title: Gorgias

text: While Gorgias primarily used metaphors and paradox, he famously used "figures of speech, or schemata" (Matsen, Rollinson and Sousa). This included balanced clauses (isocolon), the joining of contrasting ideas (antithesis), the structure of successive clauses (parison), and the repetition of word endings (homoeoteleuton) (Matsen, Rollinson and Sousa, 33). The "Encomium" shows Gorgias' interest in argumentation, as he makes his point by "systematically refuting a series of possible alternatives," (Matsen, Rollinson and Sousa, 33). It is an encomium of the "rhetorical craft itself, and a demonstration of its power over us," (Gumpert, 73). According to Van Hook, "The Encomium of Helen" abounds in "amplification and brevity, a rhythm making prose akin to poetry, bold metaphors and poetic or unusual epithets" (122).


title: Gorgias

text: In the "Defense of Palamedes" Gorgias describes logos as a positive instrument for creating ethical arguments (McComiskey 38). The "Defense", an oration that deals with issues of morality and political commitment (Consigny 38), defends Palamedes who, in Greek mythology, is credited with the invention of the alphabet, written laws, numbers, armor, and measures and weights (McComiskey 47).


title: Gorgias

text: In the speech Palamedes defends himself against the charge of treason. In Greek mythology, Odysseus – in order to avoid going to Troy with Agamemnon and Menelaus to bring Helen back to Sparta – pretended to have gone mad and began sowing the fields with salt. When Palamedes threw Odysseus' son, Telemachus, in front of the plow, Odysseus avoided him, demonstrating that he was sane. Odysseus, who never forgave Palamedes for making him reveal himself, later accused Palamedes of betraying the Greeks to the Trojans. Soon after, Palamedes was condemned and killed (Jarratt 58).


title: Gorgias

text: In this epideictic speech, like the "Encomium", Gorgias is concerned with experimenting with how plausible arguments can cause conventional truths to be doubted (Jarratt 59). Throughout the text, Gorgias presents a method for composing logical ("logos"), ethical ("ethos") and emotional ("pathos") arguments from possibility, which are similar to those described by Aristotle in "Rhetoric". These types of arguments about motive and capability presented in the "Defense" are later described by Aristotle as forensic "topoi". Gorgias demonstrates that in order to prove that treason had been committed, a set of possible occurrences also need to be established. In the "Defense" these occurrences are as follows: communication between Palamedes and the enemy, exchange of a pledge in the form of hostages or money, and not being detected by guards or citizens. In his defense, Palamedes claims that a small sum of money would not have warranted such a large undertaking and reasons that a large sum of money, if indeed such a transaction had been made, would require the aid of many confederates in order for it to be transported. Palamedes reasons further that such an exchange could neither have occurred at night because the guards would be watching, nor in the day because everyone would be able to see. Palamedes continues, explaining that if the aforementioned conditions were, in fact, arranged then action would need to follow. Such action needed to take place either with or without confederates; however, if these confederates were free men then they were free to disclose any information they desired, but if they were slaves there was a risk of their voluntarily accusing to earn freedom, or accusing by force when tortured. Slaves, Palamedes says, are untrustworthy. Palamedes goes on to list a variety of possible motives, all of which he proves false.


title: Gorgias

text: Through the "Defense" Gorgias demonstrates that a motive requires an advantage such as status, wealth, honour, and security, and insists that Palamedes lacked a motive (McComiskey 47–49).


title: Gorgias

text: This text is considered to be an important contribution to the genre of epitaphios. During the 5th and 4th centuries BC, such funeral orations were delivered by well-known orators during public burial ceremonies in Athens, whereby those who died in wars were honoured. Gorgias' text provides a clever critique of 5th century propagandist rhetoric in imperial Athens and is the basis for Plato's parody, "Menexenus" (Consigny 2).


title: Gorgias

text: Plato was one of Gorgias' greatest critics and a student of Socrates. Plato's dislike for sophistic doctrines is well known, and it is in his eponymous dialogue that both Gorgias himself as well as his rhetorical beliefs are ridiculed (McComiskey 17).


title: Gorgias

text: In his dialogue "Gorgias", Plato distinguishes between philosophy and rhetoric, characterizing Gorgias as a shallow, opportunistic orator who entertains his audience with his eloquent words and who believes that it is unnecessary to learn the truth about actual matters when one has discovered the art of persuasion. In the dialogue, Gorgias responds to one of Socrates' statements as follows: "Rhetoric is the only area of expertise you need to learn. You can ignore all the rest and still get the better of the professionals!" (Plato 24).


title: Gorgias

text: Gorgias, whose "On Non-Existence" is taken to be critical of the Eleatic tradition and its founder Parmenides, describes philosophy as a type of seduction, but he does not deny philosophy entirely, giving some respect to philosophers.


title: Gorgias

text: Plato answers Gorgias by reaffirming the Parmenidean ideal that being is the basic substance and reality of which all things are composed, insisting that philosophy is a dialectic distinct from and superior to rhetoric (Wardy 52).


title: Gorgias

text: Aristotle also criticizes Gorgias, labeling him a mere Sophist whose primary goal is to make money by appearing wise and clever, thus deceiving the public by means of misleading or sophistic arguments.


title: Gorgias

text: Despite these negative portrayals, Gorgias's style of rhetoric was highly influential. Gorgias's "Defense of Helen" influenced Euripides's "Helen" and his "Defense of Palamedes" influenced the development of western dicanic argument, including possibly even Plato's version of the "Apology of Socrates".


title: Gorgias

text: For almost all of western history, Gorgias has been a marginalized and obscure figure in both philosophical thought and culture at large. In the nineteenth century, however, writers such as the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) and the English classicist George Grote (1794–1871) began to work to "rehabilitate" Gorgias and the other Sophists from their longstanding reputation as unscrupulous charlatans who taught people how to persuade others using rhetoric for unjust causes. As early as 1872, the English philosopher Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900) was already calling this the "old view". Modern sources continue to affirm that the old stereotype of the Sophists is not accurate.


title: Gorgias

text: Since the late twentieth century, scholarly interest in Gorgias has increased dramatically and the amount of research conducted on him is even beginning to rival the research on his more traditionally popular contemporary Parmenides. Gorgias's distinctive writing style, filled with antithesis and figurative language, has been seen as foreshadowing the later development of Menippean satire, as well as, in more recent times, the mannerist, grotesque, and carnivalesque genres. Several scholars have even argued that Gorgias's thoughts on the nature of knowledge, language, and truth foreshadow the views of modern philosophers such as Martin Heidegger, Jacques Derrida, Ludwig Wittgenstein, A. J. Ayer, Amélie Rorty, and Stanley Fish. Nonetheless, many academic philosophers still ridicule any efforts to portray Gorgias as a serious thinker.


title: Siberian crane

text: The Siberian crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus), also known as the Siberian white crane or the snow crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. They are distinctive among the cranes: adults are nearly all snowy white, except for their black primary feathers that are visible in flight, and with two breeding populations in the Arctic tundra of western and eastern Russia. The eastern populations migrate during winter to China, while the western population winters in Iran and (formerly) in Bharatpur, India.


title: Siberian crane

text: Among the cranes, they make the longest distance migrations. Their populations, particularly those in the western range, have declined drastically in the 20th century due to hunting along their migration routes and habitat degradation. The world population was estimated in 2010 at about 3,200 birds, mostly belonging to the eastern population with about 95% of them wintering in the Poyang Lake basin in China, a habitat that may be altered by the Three Gorges Dam.


title: Siberian crane

text: The Siberian crane was formally described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1773 and given the binomial name "Grus leucogeranus". The specific epithet is derived from the classical Greek words "leukos" for "white" and "geranos " for a "crane". Ustad Mansur, a 17th-century court artist and singer of Jahangir, had illustrated a Siberian crane about 100 years earlier. The genus "Megalornis" was used for the cranes by George Robert Gray and this species was included in it, while Richard Bowdler Sharpe suggested a separation from "Grus" and used the genus "Sarcogeranus". The Siberian crane lacks the complex tracheal coils found in most other cranes but shares this feature with the wattled crane. The unison call differed from that of most cranes and some authors suggested that the Siberian crane belonged in the genus "Bugeranus" along with the wattled crane. Comparisons of the DNA sequences of cytochrome-b however suggest that the Siberian crane is basal among the Gruinae and the wattled crane is retained as the sole species in the genus "Bugeranus" and placed as a sister to the "Anthropoides" cranes.


title: Siberian crane

text: A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus "Grus", as then defined, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, the Siberian crane was moved to the resurrected genus "Leucogeranus". The genus "Leucogeranus" had been introduced by the French biologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1855.


title: Siberian crane

text: Adults of both sexes have a pure white plumage except for the black primaries, alula and primary coverts. The fore-crown, face and side of head is bare and brick red, the bill is dark and the legs are pinkish. The iris is yellowish. Juveniles are feathered on the face and the plumage is dingy brown. There are no elongated tertial feathers as in some other crane species. During breeding season, both the male and female cranes are often seen with mud streaking their feathers. They dip their beaks in mud and smear it on their feathers. The call is very different from the trumpeting of most cranes and is a goose-like high pitched whistling "toyoya". This is a fairly large species of crane. Siberian cranes typically weigh and stand about tall. The wingspan is reportedly from and length is . Males are on average larger than females. The average weight of adults in one study was while juvenile birds were slightly heavier on average at . There is a single record of an outsized male of this species weighing . Usually, this crane is usually slightly smaller in weight and height than some other cranes, particularly the sarus crane, wattled crane and red-crowned crane.


