title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: ICT is located on a campus at . The academic building faces Nathalal Parekh Marg. Other buildings including three boys hostels, two girls hostels, faculty and staff apartments are located behind the academic building. The rear boundary of the institute runs along the Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road. The institute is located opposite to Veermata Jijabai Technical Institute (VJTI).


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: Additional campuses are operational in Bhubaneswar, Odisha in collaboration with Indian Oil Corporation and Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT KGP) and another at Jalna, Maharashtra ("Marathwada campus"). The Bhubaneswar campus of ICT started its academic session on 3 September 2018 at the IIT Kharagpur extension centre. The Bhubaneswar campus was inaugurated initially by the Indian President Ram Nath Kovind on 18 March 2018 and the academic session was inaugurated by Dharmendra Pradhan, Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas and Sanjiv Singh, Chairman of Indian Oil Corporation. A 203 acres Marathwada campus was established with a grant of 397 Crore by the state cabinet of Maharashtra. The foundation stone of the campus was laid on 4 May 2018 by then Chief Minister of Govt. of Maharashtra, Devendra Fadnavis along with others.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: Established in 1934, the library was renamed "Prof. M M Sharma Library" on January 8, 1999. It functions as the central library of the institute and is one of the special collection libraries in the country. The library can boast of rich heritage collection of old classic books and bound volumes dating back to 1930s. It has 38,200 books, 25,290 journals and 10,000 standards and subscribes to 120 international and 25 national journals. Along with the traditional collection, it also has a significant digital collection with access to more than 500 electronic journals as well as databases such as Reaxys, Sci-Finder, Scopus, and Web of science. It performs a dual role of an Academic Library as well as a Research Library, catering to both the in-house students and faculty, and outside technologists and industrialists. It is housed in a separate Ground Plus two-storied building. It is a unique library in India to have its own endowment fund. The library is also a member of E-Shodh Sindhu Consortium. It has MOU with BONET for participating in exchange program devised by MISSAT, DST, New Delhi.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: ICT offers three degrees at undergraduate level: B.Tech. (Bachelor of Technology), B.Chem.Eng. (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering), B.Pharm. (Bachelor of Pharmacy). The institute offers several courses at the masters level which specialize in Chemical Technology, Chemical Engineering, Pharmacy and general science courses. ICT is accredited by AICTE, NAAC, NBA, NIRF. The off campuses of ICT at Bhubaneswar and Jalna also provide an 5-year Integrated M.Tech. in Chemical Engineering course as Majors and some additional branches as Minors, which is one of a kind in India as it consists of a trimester based system with alternate academic and industry trimesters. The Bhubaneswar Campus has also started an Executive M.Tech. programme which is a joint degree programme of ICT Mumbai and IIT Kharagpur making it the first state public university to provide a joint degree with an IIT in the country.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: The ICT has sanctioned positions of 108 faculty (29 Professors, 38 Associate Professors and 41 Assistant Professors) and a support staff of 240. There are 114 visiting faculties (who typically are industry researchers), 7 emeritus faculties, and 4 adjuncts. The ICT has a tradition of establishment of endowments with an objective of supporting faculty positions, foreign travel assistance, merit-cum-means scholarships, staff welfare, library, campus development, research fellowships and seed money for research by young faculty. There are 90 faculty endowments in the institute. All these endowments have been established through generous donations by alumni, industries, philanthropists and well wishers. Only part of the interest (up to 50-70%) is used towards the purpose of the endowment and the remaining is invested back into the corpus. There are 22 endowment chairs, as well as 49 visiting fellowships which helps attract the best professionals to the institute from all over the world who interact with UG and PG students, faculty and alumni. The honoraria range from ₹ 5000 to 1.25 lakhs for a period of one day to 15 days. Some eminent faculty from institutes such as MIT, Purdue, Cambridge, Monash, UC Berkeley, UCSB, Montreal have taught UG and PG courses in ICT under these endowments. These lectures will form part of audit courses for research students. Besides, public lectures are organized under each endowment. Each academic year, 251 students are supported through under merit-cum-means scholarships. The range is ₹3000-75,000 per year per person through several endowments, private trust and annual commitments by alumni. All economically deprived students are given assistance in the form of tuition fees, hostel fees, mess bills and travel assistance to present papers in national conferences.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: Till date ICT has produced two fellows of Royal Society out of 60 odd fellows from India. One of them is Man Mohan Sharma who has been director of the institute and other is Raghunath Anant Mashelkar, who currently serves as the chancellor. G. D. Yadav, former Vice Chancellor of ICT, Bhalchandra Bhanage, Head of Department of Chemistry and Anant Kapdi, Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, were bestowed with Fellowship of Royal Society of Chemistry.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: A 2013 survey by Jude Sommerfeld of the Georgia Institute of Technology ranked ICT the 4th in the world, based on its research standards and impact of the research. It was ranked first among the public universities in the Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements (ARIIA) rankings in 2020. In 2021, the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) ranked ICT among the top 3 institutes in Maharashtra alongside Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR).


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: ICT has a strong research culture. In 2008-09 UGC report notices that the institute generated around 50 crores from external sources, which was 8 times the government support. Currently, ICT graduates 100 PhDs annually, which is about 10% of India's engineering PhDs. ICT has strong relationships with the industries and many government as well as industry-sponsored projects take shape in ICT. In 2011, the Ministry of Textiles sanctioned ICT as National Center of Excellence in Sportswear with a grant of 24.5 crore for researching sports-related apparel and goods. With this, ICT has become the first institute in India to conduct research on sports fabrics. ICT hosts several research centers within the campus. These include DBT-ICT (Department of Biotechnology) Center for Energy Biosciences, ICT-DAE (Department of Atomic Energy) Center for Chemical Engineering Education and Research, UGC Networking Resource Centre in Chemical Engineering, and Center for Green Technology.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: The Department of Chemical Engineering has developed groundbreaking technologies which have been translated and used in the real world. The research group of Aniruddha B. Pandit, the current Vice Chancellor developed a method for cleaning and disinfecting stagnant water bodies and industrial effluents from various industries using hydrodynamic cavitation. This method was used to clean the Rankala Lake in Kohlapur, Maharashtra and the Bindusagar Lake in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha (a project inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Odisha in January). His research group has also developed solid-fuel burning stoves, used commonly in rural India, which cause lesser pollution and consume fuel efficiently. Research has also been done to convert keratin waste such as human hair, wool, and poultry feathers into fertilizers, pet, and animal feed using a cheap, eco-friendly and efficient method.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: B. N. Thorat is the current Director and Professor of Chemical Engineering of the ICT-IndianOil Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar. He is the winner of NOCIL Award for Excellence in Design and Development of Process Plant and Equipment. During his time in ICT-Mumbai, his guidance to the Mumbai police helped in diffusing a major gas leakage and saved many lives.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: The department is working on developing newer therapeutics and novel systems to deliver drugs into the body and has successfully translated several technologies to the industry. The research group of Prajakta Dandekar is one of the very few labs in India working on developing the organ-on-a-chip technology that essentially mimics the functioning of various organs on a small chip, decreasing the reliance on animal testing. The group is also developing novel polymers for the delivery of siRNA into the body for gene therapy. In 2013, Vandana Patravale from the department was awarded $100,000 from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for the development of an eco-friendly nano-vaccine for nasal immunization against brucellosis. The vaccine was successfully developed and an article on the same was published in 2020. The department was also successful in synthesizing the anti-viral drug Favipiravir for use against the SARS-CoV-2 in partnership with the company Lasa Supergenerics Ltd.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: Technological Association (TA), established in 1951, is an organization that conducts co-curricular and extra-curricular activities in ICT. TA is headed by institute's vice-chancellor, (as the President) with a senior professor as the Vice President. TA, a 30-member student body, organizes various activities including the intra- and inter-collegiate festivals and runs various clubs for the students. TA also looks after the student grievances and makes sure that the students at the institute are satisfied.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: ICT inaugurated its entrepreneurship cell in April 2013 with an inauguration lecture from Ashwin Dani (Founder of Asian Paints) and Yogesh Kothari (Founder of Alkyl Amines). A fellowship for visit to Korea was offered at the time of inauguration. The primary purpose behind the entrepreneurship cell was to accelerate the entrepreneurial culture at ICT. ICT also has international dignitaries visiting regularly for contributing to the research as well as guide students. Some of the international dignitaries include Ahmet Uzumcu, Director General of Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. There are more than 500 first-generation entrepreneurs which have come up from alumni and from the portals of ICT.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: "The Bombay Technologist" is the annual peer-reviewed journal of the institute, started in 1951. The journal publishes technical articles in the thrust areas of science and technology, written by undergraduate as well as graduate students of the institute. It is published by the Technological Association. "The Bombay Technologist" supports partial travel and registration expenses of students presenting technical papers in India. With the Bombay Technologist Undergraduate Research Program (BTUGRP), ICT has developed the framework for an organized, official and widespread UG research ethic.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: "The Spirit" is the official bimonthly cultural magazine cum newsletter of ICT. There are typically 5-6 issues a year. The newsletter highlights the achievements of students and alumni, has news and information about the institute, and is a platform for students to showcase their art and literary skills. The first issue was released in October 2006.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: Within the campus walls, four hostel buildings (2 girls' and 2 boys') cater to accommodation needs of 900 students. Hostel No. 1 (built 1951) and No. 5 (a 7-story building occupied in 2005) accommodate approximately 600 male students, while hostel No. 2 (built 1966) and No. 3 (built 1987) accommodate female students. The hostels area has faculty flats, dining halls, a canteen, a health clinic, gym, and play grounds. Appointed faculty wardens are responsible for managing hostel and are assisted by office staff and student staff.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: Manzar is the cultural festival of the Institute of Chemical Technology organized by the Technological Association. It has completed 10 years since it first began in 2007, and 2019 saw the 13th edition of this festival. Every year, Manzar proudly hosts a variety of events in music, dance, literary arts and fine arts. The Dance and Fashion Show events are the most popular, with active participation of students from all over the city. Manzar has a social initiative called Awaaz, through which students are able to do their bit for all-round societal development and improvement of underprivileged lives. Apart from all this, Manzar also has the Cultural Night and the Popular Night. Many famous artists have performed on the Manzar stage, including Shaan, Arijit Singh, Farhan Akhtar Kailash Kher, Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Fire on Dawson, Raghu Dixit, Shalmali Kholgade, Sachin–Jigar, Niladri Kumar, Lucky Ali, and Armaan Malik. Apart from that, comedians such as Kenny Sebastian, and Biswa Kalyan Rath have also entertained the crowd during Manzar.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: Sportsaga is the annual sports festival of the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai organized by the Technological Association. It was established in 2005.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: In 2013, the Technological Association (Student Council) of ICT decided that "Exergy" would be merged with the other technical festivals of the institute, "YICC (Young Innovators Choice Competition)" and "YRC (Young Researchers Competition)". This led to the creation of Vortex – The Chemfest.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: Rangotsav is a Conference on Advances in Polymer and Coating, Technical Festival of Polymer and Surface Coating Technology Department.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: The division of Fibres and Textiles Processing annually holds Texpression, a cultural festival. Texpression also brings the alumni of the division together to foster camaraderie and network among them.


