title: Symphonic poem

text: The development of the symphonic poem in Russia, as in the Czech lands, stemmed from an admiration for Liszt's music and a devotion to national subjects. Added to this was the Russian love of story-telling, for which the genre seemed expressly tailored, and led critic Vladimir Stasov to write, "Virtually all Russian music is programmatic". Macdonald writes that Stasov and the patriotic group of composers known as The Five or The Mighty Handful, went so far as to hail Mikhail Glinka's "Kamarinskaya" as "a prototype of Russian descriptive music"; despite the fact that Glinka himself denied the piece had any program, he called the work, which is based entirely on Russian folk music, "picturesque music." In this Glinka was influenced by French composer Hector Berlioz, whom he met in the summer of 1844.


title: Symphonic poem

text: At least three of the Five fully embraced the symphonic poem. Mily Balakirev's "Tamara" (1867–82) richly evokes the fairy-tale orient and, while remaining closely based on the poem by Mikhail Lermontov, remains well-paced and full of atmosphere. Balakirev's other two symphonic poems, "In Bohemia" (1867, 1905) and "Russia" (1884 version) lack the same narrative content; they are actually looser collections of national melodies and were originally written as concert overtures. Macdonald calls Modest Mussorgsky's "Night on Bald Mountain" and Alexander Borodin's "In the Steppes of Central Asia" "powerful orchestral pictures, each unique in its composer's output". Titled a "musical portrait", "In the Steppes of Central Asia" evokes the journey of a caravan across the steppes. "Night on Bald Mountain", especially its original version, contains harmony that is often striking, sometimes pungent and highly abrasive; its initial stretches especially pull the listener into a world of uncompromisingly brutal directness and energy.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov wrote only two orchestral works that rank as symphonic poems, his "musical tableau" "Sadko" (1867–92) and "Skazka" ("Legend", 1879–80), originally titled "Baba-Yaga". While this may perhaps be surprising, considering his love for Russian folklore, both his symphonic suites "Antar" and "Scheherazade" are conceived in a similar manner to these works. Russian folklore also provided material for symphonic poems by Alexander Dargomyzhsky, Anatoly Lyadov and Alexander Glazunov. Glazunov's "Stenka Razin" and Lyadov's "Baba-Yaga" "Kikimora" and "The Enchanted Lake" are all based on national subjects. The Lyadov works' lack of purposeful harmonic rhythm (an absence less noticeable in "Baba-Yaga" and "Kikimora" due to a superficial but still exhilarating bustle and whirl) produces a sense of unreality and timelessness much like the telling of an oft-repeated and much loved fairy tale.


title: Symphonic poem

text: While none of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's symphonic poems has a Russian subject, they hold musical form and literary material in fine balance. (Tchaikovsky did not call "Romeo and Juliet" a symphonic poem but rather a "fantasy-overture", and the work may actually be closer to a concert overture in its relatively stringent use of sonata form. It was the suggestion of the work's musical mid-wife, Balakirev, to base "Romeo" structurally on his "King Lear", a tragic overture in sonata form after the example of Beethoven's overtures.) R.W.S. Mendl, writing in "The Musical Quarterly", states that Tchaikovsky was by temperament peculiarly well-fitted for the composition of symphonic poems. Even his works in other instrumental forms are very free in structure and frequently partake of the nature of programme music.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Among later Russian symphonic poems, Sergei Rachmaninoff's "The Rock" shows as much the influence of Tchaikovsky's work as "Isle of the Dead" (1909) does its independence from it. A similar debt to his teacher Rimsky-Korsakov imbues Igor Stravinsky's "The Song of the Nightingale", excerpted from his opera "The Nightingale". Alexander Scriabin's "The Poem of Ecstasy" (1905–08) and "" (1908–10), in their projection of an egocentric theosophic world unequalled in other symphonic poems, are notable for their detail and advanced harmonic idiom.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Socialist realism in the Soviet Union allowed program music to survive longer there than in western Europe, as typified by Dmitri Shostakovich's symphonic poem "October" (1967).


title: Symphonic poem

text: While France was less concerned than other countries with nationalism, it still had a well-established tradition of narrative and illustrative music reaching back to Berlioz and Félicien David. For this reason, French composers were attracted to the poetic elements of the symphonic poem. In fact, César Franck had written an orchestral piece based on Hugo's poem "Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne" before Liszt did so himself as his first numbered symphonic poem.


title: Symphonic poem

text: The symphonic poem came into vogue in France in the 1870s, supported by the newly founded Société Nationale and its promotion of younger French composers. In the year after its foundation, 1872, Camille Saint-Saëns composed his "Le rouet d'Omphale", soon following it with three more, the most famous of which became the "Danse macabre" (1874). In all four of these works Saint-Saëns experimented with orchestration and thematic transformation. "La jeunesse d'Hercule" (1877) was written closest in style to Liszt. The other three concentrate on some physical movement—spinning, riding, dancing—which is portrayed in musical terms. He had previously experimented with thematic transformation in his program overture "Spartacus"; he would later use it in his Fourth Piano Concerto and Third Symphony.


title: Symphonic poem

text: After Saint-Saëns came Vincent d'Indy. While d'Indy called his trilogy "Wallenstein" (1873, 1879–81) "three symphonic overtures", the cycle is similar to Smetana's "Má vlast" in overall scope. Henri Duparc's "Lenore" (1875) displayed a Wagnerian warmth in its writing and orchestration. Franck wrote the delicately evocative "Les Éolides", following it with the narrative "Le Chasseur maudit" and the piano-and-orchestral tone poem "Les Djinns", conceived in much the same manner as Liszt's "Totentanz". Ernest Chausson's "Vivane" illustrates the penchant shown by the Franck circle for mythological subjects.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Claude Debussy's "Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune" (1892-4), intended initially as part of a triptych, is, in the composer's words, "a very free ... succession of settings through which the Faun's desires and dreams move in the afternoon heat." Paul Dukas' "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" follows the narrative vein of symphonic poem, while Maurice Ravel's "La valse" (1921) is considered by some critics a parody of Vienna in an idiom no Viennese would recognize as his own. Albert Roussel's first symphonic poem, based on Leo Tolstoy's novel "Resurrection" (1903), was soon followed by "Le Poème de forêt" (1904-6), which is in four movements written in cyclic form. "Pour une fête de printemps" (1920), initially conceived as the slow movement of his Second Symphony. Charles Koechlin also wrote several symphonic poems, the best known of which are included in his cycle based on "The Jungle Book" by Rudyard Kipling. Through these works, he defended the viability of the symphonic poem long after it had gone out of vogue.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Both Liszt and Richard Strauss worked in Germany, but while Liszt may have invented the symphonic poem and Strauss brought it to its highest point, overall the form was less well received there than in other countries. Johannes Brahms and Richard Wagner dominated the German musical scene, but neither wrote symphonic poems; instead, they devoted themselves completely to music drama (Wagner) and absolute music (Brahms). Therefore, other than Strauss and numerous concert overtures by others, there are only isolated symphonic poems by German and Austrian composers—Hans von Bülow's "Nirwana" (1866), Hugo Wolf's " Penthesilea" (1883-5) and Arnold Schoenberg's "Pelleas und Melisande" (1902-3). Because of its clear relationship between poem and music, Schoenberg's "Verklärte Nacht" (1899) for string sextet has been characterised as a non-orchestral 'symphonic poem'.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Alexander Ritter, who himself composed six symphonic poems in the vein of Liszt's works, directly influenced Richard Strauss in writing program music. Strauss wrote on a wide range of subjects, some of which had been previously considered unsuitable to set to music, including literature, legend, philosophy and autobiography. The list includes "Macbeth" (1886—7), "Don Juan" (1888—9), "Death and Transfiguration" (1888–9), "Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks" (1894–95), "Also sprach Zarathustra" ("Thus Spoke Zoroaster", 1896), "Don Quixote" (1897), "Ein Heldenleben" ("A Hero's Life", 1897–98), "Symphonia Domestica" ("Domestic Symphony", 1902–03) and "An Alpine Symphony" (1911–1915).


title: Symphonic poem

text: In these works, Strauss takes realism in orchestral depiction to unprecedented lengths, widening the expressive functions of program music as well as extending its boundaries. Because of his virtuosic use of orchestration, the descriptive power and vividness of these works is extremely marked. He usually employs a large orchestra, often with extra instruments, and he often uses instrumental effects for sharp characterization, such as portraying the bleating of sheep with "cuivré" brass in "Don Quixote". Strauss's handling of form is also worth noting, both in his use of thematic transformation and his handling of multiple themes in intricate counterpoint. His use of variation form in "Don Quixote" is handled exceptionally well, as is his use of rondo form in "Till Eulenspiegel". As Hugh Macdonald points out in the "New Grove" (1980), "Strauss liked to use a simple but descriptive theme—for instance the three-note motif at the opening of "Also sprach Zarathustra", or striding, vigorous arpeggios to represent the manly qualities of his heroes. His love themes are honeyed and chromatic and generally richly scored, and he is often fond of the warmth and serenity of diatonic harmony as balm after torrential chromatic textures, notably at the end of "Don Quixote", where the solo cello has a surpassingly beautiful D major transformation of the main theme."


title: Symphonic poem

text: Jean Sibelius showed a great affinity for the form, writing well over a dozen symphonic poems and numerous shorter works. These works span his entire career, from "En saga" (1892) to "Tapiola" (1926), expressing more clearly than anything else his identification to Finland and its mythology. The "Kalevala" provided ideal episodes and texts for musical setting; this coupled with Sibelius's natural aptitude for symphonic writing allowed him to write taut, organic structures for many of these works, especially "Tapiola" (1926). "Pohjola's Daughter" (1906), which Sibelius called a "symphonic fantasy", is the most closely dependent on its program while also showing a sureness of outline rare in other composers. With the compositional approach he took from the Third Symphony onward, Sibelius sought to overcome the distinction between symphony and tone poem to fuse their most basic principles—the symphony's traditional claims of weight, musical abstraction, gravitas and formal dialogue with seminal works of the past; and the tone poem's structural innovation and spontaneity, identifiable poetic content and inventive sonority. However, the stylistic distinction between symphony, "fantasy" and tone poem in Sibelius's late works becomes blurred since ideas first sketched for one piece ended up in another. One of Sibelius's greatest works, Finlandia, focuses on Finnish independence. He wrote it in 1901 and added choral lyrics – the "Finlandia" hymn by Veikko Antero Koskenniemi – to the central part after Finland became independent.


