text: In November 2020, production on the series halted after crew members tested positive for COVID-19. In December 2020, it was announced production would remain halted after Kyle Richards, Dorit Kemsley and Kathy Hilton had tested positive. Production on the series later resumed after 14-day quarantines and negative tests.


title: The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 11)

text: In September 2020, Denise Richards and Teddi Mellencamp Arroyave announced they would not be returning for the eleventh season. A month later in October 2020, it was announced that Crystal Kung Minkoff would be joining the show as a housewife. On April 6, 2021, it was announced that Sutton Stracke would be joining the main cast after previously being featured as a friend of the housewives. Kathy Hilton joined as a "friend of the housewives."


title: Seven Mary Three

text: Seven Mary Three (occasionally abbreviated to 7 Mary 3 or 7M3) was an American rock band. They released seven studio albums and one live album, and are best known for their hit single "Cumbersome".


title: Seven Mary Three

text: Seven Mary Three formed in 1992 when Jason Ross and Jason Pollock met while attending The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. Ross and Pollock split songwriting duties with Ross on lead vocals and rhythm guitar and Pollock on lead guitar and backing vocals. Bassist Casey Daniel and drummer Giti Khalsa joined the two, and the band began playing in coffeehouses and clubs.


title: Seven Mary Three

text: Guitarist Jason Pollock revealed in "The Cavalier Daily" that they came up with the name while watching the 1980s TV series "CHiPs". '7 Mary 3' was the call sign for Officer Jon Baker, played by actor Larry Wilcox. (7M3: police radio call sign; 7 designates the patrol beat, M for Mary designates that he is a motorcycle unit and 3 is his unit number.) Pollock noted, "There's no great significance or anything. We were just tired of trying to think of a cool name."


title: Seven Mary Three

text: In 1994 the band released the album "Churn" independently. The album garnered the band airplay on WJRR 101.1 FM, a rock station in Orlando, Florida for the future hit single "Cumbersome". Given this minor success, the band relocated to the Orlando area where they continued to expand their fan base. This regional success soon caught the attention of major-label scouts. In May 1995, Ross, Pollock, and Khalsa graduated from William & Mary and moved to Florida. The band signed with Mammoth and re-recorded the songs on "Churn", plus two new ones, to create the commercially successful "American Standard" in 1995. Despite some critics accusing the band of mimicking Pearl Jam and other alternative rock acts, only seven months after its release, "American Standard" achieved platinum status. This accomplishment can be attributed to the success of "Cumbersome," which was a Top 40 hit, as well as another single, "Water's Edge", which fared well on the rock charts.


title: Seven Mary Three

text: After touring throughout 1996, the band returned to the studio for a follow up to "American Standard". During this time, Mammoth and Atlantic split, forcing Seven Mary Three to sign with Atlantic Records, releasing "RockCrown" in 1997. The album saw the band de-emphasize hard rock, focusing more on acoustic folk rock and a "traditional singer/songwriter" style. "RockCrown" did not match fan expectations, reaching No. 75 on the "Billboard" 200 and failing to match the success of its predecessor.


title: Seven Mary Three

text: A second effort under Atlantic, "Orange Ave." debuted the following year and charted considerably lower; although, its single "Over Your Shoulder" performed moderately.


title: Seven Mary Three

text: In 1999, Jason Pollock left the band after suffering from burnout and writer's block. Thomas Juliano was chosen as the band's new guitarist. In the summer of 2001, Seven Mary Three returned to Mammoth Records and producer Tom Morris. The resulting effort became "The Economy of Sound". This fifth studio album included the single "Wait", a track that served as the lead single from the "Crazy/Beautiful film soundtrack".


title: Seven Mary Three

text: After "The Economy of Sound", the group shifted once again to DRT Entertainment and, in 2004, released "Dis/Location". Their sixth studio album, it failed entirely to chart as did its only single. Four years later, a seventh album, "Day & Nightdriving", was released under Bellum Records.


title: Seven Mary Three

text: Giti Khalsa left the band in 2006 after recording the drum tracks for "Day & Nightdriving", and Mike Levesque joined the band on drums.


title: Seven Mary Three

text: In December 2008, the group re-released their long out-of-print debut album "Churn". On February 9, 2010, Seven Mary Three released the live acoustic album "Backbooth".


title: Seven Mary Three

text: Seven Mary Three broke up suddenly in December 2012, without any announcements or updates to their website or Facebook page. The following year, Jason Ross became the head of media and strategic partnerships for The Bowery Presents, one of New York's most powerful music production companies.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 is a 1983 American action comedy film and a second and final sequel to "Smokey and the Bandit" (1977) and "Smokey and the Bandit II" (1980), starring Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Paul Williams, Pat McCormick, Mike Henry and Colleen Camp. The film also includes a cameo near the end by the original Bandit, Burt Reynolds.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: With one of the main titular characters missing, the plot of the film revolves instead around Sheriff Buford T. Justice ("Smokey"), with the presence of the Bandit merely being suggested through him being impersonated by Cledus ("Snowman").


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: Big Enos and Little Enos offer retiring Sheriff Buford T. Justice a wager, betting $250,000 against his badge on his ability to transport a large stuffed fish from Florida to Texas. Buford rejects the wager and retires, but goes through all sorts of mishaps before finally realizing retirement is not all it is cracked up to be and accepting the Enoses' wager. Buford picks up the fish and starts driving with his son, Junior.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: The Enoses set many traps, but Buford dodges all of them, so they try to hire the Bandit to intercept him. Agreeing that the original Bandit is too hard to manage, they hire the Snowman to act as the Bandit. The new Snowman/Bandit parks his truck so he can drive a black and gold 1983 Pontiac Trans Am.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: The Bandit picks up Dusty, who quits her job at a used car dealership. The Bandit catches up with Buford and steals the fish with Dusty's help. Buford pursues the Bandit, with another local officer who attempts to take charge of the situation. Both police cars are disabled in the chase.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: Buford catches up after the Bandit and Dusty stop at a redneck bar to eat. The chase then creates mass chaos in a local town. The Bandit escapes when an 18-wheeler blocks the alleyway where the Bandit sped through. While trying to get the truck out, Buford's car is towed, but he reverses the car and escapes. The tow truck driver chases him, with Junior spinning on the hook. Buford makes the truck flip over, sending Junior flying through the air. Other cars crash into the pile-up.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: Buford chases the Bandit in the Mississippi Fairgrounds. Buford's car is thrown up on two side wheels by an incline, but he continues the pursuit while driving on two wheels.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: That night, the Bandit and Dusty stop at a hotel called the Come On Inn, where people are involved in an orgy. Buford sees the Bandit's Trans-Am parked there and searches for the fish, which he finds. Buford also thinks he finds the Bandit in the sauna, but it turns out to be a muscular woman who bonds with him.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: The next day, one of Buford's tires are blown by the "Enos Devil Darts". The Bandit retakes the fish. Buford pursues on the remaining three tires, first through a herd of cattle, then through parked boats, then a nudist camp, then through a field where the Enoses set off explosions, one of which destroys the car except the engine, seat, and lights, the latter of which Junior is holding above his head.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: The Bandit intends to surrender the fish and let Buford win. As Buford collects his money, he sees the Snowman. Thinking he is dealing with the real Bandit, he resists "the Bandit's" (imagined as Burt Reynolds) attempts to sweet-talk him out of capturing him before Junior (in a voiceover) reminds him of what is in store for him if he retires. Buford and the Bandit both separately come to the same conclusion that they need each other in order to have meaning in their lives and the chase resumes, with Buford giving the Bandit a five-minute head start and with the muscular woman joining up with him. Junior is left behind and chases after Buford and the woman, dropping all the money in the process.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: The film was originally entitled "Smokey IS the Bandit", and did not include Jerry Reed in the cast. Contemporary newspapers refer to original plans to feature Gleason as both "Smokey" and "the Bandit", and Reed's name does not appear in early promotional materials or newspaper accounts during the film's production. According to some accounts, Jackie Gleason was to play two roles: Sheriff Buford T. Justice and a different "Bandit". The original version was shot in October 1982. Reportedly test audiences reacted poorly, finding Gleason's two roles confusing, so the studio opted to do re-shoots in April 1983. The Bandit scenes were re-shot with Jerry Reed playing the role. Other accounts indicate that the title was more literal: that Gleason was to play only Sheriff Justice, but the character would also fill the "role" of "the Bandit", by taking the Enos family's challenge (as Reynolds' character had done in the previous two films). In a teaser trailer for the film (billed as "Smokey IS the Bandit"), Gleason appears in character as Justice, explaining to the audience that to defeat the Bandit he would adopt the attributes of his prey, "becoming [my] own worst enemy". A publicity still of Gleason apparently shows him in costume as the Bandit.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on vinyl and cassette tape by MCA Records in 1983.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: "Smokey and the Bandit Part 3" received negative reviews by critics and the film was generally regarded as the weakest of the three "Bandit" films in terms of both storyline and revenue. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 17% based on reviews from six critics.


