title: 2022 Boston Red Sox season

text: The Blue Jays won the second game of the series, 10–0. Starter Brayan Bello took the loss, having allowed four runs on 10 hits in four innings, and fell to 2–8 on the season. The Red Sox were limited to five hits, two by Rafael Devers. Toronto completed the sweep with a 6–3 win in the Red Sox' final road game of the season. Starter Michael Wacha suffered only his second loss of the season (against 11 wins) after allowing five runs on six hits in four innings. Bobby Dalbec homered and had all three RBIs for Boston.


title: 2022 Boston Red Sox season

text: The Red Sox opened their final series of the year with a 4–3 home win over the Rays. Starter Rich Hill had a no decision after allowing one run on three hits in six innings. John Schreiber earned the win in relief, Matt Barnes earned his seventh save of the season, and Rafael Devers had three hits. The middle game of the series was a rain-shortened five-inning win by Boston, 6–0. Starter Nathan Eovaldi pitched all five innings, allowing just two hits, and got the win. Xander Bogaerts had a grand slam. Boston completed their season with a 6–3 win, sweeping the Rays. Starter Nick Pivetta had a no decision after pitching four innings and allowing two runs on four hits. Eduard Bazardo, the first of five relievers, got the win, while Barnes earned a save. J. D. Martinez had four RBIs via two home runs. The sweep of the Rays left the Red Sox with a 78–84 record for the season.


title: 2022 Boston Red Sox season

text: On March 10, 2022, it was announced that Opening Day would be April 7, with early-season games originally canceled by the lockout being made up during the season; the end of the regular season was moved from October 2 to October 5. On April 6, it was announced that Boston's first game, scheduled for Yankee Stadium, had been postponed to April 8 due to forecasted inclement weather in New York City.


title: 2022 Boston Red Sox season

text: Boston had the 24th overall selection in the 2022 MLB draft, held July 17–19. The draft consisted of a total of 616 selections over 20 rounds. Boston's first 10 selections are listed below. The team selected a total of 13 pitchers in the draft. The team signed each of their top ten selections before the August 1 deadline.


title: 2022 Boston Red Sox season

text: Rafael Devers was named a finalist for the Hank Aaron Award; the winner, Aaron Judge of the Yankees, was selected through a combination of fan balloting and voting by a panel of Hall of Fame inductees. Devers was also a Silver Slugger Award finalist.


title: 2022 Boston Red Sox season

text: Xander Bogaerts and Jackie Bradley Jr. (who finished the season with Toronto) were Gold Glove Award nominees.


title: 2022 Boston Red Sox season

text: Minor-league managerial staffs were announced in early February 2022. In March, Major League Baseball announced that Minor League Baseball would resume its use of historical league names, which were in use prior to the reorganization of the minor leagues for the 2021 season. Thus, regional league names used during 2021 (such as High-A East) were discontinued after only a single season. Additionally, the classification level known as Low-A during 2021 was reset to Single-A.


title: 2022 Boston Red Sox season

text: In May 2022, the Red Sox had five players included on the list of baseball's top 100 prospects by "Baseball America": Marcelo Mayer (14th), Triston Casas (18th), Nick Yorke (33rd), Jarren Duran (84th), and Brayan Bello (97th).


title: South Aegean

text: The South Aegean (, ) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It consists of the Cyclades and Dodecanese island groups in the central and southeastern Aegean Sea.


title: South Aegean

text: The South Aegean region was established in the 1987 administrative reform. With the 2010 Kallikratis plan, its powers and authority were redefined and extended. Along with the North Aegean region, it is supervised by the Decentralized Administration of the Aegean based at Piraeus. The capital of the region is situated in Ermoupoli on the island of Syros. The administrative region includes 50 inhabited islands, including the popular tourism destinations of Mykonos, Santorini and Rhodes.


title: South Aegean

text: Until the Kallikratis reform, the region consisted of the two prefectures of the Cyclades (capital: Ermoupoli) and the Dodecanese (capital: Rhodes). Since 1 January 2011 it is divided into 13 regional units, formed around major islands:


title: South Aegean

text: The region was the only one in Greece to grow in population between 2011 and 2021, adding a total of 15,527 people (increase of 5%). It overtook Epirus and is presently 9th largest region by population in Greece.


title: South Aegean

text: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 6.4 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.5% of Greek economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 22,400 € or 74% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 79% of the EU average. South Aegean is the region in Greece with the second highest GDP per capita.


title: Will Lee

text: William Lee (born William Lubovsky; August 6, 1908 – December 7, 1982) was an American actor who appeared in numerous television and film roles, but was best known for playing Mr. Hooper, the original store proprietor of the eponymous Hooper's Store. He was one of the four original human characters on "Sesame Street", from the show's debut in November 1969 until his death on December 7, 1982 at the age of 74.


title: Will Lee

text: Lee was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York. His father, a bookbinder, lost his job due to economic changes. Will Lee came to adulthood during the Great Depression. He worked odd jobs in New York City and absorbed the intellectual atmosphere of Greenwich Village, an enclave of avant-garde culture where small presses, art galleries, and experimental theater throve. He began his career as a character actor on stage. He was a member of the Group Theater in the 1930s and appeared in "Johnny Johnson", "Night Music", "Boy Meets Girl", "The Time of Your Life" (as Willie the pinball machine addict) and other Broadway plays. He succeeded John Garfield as the lead in "Golden Boy". He also was involved in the" Workers Lab Theatre", by presenting plays that supported the labor movement and social justice.


title: Will Lee

text: Lee was co-founder of the Theater of Action and a member of the Federal Theatre Project. During World War II, he served in Army Special Services in Australia and Manila and was cited twice for directing and staging shows for troops overseas, as well as teaching acting classes. After the war, he appeared Off Broadway in Norman Mailer's "The Deer Park" (as movie mogul Teppis) and on Broadway in "The Shrike," "Once Upon a Mattress", "Carnival!", "Incident At Vichy" and "The World of Sholom Aleichem".


title: Will Lee

text: Lee also began appearing in movies, including bit parts in "Casbah", "A Song Is Born", "Little Fugitive", and "Saboteur". He was blacklisted as an alleged communist and barred from movies and on TV for five years during the era of McCarthyism, according to members of his family. He had been active in the Actor's Workshop and had been an unfriendly witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee hearings in 1950 investigating Communist elements in show business. At the end of that period, in 1956, he landed the role of Grandpa Hughes in "As the World Turns"; however, the role was later recast with Santos Ortega.


title: Will Lee

text: He taught at the American Theatre Wing for nine years (including among his students James Earl Jones), as well as at the New School for Social Research, Boston University, and the Uta Hagen-Herbert Berghof Studio. In addition, he conducted his own acting classes. Outside of "Sesame Street", later roles included TV movies and a supporting role as the judge in the 1983 movie "Daniel". Lee also worked in commercials, including a spot for Atari, as a grandfather learning to play Pac-Man from his granddaughter and spots for Ocean Spray juice.


title: Will Lee

text: In 1969, he pursued the role of Mr. Hooper on the popular children's show "Sesame Street". "He gave millions of children the message that the old and the young have a lot to say to each other," said Joan Ganz Cooney, president of the Children's Television Workshop (later known as Sesame Workshop). The New York Times reported that on "Sesame Street", Lee's Mr. Hooper ranked ahead of all live cast members in recognition by young audiences, according to a survey. His bowtie and hornrimmed reading glasses became his trademark.


title: Will Lee

text: In a November 1970 "TIME" article, following the show's first season, Lee recalled his feelings about the show:


title: Will Lee

text: In addition to being a staple of "Sesame Street" for more than 10 years, Lee played Mr. Hooper in TV specials ("Christmas Eve on Sesame Street" and "A Special Sesame Street Christmas"), guest appearances (), stage appearances, countless record albums, and parades, including the 1982 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade on November 25, 1982. It was revealed in "Christmas Eve on Sesame Street" that Mr. Hooper is Jewish, as was Lee himself. Lee taped his final segments as Mr. Hooper on Wednesday November 24, 1982, two weeks prior to his death. This would become the focal point of Episode 1839, which aired a year later to the date, in which Mr. Hooper's death is explained to Big Bird, who had a particularly close relationship with Mr. Hooper, by the adults.


title: Will Lee

text: According to his obituary in "The New York Times", as he became known on "Sesame Street", children would approach him on the street and ask, "How did you get out of the television set?" or whisper, "I love you." "Apart from the joy of knowing that you are helping so many kids, the recognition is heartwarming," Lee was quoted as saying in 1981.


title: Will Lee

text: Following Lee's death, the producers of "Sesame Street" were uncertain how to acknowledge the death of one of the series' most visible actors. After considering a number of options (replacing or filling in for Mr. Hooper's original voice actor with a new one —so Mr. Hooper could still be in the show— or explaining that he could move interstate, quit, or having him retire), Sesame Workshop decided to have the character of Mr. Hooper die as well. Then they created an episode that dealt with the difficult topic of death.


title: Will Lee

text: Episode 1839, now known as "Farewell, Mr. Hooper," aired on November 24, 1983 (Thanksgiving Day) and was quickly selected by the Daytime Emmys as being one of the 10 most influential moments in daytime television. Before the broadcast ended, a picture of Lee was shown, along with the dates of his birth and death and the writing "In Loving Memory of Will Lee" before fading out.


title: Will Lee

text: The cast of Sesame Street were saddened by Lee's death, as over the time Lee had played his signature character on TV, he had befriended most of the cast. The cast said that their characters' sad faces were real but they went through with their performance, remembering they were doing it for a good outcome. Caroll Spinney (Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch) said that the last time he saw Lee alive was during the taping of the last episode involving Mr. Hooper in November 1982. Lee felt ill that day and barely spoke to the cast. Spinney (who was wearing Big Bird's feet at the time) placed his arm around Lee's shoulder and said "I love you, Mr. Hooper." Lee replied, "And I love you, Caroll." Lee died a few days later.