title: Symphonic poem

text: The symphonic poem did not enjoy as clear a sense of national identity in other countries, even though numerous works of the kind were written. Composers included Arnold Bax and Frederick Delius in Great Britain; Edward MacDowell, Howard Hanson, Ferde Grofé and George Gershwin in the United States; Carl Nielsen in Denmark; Zygmunt Noskowski and Mieczysław Karłowicz in Poland and Ottorino Respighi in Italy. Also, with the rejection of Romantic ideals in the 20th century and their replacement with ideals of abstraction and independence of music, the writing of symphonic poems went into decline.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: Graeme Stevely (born 2 June 1988), better known by the ring name Grado ( ), is a Scottish professional wrestler and actor who plays Alan in "Two Doors Down" and is currently signed to Insane Championship Wrestling (ICW), where he is a former ICW World Heavyweight Champion.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: Grado first got into wrestling in 2002. He trained briefly with Red Lightning, Kid Fite, and Drew Galloway at British Championship Wrestling. Grado spent 5 years scheme fighting on the streets of Stevenston, where he progressed from a low level scrapper to top man. He then went back to train a few years later with Scottish Wrestling Alliance as they were closer to home. He made his debut for the Scottish Wrestling Alliance (SWA) in 2004, under the ring name Grant Dunbar, as part of The Lowlanders with Glen Dunbar. They achieved little success, but held the SWA Tag Team Championships on two occasions.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: After years of wrestling sporadically and performing as lead singer of Scottish metalcore band Prezident Prime, Grado returned to training at SWA, this time with new head trainer Big Damo. He made a Facebook video to sell tickets for a Scottish Wrestling Alliance show next to his home town, leading to a promo feud with Jackie Polo which included his first time dancing along to Madonna "Like a Prayer". These videos and promos became popular and Mark Dallas from Insane Championship Wrestling (ICW) hatched the "Get Grado Booked" campaign. During this time, Grado was the subject of a "Vice" documentary, "The British Wrestler", which saw his popularity rise with American stars like Sonjay Dutt voicing their support. As part of the Vice documentary, Grado appeared to defeat ICW Heavyweight Champion Red Lightning at Super Smokin' Thunderbowl to win the ICW Heavyweight Championship. The match was later restarted as Red Lightning had his leg under the bottom rope. Red Lightning would go on to retain the title.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: During the ICW Fringe Tour in 2014, Grado teamed up with Colt Cabana to face the New Age Kliq (Chris Renfrew and BT Gunn) and won the first Official ICW Tag Team Championships. Grado and Cabana are known as Irn Jew and on the last night of the tour they lost their Tag Team Champship Belts to The New Age Kliq on 15 November 2015 Fear & Loathing VIII Grado defeated Drew Galloway to win the ICW World Championship at the SECC.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: At the fifth annual Square Go on 24 January 2016, Grado lost the ICW World Heavyweight Championship to Chris Renfrew, ending his reign at just two months, the shortest reign in ICW History. At the event he also debuted a new theme, and a new look, coming out to a rock version of "99 Problems" replacing his long time theme "Like A Prayer", as well as ditching his long time singlet for trunks, and the flannel given to him by Mick Foley at Fear and Loathing VIII. On 16 April 2017 At Barramania III Grado turned heel for the first time in his career by attacking his longtime friend Sha Samuels and aligning himself with Red Lightning. At Shug's Hoose Party 4 on 30 July he lost to Samuels in a Loser Leaves ICW match forcing Grado to leave ICW.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: On 3 November 2012 Grado partnered with JD Bravo in a tag team match against The Coffey Brothers (Joe Coffey & Mark Coffey) with The Coffey Brothers winning the Match. On 14 March 2015 Grado teamed with Kenny Williams against Darkside & TJ Rage for the Premier British Wrestling Tag Team Championship. Grado & Williams won the match to become new tag champions.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: Grado won the PWE Elite Rumble there for earning a title shot and the opportunity to name the next event. The next PWE show was called Gradomania. He won the Pro Wrestling Elite Heavyweight Championship from Dave Mastiff at GradoMania. He lost the title to Iestyn Rees after Rees cashed in his title shot at PWE Jingle All The Galloway.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: In the last ever PWE show, following the passing of Adrian 'Lionheart' McCallum, Grado was to recapture the title and following a conversation with a fan presented the title to Adrian's mother.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: In addition to working in Insane Championship Wrestling, Grado also appears for various companies around the UK. He has worked for SWA, PWE, SWE, PBW and Wrestlezone among other companies. At WrestleZone's Aberdeen Anarchy event in the Beach Ballroom in front of a sold out 1,300 crowd, Grado defeated childhood hero Scotty 2 Hotty. On 27 & 28 July, Grado worked for What Culture Pro Wrestling.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: In 2014, Grado appeared on the second season of "TNA British Boot Camp" in an ongoing feud with judge Al Snow. After missing the second round of the competition due to having lunch and losing track of time, Snow threw Grado out of the competition. Grado would then appear at the Manchester auditions and was once again thrown out. He reappeared in London and with some convincing from Gail Kim, Snow allowed him back into the competition. Snow would then send Sha Samuels to rough up Grado in the second round. He would make it through to the British finals and onto the U.S. finals before finally being eliminated at the Top 6. After Snow eliminated Grado from the competition, Grado challenged Snow to a match at the SSE Hydro as part of TNA's Maximum Impact Tour in January 2015. Snow accepted and Grado went on to win the match, followed by Snow shaking his hand.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: Grado appeared at Destination X on 10 June, having earned another chance in TNA following his victory over Snow. Grado later appeared in several backstage segments, attempting parkour and trying to lose weight to be able to compete in the X Division. Only at the weigh-in did Jeremy Borash inform Grado that "there are no limits in the X-Division". Grado would immediately compete against Kenny King and Cruz, getting the pinfall victory over the latter. Grado fought for the TNA X Division Championship in a losing effort against Low Ki and Tigre Uno. Uno won the match and the title. During October and November (taped in July), Grado went on to participate in the new TNA World Title Series tournament, where he was placed fourth of his block in Team UK. He failed to win all the matches against Drew Galloway, Rockstar Spud, and Bram, thus failing to advance to the round of 16 from his block. On the 26 January 2016 edition of Impact Wrestling. Grado competed in the Feast or Fired match and was the first man to grab the briefcase. Unfortunately, later in the broadcast, during the reveal ceremony, the briefcase revealed that Grado contained the pink slip and as a result of that, he was immediately fired from TNA.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: On 9 February 2016, Grado returned to "Impact Wrestling" claiming he was screwed and was going to show proof that he was screwed when Eli Drake arrived with security. His security then chased Grado out the ring, and Drake attempted to attack him only to be assaulted by Grado. Grado escaped through a tunnel. Later in the night, Billy Corgan was talking about the new UK tour when Grado complained about being screwed. After repeatedly making a rant, security escorted him away. Drake then interrupted Grado and told him "he better shut up about whatever he thinks he knows" and then attacked him.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: During TNA's Maximum Impact tour of the UK, Grado would make an appearance as a masked wrestler under the guise of Odarg the Great, tagging with Mahabali Shera against Eli Drake and Jessie Godderz. He was billed from "Parts Unknown" and used Grado's move set and entrance theme. At Lockdown, he defeated Eli Drake in a Six Sides of Steel match. Grado would continue appearing during the Maximum Impact 8 tour claiming to have proof that he was "screwed" by Eli Drake. A week later, while showing viewers at home a proof for Grado's point of showing Drake peeking into Grado's briefcase, though it could not be seen if Drake indeed switched cases with Grado, the fact Drake opened Grado's case was enough for Grado to receive a contract ladder match against Drake, which he went on to win. Two weeks later, when he started talking to Mahabali Shera about his comeback party, both men were, with no clear reason, brutally attacked by Al Snow. More than a month after, on the 10 May 2016 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Grado returned during a rematch between Snow and Shera, making sure Shera won the match. On the 24 May episode of "Impact Wrestling" Grado had a street fight with Snow with Shera at ringside, which he went on to lose after interference by two unknown men. At Slammiversary, Grado and Shera were defeated by the two men, who are Basile Baraka and Baron Dax, also known as The Tribunal. On 14 June edition of "Impact Wrestling", Grado and Mahabali have a four-way tag team match for the TNA World Tag Team Championship against The Tribunal, The BroMans and Decay, in a losing effort. On 28 June edition of "Impact Wrestling", Grado, Mahabali Shera and Tyrus defeated Al Snow and The Tribunal. On 4 August edition of "Impact Wrestling", Grado and Mahabali Shera defeated Al Snow and The Tribunal in a handicap match. At Bound for Glory, he participated in the Bound for Gold but was quickly eliminated by Rockstar Spud. On the 24 November episode of Impact Wrestling, Grado lost to Robbie E in a Turkey Bowl match where he was forced to wear a turkey suit.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: Grado made his return to Global Force Wrestling on the 13 July 2017, where he asked Joseph Park for help because if he doesn't marry a United States citizen in order to avoid deportation he will be deported from the United States, so asked Laurel Van Ness on a date which was interrupted by Kongo Kong but answered yes to Grado at the backstage interview and dated Laurel Van Ness the following week. On 27 July, Grado proposed to Laurel Van Ness before Kongo Kong came out and scared Grado and Joseph Park away. On the 3 August, Grado would team with Braxton Sutter and Suicide as they defeated Fallah Bahh, KM and Mario Bokara, after the match Grado tried to propose again by was attacked by Kongo Kong. The following week, Grado and Joseph Park would face Kongo Kong in a handicap match where they were defeated, after the match Grado was saved by Tyrus. The following week on "Impact Wrestling" Grado announced that he was going to be deported, and would say his goodbye's on the following week. On the 24 August episode of "Impact Wrestling", while Grado said farewell to America on his last night in America, Van Ness came out and proposed to Grado. On the 31 August episode of "Impact Wrestling", Van Ness revealed that she is Canadian, while Grado needed to marry an American and refused to marry Van Ness because she was Canadian, leaving Van Ness in the process of becoming a maniacal villainess once again. Grado was subsequently granted a work visa by Joseph Park when he signed a sports entertainment contract with Park's law firm. Park began using Grado as a "meal ticket" to live a lavish life style and paying Grado very little. When Grado confronted Park about being underpaid, Park challenged Grado to a match at Bound for Glory for control of Grado's visa. Grado did not read the contract which stipulated a Monster Ball's match against Park's brother Abyss. Grado was defeated by Abyss at Bound for Glory after Grado was attacked by the villainous Van Ness during the match. However, on the following edition of iMPACT, Park apologized to Grado and gave him his visa papers. However, a mountie took him away as the papers didn't let him legally work in Canada, where iMPACT's main office was located at the time.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: In May 2018 Grado resumed his association with World of Sport Wrestling in the UK and was part of the TV tapings in Norwich held between 10–12 May 2018. The series was later broadcast in the summer of that year on ITV. In the opening episode, Grado lost the title on his first defense in a match with Rampage Brown.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: On 29 July 2018, Grado made his return to ICW at Shug's Hoose Party V, when TNA and WWE Hall of Famer Jeff Jarrett announced Grado as Jackie Polo's opponent, Grado went on to win the match.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: Grado portrays Police Constable Hugh McKirdy in the BBC Scotland sitcom "Scot Squad". He later starred as Brian Doyle / Buster on the BBC Scotland Scottish soap opera "River City". The character was cut from the show after only a few months. He also starred in BBC Two Comedy pilot "The Sunny" as Haircut.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: In 2016 and 2017 he appeared in the pantomimes "Elfie's Magical Adventure" and "The Wizard That Never Woz" at the Pavilion Theatre, Glasgow. Since 2018, he has appeared in "Two Doors Down", a Glasgow-based BBC sitcom. He plays Alan, who has moved from East Kilbride with his partner Michelle, played by Joy McAvoy into a house opposite the main characters.


