title: History of Algeria

text: In an effort to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, Tebboune announced on 17 March 2020 that "marches and rallies, whatever their motives" would be prohibited. But after protesters and journalists were arrested for participating in such marches, Tebboune faced accusations of attempting to "silence Algerians." Notably, the government's actions were condemned by Amnesty International, which said in a statement that "when all eyes [...] are on the management of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Algerian authorities are devoting time to speeding up the prosecution and trial of activists, journalists, and supporters of the Hirak movement." The National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees ("Comité national pour la libération des détenus"—CNLD) estimated that around 70 prisoners of conscience were imprisoned by 2 July 2020 and that several of the imprisoned were arrested for Facebook posts.


title: History of Algeria

text: On 28 December 2019, the then-recently inaugurated President Tebboune met with Ahmed Benbitour, the former Algerian Head of Government, with whom he discussed the "foundations of the new Republic." On 8 January 2020, Tebboune established a "commission of experts" composed of 17 members (a majority of which were professors of constitutional law) responsible for examining the previous constitution and making any necessary revisions. Led by Ahmed Laraba, the commission was required to submit its proposals to Tebboune directly within the following two months. In a letter to Laraba on the same day, Tebboune outlined seven axes around which the commission should focus its discussion. These areas of focus included strengthening citizens' rights, combating corruption, consolidating the balance of powers in the Algerian government, increasing the oversight powers of parliament, promoting the independence of the judiciary, furthering citizens' equality under the law, and constitutionalizing elections. Tebboune's letter also included a call for an "immutable and intangible" two-term limit to anyone serving as president — a major point of contention in the initial Hirak Movement protests, which were spurred by former president Abdelaziz Bouteflika's announcement to run for a fifth term.


title: History of Algeria

text: The preliminary draft revision of the constitution was publicly published on 7 May 2020, but the Laraba Commission (as the "commission of experts" came to be known) was open to additional proposals from the public until 20 June. By 3 June, the commission had received an estimated 1,200 additional public proposals. After all revisions were considered by the Laraba Commission, the draft was introduced to the Cabinet of Algeria (Council of Ministers).


title: History of Algeria

text: The revised constitution was adopted in the Council of Ministers on 6 September, in the People's National Assembly on 10 September, and in the Council of the Nation on 12 September. The constitutional changes were approved in the 1 November 2020 referendum, with 66.68% of voters participating in favour of the changes.


title: History of Algeria

text: On 16 February 2021, mass protests and a wave of nationwide rallies and peaceful demonstrations against the government of Abdelmadjid Tebboune began.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane. Many transmembrane proteins function as gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane. They frequently undergo significant conformational changes to move a substance through the membrane. They are usually highly hydrophobic and aggregate and precipitate in water. They require detergents or nonpolar solvents for extraction, although some of them (beta-barrels) can be also extracted using denaturing agents.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: The peptide sequence that spans the membrane, or the transmembrane segment, is largely hydrophobic and can be visualized using the hydropathy plot. Depending on the number of transmembrane segments, transmembrane proteins can be classified as single-span (or bitopic) or multi-span (polytopic). Some other integral membrane proteins are called monotopic, meaning that they are also permanently attached to the membrane, but do not pass through it.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: There are two basic types of transmembrane proteins: alpha-helical and beta barrels. Alpha-helical proteins are present in the inner membranes of bacterial cells or the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, and sometimes in the bacterial outer membrane. This is the major category of transmembrane proteins. In humans, 27% of all proteins have been estimated to be alpha-helical membrane proteins.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: Beta-barrel proteins are so far found only in outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria, cell walls of gram-positive bacteria, outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, or can be secreted as pore-forming toxins. All beta-barrel transmembrane proteins have simplest up-and-down topology, which may reflect their common evolutionary origin and similar folding mechanism.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: In addition to the protein domains, there are unusual transmembrane elements formed by peptides. A typical example is gramicidin A, a peptide that forms a dimeric transmembrane β-helix. This peptide is secreted by gram-positive bacteria as an antibiotic. A transmembrane polyproline-II helix has not been reported in natural proteins. Nonetheless, this structure was experimentally observed in specifically designed artificial peptides.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: This classification refers to the position of the protein N- and C-termini on the different sides of the lipid bilayer. Types I, II, III and IV are single-pass molecules. Type I transmembrane proteins are anchored to the lipid membrane with a stop-transfer anchor sequence and have their N-terminal domains targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen during synthesis (and the extracellular space, if mature forms are located on cell membranes). Type II and III are anchored with a signal-anchor sequence, with type II being targeted to the ER lumen with its C-terminal domain, while type III have their N-terminal domains targeted to the ER lumen. Type IV is subdivided into IV-A, with their N-terminal domains targeted to the cytosol and IV-B, with an N-terminal domain targeted to the lumen. The implications for the division in the four types are especially manifest at the time of translocation and ER-bound translation, when the protein has to be passed through the ER membrane in a direction dependent on the type.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: Membrane protein structures can be determined by X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy or NMR spectroscopy. The most common tertiary structures of these proteins are transmembrane helix bundle and beta barrel. The portion of the membrane proteins that are attached to the lipid bilayer (see annular lipid shell) consist mostly of hydrophobic amino acids.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: Membrane proteins which have hydrophobic surfaces, are relatively flexible and are expressed at relatively low levels. This creates difficulties in obtaining enough protein and then growing crystals. Hence, despite the significant functional importance of membrane proteins, determining atomic resolution structures for these proteins is more difficult than globular proteins. As of January 2013 less than 0.1% of protein structures determined were membrane proteins despite being 20–30% of the total proteome. Due to this difficulty and the importance of this class of proteins methods of protein structure prediction based on hydropathy plots, the positive inside rule and other methods have been developed.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: Transmembrane alpha-helical (α-helical) proteins are unusually stable judging from thermal denaturation studies, because they do not unfold completely within the membranes (the complete unfolding would require breaking down too many α-helical H-bonds in the nonpolar media). On the other hand, these proteins easily "misfold", due to non-native aggregation in membranes, transition to the molten globule states, formation of non-native disulfide bonds, or unfolding of peripheral regions and nonregular loops that are locally less stable.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: It is also important to properly define the "unfolded state". The "unfolded state" of membrane proteins in detergent micelles is different from that in the thermal denaturation experiments. This state represents a combination of folded hydrophobic α-helices and partially unfolded segments covered by the detergent. For example, the "unfolded" bacteriorhodopsin in SDS micelles has four transmembrane α-helices folded, while the rest of the protein is situated at the micelle-water interface and can adopt different types of non-native amphiphilic structures. Free energy differences between such detergent-denatured and native states are similar to stabilities of water-soluble proteins (< 10 kcal/mol).


title: Transmembrane protein

text: Refolding of α-helical transmembrane proteins "in vitro" is technically difficult. There are relatively few examples of the successful refolding experiments, as for bacteriorhodopsin. "In vivo", all such proteins are normally folded co-translationally within the large transmembrane translocon. The translocon channel provides a highly heterogeneous environment for the nascent transmembrane α-helices. A relatively polar amphiphilic α-helix can adopt a transmembrane orientation in the translocon (although it would be at the membrane surface or unfolded "in vitro"), because its polar residues can face the central water-filled channel of the translocon. Such mechanism is necessary for incorporation of polar α-helices into structures of transmembrane proteins. The amphiphilic helices remain attached to the translocon until the protein is completely synthesized and folded. If the protein remains unfolded and attached to the translocon for too long, it is degraded by specific "quality control" cellular systems.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: Stability of beta barrel (β-barrel) transmembrane proteins is similar to stability of water-soluble proteins, based on chemical denaturation studies. Some of them are very stable even in chaotropic agents and high temperature. Their folding "in vivo" is facilitated by water-soluble chaperones, such as protein Skp. It is thought that β-barrel membrane proteins come from one ancestor even having different number of sheets which could be added or doubled during evolution. Some studies show a huge sequence conservation among different organisms and also conserved amino acids which hold the structure and help with folding.


title: Transmembrane protein

text: Note: "n" and "S" are, respectively, the number of beta-strands and the "shear number" of the beta-barrel


title: Latin Quarter, Paris

text: The Latin Quarter of Paris (, ) is an area in the 5th and the 6th arrondissements of Paris. It is situated on the left bank of the Seine, around the Sorbonne.


title: Latin Quarter, Paris

text: Known for its student life, lively atmosphere, and bistros, the Latin Quarter is the home to a number of higher education establishments besides the university itself, such as :


title: Latin Quarter, Paris

text: Other establishments such as the École Polytechnique have relocated in recent times to more spacious settings.


