title: Blood doping

text: Detection method for hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (i.e. Oxyglobulin) is done in four separate steps. Step one involves the elimination of abundance proteins in the blood samples by immunodepletion (i.e. Proteo Prep 20 plasma immunodepletion kit). This process ensures that other proteins (i.e. albumin and immunoglobulin) do not interfere with capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation by changing the ionization. Second step, CE separation is done under certain condition, in this case background electrolyte consisting of ammonium formate (75mM at pH 9.5) in order to provide sufficient resolution between HBOC and Hb. Third step, UV/Vis detection was performed at 415 nm to selectively detect HBOC and HB. Fourth step, time-of-flight or mass spectrometer allowed increased accuracy in selectivity between hemoproteins and other proteins and definite determination of HBOC uptake. The detection limits for CE-UV/Vis at 415 nm and CE-ESI-TOF/MS results to be 0.20 and 0.45g/dL for plasma respectively.


title: Blood doping

text: Cobalt can be detected by laboratory blood analysis if the intake amount is greater than 400 μg per day. As the whole blood concentration is greater than 1 μg/L and the urinary concentration is greater than 10 μg/L after at least 10 days of administration. The dose, which increases the red blood cell production to approximately 16%-21%, is about 68 mg Co per day for at least 10 days of oral administration. The predicted whole blood concentration of cobalt exceeds 200 μg/L two hours after the last intake and the average urine concentrations of cobalt exceed 3000 μg/L within 24 hours of intake. A study was carried out where 23 subjects were to take 900 μg per day in the form of CoCl for 10 days. The model predictions were then compared to the study. The result shows that the model prediction for blood and urine are between the median concentration of the male and female groups, which indicate the model predictions sufficiently represent the test population as a whole.


title: Blood doping

text: As early as 1947, military research scientists were studying ways to increase fighter pilots' tolerance for hypoxia at high altitude. In one such study, red blood cells were transfused into ten males at the US Naval Research facility, resulting in increased oxygen capacity.


title: Blood doping

text: In 1993, U.S. Special Forces commanders at Fort Bragg started experimenting with blood doping, also known as blood loading. Special Forces operators would provide two units of whole blood, from which red blood cells would be extracted, concentrated, and stored under cold temperatures. 24 hours before a mission or battle, a small amount of red blood cells would be infused back into the soldier. Military scientists believe that the procedure increases the soldiers' endurance and alertness because of the increase in the blood's capability to carry oxygen.


title: Blood doping

text: In 1998, the Australian Defence Forces approved this technique for the Special Air Service Regiment. Senior nutritionist at the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organisation Chris Forbes-Ewan is quoted as saying that, unlike in sport, "all's fair in love and war." "What we are trying to gain is an advantage over any potential adversary," Forbes-Ewan said. In this study, over 50 performance-enhancing drugs and techniques were rejected. The six that were approved are caffeine, ephedrine, energy drinks, modafinil, creatine, and blood-loading.


title: Blood doping

text: Blood doping started in the late 1960s but was not outlawed until 1986. While it was still legal, it was commonly used by middle and long-distance runners. The first known case of blood doping occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow as Kaarlo Maaninka was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5 and 10 kilometer track races, though this was not against the rules at the time. Cyclist Joop Zoetemelk admitted to receiving blood transfusions during the 1976 Tour de France, where he finished second, although he claimed that these were intended to treat his anaemia rather than enhance his performance. In the same year cyclist Francesco Moser used blood transfusions to prepare for his successful attempt to break the hour record. "Blood doping" was banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1985, though no test existed for it at the time.


title: Blood doping

text: The American cyclist Tyler Hamilton failed a fluorescent-activated cell sorting test for detecting homologous blood transfusions during the 2004 Olympics. He was allowed to keep his gold medal because the processing of his sample precluded conducting a second, confirmatory test. He appealed a second positive test for homologous transfusion from the 2004 Vuelta a España to the International Court of Arbitration for Sport but his appeal was denied. Hamilton's lawyers proposed Hamilton may be a genetic chimera or have had a 'vanishing twin' to explain the presence of red blood cells from more than one person. While theoretically possible, these explanations were ruled to be of "negligible probability".


title: Blood doping

text: Tour de France rider Alexander Vinokourov, of the Astana Team, tested positive for two different blood cell populations and thus for homologous transfusion, according to various news reports on July 24, 2007. Vinokourov was tested after his victory in the 13th stage time trial of the Tour on July 21, 2007. A doping test is not considered to be positive until a second sample is tested to confirm the first. Vinokourov's B sample has now tested positive, and he faces a possible suspension of two years and a fine equal to one year's salary. He also tested positive after stage 15.


title: Blood doping

text: Vinokourov's teammate Andrej Kashechkin also tested positive for homologous blood doping on August 1, 2007, just a few days after the conclusion of the 2007 Tour de France (a race that had been dominated by doping scandals). His team withdrew after the revelation that Vinokourov had doped.


title: Blood doping

text: According to Russian investigators, 19-year-old New York Rangers prospect and Russian hockey player Alexei Cherepanov was engaged in blood doping for several months before he died on October 13, 2008, after collapsing on the bench during a game in Russia. He also had myocarditis.


title: Blood doping

text: The German speed skater and five-fold Olympic gold medalist Claudia Pechstein was banned for two years in 2009 for alleged blood doping, based on irregular levels of reticulocytes in her blood and the assumption that these levels were always highest during competitions. Her mean reticulocyte count over the ten years from 2000 to 2009 was 2.1% during top events like Olympic Games and during world championships. At world cup races the mean reticulocyte was 1.9% and during training phases 2.0%. The Court of Arbitration for Sport confirmed the ban in November 2009 in stating: "...once the possibility of a blood disease has been safely excluded...".


title: Blood doping

text: In September 2010, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court rejected the athlete's appeal, stating that Pechstein's inherited blood anomaly had been known before ("die vererbte Blutanomalie bekannt gewesen sei").


title: Blood doping

text: On May 20, 2011, Tyler Hamilton turned in his 2004 Olympic Gold Medal to the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency after admitting to doping in a "60 Minutes" interview.


title: Blood doping

text: On August 23, 2012, Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and banned for life by cycling's governing body following a report from the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency that accused him of leading a doping program during his cycling career. He later admitted to using banned substances including blood doping with transfusions and EPO in an interview with Oprah Winfrey on January 17, 2013.


title: Blood doping

text: In June 2014, UFC fighter Chael Sonnen tested positive for EPO. One month later, another UFC fighter, Ali Bagautinov also tested positive for EPO.


title: Blood doping

text: In February 2018, Bahraini steeplechase and 3000m steeplechase world record holder Ruth Jebet tested positive for EPO and in the 4th of March, she was suspended for 4 years.


title: Blood doping

text: The simple act of increasing the number of red blood cells in blood may be associated with hyperviscosity syndrome which is characterized by increased blood viscosity and decreased cardiac output and blood flow velocity which results in the reduction of peripheral oxygen delivery. For instance, an overdose of EPO can thicken blood into a highly viscous and artery-clogging sludge. This increases the chances of heart attack, stroke, phlebitis, and pulmonary embolism, which has been seen in cases where there is too much blood reintroduced into the blood stream. Because blood doping increases the volume of red blood cells, it effectively introduces a condition called polycythemia, a blood disorder that has known adverse outcomes such as heart attacks or strokes.


title: Blood doping

text: Blood contamination during preparation or storage is another issue. Contamination was seen in 1 in every 500,000 transfusions of red blood cells in 2002. Blood contamination can lead to sepsis or an infection that affects the whole body.


title: Blood doping

text: Certain medications used to increase red blood cells can reduce liver function and lead to liver failure, pituitary problems, and increases in cholesterol levels.


title: New historicism

text: New historicism, a form of literary theory which aims to understand intellectual history through literature and literature through its cultural context, follows the 1950s field of history of ideas and refers to itself as a form of cultural poetics. It first developed in the 1980s, primarily through the work of the critic Stephen Greenblatt, and gained widespread influence in the 1990s. Greenblatt coined the term new historicism when he "collected a bunch of essays and then, out of a kind of desperation to get the introduction done, he wrote that the essays represented something called a 'new historicism'".


title: New historicism

text: Harold Aram Veeser, introducing an anthology of essays, "The New Historicism" (1989), noted some key assumptions that continually reappear in new historicism:


title: New historicism

text: "Sub-literary" texts and uninspired non-literary texts all came to be read as documents of historical discourse, side-by-side with the "great works of literature". A typical focus of new historicist critics, led by Stephen Orgel, has been on understanding Shakespeare less as an autonomous great author in the modern sense than as a means of reconstructing the cultural milieu of Renaissance theatre—a collaborative and largely anonymous free-for-all—and the complex social politics of the time. In this sense, Shakespeare's plays are seen as inseparable from the context in which he wrote (see contextualism, thick description). Influential historians behind the eruption of the new historicism are Lynn Hunt and Michel Foucault, as they both taught at UC-Berkeley during its rise as a postmodern approach to history.


title: New historicism

text: In this shift of focus, a comparison can be made with the best discussions of works of decorative arts. Unlike fine arts, which had been discussed in purely formal terms, comparable to the literary New Criticism, under the influences of Bernard Berenson and Ernst Gombrich, nuanced discussion of the arts of design since the 1970s have been set within social and intellectual contexts, taking account of fluctuations in luxury trades, the availability of design prototypes to local craftsmen, the cultural horizons of the patron, and economic considerations—"the limits of the possible" in economic historian Fernand Braudel's famous phrase. An outstanding pioneer example of such a contextualized study was Peter Thornton's monograph " Seventeenth-Century Interior Decoration in England, France and Holland" (1978).


