title: Cross-platform play

text: Once these technical challenges can be overcome, the primarily limiting factor for cross-platform play has been the terms of service and acceptable use policy that developers and players must abide by when using the consoles' online services. Sony's Shuhei Yoshida, in discussing the possibility of cross-platform play between PlayStation and Xbox platforms, noted that "the technical aspect could be the easiest" to overcome compared to policy and business-related issues. Some online services have restrictions on age-related content which prevent certain games from using cross-platform play or to disable certain features to allow it; Dave Hagewood, a lead developer for "Rocket League", noted that they had to launch their game, which supports cross-platform play between Windows and the PlayStation 4 versions, without the ability for players to communicate across systems due to content regulations Sony has in place; they were able to later patch in filters to allow for this communications under Sony's service. Valve had to drop PlayStation 3 and computer cross-platform play from its 2012 "" just before launch as they wanted the ability to patch the game on a frequent basis, which would be limited by Sony's certification process on the PlayStation system; they had similarly tried to bring Steamworks to the Xbox 360 for this game, but also found Microsoft's certification policies to be too restrictive for frequent updates.


title: Cross-platform play

text: For decades, console manufacturers have worked proactively to protect the exclusivity of a game on their system from other console competitors, to which cross-platform play can be seen as a threat. Some journalists have postulated that cross-platform play had been restricted by console makers as to assure players remain with their platform for future games. Kyle Orland for "Ars Technica" said that if a player wants to continue playing new games with friends, the lack of cross-platform play required them to continue to purchase the new games for that console platform, creating "powerful network effects". Alex Perry of "Mic" similarly noted that lack of cross-platform play can lead a player to try to push and influence their friends to by the same console so they can play together, boosting sales for that console manufacturer.


title: Cross-platform play

text: Microsoft has explored cross-platform play between their Xbox consoles and players on Windows machines uses services under its purview. Microsoft developed the Games for Windows – Live interface in part to work with the Xbox Live services so that cross-platform play could be released, with the first such title released being "Shadowrun" (2007). Microsoft has put further effort with cross-platform play features through the introduction of the Xbox One and the Windows 10 operating system for personal computers. Announced during the March 2015 Game Developers Conference, Windows 10 integrates Xbox Live services directly and includes technology to support the Cross-Play feature that enables, among other features, the ability for users on Xbox One and Windows 10 consoles to play together. Microsoft announced games that would support cross-platform play including "Gigantic" and "Fable Legends". Issues related to the different control schemes remain a limiting factor; Microsoft's head of publishing Shannon Loftis said that some games, like racing games, do not readily translate well to cross-platform titles due to control system differences. One such title is the "Killer Instinct", originally released for Xbox One in 2013, and with a Windows 10 version released in 2016 that supports cross-platform play. At the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016, Microsoft announced the Xbox Play Anywhere program for upcoming games that allow users to purchase the title for either Xbox One or Windows 10 and be able to play it on the other platform without having to repurchase the title for that system. This also further enhances the integration of Xbox Live services on Windows 10, allowing for more titles to support cross-platform play. Initial titles released under this program include "Gears of War 4" and "Forza Horizon 3".


title: Cross-platform play

text: In March 2016, Microsoft announced a new initiative to open up the Xbox One to cross-platform play to Windows users without the use of Xbox Live services. The first game under this initiative was "Rocket League", allowed users using the Steam-enabled version to play with those on Xbox Live, starting in May 2016, Microsoft extended this invitation to any other online service, including Steam and the Nintendo Switch, with Microsoft's vice president of the Xbox division Mike Ybarra stating "It’s more about gamer choice, more about making an IP on our platform last longer. I don’t care about where they play, I just want people to have fun playing games because that’s just better for the industry."


title: Cross-platform play

text: Separately, Microsoft allows for cross-platform play between the Xbox 360 and Xbox One for Xbox 360 games that supported online play that were made to be backwards compatible on the Xbox One.


title: Cross-platform play

text: Nintendo's consoles have generally not supported cross-platform play as they were considered to be a "closed" platform, though some Nintendo games included cross-play between its own consoles, for example on Wii and DS, Dragon Quest X for Wii, Wii U, Windows, Android, iOS and 3DS, Pure Chess on Wii U and 3DS, and Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate and Monster Hunter Generations Ultimate, which feature cross-platform multiplayer between 3DS/Wii U and 3DS/Switch, respectively. "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U" was a particularly high-profile example of functionality akin to cross-platform play between the 3DS and Wii U versions. Though the same full gameplay instance did not explicitly run in tandem on both systems simultaneously due to the two versions' differing stage lists, 3DS version owners could use their Nintendo 3DS system as a controller and auxiliary score display for matches on the Wii U version and players could use their acquired equipment and saved loadouts from either version on the other. Nintendo has more recently sought to gain favor with independent developers, and as part of this, have allowed some titles to include cross-platform play support, with the first being "Pure Chess" and "Knytt Underground" in 2013, which support cross-platform play between the Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, and mobile systems.


title: Cross-platform play

text: With the Nintendo Switch console released in March 2017, Nintendo has adopted a more open route for developers using existing toolsets and game engines, making it easier for them to support cross-platform play. During the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 in June of that year, Nintendo announced that it would support cross-platform play between PC and Xbox One versions of both "Rocket League" and "Minecraft" on the Switch. According to Nintendo of America's corporate communications director Charlie Scibetta, the company is "trying to be more flexible and bring more people in" by allowing for cross-platform play, particularly in cases where the developer wants to pursue it.


title: Cross-platform play

text: In April 2011, Valve worked with Sony to create a version of Steam to operate on the PlayStation 3 that enabled cross-platform play for its games, including "Portal 2", with computer users. With the introduction of the PlayStation 4, Sony provided features that enabled cross-platform play between it, the PlayStation 3, and the PlayStation Vita, with the first title to support this being "Helldivers". In 2013, the paid subscription based MMORPG Final Fantasy XIV A Realm Reborn released on PlayStation 3, PC, MAC, Steam. With all gamers being able to play together on any server from the platform of their choice. Later PlayStation 4 also adopted this format for FFXIV ARR which has led to 16+ million downloads, 3 expansions and an active player base that surpassed the PC only subscription MMORPG World of Warcraft in active player subs with the release of FFXIV ARR's third expansion for PC & PS4 "Shadowbringers" on July 2, 2019. This long term success has shown the true power of cross-platform gaming to Sony.


title: Cross-platform play

text: While Sony has continued to offer cross-platform play between the PlayStation 4 and computer systems, the company was initially reluctant to allow cross-play with other consoles for the PS4's first five years of availability. Following Microsoft's plan for "Rocket League", the company invited other online networks to participate as well. Sony responded by saying they are open to having discussions for cross-platform play in light of this invitation. Yoshida noted that while connecting the PlayStation networks to the computer is straightforward given the openness of the computer's platform, connection to the Xbox platform requires them to think about the nature of connecting two closed systems. Yoshida considered that the primary challenge would be policy and business-related rather than any technical challenge, but are open to working out cross-platform play on a per-game basis. At least three developers, Psyonix ("Rocket League"), CD Projekt (""), and Studio Wildcard ("") stated they have made all the technical requirements to enable cross-platform play between the Xbox One and PlayStation 4, and would be able to activate these within mere hours of receiving formal authorisation from Sony. Bethesda Game Studios' Todd Howard said that while they wanted to have cross-platform play for their upcoming online title, "Fallout 76", they cannot offer it as "Sony is not as helpful as everyone would like". Further, Bethesda stated they will only plan to release "" card game for console platforms that fully support cross-platform play with computers and mobile devices.


title: Cross-platform play

text: Further concerns about Sony's reluctance to participate with other consoles came after the E3 2017 announcements regarding cross-platform play with "Rocket League" and "Minecraft". PlayStation global marketing head Jim Ryan said that while they are "open to conversations with any developer or publisher who wants to talk about it", their decision to not participate for these games was "a commercial discussion between ourselves and other stakeholders". Ryan cited one is being that Sony needed to "be mindful of our responsibility to our install base", consider the number of younger players using their services, and the inability to control content that might come from other platforms that do not have content restrictions. Microsoft has said that it has been in discussions with Sony to help bring them into cross-platform play compatibility, though disagreed with Sony's safety concerns as Microsoft says it has taken similar measures as Sony to assure features like strong parental controls were present on its Xbox Live service. Microsoft's Phil Spencer said in an October 2017 interview that Microsoft and Sony have been in frequent talks for allowing cross-platform play, but Sony remains very cautious; he did not consider it a "lost cause" but did state of Sony, "I think some of the fundamental reasons and certain scenarios, they're not really going away".


title: Cross-platform play

text: Documents unveiled in the "Epic Games v. Apple" case in 2021 revealed that Epic Games had approached Sony in the months prior to E3 2018 in June to encourage them to support cross-platform play for "Fortnite Battle Royale", with Epic proposing a solution that would make it appear as a win-win solution for both companies when they announced it at E3; Epic gaining the player base on the PlayStation, and Sony having potentially one of the biggest gaming hits on its platform. Sony had rejected this as they stated in reply to Epic, "many companies are exploring this idea and not a single one can explain how cross-console play improves the PlayStation business".


