title: Jenn Colella

text: Colella has had multiple regional theater appearances. In addition to those listed above that moved on to New York, they have included her favorite role, Peter Pan, which she has done four times. Along with the 2001 California summer stock appearance, she has been cast in 2008 at the Sondheim Center in Fairfield, IA, the Music Circus in Sacramento, CA in 2015, and a 2019 Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera in Pennsylvania.


title: Jenn Colella

text: Also in Pittsburgh, she played Annie Oakley in "Annie Get Your Gun" in 2008. In 2009 she appeared, along with Elaine Stritch, in Paper Mill Playhouse's "The Full Monty" in Millburn, NJ. 2010 found her in Princeton, NJ at the McCarter Theatre in the American premiere of "Take Flight" as aviator Amelia Earhart. Another world premiere occurred in December 2003 for Madison Repertory in Wisconsin as Jenny in "Heartland: The Musical", followed by a January 2004 appearance in the show for the Broadway Contemporary Series in Dallas, TX.


title: Jenn Colella

text: In the hopes of breaking into television, Colella began her career as a comedian as a way to get noticed. That, as well as the rock band, helped build her on stage confidence. She started doing observational humor stand-up in Southern California while pursuing her MFA. During that time, she performed in places such as the Laugh Factory and The Comedy Store in Hollywood. She has said that success and failure are equally valuable instructors.


title: Jenn Colella

text: She had her television debut in 2003 co-hosting the game show "Can You Tell?" with Tony Rock on Oxygen. Her next appearance was on the ABC series "Cashmere Mafia", where she was in a same-sex relationship and discussed their starting a family. That show aired January 2008, six weeks before she opened in "Beebo Brinker". Since then she has guest starred in several other television shows. In 2019, the year she left "Come From Away", there were three for CBS, "The Code", "Madam Secretary", and "Evil". Colella was also part of the "PBS" "Tribute to Stephen Sondheim" with the New York Philharmonic at Lincoln Center in 2010, and the initial "Broadway in Concert: An Evening with Lerner and Loewe", again for PBS, in March 2022.


title: Jenn Colella

text: Her film credits are found in "Uncertainty", "Lay It Down for Good", the live filmed version of "Come From Away," and "Chocolate Milk".


title: Jenn Colella

text: Colella has performed for online web shows. These include 2012's "Pzazz 101" in the "Jenn Colella" episode and "Hedda's Headlines: Backstage at 'Chaplin' with Jenn Colella" where she reported from backstage over eight episodes of the Broadway.com Series. In 2014 she played Sarah Jeffreys in "Submissions Only" for two episodes titled "Chapter 2" and "Reason to Stay." 2017 saw her in another Broadway.com series over the eight episodes of "Welcome to the Rock: Backstage at COME FROM AWAY with Jenn Colella." In 2021 she played Jo in all eight episodes of "The Flame: A Podcast Musical".


title: Jenn Colella

text: In between other appearances, she teaches master classes, has a cabaret act, and does benefit performances. She sang the "National Anthem" at a New York Yankees game in October 2021. Colella has also co-written a song with Tom Kitt that was included in his album "Reflect: Tom Kitt & The Collective."


title: Jenn Colella

text: When Colella works on a project, she treats it as a hit and believes in it completely. But whether it is a hit is not the point, for her as an actor, it is to do her best work for as long as the show runs. She believes actors get hired not only because of talent, but because of their energy. She feels the energy that an actor brings into the room must be practiced throughout the day, working toward the foundation of present moment awaremess. To her, acting is the easy part, staying in the present moment in her work is harder and requires focus. She recognizes that acting is the same whether on Broadway or in a local theater.


title: Jenn Colella

text: She says there are only two things over which an actor has control—preparation and attitude. Her work ethic is to arrive at rehearsal with lines memorized and music learned. She works to understand what is going on and to develop ideas about her character. She thinks a production staff wants to trust that the actor will do the work and not appear for rehearsal unprepared. They also want to know the actor will be a team player, someone they will want to work with during a development cycle that may take several years.


title: Jenn Colella

text: Colella says she enjoys rehearsing more than performing. It is for the safety afforded by the rehearsal room wherein the actors can play and flirt, try and fail, succeed and learn, and all without the judgement of an audience. She has indicated she feels sad after opening night, when the creative team is not there anymore, as it is like mom and dad are gone. They are no longer there to guide and approve the work being done. She loves the energy and approval received from an audience, but the safety, community, and feeling of family within rehearsal is not the same.


title: Jenn Colella

text: She treats signing-in at the theater as a contract between herself and the others in the company to be her best self while there, and knows practicing kindness requires attention. She does not mark in rehearsal, and has spent her career singing like it's the last time she'll sing. A reviewer has commented, "Colella is always singing at 100."


title: Jenn Colella

text: Colella refers to kindness as her religion and believes in its practice. She tries to be respectful and pleasant to each person she meets. A podcast host has said, "(she) might literally be the nicest person I've ever met," a former artistic director, "I've never seen her be cruel," and a composer/lyricist, "the most fun-loving, open-hearted, life-affirming person working in the theatre."


title: Jenn Colella

text: She identifies as mostly gay. Colella became engaged to Mo Mullen in June 2022 and they married October 4, 2022


title: Jenn Colella

text: Coming to New York, she was told by people she respected to stay in the closet, as it might cause casting problems. After playing a lesbian in "Beebo Brinker," though, she was getting more attention and media questions, and finally felt it was time to come out. Colella has said, "being a queer woman in the Broadway community is something I'm very proud of."


title: Jenn Colella

text: Manoel Felciano, a co-star of Colella's in the movie "Uncertainty," wrote the song "Jenn Colella" about her. The second line reads, ""But I suspect, Jenn Colella, if my name were Isabella, then my clumsy overtures might stand a chance.""


title: Jenn Colella

text: After having seen "Phantom of the Opera" on Broadway, she got a mask tattooed on her right arm to show her dedication to the craft. But then her first Broadway show, "Urban Cowboy," was in the theater next to the "Phantom" theater. So she got a star to represent that show and cover the mask. A star represented guidance and light to her. Two other visible tattoos, on the backs of her upper arms, are "Kindness" and "Gratitude," which she got while in "Come From Away".


title: Jenn Colella

text: While working on "Come From Away," Colella became friends with Beverley Bass, the airline captain she portrayed in the show. They first met in San Diego at James' Place, a restaurant across from the La Jolla Playhouse, after the last preview performance. They had an immediate kinship. At closing night for the Seattle tryout run, Bass presented her with the flight jacket, wings, and service pin that she wore on September 11, to be worn on Broadway.


title: Jenn Colella

text: When asked what advice she would give her younger self, she said, "trust that you are enough...you don't have to emulate anyone else...you can admire other people but ... where you are on your path right now is exactly right."


title: Jenn Colella

text: Colella has tried bungee jumping, parasailing, and flying an ultra-light aircraft. She likes roller coasters, and her favorite ride at Disney World is Space Mountain. She enjoys reading, travel, and yoga.


title: Estate (land)

text: An estate is a large parcel of land under single ownership, which would historically generate income for its owner.


title: Estate (land)

text: In the UK, historically an estate comprises the houses, outbuildings, supporting farmland, and woods that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property, such as a country house, mansion, palace or castle. It is the modern term for a manor, but lacks a manor's now-abolished jurisdiction.


title: Estate (land)

text: The "estate" formed an economic system where the profits from its produce and rents (of housing or agricultural land) sustained the main household, formerly known as the manor house. Thus, "the estate" may refer to all other cottages and villages in the same ownership as the mansion itself, covering more than one former manor. Examples of such great estates are Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire, England, and Blenheim Palace, in Oxfordshire, England, built to replace the former manor house of Woodstock. In a more urban context are the "Great Estates" in Central London such as the Grosvenor and Portman, which continue to generate significant income through rent.


title: Estate (land)

text: Before the 1870s, these estates often encompassed several thousand acres, generally consisting of several farms let to tenants; the great house was supplied with food from its own home farm (for meat and dairy) and a kitchen garden (for fruit and vegetables). However the agricultural depression from the 1870s onwards and the decline of servants meant that the large rural estates declined in social and economic significance, and many of the country houses were destroyed.


title: Estate (land)

text: In modern British English, the term "estate" has been generalised to any large parcel of land under single ownership, such as a housing estate or industrial estate.


title: Estate (land)

text: Large country estates were traditionally found in New York's Long Island, and Westchester County, the Philadelphia Main Line, Maine's Bar Harbor on Mount Desert Island, and other affluent East Coast enclaves; and the San Francisco Bay Area, early Beverly Hills, California, Montecito, California, Santa Barbara, California and other affluent West Coast enclaves. All these regions had strong traditions of large agricultural, grazing, and productive estates modeled on those in Europe. However, by the late 1940s and early 1950s, many of these estates had been demolished and subdivided, in some cases resulting in suburban villages named for the former owners, as in Baxter Estates, New York.


title: Estate (land)

text: An important distinction between the United States and England is that "American country estates, unlike English ones, rarely, if ever, supported the house." American estates have always been about "the pleasures of land ownership and the opportunity to enjoy active, outdoor pursuits." Although some American estates included farms, they were always in support of the larger recreational purpose.


title: Estate (land)

text: Today, large houses on lots of at least several acres in size are often referred to as "estates", in a contemporary updating of the word's usage. Most contemporary American estates are not large enough to include significant amounts of self-supporting productive agricultural land, and the money for their improvement and maintenance usually comes from fortunes earned in other economic sectors besides agriculture. They are distinguished from ordinary middle-class American houses by sheer size, as well as their landscaping, gardens, outbuildings, and most importantly, recreational structures (e.g., tennis courts and swimming pools). This usage is the predominant connotation of "estate" in contemporary American English (when not preceded by the word "real"), which is why "industrial estate" sounds like an oxymoron to Americans, as few wealthy persons would deliberately choose to live next to factories.


title: Alveolar consonant

text: Alveolar (; UK also ) consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the upper teeth. Alveolar consonants may be articulated with the tip of the tongue (the apical consonants), as in English, or with the flat of the tongue just above the tip (the "blade" of the tongue; called laminal consonants), as in French and Spanish.


