Semite...it does not, rather, it refers to the religious belief in Judaism.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: In Judaism, Jesus was not recognized as the Messiah, which Christians interpreted as His rejection, as a failed Jewish Messiah claimant and a false prophet. However, since Jews traditionally believe that the messiah has not yet come and the Messianic Age is not yet present, the total rejection of Jesus as either the messiah or a deity has never been a central issue in Judaism.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Many New Testament passages criticise the Pharisees and it has been argued that these passages have shaped the way that Christians viewed Jews. Like most Bible passages, however, they can be and have been interpreted in a variety of ways.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Mainstream Talmudic Rabbinical Judaism today directly descends from the Pharisees whom Jesus often criticized. During Jesus' life and at the time of his execution, the Pharisees were only one of several Jewish groups such as the Sadducees, Zealots, and Essenes who mostly died out not long after the period; indeed, Jewish scholars such as Harvey Falk and Hyam Maccoby have suggested that Jesus was himself a Pharisee. In the sermon on the mount, for example, Jesus says "The Pharisees sit in Moses seat, therefore do what they say ..". Arguments by Jesus and his disciples against certain groups of Pharisees and what he saw as their hypocrisy were most likely examples of disputes among Jews and internal to Judaism that were common at the time, see for example Hillel and Shammai.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Professor Lillian C. Freudmann, author of "Antisemitism in the New Testament" (University Press of America, 1994) has published a detailed study of the description of Jews in the New Testament, and the historical effects that such passages have had in the Christian community throughout history. Similar studies of such verses have been made by both Christian and Jewish scholars, including Professors Clark Williamsom (Christian Theological Seminary), Hyam Maccoby (The Leo Baeck Institute), Norman A. Beck (Texas Lutheran College), and Michael Berenbaum (Georgetown University). Most rabbis feel that these verses are antisemitic, and many Christian scholars, in America and Europe, have reached the same conclusion. Another example is John Dominic Crossan's 1995 book, titled "Who Killed Jesus? Exposing the Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus".


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Some biblical scholars have also been accused of holding antisemitic beliefs. Bruce J. Malina, a founding member of The Context Group, has come under criticism for going as far as to deny the Semitic ancestry of modern Israelis. He then ties this back to his work on first-century cultural anthropology.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Jewish deicide is the belief that the Jews as a people will always be collectively responsible for the killing of Jesus, even through the successive generations following his death, also known as the blood curse. A Biblical justification for the charge of Jewish deicide is derived from Matthew 27:24–25, where a crowd of Jewish people told Pilate that they and their children would be responsible for Jesus' death. The Catholic Church has repudiated this teaching, as well as several other Christian denominations. Most members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints accept the Jewish deicide.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: After Paul's death, Christianity emerged as a separate religion, and Pauline Christianity emerged as the dominant form of Christianity, especially after Paul, James and the other apostles agreed on a compromise set of requirements. Some Christians continued to adhere to aspects of Jewish law, but they were few in number and often considered heretics by the Church. One example is the Ebionites, who seems to have denied the virgin birth of Jesus, the physical Resurrection of Jesus, and most of the books that were later canonized as the New Testament. For example, the Ethiopian Orthodox still continue Old Testament practices such as the Sabbath. As late as the 4th century Church Father John Chrysostom complained that some Christians were still attending Jewish synagogues.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy and declared the people of Israel to be "extra Deum" (lat. "outside of God"). Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to worship religious images as having "Jewish minds". In the early second century AD, the heretic Marcion of Sinope ( 85 – 160 AD) declared that the Jewish God was a different God, inferior to the Christian one, and rejected the Jewish scriptures as the product of a lesser deity. Marcion's teachings, which were extremely popular, rejected Judaism not only as an incomplete revelation, but as a false one as well, but, at the same time, allowed less blame to be placed on the Jews personally for having not recognized Jesus, since, in Marcion's worldview, Jesus was not sent by the lesser Jewish God, but by the supreme Christian God, whom the Jews had no reason to recognize.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian ( 155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. Origen of Alexandria ( 184 – 253) was more knowledgeable about Judaism than any of the other Church Fathers, having studied Hebrew, met Rabbi Hillel the Younger, consulted and debated with Jewish scholars, and been influenced by the allegorical interpretations of Philo of Alexandria. Origen defended the canonicity of the Old Testament and defended Jews of the past as having been chosen by God for their merits. Nonetheless, he condemned contemporary Jews for not understanding their own Law, insisted that Christians were the "true Israel", and blamed the Jews for the death of Christ. He did, however, maintain that Jews would eventually attain salvation in the final "apocatastasis". Hippolytus of Rome ( 170 – 235 AD) wrote that the Jews had "been darkened in the eyes of your soul with a darkness utter and everlasting."