title: Cross-platform play

text: With the release of "Fortnite Battle Royale" on the Nintendo Switch during E3 2018, Sony's approach to cross-platform play drew further criticism. The game supports cross-platform play across personal computer, Xbox One, and mobile devices, with players normally able to use a single Epic Games account, which may be linked to a platform-specific account, to carry over progress and purchases between any of those platforms; the Nintendo Switch version also works in this same manner. However, players found that if their Epic Games account was tied to a PlayStation Network account, they could not use that profile on the Switch or other versions of the game, requiring them to either create a new Epic account, or unlinking their PlayStation Network account from their Epic account which completely resets the player's progress. The PlayStation 4 version also remained limited in only allowing its players to cross-platform play with personal computer and mobile devices and not the Switch or Xbox One versions. Nintendo affirmed that this was a decision made by Sony, as they otherwise would want to be open to all forms of cross-platform play. Many gamers and even video game journalists accused Sony of forcing the restrictions to prevent PlayStation 4 players from playing on other platforms. Sony stated in response that they are still open to what players wanted, and that "With... more than 80 million monthly active users on PlayStation Network, we've built a huge community of gamers who can play together on Fortnite and all online titles". Journalists took Sony's reaction as a message from Sony that providing cross-platform play on other consoles would be a threat to the market dominance of the PlayStation 4, which, at the time, has the current largest number of users compared to Xbox One or Nintendo Switch. John Smedley, a former president of Sony Online Entertainment (now Daybreak Game Company), stated that during his time with Sony, the reason the executives gave him for rejecting cross-platform play support was simply a financial motive, claiming, "they didn't like someone buying something on an Xbox and it being used on a Playstation". Sony's stocks fell approximately 2% in the days after this event, largely due to outrage from the large "Fortnite" player base.


title: Cross-platform play

text: In late June 2018, Sony's Shawn Layden told "Eurogamer" that the company is evaluating their stance on cross-platform play following the "Fortnite" issues. Layden said: "We're hearing it. We're looking at a lot of the possibilities. You can imagine that the circumstances around that affect a lot more than just one game. I'm confident we'll get to a solution which will be understood and accepted by our gaming community, while at the same time supporting our business." Yoshida reiterated that their decision to not allow for cross-play is to maintain the quality of the PlayStation user experience, stating "On cross-platform, our way of thinking is always that PlayStation is the best place to play. "Fortnite", I believe, partnered with PlayStation 4 is the best experience for users, that's our belief."


title: Cross-platform play

text: A few months later, on September 26, 2018, Sony announced it would allow cross-platform play on the PlayStation 4 "for select third party content", beginning with "Fortnite" that day. Sony stated that the decision to allow cross-platform play was "a major policy change" and that their goal "remains to take a more open stance with cross-platform support that's aligned with our mission to deliver the best consumer experience". Layden, speaking on a podcast after this change was announced, knew that cross-platform play was a high demand by PlayStation 4 players, but described cross-platform play as a "very multi-dimensional kind of attribute or feature" that required Sony to look at how to implement this from a technical, business, and customer service point-of-view. Layden did state that it took longer to get to this point than he would have liked in order to clear these requirements. However, as revealed in Epic's trial with Apple, Sony still required Epic to pay additional royalty fees for this feature for "Fortnite" as to "offset the reduction in revenue" Sony believed would occur with cross-platform play would incur.


title: Cross-platform play

text: With their success at achieving cross-platform play support through all seven major platforms (Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, PlayStation, Xbox, and Nintendo Switch), Epic offered its cross-platform development support tools for free. "Rocket League" soon followed, with a beta cross-platform play option added to all versions in January 2019. "Dauntless" was released in an early access form in May 2019 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, joining the existing Windows version, and is the first game to launch with cross-platform play support across Windows, Xbox One, and the PlayStation 4.


title: Cross-platform play

text: According to Sony Interactive Entertainment CEO Jim Ryan in an interview with "Wired", Sony has moved out of its beta stage for cross-platform play, and has opened it up to any developer that can support it starting in October 2019. In a 2021 interview with "Axios", Ryan stated that for Sony, "We support and encourage cross-play".


title: Cross-platform play

text: In May 2020, Epic Games released a free SDK, its Epic Online Services, that allow developers to take advantage of its prior work in cross-platform play to support matchmaking, friends list, achievements, and other features in their games, supporting personal computers, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, iOS and Android systems.


title: Cross-platform play

text: In general, games on mobile devices, though using iOS, Android, or Windows Mobile operating systems, do not have cross-platform play support. Mobile games are developed with recognition of connection speed limitations of cellular networks, and thus most multiplayer games are often turn-based strategy games rather than real-time action games. Many multiplayer games for mobile devices are asynchronous, where players individually complete turns or actions, these actions sent to central services and pushed out to the other players that may be impacted by those actions.


title: Cross-platform play

text: There are mobile games that do feature synchronous cross-platform play, typically using centralized services to normalize out platform choices. A common example is "Hearthstone" which enables mobile players to challenge players on any other platform that the game has been released on, including computers. Microsoft introduced server-side Realms in June 2016 to enable "Minecraft" players on Windows, iOS, and Android devices to play together, with Xbox One set to be included in 2017 and eventually support for virtual reality hardware. "Minecraft"s "Bedrock" edition unifies play across Windows 10, mobile, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch versions, with PlayStation 4 cross-platform play added in December 2019, while "Fortnite Battle Royale" mobile versions were built with cross-platform play with computers and consoles.


title: Cross-platform play

text: The forementioned Epic Online Services SDK allows developers to easily integrate cross-platform play into mobile clients using Epic's established backend technology.


title: Cross-platform play

text: CCP Games have announced they plan to enable cross-platform play for their virtual reality (VR) title, "", between the three major VR systems: the Oculus Rift, the HTC Vive, and PlayStation VR.


title: The floor is lava

text: The floor is lava is a game in which players pretend that the floor or ground is made of lava (or any other lethal substance, such as acid or quicksand), and thus must avoid touching the ground, as touching the ground would "kill" the player who did so. The players stay off the floor by standing on furniture or the room's architecture. The players generally may not remain still, and are required to move from one piece of furniture to the next. This is due to some people saying that the furniture is acidic, sinking, or in some other way time-limited in its use. The game can be played with a group or alone for self amusement. There may even be a goal, to which the players must race. The game may also be played outdoors in playgrounds or similar areas. Players can also set up obstacles such as padded chairs to make the game more challenging. This is a variation of an obstacle course.


title: The floor is lava

text: Typically, any individual can start the game just by shouting "The floor is lava!" Any player remaining on the floor in the next few seconds is "out" and can not rejoin the game for some period of time.


title: The floor is lava

text: There often are tasks, items or places that can "regenerate" lost body parts or health. Depending on the players, these could be embarrassing tasks, or simple things like finding a particular person.


title: The floor is lava

text: In one version called "Hot Lava Monster", sometimes referred to as "Skies in the Ringuss", usually played on playgrounds, players must stay off the ground (sand, rubber, woodchips, etc.) and on the play equipment. The person who is playing the "monster" can be on the 'lava' with the objective of attempting to tag another player. The "monster" must try to tag or catch the other players. In some versions, the "monster" is not allowed to touch certain obstacles, such as wooden platforms or may only touch objects of a certain colour. The "monster" must navigate across structures such as across playground slides, monkey bars, ropes courses, etc. instead of the main platform.


title: The floor is lava

text: This game is similar to the traditional children's game "Puss in the Corner", or "Puss Wants a Corner", where children occupying the corner of a room are "safe", while the Puss, the player who is "It" in the middle of the room, tries to occupy an empty corner as the other players dash from one corner to another. This game was often played in school shelter-sheds in Victoria, with the bench-seats along the walls of the shelter-shed being used as platforms joining the corner, while players crossing the floor could be caught by the Puss.


title: The floor is lava

text: In some jurisdictions, dancers at strip clubs are only permitted to expose breasts and/or genitals when performing on a raised platform; they must be dressed before their feet touch the venue's main floor. Managers responsible for enforcing this rule may communicate it as 'the floor is lava'.


title: The floor is lava

text: By using the Stefan–Boltzmann law and taking convection into account, University of Leicester scientists have calculated that a high stakes version of the game would not be playable with actual lava, as the air above the lava would have a temperature too high for humans to survive for more than a few seconds and the sulfur dioxide would be toxic for them.


title: Abstract and concrete

text: In metaphysics, the distinction between abstract and concrete refers to a divide between two types of entities. Many philosophers hold that this difference has fundamental metaphysical significance. Examples of concrete objects include plants, human beings and planets while things like numbers, sets and propositions are abstract objects. There is no general consensus as to what the characteristic marks of concreteness and abstractness are. Popular suggestions include defining the distinction in terms of the difference between (1) existence inside or outside space-time, (2) having causes and effects or not, (3) having contingent or necessary existence, (4) being particular or universal and (5) belonging to either the physical or the mental realm or to neither. Despite this diversity of views, there is broad agreement concerning most objects as to whether they are abstract or concrete. So under most interpretations, all these views would agree that, for example, plants are concrete objects while numbers are abstract objects.


title: Abstract and concrete

text: Abstract objects are most commonly used in philosophy and semantics. They are sometimes called abstracta in contrast to "concreta". The term "abstract object" is said to have been coined by Willard Van Orman Quine. Abstract object theory is a discipline that studies the nature and role of abstract objects. It holds that properties can be related to objects in two ways: through exemplification and through encoding. Concrete objects exemplify their properties while abstract objects merely encode them. This approach is also known as the dual copula strategy.


title: Abstract and concrete

text: The type–token distinction identifies physical objects that are tokens of a particular type of thing. The "type" of which it is a part is in itself an abstract object. The abstract–concrete distinction is often introduced and initially understood in terms of paradigmatic examples of objects of each kind:


title: Abstract and concrete

text: Abstract objects have often garnered the interest of philosophers because they raise problems for popular theories. In ontology, abstract objects are considered problematic for physicalism and some forms of naturalism. Historically, the most important ontological dispute about abstract objects has been the problem of universals. In epistemology, abstract objects are considered problematic for empiricism. If abstracta lack causal powers and spatial location, how do we know about them? It is hard to say how they can affect our sensory experiences, and yet we seem to agree on a wide range of claims about them.