title: Latin Quarter, Paris

text: The area gets its name from the Latin language, which was widely spoken in and around the University during the Middle Ages, after the twelfth century philosopher Pierre Abélard and his students took up residence there.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM603 engine

text: The OM603 engine was a straight-6 Diesel automobile engine from Mercedes-Benz used from 1984 through 1999. The 603 saw limited use in the W124, W126 and W140 model vehicles.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM603 engine

text: It is closely related to the 4 cylinder OM601 and the 5 cylinder OM602 engine families of the same era.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM603 engine

text: The 603.96 engine has a capacity of and was a development of the reliable 5 cylinder OM617 engine. It produced 143 hp at 4600 rpm (euro market without catalytic converter produced 148hp) and 195 ft.lb at 2400 rpm with a compression ratio of 22.0:1. Versions 603.96x and 603.97x are turbocharged. Only turbocharged models of the 603 series were available to the U.S. market. The single camshaft and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM603 engine

text: Fuel is injected into a pre-combustion chamber. A Bosch M in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM603 engine

text: The 603 engine had a diesel particulate filter, or trap oxidizer, in the US market. As these were mounted at the cylinder head (modern traps are mounted further away), heat from these trap oxidizers caused failure of the aluminum cylinder heads on the first generation of 603-engined vehicles; debris from the traps could also damage the turbocharger. This first version was sold in the US from 1986 to 1987. Daimler-Benz removed these traps for free, and if the turbocharger had been determined to be damaged it was also replaced. Even without the heat from the trap oxidizers, the original #14 mold cylinder heads were weak and if overheated could crack. In general, the later model #17 or #22 mold cylinder heads are considered to be the definitive cure for cracked heads.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM603 engine

text: In 1990 the 350SD/SDL debuted, using a larger-displacement 3496cc OM603.97 engine that had more torque and a lower top RPM. The engine lived on in the W140 chassis after the W126 production ended, as the 300SD or S350, with a larger yet turbocharger and thus more power and torque. By the time of the 3.5L engine, the cylinder head issues of early 3.0L engine (US 1986-1987) had been corrected. However, in the 3.5L there exists a different situation that appeared on some engines; eventual head gasket erosion, and thus passage of oil into the #1 cylinder. As the 3.0L engine uses the same head oil passage design, yet does not appear to exhibit the problem - it might be that the larger bore in the 3.5 engine, the higher pressures, and resulting smaller head gasket surface area could conspire to cause a gasket erosion issue.


title: True Stories (film)

text: True Stories (full onscreen title: True Stories: A Film About a Bunch of People in Virgil Texas.) is a 1986 American musical satirical comedy film directed by David Byrne, who stars alongside John Goodman, Swoosie Kurtz, and Spalding Gray. The majority of the film's music is supplied by Talking Heads. A soundtrack album, titled "Sounds from True Stories", featured songs by Byrne, Talking Heads, Terry Allen & The Panhandle Mystery Band, and others. Around the same time, Talking Heads released an album titled "True Stories", composed of studio recordings of songs featured in the film.


title: True Stories (film)

text: "True Stories" was released by Warner Bros. in the United States, Canada, Italy, and Sweden in 1986, with limited release elsewhere the following year. Byrne was given much creative control over the motion picture's direction, largely due to the mainstream success of Talking Heads' 1984 concert film "Stop Making Sense". The resulting film is replete with Byrne's eccentric and idiosyncratic observations of small-town life, exaggerated satirical imagery, and surrealist sense of humor.


title: True Stories (film)

text: The film is presented as a series of vignettes centered around Byrne as an unnamed, cowboy-hat-wearing stranger who visits the fictional Texas town of Virgil, where he observes the citizens as they prepare for the "Celebration of Specialness" to mark the 150th anniversary of Texas' independence. The event is being sponsored by the Varicorp Corporation, a local computer manufacturing plant.


title: True Stories (film)

text: Stephen Tobolowsky recounts in an episode of his podcast "The Tobolowsky Files" that he and his girlfriend Beth Henley met David Byrne and Talking Heads when Jonathan Demme invited them to a preview screening of "Stop Making Sense". Shortly afterward, Byrne invited Henley and Tobolowsky over to his house and showed them a collection of hundreds of drawings he had made and put up on his wall. He explained they were based on clippings he had scrapbooked from tabloids as the band had been on tour. He had been intrigued by the idea of making a film based on the premise, "What if all these stories were true?" and wanted Henley and Tobolowsky to write the script based on those drawings.


title: True Stories (film)

text: Tobolowsky was aware that Texas was coming up on its sesquicentennial celebration, and thought that would provide a good framework for the characters Byrne had invented. Henley and he wrote a draft and provided it to Byrne, then did not hear back from him for about a year. It later turned out that Byrne had rewritten their script almost entirely, keeping only a few lines and the sesquicentennial framework from the first draft. However, he asked Tobolowsky and Henley for permission to list their names ahead of his as scriptwriters so the film would seem less like a "vanity project."


title: True Stories (film)

text: During Tobolowsky's early talks with Byrne, he related to Byrne the story of a series of psychic experiences he had during college, in which he had been able to hear "tones" that told him things about other people. Byrne incorporated this story into his rewrite, using it as the basis for Ramon's psychic powers and the song "Radio Head."


title: True Stories (film)

text: An early working title for the project (endorsed by bassist Tina Weymouth) was "Wild Infancy". Filming took place in Dallas and its suburbs Allen, McKinney, Mesquite, Midlothian and Red Oak. The interior mall and fashion show scene was filmed in NorthPark Center in North Dallas, and the exterior mall scene was filmed at the now-demolished Big Town Mall in Mesquite. The parade scene at the end of the film includes various local groups, including the Tejas Low Riders Club and the Sunset High School Marching Band.


title: True Stories (film)

text: "True Stories" was not a commercial success at the time of its release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79%, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. Roger Ebert gave it a glowing review with a rating of 3.5/4 stars. It has achieved success in home video release as a cult classic among fans of Byrne's work.


title: True Stories (film)

text: Colin Greenland reviewed "True Stories" for "White Dwarf" #85, and stated that ""True Stories" is a tour of Virgil, Texas, Byrne's toytown utopia, whose peculiar citizens have neurosis down to a fine art. Zippy the Pinhead would be at home in Virgil."


title: True Stories (film)

text: In 1987, the film was released on VHS and Laserdisc. On March 30, 1999, it was released onto DVD. On November 27, 2018, The Criterion Collection released a DVD and Blu-ray of the film.


title: True Stories (film)

text: "True Stories" features a number of songs written by Byrne and performed by various members of the cast as well as by Talking Heads (the members of which make cameo appearances).


title: True Stories (film)

text: Talking Heads released an album titled "True Stories" in which the band performs most of the songs from the film, including songs that were performed by the actors in the film. As such, the album is not generally considered a true soundtrack album, a fact Byrne points out in his liner notes on the release. Later, Byrne released an album containing primarily instrumental music from the soundtrack titled "Sounds from True Stories".


title: True Stories (film)

text: While several of the cast performances were released as bonus tracks on 12-inch single releases, no full album of cast performances was released until 2018 (see below). Prior to 2018, few of the original versions of songs from the film found official release. The St. Thomas Aquinas School Choir's version of "Hey Now" was released on the 1987 Talking Heads UK CD single, "Radio Head"; the Pops Staples version of "Papa Legba" and Tito Larriva's version of "Radio Head" appear as extra tracks on the 2006 Rhino reissue of "True Stories"; and John Goodman's version of "People Like Us" was initially released as the B-side to the single for "Wild Wild Life" and later was released on the 2006 digital compilation "Bonus Rarities and Outtakes", but the rest of the songs whose versions differ between the movie and album (John Ingle's "Puzzling Evidence" and Annie McEnroe's "Dream Operator") were not officially available. "Cocktail Desperado", recorded by Terry Allen and the Panhandle Mystery Band and featured in the film, is included on the "Sounds from True Stories" LP.


title: True Stories (film)

text: The music video version of "Wild Wild Life" that debuted on MTV is largely a scene taken from the film, in which many of the film's characters (including John Goodman) lip-synch to the music in a night club; the video version is more risque and features more pop music references/parodies than seen in the film; the Prince and Billy Idol parodies remain in the film version. Similarly, the video for "Love for Sale" is the same as that seen in the film (in which Kurtz's character is shown watching it on TV) except the video version has additional footage of Talking Heads, more references to recognizable TV commercials of the day, and no intercuts to any of the film characters.


title: True Stories (film)

text: In November 2018, "True Stories, A Film by David Byrne: The Complete Soundtrack", a comprehensive soundtrack album with 23 songs as they were recorded for the film, was released. This marked the first time that the complete "True Stories" soundtrack was made publicly available, 32 years after the movie's original release. The soundtrack was issued to coincide with Criterion's 2018 DVD and Blu-ray release of the film, the latter of which it was also packaged with. The new-edition soundtrack includes the three Talking Heads performances with David Byrne on lead vocals that are featured in the movie, "Wild Wild Life," "Love for Sale," and "City of Dreams", which are the same recordings included on the Talking Heads album True Stories; otherwise, the material does not overlap with the Talking Heads album. The new edition includes the first official commercial release of McEnroe's "Dream Operator" and Ingle's "Puzzlin' Evidence".


title: True Stories (film)

text: In January 2017, Red Letter Media published a video in its Re:View series where regular panelists Jay Bauman and Josh "The Wizard" Davis had a retrospective discussion of the film. They focused on the eccentricity of the characters, the performance of Byrne as the film's narrator, the way the film extensively incorporates music, and the observations the film makes about American culture. Both hosts praised it, and Davis said of the film, "It never gets old for me, and I've shown it to so many people".


title: True Stories (film)

text: Virgil Texas, a podcaster known for formerly co-hosting the political podcasts "Chapo Trap House" and "Bad Faith", based his pseudonym on the name of the film's setting.