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Patristic bishops of the patristic era such as Augustine argued that the Jews should be left alive and suffering as a perpetual reminder of their murder of Christ. Like his anti-Jewish teacher, Ambrose of Milan, he defined Jews as a special subset of those damned to hell. As "Witness People", he sanctified collective punishment for the Jewish deicide and enslavement of Jews to Catholics: "Not by bodily death, shall the ungodly race of carnal Jews perish ... 'Scatter them abroad, take away their strength. And bring them down O Lord. Augustine claimed to "love" the Jews but as a means to convert them to Christianity. Sometimes he identified all Jews with the evil Judas and developed the doctrine (together with Cyprian) that there was "no salvation outside the Church".


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Other Church Fathers, such as John Chrysostom, went further in their condemnation. The Catholic editor Paul Harkins wrote that St. John Chrysostom's anti-Jewish theology "is no longer tenable (..) For these objectively unchristian acts he cannot be excused, even if he is the product of his times." John Chrysostom held, as most Church Fathers did, that the sins of all Jews were communal and endless, to him his Jewish neighbours were the collective representation of all alleged crimes of all preexisting Jews. All Church Fathers applied the passages of the New Testament concerning the alleged advocation of the crucifixion of Christ to all Jews of his day, the Jews were the ultimate evil. However, John Chrysostom went so far to say that because Jews rejected the Christian God in human flesh, Christ, they therefore deserved to be killed: "grew fit for slaughter." In citing the New Testament, he claimed that Jesus was speaking about Jews when he said, "as for these enemies of mine who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and "slay them" before me."


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: St. Jerome identified Jews with Judas Iscariot and the immoral use of money ("Judas is cursed, that in Judas the Jews may be accursed... their prayers turn into sins"). Jerome's homiletical assaults, that may have served as the basis for the anti-Jewish Good Friday liturgy, contrasts Jews with the evil, and that "the ceremonies of the Jews are harmful and deadly to Christians", whoever keeps them was doomed to the devil: "My enemies are the Jews; they have conspired in hatred against Me, crucified Me, heaped evils of all kinds upon Me, blasphemed Me."


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Ephraim the Syrian wrote polemics against Jews in the 4th century, including the repeated accusation that Satan dwells among them as a partner. The writings were directed at Christians who were being proselytized by Jews. Ephraim feared that they were slipping back into Judaism; thus, he portrayed the Jews as enemies of Christianity, like Satan, to emphasize the contrast between the two religions, namely, that Christianity was Godly and true and Judaism was Satanic and false. Like John Chrysostom, his objective was to dissuade Christians from reverting to Judaism by emphasizing what he saw as the wickedness of the Jews and their religion.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Bernard of Clairvaux said "For us the Jews are Scripture's living words, because they remind us of what Our Lord suffered. They are not to be persecuted, killed, or even put to flight."


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: Jews were subjected to a wide range of legal disabilities and restrictions in Medieval Europe. Jews were excluded from many trades, the occupations varying with place and time, and determined by the influence of various non-Jewish competing interests. Often Jews were barred from all occupations but money-lending and peddling, with even these at times forbidden. Jews' association to money lending would carry on throughout history in the stereotype of Jews being greedy and perpetuating capitalism.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: In the later medieval period, the number of Jews who were permitted to reside in certain places was limited; they were concentrated in ghettos, and they were also not allowed to own land; they were forced to pay discriminatory taxes whenever they entered cities or districts other than their own. The Oath More Judaico, the form of oath required from Jewish witnesses, developed bizarre or humiliating forms in some places, e.g. in the Swabian law of the 13th century, the Jew would be required to stand on the hide of a sow or a bloody lamb.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: The Fourth Lateran Council which was held in 1215 was the first council to proclaim that Jews were required to wear something which distinguished them as Jews (the same requirement was also imposed on Muslims).


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: On many occasions, Jews were accused of blood libels, the supposed drinking of the blood of Christian children in mockery of the Christian Eucharist.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: "Sicut Judaeis" (the "Constitution for the Jews") was the official position of the papacy regarding Jews throughout the Middle Ages and later. The first bull was issued in about 1120 by Calixtus II, intended to protect Jews who suffered during the First Crusade, and was reaffirmed by many popes, even until the 15th century although they were not always strictly upheld.


title: Antisemitism in Christianity

text: The bull forbade, besides other things, Christians from coercing Jews to convert, or to harm them, or to take their property, or to disturb the celebration of their festivals, or to interfere with their cemeteries, on pain of excommunication.