title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: On 18 June 2021, after Slišković left the club, Croatian manager Tomislav Ivković became the new manager of Željezničar. In January 2022, after he left the club, Ivković was replaced by Edis Mulalić.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: The club had no stadium upon its foundation as other clubs would not allow Željezničar to use the existing football grounds in Sarajevo. The club played their first matches at a military training pitch called Egzercir which wasn't actually a football ground, however, it was the best ground available and will always be remembered as the club's first pitch. Egzercir was located in a part of Sarajevo known as Čengić vila. In 1932, a new ground was built in Pofalići (yet another part of Sarajevo), close to the railway station. It wasn't much better than the last one, but it was built by the club and because of that it had a special meaning.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: After World War II, Željezničar played at the "6th April" Stadium in Marijin Dvor (there is a building now on the spot, behind the technical sciences secondary school) until 18 June 1950. Authorities planned to build a street, so the club made another move to military stadium in Skenderija. Club staff was tired of all that moving and they decided to build its own stadium in Grbavica neighborhood which just started to be redeveloped and urbanized. Friends, supporters, members of the club and even military, all helped in construction. Stadium was officially opened on 13 September 1951 with the second league match between Željezničar and Šibenik. Željezničar won 4–1.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: Ever since, Grbavica has been a place of joy and sorrow for the club and its supporters. Symbolically, the old railway line passed over the hill behind the stadium, and every time a train went by during a match it would sound its whistle to salute the fans. The stadium had a south side and a small east side while a wooden grandstand with a roof was on the west side. The grandstand was relocated from the "6th April" Stadium on the same year when Željezničar moved. Because of the reconstruction, Željezničar moved again in 1968 to Koševo Stadium and even won the club's only Yugoslav title in 1972 playing there.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: Grbavica was reopened yet again on 25 April 1976, and in 1986 a modern northern stand was added which is still in use. Unfortunately, war began in spring 1992 and Željezničar was forced, yet again, to play on Koševo Stadium until 1996 when it came back to Grbavica. During the 1990s war, the stadium suffered heavy structural damage. The stadium was located between the first front lines and endured heavy fighting. Bosnian Serbs' forces burned down the wooden grandstand under which all the club facilities were located consequently burning down most of the club's records and trophies in the process as well. It was not until 2 May 1996 that a football match would be played on Grbavica Stadium again. Symbolically, the first match after the war was the Sarajevo derby. The wooden grandstand that burned up during the war was never fully reconstructed and on its place, on the west side of the stadium, a much smaller wooden stand was built under which, yet again, all the club facilities are located. In 2016, the wooden stand was reconstructed and slightly expanded in a way that all the wood elements were replaced with anti-slip metal in order to meet the UEFA Stadium requirements.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: Before the war capacity of the stadium was more than 20,000 unseated, but now it officially has 13,146 seated places with room for around 4,000 more patrons in standing areas.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: Željezničar was formed as RŠD Željezničar (Radničko športsko društvo, eng. Workers' sports society). Željezničar means railwayman or railway worker. Later it was known as FK Željezničar (Fudbalski klub, eng. football club), and was a part of SD Željezničar (Sportsko društvo, eng. sports society) which includes the clubs in other sports (basketball, handball, volleyball, chess, bowling, etc.) with the same name. In 1993, initial acronym was changed to NK (Nogometni klub, eng. football club). In Bosnian, both "fudbal" and "nogomet" are equally used as a word for football. The word "fudbal" is dominant in eastern and "nogomet" in western parts of the country. Since 2000, club's name is officially with initial FK again.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: In the modern times, there is even a restaurant named after the club's name. Such example is a "ćevapi"the national dishrestaurant at the heart of Sarajevo called "Ćevabdžinica "Željo"".


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: Blue is traditionally colour of railway workers in this part of Europe. Since the club was founded by the railway workers, blue was a logical choice. Standard navy blue colour was always on the club's crest, but it is a different story with kits. Sometimes they were light blue, sometimes regular blue, and sometimes navy blue as it is on the crest. Sometimes kits were blue and white vertical striped. For some games in 1999–00 season, kits were striped horizontally, and in 2002–03 season they were even dark grey, without any traces of blue. Away kit was always white.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: On the left side of the kit, by the heart, stands a crest. Since the foundation of the club, standard elements of the crest were ball and wings, also a traditional railway symbol. These standard elements were changed in design several times in the past. Some other elements were added or excluded in some periods of history. For example, circle around the original crest was added in the 1990s. From 1945. to 1992. red five-pointed star stood in place of the ball, and words "Sarajevo", "1921" and others were moved form one part of the crest to another many times. Current design dates back to 2000.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: FK Željezničar main supporter group are called The Maniacs. There is also subgroups like Blue Tigers, Joint Union, Urban Corps, Stari Grad and Vendetta.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: In popular culture, Stole Anđelović ("Stole iz Bora") – a passionate club supporter from Bor, Serbia, is known decades (over 40 years) for traveling 450 km to attend most FK Željezničar Sarajevo home games, and was a long time supporter of Yugoslav national team as well as fan of Ivica Osim.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: A passionate group of fans from 1921.ba TV upload regular Željezničar league and European match reports as well as interviews with players and staff to online stream media; "YouTube".


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: Željezničar has a fierce rivalry with their city-rivals Sarajevo, which is known as the Sarajevo derby, the biggest derby in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is contested regularly since both teams are part of the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: Many Željezničar supporters say that "Željo is a matter of philosophy, and Sarajevo a matter of geography". Famous Sarajevo derby, known across the Southeast Europe, is generally considered one of few with the best atmosphere. But there is one thing that separates it from similar ones in the region and rest of the world – fans of these clubs are enemies only for the time needed for game to be played. It is not rare that father and son, two brothers, or husband and wife, are on the opposite sides. They don't speak to each other that day. But when the game ends, provocations are something of a tradition, strangest bets are needed to be fulfilled. And everybody is waiting for the next one. Although, incidents between younger fans can be seen in recent years.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: During the 2015–16 season the club beat FK Sarajevo both home and away, a first time the club has beaten Sarajevo away at the Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium in 12 years.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: During the 2017–18 league season, Željezničar beat Sarajevo in 3 out of 4 league matches, the most in one season and didn't even lose that season as there was also 1 draw.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: During the 2018–19 league season, Željezničar lost against Sarajevo in 2 out of 3 league matches, the most in one season and didn't even win that season as there was also 1 draw. The last match was played on 26 August 2022 where Željezničar drew at Grbavica 2–2.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: Also another notable rivalry started to shape in recent years. Since the season 2008–09, the time when Borac started to be standard in the Premier League once again, a great rivalry started to develop between the two teams. Starting from the 2009–10 season the two teams mainly competed against each other for one of the titles (the league title or national cup) and even the attendance almost got on pair with the Sarajevo derby. The rivalry also has a root in the fact that Sarajevo and Banja Luka are, by a good margin, the two biggest cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the first being also the capital of the whole country while the second takes the role as the de facto capital of Republika Srpska entity. Since independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina the teams met each other 22 times (6 of which are in national cup), although they played the first time against each other in 1947 Yugoslav Cup. In those 22 matches, Željezničar won 12 times, while Borac managed to win 7 times, with 3 matches ending in a draw. The goal difference is 31:19 in favor of Željezničar (Not including results from 2015 to 2016 season).


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: FK Željezničar Sarajevo is the most decorated club from Bosnia and Herzegovina having won six Bosnian Cups, six Bosnian Premier League titles, three Bosnian Supercups and one Yugoslav First League title.


title: FK Željezničar Sarajevo

text: FK Željezničar Sarajevo has played more games in European competitions than any other football team from Bosnia and Herzegovina.


title: Paul Chambers

text: Paul Laurence Dunbar Chambers Jr. (April 22, 1935 – January 4, 1969) was an American jazz double bassist. A fixture of rhythm sections during the 1950s and 1960s, he has become one of the most widely-known jazz bassists of the hard bop era. He was also known for his bowed solos. Chambers recorded about a dozen albums as a leader or co-leader, and over 100 more as a sideman, especially as the anchor of trumpeter Miles Davis's "first great quintet" (1955–63) and with pianist Wynton Kelly (1963–68).


title: Paul Chambers

text: Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on April 22, 1935, to Paul Lawrence Chambers and Margaret Echos. He was brought up in Detroit, Michigan following the death of his mother. He began playing music with several of his schoolmates on the baritone horn. Later he took up the tuba.


title: Paul Chambers

text: "I got along pretty well, but it's quite a job to carry it around in those long parades, and I didn't like the instrument that much".


title: Paul Chambers

text: Chambers switched to the double bass around 1949. His formal bass training began in earnest in 1952, when he began taking private lessons with a bassist of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. Chambers did some classical playing himself, with a rehearsal group called the Detroit String Band. He studied at Cass Technical High School intermittently from 1952 to 1955, and played in Cass' symphony, and in various other student groups, in one of which he played baritone saxophone.


title: Paul Chambers

text: When he left for New York City at the invitation of tenor saxophonist Paul Quinichette, he had a working knowledge of many instruments.


title: Paul Chambers

text: Jazz bass players were largely limited to timekeeping with drums, until Duke Ellington's bassist Jimmy Blanton began a transformation in the instrument's role at the end of the 1930s. Chambers was about 15 years old when he started to listen to Charlie Parker and Bud Powell, his first jazz influences. Oscar Pettiford and Ray Brown were the first bassists he admired, and these were followed by Percy Heath, Milt Hinton and Wendell Marshall for their rhythm section work, and Charles Mingus and George Duvivier for their technical prowess and for their efforts in broadening the scope of jazz bass. Blanton was his all-time favorite.


title: Paul Chambers

text: From 1954 on through 1955, he gained significance touring with such musicians as Bennie Green, Quinichette, George Wallington, J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding. In 1955 he joined the Miles Davis quintet, and was awarded the DownBeat "New Star Award" the following year. Chambers stayed with the group until 1963, and appeared on many classic albums, including "Kind of Blue". One of Chambers's most noted performances was on that album's first track, "So What", which opens with a brief duet featuring Chambers and pianist Bill Evans. From 1963 until 1968, Chambers played with Wynton Kelly's trio. He freelanced frequently as a sideman for many others throughout his career.