title: Will Lee

text: In an interview a few years later, Loretta Long, who played Susan, said of the episode's legacy: "People come up to us and say 'Thank you. Now we can explain what happened to Grandma, what happened to Grandpa.'"


title: Will Lee

text: Lee died on December 7, 1982, at the age of 74, from a heart attack at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. Lee was never married and had no children. According to his obituary, he was survived by his sister Sophie Lee Lubov, who lived in Florida. The "Sesame Street" episode "Farewell, Mr. Hooper", episode 1839, was released 11 months later and is dedicated to Lee.


title: Total Bellas

text: Total Bellas is an American reality television series that aired from October 5, 2016, to January 28, 2021 on E!. A spin-off of "Total Divas", the series gave viewers a further look into the lives of twin sisters and professional wrestlers Brie and Nikki Bella, along with their immediate family and partners.


title: Total Bellas

text: On April 20, 2016, it was announced that former WWE wrestlers Brie and Nikki Bella—collectively known as the Bella Twins—would be getting a spin-off show entitled "Total Bellas". The first season premiered on October 5, 2016. The show revolves around the lives of the twins and their family. Filming for the first season was set in Tampa, Florida as Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan moved in with Nikki Bella and John Cena to help Nikki after her neck surgery. Brie and Nikki's brother JJ and his wife Lauren had a recurring role along with their mother Kathy Colace and her now husband John Laurinaitis.


title: Total Bellas

text: On November 16, 2016, it was announced that E! renewed the show for a second season. The second season premiered on September 6, 2017. The second season was filmed in Phoenix, Arizona as Nikki Bella and John Cena move in with Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan to help Brie through her first pregnancy. In addition to Brie's growing baby bump, the second season documented Daniel's travels under his new role as General Manager of WWE's "SmackDown Live".


title: Total Bellas

text: On January 30, 2018, it was announced that a third season would be premiering in spring of 2018. On April 5, 2018, the premiere date for the third season was announced, airing on May 20, 2018.


title: Total Bellas

text: On August 7, 2018, E! and WWE announced that "Total Bellas" had been renewed for a fourth season. On November 28, 2018, it was announced that the fourth season would premiere on January 13, 2019.


title: Total Bellas

text: On June 19, 2019, while appearing on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", Brie and Nikki announced that the series would return for a fifth season which premiered on April 2, 2020.


title: Total Bellas

text: In June 2021, Essentially Sports reported that E! had canceled "Total Bellas" and its sister show "Total Divas", citing low ratings and a lack of interest from those involved.


title: Total Bellas

text: The show is broadcast in The United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, France and South Africa on the local E! network.


title: Obadiah

text: Obadiah (;  – "ʿŌḇaḏyā" or  – "ʿŌḇaḏyāhū"; "servant of Yah", or "Slave of Yah [YHVH]") is a biblical prophet. The authorship of the Book of Obadiah is traditionally attributed to the prophet Obadiah.


title: Obadiah

text: According to the Talmud, Obadiah is said to have been a convert to Judaism from Edom, a descendant of Eliphaz, the friend of Job. He is identified with the Obadiah who was the servant of Ahab, and was chosen to prophesy against Edom because he was himself an Edomite.


title: Obadiah

text: Obadiah is supposed to have received the gift of prophecy for having hidden the "hundred prophets" from the persecution of Jezebel. He hid the prophets in two caves, so that if those in one cave should be discovered those in the other might yet escape.


title: Obadiah

text: Obadiah was very rich, but all his wealth was expended in feeding the poor prophets, until, in order to be able to continue to support them, finally he had to borrow money at interest from Ahab's son Jehoram. Obadiah's fear of God was one degree higher than that of Abraham; and if the house of Ahab had been capable of being blessed, it would have been blessed for Obadiah's sake.


title: Obadiah

text: In some Christian traditions he is said to have been born in "Sychem" (Shechem), and to have been the third captain sent out by Ahaziah against Elijah. The date of his ministry is unclear due to certain historical ambiguities in the book bearing his name, but is believed to be around 586 B.C.


title: Obadiah

text: He is regarded as a saint by several Eastern churches. His feast day is celebrated on the 15th day of the Coptic Month Tobi (January 23/24) in the Coptic Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite celebrate his memory on November 19. (For those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, November 19 currently falls on December 2 of the modern Gregorian Calendar.)


title: Obadiah

text: He is celebrated on February 28 in the Syriac and Malankara Churches, and with the other Minor prophets in the Calendar of saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 31.


title: Obadiah

text: According to an old tradition, Obadiah is buried in Sebastia, at the same site as Elisha and where later the body of John the Baptist was believed to have been buried by his followers.


title: Kali Rocha

text: Kali Michele Rocha (born December 5, 1971) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Karen Rooney, the mother of four Rooney children and school's vice principal, in the Disney Channel sitcom "Liv and Maddie". She has also co-written four episodes of the show.


title: Kali Rocha

text: Rocha was born in Memphis, Tennessee and grew up in Rhode Island, graduating from Carnegie Mellon School of Drama in 1993.


title: Kali Rocha

text: Rocha's career began on stage in the August 1993 revival of the Jane Bowles play "In the Summer House" at the Vivian Beaumont Theater. Since then she has been in multiple Broadway and Off-Broadway productions including "Noises Off" and Nicky Silver's comedy "The Altruists" where she created the role of Cybil.


title: Kali Rocha

text: Her on-screen debut was in the 1996 cinematic adaptation of Arthur Miller's "The Crucible", as Mercy Lewis. She stood out when she played the Atlantic American flight attendant who argued with Ben Stiller's character at the airport in the 2000 comedy "Meet the Parents", a role she reprised in the sequel "Meet the Fockers". She also had a recurring role on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" as Anya's vengeance demon friend, Halfrek, and as William the Bloody's love interest, Cecily. Rocha played Stonewall Jackson's wife, Anna in Ron Maxwell's "Gods and Generals", an epic drama about the first two years of the American Civil War. Other films include "The Object of My Affection", "Autumn in New York", "White Oleander", "When Billie Beat Bobby", and "Ready? OK!".


title: Kali Rocha

text: She has appeared on the "Will & Grace" episode "Strangers With Candice", as a straight woman who flirts with Will. In spring 2006, Rocha began acting in the short-lived NBC sitcom "Teachers". She guest-starred in an episode of "" as Cindy Marino, an aggressive TV reporter. Also, she appeared on an episode of "Bones" as a victim's mother. Rocha has also played the character of a fourth-year resident surgeon, Dr. Sydney Heron, at Seattle Grace Hospital in the ABC TV series "Grey's Anatomy".


title: Kali Rocha

text: In 2009, Rocha appeared with fellow "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" alum Emma Caulfield in the film "TiMER". Rocha starred in the first and only season of "Sherri" starring Sherri Shepherd from "The View" which was loosely based on Shepherd's life. She played Summer, Sherri's boss and eventual friend. It aired on the Lifetime Network.


title: Kali Rocha

text: In 2016, Rocha was cast as Marcy Burns, a recurring character on the CBS sitcom "Man with a Plan." In 2018, she was upgraded to a series regular for the third season.


title: Kali Rocha

text: In January 2008, Rocha announced that she was pregnant. She gave birth to her son Barlow Aix Krikorian on August 4, 2008, and her daughter Savria Dune Krikorian on January 25, 2011.


title: World line

text: The world line (or worldline) of an object is the path that an object traces in 4-dimensional spacetime. It is an important concept in modern physics, and particularly theoretical physics.


title: World line

text: The concept of a "world line" is distinguished from concepts such as an "orbit" or a "trajectory" (e.g., a planet's "orbit in space" or the "trajectory" of a car on a road) by the "time" dimension, and typically encompasses a large area of spacetime wherein perceptually straight paths are recalculated to show their (relatively) more absolute position states—to reveal the nature of special relativity or gravitational interactions.


title: World line

text: The idea of world lines originates in physics and was pioneered by Hermann Minkowski. The term is now most often used in relativity theories (i.e., special relativity and general relativity).


title: World line

text: In physics, a world line of an object (approximated as a point in space, e.g., a particle or observer) is the sequence of spacetime events corresponding to the history of the object. A world line is a special type of curve in spacetime. Below an equivalent definition will be explained: A world line is a time-like curve in spacetime. Each point of a world line is an event that can be labeled with the time and the spatial position of the object at that time.


title: World line

text: For example, the "orbit" of the Earth in space is approximately a circle, a three-dimensional (closed) curve in space: the Earth returns every year to the same point in space relative to the sun. However, it arrives there at a different (later) time. The "world line" of the Earth is helical in spacetime (a curve in a four-dimensional space) and does not return to the same point.


title: World line

text: Spacetime is the collection of events, together with a continuous and smooth coordinate system identifying the events. Each event can be labeled by four numbers: a time coordinate and three space coordinates; thus spacetime is a four-dimensional space. The mathematical term for spacetime is a four-dimensional manifold. The concept may be applied as well to a higher-dimensional space. For easy visualizations of four dimensions, two space coordinates are often suppressed. The event is then represented by a point in a Minkowski diagram, which is a plane usually plotted with the time coordinate, say formula_1, upwards and the space coordinate, say formula_2 horizontally.


title: World line

text: A world line traces out the path of a single point in spacetime. A world sheet is the analogous two-dimensional surface traced out by a one-dimensional line (like a string) traveling through spacetime. The world sheet of an open string (with loose ends) is a strip; that of a closed string (a loop) resembles a tube.


title: World line

text: Once the object is not approximated as a mere point but has extended volume, it traces out not a "world line" but rather a world tube.