title: SC Paderborn 07

text: Sport-Club Paderborn 07 e.V., commonly known as simply SC Paderborn 07 () or SC Paderborn, is a German association football club based in Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia. The club has enjoyed its greatest successes since the turn of the millennium, becoming a fixture in the 2. Bundesliga before finally earning promotion to the Bundesliga in the 2013–14 season. They suffered a hasty fall from grace, however, being relegated to the 2. Bundesliga after only a season in the top division, and then again to the 3. Liga the season after. The club returned to 2. Bundesliga, reaching 2nd place in the 2018–19 season and was promoted to the Bundesliga. The club finished 18th in the 2019–20 season and returned to the 2. Bundesliga.


title: SC Paderborn 07

text: For most of the twentieth century, Paderborn had two football clubs: TuS Schloss Neuhaus and FC Paderborn, who remained rivals until the 1980s. After Neuhaus had been promoted to the 2. Bundesliga and finished last in 1983, this set-up had reached its athletic and financial ceiling. Thus, in 1985, the two clubs merged into "TuS Paderborn/Neuhaus". In 1997, the club adopted its current identity by assuming the name "SC Paderborn 07", named after TuS Neuhaus' founding date 1907.


title: SC Paderborn 07

text: During most of the 1980s, the recently merged club competed in the third-tier Oberliga Westfalen, where they counted among the leading teams but never achieved promotion. In 1994, Paderborn won the league and thereby qualified for the promotion playoffs. The team lost to Eintracht Braunschweig and Fortuna Düsseldorf but secured a place in the newly formed third-tier of the German football pyramid, the Regionalliga West/Südwest. Except for a brief stint in the fourth tier, Paderborn enjoyed moderate success with regular trips to the DFB Pokal.


title: SC Paderborn 07

text: During one of these, in 2004/5, the club reached the round of 16 beating MSV Duisburg and Bundesliga-side HSV on the way. It later emerged, that latter match had been affected by game manipulation; referee Robert Hoyzer had received a bribe to let Paderborn win the game. The incident remains the most significant betting scandal in the history of German football.


title: SC Paderborn 07

text: Paderborn returned to the 2. Bundesliga for the first time in nearly thirty years at the end of the same season. The team's advance into professional football brought with it a professionalisation of its structures and in 2005 construction began on a new 15,000-seat stadium which replaced the dated Hermann-Löns-Stadion. All of this helped to establish the club as a regular component of Germany's professional football landscape. This process culminated in the club's first promotion to the Bundesliga after the 2013/14 season.


title: SC Paderborn 07

text: Paderborn's foray into top-tier football turned out to be a brief one: after a decent first half of the season, the team's play deteriorated and resulted in direct relegation in 2015. There followed a precipitous fall, as the club plummeted to 18th in the 3.Liga in 2017. This result would have led to relegation to the non-professional Regionalliga West, had TSV 1860 Munich not failed to obtain the licence necessary to continue professional play. Thus, Munich was forced to move to the Regionalliga Bayern which allowed Paderborn to avoid its third consecutive relegation. Having been saved narrowly, the club surprisingly finished second in the 2017/18 season and returned to the 2. Bundesliga. In 2019, a remarkable turn of events, the newly promoted side managed another top-two finish, which returned Paderborn to the Bundesliga after years of turbulence. The 2019–20 season, however, saw the club struggle against Bundesliga competition, which led to their relegation back to the second tier in June 2020.


title: Wesley Jonathan

text: Wesley Jonathan Waples is an American actor best known for his starring role as Jamal Grant on the NBC Saturday morning comedy-drama series "City Guys" (1997-2001), Gary Thorpe in the sitcom "What I Like About You" (2002-2006), Sweetness in the film "Roll Bounce" (2005), Noah Cruise in the film "Crossover" (2006) and Burrell "Stamps" Ballentine on TV Land's "The Soul Man" (2012-2016).


title: Wesley Jonathan

text: Jonathan started his early career acting in the early 1990s and has had two main roles in two series; "City Guys" as Jamal Grant, and "What I Like About You" opposite Amanda Bynes and Jennie Garth as Holly's best friend, Gary Thorpe. Jonathan landed his first job in a music video for Melissa Manchester. He then started working on" 21 Jump Street".


title: Wesley Jonathan

text: Jonathan has starred, co-starred, or made guest appearances in several movies and television shows including: "Sister, Sister", "Moesha", "Boy Meets World", "Smart Guy", "Thea", "Baywatch", "A Different World", "Boston Public", "Crossover", "National Lampoon's Bag Boy", Divine Intervention (2007 film), "Roll Bounce", and the 1995 film "Panther" as Bobby Hutton.


title: Wesley Jonathan

text: Jonathan is married to Tamara Mitchell. They have a daughter, Faye. He was raised as a Jehovah's Witness.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: Lynda La Plante, CBE (born Lynda Titchmarsh; 15 March 1943) is an English author, screenwriter and former actress, best known for writing the "Prime Suspect" television crime series.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: Lynda La Plante was born Lynda Titchmarsh on 15 March 1943 in Newton, Lancashire. La Plante's older sister Dail was killed in a road accident, at the age of five, before she was born.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: Raised in Liverpool, La Plante trained for the stage at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. After finishing her studies, using the stage name Lynda Marchal, she appeared with the Royal Shakespeare Company in a variety of productions, as well as popular television series including "Z-Cars", "Educating Marmalade", "The Sweeney", "The Professionals", and "Bergerac". As an actress she is perhaps best remembered as the hay-fever suffering ghost Tamara Novek in the BBC children's series "Rentaghost". In 1974, La Plante took her first scriptwriting job on the ITV children's series "The Kids from 47A".


title: Lynda La Plante

text: Her breakthrough came in 1983 when she created and wrote the six-part robbery series "Widows" for Thames Television. The plot concerned the widows of four armed robbers carrying out a heist planned by their deceased husbands. A second series of "Widows" followed in 1985, while a sequel "She's Out" took up the story ten years later.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: Her debut novel, "The Legacy", was published in 1987 and received both critical and best-seller success. Her second, third and fourth novels came soon after – "The Talisman" (1987), "Bella Mafia" (1990) and "Entwined" (1993) – all of which became international best sellers.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: In 1990 La Plante started working on her next television project, "Prime Suspect", which was released by Granada in 1991. "Prime Suspect" starred Helen Mirren as DCI Jane Tennison, airing in the UK as well as on PBS in the United States as part of the anthology program "Mystery!". In 1993 La Plante won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for her work on the series. In 1992 she wrote a TV film called "Seekers", starring Brenda Fricker and Josette Simon, produced by Sarah Lawson.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: In 1993 La Plante formed her own television production company, La Plante Productions and through her new company she wrote and produced high-rating series "The Governor" (ITV 1995–96), "Supply & Demand" (ITV 1997–98), "Killer Net" (Channel 4 1998), acclaimed series "Trial & Retribution" (ITV 1997–2009), "Mind Games" (ITV 2001) and "The Commander" (ITV 2003–08). During this period La Plante also released the Cold series of books; "Cold Shoulder", "Cold Blood" and "Cold Heart", followed by "Sleeping Cruelty" (2000) – adding to her list of best sellers.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: In 1996 La Plante co-wrote and executive produced "The Prosecutors" (NBC) with Tom Fontana (starring Stockard Channing), wrote and executive produced "Bella Mafia" (1998 CBS) (starring Vanessa Redgrave), which La Plante adapted from her novel of the same name. In 2001 she co-produced "The Warden" (2001 TNT), starring Ally Sheedy, a variation of La Plante's series "The Governor". La Plante also co-produced her adaptation of the UK hit "Widows" (2002 ABC) and produced the pilot of "Cold Shoulder" (2006 New Regency / CBS) starring Kelly McGillis, which was based on her Cold series. La Plante was also executive producer on Daniel Petrie Jnr's adaptation of her show "Framed" (2002 TNT) which starred Sam Neill and Rob Lowe.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: La Plante released "Royal Flush" (2002), and then began working on her Anna Travis series, which includes "Above Suspicion" (2004), "The Red Dahlia" (2005), "Clean Cut" (2007), "Deadly Intent" (2008), "Silent Scream" (2009), "Blind Fury" (2010), "Blood Line" (2011), "Backlash" (2012), and "Wrongful Death" (2013). So successful were the books that a UK television series was written and produced by La Plante starring Kelly Reilly and Ciarán Hinds.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: "Widows" was remade as a US-set film in 2018, directed by Steve McQueen. "Prime Suspect" was also remade as an American series, starring Maria Bello. It ran for 13 episodes in 2011-2012.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: La Plante has received many awards over the course of her career. For her work on "Prime Suspect" she received two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Mini Series (1993, 1994), as well as the Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Mystery TV Episode. In 2001, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) gave her the Dennis Potter Award for television writing.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: In 2008 La Plante was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to Literature, Drama and to Charity. In the same year she received the TV Spielfilm Award at the International Film and Television Festival Conference in Cologne, Germany, for her television adaptation of her novel "Above Suspicion".


title: Lynda La Plante

text: In 2009 La Plante was inducted into the Crime Thriller Awards Hall of Fame and most recently, in 2013, La Plante was awarded an Honorary Fellowship with the Forensic Science Society (FSSoc), the first non-scientist to be inducted into the professional body; receiving the award for the accuracy with which she portrays forensic science in her work.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: She has also been made an honorary member of the British Film Institute, and an Honorary Fellow from Liverpool John Moores University.