title: Alveolar consonant

text: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants. Rather, the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized like English palato-alveolar "sh", or retroflex. To disambiguate, the "bridge" (, "etc.") may be used for a dental consonant, or the under-bar (, "etc.") may be used for the postalveolars. differs from dental in that the former is a sibilant and the latter is not. differs from postalveolar in being unpalatalized.


title: Alveolar consonant

text: The bare letters , etc. cannot be assumed to specifically represent alveolars. The language may not make such distinctions, such that two or more coronal places of articulation are found allophonically, or the transcription may simply be too broad to distinguish dental from alveolar. If it is necessary to specify a consonant as alveolar, a diacritic from the Extended IPA may be used: , "etc.", though that could also mean extra-retracted. The letters are frequently called 'alveolar', and the language examples below are all alveolar sounds.


title: Alveolar consonant

text: The alveolar or dental consonants and are, along with , the most common consonants in human languages. Nonetheless, there are a few languages that lack them. A few languages on Bougainville Island and around Puget Sound, such as Makah, lack nasals and therefore , but have . Colloquial Samoan, however, lacks both and , but it has a lateral alveolar approximant . (Samoan words written with "t" and "n" are pronounced with and in colloquial speech.) In Standard Hawaiian, is an allophone of , but and exist.


title: Alveolar consonant

text: In labioalveolars, the lower lip contacts the alveolar ridge. Such sounds are typically the result of a severe overbite. In the Extensions to the IPA for disordered speech, they are transcribed with the alveolar diacritic on labial letters: .


title: Dance Academy

text: Dance Academy is an Australian teen-oriented television drama produced by Werner Film Productions in association with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and ZDF. Series one premiered on 31 May 2010, and series two began airing on 12 March 2012. Series three premiered on ABC3 on 8 July 2013 in Australia.


title: Dance Academy

text: The television drama lasted 3 seasons with 65 episodes. A film sequel to the television series, "Dance Academy: The Movie", was released by StudioCanal in Australian cinemas on 6 April 2017.


title: Dance Academy

text: "Dance Academy" is narrated mainly from the perspective of Tara Webster (Xenia Goodwin), a newly accepted first year student at the National Academy of Dance in Sydney, which also doubles as a Year 10–12 high school for the dancers. Throughout the series, she learns to better her ballet technique, as well as learn contemporary ballet and hip-hop dance, while creating lifelong friendships and experiencing many hardships. In the first series, Tara soon befriends fellow students Kat (Alicia Banit) and Ethan Karamakov (Tim Pocock), Sammy Lieberman (Tom Green), Abigail Armstrong (Dena Kaplan) and Christian Reed (Jordan Rodrigues), as well as eventually getting to know her teacher Ms. Raine (Tara Morice).


title: Dance Academy

text: Series Two sees Tara return to the academy for her second year with the hope of representing Australia in an international ballet competition, the Prix de Fonteyn. This series introduces new students Grace Whitney (Isabel Durant), Ben Tickle (Thomas Lacey), Ollie Lloyd (Keiynan Lonsdale), as well as teacher Saskia Duncan (Brooke Harman), and sees the characters react to an unexpected death.


title: Dance Academy

text: Series Three follows the characters in their final year at the academy as they compete for a contract in the dance company. Grace and Tara obtain temporary spots in the corps de ballet, Kat stars in a dance film, Abigail and Ollie explore commercial dancing and singing, and the third years go on tour for "Romeo and Juliet" throughout regional Australia.


title: Dance Academy

text: "Dance Academy" is produced by Joanna Werner's film company Werner Films Productions in association with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Screen Australia, Film Victoria, Film New South Wales and ZDF for Germany. , airing rights to "Dance Academy" have been sold to 180 territories, airing on every continent except Antarctica.


title: Dance Academy

text: Casting for series one began in early 2009 in Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney. All cast members had to be skilled in drama and dancing and had to cope with Australia's best choreographers. Filming began on 13 July 2009 and wrapped up in early November. The series premiere was originally planned for a mid-2010 premiere on ABC3, however, like "Dead Gorgeous", the premiere was pushed to ABC1 on 31 May 2010 and ABC3 on 6 June 2010. The first series premiered on Germany's ZDF on 26 September 2010.


title: Dance Academy

text: Production of series two was officially green-lit by ABC and ZDF on 2 July 2010. Casting calls were issued on 14 September 2010, and principal photography in Sydney took place between 31 January and 4 August 2011. Series two premiered on ABC3 on 12 March 2012 and ran for 26 episodes, airing each week from Monday through Thursday, ending on 24 April.


title: Dance Academy

text: Screen Australia approved investment funding for a third series of 13 episodes on 5 December 2011. Filming began 27 August 2012, ended filming 27 November 2012. On 5 June 2013, Alicia Banit and Thomas Lacey appeared on ABC3's "Studio 3" to announce the series 3 premiere on 8 July 2013.


title: Dance Academy

text: The show is available on streaming sites, including Hulu.com and Netflix.com. Entire episodes of all three seasons are also available, for free, on the show's official YouTube channel, however it is not available in Australia.


title: Dance Academy

text: The Australian Broadcasting Corporation has released all episodes from series one through three on DVD—with series one and two across four volumes and series three over two—as well as series collections and a complete series one to three compilation.


title: Dance Academy

text: ABC Books has released seven paperback novels, each based on a particular episode and from the perspective of a single character. The books are published by ABC Books and HarperCollins Australia.


title: Dance Academy

text: On 22 April 2015, a feature film adaption of "Dance Academy" was announced along with other feature film projects to have received funding from Screen Australia. The film is a sequel to the television series, set 18 months after the events of series three, and follows Tara's journey as she pursues her dream to become a ballerina star. Pre-production for the film, then titled "Dance Academy: The Comeback", began on 17 April 2016. Shooting for the film began on 29 May 2016, and wrapped on 22 July. The official trailer for the film was released on 25 December 2016. The film, retitled "Dance Academy: The Movie", was released by StudioCanal to Australian cinemas on 6 April 2017. It was released internationally on Netflix under the title "Dance Academy: The Comeback".


title: Dance Academy

text: 20 year old Tara’s life is noticeably adrift. After the life changing injury (that occurred in the finale of the TV series), she finds herself underperforming in her role as a waitress for a catering company inside the Sydney Opera House, frequently being publicly berated by her demanding boss. Adding insult to injury, her frenemy and dance rival Abigail is now a soloist dancer for the Sydney Ballet Company with Tara’s work seeing her handing out canapes after Abigail’s highly acclaimed performances.


title: Dance Academy

text: Back at home, Christian asks Tara to move in with him to her delight. However, not all aspects of Tara’s life are running as smoothly. She longs to return to the world of competitive dance despite a 2 year hiatus, an impending court case means that she would be suing the very company she dreams of working for and her best friend Katrina Karamakov is now a successful children’s performer in New York while her close Ben is principal for the Austin Ballet.


title: Dance Academy

text: After bumping into Moira, the head of the Sydney Ballet Company and invited to audition, Tara drops the court case despite assurance from her lawyer (Matt Day) that she stands to win close to a million dollars in compensation thanks to compelling evidence in the form of a personal testimonial provided by Tara’s former ballet teacher Ms Raine. After Tara’s audition proves unsuccessful, she is convinced by Kat to take a trip to New York City and stay with her. Christian is less than thrilled with the news especially when Tara asserts that she will spend the trip auditioning for dance roles to fulfill her revenge fantasy of proving the company wrong. This leads to Christian calling Tara to end their relationship shortly after she arrives in New York.


title: Dance Academy

text: Despite a happy reunion with Kat on the set of her TV show, things go south after Tara runs into Ollie, a former 3rd year (when she was in 2nd year) who tells her to pull all the favours she has now before the city crushes her dreams like they have Ollie’s whose own dreams of “making it” as a dancer remain unrealised despite his best efforts and a string of unsuccessful auditions. Kat and Tara also have a falling out when Tara expresses her concerns about Kat’s apathy towards her own success and current boyfriend who she openly mocks. Tara leaves Kat’s penthouse and stays with Ms Raine and her partner Marcus at their ranch in Austin where Ben is also staying.


title: Dance Academy

text: There she discovers that despite his happy go-lucky social media presence, Ben is hiding a secret. His leukemia has returned and he is undergoing recovery from the chemotherapy with strict instructions to avoid dancing even though this is the only thing that makes him feel like this. In defiance, Ben and Tara secretly rehearse a symbolic dance for the upcoming Fringe Festival which they enter as contemporary choreographers under the amalgamation “Benstara”.


title: Dance Academy

text: After being accepted into the festival, Tara again encounters Moira who, after seeing her beautiful rendition of Orpheous in the Underworld, offers her a place in Corp of the Sydney Ballet Company as another dancer has pulled out due to injuries. Having achieved her dream, Tara finds life in the corp demanding and unfulfilling. She ultimately leaves a performance after receiving a call from a distraught Ollie, who has replaced Tara’s role in “Benstara” and as Ben’s carer, that Ben has collapsed and is in hospital.


title: Dance Academy

text: Realising that there is more to life than dance, Tara resigns from the company and reunites with Kat and Christian who has flown in from Australia to tell her that he misses her. Inspired by Tara’s rebellion, Abigail takes Tara’s original place in the fringe performance despite her active contract with the Sydney Ballet Company whilst Tara and Christian watch from the wings.


title: Dance Academy

text: Back in Sydney, the friends watch and participate in a high-energy performance by Christian’s dance students at the Samuel Lieberman Centre. Having realised her new ambition to become a choreographer, Tara maps out her plans for her next routine in the journal she receives from Christian confidently predicting, “this next part is going to be amazing”, presumably referring not only to the dance but their future together.


title: Jonas Bloquet

text: Jonas Bloquet (born 10 July 1992) is a Belgian actor, known for his roles as Jonas in "Private Lessons" (2009), which earned him a Magritte Award nomination for Most Promising Actor, Vincent Leblanc in "Elle" (2016), for which he was nominated for a César Award for Most Promising Actor, and Maurice "Frenchie" Theriault in "The Nun" (2018).


