title: Flat-panel display

text: The first active-matrix addressed electroluminescent display (ELD) was made using TFTs by T. Peter Brody's Thin-Film Devices department at Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1968. In 1973, Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD). Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using TFTs in 1974.


title: Flat-panel display

text: By 1982, pocket LCD TVs based on LCD technology were developed in Japan. The 2.1-inch Epson ET-10 "Epson Elf" was the first color LCD pocket TV, released in 1984. In 1988, a Sharp research team led by engineer T. Nagayasu demonstrated a 14-inch full-color LCD display, which convinced the electronics industry that LCD would eventually replace CRTs as the standard television display technology. , all modern high-resolution and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active-matrix displays.


title: Flat-panel display

text: The first usable LED display was developed by Hewlett-Packard (HP) and introduced in 1968. It was the result of research and development (R&D) on practical LED technology between 1962 and 1968, by a research team under Howard C. Borden, Gerald P. Pighini, and Mohamed M. Atalla, at HP Associates and HP Labs. In February 1969, they introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator. It was the first alphanumeric LED display, and was a revolution in digital display technology, replacing the Nixie tube for numeric displays and becoming the basis for later LED displays. In 1977, James P Mitchell prototyped and later demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat panel LED television display.


title: Flat-panel display

text: Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke at Eastman Kodak built the first practical organic LED (OLED) device in 1987. In 2003, Hynix produced an organic EL driver capable of lighting in 4,096 colors. In 2004, the Sony Qualia 005 was the first LED-backlit LCD display. The Sony XEL-1, released in 2007, was the first OLED television.


title: Flat-panel display

text: Field-effect LCDs are lightweight, compact, portable, cheap, more reliable, and easier on the eyes than CRT screens. LCD screens use a thin layer of liquid crystal, a liquid that exhibits crystalline properties. It is sandwiched between two glass plates carrying transparent electrodes. Two polarizing films are placed at each side of the LCD. By generating a controlled electric field between electrodes, various segments or pixels of the liquid crystal can be activated, causing changes in their polarizing properties. These polarizing properties depend on the alignment of the liquid-crystal layer and the specific field-effect used, being either Twisted Nematic (TN), In-Plane Switching (IPS) or Vertical Alignment (VA). Color is produced by applying appropriate color filters (red, green and blue) to the individual subpixels. LCD displays are used in various electronics like watches, calculators, mobile phones, TVs, computer monitors and laptops screens etc.


title: Flat-panel display

text: Most earlier large LCD screens were back-lit using a number of CCFL (cold-cathode fluorescent lamps). However, small pocket size devices almost always used LEDs as their illumination source. With the improvement of LEDs, almost all new displays are now equipped with LED backlight technology. The image is still generated by the LCD layer.


title: Flat-panel display

text: A plasma display consists of two glass plates separated by a thin gap filled with a gas such as neon. Each of these plates has several parallel electrodes running across it. The electrodes on the two plates are at right angles to each other. A voltage applied between the two electrodes one on each plate causes a small segment of gas at the two electrodes to glow. The glow of gas segments is maintained by a lower voltage that is continuously applied to all electrodes. By 2010, consumer plasma displays had been discontinued by numerous manufacturers.


title: Flat-panel display

text: In an electroluminescent display (ELD), the image is created by applying electrical signals to the plates which make the phosphor glow.


title: Flat-panel display

text: An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs.


title: Flat-panel display

text: QLED or quantum dot LED is a flat panel display technology introduced by Samsung under this trademark. Other television set manufacturers such as Sony have used the same technology to enhance the backlighting of LCD TVs already in 2013. Quantum dots create their own unique light when illuminated by a light source of shorter wavelength such as blue LEDs. This type of LED TV enhances the colour gamut of LCD panels, where the image is still generated by the LCD. In the view of Samsung, quantum dot displays for large-screen TVs are expected to become more popular than the OLED displays in the coming years; Firms like Nanoco and Nanosys compete to provide the QD materials. In the meantime, Samsung Galaxy devices such as smartphones are still equipped with OLED displays manufactured by Samsung as well. Samsung explains on their website that the QLED TV they produce can determine what part of the display needs more or less contrast. Samsung also announced a partnership with Microsoft that will promote the new Samsung QLED TV.


title: Flat-panel display

text: Volatile displays require that pixels be periodically refreshed to retain their state, even for a static image. As such, a volatile screen needs electrical power, either from mains electricity (being plugged into a wall socket) or a battery to maintain an image on the display or change the image. This refresh typically occurs many times a second. If this is not done, for example, if there is a power outage, the pixels will gradually lose their coherent state, and the image will "fade" from the screen.


title: Flat-panel display

text: Technologies that were extensively researched, but their commercialization was limited or has been ultimately abandoned:


title: Flat-panel display

text: Static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable. This means that the image they hold requires no energy to maintain, but instead requires energy to change. This results in a much more energy-efficient display, but with a tendency toward slow refresh rates which are undesirable in an interactive display. Bistable flat-panel displays are beginning deployment in limited applications (cholesteric liquid-crystal displays, manufactured by Magink, in outdoor advertising; electrophoretic displays in e-book reader devices from Sony and iRex; anlabels; interferometric modulator displays in a smartwatch).


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: "Rude Boy" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna, taken from her fourth studio album, "Rated R" (2009). It was released as the album's fourth overall and third international single on February 5, 2010, through Def Jam. Rihanna co-wrote the song with Ester Dean, Makeba Riddick, and producers Rob Swire and Stargate. "Rude Boy" is an mid-tempo hip-hop and R&B song which incorporates elements of dancehall and raggamuffin. The song received mixed to positive reviews from critics; some have called it the highlight of the album, but others criticized Rihanna's "monotone" and "icy" vocal performance.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: "Rude Boy" peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for five consecutive weeks and was Rihanna's sixth US number-one single. It is her longest-running #1 solo song. It was a commercial success globally, peaking at number one in Australia and attained top five positions in Germany, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, and the United Kingdom. The accompanying music video was directed by Melina Matsoukas, used green screen techniques and featured props that included a stuffed lion and zebra. Rihanna performed the song live for the first time at the Pepsi Super Bowl Fan Jam in South Beach, Miami, and later on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", and "". "Rude Boy" has been included on the set lists of all of Rihanna's tours since its release: the Last Girl on Earth, Loud, Anti and Diamonds tours.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: "Rude Boy" was produced by Rob Swire and Stargate who co-wrote the song with Rihanna, Ester Dean, and Makeba Riddick. During an interview on the television show, "" in February 2010, Carr asked Rihanna about the song's lyrics, with particular emphasis on the line "Come here rude boy, boy, can you get it up?/Come here rude boy, boy, is you big enough?" Rihanna explained: "When we wrote the song, it was kind of a freestyle ... I liked the West Indian influence that the music had, and, I just went in the booth, they were already jotting down some ideas and, that came to me, I just ran in there with one of the writers and started coming up with this in the studio and now when people read it back to me like that, 'Come here rude boy, is you big enough'?, it does sound so disgusting!" She also explained the development of the song, and said that those lyrics were originally going to be the introduction, but because of their catchiness, Rihanna decided to make it the hook instead.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: In an interview with "Us Weekly", Makeba Riddick, who assisted with the song's vocal production, spoke about the inspiration for the song. Riddick explained that Ester Dean had come up with a concept for the song, and had been working with Stargate to develop it. Upon hearing it, Riddick and Rihanna expressed interest in the song but thought that some changes were needed, and sent it to Riddick for completion. Riddick also explained where the idea for some of the sexually provocative lyrics came from: "I was listening to the words and me and [Rihanna] and we were just laughing and talking about so many situations that have happened in the past and that happen to women everywhere. By the time we were done of course, we were laughing and giggling about the lyrics – surprisingly everybody went nuts over the song." Dean explained the development of "Rude Boy" in an interview with The Boom Box, and said that she wanted to channel Rihanna's alter ego and use it as inspiration for the song's lyrics. Dean praised Rihanna's ability to take risks with her music, saying "I think Rihanna is sexy and will say things that other chicks won't say. Even if she says let's go kiss some girls, who really cares ... that's Rihanna. Music is about fantasy. This is what people want to do, but are afraid to do." In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Stargate revealed that Rihanna had come up with the title and concept for the song herself, and communicated her ideas to Dean before any work began on the music.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: "Rude Boy" is an hip-hop, dancehall, and R&B song. which incorporates elements of raggamuffin. The song is written in the key of E minor (recorded in E minor) with a time signature in common time and a tempo of 87 beats per minute. Rihanna's vocal range spans from the low note of E to the high note of D, and the song follows a sequence of Em−Bm−C−Am−Bm as its chord progression. Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" commented that "Rude Boy", and the album's previous single "Hard", were the highlights of "Rated R", praised the singer's vocal performance in the song, "both of which exploit Rihanna's most appealing vocal style, a sulky, icy, monotone." Michael Menachem of "Billboard" commented on the lyrical content of the song, and wrote, "with 'Rude Boy', Rihanna delivers her most provocative lyrics and perhaps most authentic-sounding single to date." Menachem also wrote about the song's composition, "Steel drums are a welcome presence on the production, which gives a nod to ska and dancehall. Rihanna's swagger has never been as convincing as on this song."


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: "Rude Boy" was released as the fourth overall single (third international) from "Rated R" (2009). It was sent to urban radio stations in the US on February 9, 2010, and was released via digital download on February 19, 2010.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: "Los Angeles Times" reviewer Ann Powers stated that the song has a "ragamuffin-style", and commented on the lyrics, "Even as she offers herself in no uncertain terms—'I'm gon' let you be the captain tonight' she sneers—she questions his prowess. 'Can you get it up? Are you big enough?' she repeats in the singsong chorus, making it tough to imagine that any suitor could rise to this occasion." Bill Lamb of About.com praised the song, and called it "the most instantly engaging song from the album Rated R", and that "[Rihanna] projects a dominant female image that is exactly what was needed to move past the unfortunate Chris Brown chapter in her career". However, Lamb added that the "icy feel is wearing thin. Rihanna sounds like she has taken a few steps back to distance herself from the whole song. There is a pleasing swagger, but we're never quite engaged".