title: New historicism

text: In its historicism and in its political interpretations, new historicism is indebted to Marxism. But whereas Marxism (at least in its more orthodox forms) tends to see literature as part of a 'superstructure' in which the economic 'base' (i.e. material relations of production) manifests itself, new historicist thinkers tend to take a more nuanced view of power, seeing it not exclusively as class-related but extending throughout society. This view derives primarily from Michel Foucault.


title: New historicism

text: In its tendency to see society as consisting of texts relating to other texts, with no 'fixed' literary value above and beyond the way specific cultures read them in specific situations, new historicism is a form of postmodernism applied to interpretive history.


title: New historicism

text: New historicism shares many of the same theories as with what is often called cultural materialism, but cultural materialist critics are even more likely to put emphasis on the present implications of their study and to position themselves in disagreement to current power structures, working to give power to traditionally disadvantaged groups. Cultural critics also downplay the distinction between "high" and "low" culture and often focus predominantly on the productions of "popular culture" (Newton 1988).


title: New historicism

text: New historicists analyse text with an eye to history. With this in mind, new historicism is not "new". Many of the critiques that existed between the 1920s and the 1950s also focused on literature's historical content. These critics based their assumptions of literature on the connection between texts and their historical contexts (Murfin & Supriya 1998).


title: New historicism

text: New historicism also has something in common with the historical criticism of Hippolyte Taine, who argued that a literary work is less the product of its author's imaginations than the social circumstances of its creation, the three main aspects of which Taine called race, milieu, and moment. It is also a response to an earlier historicism, practiced by early 20th century critics such as John Livingston Lowes, which sought to de-mythologize the creative process by reexamining the lives and times of canonical writers. But new historicism differs from both of these trends in its emphasis on ideology: the political disposition, unknown to the author that governs their work.


title: New historicism

text: There is a popularly held recognition that Foucault's ideas have passed through the new historicist formation in history as a succession of "épistémès" or structures of thought that shape everyone and everything within a culture (Myers 1989). It is indeed evident that the categories of history used by new historicists have been standardized academically. Although the movement is publicly disapproving of the periodization of academic history, the uses to which new historicists put the Foucauldian notion of the épistémè amount to very little more than the same practice under a new and improved label (Myers 1989).


title: New historicism

text: Carl Rapp argues that "[the new historicists] often appear to be saying, 'We are the only ones who are willing to admit that all knowledge is contaminated, including even our own'".


title: New historicism

text: Camille Paglia likewise cites "the New Historicism coming out of Berkeley" as an "issue where the PC academy thinks it's going to reform the old bad path, I have been there before they have been, and I'm there to punish and expose and to say what they are doing...a piece of crap." Elsewhere, Paglia has suggested that new historicism is "a refuge for English majors without critical talent or broad learning in history or political science. ... To practice it, you must apparently lack all historical sense."


title: New historicism

text: Sarah Maza argues that "[Catherine] Gallagher and Greenblatt seem oblivious of the longer range of disciplinary development in history; they reject grand narratives as extensions of nineteenth- and twentieth-century nationalist, socialist or whiggish programs, obfuscating the fact that such mid-twentieth century innovations as histoire totale and quantified social history, large in scale as they were, originated from a desire to make history more democratic and more inclusive."


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Ontario Liberal Party (OLP; , PLO) is a political party in the province of Ontario, Canada. The party has been led by interim leader John Fraser since August 2022.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The party espouses the principles of liberalism, and generally sits at the centre to centre-left of the political spectrum, with their rival the Progressive Conservative Party positioned to the right and the New Democratic Party (who at times aligned itself with the Liberals during minority governments), positioned to their left.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The party has strong informal ties to the Liberal Party of Canada, but the two parties are organizationally independent and have separate, though overlapping, memberships. The provincial and federal parties were organizationally the same party until Ontario members of the party voted to split in 1976.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Liberals lost official party status in the 2018 Ontario provincial election having fallen to only 7 seats, the worst defeat of a governing party in Ontario history. Prior to the 2018 election, the party had won every election since the beginning of the 21st century and had governed the province for the previous 15 years. In the 2022 provincial election, the Liberals saw a modest increase in support, finishing second in popular vote, but only winning 8 seats.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Liberal Party of Ontario is descended from the Reform Party of Robert Baldwin and William Lyon Mackenzie, who argued for responsible government in the 1830s and 1840s against the conservative patrician rule of the Family Compact.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The modern Liberals were founded by George Brown, who sought to rebuild the Reform Party after its collapse in 1854. In 1857, Brown brought together the Reformers and the radical "Clear Grits" of southwestern Ontario to create a new party in Upper Canada with a platform of democratic reform and annexation of the north-west. The party adopted a position in favour of uniting Upper and Lower Canada into the United Province of Canada, a concept that eventually led to Canadian confederation.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: After 1867, Edward Blake became leader of the Ontario Liberal Party. The party sat in opposition to the Conservative government led by John Sandfield Macdonald. Blake's Liberals defeated the Tories in 1871, but Blake left Queen's Park for Ottawa the next year, leaving the provincial Liberals in the hands of Oliver Mowat. Mowat served as Premier of Ontario until 1896.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: While the Tories became a narrow, sectarian Protestant party with a base in the Orange Order, the Liberals under Mowat attempted to bring together Catholics and Protestants, rural and urban interests under moderate, pragmatic leadership.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Liberals were defeated in 1905 after over thirty years in power. The party had grown tired and arrogant in government and became increasingly cautious. As well, a growing anti-Catholic sectarian sentiment hurt the Liberals, particularly in Toronto where they were unable to win a seat from 1890 until 1916. The Liberals continued to decline after losing power, and, for a time, were eclipsed by the United Farmers of Ontario (UFO) when the Liberals were unable to attract the growing farmers' protest movement to its ranks.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: Debates over the party's policy on liquor divided the membership, forced the resignation of at least one leader, Hartley Dewart, and drove away many reform-minded Liberals who supported the federal party under William Lyon Mackenzie King but found the provincial party too narrow and conservative to support. The party was so disorganized that it was led for seven years (and through two provincial elections) by an interim leader, W.E.N. Sinclair, as there was not enough money or a sufficient level of organization, and too many divisions within the party to hold a leadership convention. By 1930, the Liberals were reduced to a small, rural and prohibitionist rump with a base in south western Ontario.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: After a series of ineffective leaders, the Liberals turned to Mitchell Hepburn, an onion farmer, federal Member of Parliament and former member of the UFO. Hepburn was able to build an electoral coalition with Liberal-Progressives and attract reformers and urban voters to the party. The Liberal-Progressives had previously supported the UFO and the Progressive Party of Canada. A "wet", Hepburn was able to end the divisions in the party around the issue of temperance which had reduced it to a narrow sect. The revitalized party was able to win votes from rural farmers, particularly in southwestern Ontario, urban Ontario, Catholics and francophones. It also had the advantage of not being in power at the onset of the Great Depression. With the economy in crisis, Ontarians looked for a new government, and Hepburn's populism was able to excite the province.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In government, Hepburn's Liberals warred with organized labour led by the Congress of Industrial Organizations, who were trying to unionize the auto-sector. Later, he battled with the federal Liberal Party of Canada government of William Lyon Mackenzie King, which, Hepburn argued, was insufficiently supportive of the war effort. The battle between Hepburn and King split the Ontario Liberal Party and led to Hepburn's ouster as leader. It also contributed to the party's defeat in the 1943 election, which was followed by the party's long stint in opposition. The Liberals declined to a right wing, rural rump. The "Progressive Conservatives" under George Drew established a dynasty which was to rule Ontario for the next 42 years.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: Ontario politics in recent times have been dominated by the Progressive Conservatives, also known as the Tories. The Liberals had formed the Government for only five years out of sixty years from 1943 to 2003. For forty-two years, from 1943 to 1985, the province was governed by the Tories. During this period, the Ontario Liberal Party was a rural, conservative rump with a southwestern Ontario base, and were often further to the right of the moderate Red Tory Conservative administrations. In 1964, the party changed their name from the "Ontario Liberal Association" to the "Liberal Party of Ontario".