title: Lynda La Plante

text: She was married to musician Richard La Plante for 17 years, until their divorce in 1996. At the age of 57 she adopted a baby son whose name is Lorcan.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: Parliamentary elections were held in Slovakia on 29 February 2020 to elect all 150 members of the National Council.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: The anti-corruption list led by Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OĽaNO) movement emerged as the largest parliamentary group, winning 53 seats. The ruling coalition comprising Direction – Social Democracy (SMER–SD), the Slovak National Party (SNS), and Most–Híd (MH), led by Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini of SMER–SD, won only 38, with both the SNS and MH losing their parliamentary representation. It was the first time since the 2006 elections that SMER–SD did not emerge as the party with the most seats.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: As no party or electoral coalition won a majority of seats, a coalition government was needed. On 13 March, Matovič announced he had reached an agreement for a governing coalition with We Are Family, Freedom and Solidarity and For the People, though they had not agreed upon a common governing program. On 21 March, President Zuzana Čaputová appointed Matovič's Cabinet.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: SMER–SD won a plurality of seats in the 2016 election and formed a coalition government with national-conservative Slovak National Party, inter-ethnic Most–Híd, and liberal-conservative #Network. Incumbent Prime Minister Robert Fico remained in office.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: The election term was characterized by a number of corruption scandals, growing political and societal tensions and an increase in the popularity of political extremism, which led to a gradual decline in the government's popularity. In March 2018, Peter Pellegrini took over the Prime Minister's office after the resignation of Robert Fico, as a result of mass anti-government protests triggered by the murder of investigative journalist Ján Kuciak.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: The opposition's candidate Zuzana Čaputová won the 2019 presidential election by 17% ahead of the SMER-SD candidate Maroš Šefčovič in the second round. The 2019 European Parliament election in Slovakia was held on 25 May 2019. With a turnout of 22.7%, the election was won by the liberal coalition PS–SPOLU (20.1%), followed by SMER–SD (15.7%).


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: The 150 members of the National Council were elected by proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency with an electoral threshold of 5% for single parties, 7% for coalitions of two or three parties, and 10% for coalitions of four or more parties. The election used the open list system, with seats allocated using the Hagenbach-Bischoff system. Voters were able to cast up to four preferential votes for candidates on the list of the party they voted for.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: All participating parties must had register 90 days before election day and paid a deposit of €17,000, which would be refunded to all parties having gained at least 3% of the votes. All citizens of the Slovak Republic were allowed to vote except for convicted felons in prison (only those who were convicted for serious offences), people declared ineligible to perform legal acts by court, and citizens under 18 years of age. All citizens, who were 21 years of age or older on the election day and are permanent residents of Slovakia, were allowed to run as candidates except for prisoners, convicted felons, and those declared ineligible to perform legal acts by court.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: Voters not present in their electoral district at the time of the elections were allowed to request a voting certificate ("voličský preukaz"), which allowed them to vote in any district regardless of their residency. Voters abroad on election day were allowed to request a postal vote. According to the Central Election Committee, approximately 20,000 citizens of the Slovak Republic living abroad had requested a postal vote for the election. The deadline for requests passed on 10 January 2020.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: The table below lists groups elected in the 2016 election, groups re-elected in the 2020 election and new group (ZĽ) elected in the 2020 election.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: The ruling coalition comprising Direction – Social Democracy (Smer–SD), the Slovak National Party and Most–Híd, led by Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini of Smer–SD, was defeated by the anti-corruption movement Ordinary People and Independent Personalities led by Igor Matovič. However, as no party or electoral coalition attained an absolute majority of seats, a post-election coalition was required to form a government.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: This election was also the first since 2006 where Smer–SD did not emerge as the party with the most seats in the National Council. Also, it was the first time that no party representing Hungarian community was elected. The coalition of Progressive Slovakia and Together failed to meet the 7% threshold for two-party coalitions to enter the parliament by only 926 votes, surprising analysts, as they had been several percentage points above the threshold required in opinion polls as recently as a few days before the election, and polled above the threshold in exit polls taken on election day. The coalition submitted an electoral complaint with the Constitutional Court on 12 March seeking a recount, although they did not have any expectation it would significantly change the results, and only did so in order to clear doubts about the democratic process. In total 820,411 votes fell below the electoral threshold, which is 28.47 % of all valid votes.


title: 2020 Slovak parliamentary election

text: On 4 March, Matovič was tasked by the President of the Slovak Republic, Zuzana Čaputová, to form a new government. On 13 March, Matovič announced he had reached an agreement for a governing coalition with We Are Family, Freedom and Solidarity, and For the People, though they had not agreed upon a common governing program. He has not disclosed his picks for the new cabinet but said that his movement would retain the finance ministry and Richard Sulík, the leader of Freedom and Solidarity, would be the Ministry of Economy.


Sarasota–Bradenton International Airport is located within three jurisdictions: Sarasota County, the city limits of Sarasota and Manatee County, in the United States' state of Florida. Owned by the Sarasota Manatee Airport Authority, it is north of Downtown Sarasota and south of Bradenton.


title: Sarasota–Bradenton International Airport

text: The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 called it a "small hub" airport since it enplanes 0.05 percent to 0.25 percent of total U.S. passenger enplanements.


text: Before the Sarasota-Bradenton Airport was built, both Sarasota and Bradenton had their own airfields: Bradenton's Bradenton Airport and Sarasota's Lowe Field. Bradenton Airport was established somewhere between 1935 and 1937 being abandoned at an unknown point during World War 2. Lowe Field would be dedicated on January 12, 1929 and would end up opening on March 12. It would be Sarasota's first municipal airport located on of land west of what was then Oriente Avenue which is now known as Beneva Road and north of Fruitville Road. National Airlines would begin flying out of the airfield on August 4, 1937. Flights were often cancelled because the landing strip got too wet to land on which led to National Airlines leaving later that year after Sarasota could not pay for building concrete runways. During World War II, Lowe Field would be used by the Civil Air Patrol. After the war ended most civilian operations at Lowe Field ended up going to the Sarasota-Bradenton Airport however it would be used by student pilots, mosquito control programs and crop dusters. The airport would end up operating until 1961 when the owner sold the land.


text: The airport was considered a replacement to Lowe Field's poor conditions and low capacity. Construction on the Sarasota-Bradenton Airport started in 1939 and opened the following year with CCC and WPA assistance at a cost of $1 million. In May 1941, the Sarasota Manatee Airport Authority was created.


text: In the 1940s, SRQ was known by its two-character designation, RS. By 1948, growth in aviation demand prompted IATA to coordinate the assignment of three-character codes. The airport initially received the designation "SSO", a short-lived code subject to misinterpretation as the international distress signal, SOS. SRQ was chosen, with "Q" serving as filler text. The airport's IATA airport code, "SRQ", is used as a general nickname for the city of Sarasota and Sarasota area, as exemplified by media outlets like SRQ Magazine, WSRQ radio, and numerous local businesses in the area that include SRQ in their names.


text: In 1942, with the United States entering World War 2, the airport was leased to the Army Air Corps and became known as the Sarasota Army Airfield. The Army Air Corps later added 250 acres making the airport 870 acres. The 97th Bombardment Group was the first group, being transferred from MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa for training with B-17 Flying Fortresses staying from March to May. The 97th as well did construction and maintenance, including the construction of barracks and runway repair.


text: After the 97th left, the 92nd Operations Group arrived for training and did construction work also. In June the base was designated as a sub base changing its focus from bombers to fighters because the runways could not withstand the bomber's weight. The 69th Fighter Squadron transferred to the airfield from Drew Army Airfield to train with P-39 Airacobras. Sarasota had sub bases in: Bartow, St. Petersburg, Fort Myers, and Tampa, while Immokalee, Lake Wales, Punta Gorda and Winter Haven served as auxiliary fields for the base. Training was conducted as well on the base, with 70 pilots graduating on average every 30 days.


text: On July 25, 1945, a Douglas TC-47B that left out of Sarasota to Lake Charles on a navigation training session crashed after going through a thunderstorm north of Tampa. All 13 crew members died onboard. The aircraft crashed roughly 20 miles northeast of Tampa.


text: After 3 years of use, the base officially closed and was transferred to civilian usage in 1947. Despite its transfer, the airport and its facilities deteriorated until the Florida Legislature passed the 1955 Sarasota Manatee Airport Authority Act. This act gave the airport more legal power and guidelines to operate.


text: National Airlines was SRQ's first airline, moving from Lowe's Field by 1947. Cancer research institute; Jackson Memorial Laboratories considered establishing a laboratory on airport property. The extent of the plan is not known.


text: By April 1957, OAG showed six NA departures a day. Construction started on a terminal building designed by Paul Rudolph and locally known architect, John Cromwell on August 18, 1958 and opening on May 2 the next year. with: a control tower, ticketing area, offices, gift shop, coffee shop, and a balcony for passengers to watch their planes arrive. In its opening year of 1959, the airport had roughly 22,000 annual passengers. Eastern arrived in January 1961, along with an air mail service as well. The airport's first jet flights were Eastern 727s in winter 1964–65 (though the longest runway was 5006 ft for a few years after that). By the 1960s the airport along with Eastern and National Airlines, welcomed two commuter airlines: Executive in 1964 and Florida Air in 1968. Executive established Sarasota as a maintenance base and later their headquarters from 1968 to 1971 and flew flights to Tampa and Fort Myers.