title: World line

text: A one-dimensional "line" or "curve" can be represented by the coordinates as a function of one parameter. Each value of the parameter corresponds to a point in spacetime and varying the parameter traces out a line. So in mathematical terms a curve is defined by four coordinate functions formula_3 (where formula_4 usually denotes the time coordinate) depending on one parameter formula_5. A coordinate grid in spacetime is the set of curves one obtains if three out of four coordinate functions are set to a constant.


title: World line

text: Sometimes, the term world line is loosely used for "any" curve in spacetime. This terminology causes confusions. More properly, a world line is a curve in spacetime that traces out the "(time) history" of a particle, observer or small object. One usually takes the proper time of an object or an observer as the curve parameter formula_5 along the world line.


title: World line

text: A curve that consists of a horizontal line segment (a line at constant coordinate time), may represent a rod in spacetime and would not be a world line in the proper sense. The parameter traces the length of the rod.


title: World line

text: A line at constant space coordinate (a vertical line in the convention adopted above) may represent a particle at rest (or a stationary observer). A tilted line represents a particle with a constant coordinate speed (constant change in space coordinate with increasing time coordinate). The more the line is tilted from the vertical, the larger the speed.


title: World line

text: Two world lines that start out separately and then intersect, signify a "collision" or "encounter". Two world lines starting at the same event in spacetime, each following its own path afterwards, may represent the decay of a particle into two others or the emission of one particle by another.


title: World line

text: World lines of a particle and an observer may be interconnected with the world line of a photon (the path of light) and form a diagram depicting the emission of a photon by a particle that is subsequently observed by the observer (or absorbed by another particle).


title: World line

text: defining a world line, are real functions of a real variable formula_5 and can simply be differentiated in the usual calculus. Without the existence of a metric (this is important to realize) one can speak of the difference between a point formula_9 on the curve at the parameter value formula_10 and a point on the curve a little (parameter formula_11) farther away. In the limit formula_12, this difference divided by formula_13 defines a vector, the tangent vector of the world line at the point formula_9. It is a four-dimensional vector, defined in the point formula_9. It is associated with the normal 3-dimensional velocity of the object (but it is not the same) and therefore called four-velocity formula_16, or in components:


title: World line

text: All curves through point p have a tangent vector, not only world lines. The sum of two vectors is again a tangent vector to some other curve and the same holds for multiplying by a scalar. Therefore, all tangent vectors in a point p span a linear space, called the tangent space at point p. For example, taking a 2-dimensional space, like the (curved) surface of the Earth, its tangent space at a specific point would be the flat approximation of the curved space.


title: World line

text: So far a world line (and the concept of tangent vectors) has been described without a means of quantifying the interval between events. The basic mathematics is as follows: The theory of special relativity puts some constraints on possible world lines. In special relativity the description of spacetime is limited to "special" coordinate systems that do not accelerate (and so do not rotate either), called inertial coordinate systems. In such coordinate systems, the speed of light is a constant. The structure of spacetime is determined by a bilinear form η, which gives a real number for each pair of events. The bilinear form is sometimes called a "spacetime metric", but since distinct events sometimes result in a zero value, unlike metrics in metric spaces of mathematics, the bilinear form is "not" a mathematical metric on spacetime.


title: World line

text: World lines of freely falling particles/objects are called geodesics. In special relativity these are straight lines in Minkowski space.


title: World line

text: Often the time units are chosen such that the speed of light is represented by lines at a fixed angle, usually at 45 degrees, forming a cone with the vertical (time) axis. In general, useful curves in spacetime can be of three types (the other types would be partly one, partly another type):


title: World line

text: Since a world line formula_20 determines a velocity 4-vector formula_21 that is time-like, the Minkowski form formula_22 determines a linear function formula_23 by formula_24 Let "N" be the null space of this linear functional. Then "N" is called the simultaneous hyperplane with respect to "v". The relativity of simultaneity is a statement that "N" depends on "v". Indeed, "N" is the orthogonal complement of "v" with respect to η.


title: World line

text: When two world lines "u" and "w" are related by formula_25 then they share the same simultaneous hyperplane. This hyperplane exists mathematically, but physical relations in relativity involve the movement of information by light. For instance, the traditional electro-static force described by Coulomb's law may be pictured in a simultaneous hyperplane, but relativistic relations of charge and force involve retarded potentials.


title: World line

text: The use of world lines in general relativity is basically the same as in special relativity, with the difference that spacetime can be curved. A metric exists and its dynamics are determined by the Einstein field equations and are dependent on the mass-energy distribution in spacetime. Again the metric defines lightlike (null), spacelike and timelike curves. Also, in general relativity, world lines are timelike curves in spacetime, where timelike curves fall within the lightcone. However, a lightcone is not necessarily inclined at 45 degrees to the time axis. However, this is an artifact of the chosen coordinate system, and reflects the coordinate freedom (diffeomorphism invariance) of general relativity. Any timelike curve admits a comoving observer whose "time axis" corresponds to that curve, and, since no observer is privileged, we can always find a local coordinate system in which lightcones are inclined at 45 degrees to the time axis. See also for example Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates.


title: World line

text: World lines of free-falling particles or objects (such as planets around the Sun or an astronaut in space) are called geodesics.


title: World line

text: Quantum field theory, the framework in which all of modern particle physics is described, is usually described as a theory of quantized fields. However, although not widely appreciated, it has been known since Feynman that many quantum field theories may equivalently be described in terms of world lines. The world line formulation of quantum field theory has proved particularly fruitful for various calculations in gauge theories and in describing nonlinear effects of electromagnetic fields.


title: World line

text: In 1884 C. H. Hinton wrote an essay "What is the fourth dimension ?", which he published as a scientific romance. He wrote


title: World line

text: A popular description of human world lines was given by J. C. Fields at the University of Toronto in the early days of relativity. As described by Toronto lawyer Norman Robertson:


title: World line

text: Almost all science-fiction stories which use this concept actively, such as to enable time travel, oversimplify this concept to a one-dimensional timeline to fit a linear structure, which does not fit models of reality. Such time machines are often portrayed as being instantaneous, with its contents departing one time and arriving in another—but at the same literal geographic point in space. This is often carried out without note of a reference frame, or with the implicit assumption that the reference frame is local; as such, this would require either accurate teleportation, as a rotating planet, being under acceleration, is not an inertial frame, or for the time machine to remain in the same place, its contents 'frozen'.


title: World line

text: Author Oliver Franklin published a science fiction work in 2008 entitled "World Lines" in which he related a simplified explanation of the hypothesis for laymen.


title: World line

text: Heinlein's "Methuselah's Children" uses the term, as does James Blish's "The Quincunx of Time" (expanded from "Beep").


title: World line

text: A visual novel named Steins;Gate, produced by 5pb., tells a story based on the shifting of world lines. Steins;Gate is a part of the "Science Adventure" series. World lines and other physical concepts like the Dirac Sea are also used throughout the series.


title: World line

text: Neal Stephenson's novel Anathem involves a long discussion of worldlines over dinner in the midst of a philosophical debate between Platonic realism and nominalism.


title: World line

text: A space armada trying to complete a (nearly) closed time-like path as a strategic maneuver forms the backdrop and a main plot device of "Singularity Sky" by Charles Stross.


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: The 707th Special Mission Group (, Hanja: 第707特殊任務團) is an elite counter-terrorism unit of the Republic of Korea Army Special Warfare Command.


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: The unit was formed after the Munich massacre, which forced the South Korean government to create a counter-terrorist unit in time for the 1988 Olympics that would be held in South Korea. In 1984, B Squadron of Delta Force traveled to South Korea to conduct training with the 707th.


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: The all-female company could be used as bodyguards or for low-visibility operations, all divided into fourteen-man operating teams, as well as support and demolition teams.


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: The unit has also been called on by the South Korean government to prioritize potential counter-terrorist operations against any possible threats on South Korean soil. The unit is South Korea's primary counter-terrorist and quick reaction force. The unit's soldiers – once distinguished by their black berets (before the standardization of the black beret for all active soldiers) – are tasked with conducting urban counter-terrorist missions, and constitute the Army's quick-reaction force for emergencies. The unit's nickname is 'White Tiger.'


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: In February 2019, the former 707th Special Mission Battalion was reorganized and renamed into the 707th Special Mission Group (Hangul: 제707특수임무단) with additional personnel and equipment to ensure higher readiness against various threats. It is now commanded by a Colonel instead of a Lieutenant Colonel.


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: On 5 February 1982, the unit suffered a devastating blow, when a Fairchild C-123J carrying 47 of its members, along with six Korean Air Force personnel, were killed in a crash while on approach to Jeju International Airport, Jeju, South Korea. It was the deadliest peacetime accident the Korean armed forces experienced since the Korean War, with the exception of another Air Force C-123 that crashed into Mt. Choenggye on 1 June 1982, killing 53, including 49 commandos and four air force personnel.


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: The recruitment process usually involves conscripts from different branches of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces who apply and try out to become members of the elite force. Others are handpicked by their superiors across the different branches of the military and try out like their applicant counterparts. The selection process is very rigorous. First applicants will undergo a background check and then undergo a 10-day procedure in which 90% are eliminated.


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: All members of the 707th Group are SCUBA Diver or UDT/SEAL's and airborne qualified. It is reported that members frequently perform daily calisthenics in the snow and sub-zero temperatures and will swim in freezing lakes without any thermal protection.


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: 707th maintains close ties with similar units from around the globe, including Singapore's STAR group the Australian Special Air Service Regiment and Hong Kong's Special Duties Unit (SDU) although the unit's closest ties are with the US Army's 1st Special Forces Group and Delta Force.