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" gave the film a negative review: "The already skimpy running time of "Smokey and the Bandit, Part 3" is padded by an opening montage of earlier "Smokey" scenes, including shots of Burt Reynolds lounging in a zebra-print hammock. He is grinning, as well he might, because he has been able to sit out "Part 3" altogether. What has he missed? An interminable car chase punctuated by dumb stunts and even dumber dialogue, plus the well-worth-missing sight of Paul Williams in a dress". "Variety" magazine staff wrote: "The sense of fun in that original is missing and the countless smashups and near-misses are orchestrated randomly".


title: Smokey and the Bandit Part 3

text: Despite the enormous financial success of the original film (grossing over $300 million on a budget of less than $5 million), coupled with respectable (though significantly lower) numbers generated by the sequel, the third installment was both a critical and box office flop, grossing only $7 million against the film's $9 million production budget.


title: Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark

text: Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark (; born 11 May 1942) is the youngest child and second daughter of Paul of Greece and his wife Queen Frederica. She is the younger sister of Queen Sofía of Spain and of the deposed Constantine II of Greece, Prince of Denmark and maternal aunt of Felipe VI of Spain.


title: Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark

text: Irene was born in Cape Town, South Africa, where her parents were living in exile, on 11 May 1942. She was christened at her parent's Claremont home by the Metropolitan of the Holy Archdiocese of Good Hope. She had ten godparents including General Jan Smuts, Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (her paternal aunt), the King of Hellenes (her paternal uncle), Queen Mary of the United Kingdom, and the Duchess of Kent (her paternal first cousin once removed. She was a pupil of concert pianist Gina Bachauer and, for a while, she was a professional concert pianist herself.


title: Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark

text: Irene was courted by Prince Michel of Orléans, a younger son of the Orléanist pretender Henri, Count of Paris, until he met French noblewoman , whom he married on 18 November 1967 in Casablanca, Morocco, without his father's consent.


title: Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark

text: After her brother was dethroned, Irene moved to India with her mother. Since her mother's death in 1981, she has lived in Spain in an apartment at the Zarzuela Palace in Madrid, the residence of her sister and brother-in-law, Queen Sofía and King Juan Carlos.


title: Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark

text: Irene is the founder and president of the organisation "World in Harmony" ("Mundo en Armonía"). On 16 March 2018, Princess Irene obtained the Spanish nationality and renounced her Greek nationality.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: Tangled: Before Ever After is a 2017 American 2D-animated musical fantasy television film produced by Disney Television Animation, that premiered on Disney Channel as a Disney Channel Original Movie. It takes place between the original Walt Disney Animation Studios film "Tangled" and the short "Tangled Ever After", and serves as the first episode to "Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure". It was directed by Tom Caulfield and Stephen Sandoval. The film centers around Rapunzel's adjustments to the life of a princess, and the mysterious return of her 70 feet of magical, golden hair.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: The film premiered on March 10, 2017, on Disney Channel. It features two new songs, "Life After Happily Ever After" and "Wind in My Hair", from Alan Menken and Glenn Slater, who together wrote the songs for the original film. "Wind in My Hair" would go on to become the opening theme of "Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure". Mandy Moore, Zachary Levi and M. C. Gainey reprise their roles from "Tangled" as Rapunzel, Eugene Fitzherbert and the Captain of the Guard respectively. It is the fourth animated Disney Channel Original Movie following "", "The Proud Family Movie", and "", and the first film to be based on a Walt Disney Animation Studios film.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: Six months after the events of "Tangled", Rapunzel is set to become the official Princess of Corona. However, on the day before her coronation ceremony, Rapunzel and Eugene Fitzherbert, riding Maximus and Fidella, are out in the forest racing each other to the border wall with the Royal Guards in pursuit. Rapunzel is the first to make it to the wall and climbs to the top where she sees on the other side a magnificent view of the land beyond the kingdom. After a while the guards catch up and escort the two of them back to the castle.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: Upon returning to the castle, Cassandra, Rapunzel's lady-in-waiting, is waiting for her. Cassandra has been given the task to care for Rapunzel and help her adjust to life as the princess. While Rapunzel is happy to be reunited with her parents, she struggles to adjust to her new life as a princess. She tries her best but she feels overwhelmed with the amount of responsibility that comes with being a princess and because of her father's fear of losing her again, he denies her desire to explore the world and has heavy security placed around her. On the eve of her coronation, Eugene builds up the courage to propose to her. Rapunzel is shocked and delighted but, despite her love for him, she does not feel ready to marry him and rejects his proposal. Returning to her room, Cassandra believes Rapunzel could use some down time and offers to sneak her out and take her beyond Corona's security wall.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: Rapunzel and Cassandra sneak out of the castle and venture into the woods. Cassandra takes Rapunzel to the former location of the healing flower that saved her and her mother. In its place, mysterious thorn-like rocks have appeared that are unbreakable. As Rapunzel examines the area, she is struck by magic the moment she lays a finger on one of the rocks. Part of her hair begins to glow, and more of those mysterious rocks suddenly sprout from the ground. Rapunzel and Cassandra run away, chased by a trail of sprouting rocks. When they make it out of the woods, Rapunzel's long blonde hair has grown back, with Rapunzel and Cassandra not having a clue why. As the morning of her coronation day rises, Rapunzel and Cassandra sneak back into the castle and try to get rid of the hair, but they discover that it is unbreakable like the thorns. Eugene sneaks into the room and discovers the hair, but they all know that Rapunzel's parents cannot know about it. In order to hide it, Rapunzel wears an over-sized wig. While Rapunzel is having breakfast with her parents, several crooks (under the orders of the mysterious Lady Caine) are committing crimes throughout the kingdom to intentionally get caught and be taken to the dungeons of the castle.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: During Rapunzel's coronation ceremony, the royal family is confronted by Lady Caine, who had disguised herself as a visiting duchess and freed the prisoners from the dungeons. Lady Caine seeks vengeance on King Frederic for imprisoning her father after Rapunzel was kidnapped, despite his simply being a petty thief. While Frederic and the rest of the royal guests are locked in a cage, Rapunzel reveals her golden hair and uses it as a weapon to defeat the criminals with Eugene and Cassandra's help. Despite proving her worth, Frederic feels more insecure about Rapunzel's safety than ever before and learning the truth about her sneaking out, he forbids her to get out of the castle again without his permission.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: Hurt by her father's decision, Rapunzel feels trapped once more but Eugene arrives and comforts her, uplifting her spirits. He apologizes for putting her on the spot with his proposal and Rapunzel apologizes for her reaction. Eugene promises Rapunzel that despite not understanding her decision, he will take their relationship slow. After he leaves, Rapunzel reads a message in the journal given to her by her mother and becomes inspired to live her life to the fullest despite the obstacles she will have to face.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: A while later, a mysterious individual comes across the site of the magical flower, with more of the rocks now covering the area.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: Non-speaking animal characters include Rapunzel's pet chameleon Pascal, and Maximus, the horse of the head of the palace guard.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: On June 3, 2015, Disney Channel announced the development of a "Tangled" television series. During the premiere of "The Swap", a trailer for the series aired, revealing that the series would take place between the events of "Tangled" and "Tangled Ever After", and that a television film entitled "Tangled: Before Ever After" would air before the series, serving as its pilot. The trailer showed Rapunzel mysteriously regrowing her previous 70 feet of hair. It also introduced a new character, Cassandra.


title: Tangled: Before Ever After

text: "IGN" reviewer Amy Ratcliffe praised the movie's sense of charm, fun, enjoyableness, and entertainment, ultimately rating it 8.3 out of 10. Luke Bonanno of "DVDDizzy" deemed the "slight but diverting" film a worthy product if the viewer expects a television series tie-in rather than a full-blown sequel to Tangled. Common Sense Media gave the film a rating of 4/5 stars, with reviewer Emily Ashby calling the movie "enjoyable" and "delightful." She also called Rapunzel a continually "refreshing heroine for kids in the audience" and reminding viewers that choices create "consequences for other people." "LRM" liked the film, describing it as "gorgeous," while commenting that it is aimed at younger viewers, even though it can be enjoyed by everyone. He also criticized the story's villains for being underdeveloped, even as he praised the "bright colors and fun designs" of the animation. At the same time, Lena Wilson of "ScreenRant" found the animation style jarring as compared to the original film, although she stated that it would be a "fun way" to jump back into Rapunzel's world and has the "happy-go-lucky spirit" of the first film. The film was viewed by almost 2.9 million viewers on its premiere night, comprising more women than men who were between ages 18–49.


title: Hinglish

text: Hinglish, a portmanteau of Hindi and English, is the macaronic hybrid use of English and languages of the Indian subcontinent, and especially Hindi. It involves code-switching or translanguaging between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences. Hinglish can also refer to Romanized Hindi: Hindi written in Latin script (instead of the traditional Devanagari), often also mixed with English words or phrases.


title: Hinglish

text: The word "Hinglish" was first recorded in 1967. Other colloquial portmanteau words for Hindi-influenced English include: "Hindish" (recorded from 1972), "Hindlish" (1985), "Henglish" (1993) and "Hinlish" (2013).


title: Hinglish

text: While the name is based on the Hindi language, it does not refer exclusively to Hindi, but "is used in India, with English words blending with Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi and Hindi, and also in British Asian families to enliven standard English". When Hindi–Urdu is viewed as a single spoken language called Hindustani, the portmanteaus Hinglish and Urdish mean the same code-mixed tongue, where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in Pakistan (although Urdish is a term that was relatively recently coined).


title: Hinglish

text: Hindi has an approximately ten-century history. In this period, it has accommodated several linguistic influences. Contact with Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic and Turkic languages has led to historical 'mixes' or fusions, e.g., Hindustani, Rekhta. Linguistic fusions were celebrated by Bhakti poets, in approximately the 15th-17th centuries as 'khichdi boli' – or amalgamated speech.


title: Hinglish

text: At the turn of the 18th century, with the rising dominion of the East India Company, also called 'Company Raj' (literally, 'Company Rule'), the languages of India were brought into contact with the foreign element of English. In colonized India, English became a symbol of authority and a powerful hegemonic tool to propagate British culture, including Christianity. The political ascendancy of the British reflected into social and professional roles; this meant that the legal system, as well as the studies in medicine and science, were conducted in English.


title: Hinglish

text: This led to an interest in the promotion of English into the society of Indian natives. Educated Indians, or 'brown sahibs', wished to participate in academia and pursue professional careers. Raja Rammohan Roy, a social and education reformer, advocated that English be taught to Indians by certain British gentlemen for the benefit and instruction of the native Indians. Charles Grant, the president of the East India Company's board of control, championed the cause of English education as a 'cure for darkness' where 'darkness' was 'Hindoo ignorance'. The Charter Act was passed in 1813. This legalized missionary work by the Company, including the introduction of English education. By the beginning of the twentieth century, English had become the unifying language in the Indian struggle for independence against the British.


