title: Yes, Madam (1985 film)

text: "Yes, Madam" was released in Hong Kong on 20 November 1985. The film grossed HK$10,019,862 at the box office, becoming the 21st-highest grossing-film of the year in Hong Kong. The popularity of both "Yes, Madam" and "Royal Warriors" lead to a small wave of Hong Kong film companies to make their own films featuring fighting females such as the "In the Line of Duty" and the "Black Cat" film series. The film was released in the Philippines by Asia Films as "The Super Cops" on 28 January 1988.


title: Yes, Madam (1985 film)

text: "Yes, Madam!" was released and re-released under various titles. In the United States, it was first released under the title "Supercops". Along with "Royal Warriors" - another film starring Yeoh, "Yes, Madam" was released under the title "Ultra Force 1" and "Ultra Force 2" respectively in the European market. Elsewhere the film were re-titled "In the Line of Duty" and "In the Line of Duty 2". The "In the Line of Duty" films received several sequels.


title: Yes, Madam (1985 film)

text: "Yes, Madam!" was released under its original title on DVD on 17 November 1998. In 2002, the film was released on DVD under the title "Police Assassins" in the United Kingdom. In Hong Kong, "Yes Madam" was released on Blu-ray on 7 June 2011 by CMS Media Limited. The Blu-ray features both Cantonese and Mandarin language options and English subtitles. The film will be released on Blu-ray in the UK by Eureka Entertainment on 12 December 2022, featuring both original and international cuts remastered in 1080p, the English dub of the original cut remixed in 5.1 surround, and audio commentary and interview with Rothrock.


title: Yes, Madam (1985 film)

text: From retrospective reviews, the BBC gave the film a three star rating, describing the film as "tongue-in-cheek nonsense but fun nonetheless" and praising the fight scenes involving Yeoh and Rothrock. Peter Goddard ("The Toronto Star") stated that despite the lead of Rothrock and Yeoh, the film was still focusing on the male actors. The review commented on Corey Yuen's action choreography, describing it as "slick" and "cartoony" but with no "particularly memorable" scenes. In his book "The Hong Kong Filmography, 1977-1997", John Charles gave the film a seven out of ten, opining that "like all D&B genre pictures that followed, the storyline is routine but the action certainly isn't." Both Goddard and Charles highlighted a scene where Michelle Yeoh jumps backwards over a rail and through a plate glass.


title: Elizabeth Bryan Allen

text: In 1925, she appeared in Fred Wall and Ralph Murphy's "The Handyman". "Variety" wrote, "Elizabeth Allen in a role that meant but little was decidedly in character as the small town kid". Don Carle Gillette in "The Billboard" wrote, "Elizabeth Allen gives a natural and neat performance".


title: Elizabeth Bryan Allen

text: In 1926, she appeared in the comedy "Applesauce" at the Morosco Theatre in Los Angeles. Katherine Lipke of "The Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Little Elizabeth Allen, the new ingenue, is from Louisville, Ky., and this fact is revealed in every word she speaks. She has been on the stage but a few years but has been fortunate in appearing in excellent parts in "The Handy Man" and "The Holy Terror"." Allen performed in "Dancing Mothers", "A Family Upstairs" and "Ladies of the Evening" with the Morosco Theatre, where she was a principal actress, in 1926. In 1927, she appeared in "Easy Come, Easy Go". Lipke wrote, "Elizabeth Allen is very funny as a liver patient whose disposition may come from her complaint or may be a natural one. It is hard to recognize pretty Elizabeth in the funny make-up".


title: Elizabeth Bryan Allen

text: Allen met actor Robert Montgomery in 1924 when they appeared in the Broadway play "Dawn". They were married on April 14, 1928 and divorced in 1950, when Allen was granted a divorce on grounds of "mental cruelty". They had three children: Martha, Elizabeth, and Robert Jr. Her sister, Martha-Bryan Allen, was also an actress.


title: Google Dictionary

text: Google Dictionary is an online dictionary service of Google that can be accessed with the ""define"" operator and other similar phrases in Google Search. It is also available in Google Translate and as a Google Chrome extension. The dictionary content is licensed from Oxford University Press's OxfordDictionaries.com. It is available in different languages, such as English, Spanish and French. The service also contains pronunciation audio, Google Translate, a word origin chart, Ngram Viewer, and word games, among other features for the English-language version. Originally available as a standalone service, it was integrated into Google Search, with the separate service discontinued in August 2011.


title: Google Dictionary

text: Microsoft's Bing provides a similar dictionary service that also licenses dictionary data from Oxford Dictionaries. Apple also licenses dictionary data from Oxford for its iOS and macOS products.


title: Google Dictionary

text: The service originated in Google Translate, and was launched as a standalone service (google.com/dictionary) in December 2009. Google displayed definitions from Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary for English until August 2010, when it switched to the Oxford American College Dictionary.


title: Google Dictionary

text: After being integrated into Google Search, the dictionary was discontinued as a separate service on August 5, 2011, and can now be accessed with the "define" operator or by simply searching for a word. The dictionary service is also still available in Google Translate and can be accessed by selecting a single word. Google has also released the service as an extension for Chrome.


title: Google Dictionary

text: , Google licenses dictionary data from OxfordDictionaries.com for multiple languages, including British/American English, Spanish and French.


title: Google Dictionary

text: On Arabic Language Day (December 18) in 2015, Google added an Arabic-language dictionary, available globally, to the service that showed definitions, translations, and example usages of the word in a sentence.


title: Google Dictionary

text: In February 2017, online news website Daily Caller accused Google of changing the definition of the word "fascism" in Google Dictionary. It was later found that the definition was exactly from an external source and was not written by Google.


title: Google Dictionary

text: Google added a Hindi dictionary from Rajpal & Sons licensed via Oxford Dictionaries which also supported transliteration and translation to the service in April 2017.


title: Google Dictionary

text: In July 2017, the dictionary was made directly available by typing "dictionary" in Google Search and additional features such as a search box, autocomplete and search history were also added.


title: Google Dictionary

text: In January 2018, a "Similar-sounding words" feature was added to the English dictionary which highlights words that sound similar such as "aesthetic" and "ascetic", "pray" and "prey", "conscientious" and "conscious" etc. "Google Word Coach" vocabulary game was made available along with dictionary searches and as a separate game on mobile devices in February 2018. In August 2018, Google Search added an English and Hindi dictionary for mobile users in India with an option to switch to the English only dictionary.


title: Google Dictionary

text: A "learn to pronounce" option was added to the English dictionary in December 2018 which shows how a word is pronounced with its non-phonemic pronunciation respelling and audio in different accents (such as British and American) along with an option to slow the audio down, visemes for pronunciations were also added in April 2019.


title: Google Dictionary

text: Google displays dictionaries for the following languages licensed from Oxford Dictionaries which provides data from its own and other published dictionaries.


title: Provinces of Algeria

text: Algeria, since December 18, 2019, is divided into 58 wilayas (provinces). Prior to December 18, 2019, there were 48 provinces. The 58 provinces are divided into 1,541 baladiyahs (municipalities). The name of a province is always that of its capital city.


title: Provinces of Algeria

text: According to the Algerian constitution, a wilaya is a territorial collectivity enjoying economic and diplomatic freedom, the APW, or ""Popular Provincial Parliament/Provincial Popular Parliament"" (the "Assemblée Populaire Wilayale", in French) is the political entity governing a province, directed by the "Wali" (Governor), who is chosen by the Algerian President to handle the APW's decisions, the APW has also a president, who is elected by the members of the APW, which Algerians elect.


title: Provinces of Algeria

text: By 1984 the number of Algerian provinces were fixed at 48 and established the list of municipalities or "communes" attached to each province. In 2019, 10 new provinces were added.


title: Provinces of Algeria

text: The province numbers are the first 31 provinces (see the second section) in Arabic alphabetical order, after the adding of 17 more provinces in 1983 and 10 more in 2019, the old numbering was kept and the 27 provinces created since 1984 have been assigned codes from 32 to 58, in Arabic alphabetical order.


title: Provinces of Algeria

text: The following table presents the list of provinces, showing for each its numerical code, its name (which is at all times the same as the name of the capital city of the province), the number of districts ("dairas"), the number of municipalities, its area, and its population.


title: Provinces of Algeria

text: On 26 November 2019, the Cabinet of Algeria passed a bill to add 10 more provinces, by splitting some of the larger provinces in the south of Algeria into smaller ones. Thus, the following provinces have been added on December 18, 2019:


title: Provinces of Algeria

text: Immediately after independence, Algeria retained its 15 former French départements, which were renamed wilayas (provinces) in 1968, for the most part, with some name changes:


title: Provinces of Algeria

text: During the Algerian War of Independence, the FLN adopted an organizational system divided by 6 numbered "wilayas":


title: Cryin'

text: "Cryin'" is a song by American hard rock band Aerosmith. It was written by Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, and Taylor Rhodes. It was released by Geffen Records on June 20, 1993, as a single from their 11th studio album, "Get a Grip". The single reached number 12 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, ending the year at number 60 overall. The song is one of their most successful hits in Europe, reaching number one in Norway, number three in Iceland, Portugal, and Sweden, and number 17 on the UK Singles Chart. The song went Gold in the United States for selling over 500,000 copies.


title: Cryin'

text: The music video for the song, directed by Marty Callner, features the first of three successive appearances by Alicia Silverstone in the band's videos, the next two being "Amazing" (1993) and "Crazy" (1994). Silverstone was 16 years old when "Cryin'" was filmed. In the video, the band performs in the Central Congregational Church in Fall River, Massachusetts. The video flashes back and forth between the band and Silverstone, who plays a teen who has a falling out with her boyfriend (played by Stephen Dorff) after catching him cheating. She feigns an attempt to kiss him, but instead leans away, annoying him. She then punches him and shoves him out of the car, leaving him in the dust. She begins a phase of rebellion and individuality and gets a navel piercing, which has largely been credited as introducing navel piercing to mainstream culture. After having her purse stolen by another young man (played by then-unknown Josh Holloway of "Lost"), she chases him down and knocks him to the ground. The video then cuts to her standing on the edge of an overpass, contemplating jumping. Her ex-boyfriend arrives on the scene, along with numerous police officers, encouraging her to come down from the bridge. She jumps, but a bungee rope is revealed, arresting her fall and leaving her dangling over the freeway, laughing at Dorff's character. The video ends with the dangling Silverstone looking up and giving Dorff the finger.


