title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Ruby Tuesday filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection on Wednesday October 7, 2020, stating it will permanently close 185 restaurants that had been shut down during the COVID-19 pandemic. After the closures, the company would have 236 company-owned and operated locations, as well as an undisclosed number of locations run by 10 franchisee groups. Ruby Tuesday emerged from bankruptcy on February 24, 2021, with 209 restaurants, having closed more restaurants than initially planned.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Ruby Tuesday was born out of a $10,000 endowment Sandy Beall had received from a friend and operator of several Pizza Huts to open his own restaurant. Beall took the name from The Rolling Stones song "Ruby Tuesday", after a suggestion by one of several fraternity brothers who were co-investors. With that money, and another $10,000 put together with four of his University of Tennessee fraternity brothers, the first Ruby Tuesday restaurant was opened in 1972. The location was adjacent to the university's Knoxville campus, and although the building still stands, the restaurant has since closed.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Over the next decade, a new location opened about every nine months. In April 1982, Sandy sold the expanded 16-unit Ruby Tuesday chain to Morrison Inc. for $15 million in cash and stock. The sale provided the rapidly growing restaurant chain with additional financial support. It also saw Sandy Beall become president of a newly formed Specialty Restaurant Division spearheaded by Ruby Tuesday. By 1985, the chain had grown to operate 35 locations, and was a major contributor to the renewed success of Morrison's.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Morrison Inc. was renamed Morrison Restaurants Inc. in 1992 to reflect the importance of their restaurant investments. Additionally, the company realigned their dining division with a new name, the Ruby Tuesday Group. That same year, Beall was named CEO of Morrison Restaurants Inc. On March 9, 1996, the shareholders of Morrison's approved a distribution and dissolved Morrison Restaurants Inc. into three separate companies: Ruby Tuesday Inc., Morrison Health Care Inc., and Morrison's Fresh Cooking Inc.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Ruby Tuesday Inc. became the legal successor to Morrison Restaurants Inc. and was incorporated in Mobile, Alabama. At the time of the distribution, Ruby Tuesday Inc. operated many other restaurant brands in addition to their flagship Ruby Tuesday brand, including L&N Seafood Grill, Mozzarella's Café, Silver Spoon Café, and Tia's Tex-Mex. In November 2000, Ruby Tuesday Inc. completed the sale of all restaurant brands (with the exception of Ruby Tuesday) to Specialty Restaurant Group, LLC. This divestiture allowed Ruby Tuesday to concentrate exclusively on the growth and development of its namesake brand. On April 12, 2007, Ruby Tuesday Inc. changed its NYSE ticker symbol from RI to RT.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: In August 2007, Ruby Tuesday Inc. ventured back into other concepts with their newly acquired Asian dining restaurant, Wok Hay. The company proceeded to convert the concept from self-service to full-service dining. In October 2008, a second location was opened in a former Ruby Tuesday restaurant building. The company's 2011 Annual Report noted an additional franchised Wok Hay restaurant in Trinidad, bringing the emerging chain to three operating restaurants.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: In September 2010, Ruby Tuesday Inc. continued its venture into other concepts with an agreement to license the Lime Fresh Mexican Grill brand. Earlier the same year, Ruby Tuesday also acquired the development rights to Truffles Grill and introduced their home-grown Marlin & Ray's Seafood & Sunsets concept. As of 2011, the company was researching conversion of poorly performing Ruby Tuesday restaurants into some of these concepts. An excerpt from the 2011 Annual Report:


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: The company has also experimented with conversion with the Alabama-based Jim 'N Nick's Bar-B-Q chain. However, a year after remodeling a Ruby Tuesday restaurant into the company's first Jim 'N Nick's, company spokeswoman Meridith Hammond indicated they would no longer explore that particular concept. On April 4, 2012, Ruby Tuesday Inc. announced that it had purchased fast-casual chain Lime Fresh Mexican Grill for $24 million cash. The announcement by Sandy Beall added, "John Kunkel, Lime's founder, will be joining our Board of Directors following completion of the acquisition."


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: In 2013, after posting a second quarter loss of $15.1 million, or 24 cents a share, Ruby Tuesday decided to close 13 Marlin & Ray's restaurants and its one Wok Hay location, exiting from both concepts. It also decided to seek a buyer for its two licensed Truffles Grill restaurants and close two company-developed Lime Fresh restaurants.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Ruby Tuesday announced plans that it would be taken private through a purchase by NRD Capital Management, a private-equity firm based in Atlanta, Georgia. The $146 million deal was finalized December 21, 2017.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: In the summer of 1998, Ruby Tuesday relocated its main headquarters from Mobile, Alabama to Maryville, Tennessee, just 15 miles south of where the company had been founded. This location contains their Restaurant Support Center and an on-site training facility, called the Center for Leadership Excellence (formerly known as WOW-U). These facilities are used as an internal troubleshooting department, development center, test kitchen, and corporate office for the company's executives, restaurant managers, and chefs.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: The company purchased a residential property at nearby Maryville College in 1997 to develop a corporate retreat, and renamed it the Ruby Tuesday (RT) Lodge. Additional guest buildings were added, and the company used the area to dine and house management during corporate training sessions.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Throughout the first half of the company history, the chain mainly located itself in or near shopping malls. Starting in the early 1990s, the company adjusted its distribution strategy by including more freestanding locations.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: As of August 13, 2019, Ruby Tuesday, Inc. has company-owned and/or franchised Ruby Tuesday brand restaurants in 43 states and 13 foreign countries. The company owned and operated 658 Ruby Tuesday restaurants, while domestic and international franchisees operated 29 and 49 restaurants, respectively. Their international locations include Canada, Chile, Egypt, El Salvador, Guam, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Kuwait, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Panama.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: For much of its history, Ruby Tuesday had little, if any, advertising. By 2002, the company found itself combating traffic and sales losses at many of its locations. This caused the company to change course and introduce coupons at selected sites. By June of the following year, Ruby Tuesday had expanded on this strategy by testing television, radio, and billboard advertising in select locations. The company also began offering a curbside carryout service originally dubbed "TueGo!"


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: In 2007, the company began a series of significant changes to its brand identity. The changes were made to move the brand's customer perception out of the "bar-and-grill" segment of the casual dining industry, and were showcased in the opening of their Times Square location the same year. As part of the changes, Pentagram design studios were hired to help construct a new public visual identity for the brand. The design team created a new logo set in Clarendon, altered the standard color scheme, and created all new packaging to promote the renamed "Ruby TueGo" carryout service. Ruby Tuesday also began remodeling its entire suite of restaurants via the removal of their novelty wall artifacts, faux tiffany lamps, and dated furnishings. The update went on to bring a new menu with higher-quality food and beverages, revamped service techniques, high-definition televisions, and a free guest-accessible Wi-Fi network.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: In 2008, Ruby Tuesday marketed an advertising campaign to show how radical their recent changes were. On August 5, over "live" streaming internet video, a demolition crew was supposed to implode the final "old Ruby Tuesday" to cap off the brand's commitment of change in front of a small crowd in Mount Holly, Ohio. However, to the crowd's shock, the "restaurant" next door (Cheeky's Bar and Grill, which looked like a typical casual dining chain) was demolished.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Following the events, the senior VP of marketing for Ruby Tuesday (in actuality, an actor) posted a written apology on the company's website and videotaped a formal apology that was broadcast on television. As it turned out, the idea was merely an elaborate marketing ploy to raise attention to the newly remodeled restaurants. The implosion was actually done on a miniature set staffed by a Hollywood special effects crew, and the "live" event had been pre-recorded in Harriman, Tennessee. The two films were then edited together to make it look like an accident.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: The remodel and its accompanying changes came at an inopportune time for the chain. A global financial crisis was underway, and the casual dining segment of the industry was financially suffering. To address these issues, the company debuted made-from-scratch garlic cheese biscuits, a Sunday brunch program, and a steak-and-lobster deal night. Despite all of this, financial analysts have been highly critical of the company's actions regarding the ever-changing shift in strategies.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: In 2012, yet another advertising campaign was announced to analysts to boost guest perception. It included a reintroduction of television advertising and a continued shift to convert under-performing stores.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: In 2014, returning to the more family friendly casual restaurant chain, Ruby Tuesday changed the employees' uniform to more colorful attire of blue jeans and shirts in a variety of colors, changing the menus to a chalkboard theme, adding more current top 100 hit songs to the internal music system and updating their logo to a more modern font style. Continuing the trend in 2015, the chain updated their dated children's menu with the addition of cheese pizza and corn dogs, more colorful plastic beverage cups, and colorful twisty straws.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: To promote the more family friendly feel, the chain introduced a Kids Eat Free night on their flagship day, Tuesday. At all company owned restaurants, a child's meal is free with the purchase of an adult entree.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: From 2006 until 2009, Alex Job Racing and Ruby Tuesday partnered to form the Ruby Tuesday Championship Racing Team. The team drove the No. 23 Porsche-powered Daytona Prototype in the GRAND-AM Rolex Sports Car Series.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: In 2009, Eddie Sharp Racing announced a long-term partnership agreement with Ruby Tuesday as the sponsor of the No. 2 Toyota, driven by Tim George Jr. in the ARCA Racing Series.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Starting with the 2010 NASCAR Nationwide Series, Ruby Tuesday has had a partnership with Penske Racing to sponsor Brad Keselowski in the No. 22 Dodge Challenger. The 2010 season saw them appear in six races, while the 2011 season saw nine races. The company was also advertised on the rear deck lid of Brad's No. 2 Dodge Charger in the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Prior to the beginning of the 2011 Daytona 500, Ruby Tuesday was added as a last-minute one-race sponsor for Brian Keselowski, older brother of Brad Keselowski.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Ruby Tuesday offers primarily American cuisine, including all-natural chicken, pasta, pork ribs, soups, steak, and seafood. However, the brand is still commonly recognized for their salad bar and hamburgers, which have been staples to the chain since its creation. All of the restaurants also offer a full bar that serves cocktails, beer, and wine. The wine menu was most recently changed in November 2011 to introduce what the brand is calling "Cultivate Wines".