title: Grado (wrestler)

text: Grado is a supporter of Scottish football club Rangers F.C and appeared as a special guest in "The Legends Return" match at Ibrox Stadium along with fellow River City actors Jordan Young and Stephen Purdon.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: Warren v. District of Columbia (444 A.2d. 1, D.C. Ct. of Ap. 1981) is a District of Columbia Court of Appeals case that held that the police do not owe a specific duty to provide police services to specific citizens based on the public duty doctrine.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: In separate cases, Carolyn Warren, Miriam Douglas, Joan Taliaferro, and Wilfred Nichol sued the District of Columbia and individual members of the Metropolitan Police Department for negligent failure to provide adequate police services. The trial judges held that the police were under no specific legal duty to provide protection to the individual plaintiffs and dismissed the complaints. In a 2–1 decision, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals determined that Warren, Taliaferro, and Nichol were owed a special duty of care by the police department and reversed the trial court rulings. In a unanimous decision, the court also held that Douglas failed to fit within the class of persons to whom a special duty was owed and affirmed the trial court's dismissal of her complaint. The case was reheard by an "en banc" panel of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, and the defendant (District of Columbia) prevailed.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: In the early morning hours of Sunday, March 16, 1975, Carolyn Warren and Joan Taliaferro, who shared a room on the third floor of their rooming house at 1112 Lamont Street Northwest in the District of Columbia, and Miriam Douglas, who shared a room on the second floor with her four-year-old daughter, were asleep. The women were awakened by the sound of the back door being broken down by two men later identified as Marvin Kent and James Morse. The men entered Douglas' second floor room, where Kent forced Douglas to perform oral sex on him and Morse raped her.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: Warren and Taliaferro heard Douglas' screams from the floor below. Warren called 9-1-1 and told the dispatcher that the house was being burglarized, and requested immediate assistance. The department employee told her to remain quiet and assured her that police assistance would be dispatched promptly.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: Warren's call was received at Metropolitan Police Department Headquarters at 6:23 am, and was recorded as a burglary-in-progress. At 6:26, a call was dispatched to officers on the street as a "Code 2" assignment, although calls of a crime in progress should be given priority and designated as "Code 1." Four police cruisers responded to the broadcast; three to the Lamont Street address and one to another address to investigate a possible suspect.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: Meanwhile, Warren and Taliaferro crawled from their window onto an adjoining roof and waited for the police to arrive. While there, they observed one policeman drive through the alley behind their house and proceed to the front of the residence without stopping, leaning out the window, or getting out of the car to check the back entrance of the house. A second officer apparently knocked on the door in front of the residence, but left when he received no answer. The three officers departed the scene at 6:33 am, five minutes after they arrived.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: Warren and Taliaferro crawled back inside their room. They again heard Douglas' continuing screams; again called the police; told the officer that the intruders had entered the home, and requested immediate assistance. Once again, a police officer assured them that help was on the way. This second call was received at 6:42 am and recorded merely as "investigate the trouble;" it was never dispatched to any police officers.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: Believing the police might be in the house, Warren and Taliaferro called down to Douglas, thereby alerting Kent to their presence. At knifepoint, Kent and Morse then forced all three women to accompany them to Kent's apartment. For the next fourteen hours the captive women were raped, robbed, beaten, forced to commit sexual acts upon one another, and made to submit to the sexual demands of Kent and Morse.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: Warren, Taliaferro, and Douglas brought the following claims of negligence against the District of Columbia and the Metropolitan Police Department: (1) the dispatcher's failure to forward the 6:23 am call with the proper degree of urgency; (2) the responding officers' failure to follow standard police investigative procedures, specifically their failure to check the rear entrance and position themselves properly near the doors and windows to ascertain whether there was any activity inside; and (3) the dispatcher's failure to dispatch the 6:42 am call.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: On April 30, 1978, at approximately 11:30 pm, appellant Nichol stopped his car for a red light at the intersection of Missouri Avenue and Sixteenth Street, N.W. Unknown occupants in a vehicle directly behind appellant struck his car in the rear several times, and then proceeded to beat appellant about the face and head, breaking his jaw.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: A Metropolitan Police Department officer arrived at the scene. In response to the officer's direction, appellant's companion ceased any further efforts to obtain identification information of the assailants. When the officer then failed to get the information, leaving Nichol unable to institute legal action against his assailants, Nichol brought a negligence action against the officer, the Metropolitan Police Department and the District of Columbia.


title: Warren v. District of Columbia

text: In a 4–3 decision, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals affirmed the trial courts' dismissal of the complaints against the District of Columbia and individual members of the Metropolitan Police Department based on the public duty doctrine ruling that "the duty to provide public services is owed to the public at large, and, absent a special relationship between the police and an individual, no specific legal duty exists". The Court thus adopted the trial court's determination that no special relationship existed between the police and appellants, and therefore no specific legal duty existed between the police and the appellants.


title: Iza Calzado

text: Maria Izadora Ussher Calzado-Wintle (born August 12, 1982), known professionally as Iza Calzado (), is a Filipino actress, television host, dancer and model. She is dubbed as the ""Goddess of Horror Films"" by local media for her acting prowess and haunting portrayals in acclaimed Filipino horror films.


title: Iza Calzado

text: Calzado is regarded as one of the most versatile and successful women in Philippine show business. She was a semi-finalist for a nomination at the International Emmy Awards. She has won 2 Cinemalaya Film Festival Awards, 3 Golden Screen Awards, 3 PMPC Star Awards, 2 MMFF Awards, a Gawad Urian Award and 5 FAMAS Award nominations. She has won "Best Actress" at the 34th PMPC Star Awards. In 2017, she won the prestigious Yakushi Pearl Award at the Osaka Asian Film Festival. In 2021, she won "Best Performance by an Actress (TV Series)" at the 5th GEMS-Hiyas ng Sining Awards. The same year, she won "Outstanding TV Actress of the Year" with Jodi Sta. Maria at the 3rd Laguna Excellence Awards.


title: Iza Calzado

text: She was a former homegrown artist of GMA Network for ten years. In 2012, Calzado signed an exclusive contract with ABS-CBN, and also signed a non-exclusive contract with Star Cinema. Calzado is best known for her role as Sang'gre Amihan in the fantasy drama television series "Encantadia", and as the First Darna in the superhero television series "Mars Ravelo's Darna".


title: Iza Calzado

text: Throughout her career, Calzado has starred in multiple blockbuster films including: "Starting Over Again" (₱410 million), "Etiquette for Mistresses" (₱103 million), "Ouija" (₱120 million), "Moments of Love" (₱100 million) and "One True Love" (₱95 million).


title: Iza Calzado

text: Born Maria Izadora Ussher Calzado, she was named after the American dancer Isadora Duncan. Her father was Lito Calzado, a choreographer and TV director. Her mother was Maria Antonia Ussher. She has an elder brother, Dash Calzado, who is a member of Legit Misfitz, a 1990s Pinoy rap group.


title: Iza Calzado

text: Calzado finished elementary at School of the Holy Spirit and high school at Miriam College. She went on to take her undergraduate degree in fine arts at the University of Santo Tomas.


title: Iza Calzado

text: Before entering show business, Iza Calzado worked as a dubber for the Venezuelan telenovela "Mis 3 Hermanas" (known in the Philippines as "All My Love").


title: Iza Calzado

text: Calzado started out as a guest teen star in the youth-oriented show, "Click", which led to further roles. She was cast in "Kung Mawawala Ka" as the drama's antagonist, Phoebe. She then starred in her first protagonist role as Rosela in "Te Amo, Maging Sino Ka Man", with Argentinean actor Segundo Cernadas. In 2005, Calzado portrayed the iconic character of Amihan in the hit fantasy drama series "Encantadia", with Sunshine Dizon, Karylle, Diana Zubiri, and Dingdong Dantes; Calzado would continue reprising the role of Amihan in the sequels "Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia" and "". She was later starred in the drama series "Impostora" (2007) and "All About Eve" (2009).


