title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: The Sangguniang Bayan () is the local legislative branch of the municipal governments in the Philippines. It is responsible for passing ordinances and resolutions for the administration of a municipality. Its powers are defined by the Local Government Code, passed by Congress in 1991.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: The municipal vice mayor is the "ex officio" presiding officer of the Sangguniang Bayan, although he has no voting privilege except in cases to break a deadlock. In the absence of the vice mayor, a temporary presiding officer is elected by the Sangguniang Bayan councilors present at the session.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: All municipalities in the Philippines, with the exception of Pateros in Metro Manila, have eight regular members or councilors elected at-large. In the case of Pateros, its Sangguniang Bayan is composed of twelve elected councilors, wherein six are elected from each of the two districts Pateros is divided into.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: There are also two "ex officio" councilors – the municipal chapter presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay and the Pederasyon ng Sangguniang Kabataan and some municipalities have a reserved seat for the "IP Representative" which is pursuant to the Republic Act 8371, or the Indigenous Peoples (IP) Rights Act of 1997, that calls for the mandatory representation of IPs and it is formally certified by the concerned NCIP regional director, upon recommendation of the provincial or community service center head and shall serve for a period of three years from the date of assumption to office and can be re-endorsed for another term. Members may not serve for more than three consecutive terms.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: The Local Government Code provides for an additional three sectoral representatives representing: women, laborers, and any of the urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, disabled persons or another sector that may be identified by the Sangguniang Bayan; however, this provision still has to be implemented.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: Elected or regular members of the Sangguniang Bayan must at least be 18 years old on election day; the first-past-the-post voting system is used to elect these members. They are elected for a three-year term and may serve up to three consecutive terms. Elections are held simultaneously with the general elections held every three years since 1992. The term begins at noon of June 30 following election day, and ends at noon of June 30 of the third year.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: For the "ex officio" members, the term starts after their election of the municipal chapter of the organization (Sangguniang Kabataan or Liga ng mga Barangay), and ends on when their term as officer ends; barangay elections have been held irregularly, but are usually held every three years.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: For the IP representative, the term starts after their election, and ends three years thereafter. Members cannot be elected for three consecutive terms. Similar to other local officials in the Philippines, recall elections may be initiated by at least 25 percent of registered voters in the municipality against any regular Sangguniang Bayan member should they lose confidence with any of them.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: A permanent vacancy among the regular Sagguniang Bayan members is filled in by an appointment of the governor of the province the municipality is a part of. However, such authority to appoint is restricted only to the nominee of the political party to which the member who caused the vacancy belongs; should the member be politically unaffiliated, the Sangguniang Bayan then nominates a qualified individual to fill in the vacant position. Appointees are also limited to serve only the unexpired term.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: In the case of vacancies among "ex officio" members the next ranking official of the Liga ng mga Barangay or Pederasyon ng Sangguniang Kabataan assumes the vacancy.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: An ordinance passed by the Sangguniang Bayan is sent to the municipal mayor for approval. Once approved, it is transmitted to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the province to which the municipality belongs, for compliance review. Since Pateros is not part of any province, any ordinance or measure it adopts is not subjected to any Sangguniang Panlalawigan review.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: On the other hand, when the mayor veto an ordinance, it is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan to reconsider the objections; however the Sangguniang Bayan may override such veto by a two-thirds vote of all its members which renders the measure's approval. With regard to ordinances pertaining to appropriations; or resolutions for payments of money, the adoption of local development plans or public investment programs, or the creation of liabilities, the mayor may just veto particular items in it. Any veto action must be communicated with the Sangguniang Bayan within ten days otherwise the ordinance is considered approved.


title: Sangguniang Bayan

text: The Sangguniang Panlalawigans may declare an ordinance or portions of it invalid should it be found to be inconsistent with existing laws, or it goes beyond the authority the Sangguniang Bayan may actually exercise. But if no action is taken by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan within 30 days, it is presumed to be compliant and deemed valid, and thus takes effect within the concerned town.


title: Luckin Coffee

text: Luckin Coffee Inc. () is a Chinese coffee company and coffeehouse chain. It was founded in Beijing in 2017. , it managed 5,671 kiosks. The company operates shops, stores, and kiosks that offer coffee, tea, and food.


title: Luckin Coffee

text: Customers need to download an app to order and pay for drinks online. The coffee chain headquarter is in Xiamen. Luckin Coffee quickly expanded over the years and outnumbered Starbucks in China by 2019.


title: Luckin Coffee

text: In April 2020, the company revealed that it had inflated its 2019 sales revenue by up to US$310 million. It resulted in the stock price crashing and several executives being fired. Trading was suspended and the company was delisted from NASDAQ on 29 June 2020. The company filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy in the US in February 2021. In December 2021, Luckin Coffee received court approval from a federal judge in Manhattan to restructure $460M worth of debt and to settle a number of class-action lawsuits over the fabricated sales figures.


title: Luckin Coffee

text: Luckin Coffee was incorporated in October 2017, and by January 2018 had opened its first shops in Beijing and Shanghai. The company announced the completion of Series A financing to a total of US$200 million in July 2018 backed by Centurium Capital, Joy Capital and GIC.


title: Luckin Coffee

text: By October 2018, the company had opened 1300 stores, surpassing the number of Costa Coffee stores to become the second-biggest coffee brand in China. Luckin Coffee also signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Tencent. Much of Luckin's expansion was fueled by an aggressive marketing strategy which saw the company spend three times as much as it earned to feed its growth.


title: Luckin Coffee

text: In January 2019, the company announced that they planned to open 2500 new stores and surpass Starbucks to become the biggest coffee brand in China. Luckin also gained exposure in the US stock market, applying to the Nasdaq and starting to trade at $17 a share. After reaching $25.96 on the first day, the stock dropped to $16 on its second day of trading.


title: Luckin Coffee

text: In early January 2020, the company raised more capital through a share placement and a convertible bond sale, with worth totalling $821 million as it sought to expand into deploying vending machines that would serve fresh hot beverages and snacks. It was also offering a $400 million five-year convertible bond separately.


title: Luckin Coffee

text: On 2 April 2020, the company announced that an internal investigation found that its chief operating officer, Jian Liu, had fabricated the company's 2019 sales by "around RMB2.2 billion" (US$310 million). The next day, the China Securities Regulatory Commission said that it would investigate the company for fraud. On 8 April, the U.S. stock market halted trading on all Luckin shares over the fraud probe. In the month of April, the company's stock fell by over 80%. In mid-April 2020, American investment bank Goldman Sachs announced that it would seize and sell the Luckin stock holdings of the company's chairman, Lu Zhengyao, after he defaulted on a $518 million margin loan. The $400 million bond offered just prior to Muddy Waters Research's release of the anonymous report also had imploded by 24 April 2020, with the notes selling as low as for 10 cents on the dollar value of bond.


title: Luckin Coffee

text: On 15 May the company received a delisting notice from NASDAQ. After over a month of being halted for trading, the companies stock was able to be traded again on 20 May 2020. On 28 May, shares of the company plummeted more than 20% after "The Wall Street Journal" released a report claiming that firms linked to the company's chairman and controlling shareholder played a central role in its accounting scandal. On 29 June 2020, the company suspended trading on NASDAQ and filed for delisting, after the exchange ordered the company to delist. Banks including Credit Suisse had won court orders in Cayman Islands on 22 June 2020, and in British Virgin Islands on 9 July 2020, to wind up Lu's controlling entities of Luckin Coffee Inc for liquidation, after Lu's margin loan default. The company thereby entered into a state of provisional liquadation. In September 2020, China's markets regulators fined a group of firms including Luckin Coffee for a combined $8.98 million in relation to Luckin's falsification of financial and operational figures. On 16 December 2020, the US SEC settled the accounting fraud case with the company for $180 million. The company agreed to the settlement without admitting or denying the SEC allegations which include defrauding investors by materially misstating revenue and expenses, inflating its growth rates and understating its losses. On 5 February 2021, the company filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy in New York, less than a year after the company said that more than a quarter's worth of business may have been faked. By 22 September 2021, the company revealed its plans to restructure. On 30 September 2021, Luckin Coffee settled a US class-action lawsuit to resolve investors' claims for $187.5 million. In December 2021, Luckin received court approval to restructure a large amount of debt and settle a number of lawsuits over fabricated sales figures.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: In heraldry, the term attitude describes the "position" in which a figure (animal or human) is emblazoned as a charge, a supporter, or as a crest. The attitude of an heraldic figure always precedes any reference to the tincture of the figure and its parts. Some attitudes apply only to predatory beasts, exemplified by the beast most usual to heraldry — the heraldic lion; other terms apply to docile animals, such as the doe, usually emblazoned as a "hind".


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Other heraldic attitudes, such as "volant", describe the positions of birds, exemplified by the bird most usual to heraldry — the heraldic eagle; moreover, birds also are described by the positions of their wings. The term "naiant" (swimming) applies to fish, swans, ducks, and geese. The term "segreant" is applied to the griffin, as an approximation of "rampant", and is applied to the dragon. Animal figures are positioned in profile, facing dexter (the viewer's left), and persons are shown "affronté" (facing the viewer), but the blazon might specify other attitudes.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Animals and animal-like creatures are presumed to be shown in profile facing "dexter". This attitude is standard unless otherwise stated in the blazon. As a warrior will usually carry a shield in the left hand, the animal shown on the shield will then face toward the knight's body. Humans and human-like beings are presumed to be shown "affronté".


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Note that the heraldic terms "dexter" ('right') and "sinister" ('left') represent the shield bearer's perspective, not the viewer's.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Many attitudes commonly met with in heraldic rolls apply specifically to predatory beasts, while others may be better suited to the docile animals. These will each be discussed in detail below. Also worth note is that a lion or other beast may additionally be described in terms of the position of its head, differently coloured parts (such as teeth, claws, tongue, etc.), or by the shape or position of its tail. A beast may be "armed" (horns, teeth and claws) or "langued" (tongue) of a tincture, while a stag may be "attired" (antlers) or "unguled" (hooves) of a tincture. The tail may be forked ("queue fourchée") or doubled ("double-queued"). In addition to the below, there may be rare or arguably, not entirely standard attitudes, such as "a snorting bison".