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: A separate menu is available for placing bulk take-out or catering orders. On January 25, 2012, the company announced their partnership with ezCater to help boost the company's catering sales.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: From 2009 to 2016, Peter Glander, former sous-chef at The Modern restaurant inside the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, was the executive chef for the chain. He was responsible for the addition of the pretzel bun to their menu, along with the removal of the brand's long-standing dessert, the chocolate tallcake.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: The company was the first large national casual dining chain in the country to post specific nutritional information on their menus. After initially posting this information for all menu items, they reduced the inclusion to a more subtle item-specific format, called the "Smart-Eating" section (currently labeled as "Fit & Trim"). Nutritional and allergen-sensitivity information for the entire menu is available upon request.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Early 2011 saw the company revise and rewrite a portion of their drink recipes to encompass trendy "skinny" cocktails. This shift included changing drink recipes to incorporate healthier liquor and mixer alternatives and labeling the new creations with their "under 150 calories" tagline. VeeV Açaí Spirit, Absolut Berri Açaí Vodka, St-Germain elderflower liqueur, and Minute Maid Light Lemonade are the key products used in these drinks.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: Ruby Tuesday released a cookbook by Jeff Morgan on October 25, 2011, titled "Simply Fresh: Casual Dining at Home". It contains recipes that have been inspired by the menu, and even recipes that are signature to the brand.


title: Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)

text: On April 11, 2005, the company and its audit committee determined the company would restate previously issued historical financial statements to properly account for leases.


title: Lucy Deakins

text: Lucy Helyn Deakins (born December 18, 1971) is an American attorney and former actress best known for starring as Milly in "The Boy Who Could Fly" and originating the role of Lily Walsh on "As the World Turns".


title: Lucy Deakins

text: Deakins was born in New York City, the daughter of Alice, a professor at Columbia University, and Roger, a professor at New York University. She graduated from Stuyvesant High School and enrolled in Harvard University in 1988. She graduated in 1994 with a degree in comparative religion. She took time off from acting to backpack across Europe.


title: Lucy Deakins

text: In 2007, she graduated from University of Washington School of Law and is now a practicing attorney in Denver, Colorado, specializing in the energy industry. She is a partner in the Denver law firm, Dunsing, Deakins & Galera.


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: The Void is the philosophical concept of nothingness manifested. The notion of the Void is relevant to several realms of metaphysics. The Void is also prevalent in numerous facets of psychology, notably logotherapy.


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: The manifestation of nothingness is closely associated with the contemplation of emptiness, and with human attempts to identify and personify it. As such, the concept of the Void, and ideas similar to it, have a significant and historically evolving presence in artistic and creative expression, as well as in academic, scientific and philosophical debate surrounding the nature of the human condition.


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: In Western mystical traditions, it was often argued that the transcendent 'Ground of Being' could therefore be approached through aphairesis, a form of negation.


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: Western philosophers have discussed the existence and nature of void since Parmenides suggested it did not exist and used this to argue for the non-existence of change, motion, differentiation, among other things. In response to Parmenides, Democritus described the universe as only being composed of atoms and void.


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: Aristotle, in Book IV of "Physics", denied the existence of the Void () with his rejection of finite entities.


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: Stoic philosophers admitted the subsistence of four incorporeals among which they included void: "Outside of the world is diffused the infinite void, which is incorporeal. By incorporeal is meant that which, though capable of being occupied by body, is not so occupied. The world has no empty space within it, but forms one united whole. This is a necessary result of the sympathy and tension which binds together things in heaven and earth. Chrysippus discusses the void in his work "On Void" and in the first book of his "Physical Sciences"; so too Apollophanes in his "Physics", Apollodorus


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: There were questions as to whether void was truly nothing or if it was in fact filled with other things, with theories of aether being suggested in the 18th century to fill the void.


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: Peter Matthiessen in "The Snow Leopard" (1978) described an experience of sitting on rocks in the Himalayas as leading to an awareness of a Void at the centre, or the source, of phenomenal existence: "These hard rocks instruct my bones in what my brain could never grasp in the Heart Sutra, that 'form is emptiness and emptiness is form' – the Void, the emptiness of blue-black space, contained in everything."


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: For Ken Wilber in "Spectrum of Consciousness" (1977), the Void is not mere nothingness, and is therefore distinct from something that can be subsumed into the category of nihilism, and is instead "reality before we slice it up into conceptualism". Here he explores the idea of Śūnyatā, which cannot be "called void or not void; or both or neither" but can be referred to as 'the Void' with, again, the proviso that it exists beyond the limit of language.


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: Stanislav Grof's distinction between holotropic and hylotropic experience is important here, with the former encapsulating experiences which connect to the Void.


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: Atomic physics, according to Paul Brunton, has proven that the world "derives from a mysterious No-thing."


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: A similar line of argument is explored in "The Void" (2007) by Frank Close, who discusses the concept of 'empty space' from Aristotle through to Newton, Mach, Einstein and beyond (including the idea of an 'aether' and current examinations of the Higgs field).


title: The Void (philosophy)

text: Another perspective on the matter from a scientific angle is the work of the physicist Lawrence Krauss, particularly his 2012 book "A Universe from Nothing", in which he explores the idea of the universe having been derived from a quantum vacuum (which may or may not be the same as a philosophical concept of the nothingness of the Void, depending on how it is defined). A further consideration is the enigmatic nature of dark energy which may be seen as coterminous with the Void. His work has received sustained criticism from David Albert and others working in both philosophy and physics.


title: École des Beaux-Arts

text: École des Beaux-Arts (; ) refers to a number of influential art schools in France. The term is associated with the Beaux-Arts style in architecture and city planning that thrived in France and other countries during the late nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century.


title: École des Beaux-Arts

text: The most famous and oldest École des Beaux-Arts is the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, now located on the city's left bank across from the Louvre, at 14 rue Bonaparte (in the 6th arrondissement). The school has a history spanning more than 350 years, training many of the great artists in Europe. Beaux-Arts style was modeled on classical "antiquities", preserving these idealized forms and passing the style on to future generations.


title: École des Beaux-Arts

text: The origins of the Paris school go back to 1648, when the Académie des Beaux-Arts was founded by Cardinal Mazarin to educate the most talented students in drawing, painting, sculpture, engraving, architecture and other media. Louis XIV was known to select graduates from the school to decorate the royal apartments at Versailles, and in 1863, Napoleon III granted the school independence from the government, changing the name to "L'École des Beaux-Arts". Women were admitted beginning in 1897.


title: École des Beaux-Arts

text: The curriculum was divided into the "Academy of Painting and Sculpture" and the "Academy of Architecture". Both programs focused on classical arts and architecture from Ancient Greek and Roman culture. All students were required to prove their skills with basic drawing tasks before advancing to figure drawing and painting. This culminated in a competition for the "Grand Prix de Rome", awarding a full scholarship to study in Rome. The three trials to obtain the prize lasted for nearly three months. Many of the most famous artists in Europe were trained here, including Géricault, Degas, Delacroix, Fragonard, Ingres, Moreau, Renoir, Seurat, Cassandre, and Sisley. Rodin however, applied on three occasions but was refused entry. Paul Cézanne applied twice but was turned down. Bernard was suspended for stylistic "errors".


title: École des Beaux-Arts

text: The buildings of the school are largely the creation of French architect Félix Duban, who was commissioned for the main building in 1830. His work realigned the campus, and continued through 1861, completing an architectural program out towards the Quai Malaquais.


title: École des Beaux-Arts

text: The Paris school is the namesake and founding location of the Beaux Arts architectural movement in the early twentieth century. Known for demanding classwork and setting the highest standards for education, the École attracted students from around the world—including the United States, where students returned to design buildings that would influence the history of architecture in America, including the Boston Public Library, 1888–1895 (McKim, Mead & White), the Supreme Court of the United States, (Cass Gilbert, Cass Gilbert Jr., and John R. Rockart), and the New York Public Library, 1897–1911 (Carrère and Hastings). Architectural graduates, especially in France, are granted the title "élève".


title: École des Beaux-Arts

text: The architecture department was separated from the École after the May 1968 student strikes at the Sorbonne. The name was changed to École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts. Today, over 500 students make use of an extensive collection of classical art coupled with modern additions to the curriculum, including photography and hypermedia.


title: Christian Jessen

text: Christian Spencer Jessen (born 4 March 1977) is a British celebrity doctor, television personality, and writer. He is best known for appearing in the Channel 4 programmes "Embarrassing Bodies" (2007–2015) and "Supersize vs Superskinny" (2008–2014).


title: Christian Jessen

text: Jessen was educated at Uppingham School, a co-educational independent school situated in the small market town of Uppingham in Rutland, followed by University College London and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, both constituent colleges of the University of London in Central London, where he received his MBBS degrees in 2001.


title: Christian Jessen

text: Jessen studied medicine as an undergraduate at University College London, graduating in 2001. He holds a MSc degree in sexual health, and has a particular interest in HIV and malaria, which were the focus of his work in Kenya and Uganda. An advocate for HIV education and testing, in 2015, he was named National HIV Testing Week Ambassador.


title: Christian Jessen

text: From 2007 to 2015, Jessen co-presented "Embarrassing Bodies" alongside Pixie McKenna and Dawn Harper. The show has had a number of spin-off series including "Embarrassing Teenage Bodies", "Embarrassing Bodies: Kids" and "Embarrassing Fat Bodies".


title: Christian Jessen

text: Another spin off was set in Australia in 2013 called "Embarrassing Bodies Down Under", which Jessen co-hosted with Brad McKay, Ginni Mansberg, and Sam Hay.


title: Christian Jessen

text: In 2012, Jessen appeared as the health and fitness expert in "Hotel GB". He was the winner of popular culinary show "Ready Steady Cook" and has appeared as a celebrity contestant on "The Weakest Link". He was also the winner of the BBC show "Antiques Master".


title: Christian Jessen

text: He was Jack Osbourne's doctor during the filming of "Finding God", and also featured in "Harley Street", a documentary. Other television appearances include "Sex in Court" and "The Wright Stuff".


title: Christian Jessen

text: In 2012 and 2014, he co-presented the "Stand Up to Cancer" telethon alongside Davina McCall and Alan Carr.