title: Institute of Chemical Technology

text: The institute has produced many first-generation entrepreneurs and academics. Civilian honors awarded to alumni include 3 Padma Vibhushan, 8 Padma Bhushan and 10 Padma Shri awardees. Only two Indian engineers – Raghunath Mashelkar and Man Mohan Sharma - have been elected as Fellows of the Royal Society (FRS), both of whom are alumni of ICT.


title: Indian pop

text: Indian pop music, also known as Indi-pop, refers to pop music produced in India that is independent from filmi soundtracks for Indian cinema, such as the music of Bollywood, which tends to be more popular. Indian pop is closely linked to Bollywood, Kollywood, Tollywood and the Asian Underground scene of the United Kingdom. The variety of South Asian music from different countries are generally known as Desi music.


title: Indian pop

text: Pop music originated in the South Asian region with the playback singer Ahmed Rushdi's song ‘"Ko Ko Korina"’ in 1966 and has since then been adopted in India, Bangladesh, and lately Sri Lanka, and Nepal as a pioneering influence in their respective pop cultures. Following Rushdi's success, Christian bands specialising in jazz started performing at various night clubs and hotel lobbies in various Southeast Asian cities. They would usually sing either famous American jazz hits or cover Rushdi's songs.


title: Indian pop

text: Pop music began gaining popularity across the Indian subcontinent in the early 1980s, with Pakistani singers Nazia Hassan and Zohaib, forming a sibling duo whose records, produced by the Indian Biddu, sold as many as 60 million copies. Biddu himself previously had success in the Western world, where he was one of the first successful disco producers in the early 1970s, with hits such as the hugely popular "Kung Fu Fighting" (1974).


title: Indian pop

text: The term "Indipop" was first used by the British-Indian fusion band Monsoon in their 1981 EP release on Steve Coe's "Indipop Records". Charanjit Singh's "" (1982) anticipated the sound of acid house music, years before the genre arose in the Chicago house scene of the late 1980s, using the Roland TR-808 drum machine, TB-303 bass synthesizer, and Jupiter-8 synthesizer.


title: Indian pop

text: In the late 2000s, Indi-pop music faced increasing competition from filmi music. Major pop singer stopped releasing albums and started singing for movies. Recently, Indian pop has taken an interesting turn with the "remixing" of songs from past Indian movie songs, new beats being added to them.


title: Rich Koz

text: Rich Koz (born March 12, 1952) is an American actor and broadcaster best known for his portrayal of horror-movie host Svengoolie, as well as his early '90s children's cartoon showcase "The Koz Zone". Koz is also the host of the syndicated "Stooge-a-Palooza" program. In 2021, he was inducted into the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards' Monster Kid Hall of Fame.


title: Rich Koz

text: Koz got his start in broadcasting at WMTH-FM, the high school radio station at Maine East in Park Ridge, Illinois. While Koz was at Northwestern University, he sent the original Svengoolie, Jerry G. Bishop, material for the horror-movie program. Bishop subsequently invited Koz to join the show's staff.


title: Rich Koz

text: When the show was cancelled in 1973, Bishop and Koz worked together doing mornings on WMAQ radio in Chicago, and Koz worked with radio legend Dick Orkin on commercials and syndicated features, including "ChickenMan Returns for the Last Time Again." When Bishop left for San Diego in 1978, he gave Koz permission to create a show known as "Son of Svengoolie", now simply known as "Svengoolie".


title: Rich Koz

text: In June 1979, on WFLD-TV Ch. 32, Koz began as Son of Svengoolie, winning numerous local Emmy awards, and having his show syndicated to sister stations in Philadelphia, Detroit, Boston, and San Francisco for a brief period. In 1986, after the station was acquired by the News Corporation, WFLD canceled "Svengoolie", believing the show not dignified for a network affiliate. He did some freelance radio, including stints as a fill-in at WGN radio.


title: Rich Koz

text: From 1989 to 1993, Koz returned to WFLD (now "Fox 32") to host a new hosted movie show where he appeared to be "breaking in" to the Fox signal (a take-off of an actual event where WGN and WTTW had their signals pirated). The show was originally untitled, but viewers were asked to address letters to "Lose Weight by Selling Real Estate, No Money Down" until the show adopted the name "The Koz Zone".


title: Rich Koz

text: The show featured cartoons presented by Koz, interspersed by sketch comedy bits. This show won him his next local Emmy, and later became the daily "Koz Zone for Kids". Koz also did mornings on WCKG radio for a brief period, co-hosted live 4 July and New Year's Eve programming, and became weekend and fill-in weather anchor for Fox 32 News.


title: Rich Koz

text: In 1995, Koz came back on the air as part of the launch team for newly independent station WCIU-TV, Channel 26. He became Svengoolie (after Jerry G. Bishop -- the original Svengoolie from 1970 to 1973 -- told him he could drop the "Son of" because he was "all grown up now") and resumed weekly horror movie shows, along with numerous other duties. Koz, having won numerous regional Emmy Awards, was admitted to the NATAS/Emmy "Silver Circle" for "outstanding contributions to Chicago television". Starting in 2011, he began to be seen nationwide when his "Svengoolie" show became a regular Saturday night staple on the MeTV classic TV network.


title: Rich Koz

text: In his Son of Svengoolie persona, Rich Koz is also known for the early 1980s 3-D broadcast of "Revenge of the Creature" (the sequel to "Creature from the Black Lagoon") that resulted in a civil action lawsuit by people who felt they didn't get enough 3-D for the 89 cents they spent for the cardboard glasses.


title: Rich Koz

text: In November 2012, Koz suffered a heart attack at his home. He had previously suffered a heart attack at his home a decade earlier, in March 2002.


title: Site plan

text: A site plan or a plot plan is a type of drawing used by architects, landscape architects, urban planners, and engineers which shows existing and proposed conditions for a given area, typically a parcel of land which is to be modified. Sites plan typically show buildings, roads, sidewalks and paths/trails, parking, drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines, water lines, lighting, and landscaping and garden elements.


title: Site plan

text: Such a plan of a site is a "graphic representation of the arrangement of buildings, parking, drives, landscaping and any other structure that is part of a development project".


title: Site plan

text: A site plan is a "set of construction drawings that a builder or contractor uses to make improvements to a property. Counties can use the site plan to verify that development codes are being met and as a historical resource. Site plans are often prepared by a design consultant who must be either a licensed engineer, architect, landscape architect or land surveyor".


title: Site plan

text: Site plans include site analysis, building elements, and planning of various types including transportation and urban. An example of a site plan is the plan for Indianapolis by Alexander Ralston in 1821.


title: Site plan

text: The specific objects and relations shown are dependent on the purpose for creating the plot plan, but typically contain: retained and proposed buildings, landscape elements, above-ground features and obstructions, major infrastructure routes, and critical legal considerations such as property boundaries, setbacks, and rights of way…


title: Site plan

text: Site analysis is an inventory completed as a preparatory step to site planning, a form of urban planning which involves research, analysis, and synthesis. It primarily deals with basic data as it relates to a specific site. The topic itself branches into the boundaries of architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, economics, and urban planning. Site analysis is an element in site planning and design. Kevin A. Lynch, an urban planner developed an eight cycle step process of site design, in which the second step is site analysis, the focus of this section.


title: Site plan

text: When analyzing a potential site for development, the status quo of the site should be analyzed and mapped. This includes but is not limited to:


title: Site plan

text: By determining areas that are poor for development (such as floodplains or steep slopes) and better for development, the planner or architect can determine the optimal location for different functions or structures and create a design that works within the space.


title: Site plan

text: A site plan is a top view, bird’s eye view of a property that is drawn to scale. A site plan can show:


title: Site plan

text: Site planning in landscape architecture and architecture refers to the organizational stage of the landscape design process. It involves the organization of land use zoning, access, circulation, privacy, security, shelter, land drainage, and other factors. Site planning includes the arrangement of buildings, roadways, utilities, landscape elements, topography, water features, and vegetation to achieve the desired site.


title: Site plan

text: In urban planning, site planning is done by city planners to develop a clear plan/design of what the city planners want for a community. For example, in a participatory planning process, community members would make claims of renovations and improvements that need to be done in their community. Then the community developers will come up with a way to meet the community members' demand, which is done by creating a site plan. With a limited budget, planners have to be smart and creative about their designs. Planners must take into consideration not only heights of buildings, traffic flows, open spaces, parking for cars/bikes, but also the project's potential impact to the stakeholders involved. All these actions of creating a site plan is referred to as site planning.