text: By 1970, the airport had five commercial airlines: Eastern, National, Executive, Florida, and for a brief period, Mackey. Despite its continued growth through the 1970s, many airlines services were intermittent. Mackey and Florida both left in early 1970. Florida returned four years later and simultaneously established Sarasota as its headquarters. When Executive Airlines went bankrupt in 1971, it was replaced by Shawnee Airlines for a year and later returned in 1977. On March 30, 1974, an armed man would attempt to hijack a Boeing 727 from National Airlines. He would bring two hostages with him and demand that he be flown out of the area. He would be unsuccessful as a maintenance worker onboard disarmed him. He ended up being captured about 4 hours afterwards receiving two concurrent sentences with one lasting for 15 years and another for 25. A commuter airline named Sun Airlines had flights to several destinations from mid-1974 to mid-1975. The latter part of the decade introduced North Central Airlines in 1978, and Delta the following year.


text: The Airport Authority would also change during the 1970s as well. In 1970, voters in Manatee and Sarasota counties decided that the authority should be elected instead of appointed, and state legislation was passed affirming this in 1972.


text: During the 1976 presidential election, several candidates would visit and/or fly into the airport. On February 23, 1976, Gerald R. Ford and his family flew into the airport on Air Force One while visiting Sarasota on a trip across Florida. He briefly took questions from the press before leaving to go to a hotel. The following day he went to a church service and a barbecue. He gave a brief press conference before flying out of the airport to Tampa. Next month, on March 2, Jimmy Carter would hold a press conference at the airport before speaking to the public at adjacent New College. Likely that same day, Henry "Scoop" Jackson another presidential candidate running on the Democratic ticket, would host a campaign rally at the airport. George Wallace, also visited the airport two days later on March 4.


text: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a controversial proposal to move the airport by both Sarasota County and Manatee County due to airport overcrowding. An opinion poll was held in 1970 with 66% of voters voting against a new airport. The proposal suggested making the facility into a general aviation airport and constructing a replacement east of future Interstate 75 within Lakewood Ranch. Opposition to the airport would also come from a local environmentalist, Gloria Rains, who was the head and founder of ManaSota-88, an environmental group. Rains would later on be opposed to the development of Lakewood Ranch as well but did like that natural features in the area were preserved. However, the airport authority struck down the idea in 1985. A facility for commuter flights would be added onto the airport in 1983. Instead of building a new airport, the airport's facilities, in general, would be expanded. Work began in 1987 to build a new airport terminal along with areas for parking, ramp space and landscaping. The new terminal building would open on October 29, 1989. During the first day the new airport terminal was in operation, the "Sarasota Herald-Tribune" reported that passengers and airline staff liked it. On its first day of operations the airport would still be under construction and several problems were encountered: the computer system on the upstairs level security checkpoint area would have glitches along with problems being reported with the terminal's air conditioning. The rest of the project would be finished by 1990.


text: Air Force One was at the airport on September 11, 2001. George W. Bush was at the Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota when Andrew Card first informed him of the September 11, 2001 attacks, at 9:05 AM. Bush returned to the airport. The 747 taxied out at 9:54 AM and took off from runway 14 at 9:55 AM flying first to Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana.


text: In 2003, AirTran Airways began service at SRQ to Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, and Baltimore–Washington International Airport, and by 2011 the airline served six U.S. cities nonstop from SRQ.


text: In January 2012, AirTran Airways announced that it would drop SRQ on August 12, 2012, as part of its merger with Southwest Airlines. Despite this, Southwest Airlines began service to SRQ in February 2021.


text: Construction on a new aircraft control tower would start in November 2015 and was finished in 2017. Starting in the late 2010s the airport would start to rapidly grow in passenger traffic in a move mostly credited to Allegiant beginning to service the airport. Prior to the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic the airport would be one of the fastest growing in the United States.


text: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in air traffic significantly declining similarly to other airports in the United States but would be the least impacted airports nationally. Despite a decline in the number of passengers several new flights were added/announced. Elite Airways would expand operations at the airport in 2021 when they started nonstop flights to White Plains, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and Portland, Maine on July 2. Passenger numbers in 2021 would end up being 70% higher than before the pandemic and would end up breaking a one-year passenger traffic record set in 1990 in a span of 8 months.


text: To accommodate for recent growth, a new terminal named Concourse A (while the current/original terminal will be called Concourse B) will be built possibly by 2024 and will contain five gates. The new terminal will increase passenger capacity by 2.5 million.


text: The airport covers at an elevation of . It has two asphalt runways: 14/32 is 9,500 by 150 feet (2,896 x 46 m) and 04/22 is 5,009 by 150 feet (1,527 x 46 m).


text: In the year ending November 30, 2017, the airport had 101,311 aircraft operations, average 278 per day: 80% general aviation, 11% airline, 8% air taxi, and 2% military. 272 aircraft were then based at this airport: 69% single-engine, 18% jet, 7% multi-engine, 6% helicopter, and <1% ultra-light.


text: The airport contains two terminals with a total of 13 gates. Both Terminal B & Terminal D opened on October 29, 1989.


title: Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

text: The national flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo () is a sky blue flag, adorned with a yellow star in the upper left canton and cut diagonally by a red stripe with a yellow fimbriation. It was adopted on 20 February 2006. A new constitution, ratified in December 2005 and which came into effect in February 2006, promoted a return to a flag similar to that flown between 1963 and 1971, with a change from a royal blue to sky blue background. Blue represents peace. Red stands for "the blood of the country's martyrs", yellow the country's wealth; and the star symbol the future for the country.


text: The previous flag was adopted in 2003. It was similar to the flag used between 1960 and 1963. That flag, in turn, was based on the flag which was originally used by King Leopold's Association Internationale Africaine and was first used in 1877. The 1877 design featured a yellow star on a blue background. The 1877 flag continued as the flag of the Congo Free State after the territory was recognized as an official possession of Leopold II at the Berlin Conference.


text: After gaining independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960, the same basic design was maintained. However, six smaller stars were added to the hoist to symbolise the six provinces of the country at the time. This design was used only from 1960 to 1963.


text: The flag of the second Republic of Mobutu Sese Seko became the official banner after Mobutu established his dictatorship. This flag was used from 1966 to 1971 and consisted of the same yellow star, now made smaller, situated in the top corner of the hoist side, with a red, yellow-lined band running diagonally across the center. The red symbolized the people's blood; the yellow symbolized prosperity; the blue symbolized hope; and the star represented unity.


text: The flag changed again when the country was renamed Zaire in 1971. The Zaire flag was created as part of Mobutu's attempted re-Africanization of the nation and was used officially until Mobutu's overthrow in the First Congo War. The flag of Zaire was also used as the political-party flag of the Popular Movement of the Revolution, led by Mobutu.


text: In 1997, when the Mobutu government was overthrown and the country assumed its current designation of Democratic Republic of the Congo, the country reverted to 1960s post-independence design, featuring a single large star and six smaller stars. In 2003, the most recent change before the adoption of the current flag, the flag's color was modified to use a lighter shade of blue.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: Dopamine receptor D, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the "DRD2" gene. After work from Paul Greengard's lab had suggested that dopamine receptors were the site of action of antipsychotic drugs, several groups, including those of Solomon Snyder and Philip Seeman used a radiolabeled antipsychotic drug to identify what is now known as the dopamine D receptor. The dopamine D receptor is the main receptor for most antipsychotic drugs. The structure of DRD2 in complex with the atypical antipsychotic risperidone has been determined.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: D receptors are coupled to G subtype of G protein. This G protein-coupled receptor inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: In mice, regulation of D2R surface expression by the neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) in the dentate gyrus is involved in exploration, synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Studies have shown potential roles for D2R in retrieval of fear memories in the prelimbic cortex and in discrimination learning in the nucleus accumbens.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: In flies, activation of the D autoreceptor protected dopamine neurons from cell death induced by MPP, a toxin mimicking Parkinson's disease pathology.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: While optimal dopamine levels favor D1R cognitive stabilization, it is the D2R that mediates the cognitive flexibility in humans.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: The long form (D2Lh) has the "canonical" sequence and functions as a classic post-synaptic receptor. The short form (D2Sh) is pre-synaptic and functions as an autoreceptor that regulates the levels of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. Agonism of D2sh receptors inhibits dopamine release; antagonism increases dopaminergic release. A third D2(Longer) form differs from the canonical sequence where 270V is replaced by VVQ.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: D2R conformers are equilibrated between two full active (DR) and inactive (DR) states, while in complex with an agonist and antagonist ligand, respectively.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: The monomeric inactive conformer of DR in binding with risperidone was reported in 2018 (PDB ID: 6CM4). However, the active form which is generally bound to an agonist, is not available yet and in most of the studies the homology modeling of the structure is implemented. The difference between the active and inactive of G protein-coupled receptor is mainly observed as conformational changes at the cytoplasmic half of the structure, particularly at the transmembrane domains (TM) 5 and 6. The conformational transitions occurred at the cytoplasmic ends are due to the coupling of G protein to the cytoplasmic loop between the TM 5 and 6.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: It was observed that either DR agonist or antagonist ligands revealed better binding affinities inside the ligand-binding domain of the active DR in comparison with the inactive state. It demonstrated that ligand-binding domain of DR is affected by the conformational changes occurring at the cytoplasmic domains of the TM 5 and 6. In consequence, the DR activation reflects a positive cooperation on the ligand-binding domain.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: In drug discovery studies in order to calculate the binding affinities of the D2R ligands inside the binding domain, it's important to work on which form of D2R. It's known that the full active and inactive states are recommended to be used for the agonist and antagonist studies, respectively.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: Any disordering in equilibration of D2R states, which causes problems in signal transferring between the nervous systems, may lead to diverse serious disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism and Parkinson's disease. In order to control these disorders, equilibration between the D2R states is controlled by implementing of agonist and antagonist D2R ligands. In most cases, it was observed that the problems regarding the D2R states may have genetic roots and are controlled by drug therapies. So far, there is no certain treatment for these mental disorders.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: There is an orthosteric binding site (OBS), as well as a secondary binding pocket (SBP) on the dopamine 2 receptor, and interaction with the SBP is a requirement for allosteric pharmacology. The compound SB269652 is a negative allosteric modulator of the D2R.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: It was observed that D2R exists in dimeric forms or higher order oligomers. There are some experimental and molecular modeling evidences that demonstrated the D2R monomers cross link from their TM 4 and TM 5 to form dimeric conformers.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: However, the polymorphism resides in exon 8 of the "ANKK1" gene. DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism has been reported to be associated with an increased risk for developing motor