title: Christian Jessen

text: In 2014, he produced and starred in a documentary series for television called "Undercover Doctor: Cure Me I’m Gay". In the series, Jessen investigates therapies purported to be "cures" for homosexuality.


title: Christian Jessen

text: In an appearance on "Loose Women", Jessen performed a live HIV test on a woman and drew criticism for not wearing protective gloves. Jessen defended his actions and called for more understanding on how HIV spreads.


title: Christian Jessen

text: In 2018, he co-starred and produced a documentary series for UKTV Play called "Dr Christian: 12 hours to cure your Street", in which he travelled across the UK in a mobile clinic to treat individuals in their hometowns.


title: Christian Jessen

text: He is the author of "Can I Just Ask?" (2010). He has also written three books for adolescents: "Dr Christian's Guide to Growing Up" (2013), "Dr Christian's Guide to Dealing with the Tricky Stuff" (2015) and "Dr Christian's Guide to You" (2016).


title: Christian Jessen

text: In August 2018, a BBC "Panorama" documentary investigation revealed Jessen's involvement in a private online pharmacy, UK Meds. Such sites are believed to allow people to purchase potentially dangerous prescriptions with ease and cannot be regulated by the Care Quality Commission due to a loophole allowing them to issue prescriptions via third party doctors in Romania. The owner of the pharmacy, Mason Soiza, has previously faced accusations of running escort agencies and WordPress plugin scams.


title: Christian Jessen

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Jessen sparked criticism for comments, saying that Italian COVID-19 countermeasures were an "excuse for a long siesta". He also commented on the severity of the pandemic, regarding it only as a case of bad cold and scaremongering by the media.


title: Christian Jessen

text: In 2020, the First Minister of Northern Ireland Arlene Foster launched legal action against Jessen for defamation over a tweet in December 2019 that falsely claimed she had been having an extra-marital affair. The tweet was not deleted until two weeks after it was posted. In court, Foster alleged that the tweet was posted at a time when some anonymous Twitter accounts were claiming she was having an affair with one of her security guards. It was further alleged that Jessen had been contacted 13 times by email and letter about it but had not answered. In May 2021, Mr Justice McAlinden awarded Foster £125,000 in damages and full costs after Jessen lost the case, describing his conduct as "an outrageously bad libel". The judge added that Jessen's failure to apologise for or to retract the libel were aggravating features.


title: Christian Jessen

text: He is an atheist, a humanist, and a patron of Humanists UK, a charity that advocates for secularism, equalities, and human rights. He has stated that he has muscle dysmorphia.


title: Indirect election

text: An indirect election or "hierarchical voting" is an election in which voters do not choose directly among candidates or parties for an office (direct voting system), but elect people who in turn choose candidates or parties. It is one of the oldest forms of elections and is used by many countries for heads of state (such as presidents), cabinets, heads of government (such as prime ministers), and/or upper houses. It is also used for some supranational legislatures.


title: Indirect election

text: Positions that are indirectly elected may be chosen by a permanent body (such as a parliament) or by a special body convened solely for that purpose (such as an electoral college).


title: Indirect election

text: In nearly all cases the body that controls the executive branch (such as a cabinet) is elected indirectly. This includes the cabinets of most parliamentary systems; members of the public elect the parliamentarians, who then elect the cabinet. Upper houses, especially in federal republics, are often indirectly elected, either by the corresponding lower house or cabinet. Similarly, supranational legislatures can be indirectly elected by constituent countries' legislatures or executive governments. The indirect democracy is run by electoral college or president.


title: Indirect election

text: An election can be partially indirect, for example in the case of indirect single transferable voting, where only eliminated candidates select other candidates to transfer their vote share to.


title: Indirect election

text: Some examples of indirectly elected supranational legislatures include: the parliamentary assemblies of the Council of Europe, OSCE, the WEU and NATO – in all of these cases, voters elect national parliamentarians, who in turn elect some of their own members to the assembly. The same applies to bodies formed by representatives chosen by a national government, e.g. the United Nations General Assembly – assuming the national governments in question are democratically elected in the first place.


title: Gare de Lyon

text: The Gare de Lyon, officially Paris-Gare-de-Lyon, is one of the six large mainline railway stations in Paris, France. It handles about 148.1 million passengers annually according to the estimates of the SNCF in 2018, with SNCF railways and RER D accounting for around 110 million and 38 million on the RER A, making it the second-busiest station of France after the Gare du Nord and one of the busiest in Europe.


title: Gare de Lyon

text: The station is located in the 12th arrondissement, on the right bank of the river Seine, in the east of Paris. Opened in 1849, it is the northern terminus of the Paris–Marseille railway. It is named after the city of Lyon, a stop for many long-distance trains departing here, most en route to the South of France. The station is served by high-speed TGV trains to Southern and Eastern France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy and Spain. The station also hosts regional trains and the RER and also the Gare de Lyon Métro station.


title: Gare de Lyon

text: Main line trains depart from 32 platforms in two distinct halls: Hall 1, which is the older train shed, contains tracks labelled with letters from A to N, while the modern addition of Hall 2 contains tracks which are numbered from 5 to 23. There are a further four platforms for the RER underneath the main lines.


title: Gare de Lyon

text: Lyon railway station had been under construction since 1847. It was officially opened to the public on 12 August 1849 under the name "Railway station from Paris to Montereau" (fr. Embarcadère de chemin de fer de Paris à Montereau). It was a boardwalk building designed by architect François-Alexis Cendrier under the direction of Baron Haussmann, and at the time of its construction it was awaiting arbitration between the French state and the first Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM) company over its management. PLM did not like the fact that Mazas prison was being built next to the station. The company hoped that it could extend the railroad branch line to Place de la Bastille. But instead of that, Lyon Street (fr. Rue de Lyon) was laid out between the station and Place de la Bastille. The station was expanded many times as the volume of rail traffic increased.


title: Gare de Lyon

text: As the station became unsuitable for further expansion, a second Gare de Lyon building was constructed in 1855 by the design of the architect François-Alexis Cendrier. New building was operated by the newly established Paris à Lyon (PL) railway company. The station was built on a six- to eight-meter high embankment to protect it from the floods of the Seine. It had only five tracks, occupying a large hall 220 meters long and 42 meters wide. A portico to the right of the entrance to the arrival hall connected the station itself to the Bâtiment X, the central administration building on the side facing Boulevard Mazas. The station was partially destroyed by fire during the Paris Commune in 1871 and later rebuilt.


title: Gare de Lyon

text: On 8 July 1887, General Georges Boulanger's departure from Paris triggered a demonstration: 8,000 people stormed the train station and covered the train with "Il reviendra" (He will return) posters and delayed its departure by an hour and a half.


title: Gare de Lyon

text: By 1900, in time for the 1900 World's Fair, a new thirteen-track Gare de Lyon building was constructed, designed by the Toulon architect Marius Toudoire and decorated with a large fresco by the Marseille artist Jean-Baptiste Olive, depicting some of the cities to which one could take a train from this station. It was inaugurated on 6 April 1901 by Émile Loubet, president of the Third Republic.


title: Gare de Lyon

text: On multiple levels, it is considered a classic example of the architecture of its time. Most notable is the large clock tower atop one corner of the station, similar in style to the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, home to Big Ben. The station houses the Le Train Bleu restaurant, which has served drinks and meals to travellers and other guests since 1901 in an ornately decorated setting.


title: Gare de Lyon

text: On 27 June 1988, in the Gare de Lyon train accident, a runaway train crashed into a stationary rush-hour train, killing 56 people and injuring a further 55. A fire broke out on 28 February 2020, that was reportedly started by Congolese protesters. The station was completely evacuated.


title: Gare de Lyon

text: From Gare de Lyon train services depart to major French cities such as: Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Montpellier, Perpignan, Dijon, Besançon, Mulhouse, Grenoble and a number of destinations in the French Alps. International services operate to Italy: Turin and Milan; Switzerland: Geneva, Zürich, Basel and Lausanne; and Spain: Barcelona.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: Gaby Roslin (born 12 July 1964) is an English television and radio presenter who rose to fame co-presenting "The Big Breakfast" on Channel 4 between 1992 and 1996. Roslin also presented the "Children in Need" charity telethons on the BBC between 1995 and 2004.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: She presented the weekly The National Lottery Draws on Saturday evenings and co-presented the Channel 5 daytime programme "The Saturday Show" alongside Matt Allwright.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: Roslin, daughter of former BBC radio announcer Clive Roslin, was born and raised in London. Her family is Jewish. Her family is from Zimbabwe.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: Roslin first presented "Hippo" on the Superchannel and then "Motormouth" on ITV from 1989 until 1992. At the end of that show, she was approached by Planet 24 to present their new early-morning programme "The Big Breakfast" alongside Chris Evans on Channel 4. Evans left the show in 1994 and Roslin continued with his replacement, Mark Little, until 1996. In her last year on the show, she also fronted the National Egg Awareness Campaign. Following her departure, she hosted "The Gaby Roslin Show" for Channel 4.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: Roslin presented "Children in Need" from 1995 until 2004. Other BBC presenting roles included " The Real Holiday Show",


title: Gaby Roslin

text: City Hospital", "Watchdog Healthcheck", "Whatever You Want" and "A Question of TV". She was one of several presenters for the BBC's "2000 Today", a 28-hour-long programme to see in the year 2000. She was the only presenter to stay on air for the duration. In 2002, Roslin briefly returned to breakfast television as a roving reporter for "Breakfast"."