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: One 2 Ka 4 is a 2001 Indian Hindi language action drama film directed by Shashilal K. Nair. The film stars Shah Rukh Khan, Juhi Chawla and Jackie Shroff. The score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman. This film is now owned by Shah Rukh Khan's Red Chillies Entertainment.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: The story is about two friends and cops, Javed Abbas and Arun Verma, who are both Special Task Force officers and partners. Javed is a widower who is bringing up his 4 children with a lot of love and effort while Arun is his carefree, hotheaded, trigger-happy albeit well-meaning subordinate and brother-like friend. Arun doesn't like Javed's four children, just like he doesn't like any kid, nor do the four children like him. KKV is a local drug lord that the entire police department have always been desperate to bring him to justice. But due to KKV's broad connection in the police department, nobody ever manages to find any solid proof against him.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: With the help of an informer, police catch KKV's group red handed while he is dealing drugs. But later someone replaces the drugs detained from KKV with sugar, making KKV released, which makes it very clear that someone in the police department is working for KKV. The Police Commissioner is eager to find out that traitor.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: Geeta is Javed's friend. Once she meets Arun, and falls in love with him at the first sight, but Arun shows no special interest in her and always avoids her.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: While on a subsequent drug raid, Javed is shot dead by an unknown assailant. Before the mission, Javed wrote a letter to Arun, asking Arun to take care of his four kids if he does not survive. As Javed's best friend, in spite of not liking kids, Arun decides to adopt Javed's children, instead of sending them to an orphanage. Arun also engages with Geeta so that he can have her helping him taking care of those children. Arun also develops his feeling for Geeta gradually. Arun's life becomes difficult as his salary is not enough to support so many people.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: In a visit to KKV's club to warn him, Arun unexpectedly finds that Geeta is the dancer at that club. Arun becomes angry with Geeta, not only because he thinks bar dancer is a filthy job, but also because he thinks Geeta has long been cheating him by pretending to be decent. When he returns home later, he confronts Geeta and questions her for that, but the children all say that Geeta was with them all the day, making Arun have to believe that the bar dancer is another person that simply looks like Geeta.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: Under the pressure of living, Arun robs KKV. He takes a big amount of money from KKV, which he knew was dirty money, and buys a big house for his family. Arun gets arrested immediately, not for the robbery, but however for illegal drug possession. He is charged with being KKV's spy as police identifies that the drugs found in his house belongs to KKV. Obviously, Arun is trapped by someone, but he does not know who trapped him. In the court. Geeta also testifies against Arun, however, not as his fiancee, but as a secret police officer who worked at KKV's bar -- yes, the bar dancer whom Arun saw before -- and the witness of Arun's robbery. Arun is therefore suspended from duty until further trial.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: Arun now does not believe anyone anymore, he decides to find the killer of Javed and the spy for KKV by his own. He questions a police officer at his home, whom he believes to be corrupted. The officer admits he is a spy for KKV, but follows the order of JD, another police officer. He also says he does not know who killed Javed, but JD does. Arun kills him and heads for JD's house.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: On his way to JD's house, Arun calls Geeta for help, who was with the Police Commissioner when answering the phone call. With the permission of the Commissioner, Geeta joins Arun to question JD, only to find JD was killed right before they arrive. They believe the Police Commissioner is the spy as he is the only third person that knows they are heading for JD.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: Arun rushes to the Police Commissioner's house and thrashes him, but the latter denies being a spy for KKV. Geeta goes to CBI Chief's house to report the situation, who is the superior of the Police Commissioner, but she finds KKV is in the Chief's house with him, making her immediately realize the Chief is the real spy as he might have known the plan from the Commissioner. The Chief and KKV try to kill Geeta, but she manages to escape.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: Geeta visits Arun and the Commissioner and tells them her findings about the Chief. The Commissioner is shocked to know that, and he knows that the Chief is going to leave the country very soon. They arrive at the airport to stop the Chief from leaving. During the gunfight at the airport, KKV kills the Chief when taking him as a hostage and inspector Sawant kills KKV and gets killed by Arun and Sawant also reveals himself as the killer of Javed at the final scene, as he was always belittled by the latter and Javed gets all the credits and honors despite Sawant's hard work and dedication. Arun is later praised by his department and gets his job back.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: A. R. Rahman composed the soundtrack of the film, and lyrics were written by Majrooh Sultanpuri and Mehboob.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: The film grossed in India and $565,000 (2.62 crore) in other countries, for a worldwide total of , against its budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of , and grossed in its first week. It is the 21st-highest-grossing film of 2001 worldwide.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: It opened on Friday, 30 March 2001, across 260 screens, and earned nett on its opening day. It grossed nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of nett. The film earned a total of nett, and was declared "Below Average" by "Box Office India". It is the 20th-highest-grossing film of 2001 in India.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: It had an opening weekend of $275,000 (1.27 crore) and went on to gross $375,000 (1.74 crore) in its first week. The film earned a total of $565,000 (2.62 crore) at the end of its theatrical run. Overseas, It is the 12th-highest-grossing film of 2001.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: Taran Adarsh of IndiaFM gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, writing "On the whole, ONE 2 KA 4 is handicapped by a weak script, despite plus factors it has to its credit (SRK's presence, A.R. Rahman's music, vibrant action). The film has precious little to offer in terms of substance, which will curtail its prospects to a major extent. Disappointing!" Nidhi Taparia of Rediff.com wrote: "Burdened by a sloppy screenplay and script, Shah Rukh looks jaded and very bored. The cop role just doesn't cut any new slack. For an actor of his calibre, one wonders what forces were at work here for him to actually sign on for the film.


title: One 2 Ka 4

text: Juhi in her sexy moll avatar could give any of the teenaged starlets a run for their money and is understated and just hits the right note. But her village belle get-up, now that's something I'd rather not delve into. Suffice to say that here's an instant recipe for headache. As for the rest of the cast, the less said the better. One 2 Ka 4 has no punches to pull."


title: Chicago VII

text: Chicago VII is the sixth studio album (seventh overall) by American rock band Chicago and was released in 1974. It is notable for being their first double album of new material since 1971's "Chicago III" and remains their final studio release in that format. It features session percussionist Laudir de Oliveira, who would become a full-fledged band member for the release of "Chicago VIII" the following year.


title: Chicago VII

text: While touring in support of "Chicago VI" in 1973, the band began getting restless and started integrating some lengthy jazz instrumentals into their sets. While audiences' reactions varied, Chicago greatly enjoyed the experience, decided (after years of talking about it) to record a pure jazz-influenced set of tracks, and headed straight to producer James William Guercio's Caribou Ranch studios to cut their ambitious new album. Vocals aren't present on the release until track 6, twenty five minutes, twenty eight seconds into the album.


title: Chicago VII

text: While the sessions began well, there was soon dissension within the group about the jazz project, with, reportedly, Peter Cetera and Guercio both wary of the commercial risk of such an undertaking. While the band reasoned that some of the jazzy material was too good to throw away, the others finally relented and accepted including the more pop and rock-oriented songs that the band had composed in the meantime. Almost by accident, Chicago had another double album on their hands.


title: Chicago VII

text: Of the more conventional material, Chicago once again turned in a varied set of songs, with Terry Kath's "Byblos", named after a club that Chicago had played in Osaka, Japan, ranking among his best efforts. Robert Lamm, who was recording a solo album entitled "Skinny Boy" at the time, turned in several new songs, even donating his solo album's title track, featuring The Pointer Sisters on backing vocals. James Pankow came through with another success, "(I've Been) Searchin' So Long" (#9), and trumpeter Lee Loughnane succeeded on his first try at songwriting with the hit "Call on Me" (#6). Peter Cetera made the biggest strides on "Chicago VII", composing "Happy Man" and "Wishing You Were Here" (#11), a lush ballad (signs of the future, taking the band even farther from their original style and sound) that features three of The Beach Boys on backing vocals and which became a big hit in late 1974. "Happy Man" was subsequently covered by Tony Orlando and Dawn on their album "To Be With You". Peter Cetera also covered "Happy Man" in 1995 on his solo album "One Clear Voice" and again in 2005 on his solo album "Faithfully" which is a re-release of "One Clear Voice".


title: Chicago VII

text: "Chicago VII" is notable for having writing contributions from all (and only) the members of the band, and for having most of the members stretching out in new ways: Loughnane sang lead ("Song of the Evergreens") and wrote a song, Pankow sang backup, Kath played bass, Cetera played guitar, and Walter Parazaider and Danny Seraphine composed.


title: Chicago VII

text: Released in March 1974, "Chicago VII" - despite its first disc being almost exclusively jazz instrumentals - reached #1 in the US, becoming another big success for the band.


title: Chicago VII

text: The album was mixed and released in both stereo and quadraphonic. In 2002, "Chicago VII" was remastered and reissued on one CD by Rhino Records with one bonus track: an early rehearsal of Kath's "Byblos". Initial pressings of this edition contained an edited version of the track "Happy Man" that had appeared on "Greatest Hits, Volume II", which omitted the "false start" and studio countdown heard on the original "Chicago VII" LP.


title: UFC Fight Night: Costa vs. Vettori

text: UFC Fight Night: Costa vs. Vettori (also known as UFC Fight Night 196, UFC Vegas 41 and UFC on ESPN+ 54) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on October 23, 2021 at the UFC Apex facility in Enterprise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.


title: UFC Fight Night: Costa vs. Vettori

text: A middleweight bout between former UFC Middleweight Championship title challengers Paulo Costa and Marvin Vettori headlined the event. In the days leading up to the event, the bout was shifted to a catchweight of 195 lbs and then ultimately to light heavyweight due to weight cut issues with Costa. As a result, he forfeited 20% of his fight purse to Vettori.


title: UFC Fight Night: Costa vs. Vettori

text: Aaron Phillips and Kris Moutinho was scheduled for the bantamweight bout at the event. However in mid-September, Moutinho was removed from the bout for undisclosed reasons and was replaced by Jonathan Martinez. In turn, Philips withdrew from the bout due to illness. On three days notice, promotional newcomer Zviad Lazishvili stepped in as a replacement.