title: Hinglish

text: Meanwhile, English was on its way to becoming the first global lingua franca. By the end of the twentieth century, it had special status in seventy countries, including India. Worldwide, English began to represent modernization and internationalization, with more and more jobs requiring basic fluency in it. In India especially, the language came to acquire a social prestige, 'a class apart of education', which prompted native Indian or South Asian speakers to turn bilingual, speaking their mother tongue at home or in a local context, but English in academic or work environments.


title: Hinglish

text: In the late 19th century, Bharatendu Harishchandra, often considered the father of modern Hindi, wrote poems in Hinglish, combining languages and scripts.


title: Hinglish

text: The contact of 'South Asian' languages, which is a category that refers inclusively to Hindi and Indian languages, with English, led to the emergence of the linguistic phenomenon now known as Hinglish. Many common Indic words such as 'pyjamas', 'karma', 'guru' and 'yoga' were incorporated into English usage, and vice versa ('road', 'sweater', and 'plate'). This is in parallel with several other similar hybrids around the world, like Spanglish (Spanish + English) and Taglish (Tagalog + English).


title: Hinglish

text: In recent years, due to an increase in literacy and connectivity, the interchange of languages has reached new heights, especially due to increasing online immersion. English is the most widely used language on the internet, and this is a further impetus to the use of Hinglish online by native Hindi speakers, especially among the youth. Google's Gboard mobile keyboard app gives an option of Hinglish as a typing language where one can type a Hindi sentence in the Roman script and suggestions will be Hindi words but in the Roman script. In 2021, Google rolled out supported for Romanized Hindi on its search engine and on the Google Pay app. Phrases such as "Naya Payment" for "New Payment" and "Transaction History Dekhein" for "See Transaction History" are used.


title: Hinglish

text: While Hinglish has arisen from the presence of English in India, it is not merely Hindi and English spoken side by side, but a language type in itself, like all linguistic fusions. Aside from the borrowing of vocabulary, there is the phenomenon of switching between languages, called code-switching and code-mixing, direct translations, adapting certain words, and infusing the flavours of each language into each other.


title: Hinglish

text: The Indian English variety, or simply Hinglish, is the Indian adaption of English in a very endocentric manner, which is why it is popular among the youth. Like other dynamic language mixes, Hinglish is now thought to 'have a life of its own'.


title: Hinglish

text: Hinglish used to be limited to informal contexts and ads, but it is now also used in university classrooms.


title: Hinglish

text: With its widespread use in social media such as blogs, Facebook and Twitter, the analysis of Hinglish using computers has become important in a number of natural language processing applications like machine translation (MT) and speech-to-speech translation.


title: Hinglish

text: A dictionary using the term Hinglish in its title has been published. It describes words from Indian languages that are commonly used in urban Britain.


title: Hinglish

text: Hinglish is more commonly heard in urban and semi-urban centers of northern India and is spoken by the Indian diaspora. Research into the linguistic dynamics of India shows that while the use of English is on the rise, there are more people fluent in Hinglish than in pure English. David Crystal, a British linguist at the University of Wales, projected in 2004 that at about 350 million, the world's Hinglish speakers may soon outnumber native English speakers.


title: Hinglish

text: In India, Romanized Hindi is the dominant form of expression online. In an analysis of YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanized Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi. Romanized Hindi is also used by some newspapers such as "The Times of India". The first novel written in Romanized Hindi was published in 2015.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Sodium oxybate, sold under the brand name Xyrem among others, is a medication used to treat two symptoms of narcolepsy: sudden muscle weakness and excessive daytime sleepiness. It is used sometimes in France and Italy as an anesthetic given intravenously; it is also used in Italy to treat alcohol addiction and alcohol withdrawal syndrome.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). The clinical trials for narcolepsy were conducted just as abuse of GHB as a club drug and date rape drug became a matter of public concern; in 2000 GHB was made a Schedule I controlled substance, while sodium oxybate, when used under an FDA NDA or IND application, was classified as a Schedule III controlled substance for medicinal use under the Controlled Substances Act, with illicit use subject to Schedule I penalties.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Sodium oxybate was approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat symptoms of narcolepsy in 2002, with a strict risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) program mandated by the FDA. The US label for sodium oxybate also has a black box warning because it is a central nervous system depressant and may cause respiratory depression, seizures, coma, or death, especially if used in combination with other central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol and its use may cause dependence. In Canada and the European Union it was classified as a Schedule III and a Schedule IV controlled substance, respectively.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Orphan Medical had developed it and was acquired by Jazz Pharmaceuticals in 2005. The drug is marketed in Europe by UCB. Jazz raised the price of the drug dramatically after it acquired Orphan, and paid a $20M fine for off-label marketing of the drug in 2007.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Clinical use of sodium oxybate was introduced in Europe in 1964, as anesthetic given intravenously but it was not widely used since it sometimes caused seizures; as of 2006, it was still authorized for this use in France and Italy but not widely used.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: The major use of sodium oxybate is in treating two of the symptoms of narcolepsy – cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness) and excessive daytime sleepiness. Reviews of sodium oxybate concluded that it is well tolerated and associated with "significant reductions in cataplexy and daytime sleepiness," and that its effectiveness "in treating major, clinically relevant narcolepsy symptoms and sleep architecture abnormalities" has been established. However, because of the risks of abuse associated with this medication, it is available in the US only through a REMS program mandated by the FDA. The program requires that providers who prescribe it are certified to do so, that it is dispensed only from a central pharmacy that is certified to do so, and people to whom it is prescribed must be enrolled in a program for the drug and must document that they are using the drug safely.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In more recent times, investigations of its use in dealing with alcohol withdrawal syndrome have begun. These started in Italy, where its use in treating alcohol addiction was also explored; the evidence for these uses is weak but growing and it has also been approved for use in Austria. There is insufficient evidence to make a definitive comparison with clomethiazole or benzodiazepine-based treatment approaches, though some data suggest it may be "better than naltrexone and disulfiram regarding abstinence maintenance and prevention of craving in the medium term i.e. 3-12 months." In a 2014 review, Gillian Keating described sodium oxybate as a "useful option for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and for the maintenance of abstinence in alcohol dependence." However, a 2018 review recognised the evidence for its efficacy but noted safety concerns and concluded that "studies are still limited and investigations including a larger number of patients are needed."