title: Iza Calzado

text: Outside TV projects, Calzado has starred in the films "Milan" (2004), "Sigaw" (2004), "Moments of Love" (2006), "" (2007), "The Echo" (a 2008 American movie remake of "Sigaw"), and "One True Love" (2008). On January 18, 2008, she received the "Model Star Award" for the Asia Model Award Festival held in South Korea. In 2009, she hosted the Binibining Pilipinas 2009 beauty pageant.


title: Iza Calzado

text: In 2010, Calzado did some hosting duties in "Healthy Cravings" on QTV with Jeremy Favia, and "The Sweet Life" on GMA with Lucy Torres. She also appeared in the dramas "Pilyang Kerubin" and "Beauty Queen". In 2011, she took over the character previously played by Regine Velasquez in the romantic comedy "I Heart You, Pare!". Calzado's last TV project with GMA Network was in the sitcom "Andres de Saya" with Cesar Montano.


title: Iza Calzado

text: On January 24, 2012, Calzado signed a three-year exclusive contract with ABS-CBN. She appeared in the drama anthology "Maalaala Mo Kaya" to mark her 10th year in show business, and was also seen on the Sunday variety show "ASAP". Calzado's first ABS-CBN drama series was "Kahit Puso'y Masugatan" with Andi Eigenmann, Jake Cuenca and Gabby Concepcion.


title: Iza Calzado

text: A 2014 "Maalaala Mo Kaya" episode featured a teenage Iza Calzado, portrayed by Empress Schuck, shows the story of her weight struggles and how she resolved her obesity issues. In the same year of 2014, Calzado hosted the reality program "", and she also starred with Piolo Pascual in the hit movie "Starting Over Again" and the family drama "Hawak Kamay". In 2015, she made her theater debut in "Sabel: Love and Passion". She later made a guest appearance in the first few episodes of "FPJ's Ang Probinsyano", and was starred in the drama movie "Etiquette for Mistresses".


title: Iza Calzado

text: Later on, Calzado had been cast in two drama series, "A Love to Last" (2017) starring Ian Veneracion and Bea Alonzo, and "Ngayon at Kailanman" (2018) starring Joshua Garcia and Julia Barretto. She was also in the Iflix's first original Filipino film, "Mystified", wherein Calzado reunites with "Encantadia" co-stars Sunshine Dizon, Karylle and Diana Zubiri. She also appeared in the 2019 film "Culion" with Jasmine Curtis-Smith and Meryll Soriano.


title: Iza Calzado

text: In 2020, Calzado played Ellice in the drama "Ang sa Iyo ay Akin", with Jodi Sta. Maria, Sam Milby, and Maricel Soriano. The production of "Ang sa Iyo ay Akin" lasted for almost a year, during the ABS-CBN shutdown and franchise denial in the COVID-19 pandemic. On August 12, 2021, the day of her 39th birthday, Calzado is confirmed to join the newest TV adaptation of superhero series "Darna", starring Jane de Leon.


title: Iza Calzado

text: During the first month of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, Calzado was hospitalized on March 25, 2020 because of pneumonia. On March 28, she was tested positive for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). On March 30, Calzado's manager Noel Ferrer announced that she already tested negative for COVID-19 and that she would be discharged from the hospital.


title: Iza Calzado

text: On August 12, 2022, her 40th birthday, Calzado announced that she and Wintle were expecting their first child.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: In geometry, the incircle or inscribed circle of a triangle is the largest circle that can be contained in the triangle; it touches (is tangent to) the three sides. The center of the incircle is a triangle center called the triangle's incenter.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: An excircle or escribed circle of the triangle is a circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of its sides and tangent to the extensions of the other two. Every triangle has three distinct excircles, each tangent to one of the triangle's sides.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The center of the incircle, called the incenter, can be found as the intersection of the three internal angle bisectors. The center of an excircle is the intersection of the internal bisector of one angle (at vertex , for example) and the external bisectors of the other two. The center of this excircle is called the excenter relative to the vertex , or the excenter of . Because the internal bisector of an angle is perpendicular to its external bisector, it follows that the center of the incircle together with the three excircle centers form an orthocentric system. but not all polygons do; those that do are tangential polygons. See also tangent lines to circles.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: Let formula_4 be the length of formula_5, formula_6 the length of formula_7, and formula_8 the length of formula_9.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: Also let formula_10, formula_11, and formula_12 be the touchpoints where the incircle touches formula_5, formula_7, and formula_9.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The trilinear coordinates for a point in the triangle is the ratio of all the distances to the triangle sides. Because the incenter is the same distance from all sides of the triangle, the trilinear coordinates for the incenter are


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The barycentric coordinates for a point in a triangle give weights such that the point is the weighted average of the triangle vertex positions.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: where formula_4, formula_6, and formula_8 are the lengths of the sides of the triangle, or equivalently (using the law of sines) by


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The Cartesian coordinates of the incenter are a weighted average of the coordinates of the three vertices using the side lengths of the triangle relative to the perimeter (that is, using the barycentric coordinates given above, normalized to sum to unity) as weights. The weights are positive so the incenter lies inside the triangle as stated above. If the three vertices are located at formula_29, formula_30, and formula_31, and the sides opposite these vertices have corresponding lengths formula_4, formula_6, and formula_8, then the incenter is at


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The inradius formula_2 of the incircle in a triangle with sides of length formula_4", formula_6", formula_8 is given by


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: Denoting the incenter of formula_1 as formula_43, the distances from the incenter to the vertices combined with the lengths of the triangle sides obey the equation


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The collection of triangle centers may be given the structure of a group under coordinate-wise multiplication of trilinear coordinates; in this group, the incenter forms the identity element.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: Suppose the tangency points of the incircle divide the sides into lengths of formula_49 and formula_50, formula_50 and formula_52, and "formula_52" and formula_49. Then the incircle has the radius


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: If the altitudes from sides of lengths formula_4", formula_6", and formula_8 are formula_60, formula_61, and "formula_62", then the inradius "formula_2" is one-third of the harmonic mean of these altitudes; that is,


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The product of the incircle radius "formula_47" and the circumcircle radius formula_46 of a triangle with sides formula_4", formula_6", and formula_8 is


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: Any line through a triangle that splits both the triangle's area and its perimeter in half goes through the triangle's incenter (the center of its incircle). There are either one, two, or three of these for any given triangle.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The radius of the incircle is related to the area of the triangle. The ratio of the area of the incircle to the area of the triangle is less than or equal to


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: has an incircle with radius formula_47 and center formula_43. Let formula_4 be the length of formula_5, formula_6 the length of formula_7, and formula_8 the length of formula_9"." Now, the incircle is tangent to "formula_9" at some point formula_12, and so


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: For an alternative formula, consider formula_111. This is a right-angled triangle with one side equal to "formula_2" and the other side equal to formula_113. The same is true for formula_114. The large triangle is composed of six such triangles and the total area is:


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The Gergonne triangle (of "formula_82") is defined by the three touchpoints of the incircle on the three sides. The touchpoint opposite formula_17 is denoted "formula_118", etc.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: This Gergonne triangle, "formula_119", is also known as the contact triangle or intouch triangle of "formula_82". Its area is


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: where formula_122, formula_2, and formula_124 are the area, radius of the incircle, and semiperimeter of the original triangle, and formula_4, formula_6, and formula_8 are the side lengths of the original triangle. This is the same area as that of the extouch triangle.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The three lines "formula_128", "formula_129" and "formula_130" intersect in a single point called the Gergonne point, denoted as "formula_131" (or triangle center "X"). The Gergonne point lies in the open orthocentroidal disk punctured at its own center, and can be any point therein.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The Gergonne point of a triangle has a number of properties, including that it is the symmedian point of the Gergonne triangle.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: An excircle or escribed circle of the triangle is a circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of its sides and tangent to the extensions of the other two. Every triangle has three distinct excircles, each tangent to one of the triangle's sides.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The center of an excircle is the intersection of the internal bisector of one angle (at vertex formula_17, for example) and the external bisectors of the other two. The center of this excircle is called the excenter relative to the vertex formula_17, or the excenter of formula_17. Because the internal bisector of an angle is perpendicular to its external bisector, it follows that the center of the incircle together with the three excircle centers form an orthocentric system.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: While the incenter of "formula_82" has trilinear coordinates formula_141, the excenters have trilinears formula_142, formula_143, and formula_144.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: Let the excircle at side formula_9 touch at side formula_7 extended at formula_152, and let this excircle's


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: From the formulas above one can see that the excircles are always larger than the incircle and that the largest excircle is the one tangent to the longest side and the smallest excircle is tangent to the shortest side. Further, combining these formulas yields:


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The circular hull of the excircles is internally tangent to each of the excircles and is thus an Apollonius circle. The radius of this Apollonius circle is formula_179 where formula_2 is the incircle radius and formula_124 is the semiperimeter of the triangle.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The following relations hold among the inradius "formula_2", the circumradius formula_183, the semiperimeter "formula_124", and the excircle radii "formula_185", "formula_186", "formula_153":


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The Nagel triangle or extouch triangle of "formula_82" is denoted by the vertices formula_10, formula_11, and formula_12 that are the three points where the excircles touch the reference "formula_82" and where "formula_10" is opposite of "formula_17", etc. This "formula_119" is also known as the extouch triangle of "formula_82". The circumcircle of the extouch "formula_119" is called the Mandart circle.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The three lines formula_203, formula_204 and formula_205 are called the splitters of the triangle; they each bisect the perimeter of the triangle,


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The splitters intersect in a single point, the triangle's Nagel point formula_207 (or triangle center "X").