title: UFC Fight Night: Costa vs. Vettori

text: A welterweight bout between Dwight Grant and Gabriel Green was briefly linked to the event. However, Green was removed from the contest in late September due to undisclosed reasons and replaced by Francisco Trinaldo.


title: UFC Fight Night: Costa vs. Vettori

text: A middleweight bout between Jamie Pickett and Laureano Staropoli was originally expected to take place at , but it was moved to this event after one of Pickett's coaches tested positive for COVID-19.


title: UFC Fight Night: Costa vs. Vettori

text: A lightweight rematch between Alan Patrick and Mason Jones was expected to take place at the event. The pairing previously met at , which ended in a no contest when an accidental eye poke rendered Patrick unable to continue. However in late October, Patrick withdrew from bout and he was replaced by newcomer David Onama.


title: Karachi Kings

text: Karachi Kings (; ) (abbreviated as KK) is a Pakistani professional franchise Twenty20 cricket team that competes in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team is based in Karachi, the provincial capital of Sindh, Pakistan, and was formed in 2015 as a result of the formation of the Pakistan Super League by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB). The team's home ground is National Bank Cricket Arena.


title: Karachi Kings

text: The team is currently coached by Peter Moores. They won their first PSL title in PSL V after beating their rivals Lahore Qalandars in the final on 17 November 2020.


title: Karachi Kings

text: On 3 December 2015, the PCB unveiled the owners of five city-based franchises. The Karachi franchise was sold to the ARY Media Group for US$26 million for a ten-year period making it the most expensive franchise in the tournament. However, in 2017, new franchise Multan Sultans replaced Karachi Kings as the most expensive team in PSL history after the team was sold for US$41.6 million for an eight-year agreement.


title: Karachi Kings

text: The Kings kicked off their campaign with an easy win against the Lahore Qalandars at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium, with Mohammad Amir getting a hat-trick.


title: Karachi Kings

text: The Kings only won one more match during the group stage of the tournament, finishing with two wins and six losses. They finished fourth in the league table however, above Lahore Qalandars with a better head-to-head record, and qualified for the league play-off stage.


title: Karachi Kings

text: Ravi Bopara replaced Shoaib Malik as the team captain ahead of the qualifier match against Islamabad United. After being restricted to their lowest score of the tournament (111), Karachi were defeated by nine wickets in the 15th over and were eliminated from the tournament.


title: Karachi Kings

text: Kumar Sangakkara and Babar Azam joined Karachi for the second season of the PSL whilst Azhar Mehmood signed on as a coach. Sohail Tanvir was traded for Chris Gayle of the Lahore Qalandars during the off-season trade window. During the 2017 PSL players draft, Karachi retained Shoaib Malik, Imad Wasim, Ravi Bopara, Mohammad Amir, Sohail Khan, Saifullah Bangash, and Shahzaib Hasan. The team added nine players to the squad, including Kieron Pollard, Mahela Jayawardena and Ryan McLaren.


title: Karachi Kings

text: In their first game, Karachi Kings lost to Peshawar Zalmi by 7 wickets in a one-sided affair that saw them post a target of just 118 runs in their 20 overs. In the following game, against the Quetta Gladiators, the Kings failed to defend 160 and lost by 7 wickets yet again. Even as the tournament progressed to Sharjah, the Kings continued their losing streak. Facing a loss this time to arch-rivals, Lahore Qalandars. The match was closely fought and a partnership of 101 runs between veterans Kumar Sangakkara and Shoaib Malik almost won it for the Kings. But in the end they fell short of the target of 180 by 7 runs. But in the next game, against defending champions Islamabad United. The team finally managed to put themselves on the points table. The win came through the Duckworth-Lewis method as the Kings were ahead of the par score by 8 runs when returning rain forced to abandon the already 13-over match. In their final game of the Sharjah leg, the Kings continued their winning streak to get past Peshawar Zalmi in a thrilling contest. Setting up a target of 175, the Kings had the Zalmis reduced to 69-6 before Shahid Afridi and Darren Sammy combined in a 70-run partnership that almost won the game for the Zalmis. However, the Kings' bowling prevailed in the end to give their team a 9-run victory.


title: Karachi Kings

text: As the tournament moved back to Dubai, the Kings couldn't continue their winning streak and lost to table-toppers, Quetta Gladiators, by 6 wickets. Batting first, the Kings set a target of 155 runs, which they were unable to defend despite a 3-wicket-over from pacer Sohail Khan. This loss pushed the Karachi Kings to the bottom of the table once again. However, in the next game, which had become a must-win for both participating teams, the Kings managed to prevail over their rivals the Lahore Qalandars in a thrilling last-ball finish. Chasing 156, the team required 10 runs from the last two balls, which Kieron Pollard surpassed with back-to-back sixes to keep his team alive in the tournament.


title: Karachi Kings

text: Karachi then had to protect their net run rate in the very next league match, against Islamabad United, to qualify for the eliminator. In a rain-marred game, restricted to 15-overs-a-side, they were set a target of 124 by Islamabad and they had to score at least 111 runs to qualify for the eliminator. Gayle set the tempo through his blitzing knock of 44 off a mere 17 balls. The game was superbly finished by none other than Pollard himself on the second last ball of the match via a boundary. Gayle's knock and Pollard's finishing helped Karachi win this encounter against Islamabad.


title: Karachi Kings

text: Consequently, Karachi again faced Islamabad in the eliminator. In what proved to be a thrilling game, Karachi, batting first, scored a measly 126 getting all out in the process. Islamabad was set to win and qualify for the second play off. However, that was not the case as the second innings proved. The Karachi bowlers outshone the Islamabad bowlers with Muhammad Amir, Imad Wasim and Usama Mir each picking up three wickets. Islamabad were all out for a mere 82 runs, their lowest in the tournament and the second-lowest in the tournament's history. Hence, the defending champions were knocked out and Karachi lived another day in the tournament and qualified for the second play-off.


title: Karachi Kings

text: On 7 April 2017 Shahid Afridi joined the team as president and player, and left Peshawar Zalmi. Mitchell Johson was replaced by Tymal Mills as he pulled out from the tournament a month before 2018 season.


title: Karachi Kings

text: In their opening match of the 2018 season, Kings ended the two-season losing streak against Quetta Gladiators by beating them by 19 runs. In their next game, the Kings continued their winning form by beating the defending champions, Peshawar Zalmi, in a closely fought game. Chasing a target of 132 runs, the team won with 2 balls and 5 wickets to spare. Their next game was against arch-rivals, Lahore Qalandars. Batting first, the Kings posted 159 for 9 on the board thanks to Bopara's unbeaten innings of 50 runs. In reply, the Qalandars got off to a great start, and were 68 for 1 inside 6 overs, but 3 quick wickets from man of the match, Shahid Afridi, ensured a third consecutive win for his side as the Qalandars fell short by 27 runs. The Kings got eliminated in the match second eliminator match played at Lahore on 21 March 2018 against Peshawar Zalmi.


title: Karachi Kings

text: As the league progressed to Sharjah, the Kings' game against Multan Sultans was washed out due to persistent rain. In the next game, against Islamabad United, the team's unbeaten run in the season was ended. Batting first, the Kings posted the highest target in Sharjah that year - 154 runs - before failing to defend it and losing the match by 8 wickets.


title: Karachi Kings

text: In PSL V, Karachi Kings reached the finals for the first time in PSL history after defeating the Multan Sultans in the qualifier match that went into a Super Over. They also went on to win the PSL V under the leadership of Imad Wasim. Karachi Kings defeated the Lahore Qalandars by five wickets in the final to win their maiden PSL title.


title: Karachi Kings

text: In the 2021 season of PSL, Karachi Kings had an excellent kickstart with winning their first match of the season against Quetta Gladiators.


title: Karachi Kings

text: The team name and logo were revealed on 21 December 2015. The logo features a lion with Karachi Kings written below in white and gold colors. At the ceremony, team owner Salman Iqbal said that the logo and the theme of the team represented the true spirit and resilience of Karachi. The team's primary jersey color is blue and gold. The jersey also incorporates the roaring lion logo in the bottom left of the shirt. AJ Sports (a sports manufacturing company) is the team's kit manufacturer.


title: Karachi Kings

text: Bahria Town, the largest real-estate developers and investors in Pakistan and the largest private housing society in Asia were the team's title sponsors for first three seasons. Besides Bahria Town other sponsors were Summit Bank, The Arkadians, Oye Hoye, Pepsi, Brighto Paints and Shield Corporation Ltd. Their official main principle partner for the 2017 season was Naya Nazimabad. Bridge Power was platinum sponsor.


title: Karachi Kings

text: Cotton & Cotton signed an agreement to be their official apparel partner in December 2016. Vital Tea was their tea partner, their print media partner was the Pakistan Observer and


title: Karachi Kings

text: The anthem of the team for 2017 season titled "Dhan Dhana Dhan Hoga Re" was sung by Shehzad Roy. As for 2018 season, "De Dhana Dhan" was the team's official anthem sung again by Shehzad Roy.


title: Karachi Kings

text: Pakistani film stars Fahad Mustafa, Humayun Saeed and singer Shehzad Roy are the team's star ambassadors.