title: Abstract and concrete

text: Some, such as Ernst Mally, Edward Zalta and arguably, Plato in his Theory of Forms, have held that abstract objects constitute the defining subject matter of metaphysics or philosophical inquiry more broadly. To the extent that philosophy is independent of empirical research, and to the extent that empirical questions do not inform questions about abstracta, philosophy would seem especially suited to answering these latter questions.


title: Abstract and concrete

text: In modern philosophy, the distinction between abstract and concrete was explored by Immanuel Kant and G. W. F. Hegel.


title: Abstract and concrete

text: Gottlob Frege said that abstract objects, such as numbers, were members of a third realm, different from the external world or from internal consciousness.


title: Abstract and concrete

text: Another popular proposal for drawing the abstract–concrete distinction contends that an object is abstract if it lacks causal power. A causal power has the ability to affect something causally. Thus, the empty set is abstract because it cannot act on other objects. One problem with this view is that it is not clear exactly what it is to have causal power. For a more detailed exploration of the abstract–concrete distinction, see the relevant "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" article.


title: Abstract and concrete

text: Recently, there has been some philosophical interest in the development of a third category of objects known as the quasi-abstract. Quasi-abstract objects have drawn particular attention in the area of social ontology and documentality. Some argue that the over-adherence to the platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract has led to a large category of social objects having been overlooked or rejected as nonexistent because they exhibit characteristics that the traditional duality between concrete and abstract regards as incompatible. Specifically, the ability to have temporal location, but not spatial location, and have causal agency (if only by acting through representatives). These characteristics are exhibited by a number of social objects, including states of the international legal system.


title: Abstract and concrete

text: Jean Piaget uses the terms "concrete" and "formal" to describe two different types of learning. Concrete thinking involves facts and descriptions about everyday, tangible objects, while abstract (formal operational) thinking involves a mental process.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: Michael Anthony "Rizz, Rizzo" Eruzione (, , born October 25, 1954) is an American former ice hockey player. He is best known as the captain of the 1980 Winter Olympics United States national team that defeated the Soviet Union in the famous "Miracle on Ice" game, in which he scored the game-winning goal. He is the author, with Neal E. Boudette, of the national bestseller, "The Making of a Miracle: The Untold Story of the Captain of The Gold Medal-Winning 1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey Team," published by HarperCollins.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: Eruzione was born on October 25, 1954, to an Italian-American family in Winthrop, Massachusetts. His father was a bartender and worked in a sewage plant, and he grew up with many of his relatives living in the same home. He learned to play hockey for Youth Hockey of Winthrop as part of the GBYHL (Greater Boston Youth Hockey League). He graduated from Winthrop High School in 1972, where he was captain of the varsity hockey team during his senior year. He then spent a year at Berwick Academy to fine-tune his hockey skills in a New England Prep environment. After leaving Berwick, Eruzione attended Boston University. He had initially opted for another school, but he switched to Boston after his coach forgot his name. While at Boston, he averaged over twenty goals a season for four years. BU coach Jack Parker called Eruzione "Pete Rose on skates".


title: Mike Eruzione

text: Eruzione also played for Team USA at the 1975 and 1976 Ice Hockey World Championship tournaments. He then spent two seasons with the Toledo Goaldiggers of the International Hockey League, being named the Rookie of the Year in 1978 and leading the team to the Turner Cup championship in that year. After his second year in Toledo, Eruzione, who played left wing, was named the Captain of the 1980 Olympic hockey team, scoring the winning goal against the Soviets and helping the Americans win the gold medal against Finland. Eruzione's winning goal against the Soviet Union has become one of the most played highlights in American sports, and was chosen by Sports Illustrated in 1999 as the greatest sports moment of the twentieth century. In March, 2008, it was voted the greatest highlight of all time by ESPN viewers.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: Due to Eruzione's having played under contract for the Goaldiggers prior to the 1980 Olympics, his amateur status was later brought under question by NHL Players' Association director Alan Eagleson. Eruzione rebutted the charges, saying "He's trying to take something away from me that we so richly deserved. He can't take away the memory. Is he going to try to convince everybody in the United States we lost?"


title: Mike Eruzione

text: Eruzione was one of five players on the US Olympic team not drafted by an NHL team. Initially, he voiced his interest in playing professionally, mentioning the "New England Whalers" (by that time, renamed as the Hartford Whalers) as a possibility. He retired from competition after the Olympics, despite contract offers from the New York Rangers, stating that he'd reached the pinnacle of achievement already. He was a technical consultant for the 1981 film "Miracle on Ice", and said "we all know the movie will never be able to equal what happened." Eruzione then became a television broadcaster, grabbing the microphone at Rangers and New Jersey Devils games and for the "NHL on USA" and "NHL on Fox", and going on to comment at five Olympic Games, working for both ABC and CBS. Eruzione said that he did not regret deciding not to play professional hockey, saying "after being a commentator and covering the NHL for a few years, I have no doubt I could play."


title: Mike Eruzione

text: Eruzione returned to be the assistant coach for the hockey team for three seasons at his alma mater Boston University, where he currently works as Director of Special Outreach. He is a member of several halls of fame. He is a part-owner of the USHL Omaha Lancers, and a motivational speaker. He also helps the Winthrop High School ice hockey team during the winter.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: In 2002, Eruzione reunited with his 1980 Olympic teammates to light the Olympic cauldron for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: On January 19, 2007, Eruzione appeared on the new version of the game show "I've Got a Secret". His secret was that he was the captain of the 1980 U.S. Men's Olympic hockey team, but he failed to stump the panel, as his secret was guessed by Billy Bean.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: In 2012, Eruzione appeared at the Republican National Convention, and he gave a short speech in support of nominee Mitt Romney.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: In 2012, the Lawrence Larsen Hockey Rink in Eruzione's hometown of Winthrop, Massachusetts was renamed the Larsen Hockey Rink at the Mike Eruzione Center.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: On January 28, 2020, Eruzione's book, "The Making of a Miracle", was released by Harper, in imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. After its first week of sales, the book was No. 6 on the "Wall Street Journal" list of best-selling books, and No. 4 on the bestseller list of "Publishers Weekly". Like Eruzione, the book's co-author, Neal Boudette, is a graduate of Boston University.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: The book gives a detailed, inside account of U.S. Olympic hockey team's path to the gold medal, including the upset of the Soviet Union in the "Miracle On Ice" game, as well as a portrait of Eruzione's close-knit family and the experiences in college and minor league hockey that led him to try out for the Olympic team in 1979. Eruzione has said he wanted to write the book so that his grandchildren would know there was more to his life than scoring one goal in Lake Placid.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: In the 1981 made-for-TV movie about the 1980 U.S. Hockey team called "Miracle on Ice", Eruzione is portrayed by actor Andrew Stevens.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: In the 2004 Disney film entitled "Miracle", he is portrayed by actor Patrick O'Brien Demsey. Demsey had played hockey at Fitchburg State College, but he gave it up because of injuries and a desire to pursue an acting career. He saw the call for auditions the day before the auditions closed and won the part just days after his 24th birthday. To prepare for the role, he trained with the team Mike Eruzione coached at the time.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: In the "American Dad!" episode "The Return of the Bling," Roger reveals that he was part of the 1980 U.S. hockey team, under his persona "Chex LeMeneux." Stan does not believe him until Roger takes him to a team reunion at La Quinta Inns and Suites and Stan gets to see his team heroes Jim Craig, Mark Johnson and Eruzione. Eruzione provided his own voice for the episode.


title: Mike Eruzione

text: In season four, episode 12 of the animated television show "Archer", the main character, Sterling Archer responds to his mother's exclamation, "So then "we" will beat the Russians!" with the retort, "Give it up folks: Mike Eruzione!"


title: Mike Eruzione

text: Mike Eruzione and thirteen teammates from the 1980 Lake Placid games were in Las Vegas in 2020 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the game, when they were invited to appear at a President Donald Trump rally. They posed for a private photo with the president then were invited up on stage. Several of the former players, including Eruzione himself, sported red Keep America Great hats. Eruzione said he was saddened by the negative comments he and his teammates have received online, stating "I shake my head at it, that's all I can say."


title: KC Concepcion

text: Maria Kristina Cassandra "KC" Cuneta Concepcion (; born April 7, 1985) is a Filipino actress, singer, dancer, TV host, entrepreneur, socialite and humanitarian. She has had lead roles in Philippine films "For The First Time" (2008) and "When I Met U" (2009), and television series such as "Lovers in Paris" (2009), "Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala" (2013) and "Ikaw Lamang" (2014).


title: KC Concepcion

text: She is often dubbed as the "Mega Daughter", in reference to her mother Sharon Cuneta's honorific as the "Megastar". She is also the first National Ambassador Against Hunger of the United Nations' World Food Programme. She is also the new ambassador of World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Philippines. In addition, she also sang in the 2011 SEA Games opening production along with the Agnez Mo and Jaclyn Victor held in Indonesia.


title: KC Concepcion

text: Concepcion is the daughter of singer-actress Sharon Cuneta and actor Gabby Concepcion, and the adopted daughter of Senator Francis Pangilinan following her mother's marriage to him. She reconnected with her father after thirteen years since her parents' annulment and his immigration to the United States in 1995.


title: KC Concepcion

text: She graduated grade school at Saint Pedro Poveda College in Mandaluyong. In 2003, she graduated from the International School Manila, and in 2007, graduated with a bachelor's degree in International Corporate Communications with a minor in Theatre Arts from the American University of Paris.