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: Nick Levine of Digital Spy, commenting on the genre of the song and Rihanna's musical direction and transition from her previous album "Good Girl Gone Bad" (2007), wrote that the song "can be construed as a winning synthesis of her Island-pop beginnings, the effortless hitmaking of the "Good Girl Gone Bad" era and the more menacing persona she's unveiled post-Grammygate. On the other, it's just a damn good tune." Levine also wrote that "Rude Boy" is "the most instantly catchy moment" on "Rated R". Alibhe Malone of "NME" commented on the song's demeanor in relation to "Rated R" as a whole, and wrote, "With only one other female songwriter here apart from Rihanna (Ester Dean on 'Rude Boy') it's a startlingly masculine record – in sound and in attitude." Malone also wrote that Rihanna persists in ensuring that listener realizes "how she wants men in her bed." Ryan Dombell of Pitchfork Media wrote a mixed review of the song; he called it the flightiest song on "Rated R", but praised it as superior to the riskier material on the album.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: "Rude Boy" debuted on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 at number sixty-four. It rapidly surged over the following month, eventually replacing "Break Your Heart" by Taio Cruz and becoming Rihanna's sixth US number one single. Rihanna equaled Paula Abdul and Diana Ross as the female artists with the fifth-most number one singles on the Hot 100's in its fifty-one year history. "Rude Boy" remained at number one for five consecutive weeks, marking her longest-running #1 solo single, and was replaced by "Nothin' On You" by B.o.B featuring Bruno Mars. "Rude Boy" also topped the US Rhythmic Airplay, Pop Songs, and Dance Club Songs charts. "Rude Boy" was certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and has sold over 3 million copies in the United States as of June 2015. "Rude Boy" debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at number forty-five, and peaked at number one for two weeks in March 2010. It remained on the chart for nineteen weeks, and was certified two-times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, denoting shipments of over 140,000 copies. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number twenty-five on February 22, 2010, and peaked at number three in its fifth week on the chart.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: On the UK Singles Chart, "Rude Boy" peaked at number two. It was prevented from reaching the top spot by Tinie Tempah's "Pass Out", which debuted at number one and remained there for two weeks. "Rude Boy" was more successful on the UK R&B Chart, where it peaked at number one for one week on February 27, 2010. On April 30, 2010, the single was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry, denoting shipments of over 400,000 copies. Elsewhere in Europe, the song achieved moderate chart success, peaking at number three in Denmark and Norway for two weeks on both charts, and in both the Flanders and Wallonia regions of Belgium. "Rude Boy" also reached the top ten in Germany, Austria, Finland and France, charting at numbers four, six, seven and eight, respectively. "Rude Boy" was slightly less successful in Sweden, where the song peaked at number eleven.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: The accompanying music video for "Rude Boy" was directed by Melina Matsoukas, who also directed the video for Rihanna's previous single, "Hard" and was shot in January 2010 in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. The video relies upon the use of greenscreen, and contains strong references to critically acclaimed famous artists, including Andy Warhol, Keith Haring, Salt-n-Pepa, M.I.A. and Jean-Michel Basquiat. In an interview with Carson Daly on his radio show, "Amp Radio", Rihanna described the video as "completely different from any other video" she had done before and "pretty freakin' cool". She explained its artistic qualities, and said, "A lot of my videos are really dark and edgy and tough. 'Rude Boy' is more playing along the lines from my roots. We used a lot of color, but also the costumes were very Jamaican dance-hall-queen type." The video premiered on February 10, 2010, via the high-definition music video provider Vevo.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: The video features Rihanna in a multitude of vibrant, brightly colored, Caribbean-inspired scenes. In the opening scene, Rihanna approaches a drum kit, which she plays as the song progresses. During the rest of the video, Rihanna engages with a male extra and plays with a variety of props, including a zebra, a motorcycle and a stuffed lion; these scenes are intercut with scenes of Rihanna playing the drum kit. Rihanna wears different outfits in the video, including a golden net bodysuit and a zebra-printed catsuit, which she wears while sitting atop a stuffed zebra. Rihanna performs various 1990s dancehall moves, such as the Bogle.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: Upon the video's release, several media outlets noticed a resemblance between the colorful aesthetics of "Rude Boy" and those of British singer-songwriter and rapper M.I.A.'s video "Boyz". Melina Matsoukas responded to the allegations that she had copied the idea, and said, "Afterward I was like, 'Oh, this sucks. They tore down my video ... [M.I.A.'s] video's great too. It definitely wasn't trying to rip anybody off at all, it was just our approach and the animation stuff, it had a similar vibe." Matsoukas explained that the inspiration for the video did not come from one particular source, but from a variety of pop culture icons. She concluded, "We're all inspired by similar elements and it came together in that way." Several critics noticed the differences between Rihanna's previous singles, "Russian Roulette" and "Hard", and that "Rude Boy" had adopted a care-free and brighter image. Becky Bain of Idolator also noticed the similarities between M.I.A.'s video "Boyz" and "Rude Boy", and wrote, "We're digging the reggae-inflected jam, although the Bob Marley-meets-M.I.A. color explosion becomes a little hard on the eyes after awhile." Bain said the video "is colorful, loud, vibrant, and a complete departure from the mostly depressing captivity scenarios and over-the-top war imagery of the previous videos from her Rated R singles." Simon Vozick-Levinson of "Entertainment Weekly" also commented on the vibrancy of the video and its resemblance to M.I.A.'s video, "It's a wild explosion of clashing colors, bold block lettering, and shaky camerawork. As many observers instantly pointed out, it all owes more than a little to the aesthetic of M.I.A.—which, if you ask me, is not a bad thing at all." Jocelyn Vena of MTV commented on the change of visual direction in the video, calling it "a colorful departure from the dark fare previously released from her Rated R album." Vena also wrote about the stylization of the video's content with regard to Rihanna's heritage. She wrote that the video is infused with "a kaleidoscope of prints and colors, embracing her roots in Caribbean dance-hall-inspired costumes."


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: "Rude Boy" won the award for Most Performed Song at the 2011 ASCAP Pop Music Awards and the Award Winning Songs award at the 2011 BMI Urban Awards. The song was also won three awards at the 2011 Barbados Music Awards in the Best Pop/R&B Single, Music Video of the Year and Song of the Year categories. "Rude Boy" was nominated in the 'Best Editing' category at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, but lost to Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance".


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: Sean Kingston and Detail released a cover version of the song, titled "Rude Girl". DJ Earworm used "Rude Boy" in his mash-up of the top 25 songs of 2010 titled "United State of Pop 2010 (Don't Stop the Pop)". He also used "Rude Boy" in his mash-up "Like OMG Baby", designed for the 2010 Capital FM Summertime Ball Concert where Rihanna performed.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: To promote the song as the third US single from "Rated R", Rihanna performed "Rude Boy" live for the first time at the Pepsi Super Bowl Fan Jam on VH1 in South Beach, Miami, on February 4, 2010. The set also included "Russian Roulette" and "Hard", both from "Rated R" On February 2, 2010, Rihanna performed five songs for "AOL Music Sessions", which were made available to view on the AOL website on February 23, 2010. The set included "Rude Boy", "Russian Roulette", "Hard", "Take a Bow" and a stripped-down version of "Disturbia". The singer also performed the song on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", which aired on February 15, 2010. Robbie Daw of Idolator commented that although Rihanna wore only a leather jacket and visor, she failed to bring the same level of sexuality to the performance which American singer Prince would have evoked.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: To promote the song's release as a single in the UK, Rihanna made a recorded appearance on "" on February 24, 2010, which was broadcast the following day. The singer wore a crop-top, "bizarre oversized" shorts, an "unusual" hairnet, and large, golden, hooped earrings. Rihanna also demonstrated the dance moves which are featured in the video, including the bogle, the butterfly, and the Dutty Wine, which she taught to the show's host. "Rude Boy" was also performed on GMTV the following day, where Rihanna also gave a short interview. Rihanna performed "Rude Boy" at the ECHO Awards in Berlin, Germany, on March 4, 2010. Rihanna shared the stage with two larger-than-life mechanical robots, which interacted with her throughout the performance.


title: Rude Boy (Rihanna song)

text: "Rude Boy" has been a staple of Rihanna's live performances and concert tours. On March 27, 2010, Rihanna performed "Rude Boy" as part of a medley with "Hard" and "Don't Stop the Music" at the 2010 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, held at UCLA's Pauley Pavilion in Westwood, California. The performance featured a large camouflage tank and two robots similar to those used for her performance at the ECHO Awards. On May 23, 2010, Rihanna performed a 40-minute set at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend Music Festival in Bangor, Wales. She performed several of her biggest hits, which included "Mad House", "Hard", "Disturbia", "Rude Boy", "Te Amo", "Russian Roulette", "Don't Stop the Music", "SOS", and "Umbrella". The song was featured on Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour. "Rude Boy" was also on the set-list of her Loud Tour, where Rihanna wore a denim bra and high waisted shorts. This performance was received far more positively than that of her previous tour, and critics praised the production of the concert. Jane Stevenson of the "Toronto Sun" wrote, "the two-hour, larger-than-life show lived up to the billing." Rihanna performed "Rude Boy" at Radio 1's Hackney Weekend on May 24, 2012, as the seventh song on the set list. She also performed the song at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards in a medley with Pon De Replay, What's My Name? and Work.


title: The Knight Before Christmas

text: The Knight Before Christmas is a 2019 Christmas Fantasy comedy film directed by Monika Mitchell and written by Cara J. Russell. It was released on November 21, 2019.


title: The Knight Before Christmas

text: Filming took place in Orillia and Bracebridge in Ontario, Canada between April and May 2019, with Norwich castle scenes featuring Charleville Castle in Tullamore, Ireland.