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Multiple trials have shown sodium oxybate to be effective in treating important symptoms of fibromyalgia such as pain and poor sleep structure however in 2010 the FDA voted unanimously against with commenters citing potential for abuse as a street drug. As of 2022 there remain few effective drugs approved to treat fibromyalgia.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Pregnant women should not take it, and women should not become pregnant while taking it. It is excreted in breast milk and should not be used by breast feeding mothers.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: The US label for sodium oxybate has a black box warning because it is a central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) and for its potential for abuse. Other potential adverse side effects include respiratory depression, seizures, coma, and death, especially when it is taken in combination with other CNS depressants such as alcohol. Cases of severe dependence and cravings have been reported with excessive and illicit use of this medication. GHB, the protonated (acidic) form of this salt, has been used to commit drug-facilitated sexual assault and date rape, though the illicit form of GHB typically has different characteristics from pharmaceutical-grade sodium oxybate.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: It causes dizziness, nausea, and headache in 10% to 20% of people who take it; nausea is more common in women than men.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Between 1% and 10% of people experience nasal congestion, runny nose, or sore throat, loss of appetite, distorted sense of taste, cataplexy, weakness, nervousness or anxiety, depressed mood, nightmares or abnormal dreams, sleep paralysis, sleepwalking, or other sleep disturbances including insomnia, sleepiness or sedation, falls, vertigo, tremor, balance disorder, cognitive issues including disturbance in attention, confusion or disorientation, numbed sense of touch, tingling, blurred vision, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, shortness of breath, snoring, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, excessive sweating, rashes, joint pain, muscle pain, back pain, muscle spasms, bedwetting, urinary incontinence, and swelling of the limbs.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Reports of overdose in medical literature are generally from abuse, and often involve other drugs as well. Symptoms include vomiting, excessive sweating, periods of stopped breathing, seizures, agitation, loss of psychomotor skills, and coma. Overdose can lead to death due to respiratory depression. People who overdose may die from asphyxiation resulting from choking on vomit and/or aspiration. People that have overdosed or suspected of overdosing may need to be made to vomit, be intubated, or/and put on a ventilator.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: It should not be used with other drugs that are CNS depressants like alcohol or sedatives. Use with divalproex results in about a 25% increase in the availability of sodium oxybate.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: The mechanism of action of sodium oxybate is unknown. GHB is a normal metabolite of GABA that interacts with the GABA receptor.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: It is rapidly absorbed and is about 88% bioavailable; very little is bound to plasma protein. The average time to peak plasma concentration ranges from 0.5 to 1.25 hours. Very little of the drug is excreted; instead, it is mostly metabolized through several steps into carbon dioxide and water.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). Its systematic chemical name is sodium 4-hydroxybutanoate, though synonyms like sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate are commonly used. Its condensed structural formula is (molecular formula: ) and its molar mass is 126.09 g mol. It is highly hydrophilic. Treating the salt with acid allows the carboxylic acid form of the compound, which is GHB, to be recovered.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Alexander Zaytsev worked on this chemical family and published work on it in 1874. The first extended research into GHB and its use in humans was conducted in the early 1960s by Dr. Henri Laborit to use in studying the neurotransmitter GABA. It was studied in a range of uses including obstetric surgery and during childbirth and as an anxiolytic; there were anecdotal reports of it having antidepressant and aphrodisiac effects as well. It was also studied as an intravenous anesthetic agent and was marketed for that purpose starting in 1964 in Europe but it was not widely adopted as it caused seizures; as of 2006 that use was still authorized in France and Italy but not widely used. GHB was also studied to treat alcohol addiction and for use in narcolepsy from the 1960s onwards.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In May 1990 GHB was introduced as a dietary supplement and was marketed to bodybuilders, for help with weight control and as a sleep aid, and as a "replacement" for -tryptophan, which was removed from the market in November 1989 when batches of it were found to cause eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. By November of that year 57 cases of illness caused by the GHB supplements had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with people having taken up to three teaspoons of GHB; there were no deaths but nine people needed care in an intensive care unit. The FDA issued a warning in November 1990 that sale of GHB was illegal. GHB continued to be manufactured and sold illegally and it and analogs were adopted as a club drug and came to be used as a date rape drug. The DEA made seizures and the FDA reissued warnings several times throughout the 1990s.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: At the same time, research on the use of GHB in the form of sodium oxybate had formalized, as a company called Orphan Medical Inc. had filed an Investigational New Drug application and was running clinical trials with the intention of gaining regulatory approval for use to treat narcolepsy. In 1996 Orphan contracted with Lonza Group, a contract manufacturer for supply of the drug.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In 2000 the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prevention Act of 2000 was signed into law in the US, which put GHB on Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, but sodium oxybate, when used under an IND or NDA from the US FDA, was considered a Schedule III substance but with Schedule I trafficking penalties.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: It was approved by the FDA in 2002 under the trade name Xyrem with a strict risk control strategy to prevent drug diversion and control the risk of abuse by people to whom it was prescribed.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Orphan Medical licensed the right to market the drug in Europe to Celltech in 2003. In 2004 Celltech was acquired by UCB and in 2005 Jazz Pharmaceuticals acquired Orphan Medical.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In January 2007 Valeant announced that Jazz had licensed rights to market Xyrem in Canada to Valeant.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In July 2007 Jazz and their subsidiary Orphan Medical pleaded guilty to a criminal charge of felony misbranding in their marketing of sodium oxybate; they also settled a civil suit at the same time. The matter had been raised by a former sales representative who filed a qui tam case against the company under the False Claims Act. Sales representatives were said to have made sales calls to doctors who did not treat people with narcolepsy and also told them about potential off label uses for the drug including fatigue, insomnia, chronic pain, weight loss, depression, bipolar disorders, and movement disorders like Parkinson's Disease. The disgruntled ex employee also accused sales representatives of downplaying (not denying) the risks described in the label's black box warning. An unassuming sales manager who had been suspected of being involved in the said illegal marketing scheme pleaded guilty, but was later acquitted under appeal. A well-known psychiatrist who believed in and promoted the benefits of Xyrem was arrested. After a five-year federal court battle fought by a public defender, the charges against the doctor were reduced to a single misdemeanor and a twenty-five dollar fine. Jazz paid $20M in total and agreed to a corporate integrity agreement and to implement internal reforms.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In October 2011, the FDA sent Jazz another FDA warning letter for failing to collect, evaluate, and promptly report adverse effects to the FDA after it started marketing the drug. It sent another letter in 2013 saying that the problems described in the 2011 letter appeared to be resolved.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In January 2017 the FDA approved the first generic sodium oxybate product for narcolepsy symptoms, which is also subject to the same REMS program conditions as the original. By April 2017 seven companies had filed Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) with the FDA to market generic versions of Xyrem and Jazz had filed patent infringement cases against them. Hikma Pharmaceuticals had been the first company to file an ANDA and Jazz settled with them in April 2017; under the agreement Hikma could begin selling an authorized generic in 2023 under Jazz' REMS, and would have five years of exclusivity, however, those conditions could change if Jazz' patents were invalidated.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In the US, GHB is a Schedule I controlled substance, while sodium oxybate, when used under an FDA NDA or IND application, is classified as a Schedule III controlled substance for medicinal use under the Controlled Substances Act, with illicit use subject to Schedule I penalties.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In Canada and the European Union (EU), as of 2009 it was classified as a Schedule III and a Schedule IV controlled substance, respectively.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In the US, the cost (as of Q3 2015) of Xyrem is $5,468.09 per 180 mL bottle (500 mg/mL)(a 10 to 15-day supply) As of 2017 the cost of sodium oxybate in the UK was £540.00 to £1,080.00 for a thirty-day supply, which at typical doses is £6,500 to £13,100 per year.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Jazz Pharmaceuticals raised the price of Xyrem 841% earning a total of $569 million in 2013 and representing more than 50% of Jazz Pharmaceutical's revenues. In 2007 it cost $2.04; by 2014 it cost $19.40 per 1-milliliter dose. Jazz offers copay assistance to help patients access the expensive drug. According to DRX, a drug-data report published by Bloomberg, Jazz Pharmaceuticals price increase on Xyrem topped the list of price hikes in 2014.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Historically, orphan drugs cost more than other drugs and have received special treatment since the enactment of the US Orphan Drug Act of 1983. However, these steep price increases of orphan and other specialty drugs has come under scrutiny. The average cost of a specialty drug in the US was $65,000 annually in June 2013 (about $5,416 a month). The price of Xyrem in the US has inflated by an average of 40% annually since it became available as a prescription.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: In European Union (EU) countries, the government either provides national health insurance (as in the UK and Italy) or strictly regulates quasi-private social insurance funds (as in Germany, France, and the Netherlands). These government agencies are the sole purchaser (or regulator) of medical goods and services and have the power to set prices. The cost of pharmaceuticals, including sodium oxybate, tends to be lower in these countries.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: NHS England authorises and pays for sodium oxybate by means of individual funding requests on the basis of exceptional circumstances. The British Department of Health pays for the medication for 80 patients who are taking legal action over problems linked to the use of the swine flu vaccine Pandemrix at a cost of £12,000 a year. As of 2016 there were many areas in the UK where NHS did not pay for it. In May 2016 they were ordered by the High Court to provide funding to treat a teenager with severe narcolepsy. The judge criticised their "thoroughly bad decision" and "absurd" policy discriminating against the girl when hundreds of other NHS patients already receive the drug.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Sodium oxybate is the common name for the chemical; it has no international nonproprietary name (INN).


title: Sodium oxybate

text: As of April 2018 sodium oxybarate was sold under the following brands: Alcover (Italy), Gamma-OH (France), Natrii oxybutyras Kalceks (Latvia), Somsanit (Germany), Xyrem (many countries by Jazz and UCB).


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Sodium oxybate needs to be given during the night; as of 2017 research was ongoing to create formulations that would last through the night.


title: Sodium oxybate

text: Jazz has been developing JZP-386, a deuterated analog of sodium oxybate. The company presented Phase I results in 2015, stating that deuterium-related effects made it necessary to do further formulation work as part of the drug's development.


title: DoubleTree

text: DoubleTree by Hilton is an American hotel chain managed by Hilton Worldwide. DoubleTree has been the fastest growing Hilton brand by number of properties since 2007, and by number of rooms from 2007 to 2015. As of December 31, 2019, it has 587 properties with 135,745 rooms in 47 countries and territories, including 122 that are managed with 35,122 rooms.


title: DoubleTree

text: DoubleTree competes in the full service category, alongside sister chain Hilton Hotels & Resorts. Among the many signature things that DoubleTree is known for are their chocolate chip cookies, which were originally made in the early 1980s for VIPs but now given to all guests and made by Nashville-based Christie Cookie Company for over 30 years. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic the brand published a home-adapted recipe for their cookies.


title: DoubleTree

text: The first DoubleTree hotel opened in Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1969. It was located on the grounds of Scottsdale Fashion Square and was built by Sam Kitchell. The DoubleTree Hotels Corporation merged with the Guest Quarters Hotels Partnership of Boston in December 1993. The acquired hotels were rebranded under the DoubleTree name. The Doubletree Corporation later merged with the Promus Hotel Corporation in December 1997, bringing together the DoubleTree, Red Lion, Hampton Inn, and Embassy Suites brands. In December 1999, Hilton Hotels Corporation acquired Promus Hotel Corporation, which brought Doubletree Hotels and other Promus hotel brands under the umbrella of the newly renamed Hilton Worldwide. In early 2011, Hilton Worldwide launched a logo and name rebranding for the chain, replacing the name "DoubleTree" with "DoubleTree by Hilton".


title: DoubleTree

text: DoubleTree's strategy to grow the brand has been to convince operators of other brands to switch flags. This is in contrast to brands like Marriott or Sheraton which rely on new construction to grow their footprint. DoubleTree also provides lower cost options to improve properties, which help operators remain in the brand system.


title: DoubleTree

text: On November 2, 2019, DoubleTree Cookie became the first cookie baked in space as ISS Commander Luca Parmitano of the European Space Agency baked the brand's cookie dough inside the prototype oven.


title: Beer measurement

text: When drinking beer, there are many factors to be considered. Principal among them are bitterness, the variety of flavours present in the beverage and their intensity, alcohol content, and colour. Standards for those characteristics allow a more objective and uniform determination to be made on the overall qualities of any beer.


title: Beer measurement

text: "Degrees Lovibond" or "°L" scale is a measure of the colour of a substance, usually beer, whiskey, or sugar solutions. The determination of the degrees Lovibond takes place by comparing the colour of the substance to a series of amber to brown glass slides, usually by a colorimeter. The scale was devised by Joseph Williams Lovibond. The Standard Reference Method (SRM) and European Brewery Convention (EBC) methods have largely replaced it, with the SRM giving results approximately equal to the °L.


title: Beer measurement

text: The Standard Reference Method or SRM is a system modern brewers use to measure colour intensity, roughly darkness, of a beer or wort. The method involves the use of a spectrophotometer or photometer to measure the attenuation of light of a particular wavelength, 430 nanometres (blue), as it passes through a sample contained in a cuvette of standardised dimensions located in the light path of the instrument.


title: Beer measurement

text: The EBC convention also measures beer and wort colour, as well as quantifying turbidity (also known as haze) in beer.


title: Beer measurement

text: The strength of beer is measured by its alcohol content by volume expressed as a percentage, that is to say, the number of millilitres of absolute alcohol (ethanol) in 100 mL of beer.


title: Beer measurement

text: The most accurate method of determining the strength of a beer would be to take a quantity of beer and distill off a spirit that contains all of the alcohol that was in the beer. The alcohol content of the spirit can then be measured using a hydrometer and tables of density of alcohol and water mixtures. A second accurate method is the ebulliometer method, which uses the difference between the boiling temperature of pure water and the boiling temperature of the beer being tested.


title: Beer measurement

text: In practice the most common method used by brewers to estimate the strength of a beer is to measure the density of the wort before fermentation and then to measure the density once the fermentation is completed, and to use these two data points in an empirical formula which estimates the alcohol content or strength of the beer.