title: KC Concepcion

text: Concepcion made several guest appearances in her mother's concerts and television shows. In 2003, she became a product endorser both on television and in print ads. She started her career with global franchise MTV as an MTV Asia VJ.


title: KC Concepcion

text: As World Food Programme's Philippine ambassador, she shared the stage with Bill Clinton in 2008 to present the former US leader's foundation its commitment to feed more people in impoverish countries.


title: KC Concepcion

text: In 2009, she starred in the Philippine remake of her first primetime drama series, "Lovers in Paris" as a Kapamilya. In 2010, she returned to do a film with Star Cinema with her first movie with her father, Gabby Concepcion, for Father's Day, "I'll Be There", directed by Maryo J. de los Reyes. In her 2010 studio album titled "KC", she sang "Girl Most Likely To" by Skye Sweetnam from the soundtrack of Mattel's 2006 film "The Barbie Diaries". In the same year, she joined "Star Magic" but after a year, she left and joined Viva Artist Agency, a talent management of Viva Entertainment.


title: KC Concepcion

text: On the April 11, 2010 episode of "The Buzz", it was announced that Concepción had been chosen to be the replacement co-host after Ruffa Gutierrez's departure. She was also featured on the cover of Cosmopolitan Mexico. In 2011, she made another film with Star Cinema, a romantic, drama film "Forever and a Day".


title: KC Concepcion

text: In 2012, she hosted the first and only season of "The X Factor Philippines". She was also featured in USA's Complex Magazine as one of "The 25 Sexiest International Actresses".


title: KC Concepcion

text: In 2013, she starred in her first lead antagonist role in "Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala". In 2014, she starred a lead role as Natalia in the second season of the period drama series "Ikaw Lamang". In 2015, she returned and starred a lead role as Anna in Christmas Special Series of ABS-CBN, "Give Love on Christmas," and was named one of GQ India's "Hottest Actresses Around the World""." In 2016, she returned as the host in Binibining Pilipinas 2016 along with co-host and actor Xian Lim. She was also the host of Binibining Pilipinas 2011 five years ago with co-host and actor Derek Ramsay. She took a step back from showbiz for a while to focus as being the UN Ambassador of World Food Programme for Hunger and made an online shop website KC's Closet and reached 1,000,000 pesos and being donated in Public School in Maguindanao.


title: KC Concepcion

text: In 2019, KC was the first Filipina celebrity to represent global brand Shiseido as an ambassador and endorser.


title: KC Concepcion

text: She is set to make a showbiz comeback after signing an exclusive management contract with Cornerstone Entertainment.


title: KC Concepcion

text: In 2008, KC Concepción released her first studio album on July 15, 2008 entitled "a.k.a Cassandra", on the Sony BMG Philippines label, which ranked number 1 based on total album sales in all Odyssey Record Bar branches nationwide. In fact, 1,102 copies of the album were sold in all Odyssey branches alone. KC Concepción made Philippine music history with her lead single "Imposible" during that year. KC has the most number of music downloads in the Philippines in the same year, which marked 1 million downloads online. KC Concepción thought that she would just perform her newest single, "Doo Be Doo", on the noontime TV show Wowowee on ABS-CBN Channel 2 on November 15, 2008. However, she was surprised when she was given a Platinum Record Award for her album "a.k.a. Cassandra".


title: KC Concepcion

text: In, 2010 KC released her Second Studio Album entitled KC, KC ranked number 3 based on OPM charts, in Astrovision Stores the album KC reached number 1. "KC" was launched on ASAP XV. "KC" was released on March 24, 2010, under the Sony Music label. she also set KC Mall Tour to promote KC album.


title: Flail chest

text: Flail chest is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when a segment of the rib cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall. Two of the symptoms of flail chest are chest pain and shortness of breath.


title: Flail chest

text: It occurs when multiple adjacent ribs are broken in multiple places, separating a segment, so a part of the chest wall moves independently. The number of ribs that must be broken varies by differing definitions: some sources say at least two adjacent ribs are broken in at least two places, some require three or more ribs in two or more places. The flail segment moves in the opposite direction to the rest of the chest wall: because of the ambient pressure in comparison to the pressure inside the lungs, it goes in while the rest of the chest is moving out, and vice versa. This so-called "paradoxical breathing" is painful and increases the work involved in breathing.


title: Flail chest

text: Flail chest is usually accompanied by a pulmonary contusion, a bruise of the lung tissue that can interfere with blood oxygenation. Often, it is the contusion, not the flail segment, that is the main cause of respiratory problems in people with both injuries.


title: Flail chest

text: The characteristic paradoxical motion of the flail segment occurs due to pressure changes associated with respiration that the rib cage normally resists:


title: Flail chest

text: Paradoxical motion is a late sign of flail segment; therefore, an absence of paradoxical motion does not mean the patient does not have a flail segment.


title: Flail chest

text: The constant motion of the ribs in the flail segment at the site of the fracture is extremely painful, and, untreated, the sharp broken edges of the ribs are likely to eventually puncture the pleural sac and lung, possibly causing a pneumothorax. The concern about "mediastinal flutter" (the shift of the mediastinum with paradoxical diaphragm movement) does not appear to be merited. Pulmonary contusions are commonly associated with flail chest and that can lead to respiratory failure. This is due to the paradoxical motions of the chest wall from the fragments interrupting normal breathing and chest movement. Typical paradoxical motion is associated with stiff lungs, which requires extra work for normal breathing, and increased lung resistance, which makes air flow difficult. The respiratory failure from the flail chest requires mechanical ventilation and a longer stay in an intensive care unit. It is the damage to the lungs from the flail segment that is life-threatening.


title: Flail chest

text: The most common causes of flail chest injuries are vehicle collisions, which account for 76% of flail chest injuries. Another main cause of flail chest injuries is falling. This mainly occurs in the elderly, who are more impacted by the falls as a result of their weak and frail bones, unlike their younger counterparts who can fall without being impacted as severely. Falls account for 14% of flail chest injuries.


title: Flail chest

text: Flail chest typically occurs when three or more adjacent ribs are fractured in two or more places, allowing that segment of the thoracic wall to displace and move independently of the rest of the chest wall. Flail chest can also occur when ribs are fractured proximally in conjunction with disarticulation of costal cartilages distally. For the condition to occur, generally there must be a significant force applied over a large surface of the thorax to create the multiple anterior and posterior rib fractures. Rollover and crushing injuries most commonly break ribs at only one point, whereas for flail chest to occur a significant impact is required, breaking the ribs in two or more places. This can be caused by forceful accidents such as the aforementioned vehicle collisions or significant falls. In the elderly, it can be caused by deterioration of bone, although rare. In children, the majority of flail chest injuries result from common blunt force traumas or metabolic bone diseases, including a group of genetic disorders known as osteogenesis imperfecta.


title: Flail chest

text: Diagnosis is by physical examination performed by a physician. The diagnosis may be assisted or confirmed by use of medical imaging with either plain X ray or CT scan.


title: Flail chest

text: Treatment of the flail chest initially follows the principles of advanced trauma life support. Further treatment includes:


title: Flail chest

text: A person may be intubated with a double lumen tracheal tube. In a double lumen endotracheal tube, each lumen may be connected to a different ventilator. Usually one side of the chest is affected more than the other, so each lung may require drastically different pressures and flows to adequately ventilate.


title: Flail chest

text: Surgical fixation can help in significantly reducing the duration of ventilatory support and in conserving the pulmonary function.


title: Flail chest

text: Surgical intervention has also been shown to reduce the need for tracheostomy, reduces the time spent in the intensive care unit following a traumatic flail chest injury and could reduce the risk of acquiring pneumonia after such an event.


title: Flail chest

text: In order to begin a rehabilitation program for a flail chest it is important to treat the person's pain so they are able to perform the proper exercises. Due to the underlying conditions that the flail segment has caused onto the respiratory system, chest physiotherapy is important to reduce further complications. Proper positioning of the body is key, including postural alignment for proper drainage of mucous secretions. The therapy will consist of a variety of postural positioning and changes in order to increase normal breathing. Along with postural repositioning, a variety of breathing exercises are also very important in order to allow the chest wall to reposition itself back to normal conditions. Breathing exercises will also include coughing procedures. Furthermore, range of motion exercises are given to reduce the atrophy of the musculature. With progression, resistance exercises are added to the regimen to the shoulder and arm of the side containing the injury. Moreover, trunk exercises will be introduced while sitting and will progress to during standing.


title: Flail chest

text: Hip flexion exercises can be done to expand the thorax. This is done by lying supine on a flat surface, flexing the knees and hips and bringing them in toward the chest. The knees should come in toward the chest while the person inhales, and exhale when the knees are lowered. This exercise can be done in 3 sets of 6–8 repetitions with a pause in between sets. The person should always make sure to maintain controlled breaths.


title: Flail chest

text: Eventually, the person will be progressed to walking and posture correction while walking. Before the person is discharged from the hospital, the person should be able to perform mobility exercises to the core and should have attained good posture.


title: Flail chest

text: The death rate of people with flail chest depends on the severity of their condition, ranging from 10 to 25%.


title: Flail chest

text: A systematic review comparing the safety and effectiveness of surgical fixation versus non-surgical methods for the treatment of flail chest, reported that there was no statistically significant difference in the reported deaths between patients treated surgically and those treated non-surgically i.e. with conservative management methods. The results of the systematic review suggested that surgical intervention reduces the need for tracheostomy, reduces the time spent in the intensive care unit following a traumatic flail chest injury and could reduce the risk of acquiring pneumonia after such an event.