title: Cryin'

text: The video was a smash success on MTV, becoming the most requested video in 1993 and earning the band several awards at the Video Music Awards.


title: Regime

text: In politics, a regime (also "régime") is the form of government or the set of rules, cultural or social norms, etc. that regulate the operation of a government or institution and its interactions with society. According to Yale professor Juan José Linz there a three main types of political regimes today: democracies,


title: Regime

text: While the word "régime" originates as a synonym for any type of government, modern usage has given it a negative connotation, implying an authoritarian government or dictatorship. Webster's definition states that the word "régime" refers simply to a form of government, while Oxford English Dictionary defines "regime" as "a government, especially an authoritarian one".


title: Regime

text: Contemporary academic usage of the term "regime" is broader than popular and journalistic usage, meaning "an intermediate stratum between the government (which makes day-to-day decisions and is easy to alter) and the state (which is a complex bureaucracy tasked with a range of coercive functions)." In global studies and international relations, the concept of "regime" is also used to name international regulatory agencies (see International regime), which lie outside of the control of national governments. Some authors thus distinguish analytically between institutions and regimes while recognizing that they are bound up with each other:


title: Regime

text: Regimes can thus be defined as sets of protocols and norms embedded either in institutions or institutionalized practices – formal such as states or informal such as the "liberal trade regime" – that are publicly enacted and relatively enduring.


title: B. J. Ward (actress)

text: Betty Jean Ward (born September 12, 1944) is an American actress. She is the creator and the star of "Stand-Up Opera", a musical one-woman show.


title: B. J. Ward (actress)

text: Ward was first married to Donald Trenner in 1966, they divorced in 1978, but they each remained one another's dearest and closest friends until his death on May 16, 2020.


title: B. J. Ward (actress)

text: She was later married to director Gordon Hunt from 1995 until his death in 2016. Her stepdaughter is actress Helen Hunt.


title: B. J. Ward (actress)

text: She made her debut on the stage in 1960, in the original off-Broadway production of "The Fantasticks", where she was an understudy for the role of Luisa/the Girl. B.J. Ward had gotten the part by calling the producer of the show.


title: B. J. Ward (actress)

text: She toured with the Groundlings for a short while before starting her own voice over career starting with Hanna-Barbera's "Jana of the Jungle" in 1978.


title: B. J. Ward (actress)

text: In 1985, she made a rare film appearance in the TV movie "Malice in Wonderland" alongside Elizabeth Taylor and Jane Alexander.


title: Blazar

text: A blazar is an active galactic nucleus (AGN) with a relativistic jet (a jet composed of ionized matter traveling at nearly the speed of light) directed very nearly towards an observer. Relativistic beaming of electromagnetic radiation from the jet makes blazars appear much brighter than they would be if the jet were pointed in a direction away from Earth. Blazars are powerful sources of emission across the electromagnetic spectrum and are observed to be sources of high-energy gamma ray photons. Blazars are highly variable sources, often undergoing rapid and dramatic fluctuations in brightness on short timescales (hours to days). Some blazar jets exhibit apparent superluminal motion, another consequence of material in the jet traveling toward the observer at nearly the speed of light.


title: Blazar

text: The blazar category includes BL Lac objects and optically violently variable (OVV) quasars. The generally accepted theory is that BL Lac objects are intrinsically low-power radio galaxies while OVV quasars are intrinsically powerful radio-loud quasars. The name "blazar" was coined in 1978 by astronomer Edward Spiegel to denote the combination of these two classes.


title: Blazar

text: In visible-wavelength images, most blazars appear compact and pointlike, but high-resolution images reveal that they are located at the centers of elliptical galaxies.


title: Blazar

text: Blazars are important topics of research in astronomy and high-energy astrophysics. Blazar research includes investigation of the properties of accretion disks and jets, the central supermassive black holes and surrounding host galaxies, and the emission of high-energy photons, cosmic rays, and neutrinos.


title: Blazar

text: In July 2018, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory team traced a neutrino that hit its Antarctica-based detector in September 2017 to its point of origin in a blazar 3.7 billion light-years away. This was the first time that a neutrino detector was used to locate an object in space.


title: Blazar

text: Blazars, like all active galactic nuclei (AGN), are thought to be ultimately powered by material falling onto a supermassive black hole at the center of the host galaxy. Gas, dust and the occasional star are captured and spiral into this central black hole, creating a hot accretion disk which generates enormous amounts of energy in the form of photons, electrons, positrons and other elementary particles. This region is relatively small, approximately 10 parsecs in size.


title: Blazar

text: There is also a larger opaque toroid extending several parsecs from the black hole, containing a hot gas with embedded regions of higher density. These "clouds" can absorb and re-emit energy from regions closer to the black hole. On Earth, the clouds are detected as emission lines in the blazar spectrum.


title: Blazar

text: Perpendicular to the accretion disk, a pair of relativistic jets carries highly energetic plasma away from the AGN. The jet is collimated by a combination of intense magnetic fields and powerful winds from the accretion disk and toroid. Inside the jet, high energy photons and particles interact with each other and the strong magnetic field. These relativistic jets can extend as far as many tens of kiloparsecs from the central black hole.


title: Blazar

text: All of these regions can produce a variety of observed energy, mostly in the form of a nonthermal spectrum ranging from very low-frequency radio to extremely energetic gamma rays, with a high polarization (typically a few percent) at some frequencies. The nonthermal spectrum consists of synchrotron radiation in the radio to X-ray range, and inverse Compton emission in the X-ray to gamma-ray region. A thermal spectrum peaking in the ultraviolet region and faint optical emission lines are also present in OVV quasars, but faint or non-existent in BL Lac objects.


title: Blazar

text: The observed emission from a blazar is greatly enhanced by relativistic effects in the jet, a process called relativistic beaming. The bulk speed of the plasma that constitutes the jet can be in the range of 95%–99% of the speed of light, although individual particles move at higher speeds in various directions.


title: Blazar

text: The relationship between the luminosity emitted in the rest frame of the jet and the luminosity observed from Earth depends on the characteristics of the jet. These include whether the luminosity arises from a shock front or a series of brighter blobs in the jet, as well as details of the magnetic fields within the jet and their interaction with the moving particles.


title: Blazar

text: A simple model of beaming illustrates the basic relativistic effects connecting the luminosity in the rest frame of the jet, "S", and the luminosity observed on Earth, "S": "S" is proportional to "S" × "D", where "D is" the doppler factor.


title: Blazar

text: Consider a jet with an angle to the line of sight θ = 5° and a speed of 99.9% of the speed of light. The luminosity observed from Earth is 70 times greater than the emitted luminosity. However, if θ is at the minimum value of 0° the jet will appear 600 times brighter from Earth.


title: Blazar

text: Relativistic beaming also has another critical consequence. The jet which is not approaching Earth will appear dimmer because of the same relativistic effects. Therefore, two intrinsically identical jets will appear significantly asymmetric. In the example given above any jet where θ > 35° will be observed on Earth as less luminous than it would be from the rest frame of the jet.


title: Blazar

text: A further consequence is that a population of intrinsically identical AGN scattered in space with random jet orientations will look like a very inhomogeneous population on Earth. The few objects where θ is small will have one very bright jet, while the rest will apparently have considerably weaker jets. Those where θ varies from 90° will appear to have asymmetric jets.


title: Blazar

text: This is the essence behind the connection between blazars and radio galaxies. AGN which have jets oriented close to the line of sight with Earth can appear extremely different from other AGN even if they are intrinsically identical.


title: Blazar

text: Many of the brighter blazars were first identified, not as powerful distant galaxies, but as irregular variable stars in our own galaxy. These blazars, like genuine irregular variable stars, changed in brightness on periods of days or years, but with no pattern.


title: Blazar

text: The early development of radio astronomy had shown that there are many bright radio sources in the sky. By the end of the 1950s, the resolution of radio telescopes was sufficient to identify specific radio sources with optical counterparts, leading to the discovery of quasars. Blazars were highly represented among these early quasars, and the first redshift was found for 3C 273, a highly variable quasar which is also a blazar.


title: Blazar

text: In 1968, a similar connection was made between the "variable star" BL Lacertae and a powerful radio source VRO 42.22.01. BL Lacertae shows many of the characteristics of quasars, but the optical spectrum was devoid of the spectral lines used to determine redshift. Faint indications of an underlying galaxy—proof that BL Lacertae was not a star—were found in 1974.


title: Blazar

text: The extragalactic nature of BL Lacertae was not a surprise. In 1972 a few variable optical and radio sources were grouped together and proposed as a new class of galaxy: BL Lacertae-type objects. This terminology was soon shortened to "BL Lacertae object", "BL Lac object" or simply "BL Lac". (The latter term can also mean the original individual blazar and not the entire class.)


title: Blazar

text: , a few hundred BL Lac objects were known. One of the closest blazars is 2.5 billion light years away.


title: Blazar

text: Blazars are thought to be active galactic nuclei, with relativistic jets oriented close to the line of sight with the observer.


title: Blazar

text: The special jet orientation explains the general peculiar characteristics: high observed luminosity, very rapid variation, high polarization (compared to non-blazar quasars), and the apparent superluminal motions detected along the first few parsecs of the jets in most blazars.


title: Blazar

text: A Unified Scheme or Unified Model has become generally accepted, where highly variable quasars are related to intrinsically powerful radio galaxies, and BL Lac objects are related to intrinsically weak radio galaxies. The distinction between these two connected populations explains the difference in emission line properties in blazars.