title: Beer measurement

text: The most common method measuring the density of a liquid is with a hydrometer; hydrometers can be calibrated with a number of scales. A common scale is that of specific gravity (SG); that is to say the density of a liquid relative to the density of pure water (at a standard temperature). Specific gravity can also be measured by a pycnometer or oscillating U-tube electronic meter. Water has a SG of 1.000, absolute alcohol has a SG of 0.789. Other density scales are discussed below.


title: Beer measurement

text: The density of the wort depends on the sugar content in the wort: the more sugar the higher the density. The fermented beer will have some residual sugar which will raise the SG, the alcohol content will lower the SG. The difference between the SG of the wort before fermentation and the SG of the beer after fermentation gives an indication of how much sugar was converted to alcohol and CO by the yeast. A basic formula to calculate beer strength based on the difference between the original and final SG is:


title: Beer measurement

text: The formula below is an alternate equation which provides more accurate estimates at higher alcohol percentages (it is typically used for beers above 6 or 7%).


title: Beer measurement

text: where OG is the original gravity, or the specific gravity before fermentation and FG is the final gravity or SG after fermentation.


title: Beer measurement

text: "Original Extract" (OE) is a synonym for original gravity. The OE is often referred to as the "size" of the beer and is, in Germany, often printed on the label as "" or sometimes just as a percent. In the Czech Republic, for example, people speak of "10 degree beers", "12 degree beers" and so on.


title: Beer measurement

text: Gravity measurements are used to determine the "size" of the beer, its alcoholic strength, and how much of the available sugar the yeast were able to consume (a given strain can be expected, under proper conditions, to ferment a wort of a particular composition to within a range of attenuation; that is, they should be able to consume a known percentage of the extract).


title: Beer measurement

text: Historically gravity was measured and recorded in brewer's pounds (also known as just "pounds"). If a wort was said to be "26 lbs. gravity per barrel" it meant that a standard barrel of 36 imperial gallons of the wort weighed 26 pounds more than a barrel of pure water. The actual measurement was by saccharometer (i.e. hydrometer) correcting for temperature by a calibration scale or else by a special brewer's slide rule. An average strength first running of 1864 would be 30 pounds or 1.083 OG.


title: Beer measurement

text: The oldest scale, Balling, was developed in 1843 by Bohemian scientist Karl Joseph Napoleon Balling (1805-1868) as well as Simon Ack. In the 1850s German engineer-mathematician Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix (1798-1870) corrected some of the calculation errors in the Balling scale and introduced the Brix scale. In the early 1900s German chemist Fritz Plato (1858-1938) and his collaborators made further improvements, introducing the Plato scale. Essentially they are the same (all based on mass fraction of sucrose); the tables differ in their conversion from weight percentage to specific gravity in the fifth and sixth decimal places.


title: Beer measurement

text: A rough conversion between Brix, degrees Plato or degrees Balling and specific gravity can be made by dividing the number behind the decimal point in the SG (which is often referred to as gravity points) by 4. So a specific gravity of 1.048 has 48 gravity points. 48 divided by 4 is 12 degrees Plato, Balling or Brix. This conversion method is accurate up to a specific gravity of 1.070 at which point the approximation begins to deviate from the actual conversion.


title: Beer measurement

text: Winemakers, as well as the sugar and juice industry, typically use degrees Brix. British and continental European beer brewers generally use degrees Plato. American brewers use a mixture of degrees Balling, degrees Plato and specific gravity. Home wine, mead, cider, and beer makers typically use specific gravity.


title: Beer measurement

text: In some countries, alcohol by volume is referred to as degrees Gay-Lussac (after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac). France, Spain and the United Kingdom use the system to determine alcohol content. Belgium, Norway, and Sweden use a modified table to calculate taxes on alcoholic beverages.


title: Beer measurement

text: The letter "X" is used on some beers, and was traditionally a mark of beer strength, with more exes indicating a higher alcoholic content. Some sources suggest that the origin of the mark was in the breweries of medieval monasteries, where the X served as a guarantee of quality for beers of increasing strength.


title: Beer measurement

text: Another explanation for the X marks may be rooted in the duty taxes of alcoholic beverages beginning in England in 1643. The "X" mark on a cask of beer was originally used to indicate that the contents were stronger than legal small beer limits, and were subject to a tax of ten (Roman numeral X) shillings per barrel tax. Later, brewers added additional (superfluous) X marks to signify progressively stronger beers: "the present quack-like denominations of XX (double X) and XXX (treble X), which appear, unnecessarily, on the casks and in the accounts of the strong-ale brewers".


title: Beer measurement

text: In mid-19th century England, the use of "X" and other letters had evolved into a standardized grading system for the strength of beer. Today, it is used as a trademark by a number of brewers in the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and the United States.


title: Beer measurement

text: Bitterness scales attempt to rate the relative bitterness of beer. The bitterness of beer is provided by compounds such as humulones, or alpha acids from hops used during brewing. During the brewing process, humulone undergoes isomerization to form both "cis"- and "trans"- isohumulone which are responsible for the bitter taste of the beer. Likewise, hops contain lupulones, or beta acids. These beta acids are not considered in the initial bittering of the wort as much as their alpha acid counterparts since they do not isomerize through boiling, and therefore do not dissolve in the wort. However, beta acids can undergo oxidation and slowly contribute to the bitterness of the beer. This bitterness is harsher than the bitterness of the alpha acids and this flavor can be undesirable. The oxidation occurs over time through fermentation, storage, and aging. At the same time, isomerized alpha acids undergo degradation and reduce the bitterness of the beer.


title: Beer measurement

text: Since the quantities of alpha and beta acids range among hops, the variety of hop should be considered when targeting a specific amount of bitterness in the beer. To maximize bitterness, hops with large alpha acid concentrations should be used. Such varieties include Chinook, Galena, Horizon, Tomahawk, and Warrior hops, and these contain alpha acid concentrations up to 16% by mass. Since the bitterness is not influenced by beta acids, beta acids are not considered when selecting the variety of hop. Also, the amount of time that the hops are boiled affects the bitterness of the beer. Since heat is needed to isomerize alpha acids, applying heat for longer amounts of time increases the conversion to the isomerized form.


title: Beer measurement

text: The International Bitterness Units scale, or IBU, is used to approximately quantify the bitterness of beer. This scale is not measured on the perceived bitterness of the beer, but rather the amount of iso-alpha acids. There are several methods to measure IBU. The most common and widely used way is through spectrophotometry. In this process, hops are boiled in wort to promote isomerization. Since the iso-alpha acids are slightly hydrophobic, a reduction of the pH by adding acid increases the hydrophobicity of the iso-alpha acids. At this point, an organic solution is added and the iso-alpha acids shift to the organic layer out of the aqueous wort. This new solution is then placed in a spectrophotometer and the absorbance is read at 275 nm. At this wavelength, the iso-alpha acids have their highest absorbance which allows for the calculation of the concentration of these bittering molecules. This technique was adopted at the same time as another method based on measuring the concentration (in milligrams per litre; parts per million w/v) of isomerized α acids (IAA) in a beer, causing some confusion among small-scale brewers.


title: Beer measurement

text: The American Society of Brewing Chemists, in the introduction to its methods on measuring bitterness, points out some differences between the results of the two methods:


title: Beer measurement

text: Additionally, HPLC, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy can be employed to measure the amount of iso-alpha acids in a beer.


title: Beer measurement

text: The European Bitterness Units scale, often abbreviated as EBU, is a bitterness scale in which lower values are generally "less bitter" and higher values "more bitter". The scale and method are defined by the European Brewery Convention, and the numerical value should be the same as of the International Bittering Units scale (IBU), defined in co-operation with the American Society of Brewing Chemists. However, the exact process of determining EBU and IBU values differs slightly, which may in theory result with slightly smaller values for EBU than IBU.


title: Beer measurement

text: IBU is not determined by the perceived bitterness of the taste of the beer. For example, the bittering effect of hops is less noticeable in beers with roasted malts or strong flavours, so a higher proportion of hops would be required in strong flavoured beers to achieve the same perceived bitterness in moderately flavoured beers. For example, an imperial stout may have an IBU of 50, but will taste less bitter than a pale lager with an IBU of 30, because the pale lager has a lower flavour intensity. After around 100 IBU, hop utilization is so poor that the number ceases to be meaningful in regard to taste, although continued hop additions will increase bitterness. Light lagers without much bitterness will generally have 8–20 IBU, while an India pale ale may have 60–100 IBU or more.


title: Beer measurement

text: For high throughput applications (as in quality control labs of large breweries for example), automated systems are available.


title: Beer measurement

text: Simple systems work with adjustment data blocks for each kind of beer, while high-end systems are matrix-independent and give accurate results for alcohol strength, extract content, pH, colour, turbidity, CO and O without any product-specific calibration.


title: Beer measurement

text: Latest innovations are packaged beverage analyzers, that measure directly out of the package (glass bottle, PET bottle or can) and give several parameters in one measuring cycle without any sample preparation (no degassing, no filtering, no temperature conditioning).


title: Beer measurement

text: Oxidative deterioration of beer can be measured by the way of chemiluminescence or by electron spin resonance. Automated systems exist to determine the lag time of beer related to the antioxidant capacity to resist oxidative spoilage of flavours.


title: Beer measurement

text: Software tools are available to brewers to formulate and adapt recipes with a view to accurately measure the various values in brewing. Data can be exchanged in formats such as BeerXML to allow for accurate replication of recipes at remote sites or the adaptation of recipes to account for variations in locally available water, mash ingredients, hops etc.


title: Fiona Richmond

text: Fiona Richmond (born 2 March 1945) is an English former glamour model and actress. She became a British sex symbol in the 1970s for her appearances in numerous risqué plays, comedy revues, magazines and films. She has been described as one of the "two hottest British sex film stars of the seventies", the other being Mary Millington.