title: Flail chest

text: Approximately 1 out of 13 people admitted to the hospital with fractured ribs are found to have flail chest.


title: Apple sauce

text: Apple sauce or applesauce is a purée (not necessarily served as a true sauce) made of apples. It can be made with peeled or unpeeled apples and may be spiced or sweetened. Apple sauce is inexpensive and is widely consumed in North America and some parts of Europe.


title: Apple sauce

text: A wide range of apple varieties are used to make apple sauce, depending on the preference for sweetness or tartness. Formerly, sour apples were used to make savory apple sauce.


title: Apple sauce

text: Apple sauce is made by cooking apples with water or apple cider (fresh apple juice). More acidic apples will render a finer purée; the highly acidic Bramley apple creates a very fine purée. The apples may or may not be peeled. If they are not peeled, the peels and seeds are typically separated in a food mill. Sugar and spices such as cinnamon, allspice, and even Red Hot candies may be added for flavor. Lemon juice, citric acid, or other acidifiers may be used to preserve the color and ensure a high enough acidity for safe storage. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) also preserves the color.


title: Apple sauce

text: Apple sauce can be made by baking rather than boiling, in which case the apples are peeled and cored before cooking. The same process is applied when preparing the sauce in a slow cooker.


title: Apple sauce

text: Apple butter is a highly concentrated version of apple sauce. Its high concentration of sugar gives it a long shelf life.


title: Apple sauce

text: Apple sauce is served as a side dish in northern Europe and North America. In the United States, packaged apple sauce is primarily branded as a children's snack, and is ubiquitous in school cafeterias.


title: Apple sauce

text: In Sweden and Britain, it is commonly served with roast pork and goose. In British and Spanish cuisine, it is commonly served as pork chops and apple sauce. The Danish æbleflæsk combines the pork with apple sauce while cooking it.


title: Apple sauce

text: In Central Europe it accompanies potato pancakes, in the Rhineland it is served with Reibekuchen. In Ashkenazi cuisine, it is the standard accompaniment for Hanukkah latkes. It also accompanies matzah brei.


title: Apple sauce

text: Apple sauce is served with many foods in Germanic cuisine: Flurgönder (a smoked brawn), various kinds of Spätzle, Schupfnudeln, Swiss , a kind of macaroni and cheese. In Netherlands and Belgian cuisine, apple sauce is part of the common dish of chicken, french fries, and apple sauce ("kip, frieten/patat en appelmoes"). It is especially popular among children, who dip their fries in mayonnaise first, then in apple sauce.


title: Apple sauce

text: In many cuisines, apple sauce is a common accompaniment to blood sausage: the German Himmel und Erde; the Luxembourgian träipen and the French "boudin noir". In fact the only French savory dish normally served with apple sauce ("compote de pommes") is "boudin" sausage. It is also served with other sausage-like preparations, for example goetta and knipp.


title: Apple sauce

text: Apple sauce may also be served as a dessert in most European cuisines, or used as an ingredient in applesauce cake. Apple sauce may be used as a sauce for Polish pierogi, Swedish Äggakaka, Ukrainian syrniki pancakes, Central European Palatschinken, Austrian Kaiserschmarrn and various kinds of sweet and savory dumplings (Knödel). In Scandinavian cuisine, it is sometimes served with breakfast filmjölk, a kind of fermented milk.


title: Apple sauce

text: Formerly heavily sweetened and boiled-down apple sauce was prepared for winter storage. Made with sour apples, it was eaten with meat; made with sweet apples, it was eaten with tea.


title: Apple sauce

text: In some recipes for baked goods, apple sauce can be used as a substitute for fat or eggs to make them low-fat or vegan.


title: Apple sauce

text: Bavarian sweet mustard may be made with applesauce, and is typically served with Weißwurst (similar to "boudin blanc") or Leberkäse (a sort of pâté).


title: Apple sauce

text: According to the USDA, a reference amount of unsweetened applesauce is 82% water, 18% carbohydrates, and contains negligible fat and protein, while supplying of food energy. It has an acidic pH between 3.3 and 3.6.


title: Apple sauce

text: Apples are the third most internationally traded fruit, behind bananas and grapes. The global applesauce trade is expanding, with a market valued at US$ 1611.1 million in 2017 projected to reach US$ 2169.3 million by the end of the year 2026. This increase in demand can be attributed to an increase in interest for apple flavored products, with increased global consumption of apple flavored juices and sauces.


title: Apple sauce

text: Applesauce is most commonly packaged in cups, jars, pouches, and cans. Applesauce cups are the largest segment of the applesauce market, comprising 40.9% of the revenue share in 2017.


title: Apple sauce

text: Brick and mortar retail stores account for about 85% of the market share for applesauce, as compared to 15% among e-retailers.


title: Apple sauce

text: Apple butters were brought to the Americas by German immigrants such as the Moravians and Pennsylvania Dutch. They are traditionally associated with the Appalachian region of the United States and Southern Pennsylvania.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Blue laws, also known as Sunday laws, are laws that restrict or ban some or all activities on specified days (most often on Sundays in the western world), particularly to promote the observance of a day of rest. Such laws may restrict shopping or ban sale of certain items on specific days. Blue laws are enforced in parts of the United States and Canada as well as some European countries, particularly in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and Norway, keeping most stores closed on Sundays.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: The U.S. Supreme Court has held blue laws as constitutional numerous times, citing secular bases such as securing a day of rest for mail carriers, as well as protecting workers and families, in turn contributing to societal stability and guaranteeing the free exercise of religion. The origin of the blue laws also partially stems from religion, particularly the prohibition of Sabbath desecration in Christian Churches following the first-day Sabbatarian tradition. Both labor unions and trade associations have historically supported the legislation of blue laws. Most blue laws have been repealed in the United States, although many states ban selling cars and impose tighter restrictions on the sale of alcoholic drinks on Sundays.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Arizona previously limited alcohol sales hours on Sundays (2 a.m. to 10 a.m.; the other six days of the week alcohol could be purchased starting at 6 a.m.). This law was repealed in 2010.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Arkansas has 75 counties, 39 of which are "dry", meaning the sale of any alcoholic beverage is prohibited entirely. (Some exceptions are made for private facilities). Private facilities must have licenses, which can be rigorous. Sale of alcoholic beverages on Christmas Day is entirely prohibited, even in private facilities. Alcohol and liquor sales are prohibited in most counties on Sunday and statewide on Christmas Day. (Some exceptions for private facilities are made for Sundays).


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Washington, D.C. allows private retailers (Class A) to sell distilled spirits, but the District Council requires Class A retailers to be closed on Sundays (Class B retailers, such as grocery stores, may sell beer and wine on Sundays). However, in December 2012, the Council voted to repeal the Sunday restriction. The repeal took effect May 1, 2013.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Sunday retail alcohol sales in stores were prohibited by the Georgia General Assembly up until 2011. On April 28, 2011, Georgia Governor Nathan Deal signed legislation allowing local communities to vote on whether to allow alcohol sales on Sundays. Sales are still restricted on Sundays before 12:30 p.m. On November 8, 2011, voters in more than 100 Georgia cities and counties voted on a bill that would allow stores to sell alcohol on Sundays. It passed in Valdosta, Atlanta, Savannah and many other cities. Before this, cities and counties of sufficiently large populations such as most of Metro Atlanta already had Sunday alcohol sales at bars and restaurants, with local ordinances to abide by, such as having a certain amount of food sales in order to be opened and serve alcohol. Exceptions were also made by the drink at festivals and large events.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Carry-out alcohol sales were strictly prohibited on Sundays until 2011, when the state amended its laws to permit qualified breweries to sell local brews for carryout (generally growlers). In 2018, the law was changed to allow carry-out purchases on Sundays. Restaurants and taverns can generally still serve alcoholic beverages. Alcohol sales are no longer prohibited on New Years Day. In 2010, a change in legislation allowed Indiana residents to purchase alcohol on Election Day. Christmas sales are still prohibited.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: In the state of Indiana, as of March 1, 2018, Sunday carry-out alcohol sales are allowed between noon and 8pm.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Iowa Code 322.3 states that a licensed car dealership cannot either directly or through an agent, salesperson, or employee, engage in Iowa, or represent or advertise that the person is engaged or intends to engage in Iowa, in the business of buying or selling at retail new or used motor vehicles, other than mobile homes more than eight feet in width or more than thirty-two feet in length on Sunday.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Maine was the last New England state to repeal laws that prohibited department stores from opening on Sundays. The laws against the department stores opening on Sundays were ended by referendum in 1990. Recent efforts to overturn the laws restricting automobile dealerships from opening on Sunday have died in committee in the Maine legislature. Rep. Don Pilon of Saco has led the effort to get rid of the laws that prohibit automobile dealerships from opening for business on Sundays. Hunting is prohibited on Sundays.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Maine is also one of three states where it is illegal for almost all businesses to open on Christmas, Easter, and Thanksgiving, most notably the big department and grocery stores.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: State law permits alcohol sales between 5 a.m. and 1 a.m. the following day with additional time allowed for the early morning on New Year's Day. A restriction on early morning Sunday sales was repealed in 2015.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: In Maryland, "a new or used car dealer may not sell, barter, deliver, give away, show, or offer for sale a motor vehicle or certificate of title for a motor vehicle on Sunday", except in Howard County, Montgomery County, and Prince George's County. Motorcycles are excepted in Anne Arundel County. In the City of Baltimore, a used car dealer may choose to operate on Sunday and not Saturday if it notifies the Motor Vehicle Administration in advance of its intention. Following a public hearing, the Commissioners of Charles County are allowed to authorize sales of motor vehicles on Sunday.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: In Maryland, professional sports teams are prohibited from playing games before 1 p.m. on a Sunday unless a local law or a local ordinance allows it.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Most off-premises alcohol sales were not permitted on Sundays until 2004. Exceptions were made in 1990 for municipalities that were within of the New Hampshire or Vermont border. Since 1992, alcohol sales have been allowed statewide from the Sunday prior to Thanksgiving until New Year's Day. In both exceptions, sales were not allowed before noon. Since the law changed in 2004, off-premises sales are now allowed anywhere in the state, with local approval, after noon. Retail alcohol sales remain barred on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and Memorial Day(until noon).