title: Blazar

text: Other explanations for the relativistic jet/unified scheme approach which have been proposed include gravitational microlensing and coherent emission from the relativistic jet. Neither of these explains the overall properties of blazars. For example, microlensing is achromatic. That is, all parts of a spectrum would rise and fall together. This is not observed in blazars. However, it is possible that these processes, as well as more complex plasma physics, can account for specific observations or some details.


title: Blazar

text: Examples of blazars include 3C 454.3, 3C 273, BL Lacertae, PKS 2155-304, Markarian 421, Markarian 501 and S5 0014+81. Markarian 501 and S5 0014+81 are also called "TeV Blazars" for their high energy (teraelectron-volt range) gamma-ray emission.


title: Blazar

text: In July 2018, a blazar called TXS 0506+056 was identified as source of high-energy neutrinos by the IceCube project.


title: Lisa Vidal

text: Lisa Vidal (born June 13, 1965) is an American actress of Puerto Rican heritage. She starred in the Lifetime crime drama series "The Division" (2001–2004) and BET drama series "Being Mary Jane" (2013–2019). Vidal also starred in the short-lived series include "High Incident" (1996–97) and "The Event" (2010–11), and had major recurring roles on "Third Watch" (1999–2001), and "ER" (2001–04).


title: Lisa Vidal

text: Vidal was born in Whitestone, Queens, the daughter of Josie, a secretary, and Manny Vidal, a tax consultant and businessman. Her parents moved from Puerto Rico and settled in Manhattan, where Vidal and her two sisters Christina and Tanya were born. She also has a brother named Christian. After Vidal finished her elementary education, she auditioned and was accepted in the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School. When she graduated, Vidal went to work with La Familia Theater Company, alongside Raul Julia and Julia Roberts. Vidal was 14 years old when she acted in the theatre series "Oye Willie" and later on made her feature debut with a small role in "Delivery Boys". Soon, she was working in television with parts in shows such as "The Cosby Show".


title: Lisa Vidal

text: In 1992, Vidal appeared in the crime drama film "Night and the City" alongside Robert De Niro and Jessica Lange, directed by Irwin Winkler. She starred alongside Lauren Vélez and Rita Moreno in the 1994 comedy-drama film "I Like It Like That". From 1994–1995, she appeared in "New York Undercover" in a recurring role as a reporter named Carmen. In the series she was sister to Det. Eddie Torres, played by Michael DeLorenzo. In 1995, she did some Off-Broadway and worked in "The Commish". Vidal has also appeared in number of other films, such as "Mighty Aphrodite" (1995), "The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit" (1998) and "Chasing Papi" (2003). She played a leading role in the 2007 psychological horror film "Dark Mirror".


title: Lisa Vidal

text: Vidal was series regular in the ABC police drama "High Incident" (1995–1996), and on "The Brian Benben Show" in 1998, and later had major recurring roles on "Third Watch" from 1999–2001 as Dr. Sarah Morales, and "ER" from 2001–2004 as firefighter Sandy Lopez. From 2001 to 2004, Vidal starred opposite Bonnie Bedelia in the Lifetime drama series "The Division", for which she received the 2002 nomination for the ALMA Award in the Best Actress Category. In 2006, she had a brief role in the short-lived action series "Smith", as one of the federal agents looking for Ray Liotta's group of thieves. In 2010 she starred in NBC drama "The Event" playing the First Lady of the United States. Vidal also starred in a number of made-for-television movies, including "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three" (1998), "Naughty or Nice" (2004), and "Odd Girl Out" (2005).


title: Lisa Vidal

text: In 2013, Vidal began starring opposite Gabrielle Union in the BET drama series "Being Mary Jane", playing the role of Kara Lynch: the executive producer of Mary Jane show. The series ended in 2017, and in 2019 BET released a two-hour film finale. From 2015 to 2017, she also had a recurring role in the Fox comedy-drama series "Rosewood". Vidal also guest-starred on "American Horror Story", "Shameless" and "Chicago P.D". In 2020, Vidal was cast as Mari Garcia, the lead character’s mother, in ABC romantic comedy-drama series "The Baker and the Beauty".


title: Lisa Vidal

text: Vidal has been married to real estate agent Jay Cohen since 1990 and had two sons, Scott (1992–2021) and Max (b. 1998) and daughter Olivia-Taylor (b. 2003). The family lives in Los Angeles. She previously owned a children's clothing store called "Oodles" in Studio City, Los Angeles, California, but it has since been closed. Vidal is a breast cancer survivor.


title: Cambric

text: Cambric or batiste, is a fine dense cloth. It is a lightweight plain-weave fabric, originally from the commune of Cambrai (in present-day northern France), woven greige (neither bleached nor dyed), then bleached, piece-dyed, and often glazed or calendered. Initially it was made of linen; from the 18th and 19th centuries the term came to apply to cotton fabrics as well. Chambray is the same type of fabric, with a coloured (often blue or grey) warp and white filling; the name "chambray" replaced "cambric" in the United States in the early 19th century.


title: Cambric

text: Cambric is a finely woven cloth with a plain weave and a smooth surface appearance, the result of the calendering process. It may be made of linen or cotton. The fabric may be dyed any of many colours.


title: Cambric

text: Batiste is a kind of cambric; it is "of similar texture, but differently finished, and made of cotton as well as of linen". Batiste also may be dyed or printed. "Batiste" is the French word for cambric, and some sources consider them to be the same, but in English, they are two distinct fabrics.


title: Cambric

text: Chambray, though the same type of fabric as cambric, has a coloured warp and a white weft, though it may be "made from any colour as you may wish, in the warp, and also in the filling; only have them differ from each other."


title: Cambric

text: Chambray differs from denim in that "chambray's warp and weft threads will alternate one over the other, while denim’s warp thread will go over two threads in the weft before going under one." As a result, the colour of chambray cloth is similar front and back, while the reverse side of denim is lighter in colour.


title: Cambric

text: The term "cambric cloth" also applies to a stiff, usually black, open-weave cloth typically used for a dust cover on the bottom of upholstered furniture.


title: Cambric

text: Cambric was originally a kind of fine, white, plain-weave linen cloth made at or near Cambrai. The word comes from "Kameryk" or "Kamerijk", the Flemish name of Cambrai, which became part of France in 1677. The word is attested since 1530. It is a synonym of the French word "batiste", itself attested since 1590. "Batiste" itself comes from the Picard "batiche", attested since 1401 and derived from the old French "battre" for bowing wool. The modern form "batiste", or "baptiste", comes from a popular merge with the surname Baptiste, pronounced "Batisse", as indicated by the use of the expressions "thoile batiche" (1499) and "toile de baptiste" (1536) for the same fabric. The alleged invention of the fabric, around 1300, by a weaver called Baptiste or Jean-Baptiste Cambray or Chambray, from the village of Castaing in the peerage of Marcoing, near Cambrai, has no historic ground. Cambric was a finer quality and more expensive than lawn (from the French "laune", initially a plain-weave linen fabric from the city of Laon in France). Denoting a geographic origin from the city of Cambrai or its surroundings ("Cambresis" in French), cambric is an exact equivalent of the French "cambrésine" (), a very fine, almost sheer white linen plain-weave fabric, to be distinguished from "cambrasine", a fabric comparable to the French lawn despite its foreign origin. Cambric is also close to chambray () from a French regional variant of "Cambrai", a name which "also comes from Cambrai, the French city, where the material was originally made of linen yarn". Chambray (also spelled "chambrai") appears in North American English in the early 19th century. Though the term generally refers to a cotton plain weave with a coloured warp and a white weft, close to gingham, "silk chambray" seems to have coexisted. Chambray was often produced during this period by the same weavers producing gingham.


title: Cambric

text: White linen cambric or batiste from Cambrai, noted for its weight and lustre, was "preferred for ecclesiastical wear, fine shirts, underwear, shirt frills, cravats, collars and cuffs, handkerchiefs, and infant wear". Technical use sometime introduced a difference between cambric and batiste, the latter being of a lighter weight and a finer thread count.


title: Cambric

text: In the 18th century, after the prohibition of imports into England of French cambrics, with the development of the import of Indian cotton fabrics, similar cotton fabrics, such as nainsook, from the Hindi "nainsukh" ("eyes' delight"), became popular. These fabrics, initially called Scotch cambrics to distinguish them from the original French cambrics, came to be referred to as cotton cambrics or batistes. Some authors increased the confusion with the assumption the word batiste could come from the Indian fabric "bastas".


title: Cambric

text: In the 19th century, the terms cambric and batiste gradually lost their association with linen, implying only different kinds of fine plain-weave fabrics with a glossy finish. In 1907, a fine cotton batiste had 100 ends per inch in the finished fabric, while a cheap-grade, less than 60. At the same time, with development of an interest in coloured shirts, cambric was also woven in colours, such as the pink fabric used by Charvet for a corsage, reducing the difference between cambric and chambray. Moreover, the development and rationalization of mechanical weaving led to the replacement, for chambray, of coloured warp and white weft by the opposite, white warp and coloured weft, which allowed for longer warps.


title: Cambric

text: The English folk song ballad "Scarborough Fair" has the lyric in the second verse "Tell her to make me a cambric shirt / Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme / Sewn without seams or fine needlework, / Then she'll be a true love of mine."


title: Cambric

text: It also appears in the David Bowie song, "Come and Buy My Toys" in the lyrics, "You shall own a cambric shirt, you shall work your father's land."


title: Cambric

text: In the Andrzej Sapkowski Witcher novel, "The Last Wish", Renfri described her privileged upbringing, referring to "...dresses, shoes. Cambric knickers. Jewels and trinkets..." as if suggesting that the cambric material was an indication of the fabric's high quality.


title: Cambric

text: In Agatha Christie's novel "Murder on the Orient Express", a cambric handkerchief with an H monogram is one of the clues in the murder.


title: Samuel Larsen

text: Samuel Peter Acosta Larsen (born August 28, 1991) is an American actor and singer. On August 21, 2011, Larsen won the reality competition program "The Glee Project" on the Oxygen network, which led to his having a recurring role as Joe Hart on the Fox television show "Glee". Larsen was also a member of the band Bridges I Burn.