title: Site plan

text: Transportation planning is the field involved with the siting of transportation facilities (generally streets, highways, sidewalks, bike lanes and public transport lines). Transportation planning historically has followed the rational planning model of defining goals and objectives, identifying problems, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and developing the plan. Other models for planning include rational actor, satisficing, incremental planning, organizational process, and political bargaining. However, planners are increasingly expected to adopt a multi-disciplinary approach, especially due to the rising importance of environmentalism. For example, the use of behavioral psychology to persuade drivers to abandon their automobiles and use public transport instead. The role of the transport planner is shifting from technical analysis to promoting sustainability through integrated transport policies.


title: Site plan

text: Urban, city, and town planning explores a very wide range of aspects of the built and social environments of places. Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less detailed level. Based upon the origins of urban planning from the Roman (pre-Dark Ages) era, the current discipline revisits the synergy of the disciplines of urban planning, architecture and landscape architecture.


title: Chemical change

text: Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. These processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. Some reactions produce heat and are called exothermic reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction to occur, which are called endothermic reactions. Understanding chemical changes is a major part of the science of chemistry.


title: Chemical change

text: When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an energy change as new products are generated. An example of a chemical change is the reaction between sodium and water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. So much energy is released that the hydrogen gas released spontaneously burns in the air. This is an example of a chemical change because the end products are chemically different from the substances before the chemical reaction.


title: Chemical change

text: Chemists categorize chemical changes into three main classes: inorganic chemical changes, organic chemical changes and biochemical changes.


title: Chemical change

text: Inorganic chemistry describes the reactions of elements and compounds that, in general, do not involve carbon. The changes typically take place in laboratories, or on a larger scale in heavy industries.


title: Chemical change

text: Typical types of change include neutralization (mixing an acid with a base, resulting in water and salt), oxidization including combustion, redox reactions etc.


title: Chemical change

text: Organic chemistry is concerned with the chemistry of carbon and the elements and compound with which it reacts. These compounds include mineral oil and all of its products and much of the output of industries manufacturing pharmaceuticals, paints, detergents, cosmetics, fuels etc. Typical examples of organic chemical changes include cracking heavy hydrocarbons at an oil refinery to create more gasoline from crude oil, as gasoline is in higher demand than the heavier hydrocarbons, such as residual fuel oils. Other reactions include, methylation, condensation reactions, polymerisation, halogenation etc.


title: Chemical change

text: Biochemistry deals with the chemistry of the growth and activity of living organisms. It is a chemistry where most reactions are controlled by complex proteins called enzymes and are moderated and limited by hormones. The chemistry is always highly complex and is still not fully understood. Decomposition of organic material is also within the scope of biochemistry although in this case it is the growth and activity of fungi, bacteria and other micro-organisms that is involved. Typical types of change include the processes involved in photosynthesis, a process in which carbon dioxide and water are changed into sugars and oxygen by plants, digestion in which energy rich materials are used by organisms to grow and move, the Krebs cycle which liberates energy from stored reserves, protein synthesis which enables organisms to grow using processes controlled by RNA, etc.


title: Chemical change

text: The following can indicate that a chemical change has taken place, although this evidence is not conclusive:


title: Carried interest

text: Carried interest, or carry, in finance, is a share of the profits of an investment paid to the investment manager specifically in alternative investments (private equity and hedge funds). It is a performance fee, rewarding the manager for enhancing performance. Since these fees are generally not taxed as normal income, some believe that the structure unfairly takes advantage of favorable tax treatment, e.g. in the United States.


title: Carried interest

text: The origin of carried interest can be traced to the 16th century when European ships were crossing to Asia and the Americas. The captain of the ship would take a 20% share of the profit from the carried goods to pay for the transport and the risk of sailing over oceans.


title: Carried interest

text: Carried interest is a share of the profits of an investment paid to the investment manager in excess of the amount that the manager contributes to the partnership, specifically in alternative investments, e.g., private equity and hedge funds. It is a performance fee rewarding the manager for enhancing performance.


title: Carried interest

text: The manager's carried interest allocation varies depending on the type of investment fund and the demand for the fund from investors. In private equity, the standard carried interest allocation historically has been 20% for funds making buyout and venture investments, but there is some variability. Notable examples of private equity firms with carried interest of more than 20% ("super carry") include Bain Capital and Providence Equity Partners. Hedge fund carry percentages have historically centered on 20% but have had greater variability than those of private equity funds. In extreme cases performance fees have reached as high as 44% of a fund's profits but is usually between 15% and 20%.


title: Carried interest

text: The distribution of fund returns is often directed by a distribution waterfall. Returns generated by the investment are first distributed to return each investor's initial capital contribution, including the manager. This is not "carried interest" because it is a repayment of principal. Second, returns are paid to investors other than the manager, up to a certain previously agreed rate of return (the "hurdle rate" or "preferred return"). The customary hurdle rate is 7% to 9% per annum. Third, returns are paid to the manager until it has received a rate of return equal to the hurdle rate (the "catch-up"). Not every fund provides for a hurdle and a catch-up. Often, returns during the catch-up phase are split with the manager receiving the larger (e.g. 80%) share and the investors receiving a smaller (e.g. 20%) share, until the manager's catch-up percentage has been collected. Fourth, once the manager's returns equal the investor returns, the split reverses, with the manager taking a lower (often 20%) share and the investors taking the higher (often 80%) share. All manager returns above the returns from the manager's initial contribution are "carry" or "carried interest."


title: Carried interest

text: Private equity funds distribute carried interest to managers and other investors only upon a successful exit from an investment, which may take years. In a hedge fund environment, carried interest is usually referred to as a "performance fee" and because it invests in liquid investments, it is often able to pay carried interest annually if the fund has generated a profit. This has implications for both the amount and timing of the taxes on the interest.


title: Carried interest

text: Historically, carried interest has served as the primary source of income for manager and firm in both private equity and hedge funds. Both funds also tend to have an annual management fee of 1% to 2% of assets under management per year. The management fee covers the costs of investing and managing the fund. The management fee, unlike the 20% carried interest, is treated as ordinary income in the United States. As the sizes of both private equity and hedge funds have increased, management fees have become a more meaningful portion of the value proposition for fund managers as evidenced by the 2007 initial public offering of the Blackstone Group.


title: Carried interest

text: Private equity carried interest is treated as a long-term capital gain for tax purposes in many jurisdictions. Long-term capital gains are returns on financial and other investments that have been held for a certain statutorily determined amount of time before being sold. They are taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income to promote investment. The long time horizons of funds allow their returns, including the manager's carried interest, to typically qualify as long-term capital gains. A manager's carried interest can be categorized as capital gains even if the return on the manager's initial investment is higher than the total rate of return for the asset.


title: Carried interest

text: Furthermore, taxes on the increase in value of an investor or manager's share of the fund are not due until a realization event occurs, most commonly the sale of an investment.


title: Carried interest

text: Treatment of active partners' return on investment as capital gains in the United States originated in the oil and gas industry of the early 20th century. Oil exploration companies, funded by financial partners' investments, explored and developed hydrocarbon resources. The profits generated were split between the explorers and the investors. The explorers' profits were subject to favorable capital gains treatment alongside the investors. The logic was that the non-financial partner's "sweat equity" was also an investment, since it entailed the risk of loss if the exploration was unsuccessful.


title: Carried interest

text: Taxes on carried interest are deferred until a realization event due to the difficulties of measuring the present value of an interest in future profits. The Internal Revenue Service affirmed this approach in 1993 as a general administrative rule, and again in regulations proposed in 2005.


title: Carried interest

text: Carried interest is tax advantaged in several other ways as well. Private equity and hedge funds are usually structured as legal partnerships or other pass-through entities for tax purposes, which reduces taxes at the entity level as compared to corporations. That said, investment managers are still taxed on the pass-through income on their individual tax returns. Private equity funds also benefit from the interest deduction although this benefit decreased significantly in 2017 due to changes in the tax law.


title: Carried interest

text: The implication of treating private equity carried interest as capital gains is that investment managers face significantly lower tax burdens than others in similar income brackets. As of 2021, the maximum long-term capital gains rate (including the net investment income tax) is 23.8% compared to the maximum 37% ordinary income rate. This has generated significant criticism.


title: Carried interest

text: Critics of the carried interest system (as opposed to critics of the broader tax systems that affect private equity) primarily object to the ability of the manager to treat most of their return as capital gains, including amounts above and beyond the amount directly related to the capital contributed by the manager. Critics characterize this as managers taking advantage of tax loopholes to receive what is effectively a salary without paying the 37% marginal ordinary income tax rate. However, some feel this criticism is not appropriate for small businesses that are not blind pools as the manager did risk capital prior to the partnership formation. This controversy has been ongoing since the mid-2000s and has increased as the growth in assets under management by private equity and hedge funds has driven up manager compensation. , the carried interest tax regime's total tax benefit for private equity partners is estimated to be from $2 billion to $16 billion per year.


title: Carried interest

text: On June 22, 2007, U.S. Representative Sander M. Levin (D-MI) introduced , which would have eliminated the ability of managers to receive capital-gains tax treatment on their income. On June 27, 2007, Henry Paulson said that altering the tax treatment of a single industry raises tax policy concerns, and that changing the way partnerships in general are taxed is something that should only be done after careful consideration, although he was not speaking only about carried interest. In July 2007 the U.S. Treasury Department addressed carried interest in testimony before the U.S. Senate Finance Committee. U.S. Representative Charles B. Rangel included a revised version of H.R. 2834 as part of the "Mother of All Tax Reform" and the 2007 House extenders package.