title: Paul Chambers

text: During the course of his lifetime Paul Chambers developed addictions to both alcohol and heroin. He was hospitalized at the end of 1968 with what was thought to be a severe case of influenza, but tests revealed that he had tuberculosis. As his organ functions deteriorated, Chambers lapsed into a coma for 18 days. It is believed that his addictions to heroin and alcohol contributed to his health problems. On January 4, 1969 he died of tuberculosis aged 33.


title: Paul Chambers

text: From his role in the Davis band, Chambers was the bassist in two rhythm sections. The first, with Red Garland on piano and Philly Joe Jones on drums, came to be known as "the rhythm section", that name featured on a celebrated album by saxophonist Art Pepper, "Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section". The second, with Wynton Kelly and Jimmy Cobb, made many sessions as a unit, recording albums with John Coltrane, Wes Montgomery, and by themselves under Kelly's name on albums such as "Kelly Blue".


title: Paul Chambers

text: Paul Chambers was in great demand as a session musician, and played on numerous albums during the period he was active including such landmarks as Thelonious Monk's "Brilliant Corners", Coltrane's "Giant Steps", and Oliver Nelson's "The Blues and the Abstract Truth". Many musicians wrote songs dedicated to Chambers. Red Garland wrote the tune "The P.C. Blues", and Coltrane's song "Mr. P.C." is named after Chambers. Tommy Flanagan wrote "Big Paul", which was performed on the Kenny Burrell and John Coltrane Prestige 1958 LP. Max Roach wrote a drum solo called "Five For Paul", on a 1977 drum solo LP recorded in Japan, and Sonny Rollins wrote "Paul's Pal" for him as well. In the world of alternative rock, Barenaked Ladies bass player Jim Creeggan wrote the song "Paul Chambers" for their 2021 album "Detour de Force".


title: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)

text: The Social Democratic Party (, PSD) is a political party in Brazil led by Gilberto Kassab and uniting dissidents from various political parties, especially the Democrats, Brazilian Social Democracy Party and Progressive Party.


title: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)

text: The party has become a major force for centrism in Brazil and commonly unites with both left-wing and right-wing parties. In this way, the party managed to have members occupying positions in ministries and important secretariats in the governments of presidents Dilma Rousseff, Michel Temer, and Jair Bolsonaro. As such, PSD has been considered by political scientists as a big tent party, which is part of the "Centrão". Until March 2021, PSD congressmen had on average more than 90% alignment with the Bolsonaro government in terms of votes in the National Congress.


title: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)

text: The party, founded in 2011 by São Paulo mayor Gilberto Kassab, was criticized by members of the opposition political parties, primarily the Democrats (DEM), as supporting the government. Many Democrats members accused the PSD of being created by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to destroy the DEM and deliver on a promise made to Workers' Party (PT) supporters to "exterminate the DEM from the Brazilian political scenario". The party was criticized for having a vague program, making references to economic freedom, political reform and welfare, and being hard to differentiate from other political parties except those on the hard left. According to Kassab, "We are neither a right-wing party nor a left-wing nor a centrist party".


title: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)

text: In many Brazilian states, the PSD took a liberal stance on economics and had good election results. The party has good relationships with major political parties such as the social democratic Brazilian Socialist Party, the national conservative Progressive Party, the centrist Brazilian Labour Party, the Christian democratic Brazilian Republican Party and the progressive Citizenship. Since its inception, the party has been associated with fusions with other parties, primarily the PP and PSB. It has endured on the Brazilian political scene, and has more representation than any political party other than the major ones. The party chaired the Finance Ministry of Brazil in Michel Temer's government, and is a major force in Brazilian politics.


title: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)

text: However, in the state of Bahia, the party is a long-term partner of the major left-wing Workers' Party, having the running mate in the gubernatorial tickets of Rui Costa and each party supporting the other in the senate elections, with Otto Alencar and Angelo Coronel being the senators of Bahia together with the "Petista" Jaques Wagner


title: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)

text: PSD elected several senators and some governors in the Brazilian Centro-Sul region in 2018, with the support of Jair Bolsonaro.


title: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)

text: Soon after its foundation, the national president of the party, Gilberto Kassab (SP), stated: "It will not be on the right, it will not be on the left, nor on the center". The foundational purpose of the PSD is the satisfaction of the interests of the lower class that had risen to the middle class position during the Workers' Party governments. The then-vice-president of the party, Guilherme Affif Domingos (SP) wrote a document with 12 party commitments, among them:


title: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)

text: However, according to political scientist Rui Maluf, the absence of specific programmatic content reveals that the PSD has a typically "catch-all" organizational nature and that its foundation reflects the dissatisfaction of its staff with previous parties, mostly from the Democratas party.


title: WinSCP

text: WinSCP ("Windows Secure Copy") is a free and open-source SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), WebDAV, Amazon S3, and secure copy protocol (SCP) client for Microsoft Windows. Its main function is secure file transfer between a local computer and a remote server. Beyond this, WinSCP offers basic file manager and file synchronization functionality. For secure transfers, it uses the Secure Shell protocol (SSH) and supports the SCP protocol in addition to SFTP.


title: WinSCP

text: Development of WinSCP started around March 2000 and continues. Originally it was hosted by the University of Economics in Prague, where its author worked at the time. Since July 16, 2003, it is licensed under the GNU GPL. It is hosted on SourceForge and GitHub.


title: WinSCP

text: WinSCP is based on the implementation of the SSH protocol from PuTTY and FTP protocol from FileZilla. It is also available as a plugin for Altap Salamander file manager, and there exists a third-party plugin for the FAR file manager.


title: WinSCP

text: Apart from the standard package, three portable versions are also available: A generic package and two customized versions for LiberKey and PortableApps.com. The portable version runs on Wine on several POSIX-compliant operating systems, such as Linux, macOS, and BSD.


title: WinSCP

text: Some older versions of the WinSCP installer included OpenCandy advertising module or bundled Google Chrome. Since version 5.5.5 (August 2014) the installer does not contain any advertisement.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: The city of Vancouver, located in British Columbia, Canada, has a moderate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfb") that borders on a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ("Csb"). Its summer months are typically dry, often resulting in moderate drought conditions, usually in July and August. In contrast, the rest of the year is rainy, especially between October and March.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Like the rest of the British Columbia Coast, the city is tempered by the North Pacific Current, which has its origins in the milder Kuroshio Current and is also, to an extent, sheltered by the mountains of Vancouver Island to the west.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: The climatology of Vancouver applies to the entire Greater Vancouver region and not just to the City of Vancouver itself. While Vancouver's coastal location serves to moderate its temperatures, sea breezes and mountainous terrain make Greater Vancouver a region of microclimates, with local variations in weather sometimes being more exaggerated than those experienced in other coastal areas.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Predicting precipitation in the Greater Vancouver area is particularly complex. It is a rule of thumb that for every rise of in elevation, there is an additional ( per ) of precipitation, so places such as the District of North Vancouver on the North Shore Mountains get more rain. Snow is problematic for meteorologists to predict due to temperatures remaining close to freezing during snow events.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: The average annual temperature in Vancouver is downtown and at Vancouver International Airport in Richmond. This is one of the warmest in Canada. Greater Vancouver is in USDA plant hardiness zone 8, similar to other coastal or near-coastal cities such as Seattle, Portland, Amsterdam, and London, as well as places such as Atlanta, Georgia and Raleigh, North Carolina, far to the south (though these locations have far more growing degree days due to their much warmer summers). The semi-mild climate sustains plants such as the Windmill Palm. Vancouver's growing season averages 221 days, from March 29 until November 5. This is 72 days longer than Toronto's, and longer than any other major urban centre in Canada.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Despite normally semi-mild winters due to the onshore air flow over the North Pacific Current, occasional cold squamish or Arctic outflow (sinking cold continental air that flows down through the Fraser Valley coastward) in winter can sometimes last a week or more. These Arctic outflows occur on average one to three times per winter. The coldest month on record at Vancouver International Airport was January 1950 when an Arctic air inflow moved in from the Fraser Valley and remained locked over the city, with an average low of and an average high of only , making for a daily average of , colder than normal. The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was on December 29, 1968. The coldest temperature across Metro Vancouver, however, is recorded in Pitt Meadows on January 23, 1969.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: With snow being an infrequent occurrence over a typically mild winter, many cold hardy flowers remain in bloom and are common in gardens and office exteriors throughout the winter. The arrival of spring is often first noticed in February with slightly milder temperatures and the return of flowering perennials. It's also not uncommon for cherry trees to begin blooming later in the month, as was seen prominently during the 2010 Winter Olympics.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: The Greater Vancouver region is also subject to significant variations in summer temperatures, which can differ by as much as between inland areas of the Fraser Valley and the ocean-tempered coastal regions when localized on-shore breezes are in effect. Conversely, winter temperatures tend to be cooler inland by a couple of degrees.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: The relatively high latitude of 49° 15′ 0″ N (similar to Paris, France, at 48° 85′ 66″) means sunsets as early as 4:15 pm and sunrises as late as 8:10 am. From November to February, at the sunshine measuring station at the airport in Richmond, on average more than 70% of the already short daytime is completely cloudy. The percentage of cloudiness is higher in Vancouver and especially the North Shore because upslope winds going up the mountainsides lead to the development of clouds.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Summers, in contrast, are characterized by a nearly opposite weather pattern, with consistent high pressure and sunshine. July and August are the sunniest months. Near the summer solstice, there are less than 8 hours between sunset and sunrise, with twilight lasting past 10 pm.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Vancouver is Canada's third most rainy city, with over 161 rainy days per year. As measured at Vancouver Airport in Richmond, Vancouver receives of rain per year. In North Vancouver, about away from the Vancouver airport, the amount of rain received doubles to per year as measured at the base of Grouse Mountain.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Thunderstorms are rare, with an average of 6.1 thunderstorm days per year. The weather in spring and autumn is usually showery and cool.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: The grass-cutting season often begins in March and continues through October. Summers can be quite dry, and, as such, grass that has not been watered may not need to be cut for a month or even longer. Some summers may have no rain for five weeks or more, while others might have several very wet days in a row. In addition, Vancouver is one of the driest cities in Canada during the summer season, but the rest of the year the high pressure that locks in during the summer moves out and is replaced by the usual low pressure systems (rainy weather) by fall through to mid-spring.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: July is historically the driest month in Vancouver and, in fact, Vancouver International Airport recorded no rainfall at all during the whole month of July 2013; the first time ever in recorded history. Many other Julys have recorded less than of rain in Vancouver.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Snow falls in the higher-lying areas of Greater Vancouver, such as Burnaby Mountain, Coquitlam, and North and West Vancouver, every winter. It is also common in places close to or at sea level, however in lesser amounts. There is a general misconception among visitors and residents of other parts of Canada that Vancouver does not receive any snow at all, but in fact there has never been a year in which traceable snow has not been observed at Vancouver International Airport. The year 2015 marked an entire year of no measurable snow; only a trace was recorded on December 17, 2015. Environment Canada has ranked Vancouver in 3rd place under the category of "lowest snowfall" among 100 major Canadian cities as the annual average of days with snowfall above is only at 8.7 days. Vancouver's coastal climate has nonetheless allowed it to be ranked in 59th place under the category of "Most huge snowfall days (25 cm or more)", placing it above cities like Calgary and Toronto as Vancouver averages 0.13 days annually with snowfall accumulations above (within a calendar day).