title: Karachi Kings

text: Karachi Kings have an active rivalry with Lahore Qalandars, and is considered to be the biggest rivalry in the PSL due to the historic economic and cultural rivalry between the cities of the two teams. As of the 2022* season, both teams have played 14 times, with the Kings coming out victorious 8 times. Both teams have a large fan following which makes their matches more intense and interesting to watch. Both teams are known to be the expensive teams of PSL.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: Julia's Eyes () is a 2010 Spanish horror and psychological thriller film directed by Guillem Morales and written by Morales and Oriol Paulo. It was produced by Guillermo del Toro, Joaquín Padró and Mar Targarona.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: Tormented by an unseen presence, a blind woman, Sara, prepares to hang herself in her basement, but changes her mind. As she tries to remove the noose, the stool beneath her is kicked away, leaving her to die. Miles away, Sara's twin sister, Julia, collapses, sensing something amiss.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: Julia, who has the same degenerative disease but can still see, is tormented by Sara's death and by the feeling of another presence nearby. She insists Sara was not depressed as she was awaiting surgery to restore her vision. Her husband, Isaac, insists she stop investigating, and as her doctor has informed him that Sara had eye surgery that was not successful.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: Julia meets Sara's elderly blind neighbor Soledad, who has a pessimistic view that Isaac will leave her, as even Soledad's own son, Ángel, abandoned her after she went blind. After hearing that Sara had a boyfriend and they visited a hotel nearby, Julia goes there with Isaac. She is approached by an elderly janitor, Créspulo, who warns her of "men who live in shadows," who are dangerous because they are tired of being ignored.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: Isaac disappears and Julia is convinced that the "invisible man" has kidnapped him, though the police are skeptical. Someone kills Créspulo, but police rule it an accident. Julia's eyesight continues to deteriorate. When Julia and the inspector return to Sara's house, the inspector discovers a suicide note and Isaac's body. Julia, now fully blind, cannot see anything.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: A grieving Julia learns Isaac's suicide note declared he loved Sara, with whom he had been having an affair for six months. However, an eye donor is found, so the operation to save Julia's sight goes ahead. She is told she must wear bandages to protect her eyes from light for two weeks, and the morgue agrees to keep Isaac's body so she can see him to say goodbye. She returns to Sara's house with the daily help of a home nursing aid, Iván.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: Julia is plagued by disorientation and convinced that somebody is lurking in the house; but Iván's patience helps her regain her independence. Four days before Julia is due to remove her bandages, an unseen man almost succeeds in drugging her while she sleeps; however, she wakes, panicked, and accidentally hits the intruder. She flees to a neighbour, Blasco, who makes advances on her. She escapes, calling Iván, who finds her hiding outside in the rain and escorts her to his apartment.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: While Iván is out, Julia hears the voice of Blasco's shy daughter, Lía, who tells her that Iván is the "invisible man" who tormented and blinded Sara by ruining her operation, forced Isaac to write the fake suicide note before killing him, and has walls covered with photographs of Julia and Sara. Julia hides in the bathroom where, four days early, she tears off her bandages, desperate to see. Julia exits the bathroom and sees Iván's walls covered with photographs of the twins as well as Lía's bloodied body.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: Iván returns to the apartment, where Julia pretends that she is crying because her operation has failed. He believes her momentarily before leading her to the body of the real Iván; Julia's scream betrays the fact that she can see. "Iván" tells her he loves her and wants them to be together as long as her sight is gone, since blind women are the only ones who need him.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: "Iván" drives Julia back to Sara's, where she flees to Soledad's. "Iván" chases her and addresses Soledad as Mom, revealing himself as her missing son, Ángel. A candle and glasses betray the fact that Soledad is not really blind as she knocks Julia out, at which point an enraged Ángel attacks his mother and blinds her. Julia escapes and manages to contact the police. She uses a flashlight to show the police a bloodied Ángel hiding in a corner of the room. Finally visible, he slits his own throat.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: At the hospital, Julia is told the damage to her new eyes is irreversible. Using her last few hours of vision, she finally says goodbye to Isaac's corpse, as it is revealed that he donated his eyes to her.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: Guillermo del Toro worked a second time as producer for a Spanish genre production and co-produced the film with Joaquín Padró and Mar Targarona for Rodar y Rodar Cine y Televisión. The film starred Belén Rueda and Lluís Homar. Guillem Morales wrote the screenplay co-authored with Oriol Paulo. The film was co-financed by Focus Features International.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: The film premiered on 20 October 2010 in Spain. It was released in the United Kingdom as "Julia's Eyes" by Optimum Releasing. In Australia it was released as "Julia's Eyes" by Umbrella Entertainment on 2 June 2011.


title: Julia's Eyes

text: "Julia's Eyes" received mostly positive reviews. , it holds a 90% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 6.54/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Smart, suspenseful, and visually distinctive, "Julia's Eyes" marks another modern Spanish thriller that quickens the pulse while engaging the mind."


title: Julia's Eyes

text: Philip French of "The Guardian" wrote, "Using blindness as a plot device, a metaphor for social awareness and as a numinous experience that romantically links minds, it's a fascinating, broken-backed picture full of riveting twists and dubious psychology." Charlotte O'Sullivan of the London Evening Standard praised the film and Rueda in particular, writing, "Rueda is a fantastic actress, tightly wound, but never brittle. From the minute she's on screen we identify with Julia's plight."


title: Julia's Eyes

text: Philippa Hawker of "The Age" wrote, ""Julia's Eyes" becomes a little incoherent as it plunges towards resolution, but it's unerringly stylish and whole-heartedly suspenseful along the way. Morales toys with red herrings, references Hitchcock, amps up the tension, spills blood; he also plays with the camera's ability to reveal and conceal simultaneously. In the end, although the film takes on the traits of a classic 'don't go back inside the house' slasher movie, it's the quiet, slowly-building confrontations, one on one, that linger in the memory."


title: Arizona's congressional districts

text: Arizona is divided into 9 congressional districts, each represented by a member of the United States House of Representatives.


title: Arizona's congressional districts

text: The districts are currently represented in the 117th United States Congress as legal entities. As of 2018, Democrats became the majority in the state congressional delegation.


title: Arizona's congressional districts

text: List of members of the Arizonan United States House delegation, district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of 9 members, with 5 Democrats and 4 Republicans.


title: Arizona's congressional districts

text: From 1863 to 1912, Arizona Territory sent one non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives. After its statehood in 1912, Arizona was granted one representative in the House. As the state's population has grown, Arizona's delegation has increased in size to its current total of nine representatives.


title: Arizona's congressional districts

text: Table of United States congressional district boundary maps in the State of Arizona, presented chronologically. All redistricting events that took place in Arizona between 1973 and 2013 are shown.


title: Arizona's congressional districts

text: Due to redistricting, the Congressional District numbers in Arizona have changed for the 2022 Election Cycle. Through this process, the district numbers have changed the following ways:


title: Aubrey Cottle

text: Aubrey Cottle (born ), also known as Kirtaner, is a Canadian hacker, computer security researcher, software engineer and a founding member of the hacktivist group Anonymous. Cottle was involved with Anonymous during the late 2000s and in its resurgence beginning in 2020, in which the group attempted to combat the far-right conspiracy movement QAnon.


title: Aubrey Cottle

text: Cottle was an active user of 4chan and Something Awful in the mid-2000s, where he and others began collectively referring to themselves as "Anonymous", due to the 4chan moniker of the same name. During this time Anonymous began trolling and "raiding" other websites, online games and chat rooms, as well as black-hat hacking: targeting Hal Turner, The Church of Scientology and others. 4chan ultimately curtailed raiding from their platform, resulting in Cottle and others migrating to Cottle's website 420chan, an imageboard with a focus drug culture, LGBT discussion, and raiding.


title: Aubrey Cottle

text: According to Cottle, upon being photographed by scientologists during the 2008 Project Chanology rally, he began fearing for his family's safety. According to Cottle, he tried unsuccessfully to "shut down" Anonymous after this incident, and so attempted to generate bad press for the group so that they would lose public support. During a 2021 interview with Vice News, he claimed responsibility for the group's 2008 attack on the Epilepsy Foundation's website, where Anonymous members flooded the forum with flashing animations to trigger seizures in those with photosensitive or pattern-sensitive epilepsy. Cottle later expressed remorse for the attack.


title: Aubrey Cottle

text: Cottle said in a 2021 interview that he retired for "a number of years", and was not continuously involved with Anonymous since its creation. During this period Cottle turned to software engineering contract work.


title: Aubrey Cottle

text: Beginning with a series of arrests in 2009–2011, Anonymous' notoriety began to fade, and by 2018 the group had largely left the public spotlight. However, in 2020 Anonymous re-emerged following the George Floyd protests, performing the June 2020 BlueLeaks breach in which they publicly released a large amount of hacked U.S. law enforcement data. Reuters named Cottle as one of those responsible for the group's presence on Twitter.


title: Aubrey Cottle

text: In August 2020, Cottle identified himself as a founder of Anonymous in an article by Dale Beran in "The Atlantic." Cottle said in a November 2020 Reddit AMA that "right now my only end-goal is bringing the QAnon game to a conclusion". The previous month, he had been one of the anti-QAnon researchers who exposed connections between QAnon figure Jim Watkins and domain names suggesting connections to child pornography.


title: Aubrey Cottle

text: In November 2020, Cottle was responsible for exploiting security flaws in Parler, a social networking service popular with the right wing, to spoof posts to appear as though they were from a verified account belonging to Ron Watkins. In the posts, Watkins appeared to expose his father, Jim Watkins, as "Q", the anonymous poster at the center of the QAnon conspiracy theory. Around this time, Cottle exposed Parler user data by exploiting a flaw in a third-party vendor, which granted him access to Parler's email newsletter database. In January 2021, Cottle exposed email logs from a company called Is It Wet Yet, which belongs to Jim Watkins and serves as the parent company for 8chan, an imageboard described as the "home" of QAnon. These leaked logs allowed researchers to analyze Watkins's connections with other figures involved with the QAnon conspiracy movement. In August 2021, Cottle and open source intelligence analyst Libby Shaw were among the researchers who exposed the developer behind QAlerts, an app used by QAnon adherents to read posts from the anonymous "Q".


title: Aubrey Cottle

text: In February 2022, Aubrey Cottle claimed responsibility for a hack on Christian crowdfunding website GiveSendGo, which was hosting a fundraiser for the Canada convoy protest. The hack released donor's names, personal information, and donation amounts for all the campaigns on the website.