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Massachusetts also has a "Day of Rest" statute that provides that all employees are entitled to one day off from work in seven calendar days.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Until 2019, retail employees working on Sundays were paid time-and-a-half. This will be gradually phased out over 5 years, paralleled by a phased-in increase in the state minimum wage in 2019.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: The sale of alcohol is banned from 2 a.m. to 7 a.m. every day. The only exception to this rule is New Year's Day, in which case alcohol sales are permitted until 4 a.m. Alcohol sales were likewise banned on Sunday until 12 p.m., and on Christmas from 12 a.m. until 12 p.m., until a repeal in late 2010. Specific localities may petition for exceptions for either on-site or off-site consumption.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: All "blue laws" which had restricted Sunday hunting, in specific Lower Peninsula counties, were repealed in 2003.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Prior to the law being repealed in 2017, the sale of alcohol in liquor stores was prohibited statewide on Sundays. As recently as the 2015 legislative session, proposals to allow Sunday liquor sales were defeated regularly. However, in 2015, Sunday growler purchases were made legal. On March 2, 2017, the state legislature passed a law allowing for Sunday Liquor Sales to begin on July 2, 2017. Governor Mark Dayton signed the legislation as soon as it was passed. Liquor stores are not required to be open on Sundays, but those who choose to do so are restricted to the hours between 11 AM and 6 PM. Car dealerships are closed Sundays.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: The sale of alcohol is prohibited in most of Mississippi on Sundays. Also, liquor sales are prohibited in nearly half of the state's counties.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: In 1677, the General Assembly of East New Jersey banned the "singing of vain songs or tunes" on Sabbath.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: One of the last remaining Sunday closing laws in the United States that covers selling electronics, clothing and furniture is found in Bergen County, New Jersey. The Blue laws that apply in Bergen County are state laws from which all 20 other counties in the state have opted out. The county, part of the New York metropolitan area, has one of the largest concentrations of enclosed retail shopping malls of any county in the nation; five major malls lie within the county. Paramus, where three of the county's five major malls are located, has even more restrictive blue laws than the county itself, banning all type of work on Sundays except in grocery stores, gas stations, pharmacies, hotels, restaurants, and other entertainment venues. As recently as 2010, Governor Chris Christie had proposed the repeal of these laws in his State Budget, but many county officials vowed to maintain them, and shortly after, Christie predicted that the repeal would not succeed. Car dealerships are not allowed to be open or do business on Sundays anywhere in the state. In November 2012, Christie issued an executive order to temporarily suspend the blue law due to the effects of Hurricane Sandy. The blue law was suspended on November 11 but was back in effect on November 18.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: On-premise sale of alcohol is allowed from 7 AM to 2 AM and until midnight for off-premise, including Sundays.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Restaurants, but not bars, can serve alcoholic beverages on Christmas Day between noon and 10 PM. There are no package (off-premise) sales on Christmas day.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: The ban on Sunday sales had been in existence since 1656, when implemented by Dutch colony of the New Netherlands, but was voided after 320 years as unconstitutional, in a unanimous decision by the state's highest court on June 17, 1976, because of a finding that "parts of the statue that are rarely enforced by the police and routinely disregarded by thousands of businesses" were "constitutionally defective". Prior to that time, the discount stores and supermarkets had been making sales anyway without consequence. At the time, blue laws were still in effect in 30 of the 50 states of the U.S.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Alcohol sales for consumption off-premises are not permitted between 3 a.m. and 8 a.m. on Sundays, while on-premises sales are not permitted between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m. on any day. Prior to 2006, off-premises alcohol sales were forbidden until noon on Sundays, and liquor/wine stores were required to be closed the entire day. Because grocery stores are not permitted to carry wine or liquor, the older law essentially meant that only beer and alcoholic malt beverages could be purchased at all on Sundays.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Relatively few parts of New York actually permit alcohol sales at all times permissible under state law; most counties have more restrictive blue laws of their own.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: The NYS Alcoholic Beverage Control Law prohibits the issuance of a full liquor license for establishments on the same street or avenue and within two hundred feet of a building occupied exclusively as a school, church, synagogue or other place of worship. Establishments within of a church or school may obtain a beer and wine license.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: North Carolina does not allow alcohol sales between 2 a.m. and 7 a.m. Monday through Saturday and between 2 a.m. and either 10:00 a.m. or 12:00 p.m. on Sundays, varying by county. Gun hunting is prohibited on Sundays between 9:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Motor vehicle sales are prohibited on Sundays. The dispensing of alcohol is banned from 2 a.m. to 11 a.m. on Sundays. Off-sale of liquor is not allowed from 2 a.m. to noon Sundays. Prior to 1967, the law was stricter in that all businesses were closed from 12 a.m. Sunday to 12 a.m. Monday. In 1967, changes more clearly defined which businesses were exempt such as pharmacies, hospitals and restaurants. The changes were made after a 1966 blizzard, after which citizens were not able to purchase some needed goods and services due to the blue law. The law changed once more in 1991 to allow businesses to open at noon on Sunday. On March 19, 2019 the state Legislature passed a law abolishing the blue law in the state. The bill was then signed by Governor Doug Burgum on March 25, 2019. The blue law expired on August 1, 2019 and the first Sunday with legal morning sales was August 4, 2019.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Sunday alcohol sales are authorized by permit class and local option election. A retail business must have the proper permit and local option authorization to sell any alcohol on Sunday.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: It is illegal to sell packaged liquor (off-premises sales) on Sundays. Sales also are prohibited on New Year's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Organized sports competition on Sundays was illegal in Pennsylvania until 1931; when challenged by the Philadelphia A's, the laws were changed permitting only baseball to be played on Sundays. In 1933, Bert Bell, understanding that prerequisites to an NFL franchise being granted to him were changes in the blue laws, played the primary role of convincing then Governor Gifford Pinchot to issue a bill before the Pennsylvanian legislature to deprecate the Blue Laws. The legislature passed the bill in April 1933, paving the way for Philadelphia Eagles to play on Sundays. The law also directed local communities to hold referendums to determine the status and extent of Blue Laws in their respective jurisdictions. On November 7, 1933, the referendum on the Blue Laws passed in Philadelphia and it became law.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Regarding alcohol, wines and spirits are to be sold only in the state owned Fine Wine & Good Spirits stores, where all prices must remain the same throughout the state (county sales tax may cause the price to differ slightly). As of April 2015, 157 of the 603 Fine Wine & Good Spirits stores are open from noon to 5:00 p.m. on Sundays. Beer may only be purchased from a restaurant, bar, licensed beer store, or distributor. Six and twelve packs, along with individual bottles such as 40-ounce or 24-ounce beers, may only be purchased at bars, restaurants, and licensed retailers. For larger quantities one must go to a beverage distributor which sells beer only by the case or keg, or 12-packs, which were added to beer distributors' inventories by state law in 2015. Beverage distributors (which also sell soft drinks) may sell beer and malt liquor, but not wine or hard liquor.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: In 2016, a bill was passed to relax the liquor laws. Updates include allowing grocery stores, convenience stores, hotels, and restaurants to sell take out wine, allowing mail order wine shipments, and allowing 24/7 alcohol sales at casinos. Special licenses are required for businesses to take advantage of these new opportunities. Also Sunday restrictions on the hours at the state owned "Fine Wine & Good Spirits" stores were eliminated.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: In addition to alcohol laws varying widely across Tennessee, bartenders are prohibited from allowing alcohol to be consumed on their premises between 3 AM and 10 AM on Sunday, unless the local government has decided not to allow extended hours for alcohol sales, in which case sale before noon is prohibited.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Car dealerships (both new and used) must remain closed on either Saturday or Sunday; the dealer has the option to determine on which day to close.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: In Texas, alcoholic beverage sales are distinguished (and thus blue laws vary) in two different ways:


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Beer and wine can be sold for "off-premises consumption" by any retailer that can supply and has the proper licenses. A beer and wine seller may sell other non-alcohol items, and is not required to be closed for business during periods when beer and wine cannot be sold.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Beer can be sold between 7 a.m. and midnight Monday–Friday, on Saturday from 7 a.m. to 1 a.m. And Sunday between 10 a.m. (noon before August 31, 2021) and midnight. On-premises consumption permit holders may sell beer between 10 a.m. and noon but only with a food order. In certain large cities as defined within the Code, beer sales are automatically extended to 2 a.m. on any day of the week; in smaller cities and unincorporated portions of counties such sales can be allowed if authorized by the local governing body.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Wine sales are subject to the same rules as beer sales, except sales are allowed until 2 a.m. on Sunday in all cases.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Liquor must be sold at specialized stores only (referred to as "package stores" in the statute) and the store must be physically separate from any other business (such as an adjoining convenience store). A package store may sell other items, but the store must be closed at any time when it cannot sell liquor.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Wholesalers may deliver liquor to retailers at any time except on Sunday or Christmas; however, local distributors may deliver liquor to retailers only between 5 a.m. and 9 p.m. on any day except Sunday, Christmas or any day where the retailer is prohibited from selling liquor.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: There are forms of hunting on Sunday that were illegal, such as deer, turkey, dove and duck, and other forms that were legal. The forms of Sunday hunting that were legal were hunting on licensed hunting preserves, bear hunting, raccoon hunting and fox hunting.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: A grassroots effort was attempting to bring an end to the last of the blue laws in Virginia. The grass roots effort centered around a Facebook group called "Legalize Virginia Sunday Hunting for All." During the most recent effort, the Sunday hunting bill overwhelmingly passed the Senate, only to be voted down by a 4 to 3 vote in Delegate R. Lee Ware's (Committee Chairman Republican Powhatan, Virginia) Natural Resources Subcommittee. During the debate on February 1, 2012, in the Powhatan Today opinion section, Delegate Ware expressed his concern over the dangers surrounding hunting activities in these quotes. "Bullets travel without regard to property lines—and so do shotgun pellets or slugs or even arrows from powerful-enough bows. And always, for an unsuspecting equestrian, there is the peril of encountering a hunter who misconstrues a horse—or a person—for a deer or any other game." "Equestrians, hikers, bikers, picnickers, bird-watchers, fishermen, canoeists, kayakers: all of these wish, too, to enjoy Virginia’s great outdoors, often on Sunday—and they wish to do so without the threat inevitably posed by the presence of rifle- or shotgun-toting hunters."