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Snow in Vancouver tends to be quite wet, which, combined with typical winter temperatures rising above and falling below throughout the course of the day, can make for icy road conditions.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Years or months with snowfall surpassing are not completely exceptional. Snowfall exceeding occurred twice during the 1990s, and, in January 1971 alone, there was more than of snow. The snowiest year on record at Vancouver International Airport was 1971, which received a total of , and the greatest snow depth reported was on January 15 of that year.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Although the which fell across Greater Vancouver and the Lower Mainland in a 24‑hour period in November 2006 was out of the ordinary, snow has in fact accumulated at sea level in all months except for June, July, and August. However, even small amounts of snow in the Vancouver area can cause school closures, as well as produce traffic problems. The low frequency of snowfall makes it hard to justify the public works infrastructure necessary for more effective snow removal, as the city is usually in a thaw situation long before plowing of streets are completed. The City budgets $400,000 per year for the maintenance of snow removal equipment, for the purchasing of de-icing salt, and for the training of staff, but the costs of actual snow removal are funded separately from contingency reserve funds, and vary widely from season to season. For example, $1.1 million was spent in 1998, compared to $0 in 2001. Blizzards are extremely rare, but heavy snowfall events are more common. One such event in 1996 resulted in over of snow in Vancouver and was responsible for millions of dollars in damage.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: According to Environment and Climate Change Canada (2011), Vancouver now has a 20% chance of a White Christmas (up from 11%). Vancouver experienced a White Christmas in 2008 after weeks of record breaking cold temperatures and four consecutive snow storms, leaving over of snow on the ground across Metro Vancouver. New snow also accumulated on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day giving it the title for Canada's whitest Christmas in 2008 with on ground ( at one point on Christmas Eve). Snow was also present for Christmas 2007, when was measured at the Vancouver International Airport. The previous official White Christmas occurred in 1998 when of snow was on the ground on Christmas Day following of snow and of rain. Despite higher frequency of snow during certain periods of the season (pattern unknown), generally, annual winter snowfall has decreased over the last 20 years.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: Gales are unlikely during the autumn months in Greater Vancouver. Three wind storms in the city's history have knocked down large swathes of trees in the forest of Stanley Park, the first having occurred in October 1934, with a blizzard the following January compounding its impact. The second wind storm to hit Stanley Park was the remnant of Typhoon Freda in 1962 that levelled a tract of forest. This is now site of the park's miniature railroad.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: In November 2006, the Greater Vancouver region experienced above-average levels of rainfall and snowfall, breaking the previously established record of when of rain fell within the first 16 days of the month. The heavy rain washed sediment into the city's reservoirs, and, as result, many businesses were advised to stop serving beverages prepared from tap water due to water contamination.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: At Vancouver International Airport, of snow was recorded from the night of November 25 to the morning of November 27. The temperature dropped to on November 28, higher than the record low for the day, which was set in November 1985. On November 29, more snow fell on the city. The snowfall resulted in the closure of a number of public institutions and caused power outages throughout Surrey and Langley.


title: Climate of Vancouver

text: The Hanukkah Eve windstorm of 2006 swept through Greater Vancouver on December 15, 2006, with winds reaching from . In Stanley Park, it damaged or uprooted over 5,000 trees, and caused mudslides, one of which destroyed a section of the seawall. Insured damages throughout the province were expected to reach CA$40 million and repairs to Stanley Park were expected to cost $9 million.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: Iñigo Martínez Berridi (; ; born 17 May 1991) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Athletic Bilbao and the Spain national team mainly as a centre-back.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: He spent most of his professional career with Real Sociedad, playing 238 matches (17 goals scored) in all competitions after making his debut at the age of 20. In January 2018, he signed with Athletic Bilbao.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: Born in Ondarroa, Biscay, Martínez joined Real Sociedad's youth ranks from local CD Aurrerá Ondarroa. He made his senior debut in the 2009–10 season, helping the reserves promote from the fourth division after one year out by contributing 23 games and one goal.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: On 27 August 2011, Martínez made his first-team – and La Liga – debut with the Basques, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–1 away win against Sporting de Gijón. On 2 October he scored his first league goal, from inside his own half in an eventual 2–1 home loss to Athletic Bilbao in a derby.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: Martínez scored his third league goal in the same fashion, in a 3–2 away victory over Real Betis on 27 November 2011 (in the 90th minute). He continued to be first choice in the following top-flight campaigns, notably helping the club return to the UEFA Champions League after ten years in 2012–13 by netting four times in 34 matches.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: On 30 January 2018, Martínez signed with Athletic Bilbao for €32 million (his contractual buyout clause amount and a record outlay for the buying club) on a deal until 2023; the fee was around half of the figure received the same day for the player he replaced in the Athletic squad, Aymeric Laporte, who had moved to Manchester City. He made his debut on 4 February, playing the entirety of a 2–0 domestic league defeat away to Girona FC.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: During October 2018, Martínez conceded two penalties for foul challenges in two local derby matches in the domestic league, both of which led to the opening goal and were awarded after Video Assistant Referee reviews – the first in a 3–1 home defeat to his old club Real Sociedad and the second in a 1–1 away draw against SD Eibar.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: Martínez scored his first goal for Athletic (in his 85th competitive appearance) with a backheel flick in a home league fixture against Betis on 20 June 2020. He later also gave away a penalty, but the kick was missed and his proved to be the only goal of the match.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: Under the spotlight playing against his former club Real Sociedad in the delayed 2020 Copa del Rey Final, Martínez had a major role in proceedings: he came close to scoring with a long-range shot in the first half, appeared to have conceded a penalty for handball on the edge of the penalty area at the start of the second half – a VAR review ruled this to have been outside the box – then did concede a penalty for a foul on Portu ten minutes later. He was sent off by the referee, but another VAR check decided that he had not denied a goalscoring opportunity deliberately and the red card was downgraded to yellow. The penalty was scored, and Real took the trophy with a 1–0 scoreline. In the aftermath, he was seen taking time to offer congratulations to his many old teammates and was praised in the media for his sportsmanship.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: Martínez made his debut for the Spain under-21 team in 2011. In the following year, he was picked by manager Luis Milla for his squad that appeared in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. In the first game against Japan he was sent off late into the first half for bringing down Kensuke Nagai, thus denying a clear goalscoring opportunity, in an eventual 1–0 loss.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: Martínez made his first appearance with the full side on 14 August 2013, coming on as a second-half substitute for Sergio Ramos in a 2–0 friendly win over Ecuador. Between September 2018 and March 2021 he received eleven caps, including seven starting appearances; however, he was not included in Luis Enrique's 24-man squad for the UEFA Euro 2020 tournament (delayed for a year by the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe) when it was announced on 24 May, with the player stating that he was not totally happy with his physical situation having missed a number of club matches during the season and an agreement had been made between him, the national body and Athletic that he would not take part.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: On 5 June 2022, Martínez scored his first goal, a last-minute header in the 2–2 away draw with the Czech Republic in the UEFA Nations League.