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In September 1964, the party elected Andy Thompson as its leader. While the leadership election garnered some attention, it looked like Thompson would have a hard time winning an election. The Liberals had held office only three times for 13 years since 1900 and the party caucus was not that much different from the time between 1959 and 1963. They failed to get a popular candidate, Charles Templeton, elected in a by-election. They also lost another riding to the PCs when Maurice Bélanger died in March 1964. Thompson would last only two years as leader before resigning due to stress-induced health problems.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Liberals were almost shut out of Metropolitan Toronto and other urban areas and, in 1975, fell to third place behind the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP) under Stephen Lewis. With the NDP in ascendancy in the late 1960s and 1970s, it appeared that the Liberals could disappear altogether.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Liberals remained more popular than the Tories among Catholic and Francophone voters, due to the party's support for extending separate school funding to include Grades 11–13. The Tories opposed this extension until 1985, when they suddenly reversed their position. This reversal angered traditional Conservative voters, and may have contributed to their defeat in the 1985 election.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Ontario Liberal Party first broke the Tories' hold on the province in 1985 under the leadership of David Peterson. Peterson modernized the party and made it appealing to urban voters and immigrants who had previously supported the cautious government of Tory Premiers John Robarts and William Davis.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: Peterson was able to form a minority government from 1985 to 1987 due to an accord signed with the Ontario NDP. Under this accord, the NDP agreed not to trigger an election via a non-confidence vote in exchange for the Liberals implementing certain agreed upon policies and not calling an election for the next two years.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: Once the accord expired, an election was called and Peterson won a strong majority government with 95 seats, its most ever.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: Peterson's government ruled in a time of economic plenty where occasional instances of fiscal imprudence were not much remarked on. Peterson was a close ally of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney on the Meech Lake Accord, but opposed Mulroney on the issue of free trade.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The majority Liberal government of 1987 to 1990 was less innovative than the previous minority government. The Liberals' increasing conservatism caused many centre-left voters to look at the Ontario NDP and its leader Bob Rae, and consider the social-democratic NDP as an alternative to the Liberals.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Liberals went into the 1990 election with apparently strong support in the public opinion polls. This support quickly evaporated, however. On the campaign trail, the media reported that the Liberals were met by voters who were angry at going to the polls just three years into the government's mandate. Another negative factor was Peterson's association with Mulroney and the failed Meech Lake Accord attempt at constitutional reform, about which the public felt strongly. The campaign was also poorly run: a mid-campaign proposal to cut the provincial sales tax was a particularly bad blunder. The party had also underestimated the impact of the Patti Starr fundraising scandal, as well as allegations surrounding the Liberal government's links with land developers.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In the 1990 election, the Liberals only finished five points behind the NDP in the popular vote. However, the NDP took many seats from the Liberals in the Toronto suburbs. The NDP promised a return to the activist form of government that had prevailed from 1985 to 1987, and its co-operation with the Liberals during that time made it appear more moderate and acceptable to swing voters in the Toronto area. Due to the nature of the first-past-the-post system, the Liberals were decimated, falling from 95 seats to 36. The 59-seat loss surpassed the 48-seat loss in 1943 that began the Tories' long rule over the province. Peterson himself was heavily defeated in his own London-area riding by the NDP challenger.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: By the 1995 election, the NDP government had become very unpopular due to perceived mismanagement, a few scandals, and because of the severe downturn in the economy. The Liberal Party was expected to replace the unpopular NDP, but it ran a poor campaign under leader Lyn McLeod, and was beaten by the Progressive Conservatives under Mike Harris. Harris swept to power on a right-wing "Common Sense Revolution" platform. In 1996, the Ontario Liberals selected Dalton McGuinty as their leader in a free-wheeling convention. Starting in fourth place, McGuinty's fiscally prudent record and moderate demeanor made him the second choice of a convention polarized around the candidacy of former Toronto Food Bank head Gerard Kennedy.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In the 1999 election, the governing Conservatives were reelected on the basis of strong economic growth and a negative campaign tightly focused on portraying McGuinty as "not up to the job". A poor performance in the leader's debate and a weak overall campaign hamstrung the new leader, but he was able to rally his party in the final weeks of the campaign. The Ontario Liberals garnered 40% of the vote, at the time their second-highest total in 50 years.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: McGuinty's second term as opposition leader was more successful than his first. With the Liberals consolidated as the primary opposition to Harris's Progressive Conservatives, McGuinty was able to present his party as the "government in waiting". He hired a more skilled group of advisors and drafted former cabinet minister Greg Sorbara as party president. McGuinty also rebuilt the party's fundraising operation, launching the Ontario Liberal Fund. He personally rebuilt the party's platform to one that emphasized lowering class sizes, hiring more nurses, increasing environmental protections and "holding the line" on taxes in the buildup to the 2003 election. McGuinty also made a serious effort to improve his debating skills, and received coaching from Democratic Party trainers in the United States.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In the 2003 election, McGuinty led the Liberals to a majority government, winning 72 out of 103 seats. The PC government's record had already been marred by a number of prior events, including the death of Dudley George, the Walkerton water tragedy and the government's performance during the SARS outbreak. The PC's election campaign relied on attack ads against McGuinty, while the McGuinty campaign kept a positive message throughout. The PCs' negative attacks on McGuinty backfired throughout the campaign.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The new government called the Legislature back in session in late 2003, and passed a series of bills relating to its election promises. The government brought in auto insurance reforms (including a price cap), fixed election dates, rolled-back a series of corporate and personal tax cuts which had been scheduled for 2004, passed legislation which enshrined publicly funded Medicare into provincial law, hired more meat and water inspectors, opened up the provincially owned electricity companies to Freedom of Information laws and enacted a ban on partisan government advertising.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The McGuinty government also benefited from a scandal involving the previous Progressive Conservative government's management of Ontario Power Generation and Hydro One, which broke in the winter of 2003–04. It was revealed that a number of key figures associated with Mike Harris's "Common Sense Revolution" had received lucrative, untendered multimillion-dollar consulting contracts from these institutions. Among the figures named in the scandal were Tom Long, former Harris campaign chairman, Leslie Noble, former Harris campaign manager and Paul Rhodes, former Harris communications director.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: On May 18, 2004, Provincial Finance Minister Greg Sorbara released the McGuinty government's first budget. The centrepiece was a controversial new Health Premium of $300 to $900, staggered according to income. This violated a key Liberal campaign pledge not to raise taxes, and gave the government an early reputation for breaking promises. The Liberals defended the premium by pointing to the previous government's hidden deficit of $5.6 billion, and McGuinty claimed he needed to break his campaign pledge on taxation to fulfill his promises on other fronts.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Ontario Health Premium also became a major issue in the early days of the 2004 federal election, called a week after the Ontario budget. Most believe that the controversy seriously hampered Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin's bid for re-election.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: Also controversial were the elimination of coverage for health services not covered by the Canada Health Act, including eye examinations and physical therapy. Other elements included a four-year plan to tackle the deficit left behind by the Progressive Conservatives, free immunization for children, investments in education and investments to lower waiting times for cancer care, cardiac care, joint replacement, MRI and CT scans.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: Soon after the federal election, McGuinty hosted a federal-provincial summit on public health-care funding which resulted in a new agreement for a national health accord. This accord allowed the provincial Premiers and territorial leaders to draw more money from Ottawa for health services, and requires the federal government to take provincial concerns such as hospital waiting-lists into account. McGuinty's performance at the summit was generally applauded by the Canadian media.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The McGuinty government brought forward a number of regulatory initiatives in the fall of 2004. These included legislation allowing bring-your-own-wine in restaurants, banning junk food in public schools to promote healthier choices, outlawing smoking in public places and requiring students to stay in school until age 18. Following a series of high-profile maulings, the government also moved to ban pit bulls.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: During early 2005, McGuinty called the Legislature back for a rare winter session to debate and pass several high-profile bills. The government legislated a Greenbelt around Toronto. The size of Prince Edward Island, the Greenbelt protects a broad swath of land from development and preserves forests and farmland. In response to court decisions, the Liberals updated the definition of marriage to include homosexual couples.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: McGuinty also launched a PR campaign to narrow the politically charged $23 billion gap between what Ontario contributes to the federal government and what is returned to Ontario in services. This came as a sharp turn after more than a year of cooperating with the federal government, but McGuinty pointed to the special deals worked out by the federal government with Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia as compromising the nature of equalization payments. In particular, McGuinty noted that immigrants in Ontario receive $800 in support from the federal government, while those in Quebec receive $3800.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In the 2003 campaign, the Liberals denounced public-private partnerships (also known as "3P" deals) for infrastructure projects such as the building of hospitals. Following the campaign, however, the McGuinty government allowed "3P" hospital construction deals arranged by the previous government to continue.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Ontario Liberals won their second majority in a row on October 10, 2007, winning 71 of the province's 107 seats. Winning two majorities back to back is a feat that had not occurred for the party in 70 years.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In the next general election on October 6, 2011, McGuinty led the Liberals to win a historic third consecutive term and to once again form government, albeit with a minority of seats in the legislature. The Liberals won 53 of the 107 seats, just short of a 54-seat majority government. On October 15, 2012, McGuinty announced that he would resign as leader and Premier. At the end of January 2013, the party elected MPP Kathleen Wynne as leader, making her the 25th Premier of Ontario.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The June 12, 2014 election was triggered by the Ontario New Democratic Party's decision to reject the 2014 Ontario Budget. The Liberal Party under the leadership of Kathleen Wynne won 58 seats in the Legislature, and formed a majority government.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In 2015 the Liberals proposed to sell 60 per cent of the province's $16-billion share of the province's electricity distribution utility, Hydro One. Hydro One Brampton and Hydro One Networks' distribution arm would be spun off into a separate company and sold outright for up to $3 billion.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The government pivoted to the left in the lead up to the 2018 election by raising the minimum wage, introducing reforms to employment standards and labour law, bringing in a limited form of pharmacare and promising universal child care.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In the 2018 general election, the Liberals were swept from power in a historic defeat that resulted in large gains for both the Progressive Conservatives and NDP. The Liberal popular vote fell to 19%, almost half their previous result; the party lost 51 seats and were reduced to a rump of only seven seats in a swing that elected a PC majority and made the NDP the official opposition.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: Notably, the Liberals lost all but three of their 18 seats in Toronto, were completely shut out in the 905 region and won only one seat outside of Toronto and Ottawa. The seven-member rump caucus was one short of the requirement to retain official status in the Ontario legislature, and was also the only remnant of Wynne's cabinet. Wynne herself barely held onto her own seat by 181 votes. Accepting responsibility for the worst showing in the party's 161-year history and the worst defeat of a sitting government in Ontario, Wynne resigned as Liberal leader on election night.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: On June 14, 2018, John Fraser was appointed as interim leader of the party following a vote by caucus members, riding association presidents, and party executives.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In the 2018 municipal election later in the year, six of the defeated Liberal MPPs — Bill Mauro, Kathryn McGarry, Jim Bradley, Mike Colle, Granville Anderson and Dipika Damerla — were elected to municipal office as mayors, city councillors or regional councillors.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In March 2020, the party elected former Cabinet Minister Steven Del Duca as leader, who defeated five other candidates on the first ballot at the leadership convention.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: In the 2022 general election, the Liberals gained only one seat once again falling short of official status by four seats. After failing to win in his own riding, leader Steven Del Duca announced his resignation as party leader.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Ontario Liberal Party is currently running on a centrist / center-left platform of expanding childcare spaces in the province, privatization of parts of Hydro One, building infrastructure projects, $30-billion investment into transportation across the province, allowing beer and wine to be sold in certain grocery stores, updating sex education in public schools, expanding the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) in the form of OHIP+, and providing free tuition for qualifying post-secondary students.


title: Ontario Liberal Party

text: The Liberals were recognized as the Official Opposition following the 1923 election by the governing Conservatives, despite the fact that the United Farmers of Ontario had more seats. According to historian Peter Oliver, this was an arbitrary decision without basis in precedent or law. Conservative Premier G. Howard Ferguson used as justification an announcement by UFO general secretary James J. Morrison that the UFO would be withdrawing from party politics, though Oliver argues that this was facetious logic. UFO parliamentary leader Manning Doherty protested the decision, but to no avail. (source: Peter Oliver, "G. Howard Ferguson: Ontario Tory", (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977), p. 158.)