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: The 707th Group also owns and operates a multi-complex counter-terrorism training site for the Republic of Korea Army Special Warfare Command and hosts multi-national counter-terrorist training.


title: 707th Special Mission Group

text: Since 2011, the 707th Special Mission Group has maintained presence in the United Arab Emirates as part of the South Korean Special Operations Forces contingent, named 'Akh Unit,' deployed there to train local forces.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: Shanghai Disney Resort () is a themed resort in Pudong, Shanghai, China. The resort opened to the public on June 16, 2016. It is the first Disneyland in mainland China. It is also the sixth Disney resort worldwide, after Disneyland Resort, Walt Disney World Resort, Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris Resort and Hong Kong Disneyland Resort.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: The resort features Shanghai Disneyland, an entertainment district, two themed hotels, recreational facilities, a lake and associated parking and transportation hubs. Additional phases will see the development of two additional theme parks at the resort. The site will cover in Pudong, or approximately three times the size of Hong Kong Disneyland, at a cost of () for the new theme park and an additional () to build other aspects of the resort, totaling (). The Walt Disney Company owns 43 percent of the resort; the majority 57 percent is held by Shanghai Shendi Group, a joint venture of three companies owned by the Shanghai government.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: Location scouting in Pudong began in 1999 with Bob Iger. The park was first envisaged in the early 2000s, and negotiation for Shanghai Disney Resort began around 2001. However, in order to help Hong Kong Disneyland grow, the Chinese national government deliberately slowed the development of Shanghai Disney. The Hong Kong resort opened in 2005, two years after the SARS epidemic devastated Hong Kong's economy, and it was hoped that Hong Kong Disneyland would help the city's tourism industry recover.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: On November 4, 2009, the Shanghai Municipal Government announced that the Shanghai Disney project had been approved by the national government, with an estimated total investment of . Land near the proposed production site dramatically increased in value after the announcement was made. In January 2011, a government official confirmed that Shanghai Disneyland would be 2–3 times the size of Hong Kong Disneyland and would eventually contain three theme parks.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: On April 7, 2011, groundbreaking began at the Shanghai Disneyland Resort site. Major construction work started on April 8, 2011, targeting a 2016 spring opening. The resort was planned to cover an area of and was expected to cost (). The project was financed by several large Chinese state-owned enterprises in Shanghai, who formed a joint venture with the Walt Disney Company. "The first-phase of the project will be to the South of Huanglou Area, an area in Chuansha Town, the southeast suburbs of Shanghai's Pudong area; the second phase will extend further southwest," an urban developer from Shanghai stated. DeSimone Consulting Engineers were the structural engineers behind the construction work.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: On February 27, 2014, PepsiCo announced a strategic partnership with the resort, making the Shanghai Resort the first Disney property in 25 years to sell Pepsi products and not Coca-Cola products.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: On April 28, 2014, Disney CEO Bob Iger announced an extra investment to add additional rides and entertainment by opening day, bringing the total budget to . In February 2016, it was rumored that the resort was still behind schedule and was over budget, causing the United States-based resorts (Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort) to make budget cuts. That same month, Disney announced that Hong Kong Disneyland Resort reported its first loss in four years, losing , and falling 9.3% in annual attendance, to 6.8 million visitors. Analysts attributed this to fewer mainland Chinese tourists visit, hurt by a combination of China's slowdown, political unrest, and a weak yuan relative to the Hong Kong dollar, as well as the upcoming opening of the Shanghai Resort. In total, more than 100,000 workers constructed the first phase of the resort over 5 years. The facility incorporated 72,000 metric tons of structural steel and of utility piping. The final price tag was US$5.5 billion.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: Shanghai Disney Resort officially opened at noon on June 16, 2016. It was reported that the "colorful opening ceremony" featured speeches, fireworks, and mostly orderly crowds in spite of the rain. One of the dignitaries, Vice Premier Wang Yang, joked that the wet weather foretold good luck for the resort because it represented a “rain of U.S. dollars and RMB”.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: The park's first expansion, Toy Story Land, opened in second quarter 2018. On December 10, 2019, the resort began construction on its second expansion, Zootopia-themed land, next to Fantasyland.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: On January 26, 2020, the resort temporarily closed as a result of what became the COVID-19 pandemic. The resort partially reopened on March 9, with the Shanghai Disneyland Hotel, Disneytown, and Wishing Star Park resuming limited operations with new health and safety protocols in place. Disney fully reopened Shanghai Disney Resort on May 11, with new social distancing guidelines and temperature checks in place.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: In 2022, Shanghai Disney Resort closed again, from March 21 through June 29, due to an increase in COVID-19 cases in China. On October 31, 2022 it was announced that the park would once again close indefinitely due to a surge in cases.


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: Like most other Disney Resorts around the world, Shanghai Disneyland Resort features a flagship park called Shanghai Disneyland. The park is similar in style to Disney's other Disneyland-style parks, containing traditional and newly created themed lands. One of the aims of the park is the combination of Disney stories and characters with attractions that are specifically designed for Chinese guests. An interactive castle called Enchanted Storybook Castle lies at the center of the park. Other large-scale performance venues are found across the park. The original theme lands, or areas with the park are Adventure Isle, Gardens of Imagination, Mickey Avenue, Tomorrowland, Treasure Cove and Fantasyland. With the additional theme land added, Toy Story Land, the park has seven theme lands. In 2019, Disney announced a new theme land for the park, City of Zootopia, inspired by the 2016 film "Zootopia".


title: Shanghai Disney Resort

text: The resort has two themed hotels. The Shanghai Disneyland Hotel has 420 rooms and offer a free water taxi service across the Wishing Star Lake to the theme park. The Toy Story Hotel, with 800 rooms, features the Sunnyside Cafe, which is decorated with Chinese-style kites flown by Disney characters.


title: Skin flora

text: Skin flora, also called skin microbiota, refers to microbiota (communities of microorganisms) that reside on the skin, typically human skin.


title: Skin flora

text: Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1,000 species upon human skin from nineteen phyla. Most are found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles.


title: Skin flora

text: Skin flora is usually non-pathogenic, and either commensal (are not harmful to their host) or mutualistic (offer a benefit). The benefits bacteria can offer include preventing transient pathogenic organisms from colonizing the skin surface, either by competing for nutrients, secreting chemicals against them, or stimulating the skin's immune system. However, resident microbes can cause skin diseases and enter the blood system, creating life-threatening diseases, particularly in immunosuppressed people.


title: Skin flora

text: A major non-human skin flora is "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis", a chytrid and non-hyphal zoosporic fungus that causes chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease thought to be responsible for the decline in amphibian populations.


title: Skin flora

text: The estimate of the number of species present on skin bacteria has been radically changed by the use of 16S ribosomal RNA to identify bacterial species present on skin samples direct from their genetic material. Previously such identification had depended upon microbiological culture upon which many varieties of bacteria did not grow and so were hidden to science.


title: Skin flora

text: "Staphylococcus epidermidis" and "Staphylococcus aureus" were thought from cultural based research to be dominant. However 16S ribosomal RNA research finds that while common, these species make up only 5% of skin bacteria. However, skin variety provides a rich and diverse habitat for bacteria. Most come from four phyla: Actinomycetota (51.8%), Bacillota (24.4%), Pseudomonadota (16.5%), and Bacteroidota (6.3%).


title: Skin flora

text: There are three main ecological areas: sebaceous, moist, and dry. "Propionibacteria" and "Staphylococci" species were the main species in sebaceous areas. In moist places on the body "Corynebacteria" together with "Staphylococci" dominate. In dry areas, there is a mixture of species but Betaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriales are dominant. Ecologically, sebaceous areas had greater species richness than moist and dry ones. The areas with least similarity between people in species were the spaces between fingers, the spaces between toes, axillae, and umbilical cord stump. Most similarly were beside the nostril, nares (inside the nostril), and on the back.


title: Skin flora

text: A study of the area between toes in 100 young adults found 14 different genera of fungi. These include yeasts such as "Candida albicans", "Rhodotorula rubra", "Torulopsis" and "Trichosporon cutaneum", dermatophytes (skin living fungi) such as "Microsporum gypseum", and "Trichophyton rubrum" and nondermatophyte fungi (opportunistic fungi that can live in skin) such as "Rhizopus stolonifer", "Trichosporon cutaneum", "Fusarium", "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis", "Curvularia", "Alternaria alternata", "Paecilomyces", "Aspergillus flavus" and "Penicillium" species.


title: Skin flora

text: A study by the National Human Genome Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, researched the DNA of human skin fungi at 14 different locations on the body. These were the ear canal, between the eyebrows, the back of the head, behind the ear, the heel, toenails, between the toes, forearm, back, groin, nostrils, chest, palm, and the crook of the elbow. The study showed a large fungal diversity across the body, the richest habitat being the heel, which hosts about 80 species of fungi. By way of contrast, there are some 60 species in toenail clippings and 40 between the toes. Other rich areas are the palm, forearm and inside the elbow, with from 18 to 32 species. The head and the trunk hosted between 2 and 10 each.


title: Skin flora

text: The umbilicus, or navel, is an area of the body that is rarely exposed to UV light, soaps, or bodily secretions (the navel does not produce any secretions or oils) and because it is an almost undisturbed community of bacteria it is an excellent part of the skin microbiome to study. The navel, or umbilicus is a moist microbiome of the body (with high humidity and temperatures), that contains a large amount of bacteria, especially bacteria that favors moist conditions such as Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus.


title: Skin flora

text: The Belly Button Biodiversity Project began at North Carolina State University in early 2011 with two initial groups of 35 and 25 volunteers. Volunteers were given sterile cotton swabs and were asked to insert the cotton swabs into their navels, to turn the cotton swab around three times and then return the cotton swab to the researchers in a vial that contained a 0.5 ml 10% phosphate saline buffer. Researchers at North Carolina State University, led by Jiri Hulcr, then grew the samples in a culture until the bacterial colonies were large enough to be photographed and then these pictures were posted on the Belly Button Biodiversity Project's website (volunteers were given sample numbers so that they could view their own samples online). These samples then were analyzed using 16S rDNA libraries so that strains that did not grow well in cultures could be identified.