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: In 2014, the General Assembly passed legislation allowing Sunday hunting on private lands. On January 16, 2020, James Edmunds, the Virginia Legislative Sportsmen’s Caucus Co-Chair Delegate, introduced legislation that would repeal the ban on Sunday hunting in Virginia's public lands.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: The sale of alcohol for off-premises consumption is prohibited between the hours of 12 a.m. and 6 a.m. daily. State-run Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) stores have limited hours of operation on Sunday.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Historically, off-premises Sunday sales of spirits were banned, and all liquor stores were closed. On November 8, 1966, Washington state voters adopted Initiative 229, repealing the so-called "Blue Law," which had been enacted in 1909. Consumers still had the option of purchasing beer or wine from grocery stores or on-premises spirits from bars and restaurants. In 2005, the state began allowing off-premises spirits sales in select stores on Sundays from noon to 5 p.m.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: On the election of November 8, 2011, voters passed Initiative 1183, which brought several changes to the liquor distribution and retailing system. The most significant of these changes were the end to the state monopoly on liquor sales and distribution. On June 1, 2012, Washington completed its transition to private liquor sales. Under 1183, spirits may only be sold in premises of at least 10,000 sq ft, generally including grocery stores, warehouse clubs, department stores, and some larger specialty shops.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: The sale of alcohol for both on and off-premises consumption is prohibited between the hours of 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. daily.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: New rule‐making by the Washington State Liquor Control Board (WSLCB) based on alcohol sales hour restrictions is being proposed as the model for state licensed Marijuana sales per initiative I-502 as well.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Alcohol sales are prohibited in West Virginia between 12:01AM and 6:00 AM, as well as on several holidays.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: The right to observe the Bible's Sabbath as practiced by Jews and Seventh-day Adventists gained momentum in the early 1950s.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: Both civil leaders, such as Harold M. Jacobs, and rabbinical leaders, such as Solomon Sharfman, worked individually and via groups, such as "The Joint Committee for a Fair Sabbath Law". They understood that their rights were to be granted "provided they did not disturb those persons who observe Sunday as a day of rest." This stance was supported by the New York Federation of Churches and the Protestant Council of New York.


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: The goal was to give religious freedom to "merchants who want to close their places of business on Saturday, but are afraid of business losses from a five-day-a-week schedule."


title: Blue laws in the United States

text: The state legislature discussed the idea of allowing a government-issued certificate to be placed in the window of a "place of business closed on Saturdays" that would be verified by "the patrolman on the beat."


title: Autoethnography

text: Autoethnography is a form of ethnographic research in which a researcher connects personal experiences to wider cultural, political, and social meanings and understandings. It is considered a form of qualitative and/or arts-based research.


title: Autoethnography

text: Autoethnography has been used across various disciplines, including anthropology, arts education, communication studies, education, educational administration, English literature, ethnic studies, gender studies, history, human resource development, marketing, nursing, organizational behavior, paramedicine, performance studies, physiotherapy, psychology, social work, sociology, and theology and religious studies.


title: Autoethnography

text: Historically, researchers have had trouble reaching a consensus regarding the definition of autoethnography. However, it generally refers to research that involves critical observation of an individual's lived experiences and connecting those experience to broader cultural, political, and social concepts.


title: Autoethnography

text: Autoethnography can refer to research in which a researcher reflexively studies a group they belong to or their subjective experience. In the 1970s, autoethnography was more narrowly defined as "insider ethnography," referring to studies of the (culture of) a group of which the researcher is a member.


title: Autoethnography

text: Bochner and Ellis have also defined autoethnography as "an autobiographical genre of writing and research that displays multiple layers of consciousness, connecting the personal to the cultural." They further indicate that autoethnography is typically written in first-person and can "appear in a variety of forms," such as "short stories, poetry, fiction, novels, photographic essays, personal essays, journals, fragmented and layered writing, and social science prose."


title: Autoethnography

text: Anthropologists began conducting ethnographic research in the mid-1800s to study the cultures people they deemed "exotic" and/or "primitive." Typically, these early ethnographers aimed to merely observe and write "objective" accounts of these groups to provide others a better understanding of various cultures. They also "recognized and wrestled with questions of how to render textual accounts that would provide clear, accurate, rich descriptions of cultural practices of others" and were "were concerned with offering valid, reliable, and objective interpretations in their writings."


title: Autoethnography

text: In the early to mid 1900s, it became clear that observation and fieldwork interfered with the cultural groups' natural and typical behaviors. Additionally, researchers realized the role they play in analyzing others' behaviors. As such, "serious questions arose about the possibility and legitimacy of offering purely objective accounts of cultural practices, traditions, symbols, meanings, premises, rituals, rules, and other social engagements."


title: Autoethnography

text: To help combat potential issues of validity, ethnographers began using what Gilbert Ryle refers to as "thick description": a description of human social behavior in which the writer-researcher describes the behavior and provides "commentary on, context for, and interpretation of these behaviors into the text." By doing so, the researcher aims to "evoke a cultural scene vividly, in detail, and with care," so readers can understand and attempt to interpret the scene for themselves, much like in more traditional research methods.


title: Autoethnography

text: A few ethnographers, especially those related to the Chicago school, began incorporating aspects of autoethnography into their work, such as narrated life histories. While they created more lifelike representations of their subject than their predecessors, these researchers often "romanticized the subject" by creating narratives with "the three stages of the classic morality tale: being in a state of grace, being seduced by evil and falling from grace, and finally achieving redemption through suffering." Such researchers include Robert Parks, Nels Anderson, Everett Hughes, and Fred Davis.


title: Autoethnography

text: During this time period, new theoretical constructs, such as feminism, began to emerge and with it, grew qualitative research. However, researchers were trying to "fit the classical traditional model of internal and external validity to constructionist and interactionist conceptions of the research act."


title: Autoethnography

text: With the growth of qualitative research from the mid-1900s, "a few scholars were urging thicker descriptions, giving more attention to concrete details of everyday life, renouncing the ethics and artificiality of experimental studies, and complaining about the obscurity of jargon and technical language, ... but social scientists, for the most part, weren’t all that concerned about the researcher’s location in the text, the capacity of language to accurately represent reality, or the need for researcher reflexivity."


title: Autoethnography

text: The term "autoethnography" was first used in 1975, when Heider connected individuals' personal experiences to larger, cultural beliefs and traditions. In Heider's case, the individual self referred to the people he was studying rather than himself. Because the people he studied were providing their personal accounts and experiences, Heider considered the work autoethnographic.


title: Autoethnography

text: Later in the 1970s, researchers began more clearly stating their positionality and indicating how their mere presence altered the behaviors of the groups they studied. Further, researchers distinguished between people who researched groups of which they were a part (i.e., cultural insiders) and those who researched groups of which they were not a part (i.e., cultural outsiders). At this point, the term "autoethnography" began to refer to forms of ethnography in which the researcher is a cultural insider.


title: Autoethnography

text: Walter Goldschmidt proposed that all ethnography is, in some way, autobiographical, because "ethnographic representations privilege personal beliefs, perspectives, and observations." As an anthropologist, David Hayano was interested in the role that an individual's own identity had in their research. Unlike more traditional research methods, Hayano believed there was value in a researcher "conducting and writing ethnographies of their own people."


title: Autoethnography

text: While researchers recognized the part they played in understanding a group of people, none focused explicitly on the "inclusion and importance of personal experience in research."


title: Autoethnography

text: More generally in the 1980s, researchers began questioning and critiquing the role of the researcher, especially in social sciences. Multiple researchers aimed to make "research and writing more reflexive and called into question the issues of gender, class, and race." As a result of these concerns, researchers purposefully inserted themselves as characters in the ethnographic narrative as a way of navigating the problem of researcher interference. Additionally, some of the predmoninant ways of understanding truth were eroded, and "[i]ssues such as validity, reliability, and objectivity ... were once again problematic. Pattern and interpretive theories, as opposed to causal linear theories, were now more common as writers continued to challenge older models of truth and meaning."


title: Autoethnography

text: In addition to and perhaps because of the above, researchers became interested in the importance of culture and storytelling as they gradually became more engaged through the personal aspects in ethnographic practices.


title: Autoethnography

text: At the end of the 1980s, scholars began to apply the term "autoethnography" to work that used confessional and impressionist forms as they recognized that "the richness of cultural lives and life practices of others cannot be fully captured or evoked in purely objective or descriptive language."