title: Carried interest

text: In 2009, the Obama Administration included a line item on taxing carried interest at ordinary income rates in the 2009 Budget Blueprint. On April 2, 2009, Congressman Levin introduced a revised version of the carried interest legislation as . Proposals were made by the Obama Administration for the 2010, 2011, and 2012 budgets.


title: Carried interest

text: Favorable taxation for carried interest generated national interest during the 2012 Republican primary race for president because 31% of presidential candidate Mitt Romney's 2010 and 2011 income was carried interest. Billionaire Warren Buffett, who also benefits from the capital gains system, famously opined that he should not be paying lower taxes than his assistant. On May 28, 2010, the House approved carried interest legislation as part of amendments to the Senate-passed version of . On February 14, 2012, Congressman Levin introduced . On February 26, 2014, House Committee on Ways and Means chairman Dave Camp (R-MI) released draft legislation to raise the tax on carried interest from the current 23.8 percent to 35 percent.


title: Carried interest

text: In June 2015, Levin introduced the Carried Interest Fairness Act of 2015 (H.R. 2889) to tax investment advisers with ordinary income tax rates. some in the private equity and hedge fund industries had been lobbying against changes, being among the biggest political donors on both sides of the aisle. In June 2016 presidential candidate Hillary Clinton said that if Congress were to fail to act, as president she would ask the Treasury Department to use its regulatory authority to end a tax advantage.


title: Carried interest

text: In 2018, under President Donald Trump's administration, tax legislation passed that increased the length of time assets must be held by investment managers in order to qualify for long-term capital gains treatment from one year to three years. The legislation also limited the amount of interest deduction that could be taken to 30% of earnings before interest and taxes. The new rule had many exceptions including excepting the real estate sector. Proposed Treasury guidance in August 2020 tightened certain of these exceptions.


title: Carried interest

text: In 2022, a proposal to narrow the carried interest loophole as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was removed to allow the act to pass, reportedly due to "a last-minute intervention by Senator Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona."


title: Carried interest

text: The Finance Act 1972 provided that gains on investments acquired by reason of rights or opportunities offered to individuals as directors or employees were, subject to various exceptions, taxed as income and not capital gains. This may strictly have applied to the carried interests of many venture-capital executives, even if they were partners and not employees of the investing fund, because they were often directors of the investee companies. In 1987, the Inland Revenue and the British Venture Capital Association (BVCA) entered into an agreement which provided that in most circumstances gains on carried interest were not taxed as income.


title: Carried interest

text: The Finance Act 2003 widened the circumstances in which investment gains were treated as employment-related and therefore taxed as income. In 2003 the Inland Revenue and the BVCA entered into a new agreement which had the effect that, notwithstanding the new legislation, most carried-interest gains continued to be taxed as capital gains and not as income. Such capital gains were generally taxed at 10% as opposed to a 40% rate on income.


title: Carried interest

text: In 2007, the favorable tax rates on carried interest attracted political controversy. It was said that cleaners paid taxes at a higher rate than the private equity executives whose offices they cleaned. The outcome was that the capital-gains tax rules were reformed, increasing the rate on gains to 18%, but carried interest continued to be taxed as gains and not as income.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: Brian Deegan (born May 9, 1974) is an American professional freestyle motocross rider and racing driver.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: Deegan was the first to do a twisting backflip 360 in competition. With a total of 10 medals (two golds and seven bronzes), he is the most decorated Freestyle Motocross rider in X Games history and the only rider to have competed in at least one event in every X Games.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: A co-founder of the Metal Mulisha clothing line, Deegan is one of the most recognizable names in action sports. He earned 10 XG medals in Moto X, before he made the transition to four wheels. In 2010, Deegan earned double silver in Racing and RallyCross. In 2011, he took RallyCross gold and came back to earn bronze in 2012.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: Deegan became a pro supercross rider with Team Moto XXX at age 17. In 1997 at the LA Coliseum, Deegan won the 125cc main and ghost rode his bike across the finish line. This was the beginning of what we know today as Freestyle Motocross.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: In 2004, at the Winter X Games, Deegan crashed while attempting a twisting backflip 360 over a 100 ft snow double, breaking his femur and both wrists. He came back 6 months later to place fourth at the Summer X Games.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: Switching to four wheels in 2009, Deegan ventured into short course off-road racing in the Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series' Unlimited Lites division. He ultimately won the championship over more experienced off-road drivers.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: At the 2010 X Games, Deegan competed in the Rally Car event at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. He finished second behind Tanner Foust after making a wrong turn during the race. He also competed in Rally Car Super Rally, again finishing second behind Tanner Foust.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: In 2011, he won the World Championship race at Crandon International Off-Road Raceway in the Traxxas TORC Series. He also won the Pro Lite Unlimited and Pro 2 class championships in the Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series. In addition, he represented the U.S. with teammate Travis Pastrana in the Race of Champions (ROC) competition held in Germany. ROC is an international competition that invites top drivers from around the world to compete in a series of different racing events.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: In 2012, he debuted the Metal Mulisha Monster truck. Todd LeDuc officially debuted it at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas in January 2012. Deegan drove the truck in Phoenix, Arizona at Chase Field. Deegan also won his second championship in the Pro 2 class of the Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: Deegan raced an OlsbergsMSE Ford Fiesta in the Global RallyCross Championship, earning runner-up in 2012, fourth in 2013 and 12th in 2014. He also continued his Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series career, winning the Pro Light Unlimited championship in 2013 and the Pro 2 championship in 2014. In 2015, Deegan was hired by Chip Ganassi Racing to compete in seven Global Rallycross Championship races in an M-Sport Fiesta along with former professional motocross rider Jeff Ward.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: During a 2005 taping of MTV's "Viva La Bam", Deegan under-rotated a back-flip and suffered a strong impact from the handle bars in his midsection, almost losing his life. He lost a kidney, lacerated his spleen, and lost a significant amount of blood. He now has a long scar down his stomach, that he calls his "zipper", spanning almost his entire abdomen, as a result of the accident. At the end of the episode when it originally aired, Bam dedicated it to Brian. The accident was cut out of the show.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: In 2006, Deegan and Berkela films released a film entitled "Disposable Hero" that follows him through the struggles and rewards that accompany the freestyle motocross sport and lifestyle. Jesse James, Ronnie Faisst, Jeremy Stenberg, Cameron Steele, Chris Ackerman, Nate Adams, and Seth Enslow are a few of the featured cast that talk about Deegan and his life's journeys. The film aired on Spike TV on December 5, 2007.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: He has been on the cover of "Transworld MX" and "Racer X" magazines and has been featured multiple times in "FHM" magazine.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: Deegan was in the Game Boy Advance/Nintendo GameCube/PlayStation 2 video game "Freekstyle". He also appeared in the 2000 game "Supercross" for the PlayStation.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: In addition to supporting riders, the Metal Mulisha has a clothing line and other related merchandise. Deegan also has a toy line called Hevy Hitters distributed in retail locations such as Walmart. Most recently he teamed up with Illektron to create Battlez FMX, a collectible card and dice game featuring Deegan, Todd Potter and Jeremy Lusk.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: He is the former owner of the FMX park, the Compound, which he later sold to Nate Adams. At the 2007 X Games Deegan stated he sometimes regrets selling it.


title: Brian Deegan (motorcyclist)

text: He has been married to Marissa Deegan since 2003. Together, they have three children: Hailie Deegan, who currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Truck Series driving for ThorSports Racing; Haiden, who was recently signed to Team Star Yamaha as a amateur/pro rider; and Hudson, who competes in youth motocross.


title: Hajipur

text: Hajipur (, ) is the headquarters and largest city of Vaishali district of the state of Bihar in India. Hajipur is the 16th most populous city of Bihar, besides being the second-fastest developing city, next to Patna. It had a total population of 1.47 lakh as per census 2011. Vaishali district is ranked 8th among 38 districts in Bihar in terms of growth.


title: Hajipur

text: The city is known for cultivating "Bananas". Patna, is only from Hajipur, with the cities separated by the Ganges river. The metropolitan region of Patna comprises the Patna Regional Development Authority "(PRDA)" area includes Hajipur under Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation. Mahatma Gandhi Setu, one of the longest bridges in the world at links Hajipur to Patna. After Patna, it is the fastest-developing city in Bihar, primarily because of its proximity to Patna. Hajipur lies on the north bank of the Ganga while Patna lies on the south, the Gandhi Setu bridge connects both cities. Another bridge, the Digha–Sonpur Bridge, which crosses the Ganga north-west of Patna, narrows the distance between Hajipur and Patna. There have been plans to expand Patna to "Greater Patna", which would entail absorbing Hajipur and other surrounding towns.


title: Hajipur

text: The area of Hajipur city is spread across . The city is divided into 39 Wards. Hajipur is the only twin city of Patna and lies nearest to the capital and shares most of its government works, headquarters, educational institutions. Being another district headquarters, it is equal to the capital in terms of powers.


title: Hajipur

text: The founder of Hajipur, "Haji Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah's" tomb is now called as "Haji-Pir" and the name of the headquarters of Vaishali district, “Hajipur” has been emerged from the same word.


title: Hajipur

text: In ancient times, Hajipur was known as Ukkacala and was the first village after crossing the Ganga at Patna. The village of Hajipur gained significance, as it was the venue of one of the discourses given by Buddha. Buddha preached the "Cula Gopalaka Sutta", a Middle Length Discourse, here. Along with that, it is also of interest because a portion of Ananda's ashes were enshrined in the town. Ananda, the closest disciple of Buddha, acted as the Buddha's attendant for twenty years and outlived him by several decades. Hajipur is also known for the land of Amrapali.


title: Hajipur

text: In British India, Hajipur was a small town in the Muzaffarpur district situated on the confluence of the Ganges and Gandak. Hajipur features conspicuously in the history of struggles between Emperor Akbar and the rebellious Afghan Karrani rulers of Bengal. In 1912 Bihar and Orissa was divided from the Presidency of Bengal. After independence the city of Hajipur came under state of Bihar which was formed on the linguistic basis.