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: In geometry, the nine-point circle is a circle that can be constructed for any given triangle. It is so named because it passes through nine significant concyclic points defined from the triangle. These nine points are:


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: In 1822, Karl Feuerbach discovered that any triangle's nine-point circle is externally tangent to that triangle's three excircles and internally tangent to its incircle; this result is known as Feuerbach's theorem. He proved that:


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The triangle center at which the incircle and the nine-point circle touch is called the Feuerbach point.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The points of intersection of the interior angle bisectors of "formula_82" with the segments "formula_5, formula_215," and "formula_9" are the vertices of the incentral triangle. Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the incentral triangle are given by


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: The excentral triangle of a reference triangle has vertices at the centers of the reference triangle's excircles. Its sides are on the external angle bisectors of the reference triangle (see figure at top of page). Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the excentral triangle are given by


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: Let "formula_223" be a variable point in trilinear coordinates, and let "formula_224", "formula_225", "formula_226". The four circles described above are given equivalently by either of the two given equations:


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: where "formula_183" and "formula_2" are the circumradius and inradius respectively, and "formula_237" is the distance between the circumcenter and the incenter.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: where "formula_239" is the radius of one of the excircles, and "formula_240" is the distance between the circumcenter and that excircle's center.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: Some (but not all) quadrilaterals have an incircle. These are called tangential quadrilaterals. Among their many properties perhaps the most important is that their two pairs of opposite sides have equal sums. This is called the Pitot theorem.


title: Incircle and excircles of a triangle

text: More generally, a polygon with any number of sides that has an inscribed circle (that is, one that is tangent to each side) is called a tangential polygon.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam () is the national legislature of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The Constitution of Vietnam recognizes the assembly as "the highest organ of state power." The National Assembly, a 500-delegate unicameral body elected to a five-year term, meets in the session twice a year. The assembly appoints the president (head of state), the prime minister (head of government), the chief justice of the Supreme People's Court of Vietnam, the head of the Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam (or 'Supreme People's Office of Supervision and Inspection'), and the 21-member Government.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: Vietnam is an authoritarian state. The National Assembly has been characterized as a rubber stamp for the Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP) or as only being able to affect issues of low sensitivity to the regime. The VCP controls nomination and election processes at every level. The VCP has great influence over the executive and exercises control through the 150-member Central Committee, which elects the 15-member Politburo at national party congresses held every five years. Members of the party hold all senior government positions.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: Constitutionally, the National Assembly is the highest government organization and the highest-level representative body of the people. It has the power to draw up, adopt, and amend the constitution and to make and amend laws. It also has the responsibility to legislate and implement state plans and budgets. Through its constitution-making powers it defines its own role and the roles of the Vietnamese State President, the Vietnamese Government, the local people's councils and people's committees, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuracy.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The assembly can replace and remove government ministers, the chief justice of the Supreme People's Court, and the procurator general of the Supreme People's Procuracy. Finally, it has the power to initiate or conclude wars and to assume other duties and powers it deems necessary. The term of each National Assembly is five years, and meetings are convened twice a year, or more frequently if called for by the National Assembly Standing Committee.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The precursor of the current National Assembly of Vietnam was the National Representatives' Congress (), convened on August 16, 1945, in the northern province of Tuyên Quang. This Congress supported Viet Minh's nationwide general uprising policy against Japanese and French forces in Vietnam. It also appointed the National Liberation Committee () as a provisional government.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: After a series of events which was later called collectively the "August Revolution", Viet Minh seized the power all over the country, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ("Việt Nam dân chủ cộng hoà") was declared by Hồ Chí Minh in Hanoi on September 2, 1945. On January 6, 1946, the first general election ever in Vietnam was held all over the country in which all people 18 years old or older were eligible to vote.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The first session of the First National Assembly ("Quốc hội khoá I") took place on March 2, 1946 with nearly 300 deputies in the Hanoi Opera House. Nguyễn Văn Tố was appointed as the Chairman of the National Assembly's Standing Committee. The First National Assembly approved Hồ Chí Minh as the head of government and his cabinet, and the former Emperor Bảo Đại as "the Supreme Advisor". The second session, Bùi Bằng Đoàn was appointed to be the Chairman of the National Assembly's Standing Committee. Tôn Đức Thắng was Acting Chairman from 1948, and from 1955, when Đoàn died, he was Chairman of the Standing Committee.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The first and second Constitutions of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam were passed by this National Assembly in 1946 and 1960, respectively.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The term of the First National Assembly was prolonged (14 years) due to the war situation in Vietnam, particularly the partition of Vietnam according to the Geneva Accords of 1954. From 1954 to 1976, the National Assembly's activities were only effective in North Vietnam.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: Due to the partition of Vietnam and the declaration of the Republic of Vietnam in the South, a nationwide general election could not be organized. The Second National Assembly was formed by 362 elected deputies of the North and 91 deputies of the South from the First National Assembly who continued their term. Trường Chinh was appointed as the Chairman of the National Assembly's Standing Committee and held this position until 1981.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The Third National Assembly consisted of 366 elected deputies from the North and 87 deputies continuing their term. The Third National Assembly's term was prolonged due to the war situation. President Hồ Chí Minh died during the Third National Assembly's term, and was succeeded by Tôn Đức Thắng.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: Four hundred and twenty deputies were elected for the Fourth National Assembly. During fourth term, the U.S. withdrew its troops from Vietnam in accordance with Paris Peace Accords 1973.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The Fifth National Assembly consisted of 424 elected deputies. The fifth term was the shortest National Assembly's term as it was shortened to organize the nationwide general election after the re-unification of Vietnam.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: When the Republic of Vietnam existed, it had the National Assembly as its sole legislature. After the was passed in 1967, it had two parliamentary chambers: the Senate ("Thượng-nghị-viện", literally "Upper Parliament") and the House of Representatives ("Hạ-nghị-viện", literally "Lower Parliament"), largely modeled after the United States Congress.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: After the Fall of Saigon, the Republic of South Vietnam also held the People's Assembly ("Đại hội đại biểu Nhân dân") as its sole legislature.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: This was the first election following the reunification of the North and South and the voters selected 492 members, of which 243 represented the South and 249 the North. In this term, the National Assembly adopted the name "the Socialist Republic of Vietnam" ("Cộng hoà xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam") for the re-unified country, merged corresponding organizations between the Government of North Vietnam and South Vietnam, and renamed Saigon as Ho Chi Minh City. It also approved the new Constitution in 1980.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The Seventh National Assembly and its 496 members witnessed the end of the Vietnamese centralized and heavily-planned economy and the CPV's launch of the Renewal Policy () to adopt market economy. Trường Chinh was elected as Chairman of the State Council and Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was elected as Chairman of the National Assembly.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: In previous elections, because successful candidates were chosen in advance, the electoral process was not genuine. No one could run for office unless approved by the Communist Party, and in many cases the local body of the party simply appointed the candidates. Nevertheless, every citizen had a duty to vote, and, although the balloting was secret, the electorate, through electoral study sessions, received directives from the party concerning who should be elected. The elections in 1987, however, were comparatively open by Vietnamese standards. It was evident that the party was tolerating a wider choice in candidates and more debate.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The 1992 election established the first National Assembly after the 1992 Constitution came into effect. From this term, the National Assembly's agenda has been filled with law-making procedures to serve the "Đổi mới" Policy. National Assembly consisted of 395 elected deputies. In this term, Nông Đức Mạnh was elected as the 7th Chairman of the National Assembly.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: National Assembly consisted of 450 elected deputies. In this term, Chairman Nông Đức Mạnh was re-elected as the chairman of the National Assembly and become the second person to be re-elected after Trường Chinh. In the middle of 2001, he was chosen to be the CPV's secretary-general in its Ninth National Congress and ceased his role as the chairman of the National Assembly. Nguyễn Văn An was appointed to replace Mạnh and he became the 8th chairman of the National Assembly.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: National Assembly consisted of 498 elected deputies. In this term, Nguyễn Văn An was elected as the chairman of the National Assembly. NA Vice Chairpersons: Trương Quang Được, Nguyễn Phúc Thanh, Nguyễn Văn Yểu.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: The National Assembly consisted of 493 elected deputies. In this term, Nguyễn Phú Trọng was elected as the 10th Chairman of the National Assembly. NA Vice Chairpersons: Tòng Thị Phóng (first), Nguyễn Đức Kiên, Huỳnh Ngọc Sơn and Uông Chu Lưu


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: National Assembly consisted of 500 elected deputies. In this term, Nguyễn Sinh Hùng was elected as the 11th Chairman of the National Assembly. NA Vice Chairpersons: Tòng Thị Phóng (first), Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân, Uông Chu Lưu and Huỳnh Ngọc Sơn.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: National Assembly consisted of 496 elected deputies. In this term, Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân was elected as the 12th Chairperson of the National Assembly and first woman ever to hold this position. NA Vice Chairpersons: Tòng Thị Phóng (first), Uông Chu Lưu, Phùng Quốc Hiển and Đỗ Bá Tỵ.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: National Assembly consisted of 499 elected deputies. In this term, Vương Đình Huệ was elected as the Chairman of the National Assembly. NA Vice Chairpersons: Trần Thanh Mẫn (first), Nguyễn Khắc Định, Nguyễn Đức Hải and Trần Quang Phương.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: In the 2021 national election, the Communist Party of Vietnam won 486 seats, while non-partisan (independent) candidates (still affiliated with the Communist Party) won the remaining 14.


title: National Assembly (Vietnam)

text: However one elected delegate was disciplined and released from his duties due to legal offenses. Therefore the current National Assembly of Vietnam consists of 499 delegates instead of 500 delegates.


title: Chrism

text: Chrism, also called myrrh, myron, holy anointing oil, and consecrated oil, is a consecrated oil used in the Anglican, Assyrian, Catholic, Nordic Lutheran, Old Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Latter Day Saint churches in the administration of certain sacraments and ecclesiastical functions.


title: Chrism

text: The English "chrism" derives from Koine Greek via Latin and Old French. In Greek, "khrîsma" () was originally the verbal noun ("(the act of) anointing", "unction") of ("anoint"). By extension, along with "khrîma" (), "khrîstai" (), and later "khrísma" (), it came to be used for the anointing oil or ointment itself. "Khrísma" came into Latin as ', which appears in the works of Tertullian. This was adopted directly into Old English as ', which developed into Middle English ' and various related spellings. In Old French, the original Latin was conflated with ' ("cream"), developing into ', which was also borrowed into Middle English around 1300 as ' and various related spellings. The spelling "chrism" after the Latin original was generally adopted in the 16th century, after which "cream" came to be restricted to its present meaning.