title: The Knight Before Christmas

text: In Norwich, England, on December 18, 1334, knight Sir Cole Christopher Fredrick Lyons (Josh Whitehouse) and his brother Geoffrey (Harry Jarvis) participate in an annual Christmas hawking competition. Cole goes to the woods, while Geoffrey combs the castle for the hawk. Cole soon runs into an old crone named Kayela (Ella Kenion), whom he offers to escort to a shelter. She thanks him for his kindness, and tells him that she will magically send him to a faraway land on a knightly quest, where he will see things like "flying steel dragons and horses" (airplanes and cars) and "magic boxes that make merry" (televisions). After her explanation, she gives him a glowing blue medallion and tells him that if he doesn't fulfill his quest before midnight on Christmas Eve, he will remain trapped in the present forever – but does not explain the nature of the quest itself.


title: The Knight Before Christmas

text: In the year 2019 on the same day in Bracebridge, a small city in Ohio, high school science teacher Brooke Winters (Vanessa Hudgens), who is disillusioned by love, agrees to take her niece Claire to the opening of the "Christmas Castle", which is the same place Cole arrives in. Cole, confused by the new and unfamiliar surroundings, gets hit by Brooke's car by accident, and is taken to the hospital, where Officer Stevens (Arnold Pinnock) checks his background and assumes that he must have amnesia, as he has no ID and claims to be a medieval knight. Brooke offers to let him stay at her guest home while he recovers. Cole gradually acclimates to his new environment, discovering modern-day innovations such as radios, diners, manners, and Alexa.


title: The Knight Before Christmas

text: Despite his manner of speech and strange habits, Cole quickly endears himself to Brooke's friends and family. They find him strange, but humor him, as does Brooke herself, who even agrees that it's possible he is who he claims to be. She opens up to him about her late parents and an ex-boyfriend who had left her for someone else years ago, and he slowly shares his own past with her as they grow more familiar. In his search for the quest given to him by the Kayela, Cole ends up rescuing two children who fall in a frozen lake and catches an escaping pickpocket, but does not feel fulfilled. On December 24, Cole helps Brooke host a successful Christmas feast. Later, he asks her to clarify the mistletoe tradition, and they kiss, which causes Cole's medallion to light up, meaning he has finally fulfilled his quest. Brooke walks him back to the Christmas Castle, where he had originally arrived, and they bid each other a heavy farewell. She returns home, heartbroken, while Cole is sent back to the 14th century.


title: The Knight Before Christmas

text: On return, Cole discovers that he has arrived just in time for his brother's knighting ceremony; Geoffrey welcomes him back warmly, but soon recognizes his brother's unhappiness and urges him to return to Brooke. He sets off back into the woods to look for the old crone, declaring that he has finished his quest. Kayela reappears, and uses her magic to transport him back to 2019. On Christmas Day, Brooke is comforted by her sister, niece, and brother-in-law. They invite her to join them at the Christmas Castle, where Cole soon meets them, riding atop his horse Sherwyn. He declares his love to Brooke and his willingness to stay, which she happily accepts. The two mount Sherwyn and ride around the castle, admired by onlookers.


title: The Knight Before Christmas

text: In a post-credits scene, Geoffrey meets the old crone, who greets him and asks for assistance the same way she did with Cole. She carries another medallion which glows as the scene comes to an end – indicating that Geoffrey will go through the same quest as his brother.


title: The Knight Before Christmas

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads: "While its plot borders on the absurd, "The Knight Before Christmas" is endearing and charming enough to make it a worthy addition to the holiday rom-com genre."


title: Connecticut College

text: Connecticut College (Conn College or Conn) is a private liberal arts college in New London, Connecticut. It is a residential, four-year undergraduate institution with nearly all of its approximately 1,815 students living on campus. The college was founded in 1911 as "Connecticut College for Women" in response to Wesleyan University closing its doors to women in 1909; it shortened its name to "Connecticut College" in 1969 when it began admitting men.


title: Connecticut College

text: Students choose courses from 41 majors, including an interdisciplinary, self-designed major. The college is a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference.


title: Connecticut College

text: The college was chartered in 1911 in response to Wesleyan University's decision to stop admitting women. Elizabeth C. Wright and other Wesleyan alumnae convinced others to found this new college, espousing the increasing desire among women for higher education. To that end, the institution was founded as the "Connecticut College for Women." Their initial endowment came from financial assistance from the city of New London and its residents, along with a number of wealthy benefactors. The college sits on a former dairy farm owned by Charles P. Alexander of Waterford. He died in 1904 and his wife Harriet (Jerome) Alexander died in 1911, and their son Frank sold a large part of the land to the trustees to found Connecticut College.


title: Connecticut College

text: The "Hartford Daily Times" ran an article on October 12, 1935, marking the college's 20th anniversary: "On September 27, 1915, the college opened its doors to students. The entering class was made up of 99 freshmen students, candidates for degrees, and 52 special students, a total registration of 151. A fine faculty of 23 members had been engaged and a library of 6,000 volumes had been gathered together." The college became co-educational in 1969, and President Charles E. Shain claimed that there was evidence that women were becoming uninterested in attending women's colleges.


title: Connecticut College

text: Connecticut College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education and has been so continuously since December 1932. (Prior to 2018, NECHE was known as the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.) Connecticut College's most recent comprehensive reaccreditation took place in spring 2018.


title: Connecticut College

text: The college's academics are organized into 31 academic departments and seven interdisciplinary programs with 41 traditional majors plus opportunities for self-designed courses of study. Starting with the class of 2020, students at Connecticut College participate in a new interdisciplinary general education curriculum called Connections.


title: Connecticut College

text: Connecticut College has a history of undergraduate research work and students are encouraged to make conference presentations and publish their work under the guidance of a professor. The college had 182 full-time professors in 2017–18; 93% held a doctorate or equivalent. The student-faculty ratio is about 9 to 1.


title: Connecticut College

text: Admission to the college is considered "more selective" by "U.S. News & World Report". The college received 6,784 applications for the Class of 2023 (entering fall 2019) and 2,538 (37.4%) were accepted; of the 68% of the entering class who submitted SAT scores, the middle 50% range was 650–710 for evidence-based reading, and 660–740 for Math.


title: Connecticut College

text: In the 2022 college rankings of "U.S. News & World Report", Connecticut College ranked 55th (tie) among liberal arts colleges, 63rd (tie) for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", 40th (tie) for "Most Innovative", ranked 69th for "Best Value", and tied for 144th for "Top Performers in Social Mobility".


title: Connecticut College

text: "Washington Monthly" ranked Connecticut College 27th in 2020 among 218 liberal arts colleges in the U.S. based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service. "Forbes" ranked Connecticut College 128th overall in its 2019 list of 650 liberal arts colleges, universities and service academies; 55th among liberal arts schools, 62nd in the Northeast, and 96th among private colleges. Connecticut College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.


title: Connecticut College

text: The main campus has three residential areas. The North Campus contains the newest residential halls. The South Campus contains residence halls along the west side of Tempel Green, across from several academic buildings. The oldest dorms on campus are Plant House and Blackstone House, which were founded in 1914.


title: Connecticut College

text: Connecticut College's two principal libraries are the Charles E. Shain Library and the Greer Music Library, which is located in the Cummings Arts Center. The Shain Library houses a collection of more than 500,000 books and periodicals and an extensive collection of electronic resources; it is also home to The Linda Lear Center for Special Collections and Archives, and to the Charles Chu Asian Art Reading Room. The Lear Center has more than 50 book, manuscript and art collections including research archives devoted to Rachel Carson, Eugene O'Neill, and Beatrix Potter. The Charles Chu Asian Art Reading Room serves both as a quiet reading area and as the permanent exhibition space for the Chu-Griffis Art Collection.


title: Connecticut College

text: The student center is "The College Center at Crozier-Williams" (often shortened to "Cro"), and is located in the middle of the campus. The student center houses the Connecticut College bookstore (which doubles as a small convenience store), the campus post office, the Oasis Snack Shop, and the campus bar Humphrey's (formerly The Cro Bar). There are also student services offices as well as faculty offices and performance spaces for the Dance department.


title: Connecticut College

text: The Charles E. Shain Library was originally dedicated in 1976 and is named after former College President Charles Shain. It was renovated, expanded, and re-dedicated in 2015. The renovation was honored by the American Institute of Architects with a 2015 New England Honor Award in the category of Preservation. In 2016, LibraryJournal named the library a New Landmark Libraries Winner.


title: Connecticut College

text: Palmer Auditorium was home to the American Dance Festival from 1947 to 1977, featuring choreographers such as Martha Graham, José Limón, and Merce Cunningham in what was called "the most important summertime event in modern dance."


title: Connecticut College

text: The Connecticut College Arboretum is a 750-acre (3 km) arboretum and botanical garden. Students use the arboretum to walk, study, or otherwise enjoy nature. The arboretum is also open to the public.


title: Connecticut College

text: Harkness Chapel is a fine example of noted architect James Gamble Rogers' colonial Georgian style, with twelve stained glass windows by G. Owen Bonawit. The building is used for denominational religious services, as well as for ceremonies, concerts and recitals, weddings, and other public functions.


title: Connecticut College

text: The Lyman Allyn Art Museum is located on campus, although it is not connected to the campus proper. The museum's web site states that "the permanent collection includes over 10,000 paintings, sculpture, drawings, prints, furniture, and decorative arts, with an emphasis on American art from the 18th through 20th centuries." This collection is "housed in a handsome Neo-Classical building designed by Charles A. Platt".


title: Connecticut College

text: Students live under the college's 85-year-old student-adjudicated honor code, which distinguishes Connecticut College from most of its peers. The honor code underpins all academic and social interactions at the college and creates a palpable spirit of trust and cooperation between students and faculty. Other manifestations of the code include self-scheduled, unproctored final exams.