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach () is a town in Thuringia, Germany with 42,000 inhabitants, located west of Erfurt, southeast of Kassel and northeast of Frankfurt. It is the main urban centre of western Thuringia and bordering northeastern Hessian regions, situated near the former Inner German border. A major attraction is Wartburg castle, which has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1999.


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach was an early capital of Thuringia in the 12th and 13th centuries. St.Elizabeth lived at the court of the Ludowingians here between 1211 and 1228. Later, Martin Luther came to Eisenach and translated the Bible into German. In 1685, Johann Sebastian Bach was born here. During the early modern period, Eisenach was a residence of the Ernestine Wettins and was visited by numerous representatives of Weimar classicism like Johann Wolfgang Goethe. In 1869, the SDAP, one of the two precursors of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was founded in Eisenach.


title: Eisenach

text: Car production is an important industry in Eisenach. The "Automobilwerk Eisenach" was founded in 1896. In the German Democratic Republic, the Wartburg was produced here, before the factory was acquired by Opel in 1990.


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach is situated on the Hörsel river, a tributary of the Werra between the Thuringian Forest in the south, the Hainich mountains in the north-east and the East Hesse Highlands in the north-west. Since January 2021, it is part of the Wartburgkreis.


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach's origin and early history is unknown. An 8th century Frankish settlement near Petersberg hill is regarded as the nucleus of Eisenach. However, there are no written sources about that early period. According to legend, Louis the Springer began in 1067 to establish Wartburg castle above the settlement.


title: Eisenach

text: In 1080, the castle was first mentioned in a Saxon chronicle. Eisenach itself followed in a document dating to 1150 where it was referred to as "Isinacha". During the 1180s, the town was established by the construction of three independent market settlements around the Saturday's market (today's Karlsplatz), the Wednesday's market (today's Frauenplan) and the Monday's market (today's Marktplatz). Due to its convenient location at a bottleneck between the Thuringian Forest in the south and the Hainich mountains in the north, Eisenach benefitted from substantial west-east trade along Via Regia from Frankfurt to Erfurt and Leipzig and became a rich merchant town. During the second half of the 12th century, the town walls were erected (the Nikolaitor is an important relict of this wall) and Eisenach got a planned grid of streets and alleys. In the late 12th century, the Wartburg became the main residence of the Ludowingians, making Eisenach a leading place in today's western Thuringia and northern Hesse, which also belonged to the Ludowingian landgraviate. In 1207, the legendary Sängerkrieg supposedly took place at Wartburg castle.


title: Eisenach

text: In 1221, St. Elizabeth married Landgrave Louis' IV and she lived in Eisenach or at Wartburg castle until 1228. Later, she became the patroness of Thuringia and Hesse.


title: Eisenach

text: In 1247, the Ludowingians died out which led to the War of the Thuringian Succession between the Wettins and Duchess Sophie of Brabant. As a consequence, the landgraviate was divided. Eisenach and the eastern parts went to the Wettins (later becoming Thuringia) and Kassel, Marburg and the western parts went to Sophie (later becoming Hesse). Eisenach kept a leading position among the Wettin's Thuringian cities by becoming their "Oberhof" (leading court), so that their law had to be derived from Eisenach's municipal law and disputes had to be resolved here. The confident citizens of Eisenach fought against the Wettin's rule to become a free imperial city between 1306 and 1308, but lost. In the 14th century various crises followed: in 1342, a big fire destroyed nearly all the buildings and the Black Death killed many inhabitants in 1349 and 1393. Since 1406, Eisenach was no longer a Wettin residence, which led to a decline in urban development. In 1485, in the "division of Leipzig", the town fell to the Ernestine line of the Wettins.


title: Eisenach

text: Between 1498 and 1501, the young Martin Luther attended the St. George's Latin school in Eisenach in preparation for his following studies at the University of Erfurt. In 1521/22 he was hidden by Frederick the Wise at Wartburg castle to protect him from the Imperial ban. In that time, Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German, in what was an important step both for the German Reformation and the development of a consistent German standard language.


title: Eisenach

text: Luther referred to Eisenach as "ein Pfaffennest" ("a clerical backwater"), since during his time there were 300 monks and nuns per 1,000 inhabitants.


title: Eisenach

text: In 1528, the Lutheran Reformation was implemented in Eisenach. In 1596, Eisenach became a ducal residence again for the house of Saxe-Eisenach.


title: Eisenach

text: Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach in 1685. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach worked here as a musician at that time. Other famous composers and musicians associated with Eisenach during that period were Johann Pachelbel, Johann Christoph Bach and Georg Philipp Telemann. As the Eisenach dukes died out in 1741, the town and the state became part of Saxe-Weimar. Nevertheless, the cultural life stayed unimpaired. The coterie around the poet met up with famous personalities like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Christoph Martin Wieland in Eisenach.


title: Eisenach

text: In 1817, the Wartburg Festival took place in Eisenach, a meeting of students advocating moves towards a more liberal, constitutional state and a unification of Germany. The industrial revolution started relatively early in Eisenach. As early as the first half of the 19th century, the first factories were founded. In 1847, Eisenach was connected by the Thuringian Railway to Erfurt and Halle/Leipzig in the east and in 1849 to Kassel and Frankfurt in the west. In 1858, the Werra Railway to Lichtenfels (and further to Nuremberg) was opened.


title: Eisenach

text: In August 1869, the leading socialists August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht founded the SDAP, one of the two predecessors of today's SPD in Eisenach. The Eisenach Program remained the party's main manifesto for the following years. The late 19th and early 20th century was the period with the fastest urban growth in Eisenach. The "Fahrzeugfabrik Eisenach" (FFE), later "Automobilwerk Eisenach", basis of car production in Eisenach, was founded in 1896, the first trams ran in 1897, the "" ("fraternity monument") was erected in 1902 and the J. S. Bach museum opened in 1907. Tourists also started to arrive in this period, drawn by the pleasing landscape and the various sights within the town.


title: Eisenach

text: Between the 1860s and 1938, Eisenach hosted one of the largest Jewish communities in Thuringia with nearly 500 members at the beginning of the 20th century. Many Jews migrated from the Rhön area around Stadtlengsfeld to Eisenach after their emancipation in the early 19th century. The new synagogue was built in 1885 and destroyed by the Nazis during "Kristallnacht" in November 1938. Most Jews emigrated at that time, others were deported to concentration camps and murdered there. During Nazi Germany the Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life, an antisemitic propaganda institute, was set up in Eisenach by eleven German Protestant churches, founded at the instigation of the German Christian movement.


title: Eisenach

text: Before the Second World War, BMW had produced motorcycles in the town. In preparation for World War II, new barracks were established in Eisenach and the car industry started the production of military equipment. After 1940, around 4,000 forced labourers (most of them from the Soviet Union) were pressed to work in the town's factories, where some of them died due to the bad working conditions. Postwar, the managing director of the BMW aircraft engine works, Dr Schaaf, told the Fedden Mission there were as many as 11,000 working in the town, 4,500 in a plant inside a hillside turning out BMW 132 engines and parts for the 801, the rest in town. The bombings during the war destroyed about 2,000 housing units and big parts of the car factories, as well as some historic buildings in the town centre, which were rebuilt soon after the war. The US Army arrived in Eisenach on 6 April 1945, but the Soviets took over control of the town on 1 July 1945, making it Communism's westernmost major town.


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach was part of the GDR after 1949. The Inner German border ran only ten kilometres west of Eisenach and was closed in 1952, cutting off parts of Eisenach's traditional hinterland. The location near the border inhibited the further development during the next 40 years and the population declined through that period. Nevertheless, Eisenach remained an important industrial location. The BMW car factory was socialized and under the new name EMW produced the Wartburg, the so-called "Mercedes of the East". The deteriorating condition of many historic houses led to a housing shortage during the 1970s. The government fought this by demolishing some historic quarters (e.g. at Jakobstraße) and rebuilding them with "Plattenbau" settlements. The biggest "Plattenbau" district was built at the northern periphery of Eisenach between 1978 and 1985 with nearly 4,000 housing units. In 1975, the tramway system was discontinued.


title: Eisenach

text: After German reunification in 1990, the economic situation changed. The car factory was taken over by Opel, whereas many other factories were closed. On the other hand, Eisenach moved from the inner German border to the centre of the reunified country. Tourism saw significant growth and the Wartburg castle was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. Nevertheless, the financial situation of Eisenach remained difficult, unemployment stayed above average and car production suffered from the business problems of Opel.