title: Fiona Richmond

text: Richmond was born Julia Rosamund Harrison in Hilborough, Norfolk, the daughter of the Reverend John Harrison. At school she qualified for university but chose to audition for drama schools with the aim of becoming an actress. She initially worked as an air stewardess, then as a nanny for the actress Diane Cilento, and subsequently as a Playboy Club croupier.


title: Fiona Richmond

text: Richmond met the British strip-club owner and publisher Paul Raymond in 1970 when she auditioned for a part in the nude farce "Pyjama Tops" at the Whitehall Theatre in London. She was awarded the part and went on to star at the Raymond Revuebar strip club, appear in nude photo shoots and work as an adult entertainment journalist, writing articles about sex for the UK’s top shelf magazines. In 1970 she was the subject of a TV documentary "The Actress Said". Her column in Raymond's "Men Only" magazine, in which she described her supposed sexual adventures with men and women around the world, brought her some fame. In 1974 she appeared as a regular sex adviser on the London Broadcasting Company, a British talk radio and phone-in station. In the same year she made the TV documentary "What the Actress said to the Bishop" which won a gold award at the Atlanta International Film Festival. In 1976 the News of the World printed a picture of Richmond in the Crystal Palace F.C. players' bath with footballer Malcolm Allison, as a result of which Allison was charged with bringing the game in into disrepute by The Football Association.


title: Fiona Richmond

text: She made her film debut (billed under the name Amber Harrison) in "Not Tonight, Darling" (1971), which led to larger roles in X-rated movies such as the psychological thriller "Exposé" (1976). Others included "Hardcore" (1977) – also titled "Frankly Fiona" – a sex comedy in which she played herself, partially based on an autobiography she had written, and "Let's Get Laid" (1977), a mistaken-identity comedy that had no connection to the stage show of the same name. She also appeared in Raymond's "Electric Blue" video series, hosting the first of them in 1979. Her later roles included the Queen of France in the Mel Brooks comedy "History of the World, Part I" (1981), an appearance in an episode of the TV comedy series "The Comic Strip Presents..." in 1983, and the role of Fiona the KGB agent in the all-star black comedy "Eat The Rich" (1987). She also recorded the spoken word album "Frankly Fiona" in 1973, in collaboration with Anthony Newley, adding erotic talk to Newley's songs.


title: Fiona Richmond

text: Richmond appeared in many of Paul Raymond's stage shows. From 1970 until 1974 she starred as a nude swimmer in "Pyjama Tops", the West End's first nude production, which ran at the Whitehall Theatre for five years from 1969. The play, set around a transparent-sided swimming pool into which nude actresses periodically plunged, was an English version of the French farce "Moumou". Richmond also starred in the play's 1972 tour. In 1974 she appeared on stage at the Windmill Theatre with John Inman in "Let's Get Laid", a sex sketch comedy written by Victor Spinetti. The play was the first to be performed in the newly re-opened theatre, and to promote it she rode a horse through Piccadilly Circus in the style of Lady Godiva. In 1977 she starred opposite Divine in the women's prison comedy "Women Behind Bars" at the Whitehall Theatre. In 1979 she went on tour as the star of "Yes, We Have No Pyjamas", another of Raymond's nude productions. She starred in the 1981 Paul Raymond production of "Wot! No Pyjamas!" at the Whitehall Theatre and its subsequent tour. Semi-naked photos of Richmond appeared on posters outside the Whitehall Theatre, and the Greater London Council took legal action against them. In 1982 she starred in the nude stage farce "Space in My Pyjamas"  which toured the provinces for over 15 weeks. In a TV interview promoting the tour she expressed her intention to give up nude shows in favour of more serious acting.


title: Fiona Richmond

text: Richmond has published many fictional and autobiographical books based on her sexual experiences, including "Fiona" (1976), "Story of I" (1978), "On the Road by Fiona" (1979), "Galactic Girl" (1980), "Remember Paris" (1980), "The Good, the Bad and the Beautiful" (1980), "From Here to Virginity" (1981), "In Depth" (1982) and "Tell Tale Tits" (1987). Her last showbusiness appearances in were in the 1990s, including guest spots on "James Randi: Psychic Investigator" (1991), "The Truth About Women" (1992), and as an uncredited extra in "The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous" (1997).


title: Fiona Richmond

text: In "The Look of Love", the 2013 biopic about Paul Raymond directed by Michael Winterbottom, Richmond was played by Tamsin Egerton. Upon its release Richmond said that the film portrayed a sleazy side of her life that never happened, and that most of her suggested script changes to make the film more accurate had not been not taken up.


title: Fiona Richmond

text: By the time Paul Raymond met Fiona Richmond he was already separated from his wife Jean. Richmond became his girlfriend and the pair were a celebrity couple from 1970 until 1977, living together in London in a flat in Portman Square. Raymond admitted adultery with Richmond, and his wife divorced him in 1974 after 23 years of marriage, receiving a £250,000 settlement. He gave Richmond a yellow Jaguar E-Type sports car with the personalised number plate FU2, and she became recognised driving it around the West End. Despite his wealth she continued to work, as she valued her independence. Following Raymond's death on 2 March 2008, Richmond gave an interview to the "Daily Mirror" about him:


title: Fiona Richmond

text: We had fabulous times touring the world looking for acts for the Raymond Revue bar["sic"] ... [Paul Raymond] had a boat on the south of France called "Veste Demitte". The closest translation from the Latin is "Get ‘Em Off..." He was one of the last great showmen. Everyone today is just so much more boring.


title: Fiona Richmond

text: Having become exhausted by the show business lifestyle she left Raymond, though they remained friends. In 1978 she expressed her intention to marry James Montgomery, the presenter of Southern Television's regional news programme "Day by Day". Richmond had met Montgomery when she appeared on a TV show he was producing to promote a book she had written. The pair were married in 1983 and had one daughter, Tara, born in 1984. In that year Richmond retired from show business, going on to run a fashion company and work as a journalist. The couple were divorced in 1998 but she retained her married name of Julia Montgomery.


title: Fiona Richmond

text: Richmond subsequently became a hotelier with her partner, former pig farmer Peter Pilbrow. By 2001 they owned and ran two establishments: "Petit Bacaye Cottage Hotel" on the Caribbean island of Grenada, and "The Onion Store", an English bed and breakfast house in Hampshire. She went on to spend time in both countries and raise funds for the charity Gift Grenada.


title: Salim (film)

text: Salim is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by N. V. Nirmal Kumar. It stars Vijay Antony and Aksha Pardasany. Produced by Studio 9, Sri Green Productions and Vijay Antony Film Corporation, the film is a sequel to Vijay Antony's debut film "Naan" (2012). The film was released on 29 August 2014.


title: Salim (film)

text: The plot continues 2 years after the incidents and events occurred in Naan. Karthik alias Mohammed Salim (Vijay Antony) is an honest doctor working in a private hospital in Chennai. He often goes out of his ways to help needy patients who visit him. His talent and nature earn him the wrath and jealousy of his colleagues. One day, he learns that someone is stalking him and finds it is his suitor Nisha (Aksha Pardasany). Salim goes directly to Nisha and gives his personal diary for her to learn more about him. This response from Salim impresses Nisha so much, and she falls in love with him. As their relationship progresses, Nisha learns that Salim has dedicated himself to his work, so much so that he fails to take care of her and spend time with her, thus creating a rift between them. To reconcile with Nisha, Salim plans to spend a whole day with her. They go to a movie theatre, and some goons tease Nisha, but Salim chooses to take Nisha and leave the place. Nisha gets offended by this and starts to ignore Salim and his phone calls.


title: Salim (film)

text: Meanwhile, the hospital's managing director gives Salim a warning to stop refusing fees from patients as it affects the hospital's income. A few days later, Salim manages to convince Nisha, and they renew their relationship. Nisha asks Salim to go to a party with her, and he agrees. But when he is on the way, he sees a young girl, a gang-rape victim, who is hurt and bleeding on the road. He takes her to the hospital and misses the party. Nisha loses her temper and breaks up with him.


title: Salim (film)

text: The next day, Salim finds that the girl whom he admitted has been discharged from the hospital. He learns that the managing director has discharged the girl as she is poor and unable to pay the cost. The same evening, he gets an invitation to a party from his hospital. There, he learns that the managing director has had enough of his charity and generosity at the hospital's cost. Salim also learns that he is being laid off and it is his own farewell party. He is also insulted by the managing director for not using his talent and reputation to earn money. Salim storms out of the party in rage. On the way, he gets into a scuffle with a police officer (Aruldoss) and hits him, ending up in the police station. But he escapes with the police officer's pistol and goes straight to a hotel. There, he finds four men trying to rape the hotel singer. He beats them up and helps the girl leave the place. Saying that they have to learn their lesson, Salim takes them hostage inside the room. One of the men, Guru, is the son of Home Minister Thavapunniyam (R. N. R. Manohar), so the police, led by a police officer Chezhian (P. V. Chandramouli), are pressurized to take immediate action.


title: Salim (film)

text: The police find out Salim's identity and raid his home, where they find his wedding cards and learn about Nisha. They take her into custody and to the hotel, where she meets Chezhian and explains Salim's character and that he is not a terrorist to take hostages. The police plan to use Nisha as bait and capture Salim, but they fail to do so when Salim demands the presence of Thavapunniyam at the hotel. Meanwhile, a police sniper takes a shot at Salim but misses, and Salim throws one of the men out of a window. He tells Chezhian to take him seriously to avoid more disastrous results. It is later revealed that the four men had raped the girl whom Salim had admitted in the hospital. After discharging the victim from the hospital, they killed both the victim and her mother and disposed of the remains in sewage.


title: Salim (film)

text: Salim realizes he will not be left alive by Thavapunniyam once he lets go of the hostages. So he demands a car for him to leave and tells the police not to follow him. This time, Thavapunniyam arranges a car that is fixed with a bomb and a remote detonator. Salim continues to hold Guru hostage and gets into the latter's car instead. Later, Thavapunniyam receives a call from Guru telling him that Salim left him on the East Coast Road and escaped. Thavapunniyam orders his men to bring Guru back and kill Salim, who has driven away and made it look like an automobile accident. The men chase the car with trucks and crash into it, only to find it was Salim who chose to leave the car, and it was Guru who was driving inside.