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A beast rampant (Old French: "rearing up") is depicted in profile standing erect with forepaws raised. The position of the hind legs varies according to local custom: the lion may stand on both hind legs, braced wide apart, or on only one, with the other also raised to strike; the word "rampant" is sometimes omitted, especially in early blazon, as this is the most usual position of a carnivorous quadruped.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: "Note:" the term "segreant" denotes the same position, but implies a particular wing position and is only used in reference to winged quadrupeds such as griffins and dragons.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Rampant is the most frequent attitude of quadrupeds, and as supporters they are rarely seen in any other attitude.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A beast passant (Old French: "striding") walks toward dexter (the viewer's left) with the right forepaw raised and all others on the ground. Early heralds held that any lion in a walking position must necessarily be a "leopard", and this distinction persists in French heraldry; however, this use of the term "leopard" has long since been abandoned by English heralds. A "Lion of England" denotes a "lion passant guardant Or", used as an augmentation. The Welsh flag features a dragon passant. For stags and other deer-like beasts of chase, the term trippant is used instead of passant.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A beast sejant or sejeant (Middle French: "seant", "sitting") sits on his haunches, with both forepaws on the ground.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A beast sejant erect is seated on its haunches, but with its body erect and both forepaws raised in the "rampant" position (this is sometimes termed "sejant-rampant").


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A beast couchant (Old French: "lying down") is lying down, but with the head raised. Lodged is the term for this position when applied to the "docile" ("i.e." herbivorous) animals.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A beast courant (French: "running"; also at speed or in full chase) is running, depicted at full stride with all four legs in the air.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A lion coward (Old French "coart, cuard", "turning tail") carries the tail between its hind legs and is otherwise shown rampant to dexter; "coward" takes no other modifiers such as "reguardant" or "sejant".


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A beast dormant (French: "sleeping") is lying down with his head lowered, resting upon the forepaws, as if asleep. (However, perhaps counterintuitively, some sources would have the lion dormant with the eyes open.)


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A beast salient (Latin: "saliēns", "leaping") (also springing) is leaping, with both hind legs together on the ground and both forelegs together in the air. This is a very rare position for a lion, but is also used of other heraldic beasts. The stag and other docile animals in this position are often termed springing. Certain smaller animals are sometimes blazoned as saltant rather than salient.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A beast statant (Old French: "standing") is "standing" (in profile toward dexter), all four feet on the ground, usually with the forepaws together. This posture is more frequent in crests than in charges on shields. In certain animals, such as bears, this may refer to an upright, bipedal position (though this position may also be referred to as statant erect), though bears blazoned as 'statant' can also be found with all four feet firmly on the ground ("e.g." in the arms of the former borough council of Berwick-upon-Tweed). While "statant" is used in reference to predatory beasts, the more docile animals when in this position may be called at bay, while such creatures "statant guardant" are said to be at gaze. This is particularly true of stags (harts).


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Also spelled morné or mortine, a lion depicted with neither claws, teeth, nor tongue, in the rampant position. The term is from the Old French verb "morner", from "morne", a ring placed over the point of a lance, from Latin "mora", "sword guard."


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A lion shown with its paws and head (but not its tail) detached from its body is called "disjointed" (i.e., "torn away at the joints"), and it is always shown in the rampant position.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A lion "tricorporated" is shown having three bodies combined with one head, with the main/ central lion facing "rampant guardant" (i.e., with its face towards the viewer and with body upright facing to dexter).


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Herbivores can be shown as "pascuant"; that is, "grazing", or paissant ("peaceful") with head lowered to the same level as their four legs, as the head of a cow would be when eating grass.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Some attitudes describe the positioning of birds. The eagle is so often found "displayed" in early heraldry that this position came to be presumed of the eagle unless some other attitude is specified in the blazon.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: The terms "Expanded" and "Elevated" or "Abaissé" and "Inverted" are similar terms often used interchangeably in heraldry but have specific meanings. There is also sometimes confusion between a "Rising" bird with "Displayed" wings and a "Displayed" bird. The difference is that "Rising" birds face either to the "dexter" or "in trian aspect" and have their feet on the ground. "Displayed" birds face the viewer, have their legs splayed out, and the tail is completely visible.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Several terms refer to the particular position of the wings, rather than the attitude of the bird itself. A bird in nearly any attitude, except "overt", may have its wings "displayed" or "addorsed".


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A bird displayed is shown "affronté" with its head turned to dexter and wings spread to the sides to fill the area of the field. This position is presumed of the eagle, and the symbolic use of eagles in this position was well established even before the development of heraldry, going back to Charlemagne.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Close ("closed"), the bird's equivalent of "Statant", is shown in profile and at rest with its feet flat on the ground and its wings folded at its sides. Trussed is the term used for domestic or game birds, implying the bird is tied up or caught in a net respectively, and is not applied to predator birds like the Eagle and Hawk. Perched is "Overt" while sitting atop a Charge. If a bird's attitude is not blazoned, it is assumed to be "Close"; the exception is the eagle, whose default attitude is "Displayed".


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Used to describe a phoenix, though potentially other flying creatures as well, when depicted arising from, for example, a line of flames, a coronet, an amphora, etc.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A bird rising, rizant or rousant faces dexter with its head upturned, wings raised, and standing on the tips of its feet as if about to take flight. A bird rising may have its wings described as either "displayed" or "addorsed", and the wings may be further described as "elevated" or "inverted".


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A bird volant faces the "dexter" with its wings spread in flight (usually shown "addorsed" and "elevated") and its legs tucked under its body. Volant En Arrière is when the bird is shown from a top-down perspective with the head facing straight ahead, its back to the viewer, and the wings spread in flight (usually shown "displayed" and "inverted"). A bird "volant" is considered "in bend" ("diagonal") as it is flying from the lower "sinister" to the upper "dexter" of the field.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: An eagle or hawk shown "recursant" has its back towards the viewer, e.g., "An eagle volant recursant descendant in pale" is an eagle flying downward in the vertical center of the shield with its back towards the viewer.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A crane standing on one leg (usually with a stone held in the other foot) may be called vigilant or "in its vigilance" ("e.g." Waverley Borough Council's "Crane in its vigilance"). A stone is usually shown held in the claw of the raised leg. This is as per the bestiary myth that Cranes stayed awake by doing so. If it dozed, the Crane would supposedly drop the rock, waking itself up.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: One peculiar attitude reserved only to the pelican, is the pelican in her piety. The heraldic pelican, one of the few female beasts in heraldry, is shown with a sharp stork-like beak, which it uses to "vuln" ("pierce or wound") her own breast. This is per the bestiary myth that a female pelican wounded herself thus to feed her chicks. This symbol of sacrifice carries a particular religious meaning (usually a reference to Christ's sacrifice), and became so popular in heraldry that pelicans rarely exist in heraldry in any other position. A distinction is sometimes observed, however, between a pelican "vulning" herself (alone, piercing her breast) versus "her piety" (surrounded by and feeding her chicks). The Pelican is shown exclusively in profile perched in her nest with her wings either "Addorsed" and "Inverted" (because it is not going to fly away) or "Overt".


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Few attitudes are reserved to the rarer classes of creatures, but these include "segreant", a term which can only apply to winged quadrupeds; "naiant" and "hauriant", terms applying principally to fish; "glissant" and "nowed", terms applying to serpents. Serpents also sometimes appear in a circular form, biting their own tail, but this symbol, called an Ouroboros, was imported ready-made into heraldry, and so it needs no term of attitude to describe it.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A creature segreant has both forelegs raised in the air, as a beast "rampant", with wings "addorsed" and "elevated". This term is reserved to winged quadrupeds (such as griffins and dragons). It is of uncertain etymology; it is first recorded as "sergreant" in the 16th century. Payne Fisher's 1682 "Synopsis of Heraldry" uses the term "segriant", as seen in some blazons.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Creatures combatant (French, "fighting") are shown in profile facing each other in the "rampant" or "segreant" position, always paired and never appearing singly. Nearly any creature can be rendered combatant, although this term is usually applied to predatory beasts and mythical creatures; herbivorous animals in such a position are typically blazoned as respectant (Latin "respectāns", "watching").


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Creatures or objects addorsed or endorsed (Latin "ad"-, "to" and "dorsum", "back"; Middle English "endosse", Old French "endosser", influenced by Medieval Latin "indorsare") are shown facing "away from" each other. As with "combatant", charges addorsed can only appear in pairs. One also frequently finds keys addorsed (placed in parallel, wards facing outward).