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: fluctuations but not hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. A splice variant in Dopamine receptor D2(rs1076560) was found to be associated with limb truncal Tardive dyskinesia and diminished expression factor of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in schizophrenia subjects.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: Most of the older antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol are antagonists for the dopamine D receptor, but are, in general, very unselective, at best selective only for the "D-like family" receptors and so binding to D, D and D, and often also to many other receptors such as those for serotonin and histamine, resulting in a range of side-effects and making them poor agents for scientific research. In similar manner, older dopamine agonists used for Parkinson's disease such as bromocriptine and cabergoline are poorly selective for one dopamine receptor over another, and, although most of these agents do act as D agonists, they affect other subtypes as well. Several selective D ligands are, however, now available, and this number is likely to increase as further research progresses.


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: The D receptor forms receptor heterodimers "in vivo" (i.e., in living animals) with other G protein-coupled receptors; these include:


title: Dopamine receptor D2

text: The D receptor has been shown to form hetorodimers "in vitro" (and possibly "in vivo") with DRD, DRD, and 5-HT.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: In computer programming, a parameter or a formal argument is a special kind of variable used in a subroutine to refer to one of the pieces of data provided as input to the subroutine. These pieces of data are the values of the arguments (often called "actual arguments" or "actual parameters") with which the subroutine is going to be called/invoked. An ordered list of parameters is usually included in the definition of a subroutine, so that, each time the subroutine is called, its arguments for that call are evaluated, and the resulting values can be assigned to the corresponding parameters.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Unlike "argument" in usual mathematical usage, the "argument" in computer science is the actual input expression passed/supplied to a function, procedure, or routine in the invocation/call statement, whereas the "parameter" is the variable inside the implementation of the subroutine. For example, if one defines the codice_1 subroutine as codice_2, then codice_3 are parameters, while if this is called as codice_4, then codice_5 are the arguments. Note that variables (and expressions thereof) from the calling context can be arguments: if the subroutine is called as codice_6 then the "variables" codice_7 are the arguments, not the "values" codice_5. See the Parameters and arguments section for more information.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: The semantics for how parameters can be declared and how the (value of) arguments are passed to the parameters of subroutines are defined by the evaluation strategy of the language, and the details of how this is represented in any particular computer system depend on the calling convention of that system. In the most common case, call by value, a parameter acts within the subroutine as a new local variable initialized to the value of the argument (a local (isolated) copy of the argument if the argument is a variable), but in other cases, e.g. call by reference, the argument variable supplied by the caller can be affected by actions within the called subroutine.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: The following program in the C programming language defines a function that is named "SalesTax" and has one parameter named "price". The type of price is "double" (i.e. a double-precision floating point number). The function's return type is also a double.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: In this example, the function has been invoked with the "argument" 10.00. When this happens, 10.00 will be assigned to price, and the function begins calculating its result. The steps for producing the result are specified below, enclosed in {}. codice_9 indicates that the first thing to do is multiply 0.05 by the value of price, which gives 0.50. codice_10 means the function will produce the result of codice_9. Therefore, the final result (ignoring possible round-off errors one encounters with representing decimal fractions as binary fractions) is 0.50.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: The terms "parameter" and "argument" may have different meanings in different programming languages. Sometimes they are used interchangeably, and the context is used to distinguish the meaning. The term "parameter" (sometimes called "formal parameter") is often used to refer to the variable as found in the function definition, while "argument" (sometimes called "actual parameter") refers to the actual input supplied at function call. For example, if one defines a function as codice_12, then codice_13 is the parameter, and if it is called by codice_14 then codice_15 is the argument. A parameter is an (unbound) variable, while the argument can be a literal or variable or more complex expression involving literals and variables. In case of call by value, what is passed to the function is the value of the argument – for example, codice_16 and codice_17 are equivalent calls – while in call by reference, with a variable as argument, what is passed is a reference to that variable - even though the syntax for the function call could stay the same. The specification for pass-by-reference or pass-by-value would be made in the function declaration and/or definition.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Parameters appear in procedure definitions; arguments appear in procedure calls. In the function definition codice_18 the variable x is a parameter; in the function call codice_16 the value 2 is the argument of the function. Loosely, a parameter is a type, and an argument is an instance.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: A parameter is an intrinsic property of the procedure, included in its definition. For example, in many languages, a procedure to add two supplied integers together and calculate the sum would need two parameters, one for each integer. In general, a procedure may be defined with any number of parameters, or no parameters at all. If a procedure has parameters, the part of its definition that specifies the parameters is called its "parameter list".


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: By contrast, the arguments are the expressions supplied to the procedure when it is called, usually one expression matching one of the parameters. Unlike the parameters, which form an unchanging part of the procedure's definition, the arguments may vary from call to call. Each time a procedure is called, the part of the procedure call that specifies the arguments is called the "argument list".


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Although parameters are also commonly referred to as arguments, arguments are sometimes thought of as the actual values or references assigned to the parameter variables when the subroutine is called at run-time. When discussing code that is calling into a subroutine, any values or references passed into the subroutine are the arguments, and the place in the code where these values or references are given is the "parameter list". When discussing the code inside the subroutine definition, the variables in the subroutine's parameter list are the parameters, while the values of the parameters at runtime are the arguments. For example, in C, when dealing with threads it's common to pass in an argument of type void* and cast it to an expected type:


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: The function "Sum" has two parameters, named "addend1" and "addend2". It adds the values passed into the parameters, and returns the result to the subroutine's caller (using a technique automatically supplied by the C compiler).


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: The variables "value1" and "value2" are initialized with values. "value1" and "value2" are both arguments to the "sum" function in this context.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: At runtime, the values assigned to these variables are passed to the function "Sum" as arguments. In the "Sum" function, the parameters "addend1" and "addend2" are evaluated, yielding the arguments 40 and 2, respectively. The values of the arguments are added, and the result is returned to the caller, where it is assigned to the variable "sum_value".


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Because of the difference between parameters and arguments, it is possible to supply inappropriate arguments to a procedure. The call may supply too many or too few arguments; one or more of the arguments may be a wrong type; or arguments may be supplied in the wrong order. Any of these situations causes a mismatch between the parameter and argument lists, and the procedure will often return an unintended answer or generate a runtime error.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Within the Eiffel software development method and language, the terms "argument" and "parameter" have distinct uses established by convention. The term "argument" is used exclusively in reference to a routine's inputs, and the term "parameter" is used exclusively in type parameterization for generic classes.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: The routine codice_20 takes two arguments codice_21 and codice_22, which are called the routine's formal arguments. A call to codice_20 specifies actual arguments, as shown below with codice_24 and codice_25.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Parameters are also thought of as either formal or actual. Formal generic parameters are used in the definition of generic classes. In the example below, the class codice_26 is declared as a generic class which has two formal generic parameters, codice_27 representing data of interest and codice_28 representing the hash key for the data:


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: When a class becomes a client to codice_26, the formal generic parameters are substituted with actual generic parameters in a generic derivation. In the following attribute declaration, codice_30 is to be used as a character string based dictionary. As such, both data and key formal generic parameters are substituted with actual generic parameters of type codice_31.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: In strongly typed programming languages, each parameter's type must be specified in the procedure declaration. Languages using type inference attempt to discover the types automatically from the function's body and usage. Dynamically typed programming languages defer type resolution until run-time. Weakly typed languages perform little to no type resolution, relying instead on the programmer for correctness.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Some languages use a special keyword (e.g. "void") to indicate that the subroutine has no parameters; in formal type theory, such functions take an empty parameter list (whose type is not "void", but rather "unit").