title: Samuel Larsen

text: Larsen was born in San Francisco, to Henrik and Lupe Acosta Larsen. His father is from Denmark and his mother from Mexico. Larsen has an older brother, Manolo Acosta, and a sister named Morgan. As a young boy, Larsen played drums, bass, guitar and keyboards. He graduated from Murrieta Valley High School in 2009. In his sophomore year, he became vocalist and guitarist of the school band "15 North" and the band performed in festivals.


title: Samuel Larsen

text: In 2010, Larsen auditioned in season 9 of "American Idol" but was cut after making it to Hollywood, failing to make it to the semi-finals. After doing some runway modeling for fashion designer Ashton Michael, he met his soon-to-be bandmate Skip Arnold during a runway show, moved to Los Angeles busking and applied to "The Glee Project". Meanwhile, Larsen and Skip Arnold formed the band "Bridges I Burn" and soon a third member, Salvatore Spinelli, joined them. Larsen writes and performs most of his music. He spent some time touring with the rock band Palaye Royale in 2017–2018. He auditioned for the role of Sam Evans on "Glee" but did not get the part, which went to Chord Overstreet.


title: Samuel Larsen

text: His first "Glee" appearance was on the thirteenth episode of the third season, titled "Heart", as Joe Hart, a formerly home-schooled Christian. During that episode he performed in two songs: Gym Class Heroes' "Stereo Hearts", and a mashup of The Association's "Cherish" and Madonna's "Cherish". Although his prize for having won "The Glee Project" was seven episodes, he appeared in each of the final ten episodes of "Glee" third season. In addition, he appeared as a mentor for "The Glee Project" second season, appeared in 12 episodes in "Glee" fourth season, and appeared twice in the final season.


title: Samuel Larsen

text: In July 2018, Larsen was cast as Zed Evans in the film adaptation of Anna Todd's bestselling novel "After". The film was released on 12 April 2019. Larsen plays the role again in its 2020 sequel "After We Collided".


title: Satellaview

text: The is a satellite modem peripheral produced by Nintendo for the Super Famicom in 1995. Containing 1 megabyte of ROM space and an additional 512 kB of RAM, Satellaview allowed players to download games, magazines, and other media through satellite broadcasts provided by Japanese company St.GIGA. Its heavy third-party support included Squaresoft, Taito, Konami, Capcom, and Seta. To use Satellaview, players purchased a special broadcast satellite (BS) tuner directly from St.GIGA or rented one for a six-month fee, and paid monthly subscription fees to both St.GIGA and Nintendo. It attaches to the expansion port on the bottom of the Super Famicom.


title: Satellaview

text: Satellaview is the result of a collaboration between Nintendo and St.GIGA, the latter known in Japan for its "Tide of Sound" nature sound music. By 1994, St.GIGA was struggling financially due to the Japanese Recession affecting the demand for its music; Nintendo initiated a "rescue" plan by purchasing a stake in the company. Satellaview was produced by Nintendo Research & Development 2, the same team that designed the Super Famicom, and was made for a more adult-oriented market. By 1998, Nintendo's relationship with St.GIGA was beginning to collapse due to St.GIGA's refusal of a debt-management plan and failure to secure a government broadcasting license. Nintendo withdrew support for Satellaview in March 1999, with St.GIGA continuing to supply content until June 30, 2000, when it was fully discontinued.


title: Satellaview

text: Consumer adoption of Satellaview was complicated by the rise of technologically superior fifth-generation consoles such as the Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and Nintendo 64, and by Satellaview's high cost, especially due to its exclusive availability via mail order and specific electronic store chains. However, St.GIGA reported more than 100,000 subscribers by March 1997. Retrospectively, Satellaview has been praised by critics for its technological accomplishments and its overall library quality, particularly of the "Legend of Zelda" series. In recent years, it has gained a strong cult following due to much of its content being deemed lost media, with video game preservation groups recovering and hosting its games and other services online.


title: Satellaview

text: Founded in early 1990, St.GIGA was a satellite radio subsidiary of the Japanese satellite television company WOWOW, Inc, based in Akasaka, Tokyo. Credited as the world's first digital satellite radio station, it was maintained by Hiroshi Yokoi and best known for its "Tide of Sound" broadcasts, which were high-quality digital recordings of nature sounds accompanied by a spoken word narrator known as the "Voice". The company was initially a success, and is recognized for its innovative concept and nonstandard methodology. It later began releasing albums featuring its own music as well as foreign music such as Hearts of Space and various compositions by Deep Forest, and various pieces of merchandise such as program guides and "sound calendars". By 1994, St.GIGA struggled financially due to the Japanese Recession reducing consumer spending on ambient music and satellite systems. Nintendo purchased a 19.5% stake in St.GIGA in May, as a way to "rescue" the company and help to successfully restructure it.


title: Satellaview

text: Satellaview development began shortly after the acquisition, reportedly in production alongside the Virtual Boy and Nintendo 64. While Nintendo was producing the peripheral, St.GIGA revamped its broadcasting schedule to include a new programming block, the "Super Famicom Hour" providing gameplay tips and news for Nintendo's upcoming Super Famicom games. St.GIGA would provide the necessary satellite and broadcasting services, and host many of its older music and "Tide of Sound" broadcasts, and Nintendo and other third-party developers would create games and other content for the service. Nintendo stressed to video game publications that much of Satellaview's content, specifically St.GIGA broadcasts, were primarily for adults, with video games constituting only a small portion of airtime.


title: Satellaview

text: Nintendo officially announced Satellaview on December 21, 1994, at a retail price of , or . Several third-party developers, such as Capcom, Taito, Konami, Seta, and Squaresoft, then announced plans to produce Satellaview games. The peripheral was designed by Nintendo Research & Development 2, the same team that had designed the Super Famicom. Though Nintendo was in a slump due to falling Super Famicom game sales and the Virtual Boy's failure, its management remained confident in Satellaview's success and would help calm any consumer concerns; company president Hiroshi Yamauchi expected to sell roughly 2 million Satellaview units each year. Pre-orders were available beginning February 25, 1995. Broadcasting services for Satellaview launched on April 1, and the peripheral was released on April 24. It was only sold via mail order, instead of being released into stores. Satellaview was never released outside Japan, which some publications cited as being due to expensive costs of digital satellite broadcasting, and due to a supposed lack of appeal to American consumers. When the service first launched, St.GIGA had a number of issues regarding broadcasting video games and video game-related services through the Satellaview service, such as legal issues with other companies and technical restraints of the time. In June 1996, Nintendo announced a potential partnership with Microsoft to release a similar service for Windows, which would combine St.GIGA's broadcasting services with dial-up Internet; this was never launched. By March 1997, St.GIGA reported that Satellaview had 116,378 active users.


title: Satellaview

text: By mid 1998, Nintendo's relationship with St.GIGA began to deteriorate. St.GIGA refused a debt-management plan created by Nintendo to reduce the firm's capital, though having ¥8.8 billion in debt, and had also failed to apply for a government digital satellite broadcasting license by a deadline. This led to Nintendo halting all production of new games and content for the peripheral beginning March 1999, and to cancel content and services via a new BS-4 satellite. St.GIGA continued to supply content for Satellaview, broadcasting reruns of older content and making the service only for video games. Satellaview was fully discontinued on June 30, 2000, due to a severe lack of outside support and a dwindling player base, dropping by nearly 60% from its peak in 1997 to about 46,000 active subscribers. One year later, St.GIGA declared bankruptcy and merged with Japanese media company WireBee, Inc.


title: Satellaview

text: A Satellaview device attaches to the expansion port on bottom of a Super Famicom, similar to the 64DD or the Sega CD. Its power transfer bracket supplies the Super Famicom. The peripheral expands the Super Famicom with 1 MB of ROM space and 512 kB of RAM. A Satellaview device is packaged with a custom four-way AC adapter and AV selector, connecting the console to the required BS tuner. Game and broadcast information is stored on 8 MB memory packs, inserted into the top of a special application cartridge. These memory packs can be rewritten with new content, including by certain Super Famicom games, such as "RPG Maker 2". A vintage user purchased (or rented for six months at ) a BS tuner from St.GIGA, paid monthly fees to St.GIGA and Nintendo, and bought a satellite dish.


title: Satellaview

text: The requisite system cartridge, titled "BS-X: Sore wa Namae o Nusumareta Machi no Monogatari" (commonly translated as "BS-X: The Town Whose Name Was Stolen"), serves as both an interactive menu system and as its own game. The game features an "EarthBound"-like hub world, based on buildings representing each of Satellaview's services. Players can create a custom avatar, purchase items found in stores scattered across the map, play minigames, read announcements by St.GIGA and Nintendo, and participate in contests. The cartridge increases the Super Famicom's hardware performance with extra RAM.


title: Satellaview

text: A total of 114 games were released for Satellaview; some are remakes or updates of older Family Computer and Super Famicom games, and others were created specifically for the service. Nintendo's popular franchises include "Kirby", "F-Zero", "Fire Emblem", "The Legend of Zelda", and "Super Mario Bros." Nintendo's original games include "Sutte Hakkun". "EarthBound" creator Shigesato Itoi designed a fishing game called "Itoi Shigesato no Bass Tsuri No. 1". The previously unreleased "Special Tee Shot", later reworked into "Kirby's Dream Course", was released. Third-party games include Squaresoft's "Radical Dreamers" and "Treasure Conflix", Pack-In-Video's "Harvest Moon", Chunsoft's "Shiren the Wanderer", Jaleco's "Super Earth Defense Force", and ASCII's "Derby Stallion '96". Soundlink games were broadcast with live voice acting by radio personalities and commentators. Unlike other Satellaview games, SoundLink games could only be played on a live schedule. Nintendo often held tournaments for certain games, such as "Wario's Woods", that allowed players to compete for prizes.


title: Satellaview

text: Alongside games, Satellaview subscribers could access many other different services. Free magazines included video game publications like "Famitsu" and "Nintendo Power" and general Japanese publications focusing on news, music, or celebrity interviews. Soundlink magazines included commentary, often by popular Japanese personalities, such as Bakushō Mondai and All Night Nippon. St.GIGA broadcasts included "Tide of Sound" nature ambiance and other music. A special newsletter by both St.GIGA and Nintendo included service updates such as contests and upcoming events.