title: Siberian crane

text: The breeding area of the Siberian crane formerly extended between the Urals and Ob river south to the Ishim and Tobol rivers and east to the Kolyma region. The populations declined with changes in landuse, the draining of wetlands for agricultural expansion and hunting on their migration routes. The breeding areas in modern times are restricted to two widely disjunct regions. The western area in the river basins of the Ob, Konda and Sossva and to the east a much larger population in Yakutia between the Yana and the Alazeya rivers. Like most cranes, the Siberian crane inhabits shallow marshlands and wetlands and will often forage in deeper water than other cranes. They show very high site fidelity for both their wintering and breeding areas, making use of the same sites year after year. The western population winters in Iran and some individuals formerly wintered in India south to Nagpur and east to Bihar. The eastern populations winter mainly in the Poyang Lake area in China.


title: Siberian crane

text: Siberian cranes are widely dispersed in their breeding areas and are highly territorial. They maintain feeding territories in winter but may form small and loose flocks, and gather closer at their winter roosts. They are very diurnal, feeding almost all throughout the day. When feeding on submerged vegetation, they often immerse their heads entirely underwater. When calling, the birds stretch their neck forward. The contexts of several calls have been identified and several of these vary with sex. Individual variation is very slight and most calls have a dominant frequency of about 1.4 kHz. The unison calls, duets between paired males and female however are more distinctive with marked differences across pairs. The female produces a higher pitched call which is the "loo" in the duetted "doodle-loo" call. Pairs will walk around other pairs to threaten them and drive them away from their territory. In captivity, one individual was recorded to have lived for nearly 62 years while another lived for 83 years.


title: Siberian crane

text: These cranes feed mainly on plants although they are omnivorous. In the summer grounds they feed on a range of plants including the roots of hellebore ("Veratrum misae"), seeds of "Empetrum nigrum" as well as small rodents (lemmings and voles), earthworms and fish. They were earlier thought to be predominantly fish eating on the basis of the serrated edge to their bill, but later studies suggest that they take animal prey mainly when the vegetation is covered by snow. They also swallow pebbles and grit to aid in crushing food in their crop. In their wintering grounds in China, they have been noted to feed to a large extent on the submerged leaves of "Vallisneria spiralis". Specimens wintering in India have been found to have mainly aquatic plants in their stomachs. They are however noted to pick up beetles and birds eggs in captivity.


title: Siberian crane

text: Siberian cranes return to the Arctic tundra around the end of April and beginning of May. The nest is usually on the edge of lake in boggy ground and is usually surrounded by water. Most eggs are laid in the first week of June when the tundra is snow free. The usual clutch is two eggs, which are incubated by the female after the second egg is laid. The male stands guard nearby. The eggs hatch in about 27 to 29 days. The young birds fledge in about 80 days. Usually only a single chick survives due to aggression between young birds. The population increase per year is less than 10%, the lowest recruitment rate among cranes. Their success in breeding may further be hampered by disturbance from reindeer and sometimes dogs that accompany reindeer herders. Captive breeding was achieved by the International Crane Foundation at Baraboo after numerous failed attempts. Males often killed their mates and captive breeding was achieved by artificial insemination and the hatching of eggs by other crane species such as the Sandhill and using floodlights to simulate the longer daylengths of the Arctic summer.


title: Siberian crane

text: This species breeds in two disjunct regions in the arctic tundra of Russia; the western population along the Ob Yakutia and western Siberia. It is a long distance migrant and among the cranes, makes one of the longest migrations. The eastern population winters on the Yangtze River and Lake Poyang in China, and the western population in Fereydoon Kenar in Iran. The central population, which once wintered in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur India, is extinct.


title: Siberian crane

text: The status of this crane is critical and the world population is estimated to be around 3200–4000, nearly all of them belonging to the eastern breeding population. Of the 15 crane species, this is one of the most threatened (the whooping crane of North America, with only 750 living individuals as of 2018, is rarer.) The western population has dwindled to 4 in 2002 and was thought to be extirpated but one 1 individual was seen in Iran in 2010. The wintering site at Poyang in China holds an estimated 98% of the population and is threatened by hydrological changes caused by the Three Gorges Dam and other water development projects.


title: Siberian crane

text: Historic records from India suggest a wider winter distribution in the past including records from Gujarat, near New Delhi and even as far east as Bihar. In 1974 as many as 75 birds wintered in Bharatpur and this declined to a single pair in 1992 and the last bird was seen in 2002. In the 19th century, larger numbers of birds were noted to visit India. They were sought after by hunters and specimen collectors. An individual that escaped from a private menagerie was shot in the Outer Hebrides in 1891. The western population may even have wintered as far west as Egypt along the Nile.


title: Siberian crane

text: Satellite telemetry was used to track the migration of a flock that wintered in Iran. They were noted to rest on the eastern end of the Volga delta. Satellite telemetry was also used to track the migration of the eastern population in the mid-1990s, leading to the discovery of new resting areas along the species' flyway in eastern Russia and China. The Siberian crane is one of the species to which the "Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds" (AEWA) applies and is subject of the Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the Siberian Crane concluded under the Bonn Convention.


title: Siberian crane

text: For Siberian natives – Yakuts and Yukaghirs - the white crane is a sacred bird associated with sun, spring and kind celestial spirits "ajyy". In yakut epics Olonkho shamans and shamaness transform into white cranes.


title: George Alagiah

text: George Maxwell Alagiah ( born 22 November 1955) is a British newsreader, journalist and television news presenter.


title: George Alagiah

text: Since 3 December 2007, he has been the presenter of the "BBC News at Six" and was previously the main presenter of "GMT" on BBC World News since its launch on 1 February 2010.


title: George Alagiah

text: Alagiah was born in Colombo, Ceylon on 22 November 1955. His parents, Donald Alagiah, an engineer, and Therese, were Sri Lankan Tamil. In 1961, his parents moved to Ghana in West Africa, where he had his primary education at Christ the King International School. He has four sisters. His secondary education took place at St John's College, an independent Roman Catholic school in Portsmouth, England, after which he read politics at Van Mildert College, Durham University. Whilst at Durham, he wrote for and became editor of the student newspaper "Palatinate" and was a sabbatical officer of Durham Students' Union.


title: George Alagiah

text: In 2004, he returned to his grandfather's original home in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami to survey the damage. The family's former home had been destroyed, but he was able to recognise an old well where he had played with his sisters, although the well was unsalvageable.


title: George Alagiah

text: Alagiah joined the BBC in 1989 after seven years in print journalism with "South Magazine". Before becoming a presenter, he was Developing World correspondent, based in London, and then Southern Africa correspondent in Johannesburg. As one of the BBC's leading foreign correspondents, he reported on events ranging from the genocide in Rwanda to the plight of the Marsh Arabs in southern Iraq to the civil wars in Afghanistan, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Somalia.


title: George Alagiah

text: He was the presenter of BBC Four News from its launch in 2002; the programme was later relaunched as "The World" and then another edition of "World News Today". In January 2003 he joined the "BBC Six O'Clock News", which he co-presented with Sophie Raworth until October 2005, and with Natasha Kaplinsky until October 2007. Since 3 December 2007, he has been the sole presenter of the "Six O'Clock News". Prior to that, he had been the deputy anchor of the "BBC One O'Clock News" and "BBC Nine O'Clock News" from 1999. Since 3 July 2006, he has presented "World News Today" on BBC World News and BBC Two, which was rebranded "GMT" on 1 February 2010. He last appeared on the programme in 2014. He was formerly a relief presenter on "BBC News at Ten", presenting mainly Monday to Thursday when main presenters Huw Edwards and Fiona Bruce were unavailable.


title: George Alagiah

text: A specialist on Africa and the developing world, Alagiah has interviewed, among others, Nelson Mandela, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe. His other documentaries and features include reports on why affirmative action in America is a 'Lost Cause', for the "Assignment" programme, Saddam Hussein's genocidal campaign against the Kurds of northern Iraq for the BBC's "Newsnight" programme and a report on the last reunion of the veterans of Dunkirk.


title: George Alagiah

text: In 2000, Alagiah was part of the BBC team which collected a BAFTA award for its coverage of the Kosovo conflict. He has won numerous awards including "Best International Report" at the Royal Television Society in 1993 and in 1994 was the overall winner of the Amnesty International UK Media Awards. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.


title: George Alagiah

text: His appearances at literary festivals include Cheltenham, Keswick, Hay-on-Wye and London, and he has spoken at the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Society of Arts and at the Royal Overseas League. He is on the Board of the Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: George Alagiah

text: From 2002 to 2009, Alagiah was a patron of the Fairtrade Foundation from which in July 2009, he was obliged to resign by BBC Management who claimed professional conflict of interest. Complaints were received at the BBC from members of the public who were unhappy that Alagiah had been asked to step down. The BBC responded that in keeping with its principles of impartiality, it would be inappropriate for one of its leading journalists to be seen supporting a movement that clearly represents a controversial view of global trade. He has also been actively involved in supporting microfinance as a tool for development, including recent appearances in support of Opportunity International. He has been a patron of Parenting UK since 2000.


title: George Alagiah

text: In 2020, his debut novel "The Burning Land" was shortlisted for a Society of Authors' award. The book is described as a "gripping, pacy thriller about corruption and homicide in South Africa".


title: George Alagiah

text: He is married to Frances Robathan, whom he met at Durham University. The couple have two children, Adam and Matthew. He lives in Stoke Newington, North London.


title: George Alagiah

text: On 17 April 2014, it was announced that Alagiah was being treated for colorectal cancer. A statement from the BBC said: "He is grateful for all the good wishes he has received thus far and is optimistic for a positive outcome." On 28 June, Alagiah announced on Twitter that he was making "encouraging progress". In late October 2015 he announced on Twitter that the treatment was officially over, and he returned to the BBC on 10 November. In January 2018 it emerged that the cancer had returned and he would undergo further treatment.