title: Hajipur

text: Hajipur is the headquarters of Vaishali after its separation from Muzaffarpur district on 12 October 1972. It is located at . It has an average elevation of 46 metres (150 ft). Hajipur is located 10 km from Patna, transversely on the sacred river Ganga and is budding as one of the foremost profit-making and manufacturing region of the state.


title: Hajipur

text: Hajipur city is bounded by the Gandak river in the west and the holy Ganges in the south. A good network of rail, road, and water transport exists in the city, connecting it with other parts of the district as well as state and country. Mahatma Gandhi Setu (5,575 m long, prestressed box culvert type RCC bridge) over river Ganges connects it with Patna, the state capital, while another rail and road bridge over Gandak connects it with Sonepur.


title: Hajipur

text: Hajipur subdivision became home to the Salim Ali—Jubba Sahni Bird Sanctuary(Baraila Lake), which has an area of , established in 1997.


title: Hajipur

text: The plain terrain of the city and its nearby area is famous for banana, litchi, and mango plantations. The region looks green with plants and trees growing in a semi-tropical monsoon climate. However, the months of May–June is hot, and December–January is cold.


title: Hajipur

text: Köppen and Geiger classifies the location as "Csa". The average temperature is 25.8 °C; the hottest month being May with an average temperature of 32.2 °C and the coldest month being January with an average temperature of 17.1 °C. The average temperatures vary by 15.1 °C in a year. The average annual rainfall is 993 mm. The driest month is December, with an average precipitation of 3 mm and the wettest month is July with an average precipitation of 266 mm.


title: Hajipur

text: Culturally and linguistically, Hajipur is similar to that of Patna. As per 2011 census Hajipur city has a population of 147,688, out of which males were 78,047 and females were 69,641. The literacy rate was 76.80 percent, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 82.45%, and female literacy is 70.47%. In Hajipur, 14.15% of the population was under six years of age, a total of 20,899 with 11,090 boys while 9,809 are girls. The sex ratio of 892 females per 1,000 males was lower than the national average of 944 and Child sex ratio of girls is 884 per 1000 boys.


title: Hajipur

text: Residents of Hajipur are referred to by the demonym "Hajipurian". Hindi is the main language of the city, also the official language of the Bihar state but many other languages are spoken too. The native dialect is Maithili, named after Mithila, the ancient name of North Bihar is most widely spoken. English is also spoken by Hajipurians, and other widely spoken dialects and languages include Maithili, Bajjika, Urdu and Angika.


title: Hajipur

text: The economy of Hajipur is largely service orientated, but it also has an agricultural base and industrial sector. As of 2011, service accounts for 55%, industry 9%, and agriculture 35% of the economy of the city.


title: Hajipur

text: There is a dedicated industrial area in Hajipur apart from Export Promotion Park of India, Hajipur—"(EPIP)", maintained by "Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority—(BIADA)" in an area of 150 acres where many Big Brands of FMCG & Agro-based companies like Pepsico, Britannia, HUL, Godrej, Anmol, Sudha, Wayss Ice Cream, Bansal, Treat, Avon Cycle, etc. have their manufacturing units. There are several upcoming construction projects from private and public sectors with three new bridges connecting to Patna. The Export Promotion Industrial Park, is a multiple-product export processing zone in East India developed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Government of Bihar and by the administrative body BIADA located in Hajipur, In the administrative Vaishali district, has of land with modern infrastructure.


title: Hajipur

text: The Ramchaura Mandir is a Hindu Temple in the city of Hajipur, Bihar. Dedicated to Lord Ram. As per local folklore, it is said to have been in existence since the Ramayana period and Shri Ram is believed to have visited this place on his way to Janakpur, where his footprints are worshiped. The Ramchaura Mandir has a tradition of celebrating Rama Navami, on the birth anniversary of Shri Rama. A small fair is also organised on the eve of Rama Navami. Archeological objects excavated from Ramchaura are kept at the Patna Museum.


title: Hajipur

text: Dedicated to Lord Shiva, Pataleshwar Mandir is located at Hajipur. Since, the ancient period Shiva is believed to be in the form of Lingam here. The worship of the Shiva-Linga originated from the famous hymn in the Atharva-Veda Samhita sung in praise of the Yupa-Stambha.


title: Hajipur

text: It is considered one of the main ghats of Ganga—Gandak, where worshiping and cremation has been performed for centuries. This ghat received its name based on an ancient legend. According to this legend, "The famous fight of Gaja (elephant)-Graah (crocodile), which is well covered in Indian scriptures, is the reason behind people asking -kaun haara. Hence the name- Kaunhara ghat. Scriptures tell that Lord Vishnu had to interfere in the fight to save his devotee Gajaraj, who was being drowned by a crocodile. Both Gaja and Graah were gandharvas. But due to some curse, they became Gaja and Graah. Lord Vishnu killed Graah to give him instant salvation, and saved the life Of Gajaraj." The depiction of fighting Gaja—Graah is an emblem for the city and is prominently shown on the Hajipur railway station's dome and other notable places.


title: Hajipur

text: Jami Masjid is one of the states' oldest mosques erected in 1587 AD during the Mughal rule by Makhsus Shah, the contemporary governor of Bihar Sharif according to Akbarnamah. The remarkable monument is a spectacular example of Indo-Persian architecture, the central dome being larger than the others.


title: Hajipur

text: Located opposite Hajipur is a place of Sonepur where the forty-night-long Sonepur Cattle Fair is held every year starting from Kartik full moon day. The place goes lively at the onset of winter with the mass holy deep in river Gandak by Hindu at Kaun—haara Ghat. Being claimed as the biggest animal fair in Asia. Government of Bihar's Department of Rural Development, Department of Agriculture organises training and exhibitions. The visitors can stay in hotels at Hajipur or they can hire luxury Swiss cottages erected on sand dunes beside river Gandak. The tent and cottages are provided by Department of State Tourism.


title: Hajipur

text: The ancient village of Vaishali is located 35 km North—West of Hajipur. The place can be reached by road and offers many archaeological places to see which includes Buddha Stupa, Pillars of Ashoka, Abhishek Puskarani (coronation Tank of Vajjika rulers). Vaishali Mahotsava is held every year on Baisakh Purnima "(Full Moon Day of 1st Hindu Month)" during mid-April to celebrate the birth anniversary of 24th Jain Tirthankar—Mahavir who was born here in the village Kundalpur, 4 km from Vaishali. The soil of this land is blessed by the visit of Buddha twice during the 3rd century BC.


title: Hajipur

text: Raj Narain College, Jamuni Lal College, Deo Chand College, Vaishali Mahila College, Intermediate Women's College, Chaurasia Raj Kishore College, JaiPrakash Evening Intermediate College, Maitreya College of Education and Management, Licchavi College of Teacher's Training, Maa Tara Institute of Health technology and Management, R.S. Sharda Devi Education College, Bihar College of Education, Bihar Industrial Training Centre, District Institute of Education and Training.


title: Hajipur

text: Schools in Hajipur are either government run schools or private schools . The schools are affiliated to Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB), the All-India Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. Hindi and English are the primary languages of instruction. Some top Schools are — G.A Inter School, Kendriya Vidyalaya, St. Paul's High School, St. Georgia Girl's School, Indian Public School, Surajdeo Memorial School, Delhi Public School.


title: Hajipur

text: Hajipur city has a modern railway zonal office. It is the headquarters of the East Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways. Hajipur Junction is directly connected to most of the major cities in India. Public transportation is provided for by buses, auto rickshaws and local trains. BSRTC has started city bus service on Hajipur via Patna. Luxury bus service in Hajipur running via NH-31 connects several neighbouring cities is provided by the Bihar State Road Transport Corporation. Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transportation. App based cab service is available.


title: Hajipur

text: Asia's longest river bridge, the Mahatma Gandhi Setu (built 1982), is in Hajipur and connects the city to Patna across the Ganga. The four lane prestressed RCC bridge was commissioned into service during the year 1982. Travellers get an enthralling experience and panoramic view of lush green banana plantations.


title: Hajipur

text: The city is primarily served by Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport, Patna (PAT) - which is just 21.2 km (13.2 miles) SW or an hour drive from Hajipur.


title: Hajipur

text: Hajipur is connected to other parts of India through national and state highways. Hajipur is well connected with roads to various major cities of Bihar like Patna, Sonpur, Vaishali, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, and Chhapra. The major highways are-


title: Hajipur

text: Hindi and English newspapers are easily available in the city, including "Dainik Jagran, Hindustan, Prabhat Khabar, Dainik Bhaskar, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Economic Times and The Indian Express". There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid Inext.


title: Hajipur

text: TV programming is provided by regional news channels like Zee Bihar, Kashish News, Sahara Samay Channel, News18 Bihar, DD Bihar. There are several news programmes broadcast by local cable operators in city areas and all renowned channels are broadcast in each corner of the city areas.


title: Hajipur

text: Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited. The city gets electricity from North Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited which is controlled by Bihar State Electricity Board.


title: Hajipur

text: Direct–to–home (DTH) is available via DD Free Dish, Airtel digital TV, Dish TV, Tata Play, d2h, Sun Direct and Independent TV and all Cable operators.


title: Hajipur

text: Hajipur has its own home network of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Both Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile services are available. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service. Among private enterprises, Bharti Airtel, Reliance Jio, Vodafone Idea and Tata Teleservices are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: The Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is a vendor-neutral link layer protocol used by network devices for advertising their identity, capabilities, and neighbors on a local area network based on IEEE 802 technology, principally wired Ethernet. The protocol is formally referred to by the IEEE as "Station and Media Access Control Connectivity Discovery" specified in IEEE 802.1AB with additional support in IEEE 802.3 section 6 clause 79.