title: Gaby Roslin

text: In 2003, Roslin switched networks to Five (now Channel 5) where she co-hosted "The Terry and Gaby Show" with Terry Wogan. The magazine format could not compete with ITV's similar, long-established "This Morning" and the show ended after 200 episodes on 26 March 2004.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: In 2004, Roslin teamed up with Terry Wogan to co-host the first edition of "Eurovision – Making Your Mind Up", the revamped successor to "A Song for Europe", the UK's long-running pre-selection show for the Eurovision Song Contest. In 2005, she was replaced by Natasha Kaplinsky.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: She co-presented the daytime programme "Solution Street" with Ben Shephard. In February 2006, she took part in the BBC celebrity duet show "Just the Two of Us", where she partnered ABC frontman Martin Fry.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: Roslin frequently appeared on the ITV lifestyle programme "This Morning" as a newspaper reviewer, often starring with her former radio co-host Paul Ross.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: From 2014 until 2016, she presented "The National Lottery Draws" live on BBC One. For three weeks in March 2014, Roslin presented a daily programme entitled "Sport Relief's Top Dog" on BBC Two.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: In 2014, Roslin co-presented the third series of BBC One's "Food Inspectors" programme with Matt Allwright and Chris Hollins.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: On 25 January 2015, Roslin took part in celebrity talent show "Get Your Act Together". Since 2015, Roslin has been a regular stand-in presenter on the ITV Breakfast show "Lorraine".


title: Gaby Roslin

text: In October 2015, it was announced that Roslin would co-present "The Saturday Show", a daytime programme she hosts alongside Matt Barbet for Channel 5. Barbet was replaced by Matt Allwright in July 2016. In 2018, she co-presented "Shop Smart: Save Money" with Fiona Phillips, a series for Channel 5.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: In 2004, Roslin appeared in a national tour of the Moira Buffini play "Dinner". The following year she toured in a stage version of "When Harry Met Sally...", and later in the year she sang and danced in the London stage production of "Chicago".


title: Gaby Roslin

text: Roslin sat in for Alan Carr on BBC Radio 2 on 15 and 22 August 2009 with Patrick Kielty and joined Carr to present a Christmas edition of his show on 24 December 2009. She was also a regular stand-in for BBC London 94.9, covering on occasions for Vanessa Feltz and JoAnne Good. On 11 January 2010, Roslin permanently replaced Good as co-host (with Paul Ross) of the BBC London 94.9 breakfast show and remained until January 2013. She was given her own weekly Saturday show, live from noon until 2:00 pm, in January 2013. A year later, she was moved to an extended Sunday afternoon show. In October 2021 Roslin sat in for Chris Evans on the 'Chris Evans Breakfast Show' on Virgin Radio UK, alongside Ricky Wilson (of the Kaiser Chiefs).


title: Gaby Roslin

text: Roslin currently presents "Gaby's Talking Pictures", a panel show for BBC Radio 4, also featuring team captains Ellie Taylor and John Thomson. The series began in June 2018 for six programmes.


title: Gaby Roslin

text: Roslin married musician Colin Peel in 1995; they divorced in 2004. They have a daughter, Libbi-Jack, who was born in 2001. In December 2006, Roslin had another daughter, Amelie, from her relationship with publisher boyfriend David Osmon. The couple became engaged in March 2012 and married in a Jewish ceremony on 22 June 2013.


title: Sally port

text: A sally port is a secure, controlled entry way to an enclosure, e.g., a fortification or prison. The entrance is usually protected by some means, such as a fixed wall on the outside, parallel to the door, which must be circumvented to enter and prevents direct enemy fire from a distance. It may include two sets of doors that can be barred independently to further delay enemy penetration.


title: Sally port

text: From around 1600 to 1900, a sally port was a sort of dock where boats picked up or dropped off ship crews from vessels anchored offshore. That meaning occasionally still occurs, especially in coastal Great Britain.


title: Sally port

text: The word "port" is ultimately from Latin for door. Often the term postern is used synonymously. It can also mean a tunnel, or passage (i.e., a secret exit for those besieged).


title: Sally port

text: A "sally", ultimately derived from Latin (to jump), or "salle" sortie, is a military maneuver, typically during a siege, made by a defending force to harass isolated or vulnerable attackers before retreating to their defenses. Sallies are a common way for besieged forces to reduce the strength and preparedness of a besieging army; a sally port is therefore essentially a door in a castle or city wall that allows troops to make sallies without compromising the defensive strength of fortifications.


title: Sally port

text: Targets for these raids included tools, which defenders could capture and use, and labor-intensive enemy works and equipment, such as trenches, mines, siege engines, and siege towers. Sometimes the defenders also attacked enemy laborers, and stole or destroyed the besiegers' food supplies.


title: Sally port

text: those underground passages, which lead from the inner to the outward works ; such as from the higher flank to the lower, to the tenailles, or the communication from the middle of the curtain to the ravelin. When they are constructed for the passage of men only, they are made with steps at the entrance, and outlet. They are about six feet wide, and feet high []. There is also a gutter or shore made under the sally-ports that are in the middle of the curtains, in order that the water which runs down the streets may pass into the ditch ; but this can only be done when they are wet ditches. When sally-ports serve to carry guns through them for the out-works, instead of making them with steps, they must have a gradual slope, and be eight feet wide.


title: Sally port

text: Law enforcement in the United States uses sally ports as secure entrances to jails, prisons and courthouses. It is within the closed sally port where weapons are found and secured so they do not enter the facility. Newly arrested persons are usually driven in through a jail's sally port and the exterior doors closed. Once inside the sally port, arrestees are checked for weapons and officer weapons are stowed. Once all weapons are secured, the inner door is opened so that the prisoner and arresting officer may enter the jail. Sally ports are used to transfer prisoners because they remain within a secured location to transfer from a building to a vehicle. A sally port may be an enclosed garage type building or a securely fenced or walled open-air parking area.


title: Sampo

text: In Finnish mythology, the Sampo () is a magical device or object described in many different ways that was constructed by the blacksmith Ilmarinen and that brought riches and good fortune to its holder, akin to the horn of plenty (cornucopia) of Greek mythology. When the Sampo was stolen, Ilmarinen's homeland fell upon hard times. He sent an expedition to retrieve it, but in the ensuing battle it was smashed and lost at sea.


title: Sampo

text: The Sampo is a pivotal element of the plot of the Finnish epic poem "Kalevala", compiled in 1835 (and expanded in 1849) by Elias Lönnrot based on Finnish oral tradition.


title: Sampo

text: In the expanded second version of the poem, the Sampo is forged by Ilmarinen, a legendary smith, to fulfill a task set by the witch queen of Pohjola, Louhi, in return for her daughter's hand.


title: Sampo

text: Later, Louhi steals the Sampo, and then Ilmarinen and Väinämöinen enter her stronghold in secret and retrieve it. Louhi pursues them and combats Väinämöinen. In the struggle, Louhi is vanquished but the Sampo is destroyed.


title: Sampo

text: The Sampo has been interpreted in many ways: a world pillar or world tree, a compass or astrolabe, a chest containing a treasure, a Byzantine coin die, a decorated Vendel period shield, a Christian relic, etc. In the "Kalevala", compiler Lönnrot interpreted it to be a quern or mill of some sort that made flour, salt, and gold out of thin air. The world pillar/tree hypothesis was argued for by figures such as theosophian Pekka Ervast, historian of religions Uno Harva and the linguist Eemil Nestor Setälä in the early 20th century.


title: Sampo

text: According to the archaeologist Elena Kuz'mina the Sampo mill myth originates from the Indo-European "skambhá" (support, pillar, column), and was borrowed into Finno-Ugric. In the "Atharvaveda" the 'skambhá' is a creature that supports the universe, analogous to the World Tree - the Sampo has been claimed to be the Finnish equivalent of the world tree.


title: Sampo

text: In the Aarne–Thompson classification systems of Folk-Tales, tale type 565 refers to a magic mill that continuously produces food or salt. Examples include "Why the Sea is Salt" (Norway, based on the poem "Grottasöngr"), "Sweet porridge" (Germanic), and "The Water Mother" (Chinese). Such devices have been included into modern tales such as "Strega Nona" (1975, children's book). Variants on the theme with a cautionary tale and pupil-master relationship include "The Master and his Pupil" (English), and Goethe's 1797 poem "The Sorcerer's Apprentice".


title: Sampo

text: The Cornucopia of Greek mythology also produces endless goods, and some versions of the Grail myth emphasize how the Grail creates food and goods.


title: Sampo

text: Japanese folktale "Shiofuki usu" speaks of a grindstone that could be used to create anything. Like Sampo, it too was lost to the sea, endlessly grinding salt.


title: Sampo

text: The Mahabharatha speaks about the Akshaya Patra, a vessel or bowl capable of creating food. It stopped providing at the end of the day when the lady of the house had her last meal. Similarly in Irish myth the Cauldron of the Dagda ("coire ansic" or "un-dry cauldron") was a magical vessel that satisfied any number of people.


title: Kodali Nani

text: Kodali Sri Venkateswara Rao, commonly known as Kodali Nani, is an Indian politician and a Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, representing Gudivada Assembly constituency. He is a former Minister for Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs in the state of Andhra Pradesh. He belongs to the YSR Congress Party.


title: Kodali Nani

text: As per ADR report 2019, He is convicted in IPC Sections – 152, 353, 426 on 30 July 2012 and Sentenced to undergo RI for a period of one year and pay fine of Rs. 1000/- u/s 353 and Rs. 1000/- u/s 426. There are 3 pending cases under 15 different IPC sections against him. He declared total assets of Rs. 14,82,19,363 in affidavit filled by him during 2019 AP Assembly elections.


title: Hi Score Girl

text: Various video game characters were credited for redubbing for the television series, except for Phobos/Huitzil, Driver, Hell Chaos, EDI.E, Holmes, Watson, Geese.


title: Hi Score Girl

text: Oshikiri launched the manga in Square Enix's "Monthly Big Gangan" on October 25, 2010, and ended its serialization on September 25, 2018 in the tenth 2018 issue of the magazine. The series has been published in ten "tankōbon" volumes, with the first volume released on February 25, 2012, and the tenth and final volume released on March 25, 2019. Square Enix Manga & Books licensed the manga in English, with the first volume released on February 25, 2020. The December 2019 issue of "Monthly Big Gangan" announced that a spinoff manga titled "Hi Score Girl DASH" focusing on Koharu Hidaka, now a middle school teacher, would be in the magazine's next issue on December 25.