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: An animal or creature naiant is swimming. This term is typically applied to fish (when shown in a horizontal position), but may also apply to other sea creatures and, occasionally, water fowl ("i.e." swans, ducks or geese shown without legs). A dolphin blazoned as naiant is always shown as embowed, unlike any other sea creature or monster, even though the blazon may not specify this.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A fish, dolphin, or other sea creature hauriant (Latin "hauriēns", "drawing up") is in a vertical position with its head up.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: A fish, dolphin, or other sea creature urinant () (Latin "ūrīnāns", "diving") is in a vertical position with its head down.


title: Attitude (heraldry)

text: Serpents, and the tails of other beasts and monsters, may be nowed ( (French "noué", "knotted")—often in a figure-eight knot.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: The Little Stranger is a 2018 gothic drama film directed by Lenny Abrahamson and written by Lucinda Coxon, based on the 2009 novel of the same name by Sarah Waters. The film stars Domhnall Gleeson, Ruth Wilson, Will Poulter and Charlotte Rampling. Set in 1948, the plot follows a doctor who visits an old house where his mother used to work, only to discover it may hold a dark secret. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 21 September 2018 and in the United States on 31 August 2018, by Focus Features, receiving positive reviews from critics.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: In 1940s Warwickshire, Dr. Faraday is called to visit a sick maid at the dilapidated Hundreds Hall. The maid confesses to faking and hopes the doctor will send her home. The Hall now belongs to Roderick Ayres, a scarred Royal Air Force veteran severely burned in the Second World War, who is being nursed by his sister, Caroline. Dr. Faraday recalls during his childhood in 1919 visiting the house, where his beloved mother had once been a maid to the grand Ayres family. He broke an acorn from an elaborate plaster carving, to his mother's anger, in view of young Susan, the Ayres' first daughter, known as Suki.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: There are intermittent noises occurring in the house, alarming Caroline, Mrs Ayres and the maid. The servants' bells sound without anyone ringing them. A 19th century tube communication device linking the empty nursery to the kitchen also begins to sound inexplicably. When Mrs Ayres goes upstairs to investigate, she is suddenly locked in the nursery. Experiencing shadowy figures and strange banging noises, Mrs Ayres, in a frantic attempt to escape, breaks the windows, cutting both arms. After the others in the household rescue her from the room, she comes to believe that Suki's ghost is always nearby.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: Not long afterwards, Mrs Ayres kills herself by slashing her wrists with the glass from a broken picture frame. Roderick attends the funeral, admonishing Caroline to leave the house lest she might be the next to die. On the night of the funeral, Faraday and a reluctant Caroline make plans to marry in six weeks' time. Later, Faraday considers that the strange occurrences in the house may well be due to poltergeist activity. It is suggested that supernatural phenomena might be the product of random, unintended telekinesis, which may well be poltergeist-like activity caused by a living person (as opposed to a dead one).


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: Caroline eventually breaks off her engagement to Dr Faraday, insisting that she would not be happily married to him, and expressing her intention to sell Hundreds Hall. Faraday insists that she is merely exhausted and not thinking clearly.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: One night, Faraday has a house call that keeps him off-premises. When he finally arrives home, he learns that Caroline has fallen from the second floor to her death.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: At the inquest into Caroline's death, the maid reports that she awoke to hear Caroline going upstairs to investigate a strange noise in the hall. She also reports hearing Caroline cry out "You!," immediately before falling to her death. After Dr Faraday testifies that Caroline's mind was undoubtedly "clouded," the coroner declares the death to be a suicide. The court concurs.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: Months later, Faraday visits the Ayres home while it is up for sale, having kept the keys which Caroline gave him. As he leaves the premises, the lifelike spectre of a young Faraday standing at the top of the staircase (where Caroline fell) solemnly watches him before backing away into the darkness.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: Other notable actors who appear in the film in minor roles include Sarah Crowden, Elizabeth Counsell, Clive Francis, Kate Phillips, Oliver Chris, Nicholas Burns, Charlie Anson, Josh Dylan, Lloyd Hutchinson, Lorne MacFadyen, Maggie McCarthy, Ann Firbank and Camilla Arfwedson, with child actors Oliver Zetterstrom and Tipper Seifert-Cleveland also appearing in the film as young Dr Faraday and Susan "Sukie" Ayres, respectively.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: In September 2015, it was announced that Lenny Abrahamson would direct an adaptation of Sarah Waters' supernatural drama novel "The Little Stranger", scripted by Lucinda Coxon, in which Domhnall Gleeson would play the lead role of Dr Faraday. On 5 May 2017, Ruth Wilson was reportedly cast as the female lead. On 23 May 2017, Focus Features acquired the worldwide distribution rights to the film, excluding four territories: France and Switzerland, where Pathé would be distributing, and the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom where 20th Century Fox would be distributing for Pathé. Will Poulter and Charlotte Rampling were also cast in the film, which was produced by Egan, Andrea Calderwood and Ed Guiney. The film was developed by Potboiler Productions, Film4 Productions, Element and Dark Trick.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: Principal photography on the film began on 6 July 2017 in the UK and took place in different locations outside London, including Winslow in Buckinghamshire and Yorkshire, for about ten weeks.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: The film was released in the United States on 31 August 2018 and in the United Kingdom on 21 September 2018.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: In its opening weekend in the United States, the film made $417,000 from 474 cinemas, an average of $880 per venue. In its opening weekend in the UK and Ireland, it grossed £294,900 from 296 sites, an average of under £1,000 per cinema.


title: The Little Stranger (film)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""The Little Stranger"s reliance on atmosphere may satisfy audiences in the mood for sophisticated horror fare — while frustrating those seeking more visceral thrills." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Statistical population

text: In statistics, a population is a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question or experiment. A statistical population can be a group of existing objects (e.g. the set of all stars within the Milky Way galaxy) or a hypothetical and potentially infinite group of objects conceived as a generalization from experience (e.g. the set of all possible hands in a game of poker). A common aim of statistical analysis is to produce information about some chosen population.


title: Statistical population

text: In statistical inference, a subset of the population (a statistical "sample") is chosen to represent the population in a statistical analysis. Moreover, the statistical sample must be unbiased and accurately model the population (every unit of the population has an equal chance of selection). The ratio of the size of this statistical sample to the size of the population is called a "sampling fraction". It is then possible to estimate the "population parameters" using the appropriate sample statistics.


title: Statistical population

text: The population mean, or population expected value, is a measure of the central tendency either of a probability distribution or of a random variable characterized by that distribution. In a discrete probability distribution of a random variable "X", the mean is equal to the sum over every possible value weighted by the probability of that value; that is, it is computed by taking the product of each possible value "x" of "X" and its probability "p"("x"), and then adding all these products together, giving formula_1. An analogous formula applies to the case of a continuous probability distribution. Not every probability distribution has a defined mean (see the Cauchy distribution for an example). Moreover, the mean can be infinite for some distributions.


title: Statistical population

text: For a finite population, the population mean of a property is equal to the arithmetic mean of the given property, while considering every member of the population. For example, the population mean height is equal to the sum of the heights of every individual—divided by the total number of individuals. The "sample mean" may differ from the population mean, especially for small samples. The law of large numbers states that the larger the size of the sample, the more likely it is that the sample mean will be close to the population mean.


title: Statistical population

text: A subset of a population that shares one or more additional properties is called a "sub population". For example, if the population is all Egyptian people, a sub population is all Egyptian males; if the population is all pharmacies in the world, a sub population is all pharmacies in Egypt. By contrast, a sample is a subset of a population that is not chosen to share any additional property.


title: Statistical population

text: Descriptive statistics may yield different results for different sub populations. For instance, a particular medicine may have different effects on different sub populations, and these effects may be obscured or dismissed if such special sub populations are not identified and examined in isolation.


title: Statistical population

text: Similarly, one can often estimate parameters more accurately if one separates out sub populations: the distribution of heights among people is better modeled by considering men and women as separate sub populations, for instance.


title: Statistical population

text: Populations consisting of sub populations can be modeled by mixture models, which combine the distributions within sub populations into an overall population distribution. Even if sub populations are well-modeled by given simple models, the overall population may be poorly fit by a given simple model – poor fit may be evidence for the existence of sub populations. For example, given two equal sub populations, both normally distributed, if they have the same standard deviation but different means, the overall distribution will exhibit low kurtosis relative to a single normal distribution – the means of the sub populations fall on the shoulders of the overall distribution. If sufficiently separated, these form a bimodal distribution; otherwise, it simply has a wide peak. Further, it will exhibit overdispersion relative to a single normal distribution with the given variation. Alternatively, given two sub populations with the same mean but different standard deviations, the overall population will exhibit high kurtosis, with a sharper peak and heavier tails (and correspondingly shallower shoulders) than a single distribution.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: The Self-Respect Movement is a movement, started in South India, with the aim of achieving a society in which oppressed castes have equal human rights, and encouraging backward castes to have self-respect in the context of a caste-based society that considered them to be a lower end of the hierarchy. It was founded in 1925 by S. Ramanathan who invited E. V. Ramasamy (also known as Periyar by his followers) to head the movement in Tamil Nadu, India against Brahminism. The movement was extremely influential not just in Tamil Nadu, but also overseas in countries with large Tamil populations, such as Malaysia and Singapore. Among Singapore Indians, groups like the Tamil Reform Association, and leaders such as Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani were prominent in promoting the principles of the Self-Respect Movement among the local Tamil population through schools and publications.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: A number of political parties in Tamil Nadu, such as Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) owe their origins to the Self-respect movement, the latter a 1972 breakaway from the DMK. Both parties are populist with a generally social democratic orientation.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Ramasamy was convinced that if man developed "self respect", he would automatically develop individuality and would refuse to be led by the nose by schemers. One of his most known quotes on Self-Respect was, "we are fit to think of 'self-respect' only when the notion of 'superior' and 'inferior' caste is banished from our land".


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Ramasamy did not expect personal or material gain out of this movement. He used to recall in a very casual manner that as a human being, he also was obligated to this duty, as it was the right and freedom to choose this work. Thus, he opted to engage himself in starting and promoting the movement.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Periyar declared that the "Self-Respect Movement" alone could be the genuine freedom movement, and political freedom would not be fruitful without individual self-respect. He remarked that the so-called 'Indian freedom fighters' were showing disrespect of self-respect, and this was really an irrational philosophy.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: He observed that political freedom as conceived by nationalists such as Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru and others did not cover individual self-respect. To him neither revival of the original spirit of Hindu religion and ancient traditions which formed part of Gandhi's conception of freedom, nor complete liberation from the British rule which was considered by Nehru to be the meaning of freedom or both of them together could ensure individual self-respect or the eradication of social ills from Indian society. In his opinion, the task of fulfilling the need for self-respect would have to be faced whatever be the extent of political freedom gained. Pointing out that even the British monarch in a sovereign independent nation had no freedom to marry a person of his choice and had to abdicate his kingdom, Ramasamy raised a question whether Gandhi's vision of freedom or Nehru's concept of independence contained even an iota of individual self-respect.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Ramasamy believed that self-respect was as valuable as life itself and its protection is a birthright and not "swaraj" ('political freedom'). He described the movement as "Arivu Vidutalai Iyakkam", that is, a movement to liberate the intellect.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: The terms "tan-maanam" or "suya mariyadai" meaning 'self-respect' are traceable in ancient Tamil literature considered a virtue of high valor in Tamil society. Ramasamy once claimed that to describe the ideology of his movement, no dictionary or language in the entire world could provide a word better than or equal to "suya mariyadai".