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: LLDP performs functions similar to several proprietary protocols, such as Cisco Discovery Protocol, Foundry Discovery Protocol, Nortel Discovery Protocol and Link Layer Topology Discovery.


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: Information gathered with LLDP can be stored in the device management information base (MIB) and queried with the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) as specified in RFC 2922. The topology of an LLDP-enabled network can be discovered by "crawling" the hosts and querying this database. Information that may be retrieved include:


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: The Link Layer Discovery Protocol may be used as a component in network management and network monitoring applications.


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: One such example is its use in data center bridging requirements. The (DCBX) is a discovery and capability exchange protocol that is used for conveying capabilities and configuration of the above features between neighbors to ensure consistent configuration across the network.


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: LLDP is used to advertise power over Ethernet capabilities and requirements and negotiate power delivery.


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: "Media Endpoint Discovery" is an enhancement of LLDP, known as LLDP-MED, that provides the following facilities:


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: The LLDP-MED protocol extension was formally approved and published as the standard ANSI/TIA-1057 by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in April 2006.


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: LLDP information is sent by devices from each of their interfaces at a fixed interval, in the form of an Ethernet frame. Each frame contains one LLDP Data Unit (LLDPDU). Each LLDPDU is a sequence of type–length–value (TLV) structures.


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: The Ethernet frame used in LLDP typically has its destination MAC address set to a special multicast address that 802.1D-compliant bridges do not forward. Other multicast and unicast destination addresses are permitted. The EtherType field is set to 0x88cc.


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: Each LLDP frame starts with the following mandatory TLVs: "Chassis ID", "Port ID", and "Time-to-Live". The mandatory TLVs are followed by any number of optional TLVs. The frame optionally ends with a special TLV, named "end of LLDPDU" in which both the "type" and "length" fields are 0.


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: Custom TLVs are supported via a TLV type 127. The value of a custom TLV starts with a 24-bit organizationally unique identifier and a 1 byte organizationally specific subtype followed by data. The basic format for an organizationally specific TLV is shown below:


title: Link Layer Discovery Protocol

text: According to IEEE Std 802.1AB, §9.6.1.3, "The Organizationally Unique Identifier shall contain the organization's OUI as defined in IEEE Std 802-2001." Each organization is responsible for managing their subtypes.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The digastric muscle (also digastricus) (named "digastric" as it has two 'bellies') is a small muscle located under the jaw. The term "digastric muscle" refers to this specific muscle. However, other muscles that have two separate muscle bellies include the suspensory muscle of duodenum, omohyoid, occipitofrontalis.


title: Digastric muscle

text: It lies below the body of the mandible, and extends, in a curved form, from the mastoid notch to the mandibular symphysis. It belongs to the suprahyoid muscles group.


title: Digastric muscle

text: A broad aponeurotic layer is given off from the tendon of the digastric muscle on either side, to be attached to the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone; this is termed the suprahyoid aponeurosis.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The digastricus (digastric muscle) consists of two muscular bellies united by an intermediate rounded tendon.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The two bellies of the digastric muscle have different embryological origins, and are supplied by different cranial nerves.


title: Digastric muscle

text: Each person has a right and left digastric muscle. In most anatomical discussions, the singular is used to refer to a muscle, even when each person actually has two of that muscle—one on the right side, and another on the left. For example, we speak of the deltoid, even though there is one deltoid in each shoulder. Likewise, we speak of the digastric even though there is a right and left digastric muscle.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The posterior belly, longer than the anterior belly, arises from the mastoid notch which is on the inferior surface of the skull, medial to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. It lies posterior to the parotid gland and the facial nerve. The mastoid notch is a deep groove between the mastoid process and the styloid process. The mastoid notch is also referred to as the digastric groove or the digastric fossa.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The digastric muscle stretches between the mastoid process of the cranium to the mandible at the chin, and part-way between, it becomes a tendon which passes through a tendinous pulley attached to the hyoid bone. It originates from the second pharyngeal arch.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The anterior belly arises from a depression on the inner side of the lower border of the mandible called the digastric fossa of mandible, close to the symphysis, and passes downward and backward.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The anterior body is supplied by the trigeminal via the mylohyoid nerve, a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve, itself a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. It originates from the first pharyngeal arch.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The two bellies end in an intermediate tendon which perforates the stylohyoideus muscle, and is held in connection with the side of the body and the greater cornu of the hyoid bone by a fibrous loop, which is sometimes lined by a mucous sheath.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The posterior belly may arise partly or entirely from the styloid process, or be connected by a muscle slip to the middle or inferior constrictor; the anterior belly may be double, or extra slips from this belly may pass to the jaw or mylohyoideus or decussate with a similar slip on opposite side; anterior belly may be absent and posterior belly inserted into the middle of the jaw or hyoid bone.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The tendon may pass in front, more rarely behind the stylohyoideus. The mentohyoideus muscle passes from the body of hyoid bone to chin.


title: Digastric muscle

text: The digastric muscle is involved in any complex jaw action such as speaking, swallowing, chewing and breathing.


title: Digastric muscle

text: If the hyoid is being held in place (by the infrahyoid muscles), it will tend to depress the mandible (open the mouth).


title: Digastric muscle

text: The digastric muscles are present in a variety of animals, specific attachment sites may vary. For example, in the orangutan, the posterior digastric attaches to the mandible rather than the hyoid.


title: Henry Martín

text: Henry Josué Martín Mex (born 18 November 1992) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga MX club América and the Mexico national team.


title: Henry Martín

text: At age 15, Henry Martín played one season in the third division with Itzaes during the Clausura 2008 season. He made 13 league appearances and scored 6 goals.


title: Henry Martín

text: Martín began his professional career in 2013 with his home town club Mérida. He made his professional debut with the first team on 13 July 2013 against Delfines del Carmen, where he was subbed in for José Luis Pineda in the final seconds of the match. He scored his first league goal on 24 August against Zacatepec where the match ended 2–0.


title: Henry Martín

text: Henry transferred to Tijuana for the Apertura 2014 season. He made his Liga MX debut with Tijuana against América on 26 July 2014, almost exactly one year after his career debut. He scored his first goal three days later in a Copa MX match against Zacatepec, where Tijuana won 3–1.


title: Henry Martín

text: On 13 December 2017, Martín joined América, reuniting with former Tijuana coach Miguel Herrera. He also scored on his league debut with the club in a 1–0 away win against Querétaro on 7 January 2018. On 3 February, Martín scored his first career hat-trick in a 5–1 win over Lobos BUAP.


title: Henry Martín

text: As América won the Clausura 2019 Copa MX final against Juárez, he was finished as the tournament's top scorer with 5 goals.


title: Henry Martín

text: On 30 August 2015, Martín received his first call-up by interim head coach Ricardo Ferretti to replace the injured Oribe Peralta. He earned his first cap with Mexico on 4 September in a friendly match against Trinidad and Tobago, playing as starter and eventually subbed-out for Raúl Jiménez in the 59th minute of the match.


title: Henry Martín

text: Martín was called up by Jaime Lozano as one of three over-age reinforcements for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. He won the bronze medal with the Olympic team.


title: Henry Martín

text: In October 2022, Martín was named in Mexico's preliminary 31-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, and in November, he was ultimately included in the final 26-man roster.


title: Henry Martín

text: Henry’s older brother, Freddy, is also a professional footballer who last played as a forward for Liga de Expansión MX club Venados.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: Batman vs. Two-Face is a 2017 American animated direct-to-video superhero film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment and a direct sequel to "". It premiered at the New York Comic Con on October 8, 2017, was released digitally on October 10, and on DVD and Blu-ray on October 17. Based on the 1960s "Batman" television series, the film stars Adam West, Burt Ward and Julie Newmar reprising their roles of Batman, Robin and Catwoman from the series. It was West's final performance as Batman and was released posthumously.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: Batman and Robin meet Gotham District Attorney Harvey Dent at a top-secret demonstration hosted by Professor Hugo Strange. Strange operates a machine called the "Evil Extractor" designed to siphon evil from criminals and store it in a vat. The containment vat explodes, drenching Dent with liquefied evil, which scars half his face and changes his personality, turning him into the Supercriminal "Two-Face". After being thwarted by Batman and Robin a number of times, Harvey is eventually given reconstructive surgery and allowed to resume crimefighting as the assistant to the Assistant District Attorney.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: Six months later, the Dynamic Duo capture King Tut and his henchmen for stealing a biplane. Batman, Robin, Commissioner Gordon and Chief O'Hara interrogate King Tut's alter ego, Prof. McElroy, with O'Hara constantly hitting the professor on the head with his truncheon to switch his personality. At trial, McElroy's lawyer Lucilee Diamond implies that the concussion is no threat to a mild-mannered man. McElroy admits his guilt, ready to suffer the minimum penalty of being rehabilitated in prison. After the sentencing, Dent and Bruce Wayne share a highball just before Dent leaves to attend a charity for underprivileged twins at the Winning Pair casino.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: A package arrives at Commissioner Gordon's office, a World Atlas book marked for Batman, with its pages eaten away in three holes. After investigating Bookworm as a suspect, Batman and Robin deduce that the stolen books were all about duality and their suspicions turn to Two-Face. They head to an abandoned sign factory, with Two-Face and his henchmen waiting for them. After defeating the goons, Two-Face pins them with a large number two and the flip of his coin landing on the right side spares their lives. Once they have left, Batman theorizes that the Rogues' Gallery are uniting against Dent for foiling their criminal schemes.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: Following Dent back to the lab, Robin is ambushed by Two-Face. Professor Strange corrupts him with some of the liquid evil and Batman is forced to fight and subdue Robin. Robin is cured him back at the Batcave and they follow Two-Face to the Winning Pair Casino, where he is revealed to be Dent. Once the Dynamic Duo are strapped to a large silver dollar, Two-Face unmasks Batman and deduces Robin's true identity. He invites several other villains to bid for the knowledge of Batman and Robin's identities.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: With Catwoman's help, Batman and Robin defeat the villains, but Two-Face gets away on the biplane stolen by King Tut, intending to use the evil gas to remake Gotham City in his image. The Dynamic Duo shoot him down and with Batman's help, Dent regains self-control, defeating Two-Face for good as they escape the factory.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: The next morning, Batman and Robin use the Batwing to cure the infected Gothamites. Months later, Dent holds a bachelor auction at Wayne Manor with the Caped Crusader himself as the first bachelor. The first bid comes from Catwoman.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: The film is a sequel to "" and was announced as featuring William Shatner voicing the main antagonist, Two-Face. Despite the death of Batman actor Adam West from leukemia on June 9, 2017, West and Shatner recorded their lines separately with West finishing his lines by October 2016. Burt Ward and Julie Newmar reprised their roles as Robin and Catwoman. Lee Meriwether plays a role that sees her character wear the iconic Catwoman costume as a reference to her performance as Catwoman in the 1966 "Batman" feature film.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: The film included a tribute to the late West after the end credits ("In Loving Memory of Adam West (1928–2017). Rest well, Bright Knight").