title: Satellaview

text: Though having amassed a larger playerbase, and being widely-successful for St.GIGA, Nintendo viewed Satellaview as a commercial failure. The rise of technologically superior consoles such as Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and Nintendo 64, made consumers reluctant to purchase Satellaview, especially due to its exclusive availability via mail order delivery or specific electronic stores.


title: Satellaview

text: Retrospective feedback on Satellaview has been positive. "Retro Gamer" magazine applauded the peripheral for its technological achievements, providing an early form of online gaming decades before the advent of services such as Xbox Live. It commended the overall quality of the game library, citing the definitive "BS Legend of Zelda" series. "Nintendo World Report" liked its uniqueness which will likely never be replicated on modern video game consoles, and its library of games and services. "Shacknews" listed it among Nintendo's most innovative products for its technological accomplishments and pioneering of online gaming. "Kill Screen" labeled Satellaview as "perhaps one of the most crucial early experiments in combining games with storytelling", specifically the Soundlink games and voice acting. They were disappointed at the loss of the entire Soundlink live content library upon discontinuation. "Video Games Chronicle" called it "an impressive and ingenious idea for the time, and an innovation that we see to a lesser degree now in terms of interactive television and episodic game installments from modern studios".


title: Satellaview

text: In 1999, Nintendo released a spiritual successor to Satellaview for Nintendo 64, the 64DD and its Randnet Internet service. Originally announced in 1995, a year prior to console launch, Randnet had many similar features, such as a Nintendo newsletter and online gaming, plus chat and email. Nintendo attempted to have St.GIGA transition from Satellaview to the 64DD, however, when St.GIGA refused, Nintendo instead partnered with Japanese media company Recruit to form Randnet. The 64DD was a commercial failure.


title: Satellaview

text: Satellaview has a large cult following since the late 2000s due to most of its content having been lost after the service was closed. Many video game preservationists and Nintendo fans have searched for memory packs to recover game data and preserve it online. Fans have created custom private servers that work with the official BS-X application cartridge, and translated certain games such as those from the "Legend of Zelda" series. In retrospective years, publications have raised concerns about the permanent loss of much Satellaview content, specifically live audio from Soundlink games and digital newsletters.


title: Rick Astley discography

text: The discography of English singer and songwriter Rick Astley consists of nine studio albums, five compilation albums, two remix albums, and twenty-four singles.


title: Rick Astley discography

text: His debut studio album, "Whenever You Need Somebody", was released in November 1987. It peaked at number 1 on the UK Albums Chart and number 10 on the US "Billboard" 200. Astley became a global pop sensation in 1987 with his debut single "Never Gonna Give You Up" written by the trio Stock Aitken Waterman. The song was at number one on the UK Singles Chart for five weeks, becoming the year's highest-selling single. The song was also a worldwide number one hit, topping the charts in 24 other countries, including the US, Australia, and Germany. "Whenever You Need Somebody" was released as the second single from the album in October 1987. The single was a recycled Stock, Aitken, Waterman song, originally recorded by O'Chi Brown in 1985. It became a successful European hit, reaching number 1 in seven countries, including Germany and Sweden, following up the success of his debut single. It also reached Number 3 in the UK. In December 1987, Astley released a cover version of the Nat King Cole classic "When I Fall in Love". This single is mainly remembered for a closely fought contest for UK Christmas Number 1. Astley's fourth single release would be "Together Forever" in 1988, reaching Number 2 in the UK. It was denied the top spot by Kylie Minogue's debut "I Should Be So Lucky". The song was more successful in the US, reaching number 1, making it his second US chart topper. His fifth and final release from his debut album was "It Would Take a Strong Strong Man". It was a more soulful song when compared to his other releases and was mainly intended for the North American market. It was another hit for Astley reaching Number 10 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and Number 1 in Canada.


title: Rick Astley discography

text: His second studio album, "Hold Me in Your Arms", was released in November 1988. It peaked at number 8 on the UK Albums Chart and number 19 on the US "Billboard" 200. The lead single, "She Wants to Dance with Me" was Astley's first single which he wrote himself and became a worldwide top 10 hit. In Europe, "Take Me to Your Heart" and "Hold Me in Your Arms" were released as the next singles. "Giving Up on Love" was released as the second single off the album in the US and Canada and was later released in some countries of continental Europe as the fourth and last single off the album and a cover of The Temptations' "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" was released as the third and last single in the US and Japan.


title: Rick Astley discography

text: His third studio album, "Free", was released in March 1991. It peaked at number 9 on the UK Albums Chart and number 31 on the US "Billboard" 200. It was his first album not to be produced by the noted production team of Stock Aitken Waterman. It gave Astley another hit single in the ballad "Cry for Help" which became a Top 10 in both the UK and US. Further singles "Move Right Out" and "Never Knew Love" were less successful.


title: Rick Astley discography

text: His fourth studio album, "Body & Soul", was released in September 1993. It peaked at number 185 on the US "Billboard" 200. Two singles were released from the album "The Ones You Love" and "Hopelessly". After this album, Astley left the music business behind for several years and released no new material until 2001. It is estimated that by retirement at the end of 1993 Rick Astley had sold approximately 40 million records.


title: Rick Astley discography

text: His fifth studio album, "Keep It Turned On", was released in December 2001. The album peaked at number 56 on the German Albums Chart. Two singles were released from the album "Sleeping" and "Keep It Turned On". "Sleeping" peaked at No. 60 in Germany and No. 69 in Switzerland.


title: Rick Astley discography

text: His sixth studio album, "Portrait", was released in October 2005. The album peaked at number 26 on the UK Albums Chart. His first album to chart in the UK since "Free" in 1991. "My Red Book", was planned to be released in January 2013. This unreleased album contains tracks such as "Lights Out", "Superman" and "Goodbye But Not the End". "Let It Rain" and "I Like the Sun" appear on his album "50". "Lights Out" was released in 2010, his first single released in the UK for almost 17 years.


title: Rick Astley discography

text: His seventh studio album, "50", was released in June 2016. The album peaked at number 1 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Astley's first number-one album since his 1987 debut album, "Whenever You Need Somebody". "Keep Singing" was released as the lead single from the album on 6 April 2016, peaking to number 127 on the UK Singles Chart. "Angels on My Side" was released as the second single from the album on 13 May 2016.


title: Rick Astley discography

text: His eighth studio album, "Beautiful Life", was released in July 2018. The album peaked at number 6 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Astley's fifth top ten album in the United Kingdom. The album includes the singles "Beautiful Life" and "Empty Heart".


title: Rick Astley discography

text: His greatest hits album, "The Best of Me", was released in October 2019. The first compilation to be compiled by Astley, it features hit singles and album tracks throughout Astley's career. The deluxe version of the album includes a second disc which features several pianoforte versions of the singles featured on the first disc. A pianoforte version of "Never Gonna Give You Up" is included on the first disc.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut is a 2004 re-cut version of Richard Kelly's directorial debut, "Donnie Darko". A critical success but a commercial failure when first released in 2001, "Donnie Darko" grew in popularity through word-of-mouth due to strong DVD sales and regular midnight screenings across the United States. As a result of this growth, Kelly was approached by Bob Berney, president of the distributor Newmarket Films, who suggested that the film be rereleased. Kelly proposed producing a director's cut, and was given $290,000 to create what he called his interpretation of the original film. "Donnie Darko" was subsequently described as being the first "flop" to be given a director's cut.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: Kelly made various alterations to create the director's cut. Many of the deleted scenes that had previously been included as bonus features on the film's DVD were added, which increased the runtime by twenty minutes. Kelly also superimposed text from the in-universe book "The Philosophy of Time Travel", providing an explanation for some of the more ambiguous elements of the film's plot. Additionally, the sound quality was improved, digital effects were added and musical cues were changed or removed. For the opening scene, "The Killing Moon" by Echo & the Bunnymen was replaced with "Never Tear Us Apart" by INXS, which Kelly had not had the rights to use in the film's theatrical release. The new cut premiered on May 29, 2004, at a sold-out screening during the Seattle International Film Festival.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: Critical reception to "Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut" was initially positive: review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 91% based on 43 reviews, while Metacritic awarded a score of 88 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim". Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, describing it as "alive, original and exciting". Retrospective reviews have been more negative, with reviewers criticizing the new soundtrack and the plot's lack of ambiguity. The film was released on DVD on February 15, 2005, and on Blu-ray four years later. Domestically, "Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut" took a total of $753,147 at the box office and $3.7 million worldwide.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: Initially struggling to find financial backing for "Donnie Darko" in Hollywood, director Richard Kelly spent a year and a half pitching the project to executives. After reading the script, Drew Barrymore agreed to finance the film through her production company Flower Films. Following Barrymore's involvement, Kelly was able to hire several well-known actors—such as Patrick Swayze, Mary McDonnell and Katharine Ross—and to produce the film for a budget of $4.5 million. On January 19, 2001, "Donnie Darko" made its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival. Despite the film receiving considerable acclaim from critics, distributors felt daunted and were unsure of what could be done with it. With its genre-bending themes and complex plot, it was described as "inaccessible" and "not marketable". After several months it was close to going directly to home video, but was eventually picked up by Newmarket Films and received a wide release on October 26, 2001.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: Commercially, "Donnie Darko" performed poorly at first. Released only a month after the September 11 attacks in New York, audiences did not respond well to the film's dark mood or jet engine plot point. Against its budget of $4.5 million, the film made only $110,000 in its first weekend in limited release at 58 screens. By the end of 2001 it had taken $420,000 at the box office; on completing its theatrical run, it had made a total of $515,375. Consequently, the film had its international release date pushed back by a year, and was not released in the UK until October 25, 2002. In this market, the film became a minor hit, making £1 million at the box office and being named the second best film of the year on BBC Two's "Film 2002" programme behind "". Michael Andrews's cover of "Mad World" by Tears for Fears—used in the film's final sequence—topped the UK Singles Chart in December 2003 and became a Christmas number one.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: As a result, in part, of its success overseas, "Donnie Darko" gained a new life in the US and developed a cult following. Its DVD was a best-seller on Amazon.com with sales reaching $10 million, and it was regularly shown at midnight screenings across the country. At Visions Bar Noir in Washington D.C., the film was screened for over a year, while at the Pioneer Theater in the East Village, Manhattan, the film played for 28 consecutive months in a series of midnight showings. At one such event at the Pioneer in late 2003, Kelly was in attendance, and was approached by Bob Berney, president of Newmarket Films, who suggested that the film could benefit from a rerelease. Kelly had always wanted to do a director's cut of the film, and proposed this to Berney; he went on to describe it as a "win-win situation for everyone". Kelly was subsequently given $290,000 to create a new cut of "Donnie Darko", which he called his interpretation of the film. Given the film's box office performance, it was described as being the first "flop" to be given a director's cut.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: When originally editing "Donnie Darko" in 2001, Kelly was required to keep the final film shorter than two hours, with its final runtime coming to 113 minutes. With more freedom in 2004, his director's cut is 20 minutes longer than the original release. Most of the deleted scenes that had been included as extras on the "Donnie Darko" DVD were added to the narrative, bringing the runtime to a total of 133 minutes. Such scenes include additional sequences with Donnie and his parents, Donnie's therapist Dr Thurman telling him that his drugs are placebos, and his English teacher Karen Pomeroy teaching "Watership Down" to her class. Close-up shots of Donnie's eyeballs were included, as well as footage of waves crashing on a beach, and a scene in which Donnie and Gretchen play the 1986 arcade game "Out Run".