title: Chrism

text: The Proto-Indo-European root from which the Greek term derived has been reconstructed as "*ghrei-" ("to trickle"). This is cognate with Sanskrit "ghṛtə" (, from the radix (भासे / क्षरणे / छादने), which means to shine / to trickle / to cover) and Hindi "ghī" (, "ghee"), as well as Lithuanian ' ("skimming"), Middle Low German ' ("grime"), Old English ' ("mask, helm, spectre", presumably from an original sense of "covering" or "concealment"), English "grime", and possibly Phrygian ' ("painted, ornamented, inscribed").


title: Chrism

text: Multiple early Christian documents discuss the "ordinance" or "several ceremonies...explained in the Apostolical Constitutions" of "chrism", including documents by Theophilus (d. 181) and Tertullian (d. 220).


title: Chrism

text: The most detailed version of the practice is by Cyril of Jerusalem who details how ointment or oil was "symbolically applied to the forehead, and the other organs of sense" and that the "ears, nostrils, and breast were each to be anointed." Cyril states that the "ointment is the seal of the covenants" of baptism and God's promises to the Christian who is anointed. Cyril taught that being "anointed with the Holy anointing oil of God" was the sign of a Christian, and a physical representation of having the Gift of the Holy Spirit, and it retains this meaning in Catholicism and Orthodoxy today. He says, "Having been counted worthy of this Holy Chrism, ye are called Christians, verifying the name also by your new birth. For before you were deemed worthy of this grace, ye had properly no right to this title, but were advancing on your way towards being Christians."("On the Mysteries" 3.5)


title: Chrism

text: Within the Orthodox Church chrism plays a part in many liturgical services and sacraments. The first sacrament that uses chrism, the sacrament of Chrismation, is the second of the three Sacraments of Initiation (Baptism, Chrismation, and Divine Eucharist). For the Orthodox, Chrismation canonically must be administered in conjunction with baptism, except in a case of true necessity. Here the blessing of the bishop upon the chrism functions as a substitute for the direct imposition of hands. Another use is in the consecration of church buildings, involving the anointing of the walls and of the altar table. Formerly, emperors and kings of monarchies where Orthodoxy was the state religion would receive anointment with chrism at their coronation. The introduction of anointing in the Byzantine coronation ceremony was a relatively late development; this was adopted only after the Latin occupation of Constantinople, following Latin practice.


title: Chrism

text: The Orthodox Church makes chrism during Holy Week beginning on Holy Monday and culminating in the Divine Liturgy on Holy Thursday when it is carried in the Great Entrance and placed upon the altar. It consists primarily of olive oil with the addition of a range of aromatic essences, patterned after the anointing oil described in . Holy Myron is confected only by a bishop, without prejudice to particular law which reserves this power to the patriarch. In Russian tradition:


title: Chrism

text: [...] into each vessel of new myrrh are poured a few drops of the old myrrh [...] This is done in token of the uninterrupted connection of the Russian Church with the Greek, from which she received [...] the first consecrated myrrh.


title: Chrism

text: On completion, chrism is distributed to all the bishops, who, in turn, give it to their parishes when needed. It is not made on a yearly basis, but only when supplies run short.


title: Chrism

text: The Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople produces chrism roughly once every 10 years using an ancient formula of the Jewish prophets and patriarchs that calls for 64 ingredients, while the flame needed to boil the mixture during the preparation is made by burning old and disfigured icons. The preparation of the Chrism in the Patriarchate is carried out by the college of the "Kosmētores Myrepsoí" (Greek: Κοσμήτορες Μυρεψοί, "Deans Perfumers"), presided by the "Árchōn Myrepsós", the "Lord Perfumer". The incumbent Archon Myrepsos is biochemist Prodromos Thanasoglou.


title: Chrism

text: In Byzantine times the official responsible was the Grand Sacristan of the Patriarchate, but since then the specific office of the Archon Myrepsos was created. Laity are not allowed to handle either the chrism or the vessels containing it, therefore the Myrepsoi undergo a sort of "temporary ordination" into the clergy and are given by the Patriarch a gold "Cross of Ministry" to hang from their necks for the duration of their four-day service. The Archon is given the "lention", a silk "towel" or apron. Three copper cauldrons are used for the preparation: the largest contains olive oil, the smallest contains water and the aromatic ingredients and the middle contains wine, which allows the oil to boil without catching fire. The preparation involves several steps, some—such as the addition of musk and rose oil—performed by the Patriarch himself. Once the Chrism is filtered and ready, it is consecrated for the final time and stored in silver vessels in the Chapel of Saint Andrew, pending distribution.


title: Chrism

text: In the Malankara Orthodox Church, it is believed that Christ taught the holy apostles how to consecrate the myron or chrism. As a tradition, only the primate or Catholicos of the East can consecrate the chrism. The primate is clothed in white vestments, "corresponding to the light of his soul, and with the purity of his person, as the mystery indicates to him that it should be offered to God in purity." Present with the primate are twelve priests who represent the twelve apostles, twelve censers indicating the preaching of the Gospel, twelve lamps to symbolize the luminous revelations that descend upon them and twelve fans to indicate that it is not right that the divine mysteries should be revealed to those who are unworthy.


title: Chrism

text: The Armenian Apostolic Church consecrates myrrh every seven years in autumn at Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Armenia.


title: Chrism

text: Chrism is essential for the Catholic Sacrament of Confirmation/Chrismation, and is prominently used in the sacraments of Baptism and Holy Orders. Those to be confirmed or chrismated, after receiving the laying on of hands, are anointed on the head by the bishop or priest. In baptism, if the person baptized is not to be immediately confirmed or chrismated, the minister anoints them with chrism. Newly ordained priests are anointed with chrism on the palms of their hands, and newly ordained bishops receive an anointing of chrism on their foreheads. It is also used in the consecration of objects such as churches and altars.


title: Chrism

text: In the ancient Liturgy prior to the reforms that followed the Second Vatican Council, that is still retained today as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, employed by certain ecclesiastical communities, the use of Chrism during the administration of Holy Orders differs: in the older form of the Roman Rite, priests are anointed in the hands only with the oil of catechumens, while bishops consecrated with the old ritual are anointed both in the head and in the hands with Chrism.


title: Chrism

text: Before the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, chrism had to be used to consecrate patens and chalices as well. The sign of the cross would be made with the chrism on the interior parts of the chalice and paten where the Eucharist would rest; the Cross would then be smeared to cover the entire interior parts. The chalice and paten would need to be consecrated with the chrism again if they were re-gilded. This ritual could only be performed by a Bishop or a priest with the faculties to do so. According to the new rubrics, a simple blessing suffices. However, it is still permitted that the bishop performs the consecration with chrism.


title: Chrism

text: Chrism is made of olive oil and is scented with a sweet perfume, usually balsam. Under normal circumstances, chrism is consecrated by the bishop of the particular church in the presence of the presbyterium at the Chrism Mass, which takes place in the morning of Holy Thursday. The oil of catechumens and the oil of the sick are also blessed at this Mass.


title: Chrism

text: These holy oils are usually stored in special vessels known as chrismaria and kept in a cabinet known as an ambry. When the oils are distributed to a priest for him to use in his ministry they are kept in a smaller vessel with three compartments, known as an "oil stock". There is also a type of oil stock that is shaped like a ring, to make the anointing easier. The "jewel" of the ring is a container with a removable lid.


title: Chrism

text: Holy Oils were also used, in the older form of the Roman Rite, for the anointing of kings during ceremonies of Coronation. Several local rites allowed for the use of Chrism in those coronation rites (e.g. in the pre-reformation English Coronation rite the anointing was with Chrism; Napoleon was anointed with Chrism by Pope Pius VII, etc.). However, the general coronation rite of the Roman Liturgy, codified in the Roman Pontifical of Pope Clement VIII, prescribed the use of the oil of cathecumens for the anointing of kings.


title: Chrism

text: The Holy Ampulla or Holy Ampoule ("Sainte Ampoule" in French) was a glass vial which, from its first recorded use by Pope Innocent II for the anointing of Louis VII in 1131 to the coronation of Louis XVI in 1774, held anointing oil for the coronations of the kings of France. In each French Coronation, one drop of this anointing oil was mixed with Chrism. Thus, French Coronations employed Chrism mixed with the oil of the Sainte Ampoule for the anointing of kings. The Sainte Ampoule was said to have been discovered by Hincmar the Archbishop of Reims when the sepulcher containing the body of Saint Remi was opened in the reign of Charles the Bald and identified with the baptism of Clovis I, the first Frankish king converted to Christianity; it was kept thereafter in the Abbey of Saint-Remi, Reims and brought with formality to the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Reims at each coronation, where the emphasis was on the anointment rather than on the crowning. Some remains of the content of the ampoule, destroyed in 1793 by French revolutionaries, were placed in a new reliquary made in time for the coronation of Charles X and are kept since 1906 at the Archbishopric of Reims.


title: Chrism

text: The primary use of chrism in Anglican and Lutheran churches is for the Rite of Chrismation, which may be included as a part of Baptism, even for infants.


title: Chrism

text: The oil of chrism is also commonly used in Confirmation, although this practice is not followed by churches of these denominations that are in the evangelical tradition. Owing to this difference of practice, it is common for Anglican and Lutheran confirmation liturgies to refer to the use of chrism as an option. The liturgy of the Church of England states "Oil mixed with fragrant spices (traditionally called chrism), expressing the blessings of the messianic era and the richness of the Holy Spirit, may be used to accompany the confirmation". The confirmation liturgy of the Anglican Province of Southern Africa includes the rubric "The Bishop may sign them on the forehead, using at his discretion the Chrism". The liturgy of the Igreja Lusitana (Anglican Church in Portugal) states at the point of confirmation: ""Os confirmandos ajoelham perante o Bispo. Este pode assinala-los na testa com o sinal da cruz, usando oleo proprio"" ("The confirmands kneel before the Bishop. He may sign them on the forehead with the sign of the cross, using the proper oil").