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: The score by Lolita Ritmanis, Michael McCuistion & Kristopher Carter was released on October 6, on CD by WaterTower Records as an exclusive with FYE.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: "Batman vs. Two-Face" premiered at the New York Comic Con on October 8, 2017 and was later released digitally on October 10 and on DVD and Blu-ray on October 17.


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: "Batman vs. Two-Face" holds rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews. IGN awarded the film a score of 8.4 out of 10: ""Batman vs. Two-Face" is a worthy entry in the 1966 canon and a fine send-off for the late Adam West". Writing for Starburst Magazine, Nick Blackshaw awarded the film a score of 8 out of 10, saying ""Batman Vs. Two-Face" is a very entertaining piece of animation".


title: Batman vs. Two-Face

text: "Batman vs. Two-Face" earned $300,488 from domestic DVD sales and $823,442 from domestic Blu-ray sales, bringing its total domestic home video earnings to $1,123,930.


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: Sherri J. Tenpenny is an American anti-vaccination activist who supports the disproven hypothesis that vaccines cause autism. An osteopathic physician, she is the author of four books opposing vaccination. A 2015 lecture tour of Australia was canceled due to a public outcry over her views on vaccination, which oppose established scientific consensus. A 2021 Center for Countering Digital Hate analysis concluded that Tenpenny is among the top twelve people spreading COVID-19 misinformation and pseudoscientific anti-vaccine misinformation on social media platforms. She has falsely asserted the vaccines magnetize people and connect them with cellphone towers.


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: Tenpenny graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Toledo in 1980 and received a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree from the Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine in Missouri in 1984. From 1986 to 1998, Tenpenny was the director of the emergency department at Blanchard Valley Hospital in Findlay, Ohio. She opened an osteopathic practice in 1994 and went on to establish two more practices in 1996 and 2011.


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: Tenpenny had scheduled a speaking tour in Australia to occur starting in February 2015, but in January, after objections were raised to her anti-vaccination views, all the venues at which she was scheduled to speak cancelled the talks, and the tour was called off. Tenpenny has been criticized by the Stop The Australian Anti-Vaccination Network for "endangering people's health" and "targeting vulnerable parents".


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: Since 2017, Tenpenny and her business partner, Matthew Hunt, have taught a six-week, $623 course titled "Mastering Vaccine Info Boot Camp" designed to "sow seeds of doubt" regarding public health information. During the course, Tenpenny explains her views on the immune system and vaccines, and Hunt instructs participants on how best to use persuasion tactics in conversation to communicate the information.


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: Tenpenny promotes anti-vaccination videos sold by Ty and Charlene Bollinger and receives a commission whenever her referrals result in a sale, a practice known as affiliate marketing.


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: A Facebook page managed by Tenpenny was deactivated in December 2020 as part of the social network's efforts to reduce the amount of misinformation on the platform. Nevertheless, a March 2021 analysis of Twitter and Facebook anti-vaccine content found Tenpenny to be one of 12 individual and organization accounts producing up to 65% of all anti-vaccine content across several social media platforms. Some of Tenpenny's interviews with anti-vaccination activists and conspiracy theorists have attracted a large audience on Rumble, a video-sharing platform that does not have policies against disinformation.


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: Tenpenny advocated against the use of face coverings as a COVID-19 mitigation tool despite scientific evidence in favor of their effectiveness.


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: In a February 2021 video, Tenpenny claimed that COVID-19 vaccines cause death and autoimmune diseases, saying "Some people are going to die from the vaccine directly, but a large number of people are going to start getting horribly sick and get all kinds of autoimmune diseases, 42 days to maybe a year out." There is no evidence to suggest that COVID-19 vaccines cause autoimmune diseases or death.


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: In an April 2021 BitChute video, Tenpenny reiterated claims that COVID-19 vaccines lack testing and led to long-term health effects. Neither statement contains scientific merit or accuracy. On May 17, 2021, Reuters issued a fact-check refuting Tenpenny's claim that COVID-19 vaccines affect sperm and fertility. The news organization reiterated that there is no scientific evidence to back these false claims.


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: Called by Republicans as an expert witness before a June 2021 hearing of the Ohio House Health Committee, Tenpenny promoted the false claim that COVID-19 vaccines cause people to become magnetized such that metal objects stick to their bodies, adding "There’s been people who have long suspected that there’s been some sort of an interface, yet-to-be-defined interface, between what’s being injected in these shots and all of the 5G towers." The video of her testimony was widely circulated, and in early July 2021 Twitter permanently suspended Tenpenny's account for "violating its COVID-19 misinformation policy". Her YouTube account was removed in September 2021 for breaking the company's policies on COVID-19 misinformation.


title: Sherri Tenpenny

text: As Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, Tenpenny claimed in posts laden with anti-semitic references that this event was manufactured as a distraction to mask new pandemic restrictions. In 2022 she claimed that COVID-19 vaccines will turn people into "transhumanist cyborgs" and that "by the end of 2022, every fully vaccinated person over the age of 30 may have the equivalent of full-blown vaccine-induced immune suppressed AIDS."


title: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: The Academy of Fine Arts Vienna was founded in 1692 as a private academy modelled on the Accademia di San Luca and the Parisien Académie de peinture et de sculpture by the court-painter Peter Strudel, who became the "Praefectus Academiae Nostrae". In 1701 he was ennobled by Emperor Joseph I as "Freiherr" (Baron) of the Empire. With his death in 1714, the academy temporarily closed.


title: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: On 20 January 1725, Emperor Charles VI appointed the Frenchman Jacob van Schuppen as Prefect and Director of the Academy, which was refounded as the "k.k. Hofakademie der Maler, Bildhauer und Baukunst" (Imperial and Royal Court Academy of painters, sculptors and architecture). Upon Charles's death in 1740, the academy at first declined, however during the rule of his daughter Empress Maria Theresa, a new statute reformed the academy in 1751. The prestige of the academy grew during the deanships of Michelangelo Unterberger and Paul Troger, and in 1767 the archduchesses Maria Anna and Maria Carolina were made the first Honorary Members. In 1772, there were further reforms to the organisational structure. In 1776 the engraver Jakob Matthias Schmutzer founded a school of engraving. This Imperial-Royal Academy of Engraving in the Annagasse soon competed with the Court Academy.


title: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: Chancellor Wenzel Anton Kaunitz integrated all existing art academies into the "k.k. vereinigten Akademie der bildenden Künste" (Imperial and Royal Unified Academy of Fine Arts). The word "vereinigten" (unified) was later dropped. In 1822 the art cabinet grew significantly with the bequest of honorary member Anton Franz de Paula Graf Lamberg-Sprinzenstein. His collection still forms the backbone of the art on display.


title: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: In 1872 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria approved a statute making the academy the supreme government authority for the arts. A new building was constructed according to plans designed by the faculty Theophil Hansen in the course of the layout of the Ringstraße boulevard. On 3 April 1877, the present-day building on Schillerplatz in the Innere Stadt district was inaugurated, the interior works, including ceiling frescos by Anselm Feuerbach, continued until 1892. In 1907 and 1908, young Adolf Hitler, who had come from Linz, was twice denied admission to the drawing class. He stayed in Vienna, subsisting on his orphan allowance, and tried unsuccessfully to continue his profession as an artist. Soon he had withdrawn into poverty and started selling amateur paintings, mostly watercolours, for meagre sustenance until he left Vienna for Munich in May 1913 (see also, Paintings by Adolf Hitler).


title: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: During the Austrian "Anschluss" to Nazi Germany from 1938–1945, the academy, like other Austrian universities, was forced to purge its staff and student body of Jews and others that fell under the purview of the Nuremberg Racial Laws. After World War II, the academy was reconstituted in 1955 and its autonomy reconfirmed. Eduard von Josch, the secretary of the Academy, was dismissed for being a member of the NSDAP. The academy has had university status since 1998, but retained its original name. It is currently the only Austrian university without the word "university" in its name.


title: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: The Academy currently has about 900 students, almost a quarter of which are foreign students. Its faculty includes "stars" such as Peter Sloterdijk. Its library houses about 110,000 volumes and its "etching cabinet" ("Kupferstichkabinett") has about 150,000 drawings and prints. The collection is one of the biggest in Austria, and is used for academic purposes, although portions are also open to the general public.