title: Connecticut College

text: In a typical year, the college enrolls about 1,850 men and women from 40 to 45 states, Washington, D.C., and 70 countries. Approximately forty percent of students are men. The fall 2019 student body was 67.5% White, 9.9% Hispanic, 4.1% Asian American, 3.8% African American, and 3.7% multiracial, with an additional 9% international students. The college is now particularly known for interdisciplinary studies, international programs and study abroad, funded internships, student-faculty research, service learning, and shared governance. Under the college's system of shared governance, faculty, staff, students, and administrators are represented on the major committees that make policy regarding the curriculum, the budget, and the campus and facilities.


title: Connecticut College

text: Connecticut College is a member of Phi Beta Kappa, the Annapolis Group, and the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC). The college provides financial aid packages that meet 100 percent of its students' demonstrated financial needs.


title: Connecticut College

text: Composer and violinist Margaret Jones Wiles founded and conducted the Connecticut College Orchestra when she taught at the college during the 1950s.


title: Connecticut College

text: The college radio station (WCNI 90.9 FM) broadcasts a variety of music, including polka, blues, and celtic music shows. A 2,000 watt transmitter installed in 2003 reaches much of the lower New England region. Connecticut College has two student newspapers in which students handle all aspects of production: reporting, editing, ad sales, management, photography, layout, multimedia, and design. "The College Voice" is an editorially independent print and online bi-weekly publication, and "The Conntrarian" is an online opinion publication and a member of the Collegiate Network.


title: Connecticut College

text: The Student Activities Council (SAC) runs events including club fairs, school dances, concerts, and off-campus excursions. SAC is also responsible for Floralia, the annual spring concert. Recent Floralia artists have included Misterwives, Cash Cash, RAC, and St. Lucia.


title: Connecticut College

text: Unity House is the college's multicultural center which promotes, supports, educates, and implements multicultural awareness programs on campus. It supports various affinity, activist, and performance student groups. The Women's Center provides a space for programming and events concerning gender issues. The LGBTQIA Resource Center serves queer students and their allies by providing a supportive space, resource library, social events, and educational programming. It also hosts several student organizations. In August 2013, Campus Pride named Connecticut College one of the top 25 LGBT-friendly colleges and universities.


title: Connecticut College

text: The College's teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III in the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC). There are a total of 28 varsity athletics teams at Conn. The 12 men's sports include basketball, cross country, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, squash, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and water polo; while the 15 women's sports consist of basketball, cross country, field hockey, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, sailing, soccer, squash, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, volleyball and water polo. The College also offers coed sailing.


title: Connecticut College

text: In 2014, the women's soccer team won the College's first and only NESCAC Championship to date, defeating Williams College in penalty kicks.


title: Connecticut College

text: On December 4, 2021, the men’s soccer team won the College’s first-ever NCAA Division III National Championship by defeating Amherst College in penalty kicks. Earlier in the season, the team won its first NESCAC regular season title.


title: Connecticut College

text: On January 21, 2021, Connecticut College goalkeeper AJ Marcucci was selected 67th overall in the 2021 MLS SuperDraft by New York Red Bulls. He became the first-ever draft pick from Connecticut College and was the first Division III pick since 2016.


title: Connecticut College

text: Connecticut College has produced 427 collegiate All-Americans, 16 Academic All-Americans and 12 Olympic qualifiers.


title: Connecticut College

text: The Connecticut College Athletics Hall of Fame was established in 1989 and currently has over 100 inductees.


title: Connecticut College

text: Connecticut College graduates of note include "Bloomberg Businessweek" senior national correspondent Joshua Green, AOL CEO Tim Armstrong, "New York Times" best-selling authors Sloane Crosley, Hannah Tinti and David Grann, Academy Award-winning actress Estelle Parsons, fashion designer Peter Som, National Baseball Hall of Fame director Jeff Idelson, philanthropist Nan Kempner, Beyond Meat founder Ethan Brown, Senior Federal District Judge Kimba Wood and American Olympic rower Anita DeFrantz.


title: Joseph Swan

text: Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was an English physicist, chemist, and inventor. He is known as an independent early developer of a successful incandescent light bulb, and is the person responsible for developing and supplying the first incandescent lights used to illuminate homes and public buildings, including the Savoy Theatre, London, in 1881.


title: Joseph Swan

text: In 1904 Swan was knighted by King Edward VII, awarded the Royal Society's Hughes Medal, and was made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society. He had received the highest decoration in France, the Legion of Honour, when he visited the 1881 International Exposition of Electricity, Paris. The exhibition included displays of his inventions, and the city was lit with his electric lighting.


title: Joseph Swan

text: Joseph Wilson Swan was born in 1828 at Pallion Hall in Pallion, in the Parish of Bishopwearmouth, Sunderland, County Durham. His parents were John Swan and Isabella Cameron.


title: Joseph Swan

text: Swan was apprenticed for six years to a Sunderland firm of pharmacists/druggists, "Hudson and Osbaldiston". However, it is not known whether Swan completed his six-year apprenticeship, as both partners subsequently died. He was said to have had an enquiring mind, even as a child. He augmented his education with a fascination for his surroundings, the industry of the area, and reading at Sunderland Library. He attended lectures at the Sunderland Atheneum.


title: Joseph Swan

text: Swan subsequently joined Mawson's, a firm of manufacturing chemists in Newcastle upon Tyne, started in the year of Swan's birth by John Mawson (9 September 1819 – 17 December 1867), the husband of his sister, Elizabeth Swan (22 November 1822 – 2 August 1905). In 1846, Swan was offered a partnership at Mawson's. This company subsequently existed as "Mawson, Swan, and Morgan" until 1973, formerly located on Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne, near Grey's Monument. The premises, now occupied by burger chain restaurant Byron, can be identified by a line of Victorian-style electric street lamps in front of the store on Grey Street.


title: Joseph Swan

text: Swan lived at Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead, a large house on Kells Lane North, where he conducted most of his experiments in the large conservatory. The house was later converted into Beaconsfield School, a private fee-paying grant-aided co-educational grammar school. Students there could still find examples of Swan's original electrical fittings.


title: Joseph Swan

text: In 1850, Swan began working on a light bulb using carbonised paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb. By 1860, he was able to demonstrate a working device, but the lack of a good vacuum, and of an adequate electric source, resulted in an inefficient light bulb with a short life. In August 1863 he presented his own design for a vacuum pump to a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. The design used mercury falling through a tube to trap air from the system to be evacuated. Swan's design was similar in construction to the Sprengel pump and predates Herman Sprengel's research by two years. Furthermore, it is notable that Sprengel conducted his research while visiting London, and was probably aware of the annual reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Nonetheless, Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison are later reported to have used the Sprengel pump to evacuate their carbon filament lamps.


title: Joseph Swan

text: In 1875, Swan returned to consider the problem of the light bulb with the aid of a better vacuum and a carbonised thread as a filament. The most significant feature of Swan's improved lamp was that there was little residual oxygen in the vacuum tube to ignite the filament, thus allowing the filament to glow almost white-hot without catching fire. However, his filament had low resistance, thus needing heavy copper wires to supply it.


title: Joseph Swan

text: Swan first publicly demonstrated his incandescent carbon lamp at a lecture for the Newcastle upon Tyne Chemical Society on 18 December 1878. However, after burning with a bright light for some minutes in his laboratory, the lamp broke down owing to excessive current. On 17 January 1879 this lecture was successfully repeated with the lamp shown in actual operation; Swan had solved the problem of incandescent electric lighting by means of a vacuum lamp. On 3 February 1879 he publicly demonstrated a working lamp to an audience of over seven hundred people in the lecture theatre of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne, Sir William Armstrong of Cragside presiding. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament, and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce "parchmentised thread", and obtained British Patent 4933 on 27 November 1880. From that time he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England.


title: Joseph Swan

text: His house, Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead, was the world's first to have working light bulbs installed. The Lit & Phil Library in Westgate Road, Newcastle, was the first public room lit by electric light during a lecture by Swan on 20 October 1880. In 1881 he founded his own company, The Swan Electric Light Company, and started commercial production.


title: Joseph Swan

text: The Savoy, a state-of-the-art theatre in the City of Westminster, London, was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity. Swan supplied about 1,200 incandescent lamps, powered by an generator on open land near the theatre. The builder of the Savoy, Richard D'Oyly Carte, explained why he had introduced Swan's electric light: "The greatest drawbacks to the enjoyment of the theatrical performances are, undoubtedly, the foul air and heat which pervade all theatres. As everyone knows, each gas-burner consumes as much oxygen as many people, and causes great heat beside. The incandescent lamps consume no oxygen, and cause no perceptible heat." The first generator proved too small to power the whole building, and though the entire front-of-house was electrically lit, the stage was lit by gas until 28 December 1881. At that performance, Carte stepped on stage and broke a glowing lightbulb before the audience to demonstrate the safety of Swan's new technology. On 29 December 1881, "The Times" described the electric lighting as visually superior to gaslight.


title: Joseph Swan

text: The first private residence, other than the inventor's, lit by the new incandescent lamp was that of his friend, Sir William Armstrong at Cragside, near Rothbury, Northumberland. Swan personally supervised the installation there in December 1880. Swan had formed "The Swan Electric Light Company Ltd" with a factory at Benwell, Newcastle, and had established the first commercial manufacture of incandescent lightbulbs by the beginning of 1881.


title: Joseph Swan

text: Swan's carbon rod lamp and carbon filament lamp, while functional, were still relatively impractical owing to low resistance (needing very expensive thick copper wiring) and short running life. While searching for a better filament for his light bulb, Swan inadvertently made another advance. In 1881, he developed and patented a process for squeezing nitrocellulose through holes to form conducting fibres. His newly established company (which by merger eventually became the Edison and Swan United Company) used Swan's cellulose filaments in their bulbs. The textile industry has also used this process.