title: Salim (film)

text: After his debut venture "Naan", Vijay Antony decided to start "Salim". Vijay Antony plays the role of a doctor while Aksha Pardasany was signed to portray his fiancé in the film, making her Tamil film debut. Since the movie required Vijay Antony to perform some dare devil stunts, he understood the necessity and underwent rigorous training in Taekwondo for a period of two months. The shoot of the first schedule of the film was held in Chennai in June 2013.


title: Salim (film)

text: The music of the film was composed by Vijay Antony. The soundtrack album was released at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai on 5 June 2014, with Bharathiraja, Bala, M. Raja, R. K. Selvamani and R. Parthiepan among other attending the event. "Behindwoods" gave 2 out of 5 and called the album "a mixed bag from Vijay Antony".


title: Salim (film)

text: "Salim" was released on 29 August 2014 in around 400 screens across the country, including Kerala and Karnataka, with Tamil Nadu contributing close to 300 screens. Gopuram Films and Sri Production distribute the film in India. It was released in about 50 screens in the overseas space in key countries, through Suara Networks.


title: Salim (film)

text: The film has received generally positive reviews from the newspapers. Baradwaj Rangan from The Hindu wrote, "The director, N. V. Nirmal Kumar, subscribes to a rather charming theory: things just happen. Nisha just happens to morph into a ghost. Salim just happens to get arrested by a cop...Salim just happens to visit an old man, who dies a few scenes later, having served little purpose other than to demonstrate another facet of Salim’s goodness. If he (Salim) was really that good, he’d have refunded my ticket money by now". The Times of India gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Vijay Antony is definitely not an expressive actor but with "Naan" earlier and now "Salim", he has managed to find roles where impassiveness is a trait of the character...The first half of "Salim" nicely sets up what's in store...It is only in the second half that things get somewhat cinematic". The New Indian Express wrote, "Salim" may not have the best of scripts, but with its racy pace and twists, it manages to keep one glued to the screen for the most part". Sify wrote, "" Salim" is a decent enough thriller that compensates for its weak first half by a smarter second half and some composed acting by Vijay Antony". Behindwoods in its review stated, "This is not the first time that Tamil Cinema witnesses such a plot, however the way "Salim" is treated, manages to keep the audiences engaged", calling it a "watchable average movie". Moviecrow stated, "Salim" is definitely a sound choice by Vijay Antony as a follow up to "Naan"". Indiaglitz.com wrote, "The film is clean and thought-provoking, and is certainly worth the time invested".


title: Railway speed record

text: The world record for a conventional wheeled passenger train is held by France's TGV ("Train à Grande Vitesse"), set in 2007 when it reached on a section of track.


title: Railway speed record

text: The following is a partial list of absolute world speed records for all trains designed to carry passengers, regardless of gauge, propulsion or type of rail,


title: Railway speed record

text: The following is a list of verified absolute world speed records for conventional wheeled rail vehicles.


title: Railway speed record

text: The following is a list of speed records for rail vehicles with electric traction motors and powered by electricity transferred to the train.


title: Railway speed record

text: The following is a list of speed records for rail vehicles with on-board fuel to generate electricity for traction motors such as diesel-electric locomotive, diesel electric multiple unit and gas turbine-electric locomotive trains.


title: Railway speed record

text: The following is a list of speed records for rail vehicles with on-board fuel to mechanical energy to drive vehicle's wheels such as diesel-hydraulic trains and gas turbine locomotive trains that use mechanical transmission to power the drive wheels.


title: Railway speed record

text: "Note: All records with a faster speed than (the record set by Mallard) are claimed and have not been officially verified."


title: Railway speed record

text: The following is a list of speed records for rail vehicles that use air propulsion to move rail vehicles while the wheels are rolling along the track.


title: Railway speed record

text: Using an air cushion and a monorail, the Aérotrain set on 5 March 1974 a mean speed of and a peak speed of .


title: Railway speed record

text: The following are the lists of world record average operating speeds between two stations. The average speeds are measured by the total time and the distance between the two stations.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The Opel Calibra is a coupé, engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel between 1989 and 1997. In the United Kingdom, where it remained on sale until 1999, it was marketed under the Vauxhall brand as the Vauxhall Calibra. It was also marketed as the Chevrolet Calibra in South America by Chevrolet, and the Holden Calibra in Australia and New Zealand by Holden.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The Calibra was introduced to belatedly replace the Manta and to counter the Japanese sporting coupés of the period. It employs the running gear of the first generation Opel Vectra, which had been launched in October 1988. Calibra production was based in the Opel factory in Rüsselsheim, Germany, and the Valmet Automotive factory in Uusikaupunki, Finland, where production was consolidated in November 1995. The Calibra was initially only available with front-wheel drive, but from November 1990, four wheel drive became available.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The Opel Calibra was styled by GM's designer Wayne Cherry, and German designer Erhard Schnell. As a front-wheel drive three door hatchback coupé based on the Vectra A chassis, its ride and handling are not significantly better than that of the large family car from which it grew. Though it had a stiffer chassis as a whole (better torsional rigidity in NM/Deg). The 4WD turbo version of the car, which had independent rear suspension, featured the rear axle of the Omega A with some minor alterations to it. Irmscher suspensions of the sporty limited editions (like DTM, Keke Rosberg, Cliff and Last Edition) also had sharper handling than base models.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The Vectra A chassis and hatchback rear meant the Calibra was relatively practical compared to many other coupés of this size. It could seat four average-sized passengers (above 175-180 cm only compromised in the rear) and hold 300 liters of luggage.


title: Opel Calibra

text: An innovative design feature was the slim 7 cm high headlamp, which was possible to create using the then new ellipsoid technology. The headlamp design was key to the sport coupé's unique design and aerodynamics.


title: Opel Calibra

text: When launched on 10 June 1989, the Calibra was the most aerodynamic production car in the world, with a drag coefficient (Cd) of "0.26". It remained the most aerodynamic mass production car for the next ten years, until the Honda Insight was launched in November 1999, with a Cd of "0.25".


title: Opel Calibra

text: All later 16V, V6, 4x4 and turbo models had a worse Cd of "0.29", due to changes in cooling system, underbody, use of spoked wheels and glass detail.


title: Opel Calibra

text: During its lifetime, the Calibra was much more popular in Europe, and outsold its nearest rival, the Ford Probe, which was considered to be underpowered, and very American for most European drivers. Sales of the Vauxhall-badged versions for the UK market commenced in June 1990, with hopes of selling of up to 15,000 examples per year. However, this sales target was never achieved.


title: Opel Calibra

text: In July 1990, after General Motors bought a stake in Saab, it was reported the Calibra would be badged as a Saab in the United States, but these plans did not materialise. There were also plans for a cabriolet version to be produced, but these too failed to materialise.


title: Opel Calibra

text: In the summer of 1994, the Calibra received a light facelift. Most noticeably, the manufacturer badge migrated from its place atop the leading edge of the bonnet into the front grille. Equipment and safety have been developed. Throughout the production run, several special models were launched.


title: Opel Calibra

text: In the United Kingdom, this began with the 'Tickford' conversion in October 1991, however, only 26 Calibras were ever converted. This was followed by Vauxhall's own Special Edition range the SE1 in 1993, and ran through to the SE9 in 1997. These limited run editions had often unique aspects. For example, solar yellow paint on the SE2, or "Icelandic" blue on the SE6. Neither colours were found on any other Calibra in the UK.


title: Opel Calibra

text: There was also a Keke Rosberg edition first only available in white, in celebration of the Calibra's success in the German Touring Car Championship at the time. In other parts of Europe, special models included the "DTM" edition, the "Cliff" edition, the "Colour" edition, "Last" edition and some special editions only available on certain domestic markets. Some special models sold in continental Europe included lowered Irmscher suspension and a numbered plaque on the ashtray. "DTM" and "Keke Rosberg" featured yellow-gray pattern textile upholstery as standard to remind buyers the colors of Opel DTM racecars. According to different data sources, as well as numbered plaques usually seen on car meets and on the internet the "Keke Rosberg", "DTM", "Cliff" and "Last Edition" cars were produced in relatively low numbers (roughly around a thousand car per edition).


title: Opel Calibra

text: The last Calibra Turbos were produced in the beginning of 1997, before a final run of Calibra Turbo Limited Editions were rolled out to the UK market. These were all finished in jet black paintwork with Irmscher spoiler, BBS RX 16" alloys and colour coded body fittings. This final incarnation was also lowered by 35mm on Irmscher springs and dampers. The interior was heated cream leather, with a steering wheel trimmed in grey leather and a plaque showing the build number mounted on the centre console.


title: Opel Calibra

text: In continental Europe the Last Edition was the final limited edition offering basically all extras, plenty of colors and full Irmscher set including front bumper, sports suspension and BBS RX 16" alloys.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The Vectra A was replaced in September 1995, but Calibra production continued until June 1997. Although a smaller coupé (the Tigra) was available, the marque was left without a mid sized coupé until the Astra Coupé was launched in the spring of 2000, and with the introduction of the Opel Speedster two-seater roadster in July 2000, three years after the Calibra was discontinued, Opel finally offered a sports car again.


title: Opel Calibra

text: There are different data available about production numbers: 238,164 or 238,647 or 239,118 have been built in total. 93,978 have been built in Valmet, Finland. Nearly 130,000 were fitted with 8V, 83,000 with 16V, 14,000 with Turbo and 12,000 with V6 engine. Around 100,000 were sold in Germany, over 40,000 in the UK, more than 27,000 in Italy, over 17,000 in Spain, around 13,000 in France and over 10,000 in Switzerland giving the major markets of the Calibra. Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands contributed 5,000 units apiece. Only a portion of the fleet remain on the roads: in Germany around 5,060 cars, in the UK around 2,250 cars, and in the Netherlands, around 750.