title: George Alagiah

text: In March 2018, in an interview with "The Sunday Times", Alagiah noted that his cancer was terminal and could have been caught earlier if the screening programme in England, which is automatically offered from the age of 60, was the same as that in Scotland, where it is automatically offered from the age of 50.


title: George Alagiah

text: In June 2020 Alagiah said that the cancer had spread to his lungs, liver and lymph nodes, but was not at a "chronic" or "terminal" stage. In October 2022, Alagiah announced that his cancer has spread further and he took a break from TV to undergo a new series of treatment.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Faith Lehane is a fictional character created by Joss Whedon for the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Played by actress Eliza Dushku, Faith was introduced in the third season of "Buffy" and was a focus of that season's overarching plot. She returned for shorter story arcs on "Buffy" and its spin-off, "Angel". The character's story is continued in the comic book series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight", and she also appears in apocryphal material such as other comic books and novels. Faith was set to receive her own spin-off television series after the final season of "Buffy", but Eliza Dushku declined the offer, and the series was never made. The character later co-stars in the 25-issue comic book "Angel & Faith" beginning in August 2011 under the banner of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine", the story taking place mostly in London and the surrounding area. Seven years after the character's creation, Whedon granted her the surname Lehane for a role-playing game and subsequent material. The last issue of "Season Eight" was the first source officially confirmed to be canon that referred to Faith by her full name.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Faith is a Slayer: a girl endowed with supernatural abilities and destined to battle evil creatures such as vampires and demons. Created as a foil to the protagonist, Buffy Summers, she is a Slayer who comes from a damaged background and often makes the wrong decision. Initially an ally to the main characters, events take a toll on Faith's sanity and she slips into a villainous role. Later storylines show her feeling remorse for her past crimes, and with the benevolent vampire Angel's help she eventually rejoins the side of good in the hopes of achieving redemption.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Eliza Dushku later portrayed Echo in the television series "Dollhouse", also created by Joss Whedon and produced by Jane Espenson.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: In "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" season three, Faith arrives in Sunnydale, having been activated as the Slayer by the death of Kendra (Bianca Lawson) (who was activated by Buffy's temporary death in the first season) in the episode "Becoming, Part One". Coming from a traumatic and abusive background, Faith tries to fit in with Buffy (Sarah Michelle Gellar) and her friends, but becomes increasingly isolated and bitter as the season progresses. A major turning point for the character occurs in the mid-season episode "Bad Girls"; while trying to show Buffy the fun side of slaying, Faith accidentally kills Deputy Mayor Allan Finch (Jack Plotnick), a human being whom she mistakes for a vampire. Feeling more alienated than ever, she betrays the Scooby Gang and allies herself with the villainous Mayor of Sunnydale (Harry Groener), eventually forming a sincere father-daughter relationship with him. After Faith tries to murder Buffy's vampire lover Angel (David Boreanaz) under the mayor's orders, the two Slayers finally battle it out in the season finale, a confrontation which leaves Faith alive but comatose.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Faith returns to "Buffy" for two episodes in the fourth season. Waking up from her coma, she seeks revenge on Buffy by switching their bodies using a mystical device called the Draconian Katra left to her by the now-deceased Mayor. As Buffy is taken into custody by the Watchers' Council for crimes she did not commit, Faith discovers for the first time what it is like to be surrounded by loving friends and family, and Buffy starts to understand Faith despite being upset with her predicament. After feeling obliged to rescue a church full of people from vampires, Faith battles Buffy once again, expressing extreme self-hatred before being returned to her own body. The storyline is continued in the first season of spin-off series "Angel", as Faith escapes to Los Angeles and is hired by Wolfram & Hart to assassinate Angel. Instead, she plots an intricate plan to have Angel kill her, but Angel convinces her to face the consequences of her actions, bonds with her as a friend and ally due to their similarities, and helps her on the path to redemption. Faith hands herself over to the police and she is sentenced to prison, where Angel later visits her.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: In "Angel" season four, Angel is reverted to the evil Angelus after having his soul removed. Faith is approached by her former Watcher, Wesley Wyndam-Pryce (Alexis Denisof), who informs her of Angelus's presence, sparking her to break out of prison and help them. Wanting to help Angel the way he helped her, Faith injects herself with a mystical drug and feeds herself to Angelus in order to incapacitate him so that their allies can work to restore his soul. She nearly dies from the drug, but during a psychic mind walk, Angel persuades her subconscious not to give up and that life is worth living.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Afterwards, a recovered Faith travels back to Sunnydale, where she plays a significant role in the battle against the First Evil in the final season of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". In these episodes, she reconciles with Buffy, although their relationship is tested when the Potential Slayers appoint Faith as their leader over Buffy. This decision later proves disastrous when Faith's plan leads them into a trap, leaving several girls dead. She and the survivors are saved by Buffy, and the two finally make peace with one another. After a one-night stand with school principal Robin Wood (D.B. Woodside), the two begin a romantic relationship when they both survive the battle in the series finale. Faith was set to receive her own spin-off following the end of "Buffy", which, according to Tim Minear, would have featured Faith "probably on a motorcycle, crossing the Earth, trying to find her place in the world." However, Eliza Dushku chose to take other offers for her post-"Buffy" career.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Faith made appearances in various "Buffy" and "Angel" comic books and novels. In the "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" comic book story "Haunted", an imprisoned Faith reveals to Angel her memories of being in a coma between "Buffy" seasons three and four; she shared a psychic link with the Mayor's spirit and could see him attacking people through his eyes. "Note from the Underground" sees Faith being temporarily released from jail into Angel's custody, in order to help Buffy defeat the demonic fascists, the Scourge. "Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Faith Trials, Vol. 1" is a novelization of "Buffy" season three episodes which center around Faith, including "Faith, Hope & Trick", "Bad Girls", and "Consequences". These episodes focus specifically on Faith's arrival in Sunnydale, and her subsequent turn to the dark side following the death of the Deputy Mayor. Faith appeared prominently in her own 2006 novel "Go Ask Malice: A Slayer's Diary" by Robert Joseph Levy, which elaborates on Faith's back-story in South Boston and how she came to be the Slayer. Written in diary format, it fleshes out many areas of Faith's past which were only alluded to in the show, such as her alcoholic mother's abuse, her previous relationships, and her first Watcher's gruesome death at the hands of the vampire Kakistos. Author Robert Joseph Levy describes writing the book, "I wanted to explore the choices she made and the choices that were taken away from her, and how they affected her mental state and her development from Potential to Chosen before she arrived." Expanded Universe material such as this is not usually considered canonical unless otherwise stated.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Faith is featured in the ongoing comic book, "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight" (2007–11), which serves as a canonical continuation of the television series. In the storyline "No Future For You", Faith goes undercover on a mission from Giles to assassinate rogue Slayer Genevieve "Gigi" Savidge, who plans to usurp Buffy's position as leader to the Slayers. Instead, Faith forms an unexpected connection with Gigi and finds herself torn between her new friend and her old enemy. When Gigi discovers her true identity, Faith unintentionally kills her in battle, and the arc ends with Faith finding a new purpose alongside Giles, helping slayers so they won't go down the path she and Gigi did. Faith and Giles later reappear over a year later in "Safe", which recounts one of their missions in Germany. Faith reconvenes with Buffy to face the threats of the villain Twilight in "Retreat", and is captured alongside Giles and Andrew by Twilight. As such, she is witness to the reveal that Twilight is in fact Angel in "Twilight, Part II". In the final story arc, "Last Gleaming", Faith battles in the ruins of Sunnydale alongside other Scooby Gang members and Slayers. Underground however, Angel—possessed by the Twilight entity—snaps Giles' neck in order to prevent the destruction of its power source; a grief-stricken Buffy destroys it however, Angel is freed from Twilight's possession, and magic is mostly cut off from the universe. In the final issue, set some time later, per Giles' will, all of his worldly assets, save a book, have been left to Faith. In Faith's care is a distraught Angel, whom she intends to rehabilitate.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Following "Season Eight", Faith received her own title in "Angel & Faith" (2011–2013), a companion series to "Season Nine". The story depicts Angel and Faith, as residents in Giles' London home, attending to his unfinished business and fighting the forces of evil in London while Angel covertly pursues a plan to resurrect Giles. Faith takes on the role of mentor to a group of Slayers, but those relationships are strained by her friendship with Angel. Ultimately, the group are successful in resurrecting Giles (albeit as a young boy), as well as averting the apocalypse. The story ends with Faith deciding to take some time alone to find herself. She is next seen in "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten" (2014–2016), when she brings Giles to reconnect with Buffy, and is hurt when Giles coldly tells her that his first priority is Buffy. In the accompanying second volume of "Angel & Faith", Faith initially finds a home for herself in Kennedy's Slayer private security firm, and while working with them, is troubled by her mission to rescue Riley Finn, whom she slept with while posing as Buffy some years ago. Ultimately, she returns to London to fight alongside Angel against the ancient demon Archaeus, who had been terrorising London.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: The initial concept for Faith's character was "the road not taken", a Slayer who makes the wrong choices in life. She is intended to be a reflection of Buffy, and what Buffy could have become were it not for her support system of friends and family. The question the writers wanted to answer was, despite being made from the same "raw materials," how would upbringing and environment affect the type of people they would become later in life? Joss Whedon describes her as everything Buffy would never let herself become; although Buffy is tempted by Faith's approach to slaying, she ultimately decides not to make the same choices herself. Some fans argued that the show developed a lesbian subtext between Faith and Buffy; Jane Espenson states that Whedon says he didn't intend this, but admitted it was there after he had it pointed out to him, jokingly attributing this to his subconscious.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: With Faith, the writers explored the nature of power, and the boundaries and consequences of its use. They wanted to address the issue that, whether the creatures a Slayer kills are good or evil, she is still a professional killer. Co-executive producer Doug Petrie, and writer of Faith-centric episodes such as "Revelations" and "Bad Girls", says one of the things he loves about the character is that Faith is not wrong in describing herself and Buffy as killers. He goes on to discuss a Slayer's rights and responsibilities, and how Faith believes her contributions to society relieve her of any legal or moral responsibilities, a view which Buffy does not share. When writing Faith, Petrie looked to Frank Miller's violent Marvel Comics character Elektra Natchios for inspiration, claiming, "In a different, teen, punkier context, Faith is so much like Elektra."