title: Joseph Swan

text: The first ship to use Swan's invention was "The City of Richmond", owned by the Inman Line. She was fitted with incandescent lamps in June 1881. The Royal Navy also introduced them to its ships soon after; with HMS "Inflexible" having the new lamps installed in the same year. An early employment in engineering was during the digging of the Severn Tunnel, where the contractor Thomas Walker installed "20-candlepower lamps" in the temporary pilot tunnels.


title: Joseph Swan

text: Swan was one of the early developers of the electric safety lamp for miners, exhibiting his first in Newcastle upon Tyne at the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers on 14 May 1881. This required a wired supply, so the following year, he presented one with a battery and other improved versions followed. By 1886, a lamp with better light output than a flame safety lamp was in production by the Edison-Swan Company. However, it suffered from problems of reliability and was not a success. It took development by others over the next 20 years or so before effective electric lamps were in common use.


title: Joseph Swan

text: In what are considered to be independent lines of inquiry, Swan's incandescent electric lamp was developed at the same time that Thomas Edison was working on his incandescent lamp with Swan's first successful lamp and Edison's lamp both patented in 1879. Edison's goal in developing his lamp was for it to be used as one part of a much larger system: a long-life high-resistance lamp that could be connected in parallel to work economically with the large-scale electric-lighting utility he was creating. Swan's original lamp design, with its low resistance (the lamp could be used only in series) and short life span, was not suited for such an application.


title: Joseph Swan

text: Swan's strong patents in Great Britain led, in 1883, to the two competing companies merging to exploit both Swan's and Edison's inventions, with the establishment of the Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company. Known commonly as "Ediswan", the company sold lamps made with a cellulose filament that Swan had invented in 1881, while the Edison Company continued using bamboo filaments outside of Britain. In 1892, General Electric (GE) began exploiting Swan's patents to produce cellulose filaments, until they were replaced in 1904 by a GE developed "General Electric Metallized" (GEM) baked cellulose filaments.


title: Joseph Swan

text: In 1886, Ediswan moved production to a former jute mill at Ponders End, North London. In 1916, Ediswan set up the UK's first radio thermionic valve factory at Ponders End. This area, with nearby Brimsdown subsequently developed as a centre for the manufacture of thermionic valves, cathode ray tubes, etc., and nearby parts of Enfield became an important centre of the electronics industry for much of the 20th century. Ediswan became part of British Thomson-Houston and Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) in the late 1920s.


title: Joseph Swan

text: When working with wet photographic plates, Swan noticed that heat increased the sensitivity of the silver bromide emulsion. By 1871, he had devised a method of using dry plates, and substituting nitrocellulose plastic for glass plates, thus initiating the age of convenience in photography. Eight years later, he patented bromide paper, developments of which are still used for black-and-white photographic prints.


title: Joseph Swan

text: In 1864, Swan patented the transfer process for making carbon prints, a permanent photographic process. By adding the transfer step, Swan was able easily to make photographs with a full tonal range.


title: Joseph Swan

text: In 1894, Swan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), and in 1898 he was elected president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers; at the time, Swan was one of its three honorary members, the other two being Lord Kelvin and Henry Wilde. In September 1901, he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from Durham University. He also served as president of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1901, and in 1903 he was chosen first president of the Faraday Society. In 1904, he was knighted, awarded the Royal Society's Hughes Medal, and made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society.


title: Joseph Swan

text: In 1945, the London Power Company commemorated Swan by naming a new 1,554 GRT coastal collier SS "Sir Joseph Swan".


title: Joseph Swan

text: Swan married firstly Frances "Fanny" White, third daughter of William White, of Liverpool, at Camberwell Chapel, London, on 31 July 1862. They had three surviving children: Cameron, Mary Edmonds, and Joseph Henry. Frances died on 9 January 1868 and he married secondly Hannah White, the younger sister of Frances, at Neuchâtel, Switzerland, on 3 October 1871. They had five children: Hilda, Frances Isobel, Kenneth Rayden, Percival, and Dorothy. Sir Kenneth Rayden Swan was a QC and an acknowledged authority on patent law.


title: Joseph Swan

text: Swan died in 1914 at his home in Overhill, Warlingham, Surrey. The funeral took place at All Saints' Church, Warlingham, on 30 May 1914, with interment taking place in the churchyard. Mourners included representatives of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and the Royal Society.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangwon Province is a province of South Korea, with its capital at Chuncheon. It is bound on the east by the Sea of Japan, and borders Gyeonggi Province to its west, North Gyeongsang Province and North Chungcheong Province to its south, and the Military Demarcation Line to the north, separating it from North Korea's Kangwŏn Province. Before the division of Korea in 1945 Gangwon and Kangwŏn Provinces formed a single province. Pyeongchang County in Gangwon hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2018 Winter Paralympics, with Gangwon hosting the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangwon-do was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, formed in 1395, deriving its name from the names of the principal cities of Gangneung () and the provincial capital Wonju ().


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: In 1895 Gangwon-do was replaced by the Districts of Chuncheon ("Chuncheon-bu;" ) in the west and Gangneung ("Gangneung-bu;" ) in the east, with Wonju becoming a part of Chungju District.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: In 1896 Korea was redivided into thirteen provinces, and the two districts were merged to re-form Gangwon-do Province. Although Wonju re-joined Gangwon-do, the provincial capital was moved to Chuncheon, where it remains.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: In 1945 Gangwon-do, along with the rest of Korea, was divided by the 38th parallel north in 1945, to create American and Soviet zones of occupation in the south and north respectively, leading to Wonsan joining the northern half in 1946 to serve as its administrative center. In 1948, the southern half of the province became part of the new Republic of Korea. As a result of the Korean War of 1953, the boundary between the South and North Korean portions of the province was shifted north, to the Military Demarcation Line.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: The province's landscape is dominated by the Taebaek Mountains (called "Taebaek Sanmaek") which almost reach the sea. As a consequence the coast is very steep.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangwon-do and its North Korean counterpart Kangwŏn are together referred to as the Gwandong region. The region west of the Taebaek Mountains is called Yeongseo, while the region east of the mountains is called Yeongdong. The term "Yeongdong" is frequently used in reference to transportation services from Seoul, meaning one might catch a bus or train on the Yeongdong Line, or drive to Gangneung on the Yeongdong Expressway.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangwon-do's Köppen climate classification's climate class is occasionally humid subtropical, because in some of its areas, especially in most of Yeongdong, it's Cfa, otherwise, its climate class is Hot-summer humid continental climate, because it's Dwb in some mountain areas, Dfa in eastern areas, Dfb in eastern mountain areas, and Dwa otherwise. The Taebaek Mountains create