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Started as a movement ("iyakkam" in Tamil; "Dravida Iyakkam") to promote rational behavior, the Self-Respect Movement acquired much wider connotation within a short period of time. Periyar, speaking with M.K. Reddy at the First Self-Respect Conference held in 1929, explained the significance of self-respect and its principles. The main principles of the Self-Respect Movement in society were to be: no kind of inequality among people; no difference such as rich and poor in economic life; men and women to be treated as equals in every respect without differences; attachments to caste, religion, "varna", and country to be eradicated from society with a prevalent friendship and unity around the world; with every human being seeking to act according to reason, understanding, desire, and perspective, and shall not be subject to slavery of any kind or manner.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Equality with stress on economic and social equality formed the central theme of the "Self-Respect Movement" and was due to Ramasamy's determination to fight the inequalities ingrained in the caste system as well as certain religious practices. Working on the theme of liberating the society from the baneful social practices perpetrated in the name of "dharma" and "karma", Ramasamy developed the idea of establishing this movement as the instrument for achieving his objective.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Ramasamy was an advocate of anti-Brahmanism. Ramaswamy's ideology of anti-Brahminism was radical to such an extent that a non-Brahmin who upheld the integrity of the caste system was seen as a supporter of Brahmanism. Ramasamy called on both Brahmins and non-Brahmins to cast out brahmanism. Nevertheless, Ramasamy on several occasions claimed that to eliminate caste system, driving away the Brahmins was crucial. The Dravidian nationalist's call to "kill Tamil Brahmins" at a 1973 speech in Karaikudi is still echoed in the 21st century by regional parties. He would make a number of genocidal statements such as, "If you see a snake and a Brahmin, hit the Brahmin first", his chauvinistic statements leading to the loss of mass support for his movement.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: In 1920, when the Justice Party came to power, Brahmins occupied about 70 percent of the high level posts in the government. After reservation was introduced by the Justice Party, it changed this trend, allowing non-Brahmins to rise in the government of the Madras Presidency. Ramasamy spoke against the unbalance of the domination of Brahmins who were only 3 percent of the population, over government jobs, judiciary and the Madras University. He continued this line of thought despite the fact that by the 1930s, the majority of students in both arts and professional colleges were not Brahmins. On the employment front, the total number of Brahmin gazetted officers were 620 in 1928. Overall, there were about 15,000 Brahmins out of about 80,000 government employees.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Ramasamy, in regard to a DK member's attempt to assassinate Rajagopalachari, "expressed his abhorrence of violence as a means of settling political differences". But many suggest that the values of the non-Brahmin movement were explicitly anti-Brahmin.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: In addition to his hatred against his perceived oppressors in the minority, Ramasamy was also anti-Hindu. In 1953, Periyar organised agitations for the desecration of Ganesha idols. He stated in a speech in 1953, “We have to eradicate the gods who are responsible for the institution which portrays us as sudras, people of low birth, and some others as brahmins of high birth… We have to break the idols of these gods. I start with Ganesha because it is he who is worshipped before undertaking any task.” Paula Richman details the events leading up to his activities: “On the first day of August in 1956, E. V. Ramasami (henceforth E.V.R.) set out for the Madras Marina to lead his followers in burning pictures of Lord Rama, hero of the Ramayana. This symbolic action would represent a reversal of the culmination of north Indian performances of the Ramayana, in which images of the epic’s villain, Ravana, are put to the flames as spectators watch in delight.” The account goes on to detail how political leaders implored Periyar to cancel the event so as not to offend orthodox Hindu Tamils, but Periyar remained unmoved, noting that “there was bound to be a difference of views regarding any measure aimed at bringing social reform”. The act of burning Rama pictures by Ramasamy was to celebrate Ravana Leela to counter the Ram Leela in Delhi during the Dussehra festival, his argument being that Ramayana sought to perpetuate the Aryan domination over the Dravidian ‘sudran’, Ravana of Tamil origin.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: One of the major sociological changes introduced through the self-respect movement was the self-respect marriage system, whereby marriages were conducted without being officiated by a Brahmin priest. Periyar had regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements and often caused great debt through dowry. The Self-Respect movement encouraged inter-caste marriages, replacing arranged marriages by love marriages that are not constrained by caste.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: It was argued by the proponents of self-respect marriage that the then conventional marriages were officiated by Brahmins, who had to be paid for and also the marriage ceremony was in Sanskrit which most people did not understand, and hence were rituals and practices based on blind adherence.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Self-respect movement promoters argue that there was no reference to Thaali in the Sangam literatures like Tirukkuṛaḷ or Akanaṉūṟu, which describe the Tamils' lifestyle during the Sangam era. The Hindu marriage ceremonies involving Brahmins are argued to be practices introduced relatively recently to increase the influence of Brahminism on Tamils' lives.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Even though self-respect marriages have been practiced since 1928, initially these marriages just lacked a priest while the Hindu marriage events and ceremonies were followed. The first self-respect marriage that was totally devoid of any Hindu ceremony was the marriage of the prominent self-respect movement writer Kuthoosi Gurusamy with another prominent leader, Kunjidham, under the presiding of Periyaar on 8 December 1929. The self-respect movement encouraged widow remarriage as well. Due to the prevalent practice of child marriage and very poor health facilities, there were a high number of widows in then society. Women like Sivagami Ammaiyar, who could be widowed at 11 years, were given a new lease on life by the widow remarriage principles of the self-respect movement. Consequently, the self-respect movement attracted a lot of women.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Tamil Nadu became the first state (followed by U.T. of Puducherry in 1971) to legalize Hindu marriages conducted without a Brahmin priest. This was the first file signed by CM Annadurai when the DMK gained power in the 1967 Madras assembly elections. Annadurai sent the rule draft to Periyar and at his suggestion changed "and" to "or" in the law text which made the thaali/mangalsutra optional in marriages. This was implemented as Hindu Marriage Act (Madras Amendment) Act, 1967, introducing Section 7A, permitting Suyamariyathai (self-respect) and Seerthiruttha (reformist) marriages as legal when solemnised in the presence of friends, relatives or any other person by exchanging garlands or rings or by tying of a mangalsutra or by a declaration in language understood by both parties that they accept each other to be their spouse. The law was passed by the Tamil Nadu assembly on 27 November 1967, and was approved by the President on 17 January 1968. This was officially announced in the gazette on 20 January 1968. The number of inter-caste and inter-religious marriages has increased in the state as a result of the self-respect movement.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: In addition to many of the anti-Caste and Tamil nationalist ideologies of the Self-Respect Movement, it is also widely regarded that the Self-Respect Movement, held as core, deeply feminist values. Gender relationships were actively divorced from Brahminical patriarchy and women's rights over their physical, sexual and reproductive choices were celebrated. In Periyar's model of society, women were to be allowed access to contraception and even permanent birth control measures. This came at a time when the broad national discourse on birth control through influenced by the thoughts of leaders like Gandhi, was an almost unanimous condemnation of birth control. Women were given the right to choose partners as well as divorce them and remarry. Widowhood was not penalized through religious beliefs. Heterosexual partnerships were radically transformed by advocating for the erasure of gender hierarchies and roles; the sharing of domestic work, child-rearing were all paths to love through equality and service to society.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: These ideas attracted several women from all walks of life to the movement. Women included former prostitutes, former devadasis, wage labourers, doctors and teachers. Women in the movement worked on issues most closely affecting women like advocating for alcohol prohibition, supporting survivors of domestic violence and the anti-temple prostitution (devadasi system). However, these were not the issues they were restricted to. For example, the anti-Hindi agitations of 1930s were heavily represented by women of the movement. On 11 September 1938 in Madras, several women including Ramamritham Ammaiyar, Narayani Ammaiyar, Va. Ba. Thamaraikanni Ammaiyar, Munnagaara Azhagiyar and a total of 73 women were arrested for protesting. 37 of these women went to jail with their infants.


title: Self-Respect Movement

text: Two Dalit women, Veerammal and Annai Meenambal Shivraj were key to the sustenance of the movement and close advisors and friends of Periyar. Annai Meenambal was the person who first gave E.V. Ramasamy, the title "Periyar" meaning the elder or wise one and Veerammal is said to have provoked Periyar to think more critically about how the movement could do better not just for non-Brahmin castes, but also for Dalits and Adivasis.


title: Korčula

text: Korčula (, ) is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea. It has an area of , is long and on average wide, and lies just off the Dalmatian coast. Its 15,522 inhabitants (2011) make it the second most populous Adriatic island after Krk. The population are almost entirely ethnic Croats (95.74%). The island is twinned with Rothesay in Scotland.


title: Korčula

text: The island of Korčula belongs to the central Dalmatian archipelago, separated from the Pelješac peninsula by a narrow Strait of Pelješac, between wide. It stretches in the east–west direction, in length of ; on average, it is wide. With an area of , it is the sixth largest Adriatic island. The highest peaks are "Klupca", and "Kom", high.


title: Korčula

text: Main settlements on the island are towns of Korčula, Blato and Vela Luka. Villages along the coast are Brna, Račišće, Lumbarda and Prižba; Žrnovo, Pupnat, Smokvica and Čara are located inland. The island is divided into municipalities of Korčula, Smokvica, Blato and Lumbarda. The climate is Mediterranean; an average air temperature in January is and in July ; the average annual rainfall is . The island is largely covered with Mediterranean flora including extensive pine forests.