title: Iñigo Martínez

text: Martínez has been likened to compatriot Carles Puyol, and is known for his heading ability which makes him an aerial threat on set pieces, despite his modest stature of . He is also known for his tackling, leadership qualities and ability to read the game, as well as competence with the ball at his feet.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: , also written as "Shiro Emiya" in "Fate/unlimited codes", is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the 2004 visual novel "Fate/stay night", published by Type-Moon. Shirou is a teenager who accidentally participates in the "Holy Grail War" alongside six other mages looking for the eponymous treasure, an all-powerful, wish-granting relic. Shirou was the sole survivor of a fire in a city and was saved by a man named Kiritsugu Emiya who inspired him to become a hero and avoid killing people during fights. While fighting alongside the servant Saber, Shirou develops his own magical skills and, depending on the player's choices; he forms relationships with the novel's other characters. He also appears in the visual novel sequel "Fate/hollow ataraxia", the prequel light novel "Fate/Zero", and printed and animated adaptations of the original game.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Writer Kinoko Nasu created Shirou and Saber in stories he had written as a teenager. Nasu was worried that the story would not work as a "bishōjo" game because the main character was a girl. Artist Takashi Takeuchi suggested switching the genders of the protagonist and Saber to fit into the game market. For the anime adaptations following "Fate/Zero", the staff wanted to make the character more serious in his interactions with the other characters while giving him a more cheerful personality in contrast to the original visual novel. Shirou is regularly voiced in Japanese by Noriaki Sugiyama as a teenager and Junko Noda as a child; multiple voice actors have voiced him in the English releases of the anime adaptations.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Critics have commented on Shirou's different characterizations; his role in each part of the original "Fate/stay night" visual novel has received positive reaction due to his character development and relationship with the character Archer. Shirou's appearance in Studio Deen's first "Fate/stay night"-based anime received a mixed response; critics initially disliked Shirou but praised how his relationship with Saber evolved. In Ufotable's anime series, based on the visual novel's route "", the character was praised for how he dealt with questions about his ideals. Shirou has also appeared in multiple polls related to "Fate" and anime in general.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Shirou's role in the story was meant to highlight parts of his personality and growth based on the paths the player picks. The first Fate storyline shows his slanted mind; the next, Unlimited Blade Works, presents his resolve, and in the last storyline, Heaven's Feel, he becomes Sakura Matou's ally and abandons his life-long passion of becoming a hero. Shirou was created with the idea of being a stubborn man with ideals that would change the way his role in the story based on the different routes, something the Type-Moon originally wanted to make with the protagonist of "Tsukihime". Furthermore, Nasu wanted to portray him as a typical teenager while artist Takashi Takeuchi did not want him to have too much individuality in order to make players project themselves into him. By the end of the making of the visual novel, Nasu described Shirou as a joyless hero disinterested in the war, denying himself personal happiness in order to save as many people as possible. Shirou's character theme, "Emiya", while remixes and other themes were created to focus on important scenes related to his character.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Before writing "Fate/stay night", Kinoko Nasu wrote the "Fate" route of the visual novel in his spare time as a high school student. Nasu originally imagined Shirou Emiya as a female character named who wore glasses and Saber as male. Nasu swapped their sexes due to his experience writing the novel "Tsukihime" and because Type-Moon believed a male protagonist would better fit the target demographic. There have been only small changes to Shirou's physical design since its inception. With red hair and stubborn eyes, Takeuchi aimed for a typical design of a straightforward "shōnen" manga genre character. He felt that it was too standard, however, so he added more circles in his eyes. Takeuchi has trouble bringing out Shirou's expressions because of his unique eyebrows; as a result, Shirou remains the most difficult "Fate/stay night" character for him to draw. Their goal of creating "a protagonist without a face" to comply with the nature of "bishōjo" games in the initial release of "Fate/stay night" is another reason Takeuchi had trouble drawing Shirou, who only appeared in a handful of scenes. In the re-released "Réalta Nua" version of the visual novel aimed at teenagers rather than just adults, the importance to show non-adult content was increased. So Takeuchi had to draw Shirou more often. Producer Tomonori Sudou felt that the staff had to draw Shirou more appealingly to bring more success to the anime. New clothing was also given to him.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: While Shirou retains his usual appearance in the spin-off manga "Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 3rei!!" by author Hiroshi Hiroyama, during parts of his story, Shirou uses a magical card that dresses him in Archer's clothes. Hiroyama originally drew Shirou half-naked but felt this was ridiculous, mostly because the events depicted in the series take place in winter. In his final design, most of Shirou's torso is covered, giving him an appearance like that of his future heroic persona, with the exception of his right arm remaining uncovered. Already experienced in drawing Shirou before he started working on Illya's spin-off manga, Hiroyama had no problems with this version of Shirou, whom he referred to as one of the manga's protagonists due to the focus he gave him during the flashbacks about his past; Similar to the original visual novel, Hiroyama wanted to make Shirou select a route during his flashback chapters as he embarks on a quest to protect his sister, Miyu.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Nasu believes Shirou and Ryougi Shiki in "The Garden of Sinners" light novels are characters who face personal problems with narrow perspectives. Shirou was conceived as an amateur magician to create a strong contrast with the skilled heroes from the visual novel. Nevertheless, Nasu stated that Shirou was a weaker fighter in the Fate route, but the character's magical skills developed significantly in the "Unlimited Blade Works" storyline beyond the capability of an average person. Nasu said it is difficult to call Shirou's relationship with Saber a relationship between a man and a woman because after ruling Britain under the pretenses of being a male, she "turned into a girl all of a sudden and fell in love with Shirou". To foreshadow Shirou and Saber's first meeting, the team of writers included a dream sequence in which the latter's sword, Excalibur, is seen by the former. Since Shirou possessed the scabbard, Avalon, from Excalibur, Nasu wrote this to explain how the two became Master and Servant. Nasu originally had an idea to extend the "Fate" route’s, involving an alternative Fifth Holy Grail War where Shirou fought alongside Saber, but the two did not have a romantic relationship; following their separation, Shirou would bond with Rin in a similar way to how it happened in "Unlimited Blade Works"s "True Ending".


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Takeuchi described Shirou as a strange character based on his personality. Nasu wrote the younger Shirou as a shy child, whom he deemed fun as he grows up and becomes more straightforward. While the Ufotable "Unlimited Blade Works" series generated multiple questions regarding Shirou becoming his future self, the warrior Archer. Originally, Shirou's future persona would turn out to be the antagonist Gilgamesh but the staff changed him to Archer Nasu said that Shirou still has potential to become a Heroic Spirit. Nevertheless, Nasu still intended from the beginning of the making of the novel that both Shirou and Gilgamesh would oppose one another. In the "Heaven's Feel" route from the original visual novel, he did not specify whether Shirou would become the same Archer. In another interview, Nasu stated that the "Unlimited Blade Works" kept sending hints that Shirou might become Archer and Rin would be with him to support him emotionally. Shirou's fate in the "Heaven's Feel" route was left up to the players' interpretation because of Shirou's apparent resurrection.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: During the production of the anime series "Unlimited Blade Works", Ufotable said that they wished to develop Shirou to better fit with other characters in "Fate/Zero" and the anime's darker tone. Nasu explained that Shirou was made more comical to become a more enjoyable character; this proved to be difficult as his interactions with the other characters were modified, making Nasu feel pressure during the creation of the series. Nevertheless, Ufotable kept the idea of Shirou not being able to smile too much due to his harsh past, with characters telling Shirou that he rarely expresses joy in some episodes. The staff, including series director Takahiro Miura, found this idea fitting. Still, his interactions with Rin Tohsaka were created to bring the former more joy. Miura wished the staff to make this Shirou's coming-of-age story; despite this, Nasu stated Shirou does not go through a character arc in the story, which left Miura with a different opinion regarding the character's writing. Miura pointed out that in future work he would prefer to focus more on revealing the character of Shirou as a character rather than women associated with him, which is why the producer Aniplex was firmly established in his choice since the mainline of the arch with Archer based on following the ideals of his father. The CEO of Type-Moon believed that only Nasu himself could convey all the ideas he put into Shirou, help them reflect on the screen correctly and deepen the public perception of the hero.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: According to the scriptwriter, the main problem of adaptation was the transfer of the culminating battle between Shirou and Archer, which, due to the great emphasis on the inner thoughts of the heroes, could not be transmitted as clearly as in the source and, according to the creators, would be boring for the audience. For this reason, Nasu independently rewrote the entire course of the battle. In addition, since the format of the visual novel did not set the task to demonstrate the mimic expression of the protagonist's emotions, only during this scene did Nasu realize and prescribe the necessary range of feelings of the protagonist to reflect it during animation. According to Takeuchi, the final meeting between Nasu and Miura for the approval of the scenario of this battle lasted more than five hours. The choice of the epilogue was delayed for three months, and as a result, Nasu decided to write a script for a separate series telling about the future of Shirou and Rin, who went to study in London.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: For the release of the first "Heaven's Feel" film, director Tomonori Sudou said he wanted to explore Shirou and Sakura Matou's past further because he believes their relationship is the most important part of the story. Producer Yuma Takahashi had a similar opinion, feeling some scenes that symbolized the romance between Shirou and Sakura were needed. Ufotable mostly included these scenes; Takahashi believes people might want to watch the film again due to the significance it makes in early scenes. Sakura's Japanese voice actor, Noriko Shitaya, stated that the staff's biggest desire was to show the audience the scenes between Shirou and Sakura, with Sudou wishing to explore how the two met and became close. Aimer's theme song "I Beg You" was written to explore the relationship between these characters as Aimer wants to show Sakura's dark personality as she aims to be loved by Shirou but does not want him to know about her secrets. The author of the printed adaptation of Heaven's Feel noted that for the serialization of the manga he wanted to start the story between Shirou and Sakura with the first time the latter met the former and fell for him in contrast to the original visual novel which left this scene until some scenes more in the route.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: For the film "Oath Under Snow", singer ChouCho made two songs that focused on the relationship between Shirou and Miyu, who are the center of the plot describing it as heartwarming due to the close bond the siblings have. The song "Kaleidoscope" primarily focuses on Shirou's point of view when first meeting Miyu, and she becomes one of the most important people he has ever met. However, due to the film's plot, the lyrics were written to show darker tone in regards to the development of what happens to the two siblings. While not being a song about Shirou, Choucho states that viewers will find a bigger standing to the character by listening to it.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Shirou is voiced in Japanese by Noriaki Sugiyama, who was surprised by the length of the "Fate" franchise. Sugiyama noted that they had a certain tension before the beginning of the recording process, since they had not been involved in the "Fate" series since 2010, they played the same characters only in the comedy works - the series "Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya" and "Carnival Phantasm". According to Sugiyama, this forced them to rethink the images of their heroes, although he was glad to return to the "standard Shirou". Sugiyama, on the contrary, stated that recording director Yoshikazu Ivanami forced him for a long time to maintain emotional arousal in his voice. Both actors, Sugiyama and Junichi Suwabe (Archer), since they played the role of the same person, but of different age, in the final season of the series consciously copied the manner and timbre of each other's speech (Sugiyama - bass, Suvabe - baritone) for greater identification of the characters by the audience. During the "Unlimited Blade Works", Sugiyama enjoyed his character's confrontations with Archer, mainly because Shirou might become Archer in the future.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Sugiyama once again returned to voice the character in the spin-off movie "Oath Under Snow". Kaori Nazuka, who voices Miyu, said her character has a noticeable character arc in these spin-offs due to her growing relationship with Shirou. When asked about his favorite scene from the film, Sugiyama said he preferred the final scene due to Shirou's appealing characterization resulting from the impact Shirou's final line has on Miyu. Hiroyama felt that Shirou's voice contains in this film a bigger sense of security compared to his manga.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Once the "Heaven's Feel" films started being promoted, Sugiyama said Shirou acted differently due to the different routes the films were taken based on the visual novel. As the films were released, Sugiyama believed Shirou's characterization was far darker compared to the other routes from the visual novel. He found it sad that Shirou loses Saber but is still determined to protect Sakura. He expressed understanding of how Shirou's character was treated in the film, aiming for most of his lines to be done in a cool state. As a child, Shirou is voiced by Junko Noda, who refers to her character as "Chibi Shirou" due to his appearance and like her work in "Today's Menu for the Emiya Family" when Shirou starts cooking hamburgers.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Sam Riegel was Shirou's first English voice actor, and Mona Marshall voiced Shirou as a child. Patrick Poole voiced the two incarnations of Shirou appearing in Illya's spin-off anime series. English voice actor Bryce Papenbrook felt honored to take Riegel's place for the "Unlimited Blade Works" series. He stated Riegel's work is "awesome". Papenbrook felt that the story took a "different path in "Unlimited Blade Works"" and that the creators "wanted a different take on Shirou". He was surprised that series director Tony Oliver chose him to play Shirou. Papenbrook stated that there were moments when Oliver "would explain ... why Shirou was making a certain action or what had been happening surrounding Shirou". Oliver "added so much detail" to Papenbrook's performance; the actor enjoyed "watching it back after" and felt it was "really, really cool to actually see those things that [Oliver] described". He said Oliver wanted him to play Shirou in a "real" way and wished to perceive "the feelings behind" Papenbrook's words. As a result, Papenbrook had to get himself into a "deep mindset".