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: The climate of Gangwon-do is influenced by its latitude. In summer, along with higher temperatures, high humidity is present, however in winter the weather can be very cold, due to high pressure from eastern Asia. According to the Korea Meteorological Administration's data, average temperatures vary. In Yongdong, the average temperature is , and in Yeongseo, it is . All of the province's average temperatures range from . and the yearly amount of rainfall is , concentrated on mountain areas, being one of the snowiest areas in South Korea.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: The area of Gangwon-do in both North Korea and South Korea is , with South Korea's Gangwon-do covering . The province is renowned for its agricultural produce, especially potatoes and fish, including cuttlefish and pollock. Mineral resources from the province include iron, coal, fluorite, limestone and tungsten. There are some hydroelectric, thermoelectric power plants in the region.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: It is unknown when the first people of Gangwon began to live, but Paleolithic sites have been excavated.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Many historical artifacts are found in the region, like the Later Silla era's Bell of Sangwonsa, the North–South States Period era's Iron Seated Vairocana Buddha of Dopiansa Temple, the Goryeo era's Main Gate of Imyeonggwan Guesthouse, and the Joseon era's Documents of Sangwonsa Temple. Other popular historical areas, like Ojukheon are located in the region.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Because of Gangwon Province's landscape, a number of old Buddhist temples have survived, like Woljeongsa and Oseam.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Established in 2002, the Chuncheon National Museum is operated by the central government for the purpose of classification and reservation. The local government also has museums, including the Park Su-geun Art Museum, and the Taebaek Coal Museum. Purpose-built private museums, such as the ChamSori Gramophone Edison Museum are also operated.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: In Gangwon Province, almost all of the regions hold festivals. Gangneung Danoje was listed in UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangwon Province is composed of mountains or basins, so locals mainly make food with potatoes or buckwheat. All regions of the province have seasoned vegetable rice. For example, Jeongseon County is famous for Jeongseon thistle rice; Yeongwol County is famous for Yeongwol buckwheat rolls; Hwacheon County is famous for Hwacheon trout rice in a stone bowl and Hwacheon goatsbeard rice; and Yanggu County is famous for Yanggu dried green radish cuisine. In coastal regions, fish and salted seafood is consumed. For example, Donghae City is famous for Donghae steamed fish; Sokcho is famous for Sokcho Squid Sausages; and Samcheok is famous for blowfish soup. These are normally very simple and easy to cook, like the province's traditional food.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: The museum has a large amount of English in its narration of the history of the DMZ, as well as exhibits such as United States POW letters and extensive amounts of photos. It is inside the Tongil Security Park.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangneung contains beaches connecting each other from north to south along the coast. These beaches are covered with pine tree forests, planted to block the sea breeze.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: "Found in the DMZ" was found by Korean guards listening to the sound of explosions under the ground during their shift. After determined excavation on March 19, 1975, "The Second Tunnel" was discovered. It was for a sudden raid by the North Korean Army into South Korea. The second tunnel is composed of a firm granitic layer, is 3.5 km in length, and various in depth from 50m-160m. About 1 km of it is nowadays open to visitors.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Woljeong-ri station is a historical building in the DMZ at Cheorwon.  The tourist attraction, which can only be visited on escorted security tours of the DMZ, is an abandoned train station on the northernmost end of Korail's Gyeongwon Line. Near the station there was a small yard where rail stock was stored or shunted before leaving for Wonsan, now in North Korea, along the former Gyeongwon Line. Behind the station building there is the wreck of a train, bombed during the Korean War, used by the North Korean army and bombed by U.N. forces. In 2012, it became a place where artists can meet and exhibit their works.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: When the area was part of North Korea from 1945 to 1953, the building is now the closest most South Koreans can get to North Korea. There are binoculars installed on the viewing deck, and inside the observatory is a large map labelled with mountain names and the locations of military installations. Kiosks here sell liquor, cash, postage stamps and other souvenirs from North Korea. On a clear day, you can get a good view of Kumgang-san, about 20 km to the west. Despite the solemnity of the place, the parking lot is cluttered with souvenir shops and restaurants. On the other side of the lot is the Korean War Exhibition Hall.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangwon Province has many tourist attractions, as well as natural monuments, including Namiseom, Tong-il Observatory (similar the Dora Observatory), Soyang Dam and Jeongdongjin. A memorial centre of the novelist Lee Hyo-seok is in Pyeongchang County. Along the coast of the Sea of Japan, many seaside resorts are located, including Gyongpo Seaside Resort.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: According to the 2015 census, 16.4% of the population follow Buddhism and 24.1% follow Christianity (17.5% Protestantism and 6.6% Catholicism). 58.7% of the population is not religious and 0.8% of the population follow other religions.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: In Gangwon-Province, some main lines are operated. Jungang Line is connected to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway System, the Yeongdong Line and the Taebaek Line are derived from the Jungang Line, and the Gyeonggang Line was constructed, but currently it is not perfectly connected to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway System. KTX trains launched from Seoul to Gangneung on 22 December 2017 via the Gyeonggang Line, but they still run a part of the Jungang Line. In 2016, a plan was passed to extend the KTX line from Gangneung to Sokcho.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangwon Province has several military airbases, while civil passengers can use only two airports, Wonju Airport and Yangyang International Airport. Wonju Airport is shared with the Republic of Korea Air Force, like Daegu International Airport and Gimhae International Airport.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Some historical and traditional ridges have survived, like Daegwallyeong. It has many routes, like Route 7, which is included in AH6.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: It also has Controlled-access highways. Yeongdong Expressway is the first express way in the region, and Gwangju–Wonju Expressway, Jungang Expressway, Donghae Expressway, Seoul–Yangyang Expressway were built, afterwards. Seoul–Yangyang Expressway has the longest road tunnel in South Korea.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Like the railways, Gangwon Province is connected by intercity bus networks in South Korea. All cities and counties have intercity terminals, which connect other cities or counties in the region or connect outer cities, districts, and Incheon International Airport.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangwon Province has many harbours. Some harbours are fishing ports, but other harbours are used for special purposes. For example, Mukpo Harbour functions as an exporting hub for cement & coal from the Taebaek Mountains. Sokcho Harbour functions as a fishing port, a passenger harbour and as an exporting hub for iron ore. Also recently, Korea Gas Corporation built the LNG Platform Center at Hosan Harbour.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangwon province also has ferry lines. Sokcho Harbour has a pier for cruise ships, but until 2018, no cruise route existed.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Gangwon FC bases itself in the region, owned by Gangwon Province. Jin-seon Kim, the Governor of Gangwon Province announced it on April 28, 2008 and was established on December 18, 2008.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: High1 is Kangwon Land's ice hockey team, established in September 2009. South Korea has only 3 professional ice hockey clubs, including High1.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: Wonju DB Promy is a professional basketball team, based in Wonju, Gangwon Province. It was established is 1996. It donated coal in collaboration with a local government-owned company, Korea Coal Corporation.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: The 1999 Asian Winter Games were held in Gangwon Province between January 30 and February 6, 1999. South Korea, the host nation ranked 2nd in these games.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: The 2018 Winter Olympics was held from February 9–25, 2018, and the 2018 Winter Paralympics was held from March 9–18, 2018. Almost all of the events were held in Pyeongchang County. Alpine skiing events were held in Jeongseon County, while some indoor events were held in Gangneung.


title: Gangwon Province, South Korea

text: The main cities of the province are Chuncheon (the provincial capital), Gangneung, Sokcho, Wonju, and Donghae. Currently Gangwon Province, has 7 cities, and 11 counties


title: Hypertrophic scar

text: A hypertrophic scar is a cutaneous condition characterized by deposits of excessive amounts of collagen which gives rise to a raised scar, but not to the degree observed with keloids. Like keloids, they form most often at the sites of pimples, body piercings, cuts and burns. They often contain nerves and blood vessels. They generally develop after thermal or traumatic injury that involves the deep layers of the dermis and express high levels of TGF-β.


title: Hypertrophic scar

text: Mechanical tension on a wound has been identified as a leading cause for hypertrophic scar formation.


title: Hypertrophic scar

text: When a normal wound heals, the body produces new collagen fibers at a rate which balances the breakdown of old collagen. Hypertrophic scars are red and thick and may be itchy or painful. They do not extend beyond the boundary of the original wound, but may continue to thicken for up to six months. Hypertrophic scars usually improve over one or two years, but may cause distress due to their appearance or the intensity of the itching; they can also restrict movement if they are located close to a joint.


title: Hypertrophic scar

text: Some people have an inherited tendency to hypertrophic scarring, for example, those with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome.


title: Hypertrophic scar

text: It is not possible to completely prevent hypertrophic scars, so those with a history of them should inform their doctor or surgeon if they need surgery.


title: Hypertrophic scar

text: A 2021 systematic review brought together evidence from different studies that investigated using silicone gel sheeting to treat hypertrophic scars. 13 studies with a total of 468 participants were reviewed in total. Many different treatments were included but it was uncertain whether silicone gel sheets were more effective than most of these. Silicone gel sheets may improve the appearance of scars slightly compared with applying onion extract, and may reduce pain compared with no treatment with silicone gel sheets or pressure garments.


title: Hypertrophic scar

text: A 2022 systematic review included multiple studies on laser therapy for treating hypertrophic scars. There was not enough evidence for the review authors to determine if laser therapy was more effective than other treatments. They were also unable to conclude if laser therapy leads to more harm than benefits compared with no treatment or different kinds of treatment.


title: Hypertrophic scar

text: Scar therapies, such as cryosurgery, may speed up the healing process from a hypertrophic scar to a flatter, paler one.


title: Hypertrophic scar

text: Early hypertrophic scars should be treated with applied pressure and massage in the first 1.5–3 months. If necessary, silicone therapy should be applied later. Ongoing hypertrophy may be treated with corticosteroids injections. Surgical revision may be considered after 1 year.


title: Antoinette Bower

text: Antoinette Bower is a British-American retired film, television and stage actress, whose career lasted nearly four decades.


title: Antoinette Bower

text: Bower was born in Baden-Baden to a German mother and an English father. She lived in England, Vienna and Monte Carlo and was educated in England. She moved to Canada in 1953.


title: Antoinette Bower

text: Bower has many television guest roles to her credit – between 1958 and 1987, she amassed over 90 appearances on such programs as "Ben Casey", "The Fugitive", "Combat!", "Twelve O'Clock High", "The Invaders", "Mannix", "" (in 4 episodes), "Perry Mason", "The Big Valley", "The Six Million Dollar Man", "Kojak", "", "Hogan's Heroes" (in 3 different roles), "Cannon", "Columbo", "Hawaii Five-O", "The Twilight Zone" and "Murder, She Wrote".


title: Antoinette Bower

text: In the 1970s and 1980s she appeared in the movies "A Death of Innocence" (1971), "Die Sister, Die!" (1972, released in 1978), "Prom Night" (1980), "The Cowboy and the Ballerina" (1984), "The Evil That Men Do" (1984) and "Club Paradise" (1986).


title: Antoinette Bower

text: She played in three episodes between 1967 and 1969 of "Hogan's Heroes" as an underground agent in Germany. She also co-starred with Christopher Plummer and Jean Simmons in the TV mini-series "The Thorn Birds" (1983) and, from 1989 to 1992, was a regular on the Canadian TV series "Neon Rider".


title: Emma Lahana

text: Emma Kate Lahana (born ) is a New Zealand actress. She is known for her roles as Kira Ford, the Yellow Dino Ranger, in "Power Rangers Dino Thunder", Jennifer Mason on "Haven", and Brigid O'Reilly in "Cloak & Dagger".


title: Emma Lahana

text: Lahana played Erin Kingston, a supporting role on the New Zealand TV drama "Shortland Street", and also appeared on "Street Legal". She also portrayed Fiona in Disney's "You Wish!" In 2004, Lahana starred as Kira Ford, the Yellow Power Ranger, on "Power Rangers Dino Thunder". For this series, she recorded the songs "Patiently", "Freak You Out", "I'm Over You", "Just a Little" and "True Love" (Ft. Morgan Fairhead). Lahana began her music career after joining BMI in 2005, though she later quit the industry.


title: Emma Lahana

text: Lahana appeared in an episode of the fourth season of "Stargate Atlantis", "Outcast" and as the waitress abducted by a serial killer on the third-season episode of "Psych". Lahana also appeared in the movies "Alien Agent", and in the true-crime thriller "Dear Mr. Gacy", where she played the girlfriend of Jason Moss. In 2010, she played the role of Beth in the television miniseries "Seven Deadly Sins". Lahana also played a recurring character on the TV series "Hellcats", starring Aly Michalka and Ashley Tisdale. She also appeared in the music video for Drew Seeley's single "How a Heart Breaks". In 2012, she appeared in the television movie "Big Time Movie". In 2013, Lahana was cast in the recurring role of Jennifer Mason on the Syfy drama series, "Haven".