title: Hi Score Girl

text: "Monthly Big Gangan" announced in December 2013 that an anime adaptation was green-lit. In March 2018, the anime adaptation was confirmed to be a television series animated by SMDE, with production by J.C. Staff. It aired from July 13 to September 28, 2018. It is directed by Yoshiki Yamakawa and written by Tatsuhiko Urahata, featuring character designs by Michiru Kuwabata, and music by Yoko Shimomura. The series' opening theme song "New Stranger" was performed by Sora tob sakana, while the series' ending theme song "Hōkago Distraction" was performed by Etsuko Yakushimaru. Netflix streamed the anime on December 24, 2018, with an English dub. The series received 3 OVA episodes titled "Extra Stage" that premiered on March 20, 2019.


title: Hi Score Girl

text: A second, nine episode long season aired from October 25 to December 20, 2019, with the staff and cast reprising their roles. The second season's opening theme song "Flash" was performed by Sora tob sakana, while the second season's ending theme song "Unknown World Map" was performed by Etsuko Yakushimaru. Season 2 premiered on Netflix on April 9, 2020 outside of Japan and China.


title: Hi Score Girl

text: It was number two on the 2013 Takarajimasha's "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!" Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey. It was also nominated for the 6th Manga Taishō and the 17th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. It was number nine in the 2013 Comic Natalie Grand Prize.


title: Hi Score Girl

text: As of December 30, 2012, volume 3 has sold 59,016 copies and as of July 7, 2013, volume 4 has sold 103,734 copies.


title: Hi Score Girl

text: On August 5, 2014, Osaka District Police searched the offices of Square Enix, the publishers of "Hi Score Girl", acting on an IP violation claim by SNK Playmore stating that the manga allegedly features over 100 instances of characters from "The King of Fighters", "Samurai Shodown", and other fighting games. In response, Square Enix voluntarily recalled all printed volumes and temporarily suspended publication of future volumes and digital sales. However, the manga continued its run in "Monthly Big Gangan".


title: Hi Score Girl

text: In August 2015, it was reported that Square Enix and SNK Playmore had reached a settlement, cancelling the lawsuit and enabling the manga to be sold again in different formats.


title: Cécile Cassel

text: Cécile Crochon (), better known by the stage name Cécile Cassel (born 25 June 1982), is a French actress and singer. Since 2002, she has appeared in a number of films and television series. She is also a recording artist using the stage name HollySiz.


title: Cécile Cassel

text: She is the half-sister of actor Vincent Cassel and MC Mathias Cassel, and the daughter of Jean-Pierre Cassel. She has been in relationships with the French actor Gaspard Ulliel and the music producer Raphaël Hamburger.


title: Lürssen

text: Lürssen (or Lürssen Werft) is a German shipyard with headquarters in Bremen-Vegesack and shipbuilding facilities in Lemwerder, Berne and Bremen-Fähr-Lobbendorf.


title: Lürssen

text: Lürssen designs and constructs yachts, naval ships and special vessels. Trading as Lürssen Yachts, it is one of the leading builders of custom superyachts such as Paul Allen's "Octopus", David Geffen's "Rising Sun", and Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan's "Azzam", the second largest private yacht in the world at 180 m in length after the REV Ocean".


title: Lürssen

text: On 27 June 1875 the 24 year-old Friedrich Lürssen set up a boatbuilding workshop in Aumund, a suburb of Bremen, Germany. The focus of work in the first years was on work boats for fishing and ferry operations. Hull number one was a five meter long rowboat. From the 1880s Lürssen opened up the sport boat market. In 1886 the first motorboat in the world was built by Lürssen (according to his own account).


title: Lürssen

text: On 1 March 2018, a German consortium consisting of Thyssen Krupp and Luerssen was excluded by the German Government from the tender for the construction of the multi-purpose warship MKS 180 for the benefit of GNY (German Naval Yards), belonging to the Prinvinvest group, and the Dutch shipbuilder Damen.


title: Lürssen

text: On 14 September 2018, a fire broke out in the floating dock at Fähr-Lobbendorf, burning the then-under construction structure of the yacht "Sassi". With around 900 emergency services deployed, it was the largest deployment of the Bremen fire brigade in the post-war period. The damage was estimated at more than 610 million euros.


title: Lürssen

text: On 29 September 2021, it was announced by Peter Lürssen, owner of company, Blohm+Voss to be downsizing, from the ~ 580 workers, more than 100 would leave the company, the Docks are to be reviewed, no more Cruise ships would be renewed in Hamburg, nor Tankers and Container ships. B+V stays only with the NVL Defence Ships and the Yachts Business. The Area of Installations is to be reduced as well. The Department of Projects of New Buildings was dissolved.


title: Lürssen

text: Lürssen is currently also involved with the building of s and is part of the ARGE F125 joint-venture designing the s.


title: Lürssen

text: Lürssen has the contract to design and build twelve "Arafura"-class offshore patrol vessels for Australia. Construction of the first two will be in Adelaide by ASC Pty Ltd. The remaining ten will be constructed in Western Australia by Civmec.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: Ty Jacob Leaf (; born April 30, 1997) is an Israeli-American professional basketball player for the Beijing Ducks of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). After playing one season of college basketball for the UCLA Bruins, he was selected by the Indiana Pacers in the first round of the 2017 NBA draft with the 18th overall pick.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: Leaf was named an All-American as a high school senior in 2016. As a UCLA freshman in 2016–17, he earned first-team all-conference honors in the Pac-12. He began his NBA career with three seasons in Indiana, but was unable to carry over his college success. He joined the Portland Trail Blazers as a free agent in 2021. Leaf also played for Israel's Under-18 junior national team at the 2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship B Division.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: Leaf was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, to Karen and Brad Leaf. His father was playing professional basketball in Israel at the time, and he enjoyed a 17-year career in the country. Leaf lived his first years in Tel Aviv before growing up in Lakeside, California, in San Diego County. His father coached him in summer leagues prior to high school. Despite possessing the height of a power forward—he stood in junior high—Leaf played on the perimeter to develop guard skills. His father wanted him to be versatile like the big men that he had competed against as a pro in Europe.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: Leaf attended Foothills Christian High School in El Cajon, California, where he also played under his father. As a junior, Leaf averaged 27.4 points, 14.2 rebounds, 4.8 assists, 1.8 steals and 2.7 blocks per game, leading Foothills Christian to the San Diego Section Division II championship. "Cal-Hi Sports" named him their Division II State Player of the Year.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: In his senior year, Leaf led the team to a No. 3 state ranking after averaging 28.4 points, 12.4 rebounds, and 5.1 assists. He scored a season-high 44 points in a loss to Chino Hills, who were led by future teammate Lonzo Ball. Leaf earned McDonald's and Ballislife All-American honors, and "USA Today" named him second-team All-USA. He was a runner-up to Ball for California Mr. Basketball. Leaf finished his high school career second all-time in the San Diego Section in both points (3,022) and rebounds (1,476). He trailed only his brother, Troy, in points (3,318 for Foothills Christian from 2007 to 2010) and Angelo Chol in rebounds (1,732 with Hoover from 2008 to 2011).


title: T. J. Leaf

text: Leaf originally committed in 2014 to play for Arizona under coach Sean Miller. He tried out for the United States under-19 national team, also coached by Miller, but was cut in training camp in June 2015. In August, Leaf decommitted from Arizona, leading to speculation that the cut by Miller was a motivating factor. He signed with UCLA three months later, choosing them over Oregon and San Diego State. A consensus five-star and overall top-20 recruit, he joined his Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) teammates from the Compton Magic, Ike Anigbogu and Kobe Paras, who also committed to UCLA. The Bruins recruiting class also included Ball, who along with Leaf were both expected to lead a UCLA turnaround in 2016–17 after the Bruins finished just 15–17 the year before.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: On December 5, 2016, Leaf was named Pac-12 Player of the Week following his performance at Kentucky, where he registered 17 points, 13 rebounds and 5 assists. He and Ball were named to the mid-season watch list for the John R. Wooden Award, given annually to the top college player in the nation; UCLA was one of just five schools with two candidates on the list. The two were also among 30 on the midseason watch list for the Naismith College Player of the Year. On February 1, 2017, Leaf scored a career-high 32 points on 14-for-18 shooting and added 14 rebounds in a 95–79 win over Washington State, which ended a two-game losing streak for No. 11 UCLA. He missed the regular season finale with a sprained left ankle, which he suffered five minutes into the prior game against Washington.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: Leaf finished the season as UCLA's leading scorer with 16.3 points per game. He also averaged 8.2 rebounds and ranked third in field goal percentage (61.7) among Power Five conference players. He received honorable mention from the Associated Press (AP) for their All-American team, and was named first-team All-Pac-12 along with teammates Lonzo Ball and Bryce Alford. Leaf and Ball were also placed on the Pac-12 All-Freshman team. On March 30, Leaf announced that he was leaving UCLA and declaring for the 2017 NBA draft.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: Leaf was selected by the Indiana Pacers in the first round of the 2017 NBA draft with the 18th overall pick, and he signed a three-year contract worth $7,249,200. He was joined in Indiana by Anigbogu, who was selected by the Pacers in the second round. Leaf began 2017–18 as a fixture in the Pacers' rotation, averaging 16.2 minutes and five shots per contest through the first eight games. However, he struggled on defense, and his playing time fell as Indiana coach Nate McMillan tightened his rotation. In December 2017, Leaf was assigned to the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA G League and averaged 23.3 points and 8.3 rebounds in a three-game stint before returning to the Pacers. He finished with 52 games played during the regular season, but saw limited playing time towards the end as the Pacers qualified for the playoffs.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: In 2018–19, Leaf's minutes were limited playing behind big men Myles Turner, Domantas Sabonis, Thaddeus Young and Kyle O'Quinn. On February 28, 2019, he had a career-high 18 points in a season-high 22 minutes in a 122–115 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. Leaf was forced into the game early after Turner and O'Quinn got into foul trouble guarding the Wolves' Karl-Anthony Towns, and held his own defensively against the All-Star center. In the regular-season finale, Leaf had career highs of 28 points and 10 rebounds for his first career double-double in a 135–134 win over the Atlanta Hawks.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: Leaf worked on his jump shot during the offseason leading up to the 2019–20 season. Indiana exercised their contract option on his fourth year, guaranteeing him $4.3 million for 2020–21. On November 3, 2019, Leaf had 13 points and a career-high 15 rebounds while getting extra time as a backup center in a 108–95 win over the Chicago Bulls. However, he fell out of the rotation by the end of the month. He played in just 28 games during the season after appearing in over 50 in each of his first two seasons. Leaf did not develop into his projected role as a stretch four, making just 26.5% of his three-point field goals in his last two years with Indiana. In three seasons with the Pacers, he averaged 3.3 points and 2.0 rebounds per game.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: On November 25, 2020, Leaf was traded along with a 2027 second-round draft pick to the Oklahoma City Thunder in exchange for guard Jalen Lecque. On December 18, Leaf was waived by the Thunder after their final preseason game.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: Leaf signed with the Guangzhou Loong Lions of the CBA for the 2021–22 season, and averaged 25 points, 11.7 rebounds and 1.7 blocks per game. He joined the Beijing Ducks for 2022–23.