title: Aubrey Cottle

text: In 2020, Cottle joined the white hat hacking group Sakura Samurai, and was involved in the January 2021 disclosure of a United Nations breach, which exposed more than 100,000 private employee records. In August 2021, Cottle and other Sakura Samurai members helped to validate a vulnerability with Ford's website, exposing company records and enabling malicious account takeovers. Cottle left Sakura Samurai later that month, saying he wished to avoid "entanglements" pertaining to his other activities.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The Assembly of Experts (), also translated as the Assembly of Experts of the Leadership or as the Council of Experts, is the deliberative body empowered to appoint the Supreme Leader of Iran. All directly elected members must first be vetted by the Guardian Council.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: All candidates to the Assembly of Experts must be approved by the Guardian Council whose members are, in turn, appointed either directly or indirectly by the Supreme Leader. The Assembly consists of 88 Mujtahids that are elected from lists of thoroughly vetted candidates (in 2016 166 candidates were approved by the Guardians out of 801 who applied to run for the office), by direct public vote for eight-year terms. The number of members has ranged from 82 elected in 1982 to 88 elected in 2016. Current laws require the assembly to meet at least twice every six months.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: According to Article 111 of the Iranian Constitution, the assembly is in charge of supervising, dismissing and electing the Supreme Leader.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: Whenever the Leader becomes incapable of fulfilling his constitutional duties, or loses one of the qualifications mentioned in Articles 5 and 109, or it becomes known that he did not possess some of the qualifications initially, he will be dismissed. The authority of determination in this matter is vested with the experts specified in Article 108. In the event of the death, or resignation or dismissal of the Leader, the experts shall take steps within the shortest possible time for the appointment of the new Leader. ... Whenever the Leader becomes temporarily unable to perform the duties of leadership owing to his illness or any other incident, then during this period, the council mentioned in this Article shall assume his duties.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: To choose the Supreme Leader, the Experts review qualified candidates and consult among themselves. According to the Constitution, the criteria of qualification for the office of the Supreme Leader include "Islamic scholarship, justice, piety, right political and social perspicacity, prudence, courage, administrative facilities and adequate capability for leadership." The jurist deemed as the most well-versed in Islamic regulations, in fiqh, or in political and social issues, most generally popular, or of other special prominence is chosen as Supreme Leader. Otherwise, in the absence of such a candidate, the Experts elect and declare one of their own as Supreme Leader.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: the task of appointing the Leader shall be vested with the experts elected by the people. The experts will review and consult among themselves concerning all the fuqaha' possessing the qualifications specified in


title: Assembly of Experts

text: Articles 5 and 109. In the event they find one of them better versed in Islamic regulations, the subjects of the fiqh, or in political and social issues, or possessing general popularity or special prominence for any of the qualifications mentioned in Article 109, they shall elect him as the Leader. Otherwise, in the absence of such a superiority, they shall elect and declare one of them as the Leader. The Leader thus elected by the Assembly of Experts shall assume all the powers of the wilayat al-amr and all the responsibilities arising therefrom.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: Article 99 of the constitution declares "The Guardian Council has the responsibility of supervising the elections of the Assembly of Experts for Leadership". It also had the responsibility for setting up the first Assembly. The constitution does not specify requirements for candidacy for the Assembly of Experts, leaving the Assembly itself to put limits on who may run for membership. Article 108 states:


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The law setting out the number and qualifications of the experts [mentioned in the preceding article], the mode of their election, and the code of procedure regulating the sessions during the first term must be drawn up by the fuqaha' on the first Guardian Council, passed by a majority of votes and then finally approved by the Leader of the Revolution. The power to make any subsequent change or a review of this law, or approval of all the provisions concerning the duties of the experts is vested in themselves.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The 1989 Iranian constitutional referendum removed the requirement for the leader to be a marja'. Ali Khamenei was not a marja' at that time.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: How much actual power the Assembly has to supervise or oversee the Supreme Leader has been questioned.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The assembly has never dismissed or even questioned a sitting Supreme Leader and, as all of its meetings and notes are strictly confidential, it has never been known to challenge or otherwise publicly oversee any of the Supreme Leader's decisions. All candidates to the Assembly (as well as the President and the Majlis or Parliament), are selected by the Guardian Council, half of whose members are selected by the Supreme Leader. Also, all directly elected members after the vetting process by the Guardian Council still have to be approved by the Supreme Leader.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: Furthermore, there have been instances of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei publicly criticizing members of the Assembly, resulted in that members arrest and an end to their time on the Assembly -- an example being Khamenei's denouncing of then-member of the Assembly Ahmad Azari Qomi as a "traitor" after the publishing of an open letter by Qomi criticizing Khamenei, resulting in Qomi's arrest and the eventual rejection by the Guardian Council of his candidacy for re-election to the Assembly.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The assembly gathers every six months. Activities of the assembly include compiling a list of those eligible to become Supreme Leader in the event of the current Supreme Leader's death, resignation, or dismissal. This is done by the 107/109 commission. Monitoring the current leader to make sure he continues to meet all the criteria listed in the constitution is done by the 111 commission. Members of the Assembly report to this commission about the issues concerning the current Supreme Leader, and the commission can then order an emergency meeting of the Assembly. If the commission denies this, the members can ask the entire plenary of the Assembly (86 members) for a vote, and if most of the members vote in favor, an emergency meeting will be scheduled to discuss the current Supreme Leader. The meetings, meeting notes, and reports of the Assembly are confidential and not made available to anyone outside the assembly, except for the sitting Supreme Leader.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The assembly has passed laws to require all its members be experts in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), authorizing the Guardian Council to vet candidates for ijtihad proficiency using written and oral examinations. This law was challenged by the reformists, and their 2006 election campaign included changing this law to allow non-clerics into the assembly, and reforming the law that allows Guardian Council to vet candidates. Women (Mujtahidehs) are theoretically eligible to run for the Assembly of Experts and in 1998 nine women submitted their candidacy. The Guardian Council rejected them, arguing that they lacked qualifications in fiqh.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: Currently, the average age of the members of the Assembly is over 60 years, which results in many mid-term elections due to deaths and resignations. The members must be Ayatollahs, that is not the case, however, for Mohsen Esmaeili.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The first elections for the Assembly of Experts of the Leadership were held in December 1982 and the Assembly first convened in 1983. 76 of the total of 83 members were elected in the first round, the rest in the second. The full list of members and election results is available on the Princeton Iran Data Portal.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The Assembly was chaired throughout the term by Ayatollah Ali Meshkini, who chaired the Assembly also in subsequent terms until 2007.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: In 1985, the Assembly chose Ayatollah Montazeri as the successor to Supreme Leader Grand Ayatollah Khomeini. But on Sunday, 26 March 1989 Khomeini dismissed him in a letter: "[...]you are no longer eligible to succeed me as the legitimate leader of the state." Following the death of Ruhollah Khomeini on 3 June 1989, the Assembly of Experts chose Ali Khamenei to be his successor as Supreme Leader in what proved to be a smooth transition. Initially, a council of three members, "Ali Meshkini, Mousavi Ardabili and Ali Khamenei", were proposed for Leadership. After rejection of a Leadership Council by the assembly, and lack of votes for Grand Ayatollah Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani, Khamenei became the Supreme Leader by two-thirds of the votes.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The Second Assembly was also chaired by Ayatollah Ali Meshkini. The full list of members and election results is available on the Princeton Iran Data Portal. Sayed Mohammad Fagheh was one of the members from the province Neyriz Fars.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The 3rd assembly was again chaired by Ayatollah Ali Meshkini, deputied by Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Ayatollah Ebrahim Amini. The scribes were former Minister of Intelligence Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi and Ahmad Khatami. The members according to each province were:


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The election for the fourth assembly took place on 15 December 2006 and the Assembly first convened on 19 February 2007. In July 2007, chairman Ayatollah Meshkini died, and Ayatollah Rafsanjani was elected to succeed him. On 8 March 2011, Ayatollah Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani replaced Ayatollah Rafsanjani as chairman. On 4 June 2014, Mahdavi Kani fell into a coma after suffering a heart attack and died on 21 October 2014. He was succeeded by Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi as acting chairman.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The term was intended to last for ten years, rather than the usual eight, due to the "election aggregation" plan of the government put in place to allow the government to run elections simultaneously for the Assembly of Experts and the Parliament, thereby economizing election administration costs.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The election of 88 members of the Fifth Assembly took place on 26 February 2016 alongside of the election for 290 members of the Iranian Majlis (parliament). Those elected will sit for a projected 8-year term. The new assembly was opened on 24 May 2016 and selected Ahmad Jannati as chairman of the Fifth Assembly.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: The Assembly has never dismissed or even questioned the Supreme Leader. Due to Ali Khamenei's lengthy, unchallenged reign, many believe that the Assembly of Experts has become a ceremonial body without any real power. Iran's then-Chief Justice Sadeq Larijani, a Khamenei appointee, has stated that it is illegal for the Assembly of Experts to supervise Khamenei.


title: Assembly of Experts

text: There have been instances when the current Supreme Leader's public criticism of members of the Assembly of Experts was followed by their arrest and dismissal. For example, Khamenei publicly called member of the Assembly of Experts Ahmad Azari Qomi a traitor, resulting in Qomi's arrest and eventual dismissal from the Assembly of Experts. Another instance is when Khamenei indirectly called the late Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani a traitor for a statement he made, causing Rafsanjani to retract it. Mehdi Karroubi, who has been under house arrest since 2011 without trial, by the direct order of Khamenei, said that "the Assembly of Experts, a council of elected clerics charged with electing, supervising and even disqualifying the Supreme Leader, has turned into a ceremonial council that only praises the Leader".


title: Sallet

text: The sallet (also called "celata," "salade" and "schaller") was a combat helmet that replaced the bascinet in Italy, western and northern Europe and Hungary during the mid-15th century. In Italy, France and England the armet helmet was also popular, but in Germany the sallet became almost universal.


title: Sallet

text: The origin of the sallet seems to have been in Italy, where the term "celata" is first recorded in an inventory of the arms and armour of the Gonzaga family dated to 1407. In essence, the earliest sallets were a variant of the bascinet, intended to be worn without an aventail or visor. To protect the face and neck, left exposed by abandonment of the visor and aventail, the rear was curved out into a flange to protect the neck, and the sides of the helmet were drawn forward below the level of the eyes to protect the cheeks. The latter development was most pronounced in the barbute or "barbuta," a variation of the sallet that adopted elements of Classical Corinthian helmets.


title: Sallet

text: The sallet became popular in France, England and the Netherlands through contact with Italy and eventually was adopted in Germany. Regional styles developed, which were catered for by the great armour manufacturing centres of northern Italy (especially Milan) and southern Germany (Augsburg and Nuremberg). However, though a sallet, or complete armour, might be German in style, it could have been of Italian manufacture, or vice versa. The German sallet may have been the product of the melding of influences from the Italian sallet and the deep-skulled "German war-hat," a type of brimmed "chapel de fer" helmet.