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Papenbrook had watched the first "Heaven's Feel" film in Japanese before he was told he would work on it. He said he had been "lucky enough to be at a convention with the Japanese actors". He added that while one moment in the film had made the whole audience laugh, he had not understood the reason behind their laughter until it had been explained to him; he comprehended that scene when he viewed it in English. After watching the film in Japanese, he "understood how Shirou should act in that scene". During the recording, he was asked to give Shirou more emotion; he found this challenging because he wanted to avoid expanding Shirou's tone. Papenbrook looked forward to Shirou's role in the "Heaven's Feel" film because of Shirou being different from the other series, mainly when it came to his relationship with Sakura.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Shirou Emiya is a red-haired Japanese high school student. Before the events of the visual novel "Fate/stay night", Shirou's parents died in a fire caused by a war between mages known as the Fourth Holy Grail War. Shirou is saved by Kiritsugu Emiya, who then adopts him and teaches basic magic. Before his adoptive father's death, Shirou is informed that Kiritsugu failed to become an "ally of justice," someone who saves as many people as possible. Shirou promises to become one in his stead. Shirou has the desire to fulfill Kiritsugu's goal (referred to as an ideal) becomes his way of life. Through the three routes of "Fate/stay night", his opinion of that ideal shifts. He suffers from extreme survivor's guilt and feels disrespectful to the deceased to prioritize his own needs before those of others. He has a distorted sense of values and can only find self-worth in helping others without compensation. Shirou takes Kiritsugu's values of being a hero regardless of being mocked by others who find him hypocritical for not caring about his own life; different routes of the novel make him choose different paths as he interacts with others. While Shirou is only able to perform fundamental magic for his daily life, he later develops the power to project weapons, such as two small twin swords and replicas of other weapons. He is connected with the servant Archer as both can wield the same powers, most notably the extra-dimensional weapons known as , from a dimension in the future, allowing to reach the strength of other servants in a short moment in different routes of the novel's stories. Sugiyama said that "Shirou is a philanthropist in any world. He is a young boy who is wishing for the happiness of those around him." Hiroyama felt that Shirou's voice contains in this film a greater sense of security compared to his manga. For the spin-off "Today's Menu for the Emiya Family", Sugiyama was surprised and delighted with Shirou's personality, finding him gentler than in the original series. He tried giving the character a different tone than the ones he used previously.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: The main character in each of the story arches was placed in different conditions, which allowed readers to understand the circumstances of the setting ("Fate"), to conduct a theoretical understanding of the ideals of the character ("Unlimited Blade Works"), to face the problems of their implementation ("Heaven's Feel") and, having combined this, to understand the details of his image. "Gamsutra" added that the player's in-game choices dramatically alter Shirou's character arcs and allow Nasu to convey a different aspect of his ideal. In his analysis of the magical system and details of the personalities of the characters, Makoto Kuroda sees in the idea of Shirou to become a “champion of justice” a direct analogy with the traditional view of the life of bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism, seeking to save other people at the cost of their own efforts and suffering. In Kuroda's view, Buddhist concepts are opposed to the elements of Christian ethics contained in the plot through the opposition of Shirou and Kirei Kotomine in the form of the main character's rejection of the interpretation of Angra Mainyu as a creature who accepted the sins of others in the name of salvation.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Similarly, novelist Shūsei Sakagami praised the way the player can witness Shirou's "gradual change from a robot to becoming a human" through the three routes. Uno Tsunehiro from Kyoto University compared his traumatic background to survivors from the September 11 attacks while also showing different ways the Japanese society used to take care of their lives in such time. As a result, Tsunehiro views Shirou's change in each route as a way to recover from the trauma, grow up and become an independent person.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Japanese pop singer Aimer composed the theme song "Last Stardust", which explores Shirou as the music is displayed in his fight against Archer. The vocals focus on the fire that destroyed Shirou's city while dealing with his acceptance of Kiritsugu's death as he decided to follow his dreams regardless of any regrets he took in his life. This connects with Shirou's future self, Archer, who faced multiple tragedies after becoming a warrior, but Shirou still embraced the pain he would endure in his life instead. Aimer also researched the relationship between Jesus and his disciple Judas Iscariot while handling the relationship between Shirou and Archer with the latter often showing intentions to kill the former, believing he should have never been born; similar words are said between Jesus and Judas.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: As the visual novel opens, Shirou lives in a Japanese household from the city of Fuyuki under the guidance of school teacher Taiga Fujimura, years after his father Kiritsugu died. One night at school, he witnesses a duel between warriors Archer and Lancer; the latter ambushes and kills Shirou. Using her magic, Archer's master, Rin Tohsaka, manages to revive Shirou. When Lancer attacks him again, Shirou accidentally summons the servant Saber who drives Lancer away. Saber swears to protect him from any danger. After allying with Rin, Shirou learns of the Fifth Holy Grail War, a conflict between multiple servants and masters who seek to obtain the Holy Grail. Shirou agrees to join the conflict to prevent further catastrophes being caused by other masters.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: In the Fate route, Shirou learns that Saber is a female King Arthur. King Arthur blames herself for the fall of Britain. This unwavering ideal serves as a juxtaposition to Shirou's; although they believe that their respective goals are unreachable, both continue along their journey. While fighting a servant named Berserker, Shirou passes all of his energy to Saber to create a replica of Caliburn, the sword in the stone which chooses the rightful king of England which the pair wield together to kill their enemy. Shirou then adopts Berserker's master, Illyasviel von Einzbern, who is revealed to be Kiritsugu's daughter. Shirou learns that Kiritsugu was Saber's previous master, and that Excalibur's scabbard, , was hidden inside his body to protect him from enemies. Shirou and Saber prepare for final fight against Kirei Kotomine and his servant, Gilgamesh, who intend to sacrifice Illya to create the Grail. Before this, Shirou returns Avalon to Saber so that she can fight with Excalibur's full strength. Shirou and Saber win their fights by accessing Avalon's full power together, after which Saber returns to a past version of Camelot, where she passes away. In the PlayStation 2 remake, an extra ending was added, in which Shirou and Saber reunite on Avalon Island following their deaths.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: In the Unlimited Blade Works route, Rin chastises Shirou for his ideal of becoming an ally of justice. Her servant is a future version of Shirou – Archer – who has suffered greatly from this ideal. Archer seeks to kill his younger self in the hope of erasing his own existence or at least erasing the idea of being an ally of justice from Shirou's world. During a battle, Shirou learns of Archer's true identity. The two are also locked in an ideological conflict, with Archer criticizing Shirou for borrowing his ideal from his adoptive father and Shirou vowing never to become Archer. Although he refuses to give up his ideal entirely, Shirou works toward a compromise in which he will strive for fulfilling it despite knowing that it is borrowed. After Shirou wins his fight against Archer, he faces and defeats Gilgamesh, while Rin and Saber destroy the Grail created from the late Illya. In the Good ending, Saber does not fade away after destroying the Grail, and Shirou stays with Saber and Rin in the Emiya household. In the True ending, Shirou travels to London to live with Rin and study magic in the Mage's Association at the Clock Tower.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: In the Heaven's Feel route, Shirou realizes that his schoolmate Sakura Matou is a mage who unwillingly turns into a black shadow every night to kill townspeople. He faces a dilemma: he can either uphold his ideal by killing Sakura, saving lives in the process, or he can forsake his ideal to save her. He chooses to abandon his ideal and become Sakura's ally, also becoming Rider's master. During a fight, Shirou's left arm is cut off and replaced with Archer's. It is too powerful for an ordinary human to wield; its use would eventually result in Shirou's death. While fighting corrupted versions of Saber and Berserker created by Sakura's Shadow, Shirou absorbs the arm's power, beginning the process of his mind and body breaking down. He then projects Berserker's own axe-sword to his self-made technique, , and kill Berserker. With Rider's aid, Shirou defeats Saber, and he and Rin purge the Shadow from Sakura. He stays behind to destroy the Greater Grail but is confronted by Kirei, whom Shirou defeats. In the Normal ending, Shirou sacrifices himself to destroy the Greater Grail. In the True ending, Illya sacrifices herself to close the Greater Grail and save Shirou from dying to his arm's effects. He then lives peacefully with Sakura.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: In the sequel "Fate/hollow ataraxia", Shirou meets Bazett Fraga McRemitz, a member of the Mages' Association and a master in the Fifth Holy Grail War. Both Shirou and Bazett find themselves in a four-day time loop that begins on the fourth day of the Fifth Holy Grail War. Each time they die or survive four days, they awaken on the first day of the loop, aware of what has happened to them since the first time since it began. Determined to end the sequence, Shirou, Bazett, and Avenger fight to discover the truth behind the endless four days. Shirou experiences changes in personality and momentary memory lapses. It is later revealed that Shirou is connected to Avenger, causing them to switch places when the night falls, implying that Avenger is either hiding in Shirou's body. Once Shirou discovers the truth, he becomes conflicted; he wants to end the loop, while Avenger wants to live out his days. It is revealed that Avenger created and possessed a replica of Shirou to fulfil his desires, trapping that replica in the four-day time loop. Meanwhile, the real Shirou was still present in the real world. More than half a year had passed after the events of the Fifth Holy Grail War. Once Avenger ends the loop, he discovers the anomaly in spacetime continuum which caused the endless four-day cycle; it was caused by Rin's use of a copy of Zelretch's Jeweled Sword, which Rin had obtained with the help of Shirou and Illya six months after the War. Avenger then erases the memories of all the present people in the time loop world, including Shirou. The only people who know what occurred are Bazett, Caren, Illya, and Caster. In the epilogue, the true Shirou is tricked into allowing Bazett and Caren stay at the Emiya household.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Shirou has appeared in the anime and manga versions of "Fate/stay night", the film "" (2010), and the "" films. Scenes from the original visual novel that show Shirou having sexual intercourse with the heroines are commonly censored. The "Unlimited Blade Works" anime series added a new scene where a person is seen walking in Archer's dimension following the final credits. This generated many questions from fans in regards to Shirou's destiny but Kinoko Nasu remained ambiguous about whether that person was Shirou or not.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Shirou is a minor character in the spin-off manga series "Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya", in which he lives as a normal teenager with Illya's mother, Irisviel von Einzbern. An alternate version of the character from a parallel world appears in the sequel "Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 3rei!!"; Shirou is imprisoned by the Ainsworth family. He asks Illya to look after his sister, Miyu Edelfelt. Shirou is later freed from the prison by Gilgamesh and joins the fight against Miyu's enemies, the Ainsworths, using his magic techniques that weaken his body. Shirou is able to defeat Angelica Ainsworths but is nearly killed by a doll of Sakura Matou controlled by Julian Ainsworth. Following his recovery, Shirou reunites with Miyu, and they go back to their home while explaining to their allies what they know about the enemies.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: The manga and the anime film "" (2017) show the origins of the parallel world's Shirou; the adopted son of Kiritsugu and the foster brother of Miyu, Shirou decided to take care of Miyu following Kiritsugu's death. As the two grew closer as siblings, Julian kidnaps Miyu. Guided by Kirei Kotomine, Shirou decides to take part in the Holy Grail War to protect Miyu from being used as a sacrifice by the Ainsworths. When Shinji Matou's reanimated corpse kills Sakura for trying to protect Shirou, she leaves an "Archer card" that grants Shirou the powers of his future heroic persona, Archer. After avenging Sakura, Shirou fights the enemies that threaten his sister during the Holy Grail War and wins the conflict. Using the cards, Shirou transports Miyu to another world and then confronts Angelica. Although Shirou loses the final fight which leads to his imprisonment, he is satisfied with his sister's safety. After Shirou tells Illya his and Miyu's past, he makes peace with Angelica who becomes whom he becomes attracted. However, he is forced to abandon the battlefield when Illya and Miyu note that Archer's powers as they are consuming his spirit.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Shirou briefly appears in the light novel "Fate/Zero", the prequel of "Fate/stay night", in which he is saved by Kiritsugu at the end of the series from a fire. After Kiritsugu's death, Shirou decides to follow his guardian's dreams of being a hero. Shirou also makes minor appearances in the novel "Fate/Apocrypha", in which his hometown was not destroyed by the fire of the Fourth Holy Grail War. He, along with other characters from Type-Moon, appears in the 2011 anime "Carnival Phantasm". He is also the main character of the manga "Today's Menu for the Emiya Family", in which Shirou's peaceful life is shown alongside those of the other characters.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: In the role-playing game "Fate/Grand Order", Shirou appears as a "pseudo" Servant under the name , a spirit that wonders about his vessel's persona. Muramasa wields demonic swords, including and , but is not certain about their success. This incarnation of Shirou reappears in the manga adaptation by Wataru Rei.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Shirou appears in the fighting games "Fate/unlimited codes", and "Fate/tiger colosseum". Besides Type-Moon's works and adaptations, Shirou also appears in the video game "Divine Gate". He is also present alongside Rin as a playable character in the side game "Capsule Servant", as well as in the mobile phone game "Hortensia Saga" to promote the anime adaptations. A character CD focused on Shirou was released in 2007. A drama CD exploring Shirou's life with Kiritsugu and Fujimura as he deals with his trauma resulting from the fire and Kiritsugu's tutelage in basic magic was released. In promoting the animated adaptations of the routes, Shirou was added to the games "Summons Board", "Red Stone", and "Puzzle & Dragons".