title: T. J. Leaf

text: After being cut by coach Miller from the U.S. Under-19 junior national team in 2015, Leaf joined Israel's under-18 junior national team the following month in July, to play in the 2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship Division B in Austria. Although Israel lost 73–72 in the Division B final, Leaf was named tournament's MVP, after averaging 16.1 points per game, on 55 percent shooting, to go along with 8.4 rebounds per game in nine games played. In 2018 he said "Playing for the senior [Israel] national team and helping the guys is one goal of my career."


title: Danny Miller (actor)

text: Daniel Benedict Miller (born 2 January 1991) is an English actor. He is known for portraying the role of Aaron Livesy in the ITV soap opera "Emmerdale", for which he has won the British Soap Award for Best Actor in 2011, 2012 and 2016. He won the twenty-first series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!".


title: Danny Miller (actor)

text: In 2007, at the age of 16, Miller made his television debut when he portrayed Kyle Brown in the BBC drama series "Grange Hill". He appeared in 8 episodes. In 2008, Miller began portraying the role of Aaron Livesy on the ITV soap opera "Emmerdale". In 2011, he announced that he was leaving "Emmerdale" and his last appearance would be in spring 2012.


title: Danny Miller (actor)

text: On 22 October 2011, alongside his family, Miller appeared on the ITV game show "All Star Family Fortunes". From December 2012 to January 2013, he starred as Prince Charming in the pantomime production of "Cinderella" at the Grand Theatre in Blackpool. Later in 2013, he appeared in the ITV drama "Lightfields". In April 2014, Miller played William in the BBC production of "Jamaica Inn". Miller joined the cast of "Scott & Bailey", in late 2013, as series regular Rob Waddington. He appeared in the series until 2014.


title: Danny Miller (actor)

text: In April 2014, Miller agreed to return to "Emmerdale" and reprised his role as Aaron Livesy later that year. His return scenes aired on 14 August 2014.


title: Danny Miller (actor)

text: In November 2021, Miller was announced as a contestant on the twenty-first series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!". He was announced winner of the series on 12 December.


title: Danny Miller (actor)

text: In 2011, Miller co-founded the charity Once Upon a Smile with Daniel Jillings in memory of former "Emmerdale" producer Gavin Blyth. In January 2021, Miller got engaged to partner Steph Jones. The couple announced in May 2021 that they were expecting their first child. After being told they would be unlikely to conceive naturally, Miller explained that they were about to begin the IVF process, when they found out Steph was pregnant. The child's birth was announced on 27 October 2021.


title: Live Free or Die (The Sopranos)

text: "Live Free or Die" is the 71st episode of the HBO original series "The Sopranos" and the sixth of the show's sixth season. Written by David Chase, Terence Winter, Robin Green, and Mitchell Burgess, and directed by Tim Van Patten, it originally aired on April 16, 2006.


title: Live Free or Die (The Sopranos)

text: Christopher reports to Tony and his crew that Vito has been spotted in a gay club. Meadow reveals to Carmela that Finn witnessed Vito performing oral sex on a security guard. As a result, Finn is taken by Tony to the back room of Satriale's where, very frightened, he has to repeat the story for the crew. The main reaction is disgust and anger; Carlo says they should "put him down for the honor of the family." Tony, despite everything, is hesitant to kill Vito. As he tells Dr. Melfi, he abhors homosexuality, and is “a strict Catholic”; but he doesn’t mind what happens between consenting adults, and he cares about Vito as a friend and an earner. "I had a second chance,” he says. “Why shouldn't he?"


title: Live Free or Die (The Sopranos)

text: Benny, Dante Greco and Terry Doria visit Vito and his mistress at a beach house on the Jersey Shore, where he's been lying low. They try to escort him to see Tony, but he speeds away. Vito returns home later that night, kisses his sleeping children, packs some keepsakes, necessities, and cash, and drives off into a stormy night. After his car hits a downed tree branch, he proceeds on foot and finds himself stranded in a small town in New Hampshire. Exhausted, he checks into an inn. Vito has cousins in New Hampshire but cannot find them. He stays in the pleasant town, comfortable in its friendly, open-minded ambiance.


title: Live Free or Die (The Sopranos)

text: Meadow starts an internship at a law firm handling white collar crimes, although she is also working as a volunteer in a law center. In an argumentative conversation with Finn, she contrasts the soft treatment of white-collar criminals with the harsh treatment of others, for example, the humiliation of Johnny at his daughter's wedding. Finn challenges her values and notes her hypocrisy: Tony's crew is going to punish Vito for his sexual orientation. Meadow storms out.


title: Live Free or Die (The Sopranos)

text: Carmela discovers that Angie Bonpensiero has secretly branched out into business with members of the crime family, putting money up for street loans and buying stolen car parts. Carmela is still pressuring Tony to get permission from the building inspector to move forward with her spec house, which he seems to keep forgetting. She is appalled to find that Hugh has been selling materials salvaged from the construction site.


title: Live Free or Die (The Sopranos)

text: Tony informs Chris that two Italian hitmen will be sent over to the U.S. to kill Rusty, and tells him to hire a "third party" to equip them with weapons and act as an intermediary between the assassins and the Soprano family. Chris gives the task to Corky Caporale, a Soprano family associate who speaks Italian, and pays him in heroin.


title: Toboggan

text: A toboggan is a simple sled traditionally used by children. It is also a traditional form of transport used by the Innu and Cree of northern Canada.


title: Toboggan

text: In modern times, it is used on snow to carry one or more people (often children) down a hill or other slope for recreation. Designs vary from simple, traditional models to modern engineered composites. A toboggan differs from most sleds or sleighs in that it has no runners or skis (or only low ones) on the underside. The bottom of a toboggan rides directly on the snow. Some parks include designated toboggan hills where ordinary sleds are not allowed and which may include toboggan runs similar to bobsleigh courses.


title: Toboggan

text: Toboggans can vary depending on the climate and geographical region. Such examples are Tangalooma (Australia) where toboggans are made from Masonite boards and used for travelling down steep sand dunes at speeds up to .


title: Toboggan

text: Before white colonists arrived in America, toboggan was a Native Indian term for a type of man-hauled cargo sledge made from bark, hardwood or whalebone, and deer or buffalo hide. Sledges of this type have been in use on the Great Plains and the Great Lakes since 3000 BC. During the tribes' yearly migration to their winter campsites, these sledges were used to transport bulky personal possessions and small children before the introduction of the wheel. A smaller variant of the toboggan, used for recreational purposes, was known as a Tom Pung. As the settlers displaced the Indians, the term was appropriated and applied to the low-profile wooden sledges made by the colonists.


title: Toboggan

text: The precursor to the modern American toboggan was the small, utilitarian sledge used by woodcutters in Russia, Scandinavia, and especially Germany, to transport logs when the snow made roads inaccessible. Sledge races were a popular winter sport in mountainous countries during the pre-Industrial Revolution era, and early German colonists in America improved upon the design of the traditional toboggan by giving it a lower, more streamlined profile to increase its speed.


title: Toboggan

text: The traditional American toboggan is made of bound, parallel wood slats, all bent up and backwards at the front to form a recumbent 'J' shape. A thin rope is run across the edge of end of the curved front to provide rudimentary steering. These usually lack the iron runners of the older woodcutter's sledges. The frontmost rider places their feet in the curved front space and sits on the flat bed; any others sit behind them and grasp the waist of the person before them.


title: Toboggan

text: Toboggans come in a variety of shapes. Modern recreational toboggans are typically manufactured from wood or plastic or aluminum. A small plastic sled on which a rider sits and raises their legs while sledding may be known as a "bum slider". Larger, more rugged models are made for commercial or rescue use.


title: General Dynamics X-62 VISTA

text: The General Dynamics X-62 VISTA ("Variable Stability In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft") is an experimental aircraft, derived from the F-16D Fighting Falcon, which was modified as a joint venture between General Dynamics and Calspan for use by the United States Air Force (USAF). Originally designated NF-16D, the aircraft was redesignated X-62A on 14 June 2021 as part of an upgrade to a Skyborg, with System for Autonomous Control of Simulation (SACS).


title: General Dynamics X-62 VISTA

text: X-62A remains on the curriculum of the Air Force Test Pilot School as a practice aircraft for test pilots.


title: General Dynamics X-62 VISTA

text: The NF-16D VISTA testbed aircraft incorporated a multi-axis thrust vectoring (MATV) engine nozzle that provides for more active control of the aircraft in a post-stall situation. As a result, the aircraft is supermaneuverable, retaining pitch and yaw control at angles of attack beyond which the traditional control surfaces cannot change attitude.


title: General Dynamics X-62 VISTA

text: The NF-16D VISTA is a Block 30 F-16D based on the airframe design of the Israeli Air Force version, which incorporates a dorsal fairing running the length of the fuselage aft of the canopy and a heavyweight landing gear derived from the Block 40 F-16C/D. The fairing houses most of the variable-stability equipment and test instrumentation. The heavyweight gear permits simulation of aircraft with higher landing sink rates than a standard F-16.


title: General Dynamics X-62 VISTA

text: The program was notable for the development of Direct Voice Input and the "Virtual HUD", which were both eventually to be incorporated into the cockpit design for the F-35 Lightning II.


title: General Dynamics X-62 VISTA

text: The VISTA aircraft is now operated by the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School and maintained by Calspan at Edwards Air Force Base. It is regularly used in student curriculum sorties, special academic projects, and flight research. As of 14 June 2021 VISTA is in the midst of upgrading. In addition to replacing the VISTA Simulation System (VSS) with a newer, upgraded version of the same system, a System for Autonomous Control of Simulation (SACS) will be added in order to operate X-62A as a Skyborg. One application is as autonomously piloted aircraft, perhaps as robotic wingman to a manned aircraft.


title: Lee Cronin (director)

text: Lee Cronin is an Irish film writer and director. He is best known as the writer/director of the 2014 Méliès d'Argent award-winning short, "Ghost Train", and the well-reviewed 2019 horror film "The Hole in the Ground". He is also set to write and direct "Evil Dead Rise", the next film in the "Evil Dead" series.


title: Sala Baker

text: Sala Baker (born 22 September 1976) is a New Zealand actor and stuntman. He is best known for portraying the villain Sauron in the "Lord of the Rings" trilogy by Peter Jackson.


title: Sala Baker

text: Originally hired as one of several stunt performers for "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, he ended up landing the part of the Dark Lord Sauron. In addition, he also played several Orcs, a Gondorian, and one of the Rohirrim. Outside of "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy, Baker has performed in "", two "Pirates of the Caribbean" movies, "", "Deadpool 2", Braven, "Sleepless", and "Mile 22".