title: Sallet

text: Later Italian sallets (by c. 1460) lost their integral face protection and became open-faced helmets with gracefully curved surfaces. In this simple state they were favoured by more lightly armed troops, especially archers and crossbowmen, whose uninterrupted vision was at a premium. For more heavily armoured troops, a greater level of protection could be afforded by the attachment of a plate reinforcer for the brow of the helmet and a deep visor, usually of the 'bellows' form which incorporated many ventilation slits. Such helmets would have been worn with a stiffened mail collar, termed a "standard," which protected the throat and neck. Some Italian-style sallets were provided with a covering of rich cloth, usually velvet, which was edged in silver-gilt, gilded brass or copper; ornamental decoration in the same metals could be added to the surface of the helmet, allowing areas of cloth to show through.


title: Sallet

text: In the period 1450–1460, a distinctive German style of sallet appeared. It was round-skulled but was less smoothly curving than the Italian sallet; its most obvious feature was that the rear of the helmet was drawn out into a long tail, sometimes consisting of a number of lames. One characteristic that distinguishes early German sallets from later German sallets up to c.1495, is the length of the helmet tail, which became more pronounced over time. The front of these helmets sometimes extended down to cover the upper face, with eye-slits provided for vision. Other versions retained the same outline, but the upper face was protected by a movable half-visor. German sallets were often worn with a separate scoop-shaped plate gorget, called a bevor, that extended from the upper chest to just below the nose and protected the wearer's lower face and throat. Most needed no added ventilation holes, as there was a natural gap where the visor or front of the helmet overlapped the bevor near the wearer's mouth.


title: Sallet

text: By the mid 15th century, a regional variety of sallet had evolved in England and the Netherlands, termed the 'English-Burgundian style' (the Netherlands were at that time ruled by the Duke of Burgundy). It was usually worn with a bevor by more completely armoured soldiers and had very similar facial protection to, and frontal appearance as, the German sallet. It was, however, more curvilinear, and possessed a less extreme projection to the rear. In many ways, it was intermediate between the German and Italian forms. French sallets were very similar to the English-Burgundian type and all have been classed as "short-tailed sallets."


title: Sallet

text: In the last generations of German sallets, the bevor was articulated from the same pivot as the visor. Initially the bevor was attached inside the skull. When the long tail at the rear of the helmet was eventually shortened, from c. 1495, these later sallets became virtually indistinguishable from close helmets, and the articulation of the bevor moved to the outside of the skull. The sallet was gradually abandoned for field use in the first quarter of the 16th century, being largely replaced by the close helm and burgonet; however, it was retained into the mid century, in a heavily reinforced form, for some types of jousting.


title: Sallet

text: The German-style sallet was the model for the World War I German "Stahlhelm", whereas the kettle hat inspired the contemporary British and French helmets. The sallet was the forerunner of the modern combat helmet and firefighter's helmet.


title: Laura Mennell

text: Laura Mennell (; born 18 April 1980) is a Canadian actress known for her roles in "Thirteen Ghosts", "Alphas", "Haven", "Loudermilk", "The Man in the High Castle", "Watchmen" and "Batwoman". In 2011/2012 Mennell co-starred on the Sci-fi television series "Alphas". Laura appeared as Charlotte Cross in the fifth season of the SyFy series "Haven," and she starred in the comedy series "Loudermilk" from 2017 to 2020. Despite being best known for her numerous science fiction roles, Mennell says she is not concerned about being typecast.


title: Laura Mennell

text: Mennell is of Irish, British, and French ancestry. She says she was a "major theatre geek in high school."


title: Laura Mennell

text: Mennell is a cousin of Alan Young, who was the voice of Scrooge McDuck and star of the classic TV series "Mister Ed" (1961).


title: NBC logo

text: The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) has used several corporate logos over the course of its history. The first logo was used in 1926 when the radio network began operations. Its most famous logo, the peacock, was first used in 1956 to highlight the network's color programming. While it has been in use in one form or another for all but four years since then, the peacock did not become part of NBC's main logo until 1979 and did not become the network's sole logo until 1987. The logos were designed by NBC itself. The first logo incorporated design from parent company RCA, and was a unique logo not related to the NBC radio network.


title: NBC logo

text: Recent logos have been themed for different holidays during the year (such as Halloween, Valentine's Day, and New Year's Day), in observance of its upcoming or ongoing broadcasts of the Olympics, as well as an American flag-themed logo in the wake of the events of al-Qaeda's terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001. The logo has been adapted for color television and high definition as technology has advanced. As NBC acquired other television channels, the logo branding was adopted to other networks including: CNBC, NBCSN, MSNBC, Golf Channel, and NBC Sports Regional Networks. The logo was also incorporated into the corporate emblem of the network's parent company, NBCUniversal, until Comcast took control of the company in 2011. Since December 10, 2012, the peacock has been integrated into the corporate logo of Comcast.


title: NBC logo

text: The peacock logo has become the most definitive logo for NBC in the same way that the eye logo is for CBS, the first three letters in a circle for ABC, and the searchlights for Fox.


title: NBC logo

text: NBC debuted as a radio network in 1926, with a logo depicting a microphone surrounded by lightning bolts, superimposed over a map of the United States of America. The "NBC" letters appeared in an arc above the graphic.


title: NBC logo

text: In 1931, NBC introduced its second logo – a square with a diagonal NBC text in it, and lightning bolts around the "B." This logo was later adopted in 1941 for use as the original logo for the newly formed NBC television network.


title: NBC logo

text: In 1943, NBC introduced its third logo, a microphone surrounded by lightning bolts, which was a modification of the original 1926 logo used by the NBC radio network. Lightning bolts were also part of the logo of corporate parent RCA, as well as that of one-time sister company RKO Pictures. The waves placed on the left side were meant for the radio network, and the right waves were meant for the television network. A network identification featuring this logo includes a male announcer saying "This is NBC, the National Broadcasting Company," followed by the NBC chimes. On the network's flagship television station WNBT (now WNBC), this was accompanied by the same announcer saying "WNBT, New York." At the beginning of telecasts, a card was shown with a different NBC logo with the letters in cursive and enclosed in a rectangle (a logo also used at the end of broadcasts in the early 1950s). This was replaced by another card depicting an NBC cameraman operating an RCA camera was shown underneath the text "NBC Television Presents." The letters "NBC," lighting in tune with the chimes, indicated time for station identification or the end of a telecast.


title: NBC logo

text: In 1953, a stylized xylophone and mallet was introduced, symbolizing the NBC chimes, which were first heard on NBC radio in 1927 as a seven-tone sequence. The current tones – which were first adopted in 1929 as a simplified cue for identification of its radio affiliates because of issues with orchestrating the seven notes properly – are only three notes, G, E' and C' (contrary to popular belief, the selection of the three notes was not intended to represent the initials of the network's eventual owner, the General Electric Company, which was an early shareholder in RCA, which itself founded NBC by creating it as a subsidiary). There is some indication that the xylophone logo was used at 5:32 p.m. Eastern Time on December 17, 1953, to announce the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) approval of the new color standard, which would go into effect 30 days later. This logo debuted in December 1953, during the Tournament of Roses Parade.


title: NBC logo

text: John J. Graham designed a peacock for the NBC television network: an abstraction of an eleven-feathered peacock indicating richness in color. This brightly hued peacock, which NBC called the "Bird," was adopted because of the increase in color programming. In addition, NBC's owner, RCA, manufactured color television sets. As a result, the peacock became a marketing tool, in the hopes that people tuning in to NBC would purchase color TV sets. NBC's first color broadcasts showed only a still frame of the colorful peacock. Several modifications were made by NBC before the emblem made its first on-air appearance on May 22, 1956.


title: NBC logo

text: In the summer of 1957, beginning with "Your Hit Parade," the peacock became animated and introduced every NBC color show until a revamped animation appeared in 1962. Its musical backing was a gong while the peacock began its formation, with a male announcer saying "The following program is brought to you in living color on NBC," while the music crescendoed followed by a nine-note flourish while the peacock's feathers changed color and finally spread out. According to Game Show Network executive David Schwartz, the first announcer who spoke those famous words behind the Peacock graphic logo was Ben Grauer, who had been a familiar voice on NBC since 1930. A slide with the letters "NBC" in red, green, and blue respectively and with "TELEVISION" underneath appeared at the end of every color telecast.


title: NBC logo

text: Starting in September 1959, an animated logo joined the Peacock, appearing at the end of every telecast. Starting with the "N," each letter would grow from the other, forming a stacked typographic logo consisting of an "NB" ligature with the "C" forming the base. This would be known as the ”NBC snake.” Several versions of this exist; the first is the snake forming in front of a multicolored background while an RCA TK-40 or TK-41 camera passed by with a jazz rendition of the NBC chimes, while the second consists of the snake forming against a color-changing background, going from blue to green to red, on each note of the regular, automated NBC chimes. The logo was also designed by John J. Graham.


title: NBC logo

text: In 1962, on "Laramie", a new version of the Peacock opening logo was introduced in which the bird fanned its bright plumage against a kaleidoscopic color background (with the eleven melded feathers shrinking and separating into the peacock's form). As with the 1956 Peacock, this logo appeared at the start of every NBC color telecast, as all NBC shows eventually began airing in color, it was generally used only to open those shows that were produced by NBC itself, such as "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". It was, however, seen on the NBC airings of "The Wizard of Oz" as well as on the broadcast of "Peter Pan", which had been videotaped at NBC Studios (NBC had previously telecast live versions of "Peter Pan" in 1955 and 1956 on the anthology "Producers' Showcase"). The "Laramie Peacock," named for the series which introduced it, used the same "living color" tagline as the first peacock, but the accompanying music was a soft, woodwind-based number, Mel Brandt provided the voiceover. It was revised further in April 1968, the music was slightly rearranged and the animation shortened by a few seconds, Another version, with Vic Roby announcing, "Now, a special program in living color on NBC," was unveiled for use on specials during this same period. It was shortened further in 1975, when the peacock was retired.