title: Korčula

text: The main road runs along the spine of the island connecting all settlements from Lumbarda on the eastern to Vela Luka on the western end, with the exception of Račišće, which is served by a separate road running along the northern coast. Ferries connect the city of Korčula with Orebić on the Pelješac peninsula. Another line connects Vela Luka with Split and the island of Lastovo. Fast passenger catamarans connect those two ports with Split , Dubrovnik and the islands of Hvar, Lastovo and Mljet.


title: Korčula

text: The island was first settled by Mesolithic and Neolithic peoples. There is archaeological evidence at the sites of Vela Spila (Big Cave) and at Jakas Cave near the village of Zrnovo. The findings at Vela Spila are on display at the "Center for Culture" in Vela Luka. The fate of these peoples is not known but the sites do provide a window into their way of life.


title: Korčula

text: The second wave of human settlement was by Illyrians. It is believed that the Illyrians arrived in Balkans approximately 1000 BC. They were semi-nomadic tribal people living from agriculture. There are numerous old stone buildings and fortresses (gradine) left behind by the Illyrians.


title: Korčula

text: "Melaina Korkyra" (, "Black Corcyra") was the ancient Cnidian Greek colony founded on Korčula. Greek colonists from Corcyra (Corfu) formed a colony on the island in the 6th century B.C. The Greeks named it "Black Corfu" after their homeland and the dense pine-woods on the island. Greek artifacts, including carved marble tombstones can be found at the local Korčula town museum.


title: Korčula

text: A stone inscription found in Lumbarda (Lumbarda Psephisma) and which is the oldest written stone monument in Croatia, records that Greek settlers from Issa (Vis) founded another colony on the island in the 3rd century BC. The two communities lived peacefully until the Illyrian Wars (220 BC to 219 BC) with the Romans.


title: Korčula

text: The island became part of the Roman province of Illyricum after the Illyrian Wars. Roman migration followed and Roman citizens arrived on the island. Roman villas appeared through the territory of Korčula and there is evidence of an organised agricultural exploitation of the land. There are archaeological remains of Roman Junianum on the island and old church foundations.


title: Korčula

text: In 10 AD Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia. Korčula became part of the ancient Roman province of Dalmatia.


title: Korčula

text: In the 6th century it came under Byzantine rule. The Great Migrations of the 6th and 7th centuries brought Slavic invasions into this region. Along the Dalmatian coast the Slavic peoples poured out of the interior and seized control of the area where the Neretva River enters the Adriatic, as well as the island of Korčula (Corcyra), which protects the river mouth. The Christianisation of the Croats began in the 9th century, but the early Croatian rural inhabitants of the island may well have fully accepted Christianity only later; in the early Middle Ages the Croatian population of the island was grouped with the pagan Narentines or Neretvians, who quickly learned maritime skills in this new environment and became known as pirates.


title: Korčula

text: Initially, Venetian merchants were willing to pay an annual tribute to keep their shipping safe from the infamous Neretvian pirates of the Dalmatian coast. After the 9th century, the island was briefly under nominal Byzantine suzerainty. In 998 the Principality of Pagania came under Venetian control. Doge Pietro II Orseolo launched a naval expedition along the coast and assumed the title Duke of Dalmatia. Afterwards Korčula came under the control of the Great Principality of Zahumlje.


title: Korčula

text: In the 12th century Korčula was conquered by a Venetian nobleman, Pepone Zorzi, and incorporated briefly into the Venetian Republic. Around this time, the local Korčula rulers began to exercise diplomacy and legislate a town charter to secure the independence of the island, particularly with regard to internal affairs, given its powerful neighbors.


title: Korčula

text: The brothers of Stephen Nemanja, Miroslav and Stracimir, launched an attack on the island on 10 August 1184, raiding its fertile western part. The island's inhabitants called for help from the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), which in turn captured all of Stracimir's galleys.


title: Korčula

text: The" Statute of Korčula" was first drafted in 1214. It guaranteed the autonomy of the island, apart from her outside rulers: the semi-independent Grand Principality of Zahumlje, the Grand Principality of Serbia, and the Republics of Ragusa and Venice. Captains were created for each of the island's five settlements for organized defence. Korčula had fewer than 2,500 inhabitants at that time.


title: Korčula

text: In 1221, Pope Honorius III gave the island to the Princes of Krka (the Šubićs). During the 13th century the hereditary Counts of Korčula were loosely governed in turn by the Hungarian crown and by the Republic of Genoa, and also enjoyed a brief period of independence; but, in 1255, Marsilio Zorzi conquered the island's city and razed or damaged some of its churches in the process, forcing the Counts to return to Venetian supreme rule.


title: Korčula

text: What is more definite is that the Republic of Genoa defeated Venice in the documented Battle of Curzola off the coast of Korčula in 1298 and a galley commander, Marco Polo, was taken prisoner by the victors to eventually spend his time in a Genoese prison writing of his travels. However, some Italian scholars believe that he may have been captured in a minor clash near Ayas.


title: Korčula

text: After the writings of Pope Martin IV in 1284 and Pope Honorius IV in 1286 to the "Archbishop of Ragusa", the Archbishop installed a certain Petar as Bishop of Ston and Korčula – "stacnensis ac Crozolensis". In 1291, Ivan Kručić was in Korčula's city as the Bishop of Korčula. Kručić contested his overlord, the Archbishop of Hvar, and wanted to unite Ston with his church domain. In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII finally founded the Korčula Bishopric under the Archbishopric of Ragusa. In 1333, as the Republic of Ragusa purchased Ston with Pelješac from the Serbian Empire, the suzerainty of Ston's Roman Catholic Church with the peninsula was given to the Bishopric of Korčula.


title: Korčula

text: Curzola, as the Venetians called it, surrendered to the Kingdom of Hungary in 1358 according to the Treaty of Zadar, but it surrendered to the Bosnian King Stefan Tvrtko I in the Summer of 1390. However the Kingdom of Hungary restored rule of the island, and in December 1396 Croatian-Hungarian King Sigismund gave it to Đurađ II Stracimirović of the Balšić dynasty of Zeta, who kept it up to his death in 1403, when it was returned under the Hungarian crown. In 1409 it again became a part of the Venetian Republic, purchased by the neighbouring Republic of Venice in 1413–1417, it still declared itself subjected to Venice in 1420. In 1571 it defended itself so gallantly against the Ottoman attackers at the Battle of Lepanto that it obtained the designation "Fidelissima" from the Pope.


title: Korčula

text: Korčula had for years supplied the timber for the wooden walls of Venice, and had been a favourite station of her fleets. From 1776 to 1797 Korčula succeeded Hvar as the main Venetian fortified arsenal in this region. According to the Treaty of Campoformio in 1797 in which the Venetian Republic was divided between the French Republic and the Habsburg monarchy, Korčula passed on to the Habsburg Monarchy.


title: Korčula

text: The French Empire invaded the island in 1806, joining it to the Illyrian Provinces. The Montenegrin Forces of Prince-Episcope Peter I Njegos conquered the island with Russian naval assistance in 1807 during his attempt to construct another Serbian Empire. The defeat of Austria however at the battle of Wagram in 1809 had put most of the Adriatic under French control. On 4 February 1813 however, British troops and naval forces under Thomas Fremantle captured the island from the French. This short period of British rule left an important mark on the island; the new stone West quay was built, as well as a semi-circular paved terrace with stone benches on the newly built road towards Lumbarda, and a circular Martello tower, "forteca" on the hill of St. Blaise above the town. According to the terms of the Congress of Vienna, the British left the island to the Austrian Empire in 1815 on 19 July in terms of the Congress of Vienna. Korčula accordingly became a part of the Austrian crown land of Dalmatia. From 1867, Korčula was in the Cisleithanian part of Austria-Hungary.


title: Korčula

text: During the First World War, the island (among other territorial gains) was promised to the Kingdom of Italy in the 1915 Treaty of London in return for Italy joining the war on the side of Great Britain and France. However, after the war, Korčula became a part (with the rest of Dalmatia) of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in 1918. It was ruled by Italy from 1918 to 1921, after which it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, known from 1929 on as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It became part of the Province of Dalmatia, before becoming part of the in 1922. The island became part of the Littoral Banate in 1929, and finally, in 1939, it became a part of the autonomous Croatian Banate.


title: Korčula

text: After the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Italy annexed the island. After the Armistice between Italy and the Allied powers in September 1943, it was briefly held by the Yugoslav Partisans who enjoyed considerable support in the region. Korčula was then occupied by German forces which controlled the island until their withdrawal in September 1944. With the liberation of Yugoslavia in 1945, the "Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia" was formed, and Korčula became a part of the People's Republic of Croatia, one of the six Yugoslav Republics. The state changed the name to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1953, and so did the Republic into Socialist Republic of Croatia. From 1963 to 1974, the island hosted the Korčula Summer School, a ten-day gathering of the European left. After 1991, the island became a part of the independent Republic of Croatia.


title: Korčula

text: The 17th century saw the rise of Petar Kanavelić who wrote love songs, occasional epic poems and dramas. He also translated from Italian the major poetic works of that time. He is regarded as one of the greatest Croatian writers of 17th century. In 1673 he became the representative of the Korčula community in Venice. There is a primary school named after him in the town of Korčula.


title: Korčula

text: Moreška is a traditional sword dance from the town of Korčula. It is one of the many proud traditional sword dances that are performed on the island. It arrived in Korčula around the 16th century. Korčula has a rich musical history of Klape groups. Klapa is a form of a cappella style of singing. The tradition goes back centuries, but the style as we know it today, originated in the 19th century. Oliver Dragojević is a famous Croatian pop singer who comes from the island.


title: Korčula

text: Korčula has a tradition of stonemasonry, which reached its peak during the rule of the Venetian Republic (1420–1797). The island also has a very strong art tradition.