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: Alongside the deleted scenes, Kelly also superimposed pages from the fictional book "The Philosophy of Time Travel", which had previously been available on the film's official website, onto the film. Kelly had written these passages after he had finished shooting, and explained that their inclusion was to help the film, "operate on a more logical, fluid level, a bit more as the science fiction film that [he] always intended it to be". The text introduces an explanation for the film's setting and events, including new concepts that had previously been unmentioned in the original release. According to "The Philosophy of Time Travel", much of the film's plot takes place in an unstable "Tangent Universe"—a duplicate of the "Primary Universe" from which Donnie originates—which is spontaneously created after the jet engine falls into Donnie's room. Donnie is described as being the "Living Receiver" in this new universe, and is granted superpowers such as strength, telekinesis and premonition. Donnie's task over the course of the film is to return the jet engine (called the "Artifact" in the book) to the Primary Universe to avert an apocalyptic disaster. During his quest, he is aided by "The Manipulated Living" and "The Manipulated Dead", who are the other characters in the film. These plot points received criticism from reviewers, who objected to the narrative's new lack of ambiguity. Jonathan Dean of "Total Film" described them as "unsatisfactory" and "handholding". In an interview, Kelly said that the pages were intended to be viewed "as an exercise in interpretation", and not as canon.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: The film's sound quality was improved and its soundtrack revised. Kelly had originally wanted to use the songs "Never Tear Us Apart" by INXS and "West End Girls" by the Pet Shop Boys during the opening scene of Donnie cycling home and Sparkle Motion's dance at the talent show respectively, but financial constraints meant that he instead had to use "The Killing Moon" by Echo & the Bunnymen and "Notorious" by Duran Duran. For the director's cut, Kelly was able to gain the rights to use "Never Tear Us Apart" for the opening scene; "Notorious" was not moved from the talent show scene.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: The director's cut made its world premiere at a sold-out screening on May 29, 2004, during the Seattle International Film Festival, where it was described as an "unprecedented experiment". To test the reaction to the film, Newmarket then opened it exclusively in eight further theaters in the Seattle/Tacoma area. Seattle was chosen for this run to see if it could perform well in the suburbs. Six weeks after this test run, the film was released in New York City and Los Angeles, then in eight more cities that summer. It received a wide release on August 27, three months after its Seattle premiere. Domestically, "Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut" took a total of $753,147 at the US box office, and $3.7 million globally.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: Initial reaction was positive. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 90% of 42 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.07 out of 10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Retaining the hauntingly enigmatic atmosphere of its prior incarnation, "Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut" offers a more satisfyingly realized sense of mythology and theme."


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the film received an average score of 88 based on 15 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, describing it as "alive, original and exciting". Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" predicted that, as a "richer" cut, the movie would "be ranked as one of the key American films of the decade". Writing for the "Chicago Tribune", Robert K. Elder gave the film 3½ stars out of 4, calling it Kelly's "mind-bending masterwork". He added: "In his quest to make 'Darko' more accessible, Kelly might upset a few loyalists of the original, but there are still enough questions left to confound and enthrall audiences in "Donnie Darko" reconfigured version." In an otherwise positive review, Dennis Lim of "The Village Voice" criticized the superimposed shots of "The Philosophy of Time Travel", stating that they "[diminished] the narrative's mystery and [disrupted] its somnambulist tempo".


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: Retrospective reviews have been more negative. In 2014, David Sims of "The Wire" listed "Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut" in his list of "directors' cuts messed up their own movies". Sims disliked the lack of ambiguity in Kelly's new version, and argued that "crowbarring [a very specific plot thread] into his director's cut made for a lesser movie". Similarly, Tom Hawking of Flavorwire felt that the director's cut ruined the "enduring ambiguity" of the original. Hawking included "Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut" in his 2010 list of "10 director's cuts that are worse than the original". Writing in Collider for a review of the 10th anniversary Blu-ray, Scott Wampler said that he felt "let-down" by the director's cut, and that it was "right in line with the sort of choices [Kelly has] made as a filmmaker since releasing "Donnie Darko"". In the "Total Film" book "The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time", where the original cut of "Donnie Darko" was listed at number 87, Jonathan Dean also criticized this loss of ambiguity, remarking: "Unwisely building concrete bypasses over gossamer plot strands, [the director's cut] steers us through a spaghetti junction of possible meanings when all we really want to do is get lost." In a 2016 retrospective review, Germain Lussler of io9 stated that the director's cut "simply isn't as good" and "feels less magical". He argued that the inclusion of "The Philosophy of Time Travel" "[prevents] the film from being a text that the viewer could read into whatever they wanted".


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: The new soundtrack received considerable criticism, with several commentators bemoaning the decision to replace "The Killing Moon" with "Never Tear Us Apart" for the opening sequence. Wampler felt that the song "didn't fit nearly as well", while Sims described it as being "horribly mismatched". Ashe Cantrel of Film School Rejects echoed this sentiment, and argued that the soundtrack "got turned into kind of a pile of crap"; In an interview with the British music magazine "NME", Ian McCulloch—the lead singer of Echo & the Bunnymen—branded Kelly a "knobhead" for making the change.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: "Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut" was released on DVD on February 15, 2005 in both single and double-disc versions; the latter was available in a standard DVD case or in a limited edition lenticular slipcase. Most additional features are exclusive to the two-DVD set, such as an audio commentary with Kelly and director Kevin Smith, excerpts from the "Donnie Darko" storyboard, a 52-minute production diary with commentary by director of photography Steven Poster, featurettes "#1 Fan: A Darkometary" and "They Made Me Do it Too – The Cult of Donnie Darko", and the film's theatrical trailer.


title: Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut

text: As a promotional giveaway, a single-DVD edition of "Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut" was covermounted to the February 19, 2006 issue of the UK's "The Sunday Times" newspaper. The film was released on Blu-ray in February 2009, and received a 10th anniversary special edition rerelease on July 26, 2011.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Ugochuku Ehiogu (; 3 November 1972 – 21 April 2017) was an English professional footballer who played as a centre back from 1989 to 2009. He was the coach of the Tottenham Hotspur U23 team until his death in April 2017.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: He played in the Premier League with lengthy spells at Aston Villa and Middlesbrough. He also played in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion, Leeds United and Sheffield United, as well as a spell in the Scottish Premier League with Rangers. He won two Football League Cups, with Aston Villa in 1996 and then with Middlesbrough in 2004. Ehiogu was an England international, with a record of 4 caps and 1 goal. In 1993, playing for the England under-21 team, he became the first black player to captain an England team in a competitive match. In 2012, he came out of brief retirement by signing for non-league side Wembley to participate in the club's FA Cup games alongside other retired veteran players.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Ehiogu died on 21 April 2017 after suffering a cardiac arrest at Tottenham Hotspur's training ground.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Ehiogu was born in Hackney, London, into a family of Nigerian background. He began his career at West Bromwich Albion as a trainee, turning professional in 1989.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: After just a few games for Albion in the Second Division, Ron Atkinson brought him to First Division club Aston Villa for a £40,000 fee in August 1991. By 1994, he had replaced Shaun Teale as the main central defensive partner to Paul McGrath.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: In the 1993–94 season Villa played Tranmere Rovers over two legs in the semi-finals of the League Cup, in which Ehiogu took part in the second leg. Ehiogu was selected as a substitute and came on to replace Ray Houghton during the game, helping the team to a 3–1 win leaving the two legs at 4–4 on aggregate. In the following penalty shoot-out he went on the take the fifth penalty, which he struck against the bar and missed. Ron Atkinson had told "The Independent" newspaper that it was "the most dramatic football match" of his managerial career. However, Villa went on to win the shootout for a League Cup final showdown with Manchester United, which Ehiogu missed out on.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: In the 1994–95 season, Villa competed in the UEFA Cup, where in the second round second leg in a match against Turkish club Trabzonspor, Ehiogu scored in the 90th minute in a 2–1 home win. However, this wasn't enough as the tie ended 2–2 on aggregate, meaning Trabzonspor went through on the away goals rule.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: He was part of the Villa team that won the 1995–96 Football League Cup, as Villa beat Leeds United 3–0 in the final. Ehiogu also received a runners-up medal when Villa lost 1–0 to Chelsea in the 2000 FA Cup Final.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: He remained at the club for nine years, making over 300 appearances in all competitions until November 2000, when he joined Middlesbrough from Villa for, at the time, a club record fee of £8 million. The deal went ahead after negotiations between Villa and West Bromwich Albion, whose 50% sell-on clause on the player had been seen as a stumbling block to the move.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: His career at Boro got off on the wrong foot when he was forced to limp off with a calf injury five minutes into his debut at Charlton Athletic. Whilst at Middlesbrough, Ehiogu quickly became a mainstay in the central defence since joining the club and rejoining his former teammate Gareth Southgate in central defence. He missed the start of the 2003–04 season with a knee injury sustained in the final match of the previous season. He returned in time to play in Boro's League Cup final win against Bolton Wanderers, the first major trophy in the club's history. Only into the third game at the start of 2004–05 season Ehiogu had an accidental clash with his own keeper Mark Schwarzer which resulted in knee ligament damage. Again he was forced to miss many important games, although Boro still managed to secure a place in the UEFA Cup for a second successive season.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: He agreed a loan move to West Bromwich Albion during the January transfer window of 2006, but this move was cancelled when a number of Middlesbrough players became injured. West Brom then tried to secure a permanent transfer, but were unable to agree personal terms with Ehiogu.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: On 23 November 2006, he moved to Leeds United on loan. He made six appearances and scored one goal against Barnsley and also an own goal against Stoke, during his spell at Leeds, which ended in January 2007 when his loan deal expired. After returning to Boro, he made one final appearance for the club.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Ehiogu was released from his contract at Middlesbrough and signed an 18-month contract with Scottish Premier League club Rangers in January 2007. His first goal for Rangers came in March 2007 with a spectacular overhead kick in his first Old Firm game, giving Rangers a 1–0 win against Celtic. The Rangers fans voted for Ehiogu's goal against Celtic as their "Goal of the Season".