title: NBC logo

text: The "Laramie Peacock" made special appearances throughout the ensuing years, mostly in a retro-kitsch context or to commemorate a significant broadcast event on NBC. It was used to promote the network's coverage of the NASCAR Cup Series race held at Darlington Raceway in the Florence, South Carolina region from 2015 to 2020, when it was the series' annual throwback round, where many racecars featured a throwback motif. The Peacock also made an appearance before the premiere of "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" in 2009. The "Laramie Peacock" has also been used by local stations: the sequence was shown at the beginning of "Pittsburgh Dad's Guide to Christmas", a special aired on Pittsburgh NBC affiliate WPXI on December 19, 2014.


title: NBC logo

text: NBC updated its image in 1975 with the introduction of an abstract "N," a bold, bright and contemporary design consisting of two trapezoids – one red and one blue. One of the technological innovations of this logo was its use in the first electronically animated ident for an American television network; the trapezoid "N" was previewed in a print ad in October 1975, before it was officially used on-air on January 1, 1976, at the start of the Bicentennial year. On the January 10, 1976 episode of "NBC's Saturday Night" (now "Saturday Night Live"), "Weekend Update" host Chevy Chase mocked the new logo and its $1million design cost.


title: NBC logo

text: In February 1976, Nebraska ETV (later Nebraska Educational Telecommunications, now Nebraska Public Media), the PBS member network for Nebraska, filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against NBC. The new NBC logo was virtually identical to the logo that Nebraska ETV had been using since 1974, with the only cosmetic difference between the two designs being that the right trapezoid of the NBC logo had blue coloring. An out-of-court settlement was reached in which NBC gave Nebraska ETV over $800,000 worth of new equipment, including a color mobile unit. It also paid Nebraska ETV $55,000 to cover the cost of designing and implementing a new logo. In return, NBC was allowed to keep the "N" logo.


title: NBC logo

text: The Peacock returned as part of NBC's branding in September 1979. The "N" and the Peacock were combined to create a design called the "Proud N." This marked the first time that the Peacock was actually part of NBC's own logo. It was simplified in keeping with the letter's pared-down design. Although all eleven feathers were intact, the teardrop tips were removed, while a simpler color scheme was used for the feathers themselves (blue for the feather behind the peacock's body; yellow, orange, red, violet and indigo respectively for the other feathers on both sides). The Peacock's body became a simple triangular shape, without any feet. On several occasions, the new Peacock was used independently of the "N," starting with the new "Proud as a Peacock" advertising campaign that reintroduced the Peacock; however, the "N" and the Peacock were usually combined between 1979 and 1986. The 1979 "Proud N" logo was designed by Lippincott & Margulies.


title: NBC logo

text: Contrary to popular belief, the Peacock was not originally used as NBC's official primary logo, the 1956 and 1962 versions were used solely to identify the network's color broadcasts, while other logos, initially the xylophone logo but most commonly the NBC snake logo, identified NBC itself. The Peacock became so identified with NBC that it was incorporated into the network logo in 1979 by Fred Silverman, then President of NBC, due to prior research from 1977 in NBC's corporate planning department by Peter H. Kliegman who recommended the station identification value of the Peacock and suggested the Peacock be utilized as a logo. The Peacock became the sole logo in 1986.


title: NBC logo

text: During the finale of the "NBC 60th Anniversary Celebration" TV special, past and present NBC stars stood on stage to introduce a new logo – a simplified peacock icon, ending the arranged "marriage" of "N" and Peacock (the "Proud N"). Although NBC had been popularly known as "the peacock network" for some time, it was the first time that "The Bird" had been used as NBC's official symbol all by itself. The peacock's head was now flipped to the right – this was done to suggest as if it was looking forward to the future, not back to the past. The 11 feathers of its previous peacock logo were pared down to six to represent NBC's six divisions: News (yellow), Sports (orange), Entertainment (red), Stations (purple), Network (blue), and Productions (green). The shape of the peacock's body was also simplified, becoming vertically elongated, and removing the tips at the bottom and above the head. The little slit in the purple feather is meant to represent the peacock's beak. Incorporating the six primary and secondary colors in the RYB color palette, this Peacock, redesigned by Steff Geissbuhler at Chermayeff & Geismar, remains one of the world's most recognized logos. The network maintains specific guidelines for the logo, including proper colors for reproduction, using either RGB, CMYK, or Pantone colors. The usage guidelines are contained in the NBC Logo Legal Usage Guidelines, which is distributed to NBC employees involved in graphics as well as outside vendors, such as advertising agencies, who may need to use the logo.


title: NBC logo

text: After the logo's introduction on May 12, 1986, many of NBC's affiliates (especially the stations part of NBC's O&O group at the time: WNBC-TV in New York City, KNBC-TV in Los Angeles, WMAQ-TV in Chicago, KCNC-TV in Denver, WRC-TV in Washington, D.C., and WKYC-TV in Cleveland) started adding the new peacock to their station identification. However, a few stations still kept the previous "Proud N" from 1979 at least until the end of the 1987–88 television season, and NBC itself retained the "Proud N" in the title sequence for its movie/mini-series presentations. Because of this, the new logo was not universally adopted until the fall of 1988.


title: NBC logo

text: This logo's first appearance as an on-screen bug was in the 1993–94 television season, appearing only during the opening sequences of programs, and then staying on-screen throughout the duration of programs as a separate translucent bug beginning with the 1994–95 season. Until the 2004–05 season, the bottom-of-screen logo bug featured a variety of animated effects that built up the image from its components (such as the six feathers rotating into the form of the logo with the peacock's body being formed when the feathers were in place, or a white flag containing the logo wiping the logo bug onto the screen), usually during a show's opening sequence. Until the 2008–09 season, a screensaver-style sequence featuring these logo effects against a black background was also used as a placeholder graphic during slots within commercial breaks allocated for local stations to insert commercials and station promotions. Some NBC affiliates also ran the sequence through the network feed in the event of technical difficulties with inserting local advertising (a placeholder logo graphic remains in use, although since the 2009–10 season, the animation used has changed to match the network's imaging of the current timeframe).


title: NBC logo

text: In 1999, NBC revamped its network identity. A new network ID sequence was introduced, with the NBC logo reflecting through very huge glass feathers; however, it was used only for drama shows that year. The glass feathers sequence became the network's sole on-air look in the following year, and until 2002.


title: NBC logo

text: In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001, NBC introduced a special version of the peacock that replaced the colors with a furled American flag waving within the logo (including within the logo bug); this version was used until the 2002 Winter Olympics.


title: NBC logo

text: During programs presented in widescreen, the logo bug would be shrunk and placed to fit within the video area (specifically, on the right fringe outside of the safe area). During the 2006–07 television season, this smaller widescreen logo was only used during live broadcasts, such as "Saturday Night Live", "Christmas at Rockefeller Center" (the annual special commemorating the Rockefeller Center Christmas tree lighting), Live Earth and the "Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular". The smaller logo was reintegrated at the start of the 2007–08 season on all widescreen programming, including pre-recorded standard definition broadcasts in order to insert graphical promos during the show. The network used a variation of its logo bug accompanied by "HD" text for High-definition programming in the 2006–07 season. Live broadcasts in high-definition previously used the logo without "HD" text. Until 2016, the NBC bug was placed within the 4:3 safe area, with the logo bug being displayed identically on the standard definition and high definition feeds (the color version of the NBC logo bug began to be placed within the 4:3 safe area during high definition programming in May 2008). Today, the NBC bug is placed within the 16:9 widescreen frame, again being displayed identically on the SD and HD feeds.


title: NBC logo

text: This logo bug is also presented opaque in full color during the opening credits of a program, with the bug sometimes accompanied by ".com" text as a promotion for the network's website. Live finale episodes of "The Biggest Loser" continued to use the version with the NBC name titling below the peacock until its September 2009 conversion to HD, due to that program's standard definition production being based out of Burbank instead of New York City.


title: NBC logo

text: This logo is sometimes accompanied with NBC text, usually below the peacock, however, this is not always the case. The network's logo bug incorporated the text starting in August 1995, and it becomes colorized on September 18, 2006, "NBC Nightly News" finally began using the 2006 on screen bug starting on March 26, 2007, to coincide with the program's first high-definition broadcast, with the web address for MSNBC (and since 2012, NBC News) later added to the right side during the program. Programs broadcast in 4:3 SD continued to use the translucent version of the logo until September 13, 2009. Some NBC Sports programs, such as golf and Olympic sports, use a bug incorporating the Olympic rings below the peacock; this version is also used on entertainment and news programming, starting with the beginning of the fall television season in the lead-up to the Winter Olympics, or at the beginning of a calendar year leading up to the Summer Olympics (in 2012, the rings variant was implemented on April 16, 2012, in accordance with "Green is Universal" week, along with sister network Telemundo). The Olympics version of the network's 1986 logo is also used by NBC affiliates for their logos during the network's coverage of the Games (as well as in promotions for the Olympics that precede the start of the Games), both on-air for some stations or confined to the "Olympic Zone" micro-sites.


title: NBC logo

text: Shortly after the beginning of the 2006–07 television season, almost all NBC programming included graphics for "Today", "Meet the Press", and "Dateline NBC". The left version was less embossed than the one used previously and did not display the NBC acronym beneath it. After the beginning of the 2009–10 season on September 28, 2009, as part of the lead-up to the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, the Olympics variant of the on-screen logo was used on all network programming, except for news.


title: NBC logo

text: Since December 2007, NBC occasionally places a text-based advertisement for an upcoming program above or next to the NBC peacock, which is present on both the SD and HD feeds.


title: NBC logo

text: NBC updated its logo once again in January 2008, with all network promos and IDs ending with the peacock feathers circling around until they forming the logo. The feathers also popped in tune to the NBC chimes, which were sometimes played using different instruments other than the standard xylophone, or other sounds set to G-E-C (such as a telephone for promos for "The Office", or the ringing of a cash register in promos for "Deal or No Deal"). Two versions of the 2008 logo animation were used: a 3D glass version that was used in most promos, and an occasionally used 3D metal logo that was also used as a generic ID. The ".com" suffix added to create the URL for promoting the network's website was sometimes featured beside the logo.