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach is situated at the northern edge of the Thuringian Forest, at an elevation of about 220 m. The terrain is hilly, to the south also mountainous (up to 460 m of elevation), with the central Hörsel valley crossing the town in east-western direction. The Nesse river enters the Hörsel river in Eisenach after forming a valley through the spur of the Hörselberg mountains in the eastern municipal territory. The northern territory around the Neunkirchen, Stregda and Hötzelsroda districts is relatively flat and in agricultural use. Approximately west of the town centre runs the wide Werra valley, where the Hörsel river enters this bigger river near Hörschel district. The southern municipal territory is covered with forest, same as some smaller parts north of the Hörsel river. The Hainich mountains begin north-east of Eisenach.


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach abuts the municipalities Krauthausen, Mihla, Lauterbach, Bischofroda and Berka vor dem Hainich in the north, Hörselberg-Hainich and Wutha-Farnroda in the east and Marksuhl, Wolfsburg-Unkeroda and Gerstungen in the south (all situated in the district Wartburgkreis) and Werra-Meißner-Kreis (Hesse, municipality of Herleshausen in the west). The municipal border between Eisenach and Herleshausen was part of the inner German border/Iron Curtain from 1949 to 1990.


title: Eisenach

text: The municipality of Eisenach includes beside the inner town the following rural districts (all of them were incorporated in 1994):


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach has a humid continental climate (Dfb) or an oceanic climate ("Cfb") according to the Köppen climate classification system. Summers are warm and sometimes humid, winters are relatively cold. The town's topography creates a microclimate with mostly adequate air circulation along the west-eastern valley which made Eisenach a resort at the end of the 19th century. Annual precipitation is with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long in the inner town valley.


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach has always been one of the larger towns in Thuringia with 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants during the Middle Ages. By 1800, the population rose to 8,000 and further to 10,000 as industrialisation started around 1850. In 1875, the town had 16,000 inhabitants, 30,000 in 1900, 43,000 in 1925 and more than 50,000 in 1940, as the peak was reached. Like the most other east German mid-sized towns, Eisenach has had a shrinking population since 1950. It declined to 48,000 in 1990, 44,000 in 2000 and 42,000 in 2012. During the last few years (2009–2012), the annual change was . Suburbanization played only a small role in Eisenach. It occurred after reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of the suburban areas are situated within the administrative town borders.


title: Eisenach

text: The birth deficit was 240 in 2012, or -5.7 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +6.5 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of people who have moved to Eisenach are rural areas of Thuringia as well as foreign countries like Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.


title: Eisenach

text: Like in other eastern German cities, only a small share of Eisenach's population is foreign: circa 2.3% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 4.9% are classified as "migrants" (according to the 2011 EU census). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Eisenach are Vietnamese, Russians and Ukrainians.


title: Eisenach

text: Due to the official atheism of the former German Democratic Republic, most of the population is non-religious: 23.0% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 4.4% are Catholics (according to the 2011 EU census).


title: Eisenach

text: Agriculture is not very important in Eisenach, because of the hilly terrain, the—compared to central Thuringia further east—less fertile soil and the relatively humid climate. However, 43% of the total municipal territory are in agricultural use, mostly as maize and rapeseed fields or as cattle pasture.


title: Eisenach

text: The industrial structure is relatively focused on car production. The German auto manufacturer Opel built an entirely new plant in the northwest of the town, after the Wartburg car plant had ceased production in 1991. The new plant opened in 1992. Most other large manufacturers in Eisenach serve as suppliers for Opel, the largest among them is Bosch. BMW runs a factory in the neighbouring municipality of Krauthausen that supplies car parts. Another component supplier is "Truck-Lite Europe". In 2012, there were a total of 19 industrial companies with more than 20 workers in Eisenach, employing 5,600 people and generating a turnover of more than 1.8 billion euros. Of those employees, 3,000 work for just two companies (Opel and Bosch), underlining the dependence of Eisenach on the automotive industry.


title: Eisenach

text: Services in Eisenach are focused on tourism with 166,000 overnight visitors spending a total of 311,000 nights in hotels in 2012. In addition, there are large numbers of (mostly German) one-day visitors.


title: Eisenach

text: During recent years, the economic situation of the town improved: the unemployment rate declined from 17% in 2005 to 9% in 2013.


title: Eisenach

text: The Wartburg castle is, aside from Weimar, the most-visited tourist attraction in Thuringia. Further sights are:


title: Eisenach

text: The town of Eisenach developed during the Middle Ages at the exit of "Mariental" valley, opening to the Hörsel valley around Marktplatz, Karlsplatz and Frauenplan in a triangle structure. The early-modern period brought extensions to the west (Katharinenstraße), to the north (Jakobstraße) and to the east (in front of Nikolaitor gate). The construction boom between 1850 and 1914 led to a strict division in urban development. South of the historic centre, mansion districts were established on the hillsides of Mariental valley, where the rich factory owners, rentiers and other upper-class people lived. These districts are among the most important examples of this urban type in Germany, and one of the largest in Europe. North of the historic centre, next to the railway and Hörsel river, factories and worker quarters were established. These also host some examples of interesting Gründerzeit architecture. After World War I, the town extended further to the north on the other bank of Hörsel river, where some new residential areas were developed before 1990.


title: Eisenach

text: The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Hans-Peter Brodhun of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who served from 1990 to 2000. He was succeeded by fellow CDU member Gerhard Schneider from 2000 and 2006. Matthias Doht of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was elected mayor in 2006. In 2012, Katja Wolf of The Left won the mayoralty, becoming the first female mayor in Eisenach's history. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018, with a runoff held on 29 April, and the results were as follows:


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach is connected by the Thuringian Railway to Erfurt and Halle/Leipzig to the east and to Kassel and Frankfurt to the west. Furthermore, there is the Werra Railway, a former main-line railway between north and south Germany from Eisenach via Meiningen to Eisfeld, which since the division of Germany after World War II has served only for regional transport. At the former inner German border, it is still interrupted between Eisfeld and Coburg, but rebuilding is in discussion. Eisenach station is a stop of all long-distance trains from Frankfurt to Leipzig/Dresden, running once an hour. Local trains, also once an hour, start in Eisenach to Halle via Erfurt, to Sonneberg via Meiningen and Eisfeld and to Bebra via Gerstungen. Freight transport is important at Eisenach's Opel factory which has its own terminal. Further local passenger stations are Eisenach-West, Eisenach-Opelwerk and Hörschel.


title: Eisenach

text: Eisenach is located on the Bundesautobahn 4 from Frankfurt in the west to Erfurt and Dresden in the east. Since 2010, the Autobahn has been moved to a new route farther away from the town to protect the residents from noise and air pollution. Moreover, it was not possible to expand the old route because of the mountainous topography. After 2010, parts of the old route became a town highway, whereas other parts were renaturalized. A second Autobahn between Eisenach and Kassel is in construction (Bundesautobahn 44). There are four Bundesstraßen connecting Eisenach: The Bundesstraße 7 runs to Kassel in the north-west, whereas its eastern branch to Gotha was annulled in 2010. The Bundesstraße 19 leads to Meiningen in the south, the Bundesstraße 84 to Bad Langensalza in the north-east and to Fulda via Vacha in the south-west and the Bundesstraße 88 is a connection to Ilmenau in the south-east. Furthermore, there are two important secondary roads to Mühlhausen via Mihla in the north and to Herleshausen in the west through the Hörsel valley. Downtown traffic is concentrated on Rennbahn street, which often leads to congestion due to a large number of commuters and the town's narrow topography.


title: Eisenach

text: The next local airports are the Erfurt-Weimar Airport, about to the east and the Kassel Calden Airport, roughly to the north-west. Both offer service to tourist destinations. The next major international airport is Frankfurt Airport, circa to the south-west. Kindel Airfield, east of Eisenach, is a former Soviet military base, today used for private aviation.


title: Eisenach

text: Biking is getting more and more popular since the construction of quality cycle tracks began in the 1990s. Long distance trails include the "Werra trail", the "Rennsteig trail" and the "Radweg Thüringer Städtekette" ("Thuringian town string trail"). These all connect points of touristic interest, the first along the Werra valley from the Thuringian Forest to the Weser river in Hann. Münden, the second through the Thuringian Forest along its crest to the Saale river near Hof and the third follows near the medieval Via Regia from the Werra valley/Eisenach via Gotha, Erfurt and Weimar to Altenburg.


title: Eisenach

text: Public transport in Eisenach is by a bus network servicing the downtown areas as well as the neighbouring towns and villages. The three-line tramway system of Eisenach was in operation between 1897 and 1975.


title: Eisenach

text: After reunification, the educational system was reformed. Eisenach currently has six state-run and one Protestant primary schools.


title: Eisenach

text: There are two types of secondary school in Germany. The gymnasium prepares students for higher education at a university and students graduate after a total of 12 or 13 years of education with an Abitur. There are two public and one evangelical gymnasium in Eisenach named after personalities of the cities history:


title: Eisenach

text: Another form of secondary school is the "Realschule" where students graduate after a total of ten years of education. There are four public and one free sponsored "Realschulen" in Eisenach.