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Known only as "Faith" during the television series; she was not given a surname until 2005, seven years after her first appearance. Joss Whedon was approached by Eden Studios to create surnames for Faith and Kendra to use in a "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" role-playing game, and chose "Lehane" for Faith, because he wanted something "southie".


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Actress Eliza Dushku describes Faith as the "working class" Slayer, a reason she feels so many people identify with her. She was written as a sympathetic character; with Doug Petrie claiming "I connected with Faith early on. I love that character. She's totally tragic." According to Petrie, "The whole key to Faith is that she's in pain. If you took that away, she would be a monster. But she's so lonely and so desperate, and all of her toughness comes out of trying to cover that. That's what real monsters are made of. No one thinks they're really a monster." Petrie claims Faith's main motivation is to find a family and friends; she sees treacherous Watcher Gwendolyn Post as the mother she never had, the Scooby Gang as the friends she never had, and the Mayor as the father she never had. "So, she's always looking for a family and always coming up short and making these horrible choices, and it drove her insane" says Petrie. "Plus, I think she was missing a couple of screws to begin with. 'If you don't love me, you will fear me,' is kind of her m.o. She's not a stable girl, but a fun one." Petrie describes the character's name as "wildly ironic", due to her cynical nature. According to Petrie, "She's the most faithless character we've got. She doesn't trust herself or anyone around her. We try to do that a lot with our monsters. It's much more fun if you look at it from their point of view."


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Writer Jane Espenson believes one of the reasons why Faith elicits sympathy from the audience is the father/daughter relationship between her and the mayor, comparing their affection for one another to that between vampires Spike and Drusilla in the earlier season. The writers wanted to make both Faith and the Mayor as human as possible by showing they need connection and love as much as the heroic characters. Eliza Dushku asserts that Faith's bond with the mayor stems from him being one of the few people in her life who does not put her down, which is something she has battled with her whole life; Dushku goes on to say Faith's misplaced trust in the Mayor "leads her into being crazier".


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: In the "Angel" season one episode "Sanctuary", Faith forms a bond with the vampire-with-a-soul Angel; executive producer David Greenwalt explains Angel can help her because he alone is able to understand the suffering she has been through and how to help her atone for her sins. Faith is then able to return the favor in "Angel"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s fourth season, when she is the only one determined to defeat Angel's soulless alter ego Angelus without killing him in the process. Actor David Boreanaz explains, "I think having a character like Faith come back at a pivotal point when she finds out Angelus is loose is really, for her character, a way of saying: 'I'm paying you back, Angel, for saving me, therefore, I'm gonna save you.'" The writers believed it would be an interesting dynamic to have former "bad girl" Faith play a heroic role against the show's now villainous protagonist, Angel.


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Faith was brought back for the final season of "Buffy", because, according to David Solomon, "she had been such a crucial character at a very specific junction in the series that there would be no way to tie it up without her." However, in season seven the dynamic between the two Slayers has changed. As Rebecca Rand Kirshner explains, "[Faith] is no longer such a complete opposite of Buffy. And there's sort of a subtler and more complicated dynamic between them". As Buffy struggles with her unwanted position of mentor to the Potential Slayers, the writers used Faith to create an outside conflict about Buffy's leadership abilities. Although Faith is questioning Buffy and her choices she is making, she is no longer an enemy to her either. In the episode "Empty Places", the Potentials lose trust in Buffy and appoint Faith as their leader instead, a decision that literally blows up in their faces. As Drew Goddard explains, "Faith is like the cool aunt that everyone loves, because the cool aunt doesn't have the responsibility of raising the children. She just gets to show up and have fun. The problem is, Faith is not ready to lead. She's damaged in her own way. She's just beginning to pull herself together. As much as she wants to be Buffy, she has to learn how to become Faith."


title: Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: When writing "Go Ask Malice", author Robert Joseph Levy encountered a number of issues to negotiate in writing a back-story for Faith. One of these was retaining the mystery of the character; Levy explains many aspects of Faith's background, such as her delinquency and promiscuity, are supposed to be assumed by the viewers of the show, and he didn't want to spell everything out by writing a "case study" of her. In order to do something non-traditional, Levy chose to tell the story in a diary format, watching many episodes of the television series to get a hold on the natural cadence of her voice. He reveals he looked to Faith herself in order to overcome his fear of writing such a popular character, "She's not hesitant and in a lot of ways, I took a lot of inspiration from the character itself in terms of creative process — to really go for it and be strong in my choices".


title: Urdu poetry

text: Urdu poetry ( ) is a tradition of poetry and has many different forms. Today, it is an important part of the cultures of South Asia. According to Naseer Turabi there are five major poets of Urdu which are Mir Taqi Mir (d.1810), Mirza Ghalib, Mir Anees, Allama Iqbal and Josh Malihabadi (d.1982). The language of Urdu reached its pinnacle under the British Raj, and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships. Following the Partition of India in 1947, it found major poets and scholars were divided along the nationalistic lines. However, Urdu poetry is cherished in both the nations. Both the Muslims and Hindus from across the border continue the tradition.


title: Urdu poetry

text: It is fundamentally performative poetry and its recital, sometimes impromptu, is held in Mushairas (poetic expositions). Although its tarannum saaz (singing aspect) has undergone major changes in recent decades, its popularity among the masses remains unaltered. Mushairas are today held in metropolitan areas worldwide because of the cultural influence of South Asian diaspora. Ghazal singing and Qawwali are also important expository forms of Urdu poetry.


title: Urdu poetry

text: In the Urdu poetic tradition, most poets use a pen name called the "Takhallus" (تخلص). This can be either a part of a poet's given name or something else adopted as an identity. The traditional convention in identifying Urdu poets is to mention the takhallus at the end of the name.


title: Urdu poetry

text: The word "takhallus" is derived from Arabic, meaning "ending". This is because in the Ghazal form, the poet would usually incorporate his or her pen name into the final couplet (شعر) (maqta) of each poem.


title: Urdu poetry

text: In Pakistan and Deccan region of India, Urdu poetry is written in the standard Nasta'liq calligraphy style of the Perso-Arabic script. However, in north India, where Urdu poetry is very popular, the Perso-Arabic is often found transliterated into the Devanāgarī script, as an aid for those Hindī-speakers, who can comprehend Urdu, but cannot read the Perso-Arabic script. With the dawn of the internet and globalization, this poetry is often found written in Roman Urdu as well as in Hindi script.


title: Jerry Doyle

text: Jerry Doyle (July 16, 1956 – July 27, 2016) was an American talk radio host, right-libertarian political commentator, television actor and founder of the content platform EpicTimes. His nationally syndicated talk show, "The Jerry Doyle Show", aired throughout the United States on Talk Radio Network. As an actor, Doyle was best known as security chief Michael Garibaldi in the science fiction series "Babylon 5" (1994–1998).


title: Jerry Doyle

text: Doyle graduated from Pope John XXIII Regional High School in Sparta, New Jersey, in 1973, where he played varsity football and basketball. In 1978, Doyle earned a Bachelor of Science Degree in Aeronautics from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, while also receiving his flight training.


title: Jerry Doyle

text: Previously a corporate jet pilot and after a decade as a stockbroker on Wall Street, Doyle made an abrupt career change into acting in 1991, when he moved to Los Angeles. His first television role was on the series "Moonlighting" where he played a potential replacement for Bruce Willis' character. This was followed by a recurring role as a lawyer on the soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful". "Babylon 5" was his first significant starring role, starring as security officer Michael Garibaldi. Doyle quipped that on "Babylon 5" he was a "Mick from Brooklyn playing a Wop from Mars."


title: Jerry Doyle

text: From 1996 to 1997, Doyle was the voice of the titlular character in the animated cartoon "Captain Simian & the Space Monkeys".


title: Jerry Doyle

text: He began his own production company to move into production television and independent films, which he described as an "experiment". Other work included a series on the aircraft of the Second World War entitled "Keep 'em Flying", alongside producer John Copeland, with whom Doyle had previously worked on "Babylon 5". Doyle was a frequent guest on Newsmax Media TV, primarily on the program "Midpoint" with Ed Berliner. He had also been a featured guest on "Fox & Friends".


title: Jerry Doyle

text: Weekdays from 3 p.m.–6 p.m. PT (6 –9  ET), the "Jerry Doyle Show" aired on the Talk Radio Network, although the show aired at different times in different markets. It was the sixth most popular talk radio show in the country, with an average of 3.75 million listeners on a weekly basis by early 2012.