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Merchandise, including rubber straps and figures, have been modeled after Shirou, including replicas of his twin swords. In 2017, a café based on "Fate" characters including Shirou was opened in Osaka, Japan. To promote the film "Vow in the Snow", Takashi Takeuchi created a poster of Hiroshi Hiroyama's take on Shirou, which was offered to viewers in Japan. Hiroyama responded to this promotion enthusiastically. In promoting the "Heaven's Feel" films, Shirou's school uniform was recreated for the usage of cosplayers, while his image was later used as part of a Valentine's Day event.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Shirou has been popular with fans of the series, often ranking in polls from Type Moon and "Newtype". Outside of the franchise, Shirou has appeared in other anime polls. He took eighth place in the category "best male character" from a 2015 preliminary poll conducted by the magazine "Newtype". In March 2018, he took fourth spot for his role in the first "Heaven's Feel" film. In a poll containing male anime characters conducted by "Anime News Network", he took both the 9th and 10th spots. In a poll by Gakuen Babysitters, Shirou was voted as one of the male character fans wanted to have as their younger brother. In a "Newtype" poll, Shirou was voted the eighth-most-popular male anime character from the 2010s. In the March 2019 issue from the magazine, Shirou took the first spot for his role in the second "Heaven's Feel" film. In a Manga.Tokyo poll from 2018, Shirou was voted as the second most popular "Fate" character behind Saber. "Anime News Network" cited Shirou and Archer's fight scene from the "Unlimited Blade Works" television series as one of the best sword fights in anime due to handling of both characters in terms of similarities and how they use similar techniques. Shirou's Muramasa persona from "Fate Grand Order" is also popular within Japanese player.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Shirou's characterization has attracted critical commentary. Reviewers considered Shirou's behavior and his attitude to his own ideals as the most interesting and well-developed part of the whole novel. "Gamasutra" and "Manga.Tokyo" said his childish ideals of becoming a hero and the continuation of this goal while growing up make him an interesting protagonist. Writer Gen Urobuchi wrote that the relationship between Shirou and Rin is more appealing than his relationship with Saber, describing them as a more realistic couple. Urobuchi enjoyed the way Shirou and Sakura's romantic relationship is handled due to the emotional support Shirou offers to the lonely Sakura. Rice Digital claimed the sexual scenes were given a deep theme, as Shirou was not aggressive towards his love interest in neither route and remains as a more mature character instead. According to "Anime News Network", in the visual novel's first animated series, Shirou demonstrates depth because he is less pacifistic and has become a more philosophical fighter than in previous appearances. "THEM Anime Reviews" was more critical of Shirou's personality, calling him a "complete idiot" due to the number of times he is placed in danger. Makoto Kuroda of Wayo Women's University describes Shirou's actions towards Saber as neglect of a person's primordial survival instincts and as encompassing "selfless philanthropism and a purely boundless sense of moralism". Some reviewers commented on Shirou's relationship with Saber and on his growth in Studio Deen's anime that improves their personalities and adds romance to their relationship as the plot progresses.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Reviewers' comments on Shirou's role in the "Unlimited Blade Works" film and television series have been mostly positive. "The Fandom Post" and "Blu-ray" enjoyed Shirou's characterization in the film, in which his ideals contrast with those of Archer and Kiritsugu, making him notably mature in the story. Both voice actor Kana Ueda and "ReelRundown" said "Unlimited Blade Works" makes him interesting as the character's depths are further explored. "Sequart Organization" noted that while Archer hates his past self because of the regrets he had when he was Shirou, he makes peace with his decisions. An "Anime News Network" reviewer praised his fights in the film. "Blu-Ray" enjoyed the way Shirou and Rin begin as enemies and become closer as the story progresses. The same reviewer also praised the development of the relationship between Shirou and Archer during the film. Chris Beveridge of "The Fandom Post" praised the protagonist's battle against Gilgamesh because of Gilgamesh's antagonistic role in "Fate/Zero" giving the narrative closure. Josh Tolentino of "Japanator" found Shirou's decision to become a tragic warrior despite his knowledge about this future uncommon in storytelling.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Shirou's characterization was changed for the "Heaven's Feel" movies. "Anime News Network" said he shows facial expressions that give his scenes a bigger impact on viewers rather than relying of dialogue. Two writers from "The Fandom Post" were divided on whether Shirou is as engaging in these films as in "Unlimited Blade Works", although his posttraumatic stress disorder was noted to explore a deeper part of his past. Martin Butler of "UK Anime Network" found Shirou "rather bland". Some reviewers praised his interactions with Sakura and called their relationship one of the most enjoyable romances in the franchise. The second film was noticed for making Shirou take one of the hardest decisions he ever could as it protecting Sakura would contradict his dreams of becoming a hero he took from Kiritsugu.