title: Skin flora

text: The researchers at North Carolina State University discovered that while it was difficult to predict every strain of bacteria in the microbiome of the navel that they could predict which strains would be prevalent and which strains of bacteria would be quite rare in the microbiome. It was found that the navel microbiomes only contained a few prevalent types of bacteria ("Staphylococcus", "Corynebacterium", Actinobacteria, Clostridiales, and Bacilli) and many different types of rare bacteria. Other types of rare organisms were discovered inside the navels of the volunteers including three types of Archaea, two of which were found in one volunteer who claimed not to have bathed or showered for many years.


title: Skin flora

text: "Staphylococcus" and "Corynebacterium" were among the most common types of bacteria found in the navels of this project's volunteers and these types of bacteria have been found to be the most common types of bacteria found on the human skin in larger studies of the skin microbiome (of which the Belly Button Biodiversity Project is a part). (In these larger studies it has been found that females generally have more "Staphylococcus" living in their skin microbiomes (usually "Staphylococcus epidermidis") and that men have more "Corynebacterium" living in their skin microbiomes.)


title: Skin flora

text: According to the Belly Button Biodiversity Project at North Carolina State University, there are two types of microorganisms found in the navel and surrounding areas. Transient bacteria (bacteria that does not reproduce) forms the majority of the organisms found in the navel, and an estimated 1400 various strains were found in 95% of participants of the study.


title: Skin flora

text: The Belly Button Biodiversity Project is ongoing and has now taken swabs from over 500 people. The project was designed with the aim of countering that misconception that bacteria are always harmful to humans and that humans are at war with bacteria. In actuality, most strains of bacteria are harmless if not beneficial for the human body. Another of the project's goals is to foster public interest in microbiology. Working in concert with the Human Microbiome Project, the Belly Button Biodiversity Project also studies the connections between human microbiomes and the factors of age, sex, ethnicity, location and overall health.


title: Skin flora

text: Skin microflora can be commensals, mutualistic or pathogens. Often they can be all three depending upon the strength of the person's immune system. Research upon the immune system in the gut and lungs has shown that microflora aids immunity development: however such research has only started upon whether this is the case with the skin. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" is an example of a mutualistic bacterium that can turn into a pathogen and cause disease: if it gains entry into the circulatory system it can result in infections in bone, joint, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It can also cause dermatitis. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces antimicrobial substances such as pseudomonic acid (that are exploited commercially such as Mupirocin). This works against staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa also produces substances that inhibit the growth of fungus species such as "Candida krusei", "Candida albicans", "Torulopsis glabrata", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" and "Aspergillus fumigatus". It can also inhibit the growth of "Helicobacter pylori". So important is its antimicrobial actions that it has been noted that "removing "P. aeruginosa" from the skin, through use of oral or topical antibiotics, may inversely allow for aberrant yeast colonization and infection."


title: Skin flora

text: Another aspect of bacteria is the generation of body odor. Sweat is odorless however several bacteria may consume it and create byproducts which may be considered putrid by humans (as in contrast to flies, for example, that may find them attractive/appealing).


title: Skin flora

text: The skin creates antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidins that control the proliferation of skin microbes. Cathelicidins not only reduce microbe numbers directly but also cause the secretion of cytokine release which induces inflammation, angiogenesis, and reepithelialization. Conditions such as atopic dermatitis have been linked to the suppression in cathelicidin production. In rosacea abnormal processing of cathelicidin cause inflammation. Psoriasis has been linked to self-DNA created from cathelicidin peptides that causes autoinflammation. A major factor controlling cathelicidin is vitamin D.


title: Skin flora

text: The superficial layers of the skin are naturally acidic (pH 4-4.5) due to lactic acid in sweat and produced by skin bacteria. At this pH mutualistic flora such as "Staphylococci", "Micrococci", "Corynebacterium" and "Propionibacteria" grow but not transient bacteria such as Gram negative bacteria like "Escherichia" and "Pseudomonas" or Gram positive ones such as "Staphylococcus aureus". Another factor affecting the growth of pathological bacteria is that the antimicrobial substances secreted by the skin are enhanced in acidic conditions. In alkaline conditions, bacteria cease to be attached to the skin and are more readily shed. It has been observed that the skin also swells under alkaline conditions and opens up allowing bacterial movement to the surface.


title: Skin flora

text: If activated, the immune system in the skin produces cell-mediated immunity against microbes such as dermatophytes (skin fungi). One reaction is to increase stratum corneum turnover and so shed the fungus from the skin surface. Skin fungi such as "Trichophyton rubrum" have evolved to create substances that limit the immune response to them. The shedding of skin is a general means to control the buildup of flora upon the skin surface.


title: Skin flora

text: Microorganisms play a role in noninfectious skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, rosacea, psoriasis, and acne Damaged skin can cause nonpathogenic bacteria to become pathogenic. The diversity of species on the skin is related to later development of dermatitis.


title: Skin flora

text: Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition characterised by excessive sebum production by the pilosebaceous unit and inflammation of the skin. Affected areas are typically colonised by "Propionibacterium acnes"; a member of the commensal microbiota even in those without acne. High populations of "P. acnes" are linked to acne vulgaris although only certain strains are strongly associated with acne while others with healthy skin. The relative population of "P. acnes" is similar between those with acne and those without.


title: Skin flora

text: Current treatment includes topical and systemic antibacterial drugs which result in decreased "P. acnes" colonisation and/or activity. Potential probiotic treatment includes the use of "Staphylococcus epidermidis" to inhibit "P. acnes" growth. "S. epidermidis" produces succinic acid which has been shown to inhibit "P. acnes" growth. "Lactobacillus plantarum" has also been shown to act as an anti-inflammatory and improve antimicrobial properties of the skin when applied topically. It was also shown to be effective in reducing acne lesion size.


title: Skin flora

text: Individuals with atopic dermatitis have shown an increase in populations of "Staphylococcus aureus" in both lesional and nonlesional skin. Atopic dermatitis flares are associated with low bacterial diversity due to colonisation by "S. aureus" and following standard treatment, bacterial diversity has been seen to increase.


title: Skin flora

text: Current treatments include combinations of topical or systemic antibiotics, corticosteroids, and diluted bleach baths. Potential probiotic treatments include using the commensal skin bacteria, "S. epidermidis", to inhibit "S. aureus" growth. During atopic dermatitis flares, population levels of "S. epidermidis" has been shown to increase as an attempt to control "S. aureus populations".


title: Skin flora

text: Low gut microbial diversity in babies has been associated with an increased risk of atopic dermatitis. Infants with atopic eczema have low levels of "Bacteroides" and high levels of Bacillota. "Bacteroides" have anti-inflammatory properties which are essential against dermatitis. (See gut microbiota)


title: Skin flora

text: Psoriasis vulgaris typically affects drier skin sites such as elbows and knees. Dry areas of the skin tend to have high microbial diversity and fewer populations than sebaceous sites. A study using swab sampling techniques show areas rich in Bacillota (mainly "Streptococcus" and "Staphylococcus") and Actinomycetota (mainly "Corynebacterium" and "Propionibacterium") are associated with psoriasis. While another study using biopsies associate increased levels of Bacillota and Actinomycetota with healthy skin. However most studies show that individuals affected by psoriasis have a lower microbial diversity in the affected areas.


title: Skin flora

text: Treatments for psoriasis include topical agents, phototherapy, and systemic agents. Current research on the skin microbiota's role in psoriasis is inconsistent therefore there are no potential probiotic treatments.


title: Skin flora

text: Rosacea is typically connected to sebaceous sites of the skin. The skin mite "Demodex folliculorum" produce lipases that allow them to use sebum as a source of food therefore they have a high affinity for sebaceous skin sites. Although it is a part of the commensal skin microbiota, patients affected with rosacea show an increase in "D. folliculorum" compared to healthy individuals, suggesting pathogenicity.


title: Skin flora

text: "Bacillus oleronius", a "Demodex" associated microbe, is not typically found in the commensal skin microbiota but initiates inflammatory pathways whose starting mechanism is similar to rosacea patients. Populations of "S. epidermidis" have also been isolated from pustules of rosacea patients. However it is possible that they were moved by "Demodex" to areas that favour growth as "Demodex" has shown to transport bacteria around the face.


title: Skin flora

text: Current treatments include topical and oral antibiotics and laser therapy. As current research has yet to show a clear mechanism for "Demodex" influence in rosacea, there are no potential probiotic treatments.


title: Skin flora

text: It is important to note that the human skin is host to numerous bacterial and fungal species, some of which are known to be harmful, some known to be beneficial and the vast majority unresearched. The use of bactericidal and fungicidal soaps will inevitably lead to bacterial and fungal populations which are resistant to the chemicals employed (see drug resistance).


title: Skin flora

text: Skin flora do not readily pass between people: 30 seconds of moderate friction and dry hand contact results in a transfer of only 0.07% of natural hand flora from naked with a greater percentage from gloves.


title: Skin flora

text: The most effective (60 to 80% reduction) antimicrobial washing is with ethanol, isopropanol, and n-propanol. Viruses are most affected by high (95%) concentrations of ethanol, while bacteria are more affected by n-propanol.


title: Skin flora

text: Unmedicated soaps are not very effective as illustrated by the following data. Health care workers washed their hands once in nonmedicated liquid soap for 30 seconds. The students/technicians for 20 times.


title: Skin flora

text: An important use of hand washing is to prevent the transmission of antibiotic resistant skin flora that cause hospital-acquired infections such as methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus". While such flora have become antibiotic resistant due to antibiotics there is no evidence that recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms when used in hand washing. However, many strains of organisms are resistant to some of the substances used in antibacterial soaps such as triclosan.