title: Korčula

text: The Korkyra Baroque Festival is an annual international event, launched in 2012. The festival showcases a selection of the world's leading ensembles and soloists specialized in Baroque music. Over ten days a series of concerts and supporting events focus on Baroque music, promoting the richness of Korčula's cultural monuments and the whole town as a unique architectural treasure.


title: Korčula

text: Korčula is linked to the mainland by a regular ferry service that runs between Dominče, just outside Korčula Town and Orebić. There are numerous other local ferry services including one linking Vela Luka and Lastovo. The main Croatian ferry operator Jadrolinija runs a service linking Korčula Town with Rijeka, Split, Hvar, Mljet, Dubrovnik and (from May to September) Bari. An operator Linijska nacionalna plovidba runs a seasonal service linking Korčula with Drvenik.


title: Korčula

text: There are also bus services that link the island to major cities on the mainland, which reach Korčula using the Orebić ferry service.


title: Korčula

text: Korčula town also has mooring facilities. The western harbour gives shelter from wind though not against the "‘bora’" and north-westerlies. Boat owners are advised to shift to the eastern harbour or to Luka Cove. The port is open to international seaborne traffic as a permanent Port of entry; it offers all types of repairs to hulls and engines at the Brodograditelj Shipyard.


title: Ilustrado

text: The Ilustrados (, "erudite", "learned" or "enlightened ones") constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term "gente de razón" carried a similar meaning.


title: Ilustrado

text: They were middle class Filipinos, many of whom were educated in Spain and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. The "Ilustrado" class was composed of native-born intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines—"Indios", "Insulares" and "Mestizos", among others—and sought reform through "a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power" under Spanish tutelage.


title: Ilustrado

text: Stanley Karnow, in his "", referred to the "Ilustrados" as the "rich Intelligentsia" because many were the children of wealthy landowners. They were key figures in the development of Filipino nationalism.


title: Ilustrado

text: The most prominent "Ilustrados" were Graciano López Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna and José Rizal, the Philippine national hero. Rizal's novels "Noli Me Tangere" ("Touch Me Not") and "El Filibusterismo" ("The Subversive") "exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the Spanish colonial regime".


title: Ilustrado

text: In the beginning, Rizal and his fellow "Ilustrados" preferred not to win independence from Spain, instead they yearned legal equality for both "Peninsulares" and natives—"Indios", "Insulares", and "mestizos", among others—in the economic reforms demanded by the "Ilustrados" were that "the Philippines be represented in the Cortes and be considered as a province of Spain" and "the secularization of the parishes."


title: Ilustrado

text: However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew strongest, when three Filipino priests, José Burgos, Mariano Gomez and friar Jacinto Zamora, who had been charged with leading a military mutiny at an arsenal in Cavite, near Manila, were executed by the Spanish authorities. The event and "other repressive acts outraitings and activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled the "Ilustrados" . This also prompted unity among the "Ilustrados" and Andrés Bonifacio's radical "Katipunan". Philippine policies by the United States reinforced the dominant position of the "Ilustrados" within Filipino society. Friar estates were sold to the "Ilustrados" and most government positions were offered to them.


title: Lorenz Hart

text: Lorenz Milton Hart (May 2, 1895 – November 22, 1943) was an American lyricist and half of the Broadway songwriting team Rodgers and Hart. Some of his more famous lyrics include "Blue Moon", "The Lady Is a Tramp", "Manhattan", "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered", and "My Funny Valentine".


title: Lorenz Hart

text: Hart was born in Harlem, New York City, the elder of two sons, to Jewish immigrant parents, Max M. and Frieda (Isenberg) Hart, of German background. Through his mother, he was a great-grandnephew of the German poet Heinrich Heine. His father, a business promoter, sent Hart and his brother to private schools. (His brother, Teddy Hart, also went into theatre and became a musical comedy star. Teddy Hart's wife, Dorothy Hart, wrote a biography of Lorenz Hart.)


title: Lorenz Hart

text: Hart received his early education from Columbia Grammar School and entered Columbia College in 1913, before switching to Columbia University School of Journalism, where he attended for two years. In 1919 a friend introduced him to Richard Rodgers, and the two joined forces to write songs for a series of amateur and student productions.


title: Lorenz Hart

text: By 1918, Hart was working for the Shubert brothers, partners in theatre, translating German plays songs into English. In 1919, his and Rodgers' song "Any Old Place With You" was included in the Broadway musical comedy "A Lonely Romeo". In 1920, six of their songs were used in the musical comedy "Poor Little Ritz Girl", which also had music by Sigmund Romberg. They were hired to write the score for the 1925 Theatre Guild production "The Garrick Gaieties", the success of which brought them acclaim.


title: Lorenz Hart

text: Rodgers and Hart subsequently wrote the song and lyrics for 26 Broadway musicals during a partnership of more than 20 years that ended shortly before Hart's early death. Their "big four" were "Babes in Arms," "The Boys From Syracuse", "Pal Joey", and "On Your Toes." The Rodgers and Hart songs have been described as intimate and destined for long lives outside the theater. Many of their songs are standard repertoire for singers and jazz instrumentalists. Hart has been called "the expressive bard of the urban generation which matured during the interwar years". But the "encomiums suggest[ing] that Larry Hart was a poet" caused his friend and fellow writer Henry Myers to state otherwise. "Larry in particular was primarily a showman. If you can manage to examine his songs technically, and for the moment elude their spell, you will see that they are all meant to be acted, that they are part of a play. Larry was a playwright."


title: Lorenz Hart

text: Rodgers and Hart wrote music and lyrics for several films, including "Love Me Tonight" (1932), "The Phantom President" (1932), "Hallelujah, I'm a Bum" (1933), and "Mississippi" (1935). With their successes, during the Great Depression Hart was earning $60,000 annually, and he became a magnet for many people. He gave numerous large parties. Beginning in 1938, he traveled more often and suffered from his drinking. Nevertheless, Rodgers and Hart continued working together through mid-1942, with their final new musical being 1942's "By Jupiter".


title: Lorenz Hart

text: "The New York Times" reported on July 23, 1942: "The Theatre Guild announced yesterday that Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II will soon begin work on a musical version of Lynn Riggs's folk-play, "Green Grow the Lilacs", which the Guild produced for sixty-four performances at the Guild Theatre in 1931." Rodgers had brought Hammerstein onto the project due to Hart's worsening mental state; Hart would admit he had difficulty writing a musical for such a rural setting as Oklahoma and departed, leaving an eager Hammerstein (whose own songwriting partner Jerome Kern had no interest in the project) to complete what would eventually become "Oklahoma!" Rodgers and Hammerstein would continue collaborating for 16 years (ending in Hammerstein's death in 1960), a partnership that made the duo one of the most successful composing teams of the 20th century.


title: Lorenz Hart

text: Hart, meanwhile, was much affected by his mother's death in late April 1943. Regrouping somewhat, Rodgers and Hart teamed a final time in the fall of 1943 for a revival of "A Connecticut Yankee". Six new numbers, including "To Keep My Love Alive", were written for this reworked version of the play; it would prove to be Hart's last lyric. Hart had taken off the night of the opening and was gone for two days. He was found ill in a hotel room and taken to Doctors Hospital, Upper East Side, but died within a few days.


title: Lorenz Hart

text: According to Thomas Hischak, Hart "had a remarkable talent for polysyllabic and internal rhymes", and his lyrics have often been praised for their wit and technical sophistication.


title: Lorenz Hart

text: According to "The New York Times" music critic Stephen Holden, "Many of Hart's ballad lyrics conveyed a heart-stopping sadness that reflected his conviction that he was physically too unattractive to be lovable." Holden also noted that "In his lyrics, as in his life, Hart stands as a compellingly lonely figure. Although he wrote dozens of songs that are playful, funny and filled with clever wordplay, it is the rueful vulnerability beneath their surface that lends them a singular poignancy."


title: Lorenz Hart

text: Hart lived with his widowed mother. He suffered from alcoholism, and would sometimes disappear and be gone for weeks at a time on alcoholic binges.


title: Lorenz Hart

text: Hart suffered from depression and sadness throughout his life. His erratic behavior was often the cause of friction between him and Rodgers and led to a breakup of their partnership in 1943 before his death. Rodgers then began collaborating with Oscar Hammerstein II.


title: Lorenz Hart

text: Devastated by the death of his mother seven months earlier, Hart died in New York City of pneumonia from exposure on November 22, 1943, after drinking heavily. His remains are buried in Mount Zion Cemetery in Queens County, New York. The circumstances of his life were heavily edited and romanticized for the 1948 MGM biopic "Words and Music".


title: Google Chrome App

text: A Google Chrome App, or commonly just Chrome App, was a certain type of (non-standardized) web application that ran on the Google Chrome web browser. Chrome apps can be obtained from the Chrome Web Store where apps, extensions, and themes can be installed or bought. There are two types of apps, hosted and packaged, which have different locations of their executable and are targeted at different use cases. Support for Chrome Apps has been removed from Chrome in June 2022, except on ChromeOS where support has been extended until at least January 2025.


title: Google Chrome App

text: On August 19, 2016, Google announced that it would begin phasing out Chrome Apps for Windows, Mac and Linux (both packaged and hosted) by the end of 2016, finishing the process in early 2018. The company said that such apps would continue to be supported and maintained on ChromeOS "for the foreseeable future". The plan later changed, with Chrome Apps set to last until June 2022 for ChromeOS.


title: Google Chrome App

text: On January 15, 2020, Google announced that Chrome would begin phasing out support for Chrome Apps completely starting in March 2020, with support for consumers until June 2021 and enterprise until June 2022.


title: Google Chrome App

text: Chrome apps can be hosted or packaged. Hosted apps have their background web pages on a remote server and the app acts like a bookmark or shortcut; packaged apps have off-line functionality making use of local storage.


title: Google Chrome App

text: Packaged apps were launched on September 5, 2013. They have features very similar to a native desktop app, namely offline capable (by default), can interact with hardware devices, and can access local storage. Packaged apps are not confined to the regular Chrome interface and can display without a classic window menu and operating system user interface elements.