title: Shirou Emiya

text: Beside the main "Fate" series, critics focused on his spin-off incarnations. During his debut in "Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 3rei!!", Shirou earned praise from Thanasis Karavasilis of "MANGA.TOKYO", who said his heroic actions make his first appearance the highlight of the episode. His role in the fighting scenes in the series were well received by Karavasilis, but he received criticism for being overpowered. For the film "Oath Under Snow", response to Shirou's protection over Miyu were received positive response, while his characterization also earned praise despite similarities with previous incarnations. "Otaku USA" praised him in "Today's Menu for the Emiya Family" because the character's cooking is presented in a positive way despite his similarities with the archetypes of action series in the previous works. In another review, the writer enjoyed the way this original net animation (ONA) handled the relationship between Shirou and Kiritsugu, which is only briefly shown in other works from the franchise.


title: Essential Phone

text: The Essential Phone (officially Phone or PH-1) is a discontinued Android smartphone designed by Android co-founder Andy Rubin, and manufactured, developed and marketed by Essential Products. The phone was announced on May 30, 2017 and released on August 17, 2017.


title: Essential Phone

text: The Essential Phone has a titanium and ceramic body, an edge-to-edge display protected by Gorilla Glass 5, and two rear cameras, one of which is dedicated to black-and-white photography. Accompanying the phone is a 360-degree camera that can be attached to the top of the device. It was notably also the first mainstream smartphone to feature a "notch" (the cut-out at the top of the display to accommodate a front-facing camera), which would eventually become a trend in the industry. On December 28, 2018, Essential announced to media outlets that they would discontinue the Essential PH-1.


title: Essential Phone

text: On February 12, 2020, the company announced they will be winding down with no further updates to the PH-1.


title: Essential Phone

text: "Bloomberg" reported in January 2017 that Andy Rubin, co-founder of the Android operating system acquired by Google in 2005, was preparing to announce a new hardware company called Essential, whose first hardware product would be the "Essential" Phone.


title: Essential Phone

text: The phone first appeared in a tweet by Rubin, posted on March 27, 2017. In a quote of the tweet, Alphabet executive chairman Eric Schmidt confirmed the phone would run Android. A few days prior to the official announcement, Essential tweeted an image of what appeared to be a 360-degree camera attached to the smartphone. "The Verge" exclusively announced the device on May 30, 2017, hours ahead of Rubin's onstage announcement at a technology conference.


title: Essential Phone

text: The Essential Phone has a titanium and ceramic chassis, an edge-to-edge display with an unusual 19.5:10 aspect ratio protected with Gorilla Glass 5, a Snapdragon 835 processor, 4 GB of RAM, and 128 GB of storage.


title: Essential Phone

text: At launch, four color options were announced: "Black Moon" (black ceramic and black titanium trim), "Stellar Grey" (gray ceramic and black trim), "Pure White" (white ceramic and natural titanium trim), and "Ocean Depths" (teal ceramic and copper-colored titanium). "Black Moon" was the first color available, followed by "Pure White" in October 2017.


title: Essential Phone

text: "Stellar Grey" and "Ocean Depths" were released as limited editions in February 2018, alongside a "Copper Black" variant. "Ocean Depths" sold out within two weeks. An Amazon-exclusive version of the Essential Phone was also launched that month with a "Halo Grey" color and Alexa built-in.


title: Essential Phone

text: The primary rear-facing camera uses two 13 MP (4224×3136px) Sony IMX258 Exmor RS sensors, each equipped with f=3.4mm 1.85 lenses. One sensor is monochrome which omits the Bayer filter to provide luminance data for black-and-white photography. Testing shows the monochrome sensor also improves detail reproduction in low light. The IMX258 is a 1/3.06" 4:3 aspect ratio backside illumination stacked image sensor, which provides an 82° angle of view on the diagonal.


title: Essential Phone

text: It has a USB-C connector but no 3.5 mm headphone jack. Several Essential-branded accessories were planned for release.


title: Essential Phone

text: The phone is also equipped with the Click Connector, which uses magnets to secure a modular accessory to the top rear surface of the phone; two gold-plated pogo pins provide power to the accessory, and the phone communicates with the accessory via wireless USB. "The Verge" compared the Click Connector to the Moto Mods system used on the Moto Z line of smartphones. The first modular accessory designed and launched with the phone is a 360° camera. Also at launch, a charging dock accessory was announced for the same connector. Keyssa announced a lawsuit over the technology used in the Click Connector in October 2017. Essential had discussed wireless data connectivity with Keyssa for several months under a non-disclosure agreement, but Essential opted instead to use hardware from a competitor, SiBEAM. For more discussion on the Keyssa lawsuit, see .


title: Essential Phone

text: In January 2018, Essential announced the development of the Audio Adapter HD, a third Click Connector accessory providing a headphone jack, external DAC, and amplifier. It was scheduled to ship in the summer of 2018. After it went on sale on November 13, 2018, as a limited edition, Essential sold out of the Audio Adapter HD within a day.


title: Essential Phone

text: The Essential Phone is compatible with the four largest wireless carriers in the United States, but the exclusive carrier partner is Sprint. In Canada, Telus is the exclusive carrier partner.


title: Essential Phone

text: In July 2017, it was reported Essential was planning to sell the Essential Phone in other markets, including the United Kingdom, with a possible partnership with EE, Japan, and Europe.


title: Essential Phone

text: Essential Phone runs Android, without modifications. It has an unlocked bootloader, potentially allowing for a significant developer community wanting to further customize its software. Rubin published a blog post on August 16, 2017, promising two years of Android updates and three years of monthly security patches. On August 6, 2018, the device was upgraded to Android 9.0 "Pie", day-and-date with its official launch on the first-party Google Pixel devices. An update to Android 10 was also released upon its public availability in September 2019.


title: Essential Phone

text: In January 2018, the phone quickly received a patch to fix the Meltdown and Spectre vulnerabilities after they were revealed. Until this time, only phones by Google had these vulnerabilities patched.


title: Essential Phone

text: Rubin announced on May 30, 2017, that the Essential Phone would ship in approximately 30 days, i.e. June 2017. This estimated timetable was not met, however, without Essential responding to media queries. In mid-July, Rubin sent an email to potential customers saying carrier certification and testing were underway, and that he expected the device to be shipped "in a few weeks". After a series of delays and the lack of an exact release date, Best Buy put up listings for the Essential Phone, which went live on August 17. On August 9, 2017, Rubin announced the phone was in mass production, and that a release date would be announced in the next week. The Essential Phone was then confirmed to start shipping by the fourth week of August, according to an email sent by Rubin to customers. It began shipping in batches by August 25.


title: Essential Phone

text: On August 29, 2017, reports emerged that hundreds of customers who ordered the Essential Phone started receiving e-mails from an @essential address. The e-mail contained an official-looking request for a "photo ID" of the customer to "verify information to complete the processing of the recent order". Essential later tweeted that they were aware of the recent e-mails received by some customers and that they were investigating them and had taken steps to mitigate problems. Rubin personally apologized and one year of LifeLock was offered to affected customers; around 70 people were affected. Some customers' drivers' licenses were leaked over e-mail as well. Customers affected by the data leak got the phone for free.


title: Essential Phone

text: In October 2017, some handsets had a display touch scrolling "jitteriness" issue. Essential said they were working on the problem and a software patch would be released.


title: Essential Phone

text: Keyssa, a startup company owned by Nest co-founder Tony Fadell and specializing in wireless data transmission, filed a lawsuit accusing Essential of trade secret theft in October 2017. Keyssa said it was in talks with Essential for roughly 10 months to help provide the technology behind connecting Essential's new Android phone and their planned future products. Essential wanted to incorporate a Keyssa-developed microchip in the Essential Phone to provide functionality to their modular accessories, but turned to a similar company, SiBeam, to produce the microchip. Keyssa says Essential stole its proprietary technology because the non-disclosure agreements it signed protected the two companies' meetings and prevented Essential from using those trade secrets to make commercial products.


title: Essential Phone

text: According to Essential, the Click Connector is not based on technology from Keyssa and the firm vowed to "defend ourselves vigorously".


title: Essential Phone

text: The Essential Phone received generally positive reviews. Much of the criticism was directed towards the camera performance, and the omission of a headphone jack.


title: Essential Phone

text: In its first month of release, shipments of the Essential Phone were very low, with sales of around 5,000 units estimated being sold through Sprint. Due to low demand, Essential reduced the price of the phone from an initial US$699 to US$499. Customers who purchased the phone at the original price could claim a US$200 "friends and family" code that could be used to purchase the 360-degree camera module or another Essential Phone.


title: Essential Phone

text: The PH-2, a successor that was in the works according to designers has been cancelled. According to sources at Essential in October 2018, the company was working on another phone that operates primarily under voice control to automate certain tasks, such as responding to emails and text messages or making appointments.


title: Essential Phone

text: On October 9, 2019, Essential founder Andy Rubin shared Project Gem which was planned to be the company's upcoming smartphone. The images shared by Rubin showed an abnormally tall smartphone running on Android. On February 12, 2020, as part of their announcement regarding ceasing operations, Essential showcased videos of the phone and stated they had, "taken Gem as far as we can and regrettably have no clear path to deliver it to customers."


title: Ivonne Coll

text: Ivonne Coll Mendoza (born June 18, 1947) is a Puerto Rican actress. She was Miss Puerto Rico in 1967 and competed in the Miss Universe pageant the same year. She later became an actress, appearing in films such as "The Godfather Part II" and "Lean on Me" and television series including "Switched at Birth", "Glee", and "Teen Wolf". From 2014 to 2019, Coll starred as Alba Villanueva in the CW comedy-drama series "Jane the Virgin".