title: Jerry Doyle

text: Doyle was announced as the replacement program for "The Savage Nation" in Talk Radio Network's lineup in October 2012. "The Savage Nation", at the time the third most-listened-to radio talk show in the United States, abruptly ended its run September 26 when host Michael Savage won a lawsuit against TRN. Doyle replaced Savage on all of Savage's approximately 300 affiliates except for those who chose their own replacement programs. He launched the new media content platform EpicTimes in February 2013, which served as a "one stop shop" for both hard hitting news of the day as well as entertaining "water cooler" type pieces. It was subsequently banned within China.


title: Jerry Doyle

text: Doyle was married to his "Babylon 5" co-star Andrea Thompson from 1995 to 1997. They were married in Cabo San Lucas, in Baja California Sur, in a short ceremony. Doyle remarked that "If the ceremony takes longer than it takes for a margarita to separate, it's too long".


title: Jerry Doyle

text: Following his work on "Babylon 5", Doyle ran as the Republican Party candidate for California's 24th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000. Doyle won the primary without spending any money on the campaign. However, in the general election on November 7, 2000, he lost to the Democratic incumbent Brad Sherman, with Sherman earning 66% of the vote, compared to Doyle's 30%, the Libertarian candidate's 3%, and the Natural Law candidate's 1%. He received only 43,000 votes. In December 2011, Doyle endorsed Ron Paul for the Presidency of the United States.


title: Jerry Doyle

text: On July 27, 2016, eleven days after his 60th birthday, Doyle was found unresponsive in his Las Vegas home, and declared dead shortly thereafter. The Clark County Coroner's Office later stated that Doyle died from natural causes, with complications from chronic alcoholism being a contributing factor.


title: Jerry Doyle

text: His former co-stars offered their condolences, including Bruce Boxleitner, who wrote that he was "so devastated at the news of the untimely death of my good friend". "Babylon 5" creator J. Michael Straczynski released a statement:


title: Lori Gottlieb

text: Lori Gottlieb is an American writer and psychotherapist. She is the author of the New York Times bestseller, "Maybe You Should Talk to Someone", which is being adapted as a TV series. She also writes the weekly “Dear Therapist” advice column for "The Atlantic" and is the co-host of the iHeart Radio podcast "Dear Therapists." Her TED Talk was one of the top most-watched talks of 2019.


title: Lori Gottlieb

text: Gottlieb was born in Los Angeles in 1966. She obtained her undergraduate degree from Stanford University in 1989, where she was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma. She obtained a Masters of Clinical Psychology at Pepperdine University in 2010. She is a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist.


title: Lori Gottlieb

text: Gottlieb was a commentator for "National Public Radio" and a contributing editor for "The Atlantic". She has written for various publications and appeared on various TV shows.


title: Lori Gottlieb

text: Her memoir/self-help book "Maybe You Should Talk to Someone" is being developed and adapted for television by Eva Longoria for ABC Network.


title: Robert F. Chew

text: Robert Francell Chew (December 28, 1960 – January 17, 2013) was an American acting coach and actor. He was best known for portraying drug kingpin Proposition Joe on the HBO drama series "The Wire".


title: Robert F. Chew

text: Chew was born on December 28, 1960, in Baltimore. He graduated from Patterson Park High School and then studied music at Morgan State University.


title: Robert F. Chew

text: Chew starred in the HBO drama series "The Wire" as drug kingpin Proposition Joe on all five seasons of the show. The role had drawn acclaim for Chew both for his ability to handle the character's verbose dialogue and the sympathy he drew while playing a "bad guy." Chew recalled that when he auditioned, the other actors were all well groomed, well dressed and thinner than he was. He later learned that the real-life inspiration for the character was a charming and debonair drug dealer so he was surprised to have received the role. He was initially unsure as to how long the character would remain in the series and so he was pleased to be one of the few characters from the drug world who appeared in all five seasons.


title: Robert F. Chew

text: Chew also appeared on HBO's "The Corner" (created by David Simon, as was "The Wire") and NBC's "" (based on a book by Simon). He received all three roles through the Pat Moran casting agency. Simon has described Chew as a "smart, elegant actor" and stated that he has one of the most authentic Baltimore accents on the show.


title: Robert F. Chew

text: Chew also worked with children's theatre companies throughout his career including Playworks USA and later the Arena Players. Through his association with the Arena Players, Moran began to turn to Chew for help in casting local young actors for the show. He provided more than twenty actors and more than six have had recurring roles including Melvin Russell (who plays Jamal) and brother and sister Rashad Orange (who plays Sherrod) and Rakiya Orange who plays Charlene Young.


title: Robert F. Chew

text: Chew worked as an acting coach with several of the young actors joining the show in the fourth season and with non-professional actor Felicia "Snoop" Pearson. As acting coach Chew was responsible for preparing the core of four new young actors Tristan Wilds, Julito McCullum, Maestro Harrell and Jermaine Crawford for their major roles in the fourth season. Chew described his aim as helping the young actors find the roles within themselves and looking for what is real. Chew worked with Wilds to perfect the internalized build-up of emotion in his character, Michael Lee, and to convey the character through looks and physical acting rather than dialogue. Chew remarked that he was also impressed with Wilds' professionalism and commitment, McCullum's natural ability as Namond Brice, Harrell's charm as Randy Wagstaff and Crawford's honesty of performance as Duquan "Dukie" Weems. Chew found working with young people rewarding because it allowed him to see them develop and bring them to their full potential.


title: Robert F. Chew

text: Chew also appeared in HBO films' "Something the Lord Made". Chew appeared on "Homicide", in the three part episode ""Blood Ties"", playing Wilkie Collins, a drug kingpin who hates violence.


title: Robert F. Chew

text: Chew died from a heart attack at his Baltimore home on January 17, 2013, at the age of 52. News of his death first spread when co-star Michael K. Williams tweeted the single sentence of “R.I.P. to the talented Mr Robert Chew #propjoe".


title: Robert F. Chew

text: Upon learning of his death, another co-star of Chew's, Jamie Hector tweeted "I didn’t want to believe this #RIP Robert F Chew, Prop Joe will always be remembered Robert Chew will always be loved and missed!"


title: Robert F. Chew

text: David Simon remarked to the Baltimore Sun that "Robert F. Chew was not only an exceptional actor, he was an essential part of the film and theater community in Baltimore,” and added that he “could have gone to New York or Los Angeles and commanded a lot more work, but he loved the city as his home and chose to remain here working."


title: 1990s in film

text: The decade of the 1990s in film involved many significant developments in cinema. Continuing from the 1980s, low-budget independent films unceasingly rose and maintained their popularity in the industry within the decade.


title: Lee Jung-jin

text: Lee Jung-jin graduated from Konkuk University with a degree in horticulture before studying acting at Hanyang University.


title: Lee Jung-jin

text: Lee worked as a fashion model before being discovered by Jeong Young-beom, the CEO of talent agency Star J Entertainment. He made his acting debut in the 1998 sitcom "Soonpoong Clinic", and has since appeared in many television dramas, including "Two Outs in the Ninth Inning", "Love Story in Harvard", "", and "A Hundred Year Legacy".


title: Lee Jung-jin

text: He also starred in the films "Once Upon a Time in High School", "Mapado", "Troubleshooter", "Eun-ha", and most notably "Pietà", for which he received the prestigious Okgwan Order of Cultural Merit.


title: Lee Jung-jin

text: From 2009 to 2011, Lee was a cast member of the popular variety show segment "Qualifications of Men" on KBS2's "Happy Sunday".


title: Lee Jung-jin

text: In 2020, Lee Jung-jin played a character of Lee Lim, the illegitimate brother of King Lee Ho and half-uncle of Lee Gon (Lee Min-ho) in SBS TV multi-starrer "".


title: Lee Jung-jin

text: Lee began his mandatory military service on February 28, 2005, where he worked as a member of the public staff at the Gwangjin District office.


title: Lee Jung-jin

text: Lee is an ambassador for South Korean international humanitarian and development organization, Good Neighbors.


title: Lee Jung-jin

text: In January 2018, Lee's agency confirmed he had been dating former member of Nine Muses' since June 2017. The couple split in 2019.


title: Paper mill

text: A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibres such as wood pulp, old rags, and other ingredients. Prior to the invention and adoption of the Fourdrinier machine and other types of paper machine that use an endless belt, all paper in a paper mill was made by hand, one sheet at a time, by specialized laborers.


title: Paper mill

text: Historical investigations into the origin of the paper mill are complicated by differing definitions and loose terminology from modern authors: Many modern scholars use the term to refer indiscriminately to all kinds of mills, whether powered by humans, by animals or by water. Their propensity to refer to any ancient paper manufacturing center as a "mill", without further specifying its exact power source, has increased the difficulty of identifying the particularly efficient and historically important water-powered type.


title: Paper mill

text: The use of human and animal powered mills was known to Muslim and Chinese papermakers. However, evidence for water-powered paper mills is elusive among both prior to the 11th century. The general absence of the use of water-powered paper mills in Muslim papermaking prior to the 11th century is suggested by the habit of Muslim authors at the time to call a production center not a "mill", but a "paper manufactory".


title: Paper mill

text: Scholars have identified paper mills in Abbasid-era Baghdad in 794–795. The evidence that waterpower was applied to papermaking at this time is a matter of scholarly debate. In the Moroccan city of Fez, Ibn Battuta speaks of "400 mill stones for paper". Since Ibn Battuta does not mention the use of water-power and such a number of water-mills would be grotesquely high, the passage is generally taken to refer to human or animal force.