title: Google Chrome App

text: Hosted apps are the original type of Chrome apps. They contain a single manifest file that contains the URL and additional information about the app. Hosted apps are usually offline and are subject to regular web page security restrictions.


title: YNOT Studios

text: YNOT Studios (stylised as Y?NOT) is an Indian film production company in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, established by producer S. Sashikanth. As of 2020, the company has produced 18 feature films, which includes productions made in the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi film industries of India. It has collaborated with filmmakers including Sudha Kongara, Balaji Mohan, Pushkar–Gayathri and Karthik Subbaraj.


title: YNOT Studios

text: YNOT Studios' first release was Tamil cinema's first parody film "Thamizh Padam" (2010), which featured a predominantly new technical crew and a rookie star cast. The film became a commercial success and the first of many "new-wave cinema" projects that the company chose to specialise in. Subsequent successful ventures included Balaji Mohan's romantic comedy films "Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi" (2013) and "Vaayai Moodi Pesavum" (2014), which were recognised by critics for their innovative narratives. The company also produced Vasanthabalan's period drama "Kaaviya Thalaivan" (2014), which focused on the competition between two theatre artistes in the 1930s and had a popular soundtrack composed by A. R. Rahman.


title: YNOT Studios

text: YNOT Studios produced several profitable films from 2016 onwards, with Sudha Kongara's sports drama "Irudhi Suttru" (2016), being made in three different languages. Many of their following films, Pushkar–Gayathri's crime drama "Vikram Vedha" (2017), Prasanna's comedy-drama "Shubh Mangal Saavdhan" (2017), C S Amudhan's Tamizh Padam 2 (2018) and Ashwin Saravanan's psychological thriller "Game Over" (2019) were commercial successes.


title: YNOT Studios

text: YNOT Studios was created by Chennai-based architect and entrepreneur S. Sashikanth in 2009. Having previously worked in films as an assistant art director, Sashikanth remained in contact with film personalities through his architectural work and became a close acquaintance of ad filmmaker C. S. Amudhan and cinematographer Nirav Shah. Looking to make his directorial debut, Amudhan pitched film scripts in three genres for YNOT Studios: a road film, a period film and a spoof film, with the latter, later materialising as the studio's first film, "Thamizh Padam" (2010), Tamil cinema's first spoof film.


title: YNOT Studios

text: Featuring a relatively new technical crew and a rookie cast led by Shiva, Sashikanth opted to sell the film to Dayanidhi Azhagiri's Cloud Nine Movies to ensure it received a wide release. Told in satirical fashion spoofing popular Tamil films and celebrities, the film narrated the tale of a young man looking to reunite with his long-lost family while tackling the criminalities of a notorious gangster. Upon release, the film received critical acclaim en route to becoming one of the box office successes of the year in Tamil Nadu. Rediff.com called the film a "must watch", while Sify.com labelled the film as a "rollicking comedy" and gave particular praise for Shiva's performance and the director's script and dialogues. The studio's next film, "Va" (2010) by director duo Pushkar–Gayathri, earned positive reviews but did not perform well at the box office. Telling the tale of a man hunting for liquor on a dry day in Chennai before leaving to Saudi Arabia, the film was completely shot within the city and was again distributed with the assistance of Cloud Nine Movies.


title: YNOT Studios

text: The studio next produced Balaji Mohan's "Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi" (2012), which was simultaneously made in Telugu as "Love Failure" (2012), and both films opened to critical and commercial acclaim. After being impressed with a short film version released on YouTube by Balaji, Sashikanth approached him and opted to co-produce a full-length feature of the script along with the film's lead actor Siddharth. In their review of the film, Rediff.com praised the team's innovative style of film-making noting that "the story is told in a slightly new format" and that "the script is simple yet meaningful".


title: YNOT Studios

text: The success of their first collaboration prompted YNOT Studios to produce Balaji's next bilingual project, the comedy-drama "Vaayai Moodi Pesavum" (2014) starring Dulquer Salmaan and Nazriya, which was shot in Tamil and Malayalam. The film narrated the tale of a fictional hill station that is hit with a virus that causes people to lose the power of speech, with the second half of the film being predominantly a silent film. The film also opened to positive reviews, with a critic from Rediff.com writing it was "a totally new concept coupled with the director’s unique narrative style and a screenplay loaded with satire and comedy, that makes "Vaayai Moodi Pesavum", a thought-provoking and thoroughly enjoyable film", concluding it was "definitely a must watch". After the release of the film, Behindwoods.com remarked that YNOT Studios regularly "associated themselves with gutsy new-wave cinema".


title: YNOT Studios

text: The company's next release was Vasanthabalan's historical drama "Kaaviya Thalaivan" (2014), which narrated the tale of two stage actors who compete for roles, love, and the future of India during its quest for independence. Starring Siddharth and Prithviraj, with music composed by A. R. Rahman, it became YNOT Studios' biggest production to date. "Kaaviya Thalaivan" was announced in September 2012 and research work for the final script was carried out for nearly a year wherein facts, references and whereabouts were collected from veteran theatre artists across Tamil Nadu. Vasanthabalan was inspired to write the film's script after discovering more about Tamil stage actors from the 1930s and adapted real-life events from the lives of T. K. Shanmugam, K. B. Sundarambal, and S. G. Kittappa. Filming took a further year before it had a theatrical release in November 2014. Despite opening to positive reviews and winning critical acclaim, it performed poorly at the box office, with trade pundits blaming the time of release. Notwithstanding its relatively modest commercial performance, the film later won ten Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2014, including awards for Best Actor, Best Music Director and Best Cinematography.


title: YNOT Studios

text: From 2016 onwards, YNOT Studios continued to contribute towards making "new wave films" in the Tamil film industry and experienced commercial success. The company collaborated with the director Sudha Kongara, actor Madhavan, and debutante actress Ritika Singh to produce a bilingual sports drama film titled "Irudhi Suttru" (2016) in Tamil and "Saala Khadoos" (2016) in Hindi, which told the story of a boorish boxing coach taking on a rebellious young woman from a fishermen colony as his new student. With a publicity budget of 9 crore rupees, the promotions for the films were described by The Hindu to be "unlike other film promotions in the South", considering that most film teams in the Tamil film industry do not usually tour around the state publicising their project. Before the release of the film, the team held several screenings to select Hindi and Tamil audiences and edited the film accordingly to the taste of the audiences. "Irudhi Suttru" opened to positive reviews, with a critic from Sify.com stating that the film was "a perfect sports drama, which should not be missed" and added that "this inspirational effort has a superb screenplay with all the typical elements of a good sports film in place", while Rediff.com agreed that the film was "not to be missed", adding "its refreshing characters, enjoyable plot, great music and visuals keeps you hooked". Following the success of the film, Sudha Kongara remade the film in the Telugu language as "Guru" (2017) with Venkatesh in the lead role alongside Ritika Singh.


title: YNOT Studios

text: "Irudhi Suttru" was later screened at the 29th Tokyo International Film Festival during October 2016 and was then also selected to be a part of the Indian Panorama section at 47th International Film Festival of India. It went on to win a National Film Award for Ritika Singh; three Filmfare Awards for Best Director, Actor and Actress; as well as Best Picture at the South Indian International Movie Awards and the IIFA Utsavam.


title: YNOT Studios

text: YNOT Studios' next release was the crime drama "Vikram Vedha" (2017), where they collaborated again with duo Pushkar–Gayathri. Having been in talks with the duo since their previous joint venture in 2010, Sashikanth confirmed that pre-production work was ongoing by early 2015 and revealed that the film would tell the tale of an encounter cop and his pursuit of a gangster. The directors revealed that the story for the film was inspired by the Indian meta-folktale "Baital Pachisi" ("Vedhala Kadhai" in Tamil), with the characterisation of King Vikramadithyan and the celestial spirit Vedhalam derived from that plot. Actors Madhavan and Vijay Sethupathi were signed to portray titular characters, with filming beginning in November 2016 and progressing for five months.


title: YNOT Studios

text: "Vikram Vedha" opened to positive reviews from critics and audiences, with critic Manoj Kumar of The Indian Express labelling it as "by far the best film to release in Tamil this year so far" adding readers "not to miss the film". The Hindustan Times's Karthik Kumar called it "a film to remember", "a must watch" and "path-breaking", while adding "not only is the film entertaining from start to finish, it’s equally engaging and it succeeds in piquing the intellect of audiences like no recent Tamil film". The film was a commercial success, becoming the second highest grossing Tamil film of the year after "Baahubali 2" (2017) at the time of its release. Made at a budget of 11 crore rupees, the film grossed ten crores in Tamil Nadu alone within the first weekend, earning seventeen crores worldwide. Within a week of its release, the film had grossed over forty crores worldwide and performed especially well in the United States.


title: YNOT Studios

text: YNOT Studios achieved further commercial success with R. S. Prasanna's Hindi comedy-drama "Shubh Mangal Saavdhan" (2017), which was co-produced in association with Colour Yellow Productions and Eros International. A remake of the successful Tamil film "Kalyana Samayal Saadham" (2013), the film narrates the story of an arranged marriage which becomes threatened by the groom's potential erectile dysfunction and stars Ayushmann Khurrana and Bhumi Pednekar. The company had earlier planned to produce the film in Hindi during 2014 with Thirukumaran Entertainment and Abi & Abi Pictures, but problems with casting meant that production was postponed and the film was later sold to different production houses. The film opened in September 2017. Critics praised the screenwriting and the approach the filmmaker took in subtly narrating a taboo subject with humour. At the box office, the film outperformed other high-profile films released during the same period.