title: Ivonne Coll

text: Coll was born on June 18, 1947 in Fajardo, Puerto Rico, where she received her primary and secondary education. Her mother, Rosita Mendoza, was a celebrated hairstylist in Puerto Rico. She also has a sister, Millie. After Coll was born, her father left Puerto Rico for New York City, leaving Coll and her mother behind. When Coll was 10, she and her family moved to the capital of Puerto Rico, San Juan; they lived in the Río Piedras and Hato Rey municipalities of the city. Coll was an honor student and graduated from Nuestra Señora del Pilar school. She then enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico (Universidad de Puerto Rico) where she studied Social Sciences. Coll started her career as a fashion model. In 1966, she represented Fajardo in the Miss Puerto Rico pageant and won. Coll remained the only representative from Fajardo to win the national title until Ashley Cariño won in 2022.


title: Ivonne Coll

text: At the end of 1971, the owner of television channel 11 in Puerto Rico, Rafael Perez Perry spotted Coll. His competitor had a show with a young starlet by the name of Iris Chacón. Perez Perry believed that Coll could have a show of her own to compete. Therefore, he sponsored the show which was called "Una chica llamada Ivonne Coll" ("A girl named Ivonne Coll"), which ran from 1971 to 1975.


title: Ivonne Coll

text: In 1976, Coll moved to Los Angeles, California, where she took dance and singing classes in the Academy of Stage and Cinema Arts. She landed a part in a theater play called "Burning Beach", which was presented in the American Place Theater.


title: Ivonne Coll

text: In 1979, Coll moved back to New York, where she participated in various Off Broadway productions such as: "Spain 1980", "As You Like It", "Romeo and Juliet", and "Macbeth". In New York, film director Francis Ford Coppola recruited her for the role of "Yolanda", a Havana night club singer in "The Godfather II". Although her role was small, the experience would serve her well in the future. She was credited as "Yvonne Coll".


title: Ivonne Coll

text: In 1989, Coll played a minor role of a teacher named "Mrs. Santos", in the film "Lean on Me" written by Michael Schiffer, directed by John G. Avildsen and starring Morgan Freeman. She participated in the following productions: "Orinoco", "The Masses Are Asses" (a play by Pedro Pietri), "Medio Comuñas", "Goodbye Castro", and "Pancho Diablo" (with Fernando Allende and Sully Diaz).


title: Ivonne Coll

text: Coll won an ACE Award for best actress for "Orinoco". When not acting, Coll attended the HB Studio and Lee Strasberg's Acting Studio. Among the television series on which she appeared were: "Pacific Blue", "Crisis Center", "An American Family", "The Bold and the Beautiful", "Chicago Hope", "Malibu Shores", "NYPD Blue", "L.A. Law", and "Under Cover".


title: Ivonne Coll

text: When Coll returned to Puerto Rico, she was invited to participate in "La verdadera historia de Pedro Navaja" and "Paper Flowers". She had a role in the locally produced film, "La gran Fiesta" ("The Grand Party"), and in the TV show "Cuqui". In 2002, she appeared in the film "Besos de Fuego".


title: Ivonne Coll

text: In October 2006, Coll played the title role in Bertolt Brecht's "Mother Courage" at the Berkeley Rep Theater in Berkeley, California. From 2011 to 2014, she had the recurring roles on "Switched at Birth", "Glee", and "Teen Wolf". Beginning in the fall of 2014, Coll become part of the main cast as Alba Villanueva, grandmother of Jane Villanueva, in the CW comedy series, "Jane the Virgin".


title: Ivonne Coll

text: In 2015, Coll was honored by the organizers of the National Puerto Rican Day Parade with a lifetime achievement award for her long and varied career.


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: Sayyid Ahmad Khomeini (; 14 March 1946 – 17 March 1995) was the younger son of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and father of Hassan Khomeini. He was the "right-hand" of his father before, during and after the Iranian Revolution. He was a link between Ruhollah Khomeini and officials and people. He had several decision-making positions.


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: Ahmad Khomeini was born in Qom on 15 March 1946, where he did his primary and secondary education in "Owhadi" and "Hakin Nezami" school, respectively. and then started seminary studies and accomplished primary and secondary "hawza" courses. He secretly joined his father, Ruhollah Khomeini, after his father was exiled to Najaf.


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: Ahmad was regarded as Khomeini's "right-hand man", the "torch-bearer for his father's anti-Western radicalism" and was close to his father, the leader of the Iranian Revolution of 1979. He helped coordinate affairs during and after the Iranian Revolution, in Khomeini's office in Najaf, Paris and subsequent to the ayatollah's return to Iran in February 1979. Ahmad participated in the trials of the Shah's army officers and politicians by the Islamic Revolutionary Court. In one case he said Nader Jahanbani, who had been deputy chief of the Imperial Air Force that he was a foreigner. Jahanbani replied: "No, all my ancestors were Iranians." Ahmad visited the deprived areas to learn their shortages and reported his findings to Imam Khomeini. His letters containing the issues he had encountered is available. He was among the officials went through Fatah training.


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: His political life career commenced after death of his brother, Mostafa. In the 6 years after the death of his father, he had several decision-making positions. He served as his father's chief of staff until his father's death in 1989. From the summer of 1988 to 1989, death of Khomeini, he was one of the decision-makers in all official issues along with Rafsanjani and Khamenei. He was a member of Iran's Supreme National Security Council without assuming any executive position. He was a member of Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution by Ali Khamenei's official order. He became the overseer of the Mausoleum of Khomeini. He spoke against America, Israel and what he called "exploitative Iranian capitalists," on several occasions.


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: During the Iran hostage crisis, he had a "prominent role" and made "tough anti-American statements". According to the hostages, after Ahmad's visit to the then taken over embassy, he greeted the students and congratulated them for their action. Emphasizing on that some of the hostages were CIA agents based on the discovered documents, he repeated his father's threat "to put some of the captives on trial for spying" if the recently toppled Shah was "not returned to Iran."


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: During the war, he had an important role reporting government general issues to his father and relaying the Imam's messages to officials and others. He also used to act as counsel for his father and other high-ranking officials.


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: On 29 April 1989, Ahmad Khomeini wrote a "more than three pages" letter addressing Ayatollah Montazeri saying that he was regretful for Montazeri's being heedless of "Imam's calls." Producing a list of accusations, Ahmad Khomeini tried to show that Montazeri's leadership would be harmful to the revolution. "Was it not because of your affection for Mehdi Hashemi that you created so many problems for Islam and the revolution?" said Ahmad Khomeini in a part of the letter. In response, Montazeri defended Mehdi Hashemi, an Iranian Shia cleric who was defrocked later, and said that he would "stay away from politics."


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: His wife was Fatemeh Soltani Tabatabai, daughter of Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Bagher Soltani Tabatabai Borujerdi, niece of Imam Musa Sadr, the Shia religious leader of Lebanon. She was the sister of Sadegh and Morteza Tabatabai.


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: According to pro-government media, Ahmad Khomeini suffered a cardiac arrest on 12 March 1995, and went into a coma. He died five days later, on 17 March 1995, hours after being connected to life support machinery. Iran government announced two days of national mourning after Ahmad Khomeini's death. Ahmad Khomeini is entombed next to his father in a grand shrine south of Tehran, where his son, Hassan Khomeini, is the superintendent.


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: At least one author regarded his death as suspicious, stating that "he died in his sleep", without mentioning the heart attack five days prior and subsequent coma. According to Assembly of the Forces of Imam's Line, the "Tehran Times" reported that the rumors regarding Ahmad Khomeini's death was originally published by Alireza Nourizadeh, an alleged "British spy". Under duress, his son, Hassan Khomeini "confirmed" this, calling the rumors "baseless" and repeated the claim that they were created by a "British spy".


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: However, non-government sources claim that Ahmad Khomeini was indeed killed after falling foul of the supreme leader revolution, Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei, and the then president, Hashemi Rafsanjani. On multiple occasions, Hassan Khomeini himself publicly claimed that his father was poisoned by the Iranian intelligence agents with the help of pills that his father had received at the hospital.


title: Ahmad Khomeini

text: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Current supreme leader of Iran, described him as who solved many problems and did many things throughout the revolution. Khamenei called him capable and a unique and necessary element besides Khomeini. According to Ayatollah Mohammad Fazel Lankarani, Ahmad was a strong column, a capable arm for the government, supreme leader and the officials.


title: Red-eye effect

text: The red-eye effect in photography is the common appearance of red pupils in color photographs of the eyes of humans and several other animals. It occurs when using a photographic flash that is very close to the camera lens (as with most compact cameras) in ambient low light.


title: Red-eye effect

text: In flash photography the light of the flash occurs too fast for the pupil to close, so much of the very bright light from the flash passes into the eye through the pupil, reflects off the fundus at the back of the eyeball and out through the pupil. The camera records this reflected light. The main cause of the red color is the ample amount of blood in the choroid which nourishes the back of the eye and is behind the retina. The blood in the retinal circulation is far less than in the choroid, and plays virtually no role. The eye contains several photostable pigments that all absorb in the short wavelength region, and hence contribute somewhat to the red eye effect. The lens cuts off deep blue and violet light, below 430 nm (depending on age), and macular pigment absorbs between 400 and 500 nm, but this pigment is located exclusively in the tiny fovea. Melanin, located in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroid, shows a gradually increasing absorption towards the short wavelengths. But blood is the main determinant of the red color, because it is completely transparent at long wavelengths and abruptly starts absorbing at 600 nm. The amount of red light emerging from the pupil depends on the amount of melanin in the layers behind the retina. This amount varies strongly between individuals. Light-skinned people with blue eyes have relatively low melanin in the fundus and thus show a much stronger red-eye effect than dark-skinned people with brown eyes.


title: Red-eye effect

text: The same holds for animals. The color of the iris itself is of virtually no importance for the red-eye effect. This is obvious because the red-eye effect is most apparent when photographing dark-adapted subjects, hence with fully dilated pupils. Photographs taken with infrared light through night vision devices always show very bright pupils because, in the dark, the pupils are fully dilated and the infrared light is not absorbed by any ocular pigment.