title: Eisenach

text: In 1998, the "Berufsakademie Eisenach" was founded. The roughly 600 students can obtain a bachelor's degree there, either in economics or in technics.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: The "Ladies of Llangollen", Eleanor Butler (1739–1829) and Sarah Ponsonby (1755–1831), were two upper-class Irish women whose relationship scandalised and fascinated their contemporaries. The pair moved to a Gothic house in Llangollen, North Wales, in 1780 after leaving Ireland to escape the social pressures of conventional marriages. Over the years, numerous distinguished visitors called upon them. Guests included Shelley, Byron, Wellington and Wordsworth, the latter of whom wrote a sonnet about them.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: Eleanor Charlotte Butler (11 May 1739 – 2 June 1829) was a member of the Butler family, the Earls (and later Dukes) of Ormond, as the daughter of Walter Butler, "de jure" 16th Earl of Ormonde and Eleanor Morres. Her family, whose seat was Kilkenny Castle, considered her an over-educated bookworm. She was educated in a convent in France and so spoke French.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: Sarah Ponsonby (1755 – 9 December 1831) was orphaned as a child and lived with relatives in Woodstock, County Kilkenny. A daughter of Chambré Brabazon Ponsonby and Louisa Lyons, she was a second cousin of Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough, and thus a second cousin once removed of his daughter Lady Caroline Lamb.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: Their families lived 15 miles (25 km) from each other. The two women met in 1768, and quickly became close. Over the years they formulated a plan for a private rural retreat. It was their dream to live an unconventional life together.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: Rather than face the possibility of being forced into unwanted marriages, they left County Kilkenny together in April 1778. Their families found them and forcefully tried to make them give up their plans—but in vain. They moved to Wales and then sent for Sarah's servant, Mary Caryll, who lived with and worked for them for the rest of her life. Mary died first, and they were all three buried in the same plot with the same grave marker.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: Putting their plan into motion, they undertook a picturesque tour of the Welsh countryside, eventually settling in North Wales. Living first in a rented home in the village of Llangollen, they moved in 1780 to a small cottage just outside the village they called Plas Newydd or "new mansion". They proceeded to live according to their self-devised system, though they could rely on only a modest income from intolerant relatives, and eventually a civil list pension. They "improved" Plas Newydd in the Gothic style with Welsh oak panelling, pointed arches, stained glass windows, and an extensive library, in which they received their many guests. They hired a gardener, a footman, and two maids. This led to significant debt, and they had to rely on the generosity of friends.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: They devoted their time to hosting a range of friends and curious visitors, extensive correspondence, private studies of literature and languages, and improving their estate. Over the years they added a circular stone dairy and created a sumptuous garden. Eleanor kept a diary of their activities. Llangollen people simply referred to them as "the ladies".


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: After a couple of years, their life attracted the interest of the outside world. Their house became a haven for visitors travelling between Dublin and London, including writers such as Anna Seward, Robert Southey, William Wordsworth, Percy Shelley, Lord Byron and Sir Walter Scott, but also the military leader the Duke of Wellington and the industrialist Josiah Wedgwood; aristocratic novelist Lady Caroline Lamb, who was born a Ponsonby, came to visit too. Anne Lister from Yorkshire visited the couple, and was possibly inspired by their relationship to informally marry her own lover. Even travellers from continental Europe had heard of the couple and came to visit them, for instance Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau, the German nobleman and landscape designer, wrote admiringly about them.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: The ladies were known throughout Britain, but have been said to have led "a rather unexciting life". Queen Charlotte wanted to see their cottage and persuaded King George III to grant them a pension. Eventually their families came to tolerate them.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: Butler and Ponsonby lived together for 50 years. Their books and glassware carried both sets of initials and their letters were jointly signed. Towards the end of their lives, they both dressed in black riding habits and men's top hats; some visitors thought it was eccentric and outdated – especially the hair powder – but neighbours thought the clothes were practical for living outdoors.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: Rumours that they were in a sexual relationship floated around during and after their lives. In 1791, a magazine described them and implied that they were in a sexual relationship. According to Patricia Hampl, they were appalled by this idea, and objected to the magazine's characterisation to the point of consulting Edmund Burke over the possibility of suing the magazine for libel.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: In sharp contrast to the writings of their contemporary Anne Lister, there is nothing in their extensive correspondence or diaries that indicates a sexual relationship. Some consider Butler's and Ponsonby's relationship to be a Boston marriage, or a romantic relationship between two women who chose to live together and have "marriage-like relationships". Others conclude that the two had a non-sexual romantic friendship. Norena Shopland says that modern attitudes designed to distinguish same-sex relationships from a romantic friendship indicate they had a sexual relationship. According to Fiona Brideoake, the description of queer is more appropriate than the anachronistic and specific label of lesbian, particularly as queerness is a broad concept and significantly defined by its difference from typicality. Brideoake writes that their relationship was celebrated by other people as a form of mourning the relationships that they could not form.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: Mary Caryll died on 22 November 1809. Eleanor Butler died on 2 June 1829 at the age of 90. Sarah Ponsonby died two years later on 9 December 1831, age 76. They are all buried together at St Collen’s Church, Llangollen. Plas Newydd is now a museum run by Denbighshire County Council.


title: Ladies of Llangollen

text: Butler's Hill, near Plas Newydd, is named in honour of Eleanor Butler. The Ponsonby Arms public house, a Grade II listed building on Mill Street in Llangollen, claims to take its name from Sarah Ponsonby.


title: Grind (2003 film)

text: Grind is a 2003 American skateboarding comedy film directed by Casey La Scala, and written by record producer Ralph Sall, who also composed the score. The film stars Mike Vogel, Vince Vieluf, Adam Brody and Joey Kern as four teenage aspiring amateur skaters trying to make it in the world of pro skateboarding by pulling insane stunts in front of their pro skater idol. It was critically panned and flopped at the box office, but has been received more positively by audiences.


title: Grind (2003 film)

text: Following high school graduation, skateboarder Eric Rivers and his best friends, goal-oriented workaholic Dustin Knight and misfit slacker Matt Jensen, have one last summer road trip together to follow their dream of getting noticed by the pro skater world — and getting paid to skate. When the legendary Jimmy Wilson's demo tour comes through, the boys figure that as soon as he sees their fierce tricks, he'll sign them up for his renowned team immediately, right? Unfortunately, the guys are intercepted by Wilson's road manager and can't get their foot in the door, much less their boards. Following their dream — and Wilson's national tour — the trio start their own skate team, reluctantly sponsored by Dustin and his college fund.


title: Grind (2003 film)

text: After recruiting laid-back ladies man "Sweet" Lou Singer to join their crew and provide the van for their tour, team Super Duper launches the ride of their lives in an outrageous road trip from Chicago to Santa Monica. The professional scene doesn't exactly welcome nobody, but these outsiders stick together through extreme misadventures. In their quest to go pro, they meet professional vert skating champions Bucky Lasek, Bob Burnquist and Pierre Luc Gagnon, skate pro Bam Margera and his crew Preston Lacy, Ehren Danger McGhehey and Jason Wee Man Acuña, as well as sexy skate chick Jamie as they grind handrails across America and force the skateboarding world to give 'em a piece of the action.


title: Grind (2003 film)

text: A soundtrack consisting of a blend of rock, hip hop and reggae music was released on August 12, 2003 by Atlantic Records.


title: Grind (2003 film)

text: Despite largely negative reviews from critics, "Grind" was received positively by audiences. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 8% based on 74 reviews, with an average score of 3.4/10 but with a high 79% audience approval rating. The site's consensus states: "Mediocre skateboard stunts are padded by a half-baked plot and one-dimensional characters." Metacritic shows an average of 30 out of 100 based on 24 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Grind (2003 film)

text: Joe Laydon, of "Variety" called the "Skating scenes ... unremarkable and repetitious," concluding that the film was less than good. Keith Phipps, for "The A.V. Club", said "The film ... will gleam the cube only of viewers with an unusually high tolerance for porta-toilet and Dutch-oven gags."


title: Chara (alga)

text: Chara is a genus of charophyte green algae in the family Characeae. They are multicellular and superficially resemble land plants because of stem-like and leaf-like structures. They are found in freshwater, particularly in limestone areas throughout the northern temperate zone, where they grow submerged, attached to the muddy bottom. They prefer less oxygenated and hard water and are not found in waters where mosquito larvae are present. They are covered with calcium carbonate deposits and are commonly known as stoneworts. Cyanobacteria have been found growing as epiphytes on the surfaces of "Chara", where they may be involved in fixing nitrogen, which is important to plant nutrition.


title: Chara (alga)

text: The branching system of "Chara" species is complex with branches derived from apical cells which cut off segments at the base to form nodal and internodal cells alternately. The main axes bear whorls of branches in a superficial resemblance to "Equisetum" (a vascular plant). They are typically anchored to the littoral substrate by means of branching underground rhizoids. "Chara" plants are rough to the touch because of deposited calcium salts on the cell wall. The metabolic processes associated with this deposition often give "Chara "plants a distinctive and unpleasant smell of hydrogen sulfide.


title: Chara (alga)

text: The plant body is a gametophyte. It consists of the main axis (differentiated into nodes and internodes), dimorphic branches (long branch of unlimited growth and short branches of limited growth), rhizoids (multicellular with oblique septa) and stipulodes (needle-shaped structures at the base of secondary laterals).


title: Chara (alga)

text: "Chara" reproduces vegetatively and sexually. Vegetative reproduction takes place by tubers, amylum stars and secondary protonemata.


title: Chara (alga)

text: The sex organs are a multicellular and jacketed globule or antheridium (male) and nucule or archegonium (female). The antheridia and archegonia may occur on separate plants (dioicy), together on the same plant (conjoined monoicy) or separately on the same plant (sejoined monoicy). After fertilization, the zygote develops into an oospore.


title: Chara (alga)

text: "Chara" has a cosmopolitan distribution, from 69 degrees north in northern Norway to about 49 degrees south in Kerguelen Islands (Pal et al., 1962). About 27 species are found in India.


title: Chara (alga)

text: There are about 40 species of Chara in Europe, where they are commonly found in the specific habitat-type designated as H3140 (hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of "Chara spp" h1) in the Natura 2000 plans of the European Union. Although this habitat is found all across Europe, it is threatened and to be protected and preserved.


title: Chara (alga)

text: The Netherlands are home to 20 species of "Chara", growing in lakes and ponds of the habitat-type H3140. The H3140 habitats in the Netherlands, are considered important in the overall preservation efforts and therefore also for the "Chara" species in general.