title: Chrism

text: The use of chrism in Anglican and Lutheran ordination liturgies is similarly presented as an option in most provinces. In the liturgy for the ordination of priests in the Church of England, for example, the instruction is: "The bishop may anoint the palms of the hands of each newly ordained priest, saying 'May God, who anointed the Christ with the Holy Spirit at his baptism, anoint and empower you to reconcile and bless his people'." There is a similar instruction for the ordination of Bishops, although they are anointed on the head, rather than the palms of the hands.


title: Chrism

text: An important and specific use of chrism is in the Anointing during the Coronation of the British monarch. In this part of the Service, the Archbishop of Canterbury anoints the Sovereign on the head, hands and heart. This is considered to be the holiest rite of the Service, so much so that it is shielded from the congregation's view by a canopy of state. This is also why it was not filmed during the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, nor was it photographed in 1937 during the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. It occurs just prior to the presentation of the Crown Jewels to the Sovereign, which is in turn followed by the actual Coronation.


title: Chrism

text: Its other notable use is in the consecration of church buildings, where it may be used to anoint the walls, the altar/table, and the place for reservation of the Eucharistic sacrament for the sick.


title: Chrism

text: As in other traditions, chrism is usually olive oil (although other plant oils can be used in cases when olive oil is unavailable) and is scented with a sweet perfume, usually balsam. Under usual circumstances, chrism is consecrated by the bishop of the particular church in the presence of the presbyterium at the Chrism Eucharist, which takes place on Maundy Thursday or a day shortly before, where priestly ordination vows are often renewed also. The oil of catechumens and the oil of the sick are usually also consecrated at this liturgy. Practices vary for the blessing of the chrism, from interpolations within the Eucharistic Prayer, to specific prayers of consecration, used at the discretion of the minister. Some Lutheran and Anglican liturgical books, however, make provision for a pastor who is not a bishop (a presbyter) to consecrate chrism in time of need and in the absence of the bishop.


title: Chrism

text: Members of the Latter Day Saint movement also practice ritual anointing of the sick, as well as other forms of anointing. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints consider anointing to be an ordinance.


title: Chrism

text: Members of the LDS church who hold the Melchizedek priesthood may use consecrated oil in performing the ordinance of blessing of the "sick or afflicted", although oil is not required if it is unavailable. The priesthood holder anoints the recipient's head with a drop of oil, then lays his hands upon that head and declares his act of anointing. Then another priesthood holder joins in, if available, and pronounces a "sealing" of the anointing and other words of blessing, as he feels inspired. Melchizedek priesthood holders are also authorized to consecrate any pure olive oil and often carry a personal supply in case they have need to perform a blessing. Oil is not used in other blessings, such as for people seeking comfort or counsel. The word "chrism" is not used.


title: Chrism

text: In addition to the reference, the Doctrine and Covenants contains numerous references to the anointing and healing of the sick by those with authority to do so.


title: Florence Sally Horner

text: Florence Sally Horner (April 18, 1937 August 18, 1952) was a girl abducted by serial child molester Frank La Salle in 1948. It is believed that Vladimir Nabokov drew on the details of her case in writing his novel "Lolita."


title: Florence Sally Horner

text: In March 1948, 10-year-old Horner attempted to steal a five-cent notebook from a Woolworths in Camden, New Jersey. Frank La Salle, a 50-year-old mechanic, caught her stealing, told her that he was an FBI agent, and threatened to have her sent to a reform school unless she reported to him periodically.


title: Florence Sally Horner

text: In June 1948, he abducted Horner. La Salle instructed her to tell her mother he was the father of two of her school friends and she had been invited on their family vacation to the Jersey Shore. He spent 21 months traveling with her in different U.S. states. According to charges later brought against La Salle, it was during this period that he raped her repeatedly. While attending school in Dallas, Texas, Horner confided her secret to a friend. Later she escaped from La Salle, and phoned her sister at home, asking her to send the FBI. When arrested on March 22, 1950, in San Jose, California, La Salle claimed that he was Horner's father. However, authorities in New Jersey confirmed that Horner's real father had died seven years previously. La Salle was tried, convicted, and sentenced to 30 to 35 years in prison under the Mann Act.


title: Florence Sally Horner

text: Horner died in a car accident near Woodbine, New Jersey, on August 18, 1952. As the Associated Press reported on August 20, 1952: "Florence Sally Horner, a 15-year-old Camden, N.J., girl who spent 21 months as the captive of a middle-aged morals offender a few years ago, was killed in a highway accident when the car in which she was riding plowed into the rear of a parked truck."


title: Florence Sally Horner

text: Critic Alexander Dolinin proposed in 2005 that Frank La Salle and Florence Sally Horner were the real life prototypes of Humbert Humbert and Dolores "Lolita" Haze from "Lolita" by Vladimir Nabokov. Sarah Weinman's book "The Real Lolita" also alleges that Horner's ordeal inspired "Lolita". Although Nabokov had already used the same basic idea—that of a child molester and his victim booking into a hotel as father and daughter—in his then unpublished 1939 work "Volshebnik" ("Волшебник"), it is still possible that he drew on the details of the Horner case in writing "Lolita". An English translation of "Volshebnik" was published in 1985 as "The Enchanter". Nabokov explicitly mentions the Horner case in Chapter 33, Part II of "Lolita": "Had I done to Dolly, perhaps, what Frank Lasalle, a fifty-year-old mechanic, had done to eleven-year-old Sally Horner in 1948?"


title: Gazo (rapper)

text: Ibrahima Diakité (born August 5, 1994), better known by his stage name Gazo, is a French rapper from Île-de-France.


title: Gazo (rapper)

text: Gazo is from a suburb of Paris called Saint-Denis. It is often named in many of his songs and also often identified as the "93" based on the French INSEE code for the region. In his youth, he got involved with a lot of troublemaking. His parents kicked him out by age 12, and by age 15 he left school, deciding to embark on his rap career along with some of his friends in Saint-Denis, eventually leading him to join the Gangster Disciple Nation (GDN) around the age of 16 with his friends. Putting a number of songs on YouTube, he got the attention of Gims who offered a joint track to him on his own album "Le Fléau". Gazo released his own mixtape "Drill FR" on 26 February 2021. It reached number 1 on the French Albums Chart with the single "Haine&Sex" reaching number 2 on the French Single Chart.


title: Gazo (rapper)

text: Gazo has had much success in his rap career since. "Haine&Sex" has since received diamond certification. He is commonly known as "The Prince of French Drill". Per one of his producers, Flem KGB, as well as a general consensus among fans of French rap, Gazo created an identifiable brand for French drill music, taking influence from UK and US drill yet unique on its own.


title: The Lawnmower Man

text: "The Lawnmower Man" is a short story by Stephen King, first published in the May 1975 issue of "Cavalier" and later included in King's 1978 collection "Night Shift".


title: The Lawnmower Man

text: Harold Parkette is in need of a new lawn mowing service. The summer before, a neighbor's cat was accidentally killed when another neighbor's dog chased it under the mower. Harold has been putting off hiring new help for the summer, but when he sees an ad for a mowing service, he calls. A van reading "Pastoral Greenery" soon pulls up to his home. The man working for the service, a hairy, pot-bellied fellow, is shown the overgrown back lawn and is hired. Harold is enjoying a rest as he reads the paper, wondering about the lawnmower man mentioning Circe, when he hears the lawnmower outside. Startled, he races to the back porch and sees the lawnmower running by itself and the naked lawnmower man following it on all fours and eating the grass. The lawnmower seemingly deliberately chases and kills a mole and Harold faints.


title: The Lawnmower Man

text: When Harold revives, the lawnmower man explains that this new method, introduced by his boss, grants substantial benefits, and that he makes sacrificial victims of customers who cannot appreciate the process. Harold, though unnerved, allows the lawnmower man to return to work. As soon as the man is out of sight, Harold desperately calls the police, but is interrupted by the lawnmower man, who reveals his boss's name: the ancient god Pan. The lawnmower briefly chases Harold through his living room before brutally slaughtering him.


title: The Lawnmower Man

text: When the police arrive, they conclude that Harold was murdered by a schizophrenic sex maniac. As they leave, the scent of freshly cut grass hangs strongly in the air.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Holy Week in Spain is the annual tribute of the Passion of Jesus Christ celebrated by Catholic religious brotherhoods (Spanish: cofradía) and fraternities that perform penance processions on the streets of almost every Spanish city and town during the last week of Lent, the week immediately before Easter.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Spain is known especially for its Holy Week traditions or Semana Santa. The celebration of Holy Week regarding popular piety relies almost exclusively on the processions of the brotherhoods or fraternities. These associations have their origins in the Middle Age, but a number of them were created during the Baroque Period, inspired by the Counterreformation and also during the 20th and 21st centuries. The membership is usually open to any Catholic person and family tradition is an important element to become a member or "brother" (hermano).