title: Paper mill

text: An exhaustive survey of milling in Al-Andalus did not uncover water-powered paper mills, nor do the Spanish books of property distribution ("Repartimientos") after the Christian reconquest refer to any. Arabic texts never use the term mill in connection with papermaking, and the most thorough account of Muslim papermaking at the time, the one by the Zirid Sultan Al-Muizz ibn Badis, describes the art purely in terms of a handcraft. Donald Hill has identified a possible reference to a water-powered paper mill in Samarkand, in the 11th-century work of the Persian scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni, but concludes that the passage is "too brief to enable us to say with certainty" that it refers to a water-powered paper mill. This is seen by Leor Halevi as evidence of Samarkand first harnessing waterpower in the production of paper, but notes that it is not known if waterpower was applied to papermaking elsewhere across the Islamic world at the time. Robert I. Burns remains sceptical, given the isolated occurrence of the reference and the prevalence of manual labour in Islamic papermaking elsewhere prior to the 13th century.


title: Paper mill

text: Hill notes that paper mills appear in early Christian Catalan documentation from the 1150s, which may imply Islamic origins, but that hard evidence is lacking. Burns, however, has dismissed the case for early Catalan water-powered paper mills, after re-examination of the evidence.


title: Paper mill

text: The identification of early hydraulic stamping mills in medieval documents from Fabriano, Italy, is also completely without substance.


title: Paper mill

text: Clear evidence of a water-powered paper mill dates to 1282 in the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon. A decree by the Christian king Peter III addresses the establishment of a royal "molendinum", a proper hydraulic mill, in the paper manufacturing center of Xàtiva. This early hydraulic paper mill was operated by Muslims in the Moorish quarter of Xàtiva, though it appears to have been resented by sections of the local Muslim papermakering community; the document guarantees them the right to continue the way of traditional papermaking by beating the pulp manually and grants them the right to be exempted from work in the new mill.


title: Paper mill

text: The first permanent paper mill north of the Alps was established in Nuremberg by Ulman Stromer in 1390; it is later depicted in the lavishly illustrated "Nuremberg Chronicle". From the mid-14th century onwards, European paper milling underwent a rapid improvement of many work processes.


title: Paper mill

text: The size of a paper mill prior to the use of industrial machines was described by counting the number of vats it had. Thus, a "one vat" paper mill had only one vatman, one coucher, and other laborers.


title: Paper mill

text: The first reference to a paper mill in England was in a book printed by Wynken de Worde c. 1495; the mill, near Hertford, belonged to John Tate.


title: Paper mill

text: An early attempt at a machine to mechanise the process was patented in 1799 by the Frenchman Nicholas Louis Robert; it was not deemed a success. In 1801, however, the drawings were brought to England by John Gamble and passed on to brothers Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, who financed the engineer Bryan Donkin to construct the machine. Their first successful machine was installed at Frogmore, Hertfordshire, in 1803.


title: Paper mill

text: In 1809 in the Apsley Mill, right next to Frogmore Mill, John Dickinson patented and installed another kind of paper machine. Rather than pouring a dilute pulp suspension onto an endlessly revolving flat wire, this machine used a cylinder covered in wire as the mould. A cylindrical mould is partially submerged in the vat, containing a pulp suspension, and then, as the mould rotates, the water is sucked through the wire, leaving a thin layer of fibres deposited on the cylinder. These cylinder-mould machines, as they are named, were strong competition for Fourdrinier machine makers. They were the type of machine first used by the North American paper industry. It is estimated that by 1850 UK paper production had reached 100,000 tons. Later developments increased the size and capacity of machines as well as seeking high volume alternative pulp sources from which paper could be reliably produced. Many of the earlier mills were small and had been located in rural areas. The movement was to larger mills in, or near, urban areas closer to their suppliers of the raw materials. They were often situated near a port where the raw material was brought in by ship and the paper markets. By the end of the century there were less than 300 UK paper mills, employing 35,000 people and producing 650,000 tons of paper per year.


title: Paper mill

text: By the early 20th century, paper mills sprang up around New England and the rest of the world, due to the high demand for paper. The United States, with its infrastructure and mill towns, was the largest producer in the world. Chief among these in paper production was Holyoke, Massachusetts, which was the largest producer of paper in the world by 1885, and home to engineers D. H. & A. B. Tower who oversaw the largest firm of paper millwrights in the US during that decade, designing mills on five continents. However, as 20th century progressed this diaspora moved further north and west in the United States, with access to greater pulp supplies and labor. At this time, there were many world leaders of the production of paper; one such was the Brown Company in Berlin, New Hampshire run by William Wentworth Brown. During the year 1907, the Brown Company cut between 30 and 40 million acres of woodlands on their property, which extended from La Tuque, Quebec, Canada to West Palm, Florida.


title: Paper mill

text: In the 1920s, Nancy Baker Tompkins represented large paper manufacturing companies, like Hammermill Paper Company, Honolulu Paper Company and Appleton Coated Paper Company to promote sales to the distributors of paper products. It was said to be the only business of its kind in the world, and was started in 1931 by Tompkins. It prospered in spite of the business depression.


title: Paper mill

text: "Log drives" were conducted on local rivers to send the logs to the mills. By the late 20th and early 21st-century, paper mills began to close, and the log drives became a dying craft. Due to the addition of new machinery, many millworkers were laid off and many of the historic paper mills closed.


title: Paper mill

text: Paper mills can be fully integrated mills or nonintegrated mills. Integrated mills consist of a pulp mill and a paper mill on the same site. Such mills receive logs or wood chips and produce paper.


title: Paper mill

text: The modern paper mill uses large amounts of energy, water, and wood pulp in an efficient and complex series of processes, and control technology to produce a sheet of paper that can be used in diverse ways. Modern paper machines can be in length, produce a sheet wide, and operate at speeds of more than . The two main suppliers of paper machines are Metso and Voith.


title: Berta Vázquez

text: Berta Vázquez (born Birtukan Tibebe; 28 March 1992) is a Ukrainian-born Spanish actress, model, and singer. Her career began in dance, and later transitioned to acting and music. Vázquez first appeared in "Palm Trees in the Snow" (2015). She played Estefania "Rizos" Kabila in "Vis a vis."


title: Berta Vázquez

text: Birtukan Tibebe was born in Kyiv, Ukraine in 1992 to an Ethiopian father and a Ukrainian mother. At the age of three, she was adopted by a family in Elche, Spain. She began her dance career training in the Paula Yeray school in Elche. She found the opportunities have come through acting, and to a lesser extent, music.


title: Berta Vázquez

text: At age 18, she moved from Elche to Madrid. In 2013, she sent a music video for the casting of "The Voice Spain", but was not selected.


title: Berta Vázquez

text: In 2014, she was cast in her first role in the film "Palmeras en la nieve" (2015), based on the novel by Luz Gabás. She played Bisila, who falls in love with Kilian, played by Mario Casas. Vázquez begin dating her co-star and lead actor Mario Casas in 2014 before film production of "Palmeras en la Nieve". In 2018 New Years Eve Casas wrote on his social media platforms that he and Vázquez had officially broken up. Also in 2015 Vázquez played her most important role as Estefanía Kabila "Rizos" in "Vis a vis", sentenced for 3 years. Through out her career, she has used various stage names, including Cleo Brian, Mila Russo and currently, Berta Vázquez.


title: Science and technology in India

text: After independence, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, initiated reforms to promote higher education and science and technology in India. The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)—conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs in order to promote technical education—was inaugurated on 18 August 1951 at Kharagpur in West Bengal by the minister of education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. More IITs were soon opened in Bombay, Madras, Kanpur and Delhi as well in the late 1950s and early 1960s along with the regional RECs (now National Institutes of Technology (NIT). Beginning in the 1960s, close ties with the Soviet Union enabled the Indian Space Research Organisation to rapidly develop the Indian space program and advance nuclear power in India even after the first nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran.


title: Science and technology in India

text: India accounts for about 10% of all expenditure on research and development in Asia and the number of scientific publications grew by 45% over the five years to 2007. However, according to former Indian science and technology minister Kapil Sibal, India is lagging in science and technology compared to developed countries. India has only 140 researchers per 1,000,000 population, compared to 4,651 in the United States. India invested US$3.7 billion in science and technology in 2002–2003. For comparison, China invested about four times more than India, while the United States invested approximately 75 times more than India on science and technology.


title: Science and technology in India

text: While India has increased its output of scientific papers fourfold between 2000 and 2015 overtaking Russia and France in absolute number of papers per year, that rate has been exceeded by China and Brazil; Indian papers generate fewer cites than average, and relative to its population it has few scientists.


title: Science and technology in India

text: India aimed "to convert India's economy into that of a modern state and to fit her into the nuclear age and do it quickly." It was understood that India had not been at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution, and hence made an effort to promote higher education, and science and technology in India.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Planning Commission (1950) fixed investment levels, prescribed priorities, divided funds between agriculture and industry, and divided resources between the state and the federal governments. The result of the efforts between 1947 and 1962 saw the area under irrigation increase by , food production rise by 34 million metric tons, installed power generating capacity increase by 79 million kilowatts, and an overall increase of 94 percent in industrial production. The enormous population rise, however, would balance the gains. The economically beleaguered country was nevertheless able to build a large scientific workforce, second in numbers only to that of the United States and the Soviet Union.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Education—provided by the government of India—was free and compulsory up to the Age of 14. More emphasis was paid to the enhancement of vocational and technical skills. J. P. Naik, member-secretary of the Indian Education Commission, commented on the educational policies of the time:


title: Science and technology in India

text: On 18 August 1951 the minister of education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, inaugurated the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur in West Bengal. Possibly modeled after the Massachusetts Institute of Technology these institutions were conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs under the chairmanship of N. R. Sarkar.