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: The exact mechanism for assigning arguments to parameters, called "argument passing", depends upon the evaluation strategy used for that parameter (typically call by value), which may be specified using keywords.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Some programming languages such as Ada, C++, Clojure, Common Lisp, Fortran 90, Python, Ruby, Tcl, and Windows PowerShell allow for a default argument to be explicitly or implicitly given in a subroutine's declaration. This allows the caller to omit that argument when calling the subroutine. If the default argument is explicitly given, then that value is used if it is not provided by the caller. If the default argument is implicit (sometimes by using a keyword such as "Optional") then the language provides a well-known value (such as "null", "Empty", zero, an empty string, etc.) if a value is not provided by the caller.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Some languages allow subroutines to be defined to accept a variable number of arguments. For such languages, the subroutines must iterate through the list of arguments.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Some programming languages—such as Ada and Windows PowerShell—allow subroutines to have named parameters. This allows the calling code to be more self-documenting. It also provides more flexibility to the caller, often allowing the order of the arguments to be changed, or for arguments to be omitted as needed.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: In lambda calculus, each function has exactly one parameter. What is thought of as functions with multiple parameters is usually represented in lambda calculus as a function which takes the first argument, and returns a function which takes the rest of the arguments; this is a transformation known as currying. Some programming languages, like ML and Haskell, follow this scheme. In these languages, every function has exactly one parameter, and what may look like the definition of a function of multiple parameters, is actually syntactic sugar for the definition of a function that returns a function, etc. Function application is left-associative in these languages as well as in lambda calculus, so what looks like an application of a function to multiple arguments is correctly evaluated as the function applied to the first argument, then the resulting function applied to the second argument, etc.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: An output parameter, also known as an out parameter or return parameter, is a parameter used for output, rather than the more usual use for input. Using call by reference parameters, or call by value parameters where the value is a reference, as output parameters is an idiom in some languages, notably C and C++, while other languages have built-in support for output parameters. Languages with built-in support for output parameters include Ada (see ), Fortran (since Fortran 90; see ), various procedural extensions to SQL, such as PL/SQL (see PL/SQL functions) and Transact-SQL, C# and the .NET Framework, Swift, and the scripting language TScript (see TScript function declarations).


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: More precisely, one may distinguish three types of parameters or parameter modes: "s", "output parameters," and "s;" these are often denoted codice_32, codice_33, and codice_34 or codice_35. An input argument (the argument to an input parameter) must be a value, such as an initialized variable or literal, and must not be redefined or assigned to; an output argument must be an assignable variable, but it need not be initialized, any existing value is not accessible, and must be assigned a value; and an input/output argument must be an initialized, assignable variable, and can optionally be assigned a value. The exact requirements and enforcement vary between languages – for example, in Ada 83 output parameters can only be assigned to, not read, even after assignment (this was removed in Ada 95 to remove the need for an auxiliary accumulator variable). These are analogous to the notion of a value in an expression being an r-value (has a value), an l-value (can be assigned), or an r-value/l-value (has a value and can be assigned), respectively, though these terms have specialized meanings in C.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: In some cases only input and input/output are distinguished, with output being considered a specific use of input/output, and in other cases only input and output (but not input/output) are supported. The default mode varies between languages: in Fortran 90 input/output is default, while in C# and SQL extensions input is default, and in TScript each parameter is explicitly specified as input or output.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Syntactically, parameter mode is generally indicated with a keyword in the function declaration, such as codice_36 in C#. Conventionally output parameters are often put at the end of the parameter list to clearly distinguish them, though this is not always followed. TScript uses a different approach, where in the function declaration input parameters are listed, then output parameters, separated by a colon (:) and there is no return type to the function itself, as in this function, which computes the size of a text fragment:


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Parameter modes are a form of denotational semantics, stating the programmer's intent and allowing compilers to catch errors and apply optimizations – they do not necessarily imply operational semantics (how the parameter passing actually occurs). Notably, while input parameters can be implemented by call by value, and output and input/output parameters by call by reference – and this is a straightforward way to implement these modes in languages without built-in support – this is not always how they are implemented. This distinction is discussed in detail in the "Ada '83 Rationale," which emphasizes that the parameter mode is abstracted from which parameter passing mechanism (by reference or by copy) is actually implemented. For instance, while in C# input parameters (default, no keyword) are passed by value, and output and input/output parameters (codice_33 and codice_38) are passed by reference, in PL/SQL input parameters (codice_39) are passed by reference, and output and input/output parameters (codice_40 and codice_41) are by default passed by value and the result copied back, but can be passed by reference by using the codice_42 compiler hint.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: A syntactically similar construction to output parameters is to assign the return value to a variable with the same name as the function. This is found in Pascal and Fortran 66 and Fortran 77, as in this Pascal example:


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: This is semantically different in that when called, the function is simply evaluated – it is not passed a variable from the calling scope to store the output in.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: The primary use of output parameters is to return multiple values from a function, while the use of input/output parameters is to modify state using parameter passing (rather than by shared environment, as in global variables). An important use of returning multiple values is to solve the semipredicate problem of returning both a value and an error status – see Semipredicate problem: Multivalued return.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: A common use case in C and related languages is for exception handling, where a function places the return value in an output variable, and returns a boolean corresponding to whether the function succeeded or not. An archetypal example is the codice_46 method in .NET, especially C#, which parses a string into an integer, returning codice_47 on success and codice_48 on failure. This has the following signature:


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Similar considerations apply to returning a value of one of several possible types, where the return value can specify the type and then value is stored in one of several output variables.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Output parameters are often discouraged in modern programming, essentially as being awkward, confusing, and too low-level – commonplace return values are considerably easier to understand and work with. Notably, output parameters involve functions with side effects (modifying the output parameter) and are semantically similar to references, which are more confusing than pure functions and values, and the distinction between output parameters and input/output parameters can be subtle. Further, since in common programming styles most parameters are simply input parameters, output parameters and input/output parameters are unusual and hence susceptible to misunderstanding.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: Output and input/output parameters prevent function composition, since the output is stored in variables, rather than in the value of an expression. Thus one must initially declare a variable, and then each step of a chain of functions must be a separate statement. For example, in C++ the following function composition:


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: when written with output and input/output parameters instead becomes (for codice_49 it is an output parameter, for codice_27 an input/output parameter):


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: In the special case of a function with a single output or input/output parameter and no return value, function composition is possible if the output or input/output parameter (or in C/C++, its address) is also returned by the function, in which case the above becomes:


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: For returning multiple values from a function, an alternative is to return a tuple. Syntactically this is clearer if automatic sequence unpacking and parallel assignment can be used, as in Go or Python, such as:


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: For returning a value of one of several types, a tagged union can be used instead; the most common cases are nullable types (option types), where the return value can be null to indicate failure. For exception handling, one can return a nullable type, or raise an exception. For example, in Python one might have either:


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: The micro-optimization of not requiring a local variable and copying the return when using output variables can also be applied to conventional functions and return values by sufficiently sophisticated compilers.


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: The usual alternative to output parameters in C and related languages is to return a single data structure containing all return values. For example, given a structure encapsulating width and height, one can write:


title: Parameter (computer programming)

text: In object-oriented languages, instead of using input/output parameters, one can often use call by sharing, passing a reference to an object and then mutating the object, though not changing which object the variable refers to.


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: U Turn is a 2016 Indian Kannada-language supernatural thriller film written, produced and directed by Pawan Kumar. It stars Shraddha Srinath in the lead role. Roger Narayan, Dileep Raj and Radhika Chetan feature in supporting roles. The plot revolves around the death of motorists who break a traffic rule at a particular flyover in Bangalore and subsequent pinning down of the culprit by an intern journalist and police inspector duo.


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: "U-Turn" was first remade in Malayalam in 2017 as "Careful". Director Pawan Kumar remade it into a Telugu-Tamil bilingual in 2018 with the same title - thereby making it the third Kannada movie to be remade in three other South Indian languages after "School Master" and "Sampathige Savaal".


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: The movie was remade in Sinhala in 2019 also titled "U Turn" - thereby becoming the second Kannada movie to be remade in Sinhala after "Anuraga Aralithu".


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: The Filipino remake with the same name was released on pay-to-view basis on 30 October 2020. With that, "U Turn" became the first Indian movie to be remade in Filipino


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: The Bengali remake titled "Flyover" was released on 2 April 2021. The Hindi remake with the same title was announced by Ekta Kapoor in July 2021.


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: Once that version releases, it will become the third Indian movie to be remade in seven languages after "Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana" and "Anuraga Aralithu". It was the seventh Kannada movie to be remade in a foreign language and the second Kannada movie to be remade in two foreign languages after "Anuraga Aralithu".


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: Rachana (Shraddha Srinath), an intern, with "The Indian Express", a daily newspaper, is working on an article on the incidents at a flyover in Bengaluru. She also has a crush on the crime reporter Aditya, whose help she seeks for research material on accidents on the flyover. She finds that each day some motorists move the concrete blocks that partition the road just to take a quick U-turn and avoid the traffic. They don’t move them back and the blocks are left to lie randomly on the road leading to many accidents. A homeless man sitting on the flyover notes down the vehicle numbers of commuters who violate the rule to take the U-turn and gives the list to Rachana. She obtains the details of the culprits using her contact in the traffic department, with the intention of confronting them for their "short-cut" and writing an article for the paper. Her attempt to meet the first person on the list goes in vain.


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: Later the same day, the police take her into custody and accuse her of killing the same person she wanted to meet. She is shocked and tells her side of the story. Though the senior police officer rejects it, sub-inspector Nayak finds it believable and does some investigation. It is revealed that all the persons Rachana has on her list have committed suicide. They also noticed that they have committed suicide the same day they took the wrong "u-turn". Rachana and Nayak find another number has been noted by the homeless man which is to be delivered to Rachana the next day. The duo trace the address and try to rescue the man, a lawyer, who has taken the u-turn on the same day. As nothing seems suspicious, both leave only to encounter the very death of the lawyer whom they came to rescue.