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Ehiogu found his first team opportunities limited at the start of the 2007–08 season, with Carlos Cuéllar and David Weir being preferred by manager Walter Smith. He was released by Rangers that January.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: On 16 January 2008, it was reported that Sheffield United were interested in signing Ehiogu. The next day he was released by Rangers and travelled down to Sheffield for talks with club manager Bryan Robson. He completed the move on 18 January 2008. Ehiogu made his first team debut for the Blades in a 1–1 home draw with Watford at the end of January, and was used as a defensive cover for the remainder of the season.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: With injuries and suspensions to his fellow defenders in the early stages of the following season he forced his way into the first team and was rewarded with what turned out to be his only goal in Blades colours, scoring the winner against Preston North End in October 2008. Having embarked on his most successful spell for United he suffered an injury in the Boxing Day game against Wolves which sidelined him for the rest of the season. After the Blades failed to gain promotion, Ehiogu was released at the end of the season when his contract expired as the club tried to cut costs.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: On 24 August 2012, Ehiogu came out of retirement to sign for Wembley, agreeing to play in the club's FA Cup games alongside fellow former professionals Ray Parlour, Martin Keown, Claudio Caniggia, Brian McBride and Graeme Le Saux. Ehiogu played alongside Caniggia in the club's 2–2 draw with Uxbridge in the preliminary round. Wembley subsequently lost the replay 5–0.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: In April 1993, Ehiogu became the first black player to captain an England team in a competitive match, in a game for the England U21 team against the Netherlands. Ehiogu made his senior England debut on 23 May 1996, replacing Tony Adams after 76 minutes of a 3–0 friendly win against China at the Workers' Stadium in Beijing.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: He went on to win another three caps in friendly matches and scored once for his country, a header in a 3–0 victory over Spain on 28 February 2001 at Villa Park.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Ehiogu worked with the England under-20 football team in 2013 and was part of Peter Taylor's coaching team at the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Following a period working part-time with the Tottenham Hotspur Academy, Ehiogu was appointed under-21 team (subsequently reclassified as U23) coach as part of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Academy in July 2014. Writing after he had suffered a heart attack, Henry Winter noted that Ehiogu "is one of the most thoughtful English coaches, frequently talking eloquently about the need for English football to have a more distinct culture and commit more to age-group tournaments so that senior internationals of the future can experience differing styles".


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Ehiogu married Gemma Coleman in 2005. The couple had a son, Obi Jackson, together. Ehiogu also had a daughter Jodie from a previous relationship. After retiring, Ehiogu jointly founded a successful record label, Dirty Hit.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: On 20 April 2017, Ehiogu collapsed due to a cardiac arrest at the Tottenham Hotspur training ground and was taken to hospital, where he died early the next morning at the age of 44. In the aftermath, it was announced that Ehiogu's widow Gemma would set up a charity in his honour. She used social media site JustGiving with the aim of raising £1,000 to start the charity. By 24 April, the appeal had raised £11,000. In the days following Ehiogu's death, many clubs held tributes to him in the form of a minute's applause before matches, in which players wore black armbands. He is buried in Highgate Cemetery.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate, sold under the brand name Zytiga among others, is a medication used to treat prostate cancer. Specifically it is used together with a corticosteroid for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and metastatic high-risk castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). It should either be used following removal of the testicles or along with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog. It is taken by mouth.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Common side effects include tiredness, vomiting, headache, joint pain, high blood pressure, swelling, low blood potassium, high blood sugar, hot flashes, diarrhea, and cough. Other severe side effects may include liver failure and adrenocortical insufficiency. In males whose partners can become pregnant, birth control is recommended. Supplied as abiraterone acetate it is converted in the body to abiraterone. Abiraterone acetate works by suppressing the production of androgens – specifically it inhibits CYP17A1 – and thereby decreases the production of testosterone. In doing so, it prevents the effects of these hormones in prostate cancer.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate was described in 1995, and approved for medical use in the United States and the European Union in 2011. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate is used in combination with prednisone, a corticosteroid, as a treatment for mCRPC (previously called hormone-resistant or hormone-refractory prostate cancer). This is a form of prostate cancer that is not responding to first-line androgen deprivation therapy or treatment with androgen receptor antagonists. Abiraterone acetate has received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (28 April 2011), European Medicines Agency (EMA) (23 September 2011), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) (5 September 2011) and Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) (1 March 2012) approval for this indication. In Australia it is covered by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme when being used to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer and given in combination with prednisone/prednisolone (subject to the conditions that the patient is not currently receiving chemotherapy, is either resistant or intolerant of docetaxel, has a WHO performance status of <2, and his disease has not since become progressive since treatment with PBS-subsidised abiraterone acetate has commenced).


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate/methylprednisolone, sold under the brand name Yonsa Mpred, is a composite package that contains both abiraterone acetate (Yonsa) and methylprednisolone. It was approved for medical use in Australia in March 2022.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Contraindications include hypersensitivity to abiraterone acetate. Although documents state that it should not be taken by women who are or who may become pregnant, there is no medical reason that any woman should take it. Women who are pregnant should not even touch the pills unless they are wearing gloves. Other cautions include severe baseline hepatic impairment, mineralocorticoid excess, cardiovascular disease including heart failure and hypertension, uncorrected hypokalemia, and adrenocorticoid insufficiency.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Experience with overdose of abiraterone acetate is limited. There is no specific antidote for abiraterone acetate overdose, and treatment should consist of general supportive measures, including monitoring of cardiac and liver function.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate is a CYP3A4 substrate and hence should not be administered concurrently with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, atazanavir, nefazodone,