title: Science and technology in India

text: The Sino-Indian war (1962) came as a rude awakening to military preparedness. Military cooperation with the Soviet Union—partially aimed at developing advanced military technology—was pursued during subsequent years. The Defence Research and Development Organisation was formed in 1958.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became state responsibility only in 1930. In 1947 it was given the name "All India Radio" and since 1957 it has been called "Akashvani". Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965.


title: Science and technology in India

text: The Indian Government acquired the EVS EM computers from the Soviet Union, which were used in large companies and research laboratories.


title: Science and technology in India

text: The roots of nuclear power in India lie in the early acquisition of nuclear reactor technology from several western countries, particularly the American support for the Tarapur Atomic Power Station and Canada's CANDU reactors. The peaceful policies of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi may have delayed the inception of nuclear technology in India.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Stanley Wolpert (2008) describes the measures taken by the Indian government to increase agricultural output:


title: Science and technology in India

text: The Indian space program received only financial support from the Soviet Union, which helped the Indian Space Research Organisation achieve aims such as establishing the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, launching remote sensing satellites, developing India's first satellite—Aryabhatta, and sending astronauts into space. India sustained its nuclear program during the aftermath of Operation Smiling Buddha, the country's first nuclear tests.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Though the roots of the Steel Authority of India Ltd. lie in Hindustan Steel Private Limited (1954), the events leading up to the formation of the modern avatar are described below:


title: Science and technology in India

text: In 1981, the Indian Antarctic Programme was started when the first Indian expedition was flagged off for Antarctica from Goa. More missions were subsequently sent each year to India's base Dakshin Gangotri.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Indian agriculture benefited from the developments made in the field of biotechnology, for which a separate department was created in 1986 under the Ministry of Science and Technology. Both the Indian private sector and the government have invested in the medical and agricultural applications of biotechnology. Massive biotech parks were established in India while the government provided tax deduction for research and development under biotechnological firms.


title: Science and technology in India

text: The Indian economy underwent economic reforms in 1991, leading to a new era of globalisation and international economic integration. Economic growth of over 6% annually was seen between 1993 and 2002. Same year a new permanent Antarctic base Maitri was founded and remains in operation till date.


title: Science and technology in India

text: On 25 June 2002 India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. India holds Associate Member State status at CERN, while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Centre is due at Bangalore. Certain scientists and activists, such as MIT systems scientist VA Shiva Ayyadurai, blame caste for holding back innovation and scientific research in India, making it difficult to sustain progress while regressive social organisation prevails. In addition, corruption and inefficiencies in the research sector and have resulted in corruption scandals and undermine innovation initiatives.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Bangalore is considered to be the technological capital of India. IT, biotechnology, aerospace, nuclear science, manufacturing technology, automobile engineering, chemical engineering, ship building, space science, electronics, computer science and other medical science related research and development are occurring on a large scale in the country.


title: Science and technology in India

text: The fifth policy, the National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy, is in the draft and public consultation stage.


title: Science and technology in India

text: The Mars Orbiter Mission, also called "Mangalyaan", was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is India's first interplanetary mission, making ISRO the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. The first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit and the first nation to do so on its first attempt was India.


title: Science and technology in India

text: On 18 November 2008, the Moon Impact probe was released from Chandrayaan-1 at a height of . During its 25-minute descent, Chandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during this time. On 24 September 2009 "Science" journal reported that the Chandrayaan-1 had detected water ice on the Moon.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22 July 2019. It was a partial success: The team wanted to send an additional lander with rover Vikram with the original orbiter in it, to mark India's terrestrial presence on Moon, but the signal connection was lost about above the lunar surface. Over several months team tried to resume contact with lander, but ended up with no success. Later, by the late February 2020, it was claimed that an Indian software engineer from Chennai living in USA studied the NASA data of the proposed crashed site and found the Lander.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Chandrayaan-3 is a next planned mission of sending only the lander with rover inside on the Moon, with the Japan's JAXA. It was delayed due to COVID-19 pandemic


title: Science and technology in India

text: Gaganyaan is a future planned, "in-development-process" space module to send the Indian astronauts into space, who are being trained in Russia. The plan is to establish a new "space-station" other than the ISS. India has kept itself from being part of the program, to show its "self reliance". The program was, too, delayed due to the pandemic of COVID-19.


title: Science and technology in India

text: The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a planned, eighteen story, astronomical observatory and extremely large telescope to be built on the summit of Mauna Kea in the state of Hawaii. The TMT is designed for near-ultraviolet to mid-infrared (0.31 to 28 μm wavelengths) observations, featuring adaptive optics to assist in correcting image blur. The TMT will be at the highest altitude of all the proposed ELTs. The telescope has government-level support from several R&D spending nations: China, Japan, Canada and India.


title: Science and technology in India

text: The idea of science academies in India has evolved along with the Indian independence movement. The three major science academies Indian National Science Academy, Indian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences, India were all founded in the pre-independence era (pre-1947) between 1930 and 1935.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Also referred to colloquially as the "Bangalore Academy", Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS) was founded in 1934 by C. V. Raman, the eminent physicist of his time in Bangalore (now Bengaluru), Karnataka (formerly known as the State of Mysore), India.


title: Science and technology in India

text: The founder and first president of the National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) was Meghnad Saha in 1930 in Allahabad (Prayag), Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Science and technology in India

text: Founded in 1935 based on a proposal by the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) and National Institute of Science of India (NISI) with Meghnad Saha's blessings, Indian National Science Academy (INSA) is based in New Delhi, India. According to its charter, the historical aim of the INSA was to be similar to the Royal Society, London, a gathering of learned people to exchange ideas and further science.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: Jack William Hendry (born 7 May 1995) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Italian club Cremonese on loan from the Belgian First Division A side Club Brugge, and the Scotland national team. He has previously played for Partick Thistle, Wigan Athletic, Dundee, Celtic and KV Oostende. He has also had loan spells at Shrewsbury Town, Milton Keynes Dons and A-League club Melbourne City.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: Hendry was born in Glasgow. He had spells as a youth player with Celtic and Peterborough United. He joined Dundee United on trial in 2013 and subsequently signed a contract with them, but his time there was severely disrupted by a bout of glandular fever.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: Hendry joined Partick Thistle in August 2014. He featured in Thistle's development squad frequently, before making his first-team debut for the side on the final day of the 2014–15 season in a goalless draw against Motherwell at Fir Park on 23 May 2015.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: On 2 June 2015, Hendry signed a new one-year contract with the Jags, alongside David Wilson and goalkeepers Paul Gallacher and Tomáš Černý. After an outstanding pre season, Hendry came on as a substitute in the opening game of the season away to Hamilton after only 29 minutes following an earlier red card for Frédéric Frans, he went on to help keep a clean sheet alongside Liam Lindsay in defence as the match finished 0–0. Following the match it was reported that English Premier League club Everton had been watching Hendry.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: On 1 September 2015, Hendry signed for Wigan Athletic. He joined fellow League One side Shrewsbury Town on loan until the end of the season in March 2016.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: On 31 August 2016, Hendry joined League One side Milton Keynes Dons on loan until January 2017. On 4 October 2016, Hendry made his debut for Milton Keynes Dons, featuring in a 0–1 away EFL Trophy group stage win over Peterborough United.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: Hendry signed a two-year contract with Dundee in July 2017. He played regularly and became a key player for Dundee in the first part of the 2017–18 season. Dundee rejected offers from Celtic for Hendry during January 2018, before agreeing a club-record fee on 31 January.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: Celtic signed Hendry to a four-and-a-half-year contract on 31 January 2018. He made his debut for the club in a 1–0 defeat away to Kilmarnock on 3 February.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: On 22 January 2020, Hendry joined A-League club Melbourne City on loan for the rest of the season. During his second appearance for Melbourne, Hendry suffered a knee ligament injury that required surgery.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: Hendry was loaned to Belgian club KV Oostende in July 2020, and Celtic gave the Belgian club first option to buy him. In his Jupiler Pro League debut in September 2020 he scored a last-minute winner against KV Mechelen to clinch a 1–0 victory for his new club. Hendry would win the Jupiler Pro League Player of the Season at the end of the campaign. Hendry moved to Oostende on a permanent basis in June 2021.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: On 31 August 2021, just two-months after signing permanently for KV Oostende, Hendry joined Club Brugge on a four-year contract. He featured in Brugge's famous 1–1 Champions League draw against a star-studded PSG side (featuring Messi, Mbappé and Neymar playing together for the first time), and was named as Player of the Match by the BBC. Hendry would score his first goal for the side in a win over Royal Antwerp in a game which clinched Club Brugge the Jupiler Pro League title.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: On 1 September 2022, Hendry joined Cremonese in Italy on loan, with an option to buy. Hendry made his debut for Cremonese in a Serie A game against Atalanta.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: In March 2018, Hendry received his first call-up to the senior Scotland squad for the friendlies with Costa Rica and Hungary. He made his Scotland debut on 27 March, playing in a 1–0 win against Hungary. Hendry was recalled to the squad in March 2021, after performing well in the Belgian league for KV Oostende. He was then selected in the Scotland squad for the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 finals, and scored his first international goal in a pre-tournament friendly against the Netherlands.


title: Jack Hendry (footballer, born 1995)

text: Hendry scored a crucial equaliser against the Republic of Ireland in the UEFA Nations League on 23 September 2022. Scotland went on to win the game 2-1.


title: Son Hyun-joo

text: Son Hyun-joo (born June 24, 1965) is a South Korean actor. Since 1991, he has starred in numerous television series and films, such as "First Love" (1996), "To Be With You" (2002), "My Rosy Life" (2005), "Tazza" (2008), "My Too Perfect Sons" (2009), "Definitely Neighbors" (2010), "Secretly, Greatly" (2013), and "Empire of Gold" (2013).Criminal Minds (2017)


title: Son Hyun-joo

text: Most notable in his filmography are two low-profile projects in which he played the leading role, both of which became unexpected hits: critically acclaimed revenge drama "The Chaser" (2012), and mystery thriller film "Hide and Seek" (2013). In year 2017, Son won the Best Actor award at the 39th Moscow international film festival for his role in the movie "Ordinary Person".