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: Later Rachana tries to confront the homeless man for the injuries in the fly-over. Meanwhile, she sees two young men violate the U-Turn and reports it to Nayak. Nayak locks them up in an old Police lock-up to save them. But they start fighting and eventually die under the nose of the police.


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: With no way of finding the real cause of the death of the culprits, Rachana herself takes the wrong u-turn and waits for something to happen. The one who has been killing the culprits is a woman named Maya, because she and her daughter Aarna died in an accident due to the concrete roadblocks that were moved by the culprits in order to make way for their u-turn. Using her supernatural powers, Maya tries to kill Rachana as well. But Rachana promises to find the person who was responsible for Maya's death. Maya agrees. Rachana, with the help of Nayak, tries to find the person who moved the blocks on the day of Maya's accident. They find out the phone number and address of the guy who moved the block. Rachana writes this on a balloon and leaves it on the flyover for Maya to find. She then invites her boyfriend Aditya for dinner.


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: During dinner she tries to call the number she found out earlier. It turns out to be Aditya's work mobile number. Devastated she confronts Aditya and informs him that due to his negligence a mother and daughter lost their lives. Aditya says it was not him who made the U-turn. He merely exchanged his bike with his friend. In the final twist, it is revealed that the guy who moved the block was Maya's own husband. Maya's ghost is waiting in Aditya's house to kill him when Maya's husband whom Rachna has informed about the events turns up and explains to Maya that it was because of him that they lost their lives. He then tries to commit suicide by jumping from the balcony. Maya's ghost saves him and tells him that his punishment is to suffer in this world without his wife and daughter.


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: According to the director, the script of the movie took place on the road. He says, "U-Turn happened in July when I used to drop my daughter Lucy to school and traffic used to be high. I used to park in front of her school for more than an hour and used the time to write the script."


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: "U Turn", which has been made under Pawan Kumar's newly launched banner PK Studios, has Poornachandra Tejaswi's music, Satya Hegde, Advitha Gurumurthy and Siddharth Nuni's cinematography and Suresh's editing. Shraddha Srinath and Dilip Raj, who has done many supporting roles before, are playing the main roles. Roger Narayan, Skanda, Krishna, Pavan, Naveen, Divya, Pramod, Aarna, Kennedy, Chethan D'Souza, Delson D'Souza and others are in the cast.


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: Sunayana Suresh of "The Times of India" rated the film four out of five, and wrote, "The film can be read on philosophical and symbolic levels with leitmotifs and what not, but the triumph is that it even appeals to the lay viewer who seeks thrill and entertainment and nothing more." Shyam Prasad S of "Bangalore Mirror" wrote, "It is what happens post interval that makes or breaks any film. Here, Pawan Kumar takes the easier route and robs U-Turn of becoming a great film." J Hurtado of Screen Anarchy wrote, "Pawan Kumar's U TURN Will Keep You Guessing Until The Last Minute. U-Turn is a film that constantly challenges and defies categorization in the service of telling its own story."


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: "U Turn" was remade in Malayalam in 2017 as "Careful". It was later remade into a Telugu-Tamil bilingual in 2018 with the same title by Pawan Kumar himself. The film was also officially remade in Sri Lanka in Sinhala in 2019 with the same title. The Filipino remake with the same title was released on 30 October 2020. The film was remade in Bengali as "Flyover" and released on 2 April 2021. The Hindi remake with the same title was announced by Ekta Kapoor in July 2021.


title: U Turn (2016 film)

text: The director had revealed that the rights for the Malay language remake were sold out. He also revealed that there are plans to remake the film in Chinese, Thai, Marathi and Gujarati.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: The September 11 attacks transformed the first term of President George W. Bush and led to what he has called the war on terror. The accuracy of describing it as a "war" and its political motivations and consequences are the topic of strenuous debate. The U.S. government increased military operations, economic measures, and political pressure on groups that it accused of being terrorists, as well as increasing pressure on the governments and countries which were accused of sheltering them. October 2001 saw the first military action initiated by the US. Under this policy, NATO invaded Afghanistan to remove the Taliban regime (which harbored al-Qaeda) and capture al-Qaeda forces.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: Critics point out that the Afghan conflict has contributed to the destabilization of neighbouring Pakistan and Afghanistan has undergone a long war, culminating in the return of the Taliban in 2021. The US government has also asserted that the US invasion of Iraq is connected to 9/11.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: Because of the events that took place on September 11, 2001, American society as a whole suffered dramatically. Recovery took years, and the economy declined drastically after the attacks. Various first responders came together that day to unite and help as much as possible. Whether they were police officers, firefighters, doctors, nurses, or ordinary civilians, the main objective was to cooperate and help the wounded. More than 1,500 first responders, ironworkers, engineers, heavy equipment operators, and other workers worked at Ground Zero to attempt to find survivors and clean up the wreckage. Cranes and bulldozers were brought in along with search and rescue dogs in order to locate survivors and bodies of the deceased, however, operations were hindered by the presence of approximately two feet of soot at the site, which obscured objects and bodies.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, only 20 survivors were pulled alive from the rubble, although there were several human remains and belongings that were removed from the site. The day after the attack, then-mayor Rudy Giuliani told reporters that they were receiving mobile phone calls from people trapped in the debris. The task of removing debris and rubble continued well into 2002, with some 108,000 truckloads of 1.8 million tons of rubble removed by May 2002.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: Outside of the general hazards due to fires, falling debris, heavy machinery, broken metal, and hazardous air conditions, there were also hidden concerns within the clean-up zone. The parking garage under the World Trade Center at the time of the attacks held nearly 2,000 automobiles; each held an estimated 5 gallons of gasoline, which could ignite and explode. Other concerns were around buried fuel tanks that were located on the site, and the 1.2 million rounds of ammunition that were housed at Building 6 for the use of the U.S. Customs Service.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, George W. Bush's job approval rating soared to 86%. On September 20, 2001, the president spoke before the nation and a joint-session of Congress, regarding the events of that day, the intervening nine days of rescue and recovery efforts, and his intent in response to those events in going after the terrorists who orchestrated the attacks. In the speech, he characterized the speech itself as being akin to the President's customary State of the Union address.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: The attacks also had immediate and overwhelming effects upon the United States population. People began rallying around the popularized phrase, "United We Stand," in hopes of being resilient and keeping the American spirit alive in the face of a devastating attack. The majority of the US population rallied behind President Bush and the federal government in widespread support to the recovery and the expectant reaction to the attacks. The highly visible role played by Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, won him high praise nationally and in New York City. He was named Person of the Year by "Time" magazine for 2001, and at times had a higher profile in the US than President Bush.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: Two major public reactions to the attacks were a surge of public expressions of patriotism not seen since World War II, marked most often by displays of the American flag; and an unprecedented level of respect, sympathy, and admiration for New York City and New Yorkers as a group by Americans in other parts of the United States. Some criticized this particular reaction, noting that not everyone who died was from New York City (for example, some of the passengers on the planes) and that the Arlington, Virginia community also suffered in the attacks. Many people joined together to help the victims. Gratitude toward uniformed public-safety workers, and especially toward firefighters, was widely expressed in light of both the drama of the risks taken on the scene and the high death toll among the workers. Many people paid tribute to the police officers and firefighters who died during the attacks by wearing NYPD and FDNY hats. The number of casualties among the emergency service personnel was unprecedented.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: Blood donations saw a surge in the weeks after 9/11. According to a report by the Journal of the American Medical Association, "...the number of blood donations in the weeks after September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack)." At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble but were also inside the World Trade Center buildings before they collapsed.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: In weeks following the attacks, there was a surge in incidents of harassment and hate crimes against South Asians, Middle Easterners, and anyone thought to be "Middle Eastern-looking" people—particularly Sikhs, because Sikh males usually wear turbans, which are stereotypically and erroneously associated with Muslims by many Americans. Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Sikh man, was one of the first victims of this backlash; he was shot dead on September 15 at the gas station he owned in Mesa, Arizona. Mark Anthony Stroman, a white supremacist, killed two men and injured a third in a shooting spree beginning September 15 in Dallas, Texas. His victims, including Bangladeshi American Rais Bhuiyan, were all targeted because they looked "of Muslim descent". His motive for the killings was revenge for the 9/11 attacks. On July 20, 2011, Stroman was executed for the crime.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: In many cities there were reports of vandalism against mosques and other Islamic institutions, including some cases of arson. In the year after the attack, anti-Muslim hate crimes jumped 1,600 percent and this is further aggravated by a climate of prejudice that manifests in different ways.


title: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

text: The only death officially recorded as a homicide in New York City on September 11 was Henryk Siwiak, a Polish immigrant who was shot in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. While he had taken a wrong turn on his way to a new job onto a street known for high rates of robbery and drug dealing, his family has theorized he may have been the victim of a hate crime in the wake of the attacks, since he was wearing camouflage clothing, had dark hair and spoke imperfect, heavily accented English—all of which may have led someone to believe he had something to do with the attackers. The case remains unsolved; police are open to the family's theory but have not classified the killing as a bias crime.