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: saquinavir, telithromycin, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, voriconazole) or inducers such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine, phenobarbital. It also inhibits CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 and likewise should not be taken concurrently with substrates of any of these enzymes that have a narrow therapeutic index.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Spironolactone generally exerts anti-androgenic effects, but experimental evidence exists that it acts as an androgen receptor agonist in an androgen-depleted environment, capable of inducing prostate cancer proliferation. This is supported by the observations described in several case reports.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone, the active metabolite of abiraterone acetate, inhibits CYP17A1, which manifests as two enzymes, 17α-hydroxylase ( = 2.5 nM) and 17,20-lyase ( = 15 nM) (approximately 6-fold more selective for inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase over 17,20-lyase) that are expressed in testicular, adrenal, and prostatic tumor tissues. CYP17A1 catalyzes two sequential reactions: (a) the conversion of pregnenolone and progesterone to their 17α-hydroxy derivatives by its 17α-hydroxylase activity, and (b) the subsequent formation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione, respectively, by its 17,20-lyase activity. DHEA and androstenedione are androgens and precursors of testosterone. Inhibition of CYP17A1 activity by abiraterone acetate thus decreases circulating levels of androgens such as DHEA, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Abiraterone acetate, via abiraterone, has the capacity to lower circulating testosterone levels to less than 1 ng/dL (i.e., undetectable) when added to castration. These concentrations are considerably lower than those achieved by castration alone (~20 ng/dL). The addition of abiraterone acetate to castration was found to reduce levels of DHT by 85%, DHEA by 97 to 98%, and androstenedione by 77 to 78% relative to castration alone. In accordance with its antiandrogenic action, abiraterone acetate decreases the weights of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and testes.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone also acts as a partial antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR), and as an inhibitor of the enzymes 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), CYP11B1 (steroid 11β-hydroxylase), CYP21A2 (Steroid 21-hydroxylase), and other CYP450s (e.g., CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4). In addition to abiraterone itself, part of the activity of the drug has been found to be due to a more potent active metabolite, δ-abiraterone (D4A), which is formed from abiraterone by 3β-HSD. D4A is an inhibitor of CYP17A1, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ isomerase, and 5α-reductase, and has also been found to act as a competitive antagonist of the AR reportedly comparable to the potent antagonist enzalutamide. However, the initial 5α-reduced metabolite of D4A, 3-keto-5α-abiraterone, is an agonist of the AR, and promotes prostate cancer progression. Its formation can be blocked by the coadministration of dutasteride, a potent and selective 5α-reductase inhibitor.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: There has been interest in the use of abiraterone acetate for the treatment of breast cancer due to its ability to lower estrogen levels. However, abiraterone has been found to act as a direct agonist of the estrogen receptor, and induces proliferation of human breast cancer cells "in vitro". If abiraterone acetate is used in the treatment of breast cancer, it should be combined with an estrogen receptor antagonist like fulvestrant. In spite of its antiandrogenic and estrogenic properties, abiraterone acetate does not appear to produce gynecomastia as a side effect.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Due to inhibition of glucocorticoid biosynthesis, abiraterone acetate can cause glucocorticoid deficiency, mineralocorticoid excess, and associated adverse effects. This is why the medication is combined with prednisone, a corticosteroid, which serves as a means of glucocorticoid replacement and prevents mineralocorticoid excess.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate, along with galeterone, has been identified as an inhibitor of sulfotransferases (SULT2A1, SULT2B1b, SULT1E1), which are involved in the sulfation of DHEA and other endogenous steroids and compounds, with K values in the sub-micromolar range.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: After oral administration, abiraterone acetate, the prodrug form in the commercial preparation, is converted into the active form, abiraterone. This conversion is likely to be esterase-mediated and not CYP-mediated. Administration with food increases absorption of the drug and thus has the potential to result in increased and highly variable exposures; the drug should be consumed on an empty stomach at least one hour before or two hours after food. The drug is highly protein bound (>99%), and is metabolised in the liver by CYP3A4 and SULT2A1 to inactive metabolites. The drug is excreted in feces (~88%) and urine (~5%), and has a terminal half-life of 12 ± 5 hours.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate, also known as 17-(3-pyridinyl)androsta-5,16-dien-3β-ol acetate, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a derivative of androstadienol (androsta-5,16-dien-3β-ol), an endogenous androstane pheromone. It is specifically a derivative of androstadienol with a pyridine ring attached at the C17 position and an acetate ester attached to the C3β hydroxyl group. Abiraterone acetate is the C3β acetate ester of abiraterone.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: In the early 1990s, Mike Jarman, Elaine Barrie, and Gerry Potter of the Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics in the Institute of Cancer Research in London set out to develop drug treatments for prostate cancer. With the nonsteroidal androgen synthesis inhibitor ketoconazole as a model, they developed abiraterone acetate, filing a patent in 1993 and publishing the first paper describing it the following year. Rights for commercialization of the drug were assigned to BTG, a UK-based specialist healthcare company. BTG then licensed the product to Cougar Biotechnology, which began development of the commercial product. In 2009, Cougar was acquired by Johnson & Johnson, which developed and sells the commercial product, and is conducting ongoing clinical trials to expand its clinical uses.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on 28 April 2011 for mCRPC. The FDA press release made reference to a phase III clinical trial in which abiraterone acetate use was associated with a median survival of 14.8 months versus 10.9 months with placebo; the study was stopped early because of the successful outcome. Abiraterone acetate was also licensed by the European Medicines Agency. Until May 2012 the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) did not recommend use of the drug within the NHS on cost-effectiveness grounds. This position was reversed when the manufacturer submitted revised costs. The use is currently limited to men who have already received one docetaxel-containing chemotherapy regimen. It was subsequently approved for the treatment of mCSPC in 2018.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: "Abiraterone" is the and of abiraterone acetate's major active metabolite abiraterone. "Abiraterone acetate" is the , , and of abiraterone acetate. It is also known by its developmental code names "CB-7630" and "JNJ-212082", while "CB-7598" was the developmental code name of abiraterone.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate is marketed by Janssen Biotech (a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson) under the brand name Zytiga, and by Sun Pharmaceutical under the brand name Yonsa.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Generic versions of abiraterone acetate have been approved in the United States. Generic versions of Yonsa are not available . In May 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld a Patent Trial and Appeal Board decision invalidating a patent by Johnson & Johnson on abiraterone acetate.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Intas Pharmaceuticals markets the drug under the brand name Abiratas, Cadila Pharmaceuticals markets the drug as Abretone, and Glenmark Pharmaceuticals as Abirapro. It is marketed as Yonsa by Sun Pharmaceutical Industries (licensed from Churchill Pharmaceuticals).


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate is marketed widely throughout the world, including in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, elsewhere in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, Asia, and Israel.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: A generic version is available in India at a price of $238 a month . The National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics initially found abiraterone acetate to not be cost effective based on prices in 2012, however following an agreement to supply at a lower price it was accepted in 2014. A generic Zytiga version is available in India at a price of under $230 a month as of 2020.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate is under development for the treatment of breast cancer and ovarian cancer and as of March 2018, is in phase II clinical trials for these indications. It was also under investigation for the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, but no further development has been reported for this potential use.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: In people previously treated with docetaxel survival is increased by 3.9 months (14.8 months versus 10.9 months for placebo).


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: In people with castration-refractory prostate cancer but who had not received chemotherapy those who received abiraterone acetate had a progression-free survival of 16.5 months rather than 8.3 months with placebo. After a median follow-up period of 22.2 months, overall survival was better with abiraterone acetate.


title: Abiraterone acetate

text: Abiraterone acetate may be useful for prevention of the testosterone flare at the initiation of GnRH agonist therapy in men with prostate cancer.


title: Julian Lage

text: A child prodigy, Lage was the subject of the 1996 short documentary film "Jules at Eight". At 12, he performed at the 2000 Grammy Awards. Three years later, he became a faculty member of the Stanford Jazz Workshop at Stanford University. Classically trained at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, he has studied at Sonoma State University and the Ali Akbar College of Music. He graduated from the Berklee College of Music in 2008.


title: Julian Lage

text: On March 24, 2009 EmArcy released his debut album "Sounding Point" to favorable reviews. It was nominated for the 2010 Grammy Award Best Contemporary Jazz Album. His second album, "Gladwell", was released April 26, 2011, to positive reviews. His first solo acoustic album, "World's Fair", was released on March 2, 2015, and his fourth album, "Arclight", was released on March 11, 2016.


title: Julian Lage

text: He has worked in a trio with Scott Colley and drummer Kenny Wollesen and has recorded duo albums with guitarists Chris Eldridge, Gyan Riley, and Nels Cline. For the 2017 guitar duo album "Mount Royal", Lage and Eldridge received a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Instrumental Album.


title: Julian Lage

text: On March 17, 2021, it was announced that he signed to Blue Note Records. Along with the announcement, it was announced that his debut release on the label entitled "Squint" would be released on June 11. The lead single "Saint Rose" was released on that day as well. April 9 saw the release on the second single "Boo's Blues." April 30 saw the release of the third single "Etude." The fourth single "Familiar Flower" was released on May 21.


title: Julian Lage

text: Lage's sophomore record on Blue Note entitled "View With a Room" was released on September 16, 2022 The lead single "Auditorium" was released on June 21. "Word for Word," the second single, was released on July 13. The third single "Tributary" was released on August 10. The fourth single, "Chavez" was released on August 31st.


title: Hamraaz

text: Hamraaz () is a 1967 Indian suspense thriller film, produced and directed by B. R. Chopra and written by Akhtar ul Iman. The film stars Sunil Dutt, Raaj Kumar, Mumtaz, Vimi, Sarika, Madan Puri, Iftekhar, Balraj Sahni, Jeevan and Helen. The film's music is by Ravi, while the lyrics were penned by Sahir Ludhianvi. The film was a super hit at box office. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi.


title: Hamraaz

text: Kumar (Sunil Dutt) is a well-known stage actor in Bombay, who performs plays along with his partner Shabhnam (Mumtaz). While on a trip to scenic Darjeeling, he meets and falls in love with Meena (Vimi), the only daughter of a wealthy military contractor, Verma (Manmohan Krishna). Shortly thereafter, Kumar and Meena get married and return home to Bombay. Four years later, Meena's dad passes away after telling her that she had given birth to a baby girl which he had hidden from her for her future life ahead and takes a promise to not reveal this to Kumar. He gives her some papers before passing away as a proof of that girl child. After her Father's death Meena goes to Orphanage and checks on that girl and brings her home to Mumbai saying she wants to adopt the girl. Kumar refuses this and Meena has to send the kid back to Orphanage.


title: Hamraaz

text: During a christmas party in Mumbai, Meena meets Mahender(Rajesh's friend) and Mahender starts blackmailing Meena that he has some letters which she had written to Rajesh. He keeps calling Meena to visit him in hotel. Soon, Kumar notices that Meena does not accompany him to the stage any more, and excuses herself on the pretext of being ill. He finds clues that suggest that she is meeting somebody else on the sly. Suspicious, Kumar makes the excuse of going to Pune, and instead dons a beard and goes by the name of S.N. Sinha. He checks into a hotel, and writes his name in the hotel register. That night, he returns to his home, to find the door open, and before he can investigate anything, he hears a gunshot. Kumar runs into the room and finds Meena dead, shot in her chest.


title: Hamraaz

text: Enraged, he decides to call the police station, but realizes that he will be implicated in the murder – his fingerprints are on the gun, he is in disguise, and he is next to the body. Kumar returns to the hotel instead, and smokes a lot of cigarettes. The case is assigned to Inspector Ashok (Balraj Sahni), and the next day, when Kumar "returns" to Bombay, Ashok observes that Kumar knows which room the body is in, without being told by anyone.


title: Hamraaz

text: The coconut seller near Kumar's house says that he saw a bearded man in the area the night of the murder, and the owner of the hotel which Kumar had checked into calls the police, saying that a bearded man had checked into his hotel. The cigarettes that Kumar had smoked are recovered, and handed over to Ashok. When he visits Kumar at his house the next day, Kumar offers him the same brand of cigarette, rousing his suspicion. Soon, more clues surface, pointing at Kumar as the killer.


title: Hamraaz

text: In a fit of haste, Kumar decides to run away from the growing suspicion of Inspector Ashok. His friend, lawyer Jagmohan (Iftekhar), says that he will now definitely be implicated as the murderer of Meena. Desperate, he finds a clue about the suspected killer from his home – a key with room number of a hotel. Kumar visits the room as a last attempt to clear things before he is caught. There, he meets Captain Rajesh (Raaj Kumar) who calms him down and tells him that none of them is the real killer. He tells Kumar that he is his wife's first husband, who was supposedly killed on the front, and how he wanted her to acquire their illegitimate child, Sarika, because she wouldn't be able to raise a child born out of wedlock.