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Some major differences between Spanish regions are perceivable in this event: Holy Week sees its most glamorous celebrations in the region of Andalusia, especially in Jerez de la Frontera, Granada, Málaga and Seville, while those of Castile and Leon see the more sombre and solemn processions, typified by "Semana Santa" at Zamora, Leon and Valladolid. This is a religious holiday.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: A common feature in Spain is the almost general usage of the "nazareno" or penitential robe for some of the participants in the processions. This garment consists of a tunic, a hood with conical tip ("capirote") used to conceal the face of the wearer, and sometimes a cloak. The exact colors and forms of these robes depend on the particular procession. The robes were widely used in the medieval period for penitents, who could demonstrate their penance while still masking their identity. These "nazarenos" carry processional candles or rough-hewn wooden crosses, may walk the city streets barefoot, and, in some places may carry shackles and chains on their feet as penance.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: In some areas, sections of the participants wear dress freely inspired by the uniforms of the Roman Legion.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: The other common feature is that every brotherhood carries magnificent "Pasos" or floats with sculptures that depict different scenes from the gospels related to the Passion of Christ or the Sorrows of Virgin Mary. Many of these floats are art pieces created by Spanish artists such as Gregorio Fernandez, Juan de Mesa, Martínez Montañés or Mariano Benlliure. Brotherhoods have owned and preserved these "pasos" for centuries in some cases. Usually, the "pasos" are accompanied by Marching bands performing "Marchas procesionales" a specific type of compositions, devoted to the images and fraternities.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: During Holy Week in Andalusia, Malaga (1980), Granada (2009) and Seville (1980) are declared of international tourist interest. Holy Week in Jerez de la Frontera (1993), Cabra (1989), Río Gordo (1997), Baena (2001) and Almería (2017) are of national tourist interest. In another Range are those declared only of tourist Interest by the Secretary of State of the Government of Spain, which falls within the Holy Week of Arcos de la Frontera (1980), Puente Genil (1980), Baeza (1980), Ubeda (1980), Jaen (1981) and Huercal Overa (1983). At the next level comes the turn of those declared of national tourist interest by the Andalusian Government, which are Córdoba, Ecija, Ayamonte, Antequera, Castro del Río, Marchena, Huelva, Utrera, Lucena and dozens of other Andalusian municipalities.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: There are, in total, 26 brotherhoods in Almeria and 3 "pre-brotherhoods". The most important brotherhoods are; "La Estrella" "Prendimiento" and "Estudiantes." Holy Week in Almería was declared of National Tourist Interest in 2017.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Cádiz's Holy Week has an artistic heritage stemming from important sculptors such as Miguel Láinez Capote and Jacinto Pimentel, incorporating the special importance of Genoese imagery. The 31 brotherhoods of the city march along streets of the historic center among eighteenth-century style buildings. When carrying their floats, the brotherhoods of Cádiz use a shoulder-to-shoulder technique which is unique from other locations.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: The Holy Week of Jerez de la Frontera stands out for being one of the most important in Andalusia in terms of number of brotherhoods, quality in its carvings and iconographic sets. Holy Week in Jerez was declared of National Tourist Interest in 1993. Its 45 brotherhoods of penance fill with content a week, which goes from The Saturday of Passion to Easter Sunday, in which the historical roots of this particular celebration once again take effect. Holy Week in Jerez boasts a rich historical and artistic cultural heritage since the most renowned image makers, carvers, goldsmiths and embroiderers of recent centuries have contributed to making it great, leaving behind a legacy that is difficult to match. Every year it has corners especially dedicated to the saeta that catalyzes the enormous cultural heritage of this genuine way of understanding this flamenco art. In short, a Holy Week with its own idiosyncrasy, which also unites these references, an imagery of enormous quality, and also, a magnificent collection of belongings, some of which comes from the first Sevillian processional school, renovated in its day, with final destination in Jerez. This allows you to enjoy every year mystery steps full of undoubted flavor, which still retain the aura with which they were conceived, and equally, pallium steps that inherit from history the design, goldsmithing and embroidery of the great masters. All these circumstances, together with the high number of brotherhoods, and together with the presence of the typical flamenco saeta, make this Holy Week one of the most relevant in Andalusia and Spain. The brotherhoods arrive at the Cathedral for an official route. Jerez de la Frontera has the longest official route in Spain, 1.3 km. Jerez de la Frontera has its own Diocese, independent of that of Cádiz-Ceuta, so although it belongs to the province of Cádiz, it must be studied individually as another Diocese.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Córdoba holds one of the most popular Holy Week in Andalusia. 37 brotherhoods take part in processions with elaborate "pasos" which represents the scenes of the events of The Passion of Christ.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: It was declared a Festival of International Tourist Interest in 2009. Although there were processions from Granada in the 16th and 17th centuries, 2 was at the beginning of the 20th century when this tradition was extended and consolidated. 32 fraternities and 34 Nazarene courts participate.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: The Royal Federation of Brotherhoods and Brotherhoods of Granada is the body in charge of the regulation of the set of brotherhoods of the city.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: In this city Christian brotherhoods and institutions were created from the taking of Granada in 1492. The processions will be extended in the sixteenth century with the Counter-Reformation and there will also be some in the XVII.2 However, the bulk of the brotherhoods they were founded from the beginning of the 20th century.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, the archbishop's support and the resurgence of the local bourgeoisie led to a boom in Holy Week. This revival began in 1996 with the procession of the Holy Great Burial. In the 1920s, seven new churches were founded brotherhoods of penance. In 1927 the Federation of Brotherhoods of Granada was created, 5 in a similar way to the Association of Brotherhoods of Malaga created in 1921.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: In 1936 Federico García Lorca wrote a narrative for Unión Radio about Holy Week in Granada. Since 1970 this tradition has suffered a certain decline, although it will recover from 1977.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: It was declared a Festival of International Tourist Interest in 1980. Over 500 years, Holy Week of Málaga has been constantly present in the religious and popular feeling of people from Málaga. The Holy Week religious celebrations in Málaga are famous countrywide. Processions start on Palm Sunday and continue until Easter Sunday with the most dramatic and solemn on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday. Images from the Passion on huge ornate "tronos" (floats or thrones) some weighing more than 5.000 kilos and carried by more than 250 members of Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza, shape the processions that go through the streets with penitents dressed in long purple robes, often with pointed hats, followed by women in black carrying candles. Drums and trumpets play solemn music and occasionally someone spontaneously sings a mournful "saeta" dedicated to the floats as it makes its way slowly round the streets.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: The Baroque taste of the religious brotherhoods and associations, along with the great amount of processional materials that they have been accumulating for centuries, result in a street stage of exuberant art, full of color and majesty. Many brotherhoods were affected by the burning churches in 1931 and an important part of their heritage was destroyed (i.e. trousseaus, imagery, and other equipment) during the Spanish Civil War. In the years following it, revival was slow but it recovered with much greater numbers than before. Also, by the 1970s, "Cofradías nuevas" began to be formed in the city, and some old brotherhoods which had been forgotten, were reorganized by young people as: Salud, Descendimiento, Monte Calvario and many more others to adapt to the changing times.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Every year, the Passion Week in Málaga takes out to the streets a real festival perceptible by the five senses: processional thrones carrying images that sway all along the entire route, thousands of penitents lighting and giving colour with their candles and robes, processional marches, as well as aromas of incense and flowers filling the air as the processions pass by and thousands of people crowded to see and applaud their favorite "tronos".


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Holy Week in Málaga is very different from that celebrated in other Andalusian or Spanish places, and those who go to Málaga for the first time will be surprised, as the Passion Week there is not lived with meditation and silence, but it is full of happiness, noise, cheer, spontaneous "saetas" (flamenco verses sung at the processions) and applause as the images pass by.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Some "tronos" (floats) of Holy Week of Málaga are so huge that they must be housed in other places different from the churches, as they are taller than the entrance doors: real walking chapels of over 5,000 kilos carried by dozens of bearers. There are also military parades playing processional marches or singing their anthems along the route. All of this does not imply a lack of religiosity (nor the opposite though, since not few of the participants consider themselves "lapsed catholics"), but it is just the particular way that many people from Málaga live their faith, folkloric gustoes and/or feelings during the Holy Week. One of these military celebrations is that of the Spanish Legion, which parades the image of "Christ of the Good Death" together with the Legion's own military band and Honor guard on Maundy Thursday, very popular among tourists, locals, and military veterans.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: It was declared a Festival of International Tourist Interest in 1980. Seville arguably holds some of the most elaborate processions for Holy Week. The tradition dates from Counter Reformation times, or even earlier. The ""Semana Santa de Sevilla"" is notable for featuring the procession of ""pasos"", lifelike painted wooden sculptures of individual scenes of the events that happened between Jesus' entry in Jerusalem and his burial, or images of the Virgin Mary showing restrained grief for the torture and killing of her son. Some of the images are artistic masterworks of great antiquity. One of the Most Popular and Beautiful Image of the Virgin Mary depicting her Sorrows is the Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza de Triana, "La Reina y Señora de Sevilla" (The Queen and Lady of Seville)


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: These "pasos" (which usually weigh over a metric ton) are physically carried on the neck of "costaleros" (literally "sack men", for their distinctive -and functional- headdress). The "costaleros" (from 24 to 48) are hidden inside the platform of the "paso", so it seems to walk alone. Historically dock workers were hired to carry the "pasos". From 1973 onward, that task has been universally taken over by the members of the confraternities who organize each procession.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Holy Week processions in León are also very popular, with more than 15,000 penitents (called "papones", in Leonese language) on the streets. Processions begin on ""Viernes de Dolores"" (the Friday in the week before Holy Week) and last until Easter Sunday. The most solemn and famous procession is the """", also known as the """" (Procession of the Meeting). During this nine-hour marathon procession, about 4,000 penitents carry 13 "pasos" around all the city. The most solemn moment is "" (The Meeting) when the pasos representing Saint John and La Dolorosa face one to the other and are """" (penitents move the paso as if Saint John and La Dolorosa were dancing).


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Also famous is a secular procession, called "Entierro de Genarín", the "Burial of Genarín". In 1929 on Holy Thursday night, a poor alcoholic called Genaro Blanco was run over by the first rubbish truck in León. The procession consists of a march through the city bearing Orujo at the head of the procession; at the spot by the face of the city walls where the man was run over a bottle of Orujo and 27 oranges are left in commemoration.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: Salamanca has one of the oldest celebrations in Spain. The earliest penance processions can be traced back to 1240. Three are the characteristics that make Holy Week in Salamanca unique: The monumental background provided by the Old City, declared UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988, the quality of the images and "pasos", created by important Spanish artist such as Luis Salvador Carmona or Mariano Benlliure and the links with the University of Salamanca, the oldest institution of its kind in the country.


title: Holy Week in Spain

text: 10,000 penitents associated to 18 brotherhoods organize 24 processions that walk the streets of the center carrying 43 "pasos" from Friday of Sorrows to Easter Sunday.