title: YNOT Studios

text: In late July 2017, YNOT Studios announced that they had begun production work on "Tamizh Padam 2" by C. S. Amudhan, which would be a sequel to their first production. Sashikanth had requested Amudhan to work on the film during November 2016, following which the director completed the scripting process. The film opened to positive response and was a commercially successful venture. Their next project titled "Game Over", starred Taapsee Pannu, for whose the film marked the actor's return to Tamil cinema after four years. Directed by Ashwin Saravanan, the film opened to rave reviews and also achieved commercial success.


title: YNOT Studios

text: Following the tenth anniversary, YNOT Studios announced its collaboration with Reliance Entertainment to produce their upcoming projects and further announced their subsidiaries: its distribution arm, YNOT X and the music label YNOT Music. In 2019, YNOT Studios announced three projects: "Aelay", directed by Halitha Shameem, starring Samuthirakani, K. Manikandan, with Pushkar–Gayathri serving as the creative producer for the film; "Mandela", directed by newcomer Madonne Ashwin, starring Yogi Babu in the lead and Balaji Mohan as the creative producer; Dhanush's untitled film with Karthik Subbaraj, which was announced by YNOT in February 2018 after Thenandal Studio Limited which originally procured the rights for the film, exited the project following financial tussles faced by the company. The film was later titled as "Jagame Thandhiram" in February 2020, and was scheduled for release on 1 May 2020, but was indefinitely delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Eventually, plans for theatrical release were cancelled by Sashikanth in favour of a direct-to-digital release of the film through the streaming platform Netflix in February 2021, which was criticised by fans and theatre owners and slammed Sashikanth for progressing digital release, despite theatres being reopened and operated with 50% seating capacity over pandemic restrictions. The production house also faced red-card from the distributors, eventually stalling their upcoming projects to be screened in Tamil Nadu theatres. In the end, Sashikanth opted for premiering the films "Aelay" and "Mandela", directly through the television channel Star Vijay, and a digital release through Netflix following the television premiere and both the films won critically positive reviews. "Jagame Thandhiram" was released on 18 June 2021 through Netflix in 17 languages. The film received mixed reviews criticising the screenplay, narration and editing; although the performances of the cast being praised.


title: YNOT Studios

text: In addition to the production of films since 2010, YNOT Studios has also been involved in distributing films of other production houses and notably was involved in the theatrical release of "Enakkul Oruvan" (2015).


title: YNOT Studios

text: The below is a list of films from other production houses distributed by the studio and its subsidiary:


title: YNOT Studios

text: In late 2019, YNOT Studios set up a second subsidiary, YNOT Music, to oversee the release of soundtracks from films. In December 2019, the studio launched the original soundtrack to the film "Game Over" composed by Ron Ethan Yohann.


title: W.A.S.P. (album)

text: W.A.S.P. is the debut studio album by the American heavy metal band W.A.S.P., released August 17, 1984. The album has been known under three different names; the spine of the original European vinyl release had "Winged Assassins" printed on it, while early cassette releases of the album had the name of the album's first track, "I Wanna Be Somebody", printed in bold letters on the cover. The album is officially entitled simply "W.A.S.P.", which it is typically referred to as.


title: W.A.S.P. (album)

text: Prior to its original release, the controversial track "Animal (Fuck Like a Beast)" was deleted from the album. The Parents Music Resource Center had labeled the song as one of its "Filthy 15", songs that the group determined to be morally objectionable. Capitol Records subsequently bowed to pressure and pulled the song. The band released it as a single in the UK in 1984 on the indie label Music for Nations, and the single subsequently became a highly sought after item in North America as an import. The song was reinstated on the album with the 1998 reissue.


title: W.A.S.P. (album)

text: The song "I Wanna Be Somebody", released as the album's second single with accompanying music video, was so popular that VH1 later placed it in their list of the "Top 100 Hard Rock Songs" of all time. "L.O.V.E. Machine" dates back to Lawless' pre-W.A.S.P. band Circus Circus, who frequently played the song live but never recorded it.


title: W.A.S.P. (album)

text: Several of the album's songs have been covered by other bands. "Sleeping (In the Fire)" has been covered by Tiamat and Anders Manga, "Hellion" by Children of Bodom and In Aeternum, "L.O.V.E. Machine" by Fallen Man, Lullacry, Fozzy and Alghazanth, "I Wanna Be Somebody" by Sentenced, Catamenia, Witchery, Avulsed and Gates of Ishtar, and "The Torture Never Stops" by the death metal group Torture Division.


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: Actress Judy Garland (1922–1969) is widely considered as a gay icon. "The Advocate" has called Garland "The Elvis of homosexuals". The reasons frequently given for her standing as an icon among gay men are admiration of her ability as a performer, the way her personal struggles seemed to mirror those of gay men in America during the height of her fame, and her value as a camp figure. Garland's role as Dorothy Gale in "The Wizard of Oz" is particularly known for contributing to this status.


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: The aspects of gay identification with Garland were being discussed in the mainstream as early as 1967. "Time" magazine, in reviewing Garland's 1967 Palace Theatre engagement, disparagingly noted that a "disproportionate part of her nightly claque seems to be homosexual". It goes on to say that "[t]he boys in the tight trousers" (a phrase "Time" repeatedly used to describe gay men, as when it described "ecstatic young men in tight trousers pranc[ing] down the aisles to toss bouquets of roses" to another gay icon, Marlene Dietrich) would "roll their eyes, tear at their hair and practically levitate from their seats" during Garland's performances. "Time" then attempted to explain Garland's appeal to the homosexual, consulting psychiatrists who opined that "the attraction [to Garland] might be made considerably stronger by the fact that she has survived so many problems; homosexuals identify with that kind of hysteria" and that "Judy was beaten up by life, embattled, and ultimately had to become more masculine. She has the power that homosexuals would like to have, and they attempt to attain it by idolizing her."


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: Writer William Goldman, in a piece for "Esquire" magazine about the same Palace engagement, again disparages the gay men in attendance, dismissing them as "fags" who "flit by" chattering inanely. He goes on, however, to advance the tragic figure theory as well. After first suggesting that "if [homosexuals] have an enemy, it is age. And Garland is youth, perennially, over the rainbow", he wrote:


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: Openly gay comedian Bob Smith offers a comic take on the tragic figure theory, imagining an "Elvis king" and a "Judy queen", debating the idols:


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: In discussing Judy Garland's camp appeal, gay film scholar Richard Dyer has defined camp as "a characteristically gay way of handling the values, images and products of the dominant culture through irony, exaggeration, trivialisation, theatricalisation and an ambivalent making fun of and out of the serious and respectable". Garland is camp, he asserts, because she is "imitable, her appearance and gestures copiable in drag acts". He calls her "ordinariness" in her early MGM films camp in their "failed seriousness" and her later style "wonderfully over-the-top".


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: Other connections between Garland and the LGBT community include the slang term "Friend of Dorothy", which likely derives from Garland's portrayal of Dorothy Gale in "The Wizard of Oz" and became a code phrase gay men used to identify each other. Dorothy's journey from Kansas to Oz "mirrored many gay men's desires to escape the black-and-white limitations of small-town life ... for big, colorful cities filled with quirky, gender-bending characters who would welcome them."


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: In the film, Dorothy immediately accepts those who are different, including the Cowardly Lion (in a very camp performance by Bert Lahr). The Lion identifies himself through song as a "sissy" and exhibits stereotypically "gay" (or at least effeminate) mannerisms. The Lion is seen as a coded example of Garland meeting and accepting a gay man without question.


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: In the 2001 documentary "Memories of Oz", gay cult film director and social satirist John Waters spoke about seeing "The Wizard of Oz" as a child:


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: The 2020 comedic short film Digging Up Dorothy features a drag queen's obsession with Judy Garland several decades after her death.


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: Some have suggested a connection between the date of Garland's funeral on June 27, 1969, and the Stonewall riots, the flashpoint of the modern gay liberation movement, which started in the early hours of June 28. Some observers of the riots contend that most of those involved "were not the type to moon over Judy Garland records or attend her concerts at Carnegie Hall. They were more preoccupied with where they were going to sleep and where their next meal would come from." However, the same historical documentary states that there were several patrons at the Stonewall bar that night, Garland fans who, according to bar patron Sylvia Rivera had come from the very emotional Garland funeral earlier in the day to drink and mourn. Rivera said that indeed there was a feeling in the air that something would happen that night: "I guess Judy Garland's death just really helped us really hit the fan."


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: There was certainly an awareness and appreciation of Garland among Stonewall Inn patrons. Because the bar had no liquor license, it was passed off as a bottle club and patrons were required to sign in. Many used pseudonyms and "Judy Garland" was among the most popular. Regardless of the truth of the matter, the Garland/Stonewall connection has persisted and has been fictionalized in "Stonewall", Nigel Finch's feature film about the events leading up to the riots. Lead character Bostonia is shown watching Garland's funeral on television and mourning, and later refusing to silence a jukebox playing a Garland song during a police raid, declaring "Judy stays."


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: Garland's daughter Lorna Luft points to the connection with pride, saying that her mother was a "huge, huge advocate of human rights" and that Garland would have found the rioting appropriate.


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: Another connection is the rainbow flag, symbol of the LGBT communities which may have been inspired, in part, by Garland's song "Over the Rainbow". Garland's performance of this song has been described as "the sound of the closet", speaking to gay men whose image "they presented in their own public lives was often at odds with a truer sense of self that mainstream society would not condone".


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: Judy Garland's father and other significant people in her life were also gay. Her father, Frank Gumm, would apparently seduce or at least keep company with very young men or older teens, then move on when told to leave or before his activities could be discovered. Garland's second husband Vincente Minnelli was rumored to be a closeted bisexual, and her fourth husband Mark Herron had a long-lasting relationship with fellow actor Henry Brandon, which was only briefly interrupted by his marriage to Garland.


title: Judy Garland as a gay icon

text: She introduced her daughter Liza to her future husband, Australian singer Peter Allen who was also gay. From the beginning of her Hollywood career, Garland liked to visit gay bars with openly gay friends Roger Edens, Charles Walters and George Cukor, to the chagrin of her handlers at MGM.