title: Skin flora

text: One survey of bar soaps in dentist clinics found they all had their own flora and on average from two to five different genera of microorganisms with those used most more likely to have more species varieties. Another survey of bar soaps in public toilets found even more flora. Another study found that very dry soaps are not infected while all are that rest in pools of water. However, research upon soap that was specially infected found that soap flora do not transmit to the hands.


title: Skin flora

text: Washing skin repeatedly can damage the protective external layer and cause transepidermal loss of water. This can be seen in roughness characterized by scaling and dryness, itchiness, dermatitis provoked by microorganisms and allergens penetrating the corneal layer and redness. Wearing gloves can cause further problems since it produces a humid environment favoring the growth of microbes and also contains irritants such as latex and talcum powder.


title: Skin flora

text: Hand washing can damage skin because the stratum corneum top layer of skin consists of 15 to 20 layers of keratin disks, corneocytes, each of which is each surrounded by a thin film of skin lipids which can be removed by alcohols and detergents.


title: Skin flora

text: Damaged skin defined by extensive cracking of skin surface, widespread reddening or occasional bleeding has also been found to be more frequently colonized by "Staphylococcus hominis" and these were more likely to be methicillin resistant. Though not related to greater antibiotic resistance, damaged skin was also more like to be colonized by "Staphylococcus aureus", gram-negative bacteria, "Enterococci" and "Candida".


title: Skin flora

text: The skin flora is different from that of the gut which is predominantly Bacillota and Bacteroidota. There is also low level of variation between people that is not found in gut studies. Both gut and skin flora however lack the diversity found in soil flora.


title: Fomalhaut

text: Fomalhaut is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus, the "Southern Fish", and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It has the Bayer designation Alpha Piscis Austrini, which is Latinized from α Piscis Austrini, and is abbreviated Alpha PsA or α PsA. This is a class A star on the main sequence approximately from the Sun as measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.


title: Fomalhaut

text: It is classified as a Vega-like star that emits excess infrared radiation, indicating it is surrounded by a circumstellar disk. Fomalhaut, K-type main-sequence star TW Piscis Austrini, and M-type, red dwarf star LP 876-10 constitute a triple system, even though the companions are separated by approximately 8 degrees.


title: Fomalhaut

text: Fomalhaut was the first stellar system with an extrasolar planet candidate (designated Fomalhaut b, later named Dagon) imaged at visible wavelengths. Analysis of existing and new data suggests Fomalhaut b is not a planet, rather an expanding dust disk resulting from a former collision. The image was published in "Science" in November 2008. Fomalhaut is the third-brightest star (as viewed from Earth) known to have a planetary system, after the Sun and Pollux.


title: Fomalhaut

text: "α Piscis Austrini" (Latinised to "Alpha Piscis Austrini") is the system's Bayer designation. It also bears the Flamsteed designation of "24 Piscis Austrini". The classical astronomer Ptolemy put it in Aquarius, as well as Piscis Austrinus. In the 17th centrury, Johann Bayer firmly planted it in the primary position of Piscis Austrinus. Following Ptolemy, John Flamsteed in 1725 additionally denoted it "79 Aquarii". The current designation reflects modern consensus on Bayer's decision, that the star belongs in Piscis Austrinus. Under the rules for naming objects in multiple star systems, the three components – Fomalhaut, TW Piscis Austrini and LP 876-10 – are designated A, B and C, respectively. On its discovery, the planet was designated Fomalhaut b.


title: Fomalhaut

text: The star's traditional name derives from "Fom al-Haut" from scientific Arabic "" "the mouth of the [Southern] Fish" (literally, "mouth of the whale"), a translation of how Ptolemy labeled it. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included the name Fomalhaut for this star.


title: Fomalhaut

text: In July 2014, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name was Dagon for Fomalhaut b. The winning name was proposed by Todd Vaccaro and forwarded by the St. Cloud State University Planetarium of St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States of America, to the IAU for consideration. Dagon was a Semitic deity, often represented as half-man, half-fish.


title: Fomalhaut

text: At a declination of −29.6°, Fomalhaut is located south of the celestial equator, and hence is best viewed from the Southern Hemisphere. However, its southerly declination is not as great as that of stars such as Acrux, Alpha Centauri and Canopus, meaning that, unlike them, Fomalhaut is visible from a large part of the Northern Hemisphere as well, being best seen in autumn. Its declination is greater than that of Sirius and similar to that of Antares. At 40°N, Fomalhaut rises above the horizon for eight hours and reaches only 20° above the horizon, while Capella, which rises at approximately the same time, will stay above the horizon for twenty hours. Fomalhaut can be located in northern latitudes by the fact that the western (right-hand) side of the Square of Pegasus points to it. Continuing the line from Beta to Alpha Pegasi towards the southern horizon, Fomalhaut is about 45˚ south of Alpha Pegasi, with no bright stars in between.


title: Fomalhaut

text: Fomalhaut is a young star, for many years thought to be only 100 to 300 million years old, with a potential lifespan of a billion years. A 2012 study gave a slightly higher age of . The surface temperature of the star is around . Fomalhaut's mass is about 1.92 times that of the Sun, its luminosity is about 16.6 times greater, and its diameter is roughly 1.84 times as large.


title: Fomalhaut

text: Fomalhaut is slightly metal-deficient compared to the Sun, which means it is composed of a smaller percentage of elements other than hydrogen and helium. The metallicity is typically determined by measuring the abundance of iron in the photosphere relative to the abundance of hydrogen. A 1997 spectroscopic study measured a value equal to 93% of the Sun's abundance of iron. A second 1997 study deduced a value of 78%, by assuming Fomalhaut has the same metallicity as the neighboring star TW Piscis Austrini, which has since been argued to be a physical companion. In 2004, a stellar evolutionary model of Fomalhaut yielded a metallicity of 79%. Finally, in 2008, a spectroscopic measurement gave a significantly lower value of 46%.


title: Fomalhaut

text: Fomalhaut has been claimed to be one of approximately 16 stars belonging to the Castor Moving Group. This is an association of stars which share a common motion through space, and have been claimed to be physically associated. Other members of this group include Castor and Vega. The moving group has an estimated age of and originated from the same location. More recent work has found that purported members of the Castor Moving Group appear to not only have a wide range of ages, but their velocities are too different to have been possibly associated with one another in the distant past. Hence, "membership" to this dynamical group has no bearing on the age of the Fomalhaut system.


title: Fomalhaut

text: The inner disk is a high-carbon small-grain (10–300 nm) ash disk, clustering at 0.1 AU from the star. Next is a disk of larger particles, with inner edge 0.4-1 AU of the star. The innermost disk is unexplained as yet.


title: Fomalhaut

text: The outermost disk is at a radial distance of , in a toroidal shape with a very sharp inner edge, all inclined 24 degrees from edge-on. The dust is distributed in a belt about 25 AU wide. The geometric center of the disk is offset by about from Fomalhaut. The disk is sometimes referred to as "Fomalhaut's Kuiper belt". Fomalhaut's dusty disk is believed to be protoplanetary, and emits considerable infrared radiation. Measurements of Fomalhaut's rotation indicate that the disk is located in the star's equatorial plane, as expected from theories of star and planet formation.


title: Fomalhaut

text: On November 13, 2008, astronomers announced an object, which they assumed to be an extrasolar planet, orbiting just inside the outer debris ring. This was the first extrasolar orbiting object to be seen with visible light, captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. A planet's existence had been previously suspected from the sharp, elliptical inner edge of that disk. The mass of the planet, Fomalhaut b, was estimated to be less than three times the mass of Jupiter, and at least the mass of Neptune. There are indications that the orbit is not apsidally aligned with the dust disk, which may indicate that additional planets may be responsible for the dust disk's structure.


title: Fomalhaut

text: However, M-band images taken from the MMT Observatory put strong limits on the existence of gas giants within 40 AU of the star, and Spitzer Space Telescope imaging suggested that the object Fomalhaut b was more likely to be a dust cloud. In 2012, two independent studies confirmed that Fomalhaut b does exist, but it is shrouded by debris, so it may be a gravitationally-bound accumulation of rubble rather than a whole planet.


title: Fomalhaut

text: Herschel Space Observatory images of Fomalhaut reveal that a large amount of fluffy micrometer-sized dust is present in the outer dust belt. Because such dust is expected to be blown out of the system by stellar radiation pressure on short timescales, its presence indicates a constant replenishment by collisions of planetesimals. The fluffy morphology of the grains suggests a cometary origin. The collision rate is estimated to be approximately 2000 kilometre-sized comets per day.


title: Fomalhaut

text: Observations of the star's outer dust ring by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array point to the existence of two planets in the system, neither one at the orbital radius proposed for the HST-discovered Fomalhaut b.


title: Fomalhaut

text: If there are additional planets from 4 to 10 AU, they must be under 20 M; if from 2.5 outward, then 30 M.


title: Fomalhaut

text: Fomalhaut forms a binary star with the K4-type star TW Piscis Austrini (TW PsA), which lies away from Fomalhaut, and its space velocity agrees with that of Fomalhaut within , consistent with being a bound companion. A recent age estimate for TW PsA () agrees very well with the isochronal age for Fomalhaut (), further arguing for the two stars forming a physical binary.


title: Fomalhaut

text: The designation TW Piscis Austrini is astronomical nomenclature for a variable star. Fomalhaut B is a flare star of the type known as a BY Draconis variable. It varies slightly in apparent magnitude, ranging from 6.44 to 6.49 over a 10.3 day period. While smaller than the Sun, it is relatively large for a flare star. Most flare stars are red M-type dwarfs.


title: Fomalhaut

text: In 2019, a team of researchers analyzing the astrometry, radial velocity measurements, and images of Fomalhaut B suggested the existence of a planet orbiting the star with a mass of Jupiter masses, and a poorly defined orbital period with an estimate loosely centering around 25 years.