title: Opel Calibra

text: At the beginning of the production the standard equipment of the Calibra 8 valve was a 20W two-speaker stereo with cassetteplayer, sports seats front with adjustable height on the driver's side, split folding rear seats, ABS, power steering, electric side mirror adjustment, analog clock on the middle console, makeup mirrors in the sunvisors, lockable glovebox, tinted windows, 14-inch alloy wheels and bumpers in body color. Features like air-conditioning, electric windows, fog light, board computer and sun roof were optional.


title: Opel Calibra

text: By contrast better equipped facelifted models with larger engines offered air-conditioning, traction control, electric windows, a 30W 6 speaker stereo system (or 150W Bose with 6 speaker plus additional subwoofer), CD-changer, central locking, immobiliser, leather upholstery with heated front seats, board computer, sunroof, two airbags with pre-tensioners, alarm system with motion sensors, 15 or 16 inch alloy wheels, etc.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The Opel Calibra was available in 28 colors throughout the production run, out of which only 9 were black, gray or white. Although only about a half dozen colors were offered simultaneously at certain time periods, meaning colors on the palette were changed quickly. Limited editions usually featured even less color options, than the standard. During the total production period the following colors were available indicated with code, original German and English names and type of lack:


title: Opel Calibra

text: In case of "Cliff Motorsport Edition" the following color names were applied: Ocean = Magneticblau, Polar = Karibikblau, Barracuda = Keramikblau. Some late "Keke Rosberg" and "DTM" models were painted in colors from the standard palette. Colors and special editions offered may be different on certain domestic markets.


title: Opel Calibra

text: Power was initially from 2.0 litre 8 valve C20NE, and a Cosworth designed 16 valve fuel injected C20XE four cylinder redtop petrol engines.


title: Opel Calibra

text: For 1992, a turbocharged 2.0 litre 16 valve engine C20LET (turbocharged version of the C20XE) was added to the range. With four wheel drive, a six speed Getrag manual transmission (F28/6) and a claimed top speed of 245 km/h (152 mph).


title: Opel Calibra

text: The Turbo model was also notable for the five stud wheel hubs and the extreme negative camber (inward lean) of its rear wheels.


title: Opel Calibra

text: In 1993, a 2.5 litre V6 (C25XE or SE4) was introduced, available with both manual and automatic transmissions. The V6 was not as fast as the Turbo, but was rather more civilised, and proved to be more reliable than the complex four wheel drive model. 1995 saw the introduction of the X20XEV "Ecotec" engine, a new version of the classic C20XE 16 valve or "red top" engine.


title: Opel Calibra

text: This marked a reduction in power from to for the 16 valve version, although the Turbo continued with the C20LET.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The availability of engines is dependent on specific modellvariants, accessory levels and domestic markets.


title: Opel Calibra

text: In addition to the Aisin four-speed automatic transmissions that were available on all models, except the C20LET (although some countries such as Australia did not sell the C20XE with the four-speed auto), there were five manual gearboxes produced by Getrag (all of which were five speed gearboxes, except the six speed F28/6).


title: Opel Calibra

text: The transfer gearbox in the AWD models — the same as used in the Vauxhall Cavalier AWD—was somewhat on the flimsy side, liable to suffer damage from conditions such as minor differences in tyre wear or tyre pressure between front and rear axles. Since front and rear tyres would naturally wear at different rates in normal driving, it was necessary to swap front with rear tyres every - recent user recommendations propose 3,000 miles (5,000 km).


title: Opel Calibra

text: All four tyres had to be of the same make and model, and all four tyres had to be replaced at the same time — if one tyre was damaged or punctured, the three remaining good tyres also had to be replaced. In addition there were other maintenance requirements which were both exacting and unusual. Neglect of these points through ignorance or a misconceived attempt to save money was common, and was likely to lead to very expensive failures of the transfer gearbox.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The car got some recycled and recyclable plastics (like headlight frames, water deflector, bumper attachments, inlet manifold, sound insulation) and catalytic converter already at the beginning of the production.


title: Opel Calibra

text: Since the beginning of 1993 all Calibras were delivered with a driver's airbag as standard, and co-driver's full size airbag was added in August. Amongst other small changes during the ongoing development program, other important safety features were added in August 1993: double steel tube strengthening bars in the doors as side crash protection, strengthened door sills, strengthened pillars and roof frame, and seat belt pre-tensioners also became standard for front passengers. Waterbased paint and CFC-free air-conditioning were also reasonable steps taken for sustainability.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The DTM/ITC-specification race cars used an all-wheel-drive layout, with the engine mounted longitudinally instead of transversely. Early DTM cars used a naturally-aspirated Cosworth-developed 54-degree V6 engine based on General Motors' iron block/aluminium head C25XE. Power output improved from from 1993 to 1995.


title: Opel Calibra

text: Due to changes in the Group A Class 1 FIA regulations for 1996, a switch was made to an all-aluminium, 75-degree V6 based on the Isuzu 6VD1 (as used in the Trooper/Amigo). Using this engine, Opel won the 1996 ITC Championship. The Isuzu-based KF V6 was capable of revving to 15,000 rpm. The last known KF V6-powered Calibra race car in existence is the Zakspeed Calibra Concept 2 prototype. The car was built to be used as a test mule for the cancelled 1997 FIA ITC championship.


title: Opel Calibra

text: Wanting a car that would be competitive in the Wesbank Modifieds Series (at the time, South Africa's premier circuit-racing series), South Africa's Delta Motor Corporation commissioned a one-off Calibra race car. Owen Ashley Auto Developments, based in Cape Town, was contracted to design and build the car in late 1990, with financial backing from DMC. The car was designed around the then-current Class A rule set (broadly similar to that used in the American IMSA GT series).


title: Opel Calibra

text: The car was based around an aluminium honeycomb floorpan, to which was secured a chrome-moly steel spaceframe. DMC's brief to Owen Ashley stated that as much of the standard Calibra silhouette as possible had to be retained. To that end, a standard Calibra roof, side body monocoque pressings, doors and rear window were used. All remaining bodywork was moulded in fibreglass.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The car was powered by a Buick 3800-derived, 3.5-litre all-aluminium odd-fire V6, similar in specification to that used on the IMSA Corvette GTP. Built in the United States by Ryan Falconer, the engine retained its original single-cam, pushrod-and-rocker, two-valves-per-cylinder layout, but employed a Racetronics engine management system and Garrett turbocharger aspirating through a 52mm restrictor plate. The engine produced approximately 600 BHP (447 kW) in race trim. Power was delivered to a rear-mounted five-speed manual Hewland transaxle through a carbon-fibre propeller shaft. Fuel capacity was 40 litres, and double-wishbone suspension was used at both the front and rear ends of the car.


title: Opel Calibra

text: Driven by Michael Briggs, the car was campaigned from 1991 to 1993. A rule change for 1994 that banned turbocharged engines from the series, as well as the rapidly increasing popularity of Group A super touring cars, compelled DMC to retire the Calibra in favour of devoting its motorsport budget and resources to its two-car Astra super touring effort.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The Calibra Turbo was also rallied, albeit without notable success. A Calibra finished ninth in the 1992 Sanremo Rallye, with Bruno Thiry at the wheel. This did make it the fastest car in the 1600 to 2000 cc class.


title: Opel Calibra

text: Although the Coupé shape was so successful, that it was no real demand for a Calibra Cabrio, Valmet Automotive was entrusted by Opel to build fully functioning convertible Calibra prototypes, as competitors also started mid-size convertible development. Valmet Automotive built two red coloured prototypes in 1992, with the 2.0 litre, 8 valve engine. A third body was also produced for use in flexibility tests. With the convertible body, the Calibra lost the practicality of the rear seats and the boot, thus the design was not further developed. Now a red painted prototype is exhibited in the underground garage of Opel Classic at the concept car section.


title: Opel Calibra

text: In 1996 Opel began the development of the successor of the Calibra on the basis of the Vectra B, but it didn't fit the international model strategy of General Motors, so the project was dropped. One non-functioning 1:1 scale model from the beginning of 1997 remain, that has been kept hidden for more than twenty years, and revealed for public on the thirtieth anniversary of the Calibra A world premiere. Now the red painted model is exhibited in the underground garage of Opel Classic. As a non-functioning study, it had only a very schematic interior and two different type of headlights (left and right) to test various design solutions at the front.


title: Opel Calibra

text: The Opel GTC Concept of March 2007 was linked to the "Calibra" name, but no production version resulted from the concept car. The GTC concept car was rather a design projection for the first generation of Opel Insignia introduced next year, and especially its most powerful OPC version, which inherited the concept car's large emphasized vertical intakes at the front, similar exhaust tips at the rear and rims on the side. The interior of the first generation Insignia is also very similar to the 2007 GTC Concept. The GTC Concept is showcased in the concept car section of Opel Classic.


title: Blast beat

text: A blast beat is a type of drum beat that originated in hardcore punk and grindcore, and is often associated with certain styles of extreme metal, namely black metal and death metal, and occasionally in metalcore. In Adam MacGregor's definition, "the blast-beat generally comprises a repeated, sixteenth-note figure played at a very fast tempo, and divided uniformly among the bass drum, snare, and ride, crash, or hi-hat cymbal." Blast beats have been described by "PopMatters" contributor Whitney Strub as, "maniacal percussive explosions, less about rhythm per se than sheer sonic violence".


title: Blast beat

text: Napalm Death is said to have coined the term, though this style of drumming had been used by others for its characteristically chaotic sound.


title: Blast beat

text: The English band Napalm Death coined the term "blast beat", though this style of drumming had previously been practiced by others. Daniel Ekeroth argues that the blast beat was first performed by the Swedish group Asocial on their 1982 demo. D.R.I. (1983, "No Sense"), Sepultura (1985, track 11, "Antichrist"), S.O.D. (1985, track 11, "Milk"), Sarcófago (1986, track 10, "Satanas"), and Repulsion also included the technique prior to Napalm Death's emergence. Rockdetector contributor Garry Sharpe-Young credits D.R.I.'s Eric Brecht as the first on their 1983 debut but credits Napalm Death with making it better known. AllMusic contributor Thom Jurek credits jazz drummer Tony Williams as the "true inventor of the blastbeat" in 1979.