title: Chara (alga)

text: Denmark. Here, many former "Chara" habitats (H3140) have been polluted by either toxins or excessive amounts of nutrients (in particular phosphates and nitrogen), but a few large lakes and ponds remain. "Chara" is found growing in the very clean hard water lakes of Thy National Park like Nors Sø for example. Tissø lake (fourth-largest lake in Denmark) is also a H3140 habitat and contains "Chara" species.


title: Chara (alga)

text: Ireland:- Co. Galway. Eglinton Canal "Chara virgata" Kütz., "Chara rudis" (A.Braun) Leonhardii and "Nitella flexilis" (L.) C.Agardh.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: Koo Jun-yup (; born September 11, 1969), also known by his stage name DJ Koo, is a South Korean singer, DJ, music producer, dancer, and songwriter. He is well-known as a member of the legendary K-pop duo CLON. Koo is one of the first-generation Hallyu stars when CLON gained huge popularity internationally, most notably in Taiwan. He is also known as one of South Korea’s most renowned DJs, who has performed at the Ultra Music Festival, Ultra Korea, and World DJ Festival.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: Koo was born and raised in Seoul, South Korea. He has an older sister Koo Eun-yeong(구은영, 具恩英). His parents divorced when he was 11 years old. He went to Seoul Sinjung Elementary School and Seocho Middle School. Koo attended Kyunggi High School, where he met fellow CLON member Kang Won-rae. Koo graduated from Kyungnam University with a bachelor's degree in Industrial Design.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 1990, Koo and his best friend from Kyunggi High School Kang Won-rae joined a dancing competition, which they won fourth and first place respectively. Koo and Kang were signed by Lee Soo-man, founder of SM Entertainment, as backup dancers for singer Hyun Jin-young and formed a group called Hyun Jin-young and Wawa. In 1991, Koo enlisted for his two-year mandatory military service and began to serve in the army. After completing his military service, he and singer Lee Tak briefly formed a group called Tak and Jun in 1993 and released their single titled "Hunch".


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 1996, Koo and Kang Won-rae were signed by Media Line Entertainment and debuted as CLON. Their first album "Are You Ready?" (1996), featured the hit song "Kungtari Shabara", sold over 1.12 million copies in South Korea.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 1998, CLON signed with Rock Records and released the Taiwanese version of "One More Time," which was a compilation of hit songs from Clon's first album "Are You Ready?" (1996) and second album "One More Time" (1997). Koo took the title of “Taiwan’s Sexiest Man” in 1998 and 1999. He was also selected as the "Best-Dressed Male Celebrity" by Taiwanese designers. CLON soon gained international popularity and became stars that led the Korean wave in Asia.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 1999, Clon released their third album "Funky Together". In 2000, Clon released their fourth album "New World" (2000) which sold over a million copies in Asia. In August 2000, Clon held their live concert in Taipei. In September 2000, Clon won the "International Viewer's Choice Award for MTV Korea" at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In November 2000, fellow CLON member Kang Won-rae got into a tragic motorcycle accident which left him paralyzed from the waist down. The management company asked Koo to go solo and take advantage of his popularity, but he refused. Koo took a long hiatus from his musical career to take care of his best friend till Kang was able to sit in a wheelchair on his own.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 2001, Koo and Kang received the Achievement Award at the 2001 Mnet Asian Music Awards. In 2002, CLON released their first compilation album titled "The Best of Clon." The album contains three new songs. New song "Friend" is written by CLON and contains a message from Koo to his friend Kang Won-rae. "La La La" and "Kick It" feature singer Uhm Jung-hwa. "Kick It" is also the official cheering song for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: After a long hiatus from his music career, Koo released his self-titled debut studio album in November 2003. "KooJunYup" (2003) featured songs like "Escape", "You're My Life", and "Thinking About You". The solo album was a precursor to the comeback of CLON. "Escape" was nominated as "Best Buzz Asia South Korea" at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards Japan. Koo performed at the 2003 Mnet Asian Music Awards, including songs like "You're My Life", "Escape", "I", and "Thinking About You". In December 2003, Koo was invited as one of the Korean performers at the 5th Korea-China Song Festival, hosted by KBS and China's CCTV and performed "Escape" and "Kungtari Shabara". In 2004, Koo was one of the performers at the Open Concert for the 2004 Athens Olympics Delegation Departure Ceremony where he performed hit songs "Come Back to Me", "First Love", "World Cup", and "Kungtari Shabara".


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 2005, Koo reunited with Kang Won-Rae and released their fifth album, "Victory" (2005)"," with "My Dear Love, Song" as its lead track. In order to perform with Kang Won-rae on the stage again, Koo specially choreographed a wheelchair dance, which was nominated as the Best Dance Performance at the 2005 Mnet Asian Music Awards. In addition, Koo along with singers Jang Woo-hyuk, Lee-Min-woo, and Kang Won-rae performed a dance medley at the 2005 Mnet Asian Music Awards. CLON was invited as one of the performers at the 7th Korea-China Song Festival where they performed songs like "Bing Bing Bing" and "Kungtari Shabara". In December 2005, CLON held their tenth anniversary concert in Seoul called "The Miracle".


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: As a successful singer and dance icon, Koo has also focused his musical career on DJing. In 2006, Koo held a performance under the title of "Call me DJ KOO" at a club in Gangnam. It was a declaration ceremony for "Call me DJ Koo from Koo Jun-yup". In 2008, he explored electronic dance music or EDM with the release of his first extended play "I'm DJ KOO" (2008) which he added tecktonik dance to his lead track "Let Me". In December 2008, Koo held "DJ Koo with Friends" live concert with veteran singers Kim Gun-mo and Park Mi-kyung. In 2008 and 2009, Koo was invited as one of the performers at the Korea-China Song Festival where he sang his hit song "Let Me".


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: Koo has not only contributed to introducing EDM to the Korean fans but also producing his own music. On August 13, 2011, Koo released his second extended play "Comeback Remix," which he was in charge of arranging and producing. The album consists of four remixed versions of Clon's 1999 hit song "Come Back". He incorporated shuffle dance to "Comeback Remix" (2011). Koo, who caused a tecktonik craze with his last album "I'm DJ KOO" (2008), made shuffle dance a national dance this time following tecktonik. In the same year, Koo was appointed as the ambassador for the 2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards. He also released his new digital single "Music Makes One" which he produced for the Mnet Asian Music Awards. In December 2011, Koo held his live concert "Christmas Eve Dance Party with DJ Koo".


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 2012, CLON held their mini concert to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the 2002 Korea-Japan World Cup. Their song "Kick It" was the World Cup song that led the World Cup mood in 2002. In the same year, Koo performed at the Expo Pop Festival at Yeosu Expo special stage. In 2013, he released his EP "Bob Bob Dee Lala" (2013)"," a collection of different remixed versions of Clon's hit song "I" (Nan). He was invited as a special guest at Mnet's "M Countdown Nihao Taiwan", held at the Taipei Arena. In the same year, he attended the 2013 KCON, an annual Korean wave convention, (aka "M Countdown What's Up LA") in Los Angeles. He also performed at the 2013 Asian Song Festival and attended the 2013 Style Icon Awards. Between 2011-2014, Koo performed at the Ultra Music Festival, world's biggest EDM festival which takes place in Miami, Florida each year. He is recognized as the DJ that represents Korea. In 2013, he also played at Road to Ultra Japan.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 2014, Koo was featured in singer IU's cover version of Clon's 1996 hit song "Kungtari Shabara", titled "Boom Ladi Dadi", alongside Kang Won-rae. In 2015, Koo and DJ Maximite produced the song "Pick Me" for television show "Produce 101". In 2016, Koo performed at the 2016 DMC Festival. In the same year, Koo was appointed as the music director for the 2016 FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup and FIS Snowboard World Cup. Koo attended the 2016 Korea Best Dresser Swan Awards. Koo also performed at Ultra Korea from 2012 to 2019 at the Seoul Olympic Stadium.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 2017, Koo reunited with Kang for CLON's 20th anniversary album titled, "We Are" (2017)"." The album features the powerful and rhythmic electronic dance music with "Everybody" as its lead track. The whole album was co-written by Koo and producer Kim Chang-hwan. Other songs include "Go Tomorrow", which featured the innovative genre of EDM, "Ore Ore O", a remixed version of Clon's classic hit "First Love", and  "90's DJ Koo Driving Mix", a lengthy track that is a mishmash of Clon's 14 hits.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 2018, Koo was appointed as the music director for the 2018 Paralympic Winter Games. He and Kang Won-rae reunited as CLON at the opening ceremony and performed "Go Tomorrow" and "Kungtari Shabara" at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium. In the 2019 Dream Concert, one of the largest K-pop joint concerts, Koo and co-ed group KARD performed hit songs from CLON including "I", "First Love, and "Kungtari Shabara". Clon member Kang Won-rae also appeared as a special guest. In 2020 and 2021, Koo played at the Seoul World DJ Festival which were held online both years due to the Covid-19 pandemic.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In April 2022, Koo performed in public for the first time since his marriage to Taiwanese actress Barbie Hsu. He performed at a top club in Taipei where he played his own remixed versions of Clon's hit songs "Bing Bing Bing" and "First Love".


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: Koo made his acting debut in 2002 through television series "Age of Innocence" (2002) followed by "April Kiss" (2004). He also appeared in the movie "Demilitarized Zone" (2004) and made cameo appearances in television series "Dream High" (2011) and "Kill Me, Heal Me" (2015).