title: Autoethnography

text: In the early- to mid-1990s, researchers aimed to address the concerns raised in the previous decades regarding questions of legitimacy and reliability of ethnographic approaches. One way to do that was to directly place oneself into the research narrative, noting the positionality of the researcher. Here, the researcher could either insert themselves into the research narrative and/or increase participants' involvement in the research project, such as through participatory action research.


title: Autoethnography

text: Autoethnography became more popular in the 1990s for ethnographers who aimed to use "personal experience and reflexivity to examine cultural experiences." Series such as "Ethnographic Alternatives" and the first "Handbook of Qualitative Research" were published to better explain the importance of autoethnographic use, and key texts focused specifically on autoethnography were published, including Carolyn Ellis's "Investigating Subjectivity," "Final Negotiations, The Ethnographic I," and "Revision", as well as Art Bochner's "Coming to Narrative". In 2013, Adams et al. co-edited the "Handbook of Autoethnography", then published "Autoethnography" two years later.


title: Autoethnography

text: Beginning in 2004, major conferences began to regularly accept autoethnographic work, starting with the International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry. Further, the "Doing Autoethnography" conference was established in 2011.


title: Autoethnography

text: Today, ethnographers typically use a "kind of hybrid form of confessional-impressionist tale" that includes "performative, poetic, impressionistic, symbolic, and lyrical language" while also "focusing closely on the self-data inherent in confessional writing."


title: Autoethnography

text: Autoethnography differs from ethnography in that autoethnography embraces and foregrounds the researcher's subjectivity rather than attempting to limit it as in empirical research. As Carolyn Ellis explains, "autoethnography overlaps art and science; it is part "auto" or self and part "ethno" or culture."Importantly, it is also "something different from both of them, greater than its parts." In other words, as Ellingson and Ellis put it, "whether we call a work an "autoethnography" or an "ethnography" depends as much on the claims made by authors as anything else."


title: Autoethnography

text: In embracing personal thoughts, feelings, stories, and observations as a way of understanding the social context they are studying, autoethnographers are also shedding light on their total interaction with that setting by making their every emotion and thought visible to the reader. This is much the opposite of theory-driven, hypothesis-testing research methods that are based on the positivist epistemology. In this sense, Ellingson and Ellis see autoethnography as a social constructionist project that rejects the deep-rooted binary oppositions between the researcher and the researched, objectivity and subjectivity, process and product, self and others, art and science, and the personal and the political.


title: Autoethnography

text: Autoethnographers, therefore, tend to reject the concept of social research as an objective and neutral knowledge produced by scientific methods, which can be characterized and achieved by detachment of the researcher from the researched. Autoethnography, in this regard, is a critical "response to the alienating effects on both researchers and audiences of impersonal, passionless, abstract claims of truth generated by such research practices and clothed in exclusionary scientific discourse." Deborah Reed-Danahay (1997) also argues that autoethnography is a postmodernist construct:


title: Autoethnography

text: The concept of autoethnography…synthesizes both a postmodern ethnography, in which the realist conventions and objective observer position of standard ethnography have been called into question, and a postmodern autobiography, in which the notion of the coherent, individual self has been similarly called into question. The term has a double sense - referring either to the ethnography of one's own group or to autobiographical writing that has ethnographic interest. Thus, either a self- (auto-) ethnography or an autobiographical (auto-) ethnography can be signaled by "autoethnography.


title: Autoethnography

text: To form the autobiographical aspects of the autoethnography, the author will write retroactively and selectively about past experiences. Unlike other forms of research, the author typically did not live through such experiences solely to create a publishable document; rather, the experiences are assembled using hindsight. Additionally, authors may conduct formal or informal interview and/or consult relevant texts (e.g., diaries or photographs) to help with recall. The experiences are tied together using literary elements "to create evocative and specific representations of the culture/cultural experience and to give audiences a sense of how being there in the experience feels."


title: Autoethnography

text: Ethnography, on the other hand, involves observing and writing about culture. During the first stage, researchers will observe and interview individuals of the selected cultural group and take detailed fieldnotes. Ethnographers discover their findings through induction. That is, ethnographers don't go into the field looking for specific answers; rather, their observations, writing, and fieldnotes yield the findings. Such findings are conveyed to others through thick description so that readers may come to their own conclusions regarding the situation described.


title: Autoethnography

text: Autoethnography uses aspects of autobiography (e.g., personal experiences and recall) and ethnography (e.g., interviews, observations, and fieldnotes) to create vivid descriptions that connect to the personal to the cultural.


title: Autoethnography

text: Because autoethnography is a broad and ambiguous "category that encompasses a wide array of practices," autoethnographies "vary in their emphasis on the writing and research process ("graphy"), on culture ("ethnos"), and on self ("auto")." More recently, autoethnography has been separated into two distinct subtypes: analytic and evocative. According to Ellingson and Ellis, "Analytic autoethnographers focus on developing theoretical explanations of broader social phenomena, whereas evocative autoethnographers focus on narrative presentations that open up conversations and evoke emotional responses."Scholars also discuss visual autoethnography, which incorporates imagery along with written analysis.


title: Autoethnography

text: Analytic autoethnography focuses on "developing theoretical explanations of broader social phenomena" and aligns with more traditional forms of research that value "generalization, distanced analysis, and theory-building."


title: Autoethnography

text: First, in all forms of autoethnography, the researcher must be a member of the cultural group they are study and thus, have CMR status. This cultural group may be loosely connected without knowledge of one another (e.g., people with disabilities) or tightly connected (e.g., members of a small church). CMR status helps the research "approximate the emotional stance of the people they study," thereby addressing some criticisms of ethnography. Like the evocative autoethnographer, the analytic autoethnographer "is personally engaged in a social group, setting, or culture as a full member and active participant." However, they "retains a distinct and highly visible identity as a self-aware scholar and social actor within the ethnographic text."


title: Autoethnography

text: Two CMR status types are recognized: opportunistic and convert. Opportunistic CMRs exist as part of the cultural group they aim to study prior to deciding to research the group. To receive this insider status, the researcher "may be born into a group, thrown into a group by chance circumstance (e.g., illness), or have acquired intimate familiarity through occupational, recreational, or lifestyle participation." Conversely, convert CMRs "begin with a purely data-oriented research interest in the setting but become converted to complete immersion and membership during the course of the research." Here, a researcher will opt to study a cultural group, then become ingrained into that culture throughout the research process.


title: Autoethnography

text: Second, when conducting analytic autoethnography, the researcher must utilize analytic reflexivity. That is, they must express their "awareness of their necessary connection to the research situation and hence their effects upon it," making themselves "visible, active, and reflexively engaged in the text."


title: Autoethnography

text: Thirdly and similarly, the researcher should be visibly present throughout the narrative and "should illustrate analytic insights throughrecounting their own experiences and thoughts as well as those of others." Beyond this, analytic autoethnographers "should openly discuss changes in their beliefs and rela-tionships over the course of fieldwork, thus vividly revealing themselves aspeople grappling with issues relevant to membership and participation influid rather than static social worlds."


title: Autoethnography

text: Conversely, the fourth concept aims to prevent the text from "author saturation," which centers the author more than the culture being observed. While "analytic autoethnography is grounded inself-experience," it should "[reach] beyond it as well," perhaps including interviews with and/or observations of with others who are members of the culture studied. This connection to the culture moves the autoethnography beyond a mere autobiography or memoir.


title: Autoethnography

text: Lastly, analytic autoethnogratphy should commit to an analytic agenda. That is, the analytic autoethnography should not merely "document personal experience," "provide an 'insider’s perspective,'" or "evoke emotional resonance with the reader." Rather, it should "use empirical data to gain insight into somebroader set of social phenomena than those provided by the data themselves."


title: Autoethnography

text: Evocative autoethnography "focus[es] on narrative presentations that open up conversations and evoke emotional responses." According to Bochner and Ellis, the goal is for the readers to see themselves in the autoethnographer so they transform private troubles into public plight, making it powerful, comforting, dangerous, and culturally essential. Accounts are presented like novels or biographies and thus, fracture the boundaries that normally separate literature from social science.


title: Autoethnography

text: Adams, Ellis, and Jones recognize two primary purposes for practicing autoethnographic research. Given the complicated history of ethnography, "autoethnographers speak against, or provide alternatives to, dominant, taken-for-granted, and harmful cultural scripts, stories, and stereotypes" and "offer accounts of personal experience to complement, or fill gaps in, existing research."As with other forms of qualitative research, autoethnographic "accounts may show how the desire for, and practice of, generalization in research can mask important nuances of cultural issues."


title: Autoethnography

text: In addition to providing nuanced accounts of cultural phenomena, Adams, Ellis, and Jones argue that the goal of autoethnography "autoethnography is to articulate insider knowledge of cultural experience." Underlying this argument is the assumption that "the writer can inform readers about aspects of cultural life that other researchers may not be able to know." Importantly, "[i]nsider knowledge does not suggest that an autoethnographer can articulate more truthful or more accurate knowledge as compared to outsiders, but rather that as authors we can tell our stories in novel ways when compared to how others may be able to tell them."


title: Autoethnography

text: Autoethnography is utilized across a variety of disciplines and can be presented in many forms, including but not limited to "short stories, poetry, fiction, novels, photographic essays, personal essays, journals, fragmented and layered writing, and social science prose."


title: Autoethnography

text: Symbolic interactionists are particularly interested autoethnography, and examples can be found in a number of scholarly journals, such as "Qualitative Inquiry", the "Journal of the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interactionism", the "Journal of Contemporary Ethnography", and the "Journal of Humanistic Ethnography".