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: Finding Nemo is a CGI animated film series and Disney media franchise that began with the 2003 film of the same name, produced by Pixar and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The original film was followed by a sequel, "Finding Dory", released in 2016. Both films were directed by Andrew Stanton. The film series received widespread critical acclaim from critics and audiences with two films released to-date, the series has grossed $1.9 billion worldwide.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Finding Nemo" is the fifth Pixar film. The film tells the story of a clownfish named Nemo (voiced by Alexander Gould) who gets abducted from his home in the Great Barrier Reef and winds up in a dentist’s office aquarium. His over-protective father Marlin (voiced by Albert Brooks) who, along with an amnesiac regal tang named Dory (voiced by Ellen DeGeneres), searches for him all the way to Sydney Harbour. Along the way, Marlin learns to take risks and let little Nemo take care of himself.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Finding Dory" is the seventeenth Pixar film. The film focuses on the amnesiac character Dory, (voiced by Ellen DeGeneres) who travels to California to find her long-lost parents, Jenny and Charlie, as well as exploring the idea of her being reunited with her family. It takes place one year after "Finding Nemo" and is set off the coast of Morro Bay, California.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: Director Andrew Stanton commented in June 2016 about the possibility of a third "Finding Nemo" film, stating:


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Exploring the Reef" is a short documentary film. It features Jean-Michel Cousteau, exploring the Great Barrier Reef, but Marlin, Dory, and Nemo keep interrupting him. The short film is included on the "Finding Nemo" DVD.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Marine Life Interviews" focuses on some of the supporting characters within "Dory" as they give brief interviews and thoughts on Dory herself. This is similar to the character interviews for "Finding Nemo".


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Dory Finding" shows Dory finding items from the surface in the coral reef. This short is part of the "Pixar Popcorn" series on Disney+.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Finding Nemo" is the second highest-grossing film of 2003, behind "". It was the highest-grossing Pixar film, up until 2010 when "Toy Story 3" surpassed it. "Finding Dory" is the third-highest-grossing film of 2016, behind "" and "Rogue One".


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Finding Nemo" is the 6th highest-grossing animated franchise and holds the third average box office gross per film among all animated franchises in box office history ($983.8million) .


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: Both films received universal acclaim, with the first film winning the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. It was a financial blockbuster as it grossed over $921 million worldwide. It is the best-selling DVD of all time, with over 40 million copies sold as of 2006 and is the 2nd highest grossing G-rated movie of all time. In 2008, the American Film Institute named it the 10th greatest American Animated film ever made during their 10 Top 10. It also won the award for best Animated Film at the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards, the Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards, the National Board of Review Awards, the Online Film Critics Society Awards, and the Toronto Film Critics Association Awards.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Finding Nemo" was released in 2003 by THQ. The goal in the game is to complete different levels under the roles of film protagonists Nemo, Marlin or Dory. It includes cutscenes from the movie and each clip is based on a level. For example, Marlin and Dory hopping through a batch of jellyfish.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: The game received mixed reviews. It received 2/5 stars on GameSpy, 6.2/10 points on GameSpot and IGN gave it 7.0/10 and 6.0/10 on its PS2 and Xbox, and GameCube platforms, respectively.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: In 2007, Disney Interactive Studios released "Disney Friends". It is a video game based on various Disney films. The game features characters Stitch from "Lilo & Stitch", Dory from "Finding Nemo", Pooh from "Winnie the Pooh", and Simba from "The Lion King".


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Kinect: Disneyland Adventures" is a video game released in 2011 by Frontier Developments. The game is based in various Disneyland attractions. It was released on Kinect for Xbox 360. Characters from "Finding Nemo" appear as part of a minigame based on Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Nemo's Reef" was a mobile game available from December 20, 2012 to June 30, 2017 by Disney Mobile. The game is a casual reef building which features characters from "Finding Nemo". It was released on Android and iOS devices.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Disney Infinity" was a video game series developed by Avalanche Software that ran from 2013 to 2016. Elements from "Finding Nemo" appeared throughout all three games in the series, with power discs based on the film released for the first game, and a playset based on "Finding Dory" along with Dory and Nemo figures released for the console versions of "Disney Infinity 3.0" in June 2016. The aforementioned playset and figures were the last new content released for the series, which was cancelled by Disney in May 2016.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Kinect Rush: A Disney•Pixar Adventure" is a video game developed by Asobo Studio originally released in 2012 for Xbox 360. On October 31, 2017, a remastered release without the Kinect branding titled "Rush: A Disney•Pixar Adventure" was released for Xbox One and Microsoft Windows 10. The remastered version adds a world based on "Finding Dory" alongside the original release's worlds.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: During a limited time Event focused on the franchise, under the name ""Finding Marlin"", the world builder game "Disney Magic Kingdoms" included Nemo, Marlin, Dory, Crush, Squirt, Bruce and Hank as playable characters, along with the attractions Crush's Coaster, Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage, and The Seas with Nemo and Friends. Bailey and Destiny were also included as playable characters in a later update of the game. In the game the characters are involved in new storylines that serve as a continuation of the events in the films.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Finding Nemo – The Musical" is a 40-minute show (performed five times daily), which opened on January 24, 2007 at the Theater in the Wild at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Orlando, Florida. It is a musical adaption of the film with new songs written by Tony Award-winning Avenue Q composer Robert Lopez and his wife, Kristen Anderson-Lopez. It would "combine puppets, dancers, acrobats and animated backdrops".


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: "Finding Nemo" is the soundtrack album of the film of the same name. "Finding Dory" is the soundtrack album of the film of the same name. The soundtracks were scored by Thomas Newman.


title: Finding Nemo (franchise)