title: Fomalhaut

text: LP 876-10 is also associated with the Fomalhaut system, making it a trinary star. In October 2013, Eric Mamajek and collaborators from the RECONS consortium announced that the previously known high-proper-motion star LP 876-10 had a distance, velocity, and color-magnitude position consistent with being another member of the Fomalhaut system. LP 876-10 was originally catalogued as a high-proper-motion star by Willem Luyten in his 1979 NLTT catalogue; however, a precise trigonometric parallax and radial velocity was only measured quite recently. LP 876-10 is a red dwarf of spectral type M4V, and located even farther from Fomalhaut A than TW PsA—about 5.7° away from Fomalhaut A in the sky, in the neighbouring constellation Aquarius, whereas both Fomalhaut A and TW PsA are located in constellation Piscis Austrinus. Its current separation from Fomalhaut A is about , and it is currently located away from TW PsA (Fomalhaut B). LP 876-10 is located well within the tidal radius of the Fomalhaut system, which is . Although LP 876-10 is itself catalogued as a binary star in the Washington Double Star Catalog (called "WSI 138"), there was no sign of a close-in stellar companion in the imaging, spectral, or astrometric data in the Mamajek et al. study. In December 2013, Kennedy et al. reported the discovery of a cold dusty debris disk associated with Fomalhaut C, using infrared images from the Herschel Space Observatory. Multiple-star systems hosting multiple debris disks are exceedingly rare.


title: Fomalhaut

text: Fomalhaut has had various names ascribed to it through time, and has been recognized by many cultures of the northern hemisphere, including the Arabs, Persians, and Chinese. It marked the solstice in 2500 BC. It was also a marker for the worship of Demeter in Eleusis.


title: Fomalhaut

text: Fomalhaut/Earthwork B, in Mounds State Park near Anderson, Indiana, lines up with the rising of the star Fomalhaut in the fall months, according to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. In 1980, astronomer Jack Robinson proposed that the rising azimuth of Fomalhaut was marked by cairn placements at both the Bighorn and Moose Mountain Medicine Wheels in Wyoming, USA and Saskatchewan, Canada, respectively.


title: Fomalhaut

text: The "New Scientist" magazine termed it the "Great Eye of Sauron", due to its shape and debris ring, when viewed from a distance, bearing similarity to the aforementioned "Eye" in the Peter Jackson "Lord of the Rings" films.


title: Blue Bloods (season 7)

text: The seventh season of "Blue Bloods", a police procedural drama series created by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, premiered on CBS September 23, 2016. The season concluded on May 5, 2017.


title: Minnesota Fats

text: Minnesota Fats, or George Hegerman, is a fictional pool hustler created by American novelist Walter Tevis. The character appears in Tevis' novel "The Hustler" (1959). Jackie Gleason portrayed the character in the 1961 film adaptation of "The Hustler", a performance that received several awards and nominations.


title: Minnesota Fats

text: The character was an original creation of Tevis, though a real pool hustler, Rudolf Wanderone, who began calling himself "Minnesota Fats" in 1961, claimed to be the inspiration. Tevis denied Wanderone's claim, though Wanderone capitalized on it for years.


title: Minnesota Fats

text: Real-life pool hustler and entertainer Rudolf Wanderone was known as "New York Fats" (among other nicknames) when the book was published. Realizing there was money to be made from being associated with the success of the book and subsequent film, he changed his nickname to match the fictional name and later went on to play himself as the character "Minnesota Fats" in the film "The Player" (1971). Tevis consistently denied that Wanderone had anything to do with the author's character, writing in a subsequent printing of "The Hustler": "I made up Minnesota Fats—name and all—as surely as Disney made up Donald Duck." However, Derek Kirunchyk examined the pages of Tevis' original manuscript and discovered that Tevis had changed the character's nickname from "New York" to "Minnesota" in one of the original manuscript pages, lending credence to Wanderone's claim that he was the inspiration for the character.


title: Minnesota Fats

text: Wanderone's association with the name started in 1961. That year, while at a drive-in movie theater owned by a friend of Wanderone's (George Jansco), in Johnston City, Illinois, showing "The Hustler", Wanderone boasted that the author had based the character upon him, a story which was picked up by local news and subsequently by the national press outlets. Willie Mosconi – famed as the 19-time winner of the World Straight Pool Championship and technical adviser for "The Hustler" – disputed the claim, which had the paradoxical effect of giving it more notoriety. Wanderone capitalized on this, threatening to sue Tevis and 20th Century Fox. Tevis responded by denying he had ever met Wanderone. Meanwhile, the press covered it all, and the association became fixed. Wanderone's second wife later claimed that a financial settlement had been made by Tevis to avoid a lawsuit, which Wanderone's first wife denied.


title: Minnesota Fats

text: Jackie Gleason played Minnesota Fats in the 1961 adaptation of "The Hustler". His performance earned Best Supporting Actor nominations for the Academy Award and the Golden Globe, and the Best Supporting Actor award by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. The Minnesota Fats character did not appear in the 1986 film version, "The Color of Money", which had an entirely different storyline from the novel.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: The United States Senate career of Joe Biden began on January 3, 1973, and ended on January 15, 2009. A member of the Democratic Party from the state of Delaware, Biden was first elected to the Senate in 1972, and was sworn into office at the age of 30; he was later re-elected six times. He is Delaware's longest-serving U.S. senator.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: As a county councilor, Biden ran against incumbent Republican J. Caleb Boggs, after facing no Democratic rivals. With a small-scale family-run campaign, his young energy and voter connectivity prevailed. After Biden was elected, his wife and infant daughter died in an car accident. Biden was persuaded not to resign and commuted to Delaware throughout his Senate career to care for his two sons, Beau and Hunter, both of whom had survived the crash. He married Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1977; their daughter Ashley was born in 1981.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and the environment. He played a key role in passing the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, which was controversial for several "tough-on-crime" provisions. He later expressed regret over this. Biden voted to ban homosexuals from serving in the military and to bar the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages. He championed arms control concerning the SALT treaties. He clashed with the Reagan Administration over its support for Apartheid-era South Africa. He was a leading opponent of mandatory desegregation busing. In 1987, Biden ran for president, but withdrew due to incidents of plagiarism coming to light. The following year, Biden received brain surgery after suffering aneurysms.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: As chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Biden presided over the contentious Supreme Court nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas. Biden voiced opposition to Bork's originalism. During the Thomas hearings, Biden's style was criticized and Thomas felt his questions were meant to damage him. Biden disclosed Anita Hill's allegations of sexual harassment to the rest of the Committee, but not the public. Later he refused other witnesses to be heard. Biden also opposed his confirmation. Later he expressed regret to Hill. He spearheaded the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. Biden was critical of the actions of Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr during the 1990s Whitewater controversy and Lewinsky scandal investigations and voted to acquit on both charges during the impeachment of President Clinton.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Concerning foreign policy Biden was generally a liberal internationalist, collaborating with Republicans and sometimes opposing fellow Democrats. He voted against authorizing the First Gulf War, saying the US was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition. He was strongly involved with policy towards the Yugoslav Wars. He supported the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee he assembled witnesses who grossly misrepresented Saddam Hussein, his government and claimed possession of WMDs. Later he regretted his support for the Iraq War. Biden supported military installations in Delaware and Amtrak, which he used to commute. He supported bankruptcy legislation sought by a Delaware company, in opposition to leading Democrats and consumer rights organisations. He was one of the least wealthy members of the Senate, and was known for his gaffes.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: In 2007-2008, Biden ran for president again. His campaign was damaged by allegedly racially charged gaffes. He never reached double digits in the polls and dropped out after the Iowa caucus. While Biden and his fellow Senator Barack Obama (who also ran) had initially disliked each other, Obama came to appreciate Biden and picked him to be his running mate. They went on to defeat Republicans John McCain and Sarah Palin. In 2009, Biden resigned from the Senate to become Vice President under President Obama.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Following his first election in 1972, Biden was reelected to six more Senate terms, in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008, usually getting about 60% of the vote. He did not face strong opposition; Pete du Pont, then governor, chose not to run against him in 1984. Biden spent 28 years as a junior senator due to the two-year seniority of his Republican colleague William Roth. After Tom Carper defeated Roth in 2000, Biden became Delaware's senior senator. He then became the longest-serving senator in Delaware history and, , was the 18th-longest-serving senator in U.S. history. In May 1999, Biden became the youngest senator to cast 10,000 votes.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Joe Biden, a member of the New Castle County Council, ran in the 1972 U.S. Senate election in Delaware against Republican incumbent senator J. Caleb Boggs. Boggs was considering retirement, which would likely have left U.S. Representative Pete du Pont and Wilmington Mayor Harry G. Haskell Jr. in a divisive primary fight. To avoid that, President Nixon helped convince Boggs to run again with full party support. No other Democrat wanted to run against Boggs.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Biden's campaign had little and was given no chance of winning. His sister, Valerie Biden Owen, managed his campaign (as she would his future campaigns) and other family members staffed it. The campaign relied upon handed-out newsprint position papers and meeting voters face-to-face; the state's smallness and lack of a major media market made that approach feasible. He did receive some help from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell. His campaign focused on withdrawal from Vietnam; the environment; civil rights; mass transit; more equitable taxation; health care; the public's dissatisfaction with politics as usual,; and "change". During the summer, he trailed by almost 30 percentage points, but his energy level, his attractive young family, and his ability to connect with voters' emotions gave him an advantage over the ready-to-retire Boggs. Biden won the November7 election by 3,162 votes.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: On December 18, 1972, Biden's wife Neilia and their one-year-old daughter Amy were killed in an automobile accident in Hockessin, Delaware, causing each of his children bone fractures. Biden considered resigning to care for them, but Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield persuaded him not to.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Biden was sworn into office on January 5, 1973, by secretary of the Senate Francis R. Valeo in a small chapel at the Delaware Division of the Wilmington Medical Center. Beau was wheeled in with his leg still in traction; Hunter, who had already been released, was also there, as were other members of the extended family. Witnesses and television cameras were also present and the event received national attention.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: At age thirty, Biden became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history, and one of only eighteen who took office before turning thirty-one. However, the accident that killed his wife and daughter left him filled with both anger and religious doubt: "I liked to [walk around seedy neighborhoods] at night when I thought there was a better chance of finding a fight... I had not known I was capable of such rage... I felt God had played a horrible trick on me." To be at home every day for his two young sons, Biden began commuting every day by an Amtrak train ninety minutes each way from his Delaware home to Washington, D.C., which he continued to do throughout his Senate career. In the accident's aftermath, Biden had trouble focusing on work and appeared to just go through the motions of being a senator. In his memoirs, Biden notes that his staffers were taking bets on how long he would last. A single father for five years, he left standing orders that he be interrupted in the Senate at any time if his sons called. In remembrance of his wife and daughter, Biden does not work on December 18, the anniversary of the accident.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: In 1975, Biden met teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs, which he credits her with renewing his interest in both politics and life. They married in 1977 at the Chapel at the United Nations in New York.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: During his first years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability. In 1974, Biden was named by "Time" magazine as one of the "200 Faces for the Future" in a profile that mentioned what had happened to his family, calling him "self-confident" and "compulsively ambitious". In a June 1, 1974, interview with the "Washingtonian", Biden described himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens' concerns and healthcare, but conservative on other issues, including abortion and the draft.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Biden became ranking minority member of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary in 1981. In 1984, he was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act. Over time, the law's tough-on-crime provisions became controversial on the left and among criminal justice reform proponents, and in 2019 Biden called his role in passing the legislation a "big mistake". His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law's worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment at that time. He first considered running for president that year, after gaining notice for speeches he gave to party audiences that simultaneously scolded and encouraged Democrats.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: In 1993, Biden voted in favor of 10 U.S.C. §654, a section of a broader federally mandated policy that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life thereby banning gay Americans from serving in the United States armed forces in any capacity without exception. The law was subsequently modified by President Clinton through the issuance of DOD Directive 1304.26 (subsequently nicknamed "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" or DADT) which accommodated "closeted" service to the extent that a servicemember's homosexual sexual orientation was neither discovered nor disclosed. The ban was held unconstitutional in "Log Cabin Republicans v. United States" for violation of First and Fifth Amendment rights.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: In 1996, Biden voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act (1 U.S.C. §7), which prohibited the federal government from recognizing any same-sex marriage, barring individuals in such marriages from equal protection under federal law, and allowing states to do the same. In 2013, Section3 of DOMA was ruled unconstitutional and partially struck down in "United States v. Windsor". The Obama Administration did not defend the law and congratulated Windsor. In 2015, DOMA was ruled unconstitutional in totality in "Obergefell v. Hodges."