title: Celebrity Ex on the Beach (British series 2)

text: The second Celebrity series of "Ex on the Beach" will begin airing on 15 February 2022. It is the twelfth series of the show overall. The series was confirmed in September 2021 when it was announced that filming had begun and would feature another full cast of celebrities rather than civilians. This series was filmed in Gran Canaria.


text: The list of celebrity cast members was released on 25 January 2022. They include five men; "RuPaul's Drag Race UK" queen A'Whora, "The Only Way Is Essex" cast member James "Lockie" Lock, star of "Too Hot To Handle" Kori Sampson, "Love Island UK" islander Mike Boateng, and "Geordie Shore"'s Nathan Henry, as well as four women; stars of "Love Island UK" Kaz Crossley and Megan Barton-Hanson, "Married at First Sight Australia" cast member KC Osborne, and "Paradise hotel Norway" islander Sofie Karlstad.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: Antonio Damasio () is a Portuguese-American neuroscientist. He is currently the David Dornsife Chair in Neuroscience, as well as Professor of Psychology, Philosophy, and Neurology, at the University of Southern California, and, additionally, an adjunct professor at the Salk Institute. He was previously the chair of neurology at the University of Iowa for 20 years. Damasio heads the Brain and Creativity Institute, and has authored several books: his next to latest work, "Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain" (2010), explores the relationship between the brain and consciousness. Damasio's research in neuroscience has shown that emotions play a central role in social cognition and decision-making.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: During the 1960s, Damasio studied medicine at the University of Lisbon Medical School, where he also did his neurological residency and completed his doctorate in 1974. For part of his studies, he researched behavioral neurology under the supervision of Norman Geschwind of the Aphasia Research Center in Boston.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: Damasio's main field is neurobiology, especially the neural systems which underlie emotion, decision-making, memory, language and consciousness. Damasio might believe that emotions play a critical role in high-level cognition—an idea counter to dominant 20th-century views in psychology, neuroscience and philosophy.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: Damasio formulated the somatic marker hypothesis, a theory about how emotions and their biological underpinnings are involved in decision-making (both positively and negatively, and often non-consciously). Emotions provide the scaffolding for the construction of social cognition and are required for the self processes which undergird consciousness. "Damasio provides a contemporary scientific validation of the linkage between feelings and the body by highlighting the connection between mind and nerve cells ... this personalized embodiment of mind."


title: Antonio Damasio

text: The somatic marker hypothesis has inspired many neuroscience experiments carried out in laboratories in the U.S. and Europe, and has had a major impact in contemporary science and philosophy. Damasio has been named by the Institute for Scientific Information as one of the most highly cited researchers in the past decade. Current work on the biology of moral decisions, neuro-economics, social communication, and drug-addiction, has been strongly influenced by Damasio's hypothesis. An article published in the Archives of Scientific Psychology in 2014 named Damasio one of the 100 most eminent psychologist of the modern era. (Diener et al. "Archives of Scientific Psychology", 2014, 2, 20–32). The June–July issue of "Sciences Humaines" included Damasio in its list of 50 key thinkers in the human sciences of the past two centuries.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: Damasio also proposed that emotions are part of homeostatic regulation and are rooted in reward/punishment mechanisms. He recovered William James' perspective on feelings as a read-out of body states, but expanded it with an "as-if-body-loop" device which allows for the substrate of feelings to be simulated rather than actual (foreshadowing the simulation process later uncovered by mirror neurons). He demonstrated experimentally that the insular cortex is a critical platform for feelings, a finding that has been widely replicated, and he uncovered cortical and subcortical induction sites for human emotions, e.g. in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. He also demonstrated that while the insular cortex plays a major role in feelings, it is not necessary for feelings to occur, suggesting that brain stem structures play a basic role in the feeling process.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: He has continued to investigate the neural basis of feelings and demonstrated that although the insular cortex is a major substrate for this process it is not exclusive, suggesting that brain stem nuclei are critical platforms as well. He regards feelings as the necessary foundation of sentience.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: In another development, Damasio proposed that the cortical architecture on which learning and recall depend involves multiple, hierarchically organized loops of axonal projections that converge on certain nodes out of which projections diverge to the points of origin of convergence (the convergence-divergence zones). This architecture is applicable to the understanding of memory processes and of aspects of consciousness related to the access of mental contents.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: In "The Feeling of What Happens", Damasio laid the foundations of the "enchainment of precedences": "the nonconscious neural signaling of an individual organism begets the protoself which permits core self and core consciousness, which allow for an autobiographical self, which permits extended consciousness. At the end of the chain, extended consciousness permits conscience.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: Damasio's research depended significantly on establishing the modern human lesion method, an enterprise made possible by Hanna Damasio's structural neuroimaging/neuroanatomy work complemented by experimental neuroanatomy (with Gary Van Hoesen and Josef Parvizi), experimental neuropsychology (with Antoine Bechara, Ralph Adolphs, and Dan Tranel) and functional neuroimaging (with Kaspar Meyer, Jonas Kaplan, and Mary Helen Immordino-Yang). The experimental neuroanatomy work with Van Hoesen and Bradley Hyman led to the discovery of the disconnection of the hippocampus caused by neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: As a clinician, he and his collaborators have studied and treated disorders of behaviour and cognition, and movement disorders.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: Damasio's books deal with the relationship between emotions and their brain substrates. His 1994 book, "Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain", won the Science et Vie prize, was a finalist for the "Los Angeles Times" Book Award, and is translated in over 30 languages. It is regarded as one of the most influential books of the past two decades. His second book, "The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness", was named as one of the ten best books of 2001 by the "New York Times Book Review", a "Publishers Weekly" Best Book of the Year, a "Library Journal" Best Book of the Year, and has over 30 foreign editions. On the basis of a single-case experiment, Damasio suggested emotions belong to the automatic vital processes of the body and thus can be recognized by a person without any form of memory.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: In 2003, this work was followed by the publication of "Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain". In it, Damasio suggested that the philosopher Baruch Spinoza's thinking foreshadowed discoveries in biology and neuroscience views on the mind-body problem and that Spinoza was a protobiologist. Damasio's next to latest book is "Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain". In it Damasio suggests that the self is the key to conscious minds and that feelings, from the kind he designates as primordial to the well-known feelings of emotion, are the basic elements in the construction of the protoself and core self. The book received the Corinne International Book Prize.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: Damasio is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. He is the recipient of several prizes, amongst them the Grawemeyer Award, the Honda Prize, the Prince of Asturias Award in Science and Technology and the Beaumont Medal from the American Medical Association, as well as honorary degrees from, most recently, the Sorbonne (Université Paris Descartes), shared with his wife Hanna Damasio. He has also received doctorates from the Universities of Aachen, Copenhagen, Leiden, Barcelona, Coimbra, Leuven and numerous others.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: He says he writes in the belief that "scientific knowledge can be a pillar to help humans endure and prevail."


title: Antonio Damasio

text: He is married to Hanna Damasio, a prominent neuroscientist and frequent collaborator and co-author, who is a professor of neuroscience at the University of Southern California and the director of the Dornsife Neuroimaging Center.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: In 2017 he was designated member of the Council of State of Portugal, replacing Antonio Guterres, the 9th Secretary-General of the United Nations.


title: Antonio Damasio

text: Damasio additionally serves on the board of directors of the Berggruen Institute, and sits on the jury for the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy.


title: Backlash (2006)

text: The 2006 Backlash was the eighth Backlash professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw brand division. The event took place on April 30, 2006, at the Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky. It was the last Backlash event to be Raw-exclusive as following WrestleMania 23 the following year, brand-exclusive PPVs were discontinued. The concept of the pay-per-view was based around the backlash from WrestleMania 22.


title: Backlash (2006)

text: Seven professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event's card, which saw three main matches. The first of these main events was a Triple Threat match for the WWE Championship, which saw John Cena defeat challengers Triple H and Edge to retain his title. The second main event was Shawn Michaels and "God" versus Vince and Shane McMahon in a No Holds Barred match, which was won by the McMahons. The third main event was a "Title vs. Briefcase match" that pitted Mr. Money in the Bank Rob Van Dam against Intercontinental Champion Shelton Benjamin, with both men defending their respective titles. Van Dam defeated Benjamin, thus retaining his Money in the Bank briefcase and winning the Intercontinental Championship.


title: Backlash (2006)

text: The event received 273,000 pay-per-view buys, which was more than the previous year's event received. This contributed to WWE's pay-per-view revenue increasing by $4.3 million from the previous year. When the event was released on DVD, it peaked at second on "Billboard"'s DVD sales chart for recreational sports.


title: Backlash (2006)

text: Backlash is a pay-per-view (PPV) event that was established by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 1999. The concept of the pay-per-view was based around the backlash from WWE's flagship event, WrestleMania. The 2006 event was the eighth event in the Backlash chronology and featured the backlash from WrestleMania 22. It was scheduled to take place on April 30, 2006, at the Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky, thus returning Backlash to the April slot after the 2005 event was held in May. The 2006 event exclusively featured wrestlers from the Raw brand division.


title: Backlash (2006)

text: Backlash featured matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing feuds, plots, and storylines. of events that built tension, and culminated into a wrestling match or series of matches. All wrestlers were from WWE’s Raw brand.