text: The score was nominated for the 76th Academy Awards for Best Original Score but lost against "". It received 5/5 stars from the Film Score Reviews and 3.5/5 stars from Soundtrack.net.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: In quantum computing, quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum device can solve a problem that no classical computer can solve in any feasible amount of time (irrespective of the usefulness of the problem). Conceptually, quantum supremacy involves both the engineering task of building a powerful quantum computer and the computational-complexity-theoretic task of finding a problem that can be solved by that quantum computer and has a superpolynomial speedup over the best known or possible classical algorithm for that task. The term was coined by John Preskill in 2012, but the concept of a quantum computational advantage, specifically for simulating quantum systems, dates back to Yuri Manin's (1980) and Richard Feynman's (1981) proposals of quantum computing. Examples of proposals to demonstrate quantum supremacy include the boson sampling proposal of Aaronson and Arkhipov, D-Wave's specialized frustrated cluster loop problems, and sampling the output of random quantum circuits.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: A notable property of quantum supremacy is that it can be feasibly achieved by near-term quantum computers, since it does not require a quantum computer to perform any useful task or use high-quality quantum error correction, both of which are long-term goals. Consequently, researchers view quantum supremacy as primarily a scientific goal, with relatively little immediate bearing on the future commercial viability of quantum computing. Due to unpredictable possible improvements in classical computers and algorithms, quantum supremacy may be temporary or unstable, placing possible achievements under significant scrutiny.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: In 1936, Alan Turing published his paper, “On Computable Numbers”, in response to the 1900 Hilbert Problems. Turing's paper described what he called a “universal computing machine”, which later became known as a Turing machine. In 1980, Paul Benioff utilized Turing's paper to propose the theoretical feasibility of Quantum Computing. His paper, “The Computer as a Physical System: A Microscopic Quantum Mechanical Hamiltonian Model of Computers as Represented by Turing Machines“, was the first to demonstrate that it is possible to show the reversible nature of quantum computing as long as the energy dissipated is arbitrarily small. In 1981, Richard Feynman showed that quantum mechanics could not be simulated on classical devices. During a lecture, he delivered the famous quote, “Nature isn't classical, dammit, and if you want to make a simulation of nature, you'd better make it quantum mechanical, and by golly it's a wonderful problem, because it doesn't look so easy.” Soon after this, David Deutsch produced a description for a quantum Turing machine and designed an algorithm created to run on a quantum computer.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: In 1994, further progress toward quantum supremacy was made when Peter Shor formulated Shor's algorithm, streamlining a method for factoring integers in polynomial time. Later on in 1995, Christopher Monroe and David Wineland published their paper, “Demonstration of a Fundamental Quantum Logic Gate”, marking the first demonstration of a quantum logic gate, specifically the two-bit "controlled-NOT". In 1996, Lov Grover put into motion an interest in fabricating a quantum computer after publishing his algorithm, Grover's Algorithm, in his paper, “A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search”. In 1998, Jonathan A. Jones and Michele Mosca published “Implementation of a Quantum Algorithm to Solve Deutsch's Problem on a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Quantum Computer”, marking the first demonstration of a quantum algorithm.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: Vast progress toward quantum supremacy was made in the 2000s from the first 5-qubit nuclear magnetic resonance computer (2000), the demonstration of Shor's theorem (2001), and the implementation of Deutsch's algorithm in a clustered quantum computer (2007). In 2011, D-Wave Systems of Burnaby in British Columbia became the first company to sell a quantum computer commercially. In 2012, physicist Nanyang Xu landed a milestone accomplishment by using an improved adiabatic factoring algorithm to factor 143. However, the methods used by Xu were met with objections. Not long after this accomplishment, Google purchased its first quantum computer.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: Google had announced plans to demonstrate quantum supremacy before the end of 2017 with an array of 49 superconducting qubits. In early January 2018, Intel announced a similar hardware program. In October 2017, IBM demonstrated the simulation of 56 qubits on a classical supercomputer, thereby increasing the computational power needed to establish quantum supremacy. In November 2018, Google announced a partnership with NASA that would "analyze results from quantum circuits run on Google quantum processors, and ... provide comparisons with classical simulation to both support Google in validating its hardware and establish a baseline for quantum supremacy." Theoretical work published in 2018 suggests that quantum supremacy should be possible with a "two-dimensional lattice of 7×7 qubits and around 40 clock cycles" if error rates can be pushed low enough. On June 18, 2019, Quanta Magazine suggested that quantum supremacy could happen in 2019, according to Neven's law. On September 20, 2019, the "Financial Times" reported that "Google claims to have reached quantum supremacy with an array of 54 qubits out of which 53 were functional, which were used to perform a series of operations in 200 seconds that would take a supercomputer about 10,000 years to complete". On October 23, Google officially confirmed the claims. IBM responded by suggesting some of the claims are excessive and suggested that it could take 2.5 days instead of 10,000 years, listing techniques that a classical supercomputer may use to maximize computing speed. IBM's response is relevant as the most powerful supercomputer at the time, Summit, was made by IBM. Researchers have since developed better algorithms for the sampling problem used to claim quantum supremacy, giving substantial reductions to the gap between Sycamore and classical supercomputers and even beating it.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: In December 2020, a group based in the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) led by Jian-Wei Pan reached quantum supremacy by implementing gaussian boson sampling on 76 photons with their photonic quantum computer Jiuzhang. The paper states that to generate the number of samples the quantum computer generates in 20 seconds, a classical supercomputer would require 600 million years of computation.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: In October 2021, teams from USTC again reported quantum advantage by building two supercomputers called Jiuzhang 2.0 and Zuchongzhi. The light-based Jiuzhang 2.0 implemented gaussian boson sampling to detect 113 photons from a 144-mode optical interferometer and a sampling rate speed up of – a difference of 37 photons and 10 orders of magnitude over the previous Jiuzhang. Zuchongzhi is a programmable superconducting quantum computer that needs to be kept at extremely low temperatures to work efficiently and uses random circuit sampling to obtain 56 qubits from a tunable coupling architecture of 66 transmons — an improvement over Google's Sycamore 2019 achievement by 3 qubits, meaning a greater computational cost of classical simulation of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. A third study reported that "Zuchongzhi 2.1" completed a sampling task that "is about 6 orders of magnitude more difficult than that of Sycamore" "in the classic simulation".


title: Quantum supremacy

text: In June 2022 Xanadu has reported on a boson sampling experiment summing up to those of Google and USTC, their setup used loops of optical fiber and multiplexing to replace the network of beam splitters by a single one which made it also more easily reconfigurable. They detected a mean of 125 up to 219 photon from 216 squeezed modes (squeezed light follows a photon number distribution so they can contain more than one photon per mode) and claim to have obtained a speedup 50 million times bigger than previous experiments.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: Complexity arguments concern how the amount of some resource needed to solve a problem (generally time or memory) scales with the size of the input. In this setting, a "problem" consists of an inputted problem instance (a binary string) and returned solution (corresponding output string), while "resources" refers to designated elementary operations, memory usage, or communication. A collection of local operations allows for the computer to generate the output string. A circuit model and its corresponding operations are useful in describing both classical and quantum problems; the classical circuit model consists of basic operations such as AND gates, OR gates, and NOT gates while the quantum model consists of classical circuits and the application of unitary operations. Unlike the finite set of classical gates, there are an infinite amount of quantum gates due to the continuous nature of unitary operations. In both classical and quantum cases, complexity swells with increasing problem size. As an extension of classical computational complexity theory, quantum complexity theory considers what a theoretical universal quantum computer could accomplish without accounting for the difficulty of building a physical quantum computer or dealing with decoherence and noise. Since quantum information is a generalization of classical information, quantum computers can simulate any classical algorithm.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: Quantum complexity classes are sets of problems that share a common quantum computational model, with each model containing specified resource constraints. Circuit models are useful in describing quantum complexity classes. The most useful quantum complexity class is BQP (bounded-error quantum polynomial time), the class of decision problems that can be solved in polynomial time by a universal quantum computer. Questions about BQP still remain, such as the connection between BQP and the polynomial-time hierarchy, whether or not BQP contains NP-complete problems, and the exact lower and upper bounds of the BQP class. Not only would answers to these questions reveal the nature of BQP, but they would also answer difficult classical complexity theory questions. One strategy for better understanding BQP is by defining related classes, ordering them into a conventional class hierarchy, and then looking for properties that are revealed by their relation to BQP. There are several other quantum complexity classes, such as QMA (quantum Merlin Arthur) and QIP (quantum interactive polynomial time).


title: Quantum supremacy

text: The difficulty of proving what cannot be done with classical computing is a common problem in definitively demonstrating quantum supremacy. Contrary to decision problems that require yes or no answers, sampling problems ask for samples from probability distributions. If there is a classical algorithm that can efficiently sample from the output of an arbitrary quantum circuit, the polynomial hierarchy would collapse to the third level, which is generally considered to be very unlikely. Boson sampling is a more specific proposal, the classical hardness of which depends upon the intractability of calculating the permanent of a large matrix with complex entries, which is a #P-complete problem. The arguments used to reach this conclusion have been extended to IQP Sampling, where only the conjecture that the average- and worst-case complexities of the problem are the same is needed, as well as to Random Circuit Sampling, which is the task replicated by the Google and UTSC research groups.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: The following are proposals for demonstrating quantum computational supremacy using current technology, often called NISQ devices. Such proposals include (1) a well-defined computational problem, (2) a quantum algorithm to solve this problem, (3) a comparison best-case classical algorithm to solve the problem, and (4) a complexity-theoretic argument that, under a reasonable assumption, no classical algorithm can perform significantly better than current algorithms (so the quantum algorithm still provides a superpolynomial speedup).


title: Quantum supremacy

text: This algorithm finds the prime factorization of an "n"-bit integer in formula_1 time whereas the best known classical algorithm requires formula_2time and the best upper bound for the complexity of this problem is formula_3. It can also provide a speedup for any problem that reduces to integer factoring, including the membership problem for matrix groups over fields of odd order.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: This algorithm is important both practically and historically for quantum computing. It was the first polynomial-time quantum algorithm proposed for a real-world problem that is believed to be hard for classical computers. Namely, it gives a superpolynomial speedup under the reasonable assumption that RSA, a well-established cryptosystem, is secure.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: Factoring has some benefit over other supremacy proposals because factoring can be "checked" quickly with a classical computer just by multiplying integers, even for large instances where factoring algorithms are intractably slow. However, implementing Shor's algorithm for large numbers is infeasible with current technology, so it is not being pursued as a strategy for demonstrating supremacy.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: This computing paradigm based upon sending identical photons through a linear-optical network can solve certain sampling and search problems that, assuming a few complexity-theoretical conjectures (that calculating the permanent of Gaussian matrices is #P-Hard and that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse) are intractable for classical computers. However, it has been shown that boson sampling in a system with large enough loss and noise can be simulated efficiently.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: The largest experimental implementation of boson sampling to date had 6 modes so could handle up to 6 photons at a time. The best proposed classical algorithm for simulating boson sampling runs in time formula_4 for a system with "n" photons and "m" output modes. BosonSampling is an open-source implementation in R. The algorithm leads to an estimate of 50 photons required to demonstrate quantum supremacy with boson sampling.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: The best known algorithm for simulating an arbitrary random quantum circuit requires an amount of time that scales exponentially with the number of qubits, leading one group to estimate that around 50 qubits could be enough to demonstrate quantum supremacy. Bouland, Fefferman, Nirkhe and Vazirani gave, in 2018, theoretical evidence that efficiently simulating a random quantum circuit would require a collapse of the computational polynomial hierarchy. Google had announced its intention to demonstrate quantum supremacy by the end of 2017 by constructing and running a 49-qubit chip that would be able to sample distributions inaccessible to any current classical computers in a reasonable amount of time. The largest universal quantum circuit simulator running on classical supercomputers at the time was able to simulate 48 qubits. But for particular kinds of circuits, larger quantum circuit simulations with 56 qubits are possible. This may require increasing the number of qubits to demonstrate quantum supremacy. On October 23, 2019, Google published the results of this quantum supremacy experiment in the Nature article, “Quantum Supremacy Using a Programmable Superconducting Processor” in which they developed a new 53-qubit processor, named “Sycamore”, that is capable of fast, high-fidelity quantum logic gates, in order to perform the benchmark testing. Google claims that their machine performed the target computation in 200 seconds, and estimated that their classical algorithm would take 10,000 years in the world's fastest supercomputer to solve the same problem. IBM disputed this claim, saying that an improved classical algorithm should be able to solve that problem in two and a half days on that same supercomputer.


title: Quantum supremacy

text: Quantum computers are much more susceptible to errors than classical computers due to decoherence and noise. The threshold theorem states that a noisy quantum computer can use quantum error-correcting codes to simulate a noiseless quantum computer assuming the error introduced in each computer cycle is less than some number. Numerical simulations suggest that that number may be as high as 3%. However, it is not yet definitively known how the resources needed for error correction will scale with the number of qubits. Skeptics point to the unknown behavior of noise in scaled-up quantum systems as a potential roadblock for successfully implementing quantum computing and demonstrating quantum supremacy.