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Regarding foreign policy, during his first decade in the Senate, Biden focused on arms control issues. In response to Congress's refusal to ratify the SALT II Treaty signed in 1979 by Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, Biden took the initiative to meet with Soviet foreign minister Andrei Gromyko, educate him about American concerns and interests, and secure several changes to address the Foreign Relations Committee's objections. When the Reagan administration wanted to interpret the 1972 SALT I Treaty loosely to allow the Strategic Defense Initiative to proceed, Biden argued for strict adherence to the treaty's terms. He clashed again with the Reagan administration in 1986 over economic sanctions against South Africa, receiving considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State George P. Shultz at a Senate hearing because of the administration's support of that country, which continued to practice apartheid.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate's leading opponents of mandatory desegregation busing. His white Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly abandon school desegregation policies.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: In his first Senate campaign, Biden expressed support for the Supreme Court's 1971 "Swann" decision, which supported busing programs to integrate school districts to remedy "de jure" segregation, but opposed it to remedy "de facto" segregation, as in Delaware. He said Republicans were using busing as a scare tactic to court Southern white votes, and along with Boggs voiced opposition to a House of Representatives constitutional amendment banning busing. In 1974, Biden voted to table an amendment to an omnibus education bill promoted by Edward Gurney (R-FL) that contained anti-busing measures and anti-school desegregation clauses. In May, Senator Robert Griffin (R-MI) attempted to revive an amended version of the amendment. Minority Leader Hugh Scott (R-PA) and Majority Leader Mike Mansfield (D-MT) offered to leave the text of Griffin's amendment intact but add the qualifier that such legislation was not intended to weaken the judiciary's power to enforce the 5th and 14th Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. Biden voted for this compromise, angering his local voters.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Following this, some Delaware residents met at the Krebs School in Newport to protest integration. Biden spoke to the auditorium and said his position on school busing was evolving, emphasizing that busing in Delaware was in his opinion beyond court restrictions. The crowd was unconvinced, and heckled him until he yielded the microphone. This, along with the prospect of a busing plan in Wilmington, led Biden to align himself with civil rights opponent Senator Jesse Helms (R-NC) in opposing busing. Biden and anti-busing senators wanted to limit the scope of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with respect to the federal government's power to enforce school integration policies. After 1975, Biden took a harsher line on further legislative action to limit busing. That year, Helms proposed an anti-integration amendment to an education bill that would stop the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) from collecting data about students' or teachers' races and thereby prevent it from defunding districts that refused to integrate. Biden supported this amendment, saying: "I am sure it comes as a surprise to some of my colleagues... that a senator with a voting record such as mine stands up and supports" it. He said busing was a "bankrupt idea [that violated] the cardinal rule of common sense", and that his opposition would make it easier for other liberals to follow suit. But he had also supported integrationist Senator Edward Brooke's (R-MA) initiatives on housing, job opportunities and voting rights. Civil rights lawyer and NAACP Legal Defense Fund director Jack Greenberg criticized Biden's support for the bill, saying it "heave[d] a brick through the window of school integration", with Biden's hand on the brick.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Biden supported a measure Senator Robert Byrd (D-WV) sponsored that forbade the use of federal funds to transport students beyond their closest school. This was adopted as part of the Labor-HEW Appropriations Act of 1976. In 1977, Biden co-sponsored an amendment with Thomas Eagleton (D-MO) to close loopholes in Byrd's amendment. A 1977 status report on school desegregation by the federal Civil Rights Commission in Washington, D.C., said, "the enactment of Eagleton-Biden would be an actual violation, on the part of the Federal Government, of the fifth amendment and Title VI" of the Civil Rights Act. President Carter signed the amendment into law in 1978. Biden repeatedly asked for, and received, the support of Senator James Eastland (D-MS) on anti-busing measures.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Biden ran for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination, formally declaring his candidacy at the Wilmington train station on June 9, 1987. He was attempting to become the youngest president since John F. Kennedy. When the campaign began, he was considered a potentially strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability on the stump, his appeal to Baby Boomers, his high-profile position as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his fundraising appeal. He raised $1.7 million in the first quarter of 1987, more than any other candidate.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: By August 1987, Biden's campaign, whose messaging was confused due to staff rivalries, had begun to lag behind those of Michael Dukakis and Dick Gephardt, though he had still raised more funds than any candidate but Dukakis, and was seeing an upturn in Iowa polls. In September 1987, the campaign ran into trouble when he was accused of plagiarizing a speech that had been made earlier that year by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock. Kinnock's speech included the lines:


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Why am I the first Kinnock in a thousand generations to be able to get to university? [Then pointing to his wife in the audience] Why is Glenys the first woman in her family in a thousand generations to be able to get to university? Was it because all our predecessors were thick?


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: I started thinking as I was coming over here, why is it that Joe Biden is the first in his family ever to go to a university? [Then pointing to his wife in the audience] Why is it that my wife who is sitting out there in the audience is the first in her family to ever go to college? Is it because our fathers and mothers were not bright? Is it because I'm the first Biden in a thousand generations to get a college and a graduate degree that I was smarter than the rest?


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: Biden had in fact cited Kinnock as the source for the formulation on previous occasions. But he made no reference to the original source at the August 23 Democratic debate at the Iowa State Fair being reported on, or in an August 26 interview with the National Education Association. Moreover, while political speeches often appropriate ideas and language from each other, Biden's use came under more scrutiny because he changed aspects of his own family's background to match Kinnock's. Biden was soon found to have lifted passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy earlier that year (for which his aides took the blame), and a short phrase from the 1961 inaugural address of John F. Kennedy; and to have done the same with a 1976 passage from Hubert H. Humphrey two years earlier.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: A few days later, Biden's plagiarism incident in law school came to public light. Video was also released showing that when earlier questioned by a New Hampshire resident about his grades in law school, he had said he graduated in the "top half" of his class, that he had attended law school on a full scholarship, and that he had received three degrees in college, each of which was untrue or an exaggeration. Advisers and reporters pointed out that he falsely claimed to have marched in the civil rights movement.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: The limited amount of other news about the race amplified these revelations, when most of the public was not yet paying attention to the campaigns; Biden thus fell into what "The Washington Post" writer Paul Taylor called that year's trend, a "trial by media ordeal". Lacking a strong group of supporters to help him survive the crisis, he withdrew from the race on September 23, 1987, saying his candidacy had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes.


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: After Biden withdrew, it was revealed that the Dukakis campaign had secretly made a video highlighting the Biden–Kinnock comparison and distributed it to news outlets. Later in 1987, the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility cleared Biden of the law school plagiarism charges regarding his standing as a lawyer, saying Biden had "not violated any rules".


title: US Senate career of Joe Biden

text: In 1988, Biden suffered two brain aneurysms, one on the right side and one on the left. Each required surgery with high risk of long-term impact on brain functionality. In February 1988, after suffering from several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden was taken by long-distance ambulance to Walter Reed Army Medical Center and given lifesaving surgery to correct an intracranial berry aneurysm that had begun leaking. While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism, a major complication.