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: Koo first met Taiwanese actress Barbie Hsu in August 1997 when he was invited to Taiwan as a concert guest. After meeting again in August 1998 when Koo went to Taiwan to promote his album, the pair immediately fell in love and began dating shortly after. However, their relationship only lasted for about a year. Due to a "dating ban" in the K-pop industry, their relationship was opposed by Koo's management and they were forced to break up in 2000. On March 8, 2022, Koo announced on his Instagram account that he had married Hsu.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: The couple married on February 8, 2022 in Seoul, South Korea; they also registered their marriage in Taipei, Taiwan on March 28, 2022. Koo and Hsu have wedding ring tattoos on the ring fingers of their left hands as symbol of eternity.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: Koo splits his time between homes in the UN Village neighborhood in Hannam-dong, Seoul, South Korea and Taipei, Taiwan.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 2001, Koo launched his own clothing line "Allen. A" in Dongdaemun District. In 2010, Koo co-founded men's underwear line "Kinkinine". It was created by adding "kinki" with a New Yorker feel to "nine", which means "Gu" (Koo). In 2021, Koo launched his own fashion label "Uncle Bald". The brand is targeted at biker and military fashion for men. The brand produces clothes and accessories.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: In 2010, Koo participated in the open showcase of the "Samsung NX10 Creative Photo Gallery". Photos taken by Koo using Samsung's NX10 were displayed at the photo gallery.


title: Koo Jun-yup

text: Koo released his artwork through NFT for the first time in 2021 and was sold out in 17 minutes. In 2022, Koo published a limited edition NFT artwork in partnership with Kakao Ground X Clip Drops which was sold out in 7 seconds.


title: IdeaPad

text: IdeaPad (stylized as IDEAPΛD and formerly ideapad) is a line of consumer-oriented laptop computers designed, developed and marketed by Lenovo. The IdeaPad mainly competes against computers such as Acer's Aspire, Dell's Inspiron and XPS, HP's Pavilion, Envy and Stream, Samsung's Sens and Toshiba's Satellite.


title: IdeaPad

text: The IdeaPad laptops were announced in January 2008. The first three models in the product line were the Y710, the Y510, and the U110. Some of the features that defined these first three models were widescreens, VeriFace facial recognition, frameless screens, touch controls, and Dolby speaker systems.


title: IdeaPad

text: The IdeaPad design marked a deviation from the business-oriented ThinkPad laptops, towards a more consumer-oriented look and feel. Among these changes were a glossy screen and the absence of the traditional ThinkPad TrackPoint. Notebook Review said the keyboard had a ‘"distinctive ThinkPad feel" and "the touchpad and touchpad buttons were smooth and responsive."


title: IdeaPad

text: On September 21, 2016, Lenovo confirmed that their Yoga series is not meant to be compatible with Linux operating systems, that they know it is impossible to install Linux on some models, and that it is not supported. This came in the wake of media coverage of problems that users were having while trying to install Ubuntu on several Yoga models, including the 900 ISK2, 900 ISK For Business, 900S, and 710, which were traced back to Lenovo intentionally disabling and removing support for the AHCI storage mode for the device's solid-state drive in the computer's BIOS, in favor of a RAID mode that is only supported by Windows 10 drivers that come with the system. (This is also noted to make creation of Windows installation media more difficult than it normally is, as the process requires extracting a storage driver and loading it during the Windows installation process, or else the installer will not see the SSD.)


title: IdeaPad

text: As of February 2020, Lenovo IdeaPad S940 is the world's cheapest 4K laptop. This IdeaPad notebook, made of aluminium, is the world's first laptop to feature a curved Contour Display.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad Flex is a dual-mode laptop line by Lenovo; Unlike the Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga line of devices the keyboard does not bend back entirely to allow use as a tablet, it's only a dual-mode laptop (except some models). Its keyboard rotates behind the display beyond 300 degrees in order to put the device into "stand mode." Stand mode brings the user closer to the screen for watching videos and using touch-enabled apps and removes the visual distraction from the keyboard. Some models have orange accents, a feature often found in Lenovo's designs.


title: IdeaPad

text: Early Ideapad Flex has a screen-inch oriented numbering scheme (like "Flex 11", "Flex 13"), current models have an additional market positioning numbering - 3 for low-cost line, 5 for mainstream models, 7 for more expensive line (e.g "Flex 5 11", "Flex 5 13", "Flex 7 13").


title: IdeaPad

text: According to a review from "NDTV Gadgets", "It's clear that Lenovo allocated most of this device's cost to its more visible features. In terms of functionality, it is best thought of as a modern-day netbook: good enough for surfing the Web, creating basic documents and watching movies now and then, but not suitable for any serious work."


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 730 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 730 series are respectively an 13-inch laptop designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2019. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core i7 processors. Inches of laptop:


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 530 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 530 series are respectively an 15-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2019. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core processors.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 330 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 330 series are respectively an 14-inch, 15-inch and 17-inch laptop designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2019. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core processors.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 130 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 130 series are respectively an 11-inch, 14-inch and 15-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2019. Both make use of Intel Core processors.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 720 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 720 series are respectively an 13-inch laptop designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2018. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core i7 processors. The 720 series uses an Nvidia GeForce video card.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 520 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 520 series are respectively an 14-inch and 15-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2018. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core processors. The 520 series uses an AMD Radeon video card.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 320 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 320 series are respectively an 14-inch, 15-inch and 17-inch laptop designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2018. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core processors.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 120 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 120 series are respectively an 11-inch and 14-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2018. Both make use of Intel Core processors.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 710 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 710 series are respectively an 13-inch laptop designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2017. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core i7 processors. The 700 series uses an Nvidia GeForce video card.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 510 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 510 series are respectively an 14-inch and 15-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2017. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core processors. The 510 series uses an AMD Radeon video card.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 310 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 310 series are respectively an 15-inch laptop designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2017. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core processors.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 110 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 110 series are respectively an 11-inch, 14-inch, 15-inch and 17-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2017. Both make use of Intel Core processors.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 700 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 700 series are respectively an 15-inch and 17-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2015. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core i7 processors. The 700 series uses an Nvidia GeForce video card.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 500 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 500 series are respectively an 14-inch and 15-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2015. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core i7 processors. The 500 series uses an AMD Radeon video card.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 300 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 300 series are respectively an 14-inch, 15-inch and 17-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2015. It has no multi-touch displays. Both make use of Intel Core i7 processors. The 300 series uses an AMD Radeon video card.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 100 series was a class of home and office PCs. The IdeaPad 100 series are respectively an 11-inch, 15-inch and 17-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in the United States in 2015. Both make use of Intel Core i5 processors.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad 305 series was a class of home and small business professional PCs. The IdeaPad 305 series are respectively an 14-inch and 15-inch laptops designed specifically. It was developed by Lenovo in 2015. Both make use of Intel Core i3 or i5 processors. The 305 series uses an AMD Radeon video card.


title: IdeaPad

text: The IdeaPad U series was a line of a "high-fashion"-oriented laptops with mainstream performance and consumer-grade quality. They had a different screen sizes: a netbook-like laptops (11.1"-12", 2008-2010 years), and long-running 13", 14" and 15" series of models – with integrated, or entry-level discrete GPUs, and low-power processors.


title: IdeaPad

text: “Combining security and productivity features with a simple design, powerful technology, and all-day battery life, Lenovo V Series laptops are perfect for small business professionals who demand long-term performance and reliability.”


title: IdeaPad

text: The IdeaPad Z Series laptops were designed primarily for entry-level multimedia users. The first Z Series IdeaPad laptops were the Z360, Z460 and Z560, with 13-inch, 14-inch, and 15-inch screens respectively.


title: IdeaPad

text: The 2011 IdeaPad laptops launched by Lenovo were the Intel Sandy Bridge processor based Z370, Z470, Z570, and AMD Llano APU processor based Z575.


title: IdeaPad

text: These were the IdeaPad Y710 and Y510 laptops, with 17-inch and 15-inch screens, respectively. The Y series is a line of ordinary laptops with gaming-oriented appearance – a marked difference from ThinkPads.


title: IdeaPad

text: The laptops in the IdeaPad Y Series were Y400, Y450, Y460, Y460p, Y470, Y480, Y510, Y560, Y560p, Y570, Y580 and Y560d. The current models offered in a "Legion" subbrand, and comes with a 14", 15" and 17" screens.


title: IdeaPad

text: The notable models of Y series is the 2016's Y900 with a slim mechanical keyboard, 2013's Y400 and Y500 with an advanced UltraBay with optional secondary discrete graphic card, and 2008's Y710 with optional "Lenovo Game Zone" module.


title: IdeaPad

text: Ideapad Yoga is an obsolete derivative of an Ideapad line. But currently, after producing a few shared laptop models, the Yoga line was divided into a different market niche.


title: IdeaPad

text: The Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 13 is a hybrid notebook/tablet computer created by Lenovo and first announced at the International CES 2012 in January. The 13-inch Yoga was released by Lenovo on Oct. 26, 2012 at a price of $1,099. Best Buy released an alternative version of the Yoga 13 with an Intel Core i5 processor (vs. Lenovo's base model's i3 processor) and no Microsoft Office (whereas Lenovo's base model includes Microsoft Office). Its smaller cousin, Yoga 11, which runs Windows RT (as opposed to the Yoga 13, running Windows 8), was released in December 2012 for $799. With products such as Yoga 11 and 13, Lenovo has been able to take more than 40% of the American retail market of computers priced at least $900 that run Microsoft's Windows 8.


title: IdeaPad

text: In an editors' review, CNET stated that, "The Yoga works best as a full-time laptop and part-time tablet, because when it's folded back into a slate, you still have the keyboard pointing out from the back of the system. Although the keyboard and touch pad are deactivated in this mode, it's still not ideal. Plus, despite the hype, Windows 8 is still not a 100-percent tablet-friendly OS, and there are some frustrations that span all the Windows 8 tablet-style devices we've tested. The Yoga certainly seems to be everyone's choice for a great Windows 8 ambassador – both Microsoft and Intel have touted it as a best-in-class example, and Best Buy is currently featuring it in a television ad."