title: Emma Lahana

text: In 2018, Lahana was cast as a series regular in the Freeform television series "Marvel's Cloak & Dagger", where she played New Orleans police detective Brigid O'Reilly for two seasons from 2018 to 2019.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: Sanford Ballard Dole (April 23, 1844 – June 9, 1926) was a lawyer and jurist from the Hawaiian Islands. He lived through the periods when Hawaii was a kingdom, protectorate, republic, and territory. A descendant of the American missionary community to Hawaii, Dole advocated the westernization of Hawaiian government and culture. After the overthrow of the monarchy, he served as the President of the Republic of Hawaii until his government secured Hawaii's annexation by the United States.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: Dole was born April 23, 1844, in Honolulu to Protestant Christian missionaries from Maine in the United States. His father was Daniel Dole (1808–1878), principal at Oahu College (known as Punahou School after 1934), and his mother was Emily Hoyt Ballard (1808–1844). His mother died from complications within a few days of his birth. Dole was named after his maternal uncle, Sanford K. Ballard, a classmate of his father's at Bowdoin College who died in 1841. He was nursed by a native Hawaiian, and his father married Charlotte Close Knapp in 1846. In 1855 the family moved to Kōloa on the island of Kauai, where they operated another school, which Sanford attended.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: Dole attended Oahu College for one year and then Williams College in 1866–1867. He worked in a law office in Boston for another year, at this time in the United States admission to the bar was by reading the law in an


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: apprenticeship under a lawyer and may have not required an examination, and thirty years later he would receive an honorary LL.D. degree from Williams, in 1897, in recognition of his service as the first and only elected president of Hawaii.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: In 1873 he married Anna Prentice Cate. In December 1880 he was commissioned as a Notary Public in Honolulu. Dole won the 1884 and 1886 elections to the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom as a representative from Kauai, serving from 1884–1887, during which time he was active in securing the constitution of 1887.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: In June 1887 local businessmen, sugar planters, and politicians backed by the Honolulu Rifles forced the dismissal of the cabinet of controversial Walter M. Gibson and forced the adoption of the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The new documents limited voting rights to the literate males of Hawaiian, European, and American descent, while imposing income and wealth requirements to be eligible to vote for the House of Nobles. This effectively consolidated power among the elite residents of the island. In addition, the new Constitution minimized the power of the Monarch in favor of more influential governance by the cabinet. Dole and other lawyers of American descent drafted this document, which became known as the "Bayonet Constitution".


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: King Kalākaua appointed Dole a justice of the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii on December 28, 1887, and to a commission to revise judiciary laws on January 24, 1888. After Kalākaua's death, his sister Queen Liliuokalani appointed him to her Privy Council on August 31, 1891.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: The monarchy ended on January 17, 1893, after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii organized by many of the same actors involved in the 1887 revolt. Although Dole declined to officially be part of the Committee of Safety, he helped draft their declaration.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: Dole was named president of the Provisional Government of Hawaii that was formed after the coup and was recognized within 48 hours by all nations with diplomatic ties to the Kingdom of Hawaii, including the United Kingdom.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: His cabinet (called the "executive council") included James A. King as minister of the interior, William Owen Smith as attorney general, and banker Peter Cushman Jones as minister of finance. Dole acted as Minister of Foreign Affairs himself until February 15, 1894.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: With Grover Cleveland's election as President of the United States, the Provisional Government's hopes of annexation were derailed for a time. Indeed, Cleveland tried to directly help reinstate the monarchy, after an investigation led by James Henderson Blount. The Blount Report of July 17, 1893, commissioned by President Cleveland, concluded that the Committee of Safety conspired with U.S. ambassador John L. Stevens to land the United States Marine Corps, to forcibly remove Queen Liliuokalani from power, and declare a Provisional Government of Hawaii consisting of members from the Committee of Safety.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: On November 16, 1893, Albert Willis presented the Queen with Cleveland's request that she grant amnesty to the revolutionists in return for being restored to the throne. This request she flatly refused, stating that the revolutionists should be punished and should have their lands confiscated. According to Willis, she recommended that they be put to death. Though she later denied ever having recommended any such thing, her alleged attitude lost her the goodwill of the Cleveland administration, which thereupon recognized the Republic of Hawaii on July 4, 1894.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: The Morgan Report of February 26, 1894, concluded that the overthrow was locally based, that it had its origins in monarchical corruption, and that American troops had not tried to bring about the monarchy's collapse: rather, that the troops had acted merely to protect American property and citizens. Not long afterward, the Provisional Government held a constitutional convention. On July 4, 1894, this convention proclaimed the formal establishment of the Republic of Hawaii.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: Lorrin A. Thurston declined to run for the presidency of the Republic of Hawaii, and Dole ran instead, winning election in 1894. Dole would serve as the first and only elected president of the Republic of Hawaii from 1894 to 1898. Dole in turn appointed Thurston to lead the lobbying effort in Washington, D.C., to secure Hawaii's annexation by the United States.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: Dole's government secured diplomatic recognition from every nation that had recognized the Kingdom of Hawaii, and weathered several attempts to restore the monarchy, including a January 1895 counter-rebellion led by Robert William Wilcox. After being defeated, Wilcox and the other conspirators were captured and sentenced to death, but had their sentences reduced or commuted by Dole. Queen Liliuokalani abdicated and, under duress, swore allegiance to the Republic of Hawaii, declaring, "I hereby do fully and unequivocally admit and declare that the Government of the Republic of Hawaii is the only lawful Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and that the late Hawaiian monarchy is finally and forever ended and no longer of any legal or actual validity, force or effect whatsoever." She later provided a more detailed accounting of the events from her perspective in her book, "Hawaii's story by Hawaii's queen, Liliuokalani".


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: As president of the republic, Dole traveled to Washington, D.C., in early 1898 to personally urge annexation of Hawaii by the United States. On July 4, 1898, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution to annex the Republic of Hawaii. Known as the Newlands Resolution after its sponsor, U.S. Representative Francis Newlands (D-Nevada), it came into effect on August 12, 1898. A formal ceremony marking the transfer of Hawaiian state sovereignty to the United States was held that day on the steps of ʻIolani Palace where the Hawaiian flag was lowered and the American flag raised in its place.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: Under the terms of the Resolution, Dole retained the powers he previously exercised as President of Hawaii while Congress developed a new Hawaiian territorial frame of government. Later, when one was established through the Hawaiian Organic Act, President William McKinley appointed Dole as the first governor of the Territory of Hawaii. Dole assumed the office on June 14, 1900, but resigned November 23, 1903, to accept an appointment by President Theodore Roosevelt as judge for the U.S. District Court of Hawaii after the death of Morris M. Estee. He served in that post until his retirement on December 16, 1915 and was replaced by Horace Worth Vaughan.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: Dole also served on commissions for Honolulu parks and the public archives. He died after a series of strokes on June 9, 1926. His ashes were interred in the cemetery of Kawaiahao Church.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: Dole's cousin, Edmund Pearson Dole, came to Hawaii to practice law in 1895, and became Attorney General of Hawaii from 1900 to 1903. Another cousin, James Dole, came to Hawaii in 1899 and founded the Hawaiian Pineapple Company on Oahu, which later became the Dole Food Company. James' father Charles Fletcher Dole also came to Hawaii in 1909.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: Dole Middle School, located in Kalihi Valley on the island of Oahu, was named after him in April 1956, about a century after his father founded the school in Kōloa.


title: Sanford B. Dole

text: In Hawaiian, the pale and hair-like Spanish moss is called "ʻumiʻumi-o-Dole", meaning "Dole's beard". His wife Anna had the bird species "Ciridops anna" named after her.


title: Tom Fitton

text: Thomas J. Fitton is an American conservative activist and the president of Judicial Watch. Fitton is known for pro-Trump commentary. Fitton is prominent for criticizing Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into alleged Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election; he has said that the investigation was a "coup" against U.S. President Donald Trump and called for it to be shut down. In 2022, researchers found Fitton was the third-most prolific purveyor of election misinformation on Twitter during the late months of 2020.


title: Tom Fitton

text: Fitton rejects the scientific consensus on climate change; under his tenure, Judicial Watch has filed lawsuits against climate scientists.


title: Tom Fitton

text: Fitton was born in West Nyack, New York. He graduated from Clarkstown High School South in 1986. Fitton has a bachelor's degree in English from George Washington University. His father was a manager at a supermarket and his mother was a nurse.


title: Tom Fitton

text: Fitton has been the president of Judicial Watch since August 1998. The group primarily seeks access to government records by filing Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and other public records act lawsuits and engaging in other forms of civil litigation.


title: Tom Fitton

text: In 2006, Larry Klayman, Judicial Watch's former chairman, attempted to reclaim control of Judicial Watch by suing Fitton, the organization, and its other officers and directors. Most of Klayman's claims, including all of the claims against Fitton and Judicial Watch's other officers and directors, were dismissed in 2009.


title: Tom Fitton

text: On October 2, 2020, it was announced that Trump intended to appoint Fitton to the D.C. Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure. He was officially appointed on November 10, 2020, and his term ends on July 29, 2025.


title: Tom Fitton

text: In July 2013, Fitton falsely claimed that the Obama administration's Department of Justice had sent representatives to Sanford, Florida, following Trayvon Martin's death "to help organize and manage rallies and protests against George Zimmerman."


title: Tom Fitton

text: Fitton rejects the scientific consensus on climate change (global warming). He said, "There has been scandal after scandal involving climate data and we are skeptical of government agencies that won't tell people what they are up to... I’m sure scientists are concerned that funding for dubious research will be cut, but the truth will win out in the end." Judicial Watch, which has claimed that climate science is "fraud science," has filed lawsuits seeking to force the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to release the correspondence of climate scientists who published a 2015 study in the journal "Science". The study had debunked one of the common claims made by climate change deniers: that there had been global warming "hiatus" from 1998 to 2012. The Climate Science Legal Defense Fund (CSLDF), American Meteorological Society, and Union of Concerned Scientists condemned Judicial Watch by saying that the disclosure of private communications between scientists "would harm (or halt altogether) government scientists' ability to collaborate with colleagues, damage the government's ability to recruit or retain top scientists, and deter critically important research into politically charged fields like climate change." The Judicial Watch lawsuit was inspired by US Representative Lamar Smith, who accused the authors of the study of "alter[ing] data" to "get the politically correct results they want."