title: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: The Academy of Fine Arts in 1908 is the scene of the early chapters of the 2001 Alternative History novel "The Alternative Hypothesis" ("La part de l'autre") by Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt. It is based on the assumption that had the young Adolf Hitler been accepted he might have become a recognized painter and never entered politics, and never become the dictator of Nazi Germany. The dramatic tension in the book's plot develops from the Academy staff, deliberating whether or not to admit Hitler, thinking of it as an unimportant matter concerning a single unknown student - while the readers are aware that in fact they are deciding the future of the entire world.


title: Pulaski (tool)

text: which combines an axe and an adze in one head. Similar to a cutter mattock, it has a rigid handle of wood, plastic, or fiberglass. The Pulaski is used for constructing firebreaks, able to both dig soil and chop wood. It is also well adapted for trail construction, and can be used for gardening and other outdoor work for general excavation and digging holes in root-bound or hard soil. The axe blade of the Pulaski is the primary cutting edge, while the adze blade is secondary; this is the opposite of the cutter mattock, in which the adze blade is the larger of the two.


title: Pulaski (tool)

text: The invention of the Pulaski is credited to Ed Pulaski, an assistant ranger with the United States Forest Service in 1911. Similar tools were introduced in 1876 by the Collins Tool Company. A tool that serves the same purpose was used in the Alps for over 300 years for planting trees (Wiedehopfhaue) or the dolabra in ancient Rome. Pulaski was famous for taking action to save the lives of a crew of 45 firefighters during the disastrous August 1910 wildfires in Idaho. His invention (or reinvention) of his namesake tool may have been a result of the disaster, as he saw the need for better firefighting tools. Pulaski further refined the tool by 1913, and it came into use in the Rocky Mountain region. In 1920 the Forest Service began contracting for the tool to be commercially manufactured but its use remained regional for some years. The tool became a national standard in the 1930s.


title: Pulaski (tool)

text: An initialed ("E.P.") tool, which purportedly belonged to Pulaski himself, is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution at the Wallace District Mining Museum in Wallace, Idaho.


title: Pulaski (tool)

text: Aside from a knife, the only tool that was issued to the participants in the American reality series "Naked and Afraid" aired March 24, 2019 on the Discovery Channel show was a Pulaski.


title: Haikou

text: Haikou (; ), also spelled as Hoikow is the capital and most populous city of the Chinese province of Hainan. Haikou city is situated on the northern coast of Hainan, by the mouth of the Nandu River. The northern part of the city is on the Haidian Island, which is separated from the main part of Haikou by the Haidian River, a branch of the Nandu. Administratively, Haikou is a prefecture-level city, comprising four districts, and covering . There are 2,046,189 inhabitants in the built-up area, all living within the four urban districts of the city.


title: Haikou

text: Haikou was originally a port city, serving as the port for Qiongshan. During the Chinese Civil War, Haikou was one of the last Nationalist strongholds to be taken by the Communists — with the Battle of Hainan Island in 1950. Currently, more than half of the island's total trade still goes through Haikou's ports. The Temple of the Five Lords is located to the southeast of the city.


title: Haikou

text: The city is home to Hainan University, a comprehensive research university under the Project 211 and the Double First Class University Plan in certain disciplines, which has its main campus on Haidian Island.


title: Haikou

text: The hanzi characters comprising the city's name, , mean "ocean"/"sea" and "mouth"/"port", respectively. Thus, the name "Haikou" is also a word for "seaport" - similar to Portsmouth in Britain. Haikou originally served as the port for Qiongshan, the ancient administrative capital of Hainan island, located some inland to the south east. During its early history Haikou was a part of Guangdong province. In the 13th century it was fortified and became a military post under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The port is located west of the mouth of the Nandu River, Hainan's principal river. When Qiongshan was opened to foreign trade under the Treaty of Tianjin in 1858, Haikou started to rival the old administrative city. It was formerly known internationally as 'Hoihow', based on the Cantonese pronunciation by the British Raj officers. In 1926, Haikou overtook Qiongshan in population and it was declared a separate administrative city.


title: Haikou

text: The city and island of Hainan stayed under the control of the Nationalists until April 1950, when it fell to the Communists during the Landing Operation on Hainan Island.


title: Haikou

text: Since 1949, Haikou has maintained its position as Hainan's main port, handling more than half of the island's total trade. It has replaced Qiongshan as the island's administrative capital. In 1988, Haikou was made a prefecture-level city as well as the capital of the newly created Hainan Province.


title: Haikou

text: Haikou old town contains a small portion of the oldest buildings in Haikou city that returnees from overseas built. The houses are a mixture of styles including Portuguese, French, and Southeast Asian. The streets used to be divided into different areas selling Chinese and western medicine, for silk and bespoke clothes, one for fresh fish and meat, and others for the sale of incense, candles, paper, ink, and other goods.


title: Haikou

text: Various projects are currently under discussion to decide the best way to restore and preserve these historical buildings.


title: Haikou

text: Haikou is situated on the north coast of Hainan Island, by Haikou Bay, facing the Leizhou Peninsula across the Qiongzhou Strait that stretches west from Beibu Bay near Vietnam to the James Shoal bordering the South China Sea to the west. Most of the city is almost completely flat and only a few metres above sea level. It has an area of . The Meishe River winds through the east side of the city flowing northward to the Haidian River.


title: Haikou

text: The northern part of Haikou City, the district of Haidian Island, is separated from the main part of Haikou by the Haidian River, a tributary of the Nandu River. The district is accessed by one of four bridges, the largest being Haikou Century Bridge, which connects the Guomao district with Haidian Island at the estuary of the Haidian River. From east to west the remaining three road connections are provided by the Renmin, Heping and Xinbu Bridges.


title: Haikou

text: Haikou is on the northern edge of the torrid zone, and is part of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. April to October is the active period for tropical storms and typhoons, most of which occur between August and September. May to October is the rainy season with the heaviest rainfall occurring in September. Despite its location south of the Tropic of Cancer, the city has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen "Aw") that closely borders a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cwa").


title: Haikou

text: , Haikou has the second best air quality among major cities nationally, preceded only by Lhasa, Tibet. However, since approximately 2009, due to an increase in the number of automobiles, there has been somewhat worsening air pollution.


title: Haikou

text: According to the 2005 statistical book issued by the National Bureau of Statistics, Haikou scored the highest among China's main cities in air quality, with 366 days (2004) of ambient air quality equal to or above grade II, with only 0.033 milligrams/m of particulate matter (the least of all main cities), 0.003 milligrams/m of sulphur dioxide (only Lhasa had less), and 0.013 milligrams/m of nitrogen dioxide (the least of all main cities).


title: Haikou

text: In 1995, the Haikou city government began an initiative to improve the quality of life for its residents. With the approval of the World Health Organization, and Ministry of Health, a ten-point plan was undertaken to address such issues as:


title: Haikou

text: By 2004, the city had established 43 new community health service centers reaching 85 percent of the population. The initiative has increased the size of Haikou's green spaces to 2,000 hectares, with trees lining 40 percent of its roads. Noise pollution has dropped from 61.1db to 58.2db. 300 public toilets have been built. All industrial effluents, industrial waste water and solid waste, and all live sewage, is now processed through centralized treatment centers, and is disposed of without environmental impact. These improvements and others have increased life expectancy in Haikou to 78.26 years.


title: Haikou

text: Haikou city has also built 163 model ecological villages. Now, over 200,000 villagers in 933 villages have tap water in their homes.


title: Haikou

text: During 2015 and 2016, large-scale city improvements have taken place as part of a province-wide initiative called "double create" (). It is described by government sources as a campaign to create a cleaner city and create a more civilized city. It is focused on traffic and commerce, but has also improved the overall appearance of the city, tackling air pollution from industry emissions, aiming to ensure the safety of drinking water sources, improving public security in such places as hospitals, schools, malls, and visitor attractions. Details of these improvements include:


title: Haikou

text: The treatment of Haikou's wastewater, and the supply of tap water is operated by the French company Veolia Water. The partial privatization agreement gives 49 percent ownership to Veolia Water in a 30-year joint venture with Haikou Water Group (2012 - 2042).


title: Haikou

text: According to the 2010 Census, the prefecture-level city of Haikou has a registered population of 2,046,189 inhabitants, 537,848 more than the population declared on the past census in 2000. The average annual population growth during the period 2000–2010 was of 3.1 percent.


title: Haikou

text: Most of the population of Haikou are Han Chinese (around 97.75 percent, according to the 2010 Census).


title: Haikou

text: Guomao is a relatively affluent area located on the coast between Longquan Road to the east running west for more than one kilometre. The west part of this area has experienced substantial development since about 2007, and now contains dozens of newly built high-rise residential apartment buildings.


title: Haikou

text: This historical area is located on the south side of the Haidian River, at the northern part of mainland Haikou. Much of the area comprises arcade style, dilapidated buildings with European fusion-type architectural facades with Indian and Arabic influences. The buildings are almost all painted white, and are usually no more than a few storeys tall. The eastern part of the area is mainly residential. The western part contains hubs for such items as exotic foods, pets, and fabrics. The building facades and roads have been restored in most of the area, Zhongshan Road being the most notable.


title: Haikou

text: Located on Haidian Island, this area comprises the entire portion of the island west of its main north–south road, Renmin Dadao. It appears similar to a typical student ghetto, containing many small, inexpensive food stands and restaurants.


title: Haikou

text: A new neighbourhood is under development in Xiuying District around seven km west of downtown Haikou. Located within the neighbourhood are Hainan International Convention And Exhibition Center and Wuyuan River Stadium. Also, a number of government offices have moved there and numerous residential apartment complexes are being built.


title: Haikou

text: The GDP per capita was 3,573 in 2008, ranked number 43 among 659 Chinese cities. In 2011, the city's GDP reached 71.3 billion yuan, amounting to about 30 percent of the province's total.


title: Haikou

text: Haikou exports substantial quantities of agricultural produce and livestock. There is a small amount of industry, including canning, textiles, rice hulling, and light engineering.