title: Tom Fitton

text: Judicial Watch has advertised for years on Breitbart News, the far-right website formerly run by Steve Bannon. The site was defended by Fitton against calls for advertisers to drop them for advertising. Fitton stated, "Liberal activists want to destroy Breitbart, but we won't be cowed."


title: Tom Fitton

text: Fitton said about voter fraud: "We have all heard about voter fraud and the attempts by liberal media organs like the "New York Times" and Ivory Tower academics to dismiss it as a nonexistent problem. But it is real, widespread, and substantial to the point that it can decide elections." Fitton has alleged that hundreds of thousands of undocumented immigrants voted in the 2018 midterm elections. There is no evidence of widespread voter fraud in California or Texas.


title: Tom Fitton

text: On February 3, 2020, the day of the Iowa caucuses in the Democratic presidential primary, Fitton suggested that voter fraud was afoot in Iowa by falsely claiming that "eight Iowa counties have more voter registrations than citizens old enough to register." Iowa's Secretary of State, Paul Pate, a member of the Republican Party, debunked Fitton's claim by linking to official voter registration data.


title: Tom Fitton

text: In a video recording released in October 2020, in the lead-up to the 2020 election, Fitton called on fellow conservative activists at a conference to come up with ways to prevent mail-in-ballots from being distributed to voters.


title: Tom Fitton

text: At the Conservative Political Action Conference in February 2021, Fitton falsely claimed that on the day of the 2020 United States presidential election, "President Trump had the votes to win the presidency. These vote totals were changed because of unprecedented and extraordinary counting after election day".


title: Tom Fitton

text: In 2017, Judicial Watch helped to stoke Republican attacks against Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election. He has referred to the Mueller probe as a "coup" against Trump. Trump retweeted Fitton's remarks about a coup; PolitiFact rated the assertion that the Mueller probe was a coup as "pants-on-fire" false. Trump frequently listens to Fitton and had mentioned Fitton at least five times in his tweets by August 2018, including a promotion of an upcoming Fitton appearance on Fox. According to "Politico", "Fitton's rhetoric is often indistinguishable from Trump's." Fitton called for the Special Counsel investigation to be shut down and argued that prosecutors in the probe were too biased against Trump to conduct a credible investigation. Fitton furthermore called for shutting down the Federal Bureau of Investigation "because it was turned into a KGB-type operation by the Obama administration." "Newsweek" rated the claim "false", stating that "there is no comparison between the FBI and KGB."


title: Tom Fitton

text: When Michael Cohen, Trump's former personal attorney, pleaded guilty to crimes brought to light by Special Counsel Robert Mueller's probe in December 2018, Fitton dismissed the importance of the crimes. Fitton said it was "weak tea" and intended "to make President Trump look bad."


title: Tom Fitton

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fitton has called on Trump to "reopen" the United States amid social distancing and lockdowns to prevent spread of the virus. Fitton criticized Dr. Anthony Fauci, the White House's leading epidemiology expert, and amplified right-wing conspiracy theories about Fauci.


title: Tom Fitton

text: At an August 2020 meeting of the Council for National Policy, Fitton claimed that people on the American left are planning to delay the 2020 election tally until January 20, 2021, to allow House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to become acting president. He later added that "it could cause civil war".


title: Tom Fitton

text: Fitton received the American Conservative Union's 'Defender of the Constitution Award' during its annual Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in 2015.


title: Marlon Mack

text: Marlon Devon Mack (born March 7, 1996) is an American football running back for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at South Florida and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the fourth round of the 2017 NFL draft.


title: Marlon Mack

text: Mack attended Booker High School in Sarasota, Florida. As a senior, he rushed for 1,527 yards and 19 touchdowns for the Tornadoes. He totaled 1,666 yards from scrimmage and scored 22 touchdowns on offense, and made 100 tackles and intercepted four passes on defense. He committed to the University of South Florida to play college football.


title: Marlon Mack

text: Mack was a four star recruit according to ESPN and 247Sports.com. The Scout.com and Rivals.com recruiting networks each gave him three stars. Mack received over a dozen scholarship offers from schools including Michigan, Louisville, Indiana, Iowa State, Florida Atlantic, Florida International, Marshall, and Ball State. Mack initially made a (soft) commit to UCLA but decommitted following a coaching change for the Bruins. Mack took an official visit to Louisville on January 17, 2014. Louisville believed Mack had committed to the Cardinals, but he chose USF on signing day.


title: Marlon Mack

text: Mack attended and played college football for the University of South Florida from 2014 to 2016. In his first game at South Florida his freshman year in 2014, he tied the school record with 275 rushing yards. He finished the season with 1,041 rushing yards, a USF freshman record, on 202 carries with nine touchdowns over 12 starts. As a sophomore in 2015, he again started all 12 games and rushed for 1,381 yards on 210 carries and nine touchdowns. During his junior season, Mack became South Florida's all-time leading rushing, passing Andre Hall's 2,731. For the season, he rushed for 1,187 yards on 174 carries and had 15 touchdowns. After the season, he entered the 2017 NFL Draft. He finished his career with 3,609 yards on 586 carries and 32 touchdowns.


title: Marlon Mack

text: The Indianapolis Colts selected Mack in the fourth round (143rd overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. Mack became the first running back to be drafted from the University of South Florida and was the 15th running back drafted in 2017. He was the 28th USF player to be selected in the history of the NFL draft.


title: Marlon Mack

text: On May 17, 2017, the Indianapolis Colts signed Mack to a four-year, $2.81 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $419,648.


title: Marlon Mack

text: Throughout training camp, Mack competed to be the primary backup running back against Robert Turbin and Josh Ferguson. Head coach Chuck Pagano named Mack the third running back on the Colts’ depth chart to begin the regular season, behind Frank Gore and Robert Turbin.


title: Marlon Mack

text: Mack made his NFL debut in the season-opener at the Los Angeles Rams and had ten carries for 24 yards. He scored his first NFL touchdown on a three-yard carry during the fourth quarter of their 46–9 loss. In addition, he made his first career reception on a 21-yard pass from quarterback Scott Tolzien and fumbled once. Mack was inactive for two games (Weeks 3–4) due to a shoulder injury. In Week 5, Mack had nine carries for a season-high 91 rushing yards and a touchdown during a 26–23 overtime victory against the San Francisco 49ers. Three weeks later, Mack had a season-high 11 carries for 27 yards and caught three passes for 36 yards and made his first touchdown reception on a 24-yard pass from quarterback Jacoby Brissett during the third quarter as the Colts narrowly lost 24–23 at the Cincinnati Bengals in Week 8.


title: Marlon Mack

text: Mack finished his rookie year with 93 carries for 358 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns to go along with 21 receptions for 225 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in 14 games.


title: Marlon Mack

text: Mack entered training camp slated as the starting running back after Frank Gore departed in free agency. Mack was named the starting running back to begin the regular season. Mack was inactive for the season-opening 34–23 loss against the Cincinnati Bengals after suffering a hamstring injury in the first preseason game. Mack was sidelined for three consecutive games (Weeks 3–5) after aggravating his hamstring injury.


title: Marlon Mack

text: In Week 7, Mack had 19 carries for 126 rushing yards and two touchdowns during a 37–5 victory against the Buffalo Bills. On October 28, 2018, Mack ran the ball 25 times for 132 yards and two touchdowns in the Colts 42–28 win at the Oakland Raiders in a Week 8. He became the first Colts running back since Joseph Addai in 2007 to post back-to-back 100-yard rushing games. During Week 15, Mack had a season-high 27 carries for 139 rushing yards and two touchdowns during a 23–0 win over the Dallas Cowboys. He was just the second player all season to rush for over 100 yards against the Cowboys, and the first since 2015 to run for 100 yards and two scores. He also became just the third player in Colts franchise history to have multiple games with at least 125 yards rushing and two touchdowns in the same season, joining Eric Dickerson (1987) and Edgerrin James (1999 and 2005).


title: Marlon Mack

text: Mack finished his second season with 908 rushing yards and nine rushing touchdowns. He added 17 receptions for 103 yards and a touchdown. The Colts made the playoffs as the No. 6 seed. In the against the Houston Texans, Mack set a franchise postseason record with 148 yards and a touchdown on 24 carries in a 21–7 victory. In the against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had nine carries for 46 yards in the 31–13 loss.


title: Marlon Mack

text: During the season-opener against the Los Angeles Chargers, Mack rushed 25 times for 174 yards which included a career-high 63-yard touchdown run in the 24–30 overtime loss. In Week 3 against the Atlanta Falcons, Mack rushed 16 times for 74 yards and a touchdown as the Colts won 27–24. In week 5 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Mack rushed 29 times for 132 yards and caught three passes for 16 yards in the 19–13 win. During Week 11 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Mack finished with 109 rushing yards and a touchdown before fracturing his hand in the 33–13 win. In the 2019 season, Mack finished with 1,091 rushing yards and eight rushing touchdowns.


title: Marlon Mack

text: During Week 1 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Mack left the game with an injury. An MRI revealed that Mack had suffered a torn Achilles and was ruled out for the rest of the season. He was placed on injured reserve on September 16.


title: Marlon Mack

text: Mack re-signed with the Colts on March 23, 2021. In six games, he finished with 28 carries for 101 rushing yards.


title: Marlon Mack

text: On April 11, 2022, Mack signed with the Houston Texans. He was released on August 30, 2022, and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released on September 5.


title: Marlon Mack

text: On September 14, 2022, the San Francisco 49ers signed Mack to their practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on September 21. He was released on October 11. He signed back to the practice squad the following day.


title: VisiCalc

text: VisiCalc (for "visible calculator") is the first spreadsheet computer program for personal computers, originally released for Apple II by VisiCorp on 17 October 1979. It is often considered the application that turned the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a serious business tool, prompting IBM to introduce the IBM PC two years later. VisiCalc is considered to be Apple II's killer app. It sold over 700,000 copies in six years, and as many as 1 million copies over its history.