title: Turtle (submersible)

text: In 2015, the replica built by Manstan and Frese in 2007 for The Turtle Project was acquired by Privateer Media and used in the television series "." The submarine was shipped to Richmond, VA where it underwent a full refit and was relaunched for film use in the water. Additional full-scale interior and exterior models were also made by AMC as part of the production.


title: Turtle (submersible)

text: Also in 2015, Privateer Media used The Turtle Project replica for the Travel Channel series Follow Your Past, hosted by Alison Stewart. Filming took place in August where the submarine was launched with a tether in the Connecticut River in the town of Essex, CT.


title: Greg Nicotero

text: Gregory Nicotero (born March 15, 1963) is an American special make-up effects creator, television producer, and director. His first major job in special effects makeup was on the George A. Romero film "Day of the Dead" (1985), under the tutelage of Romero and make-up effects veteran Tom Savini.


title: Greg Nicotero

text: In 1988, along with Robert Kurtzman and Howard Berger, he formed KNB EFX Group, a special make-up effects studio which has gone on to work on over 400 film and television projects. KNB has won numerous awards, including an Emmy Award in 2001 for their work on the 2000 Sci Fi Channel miniseries "Frank Herbert's Dune" and an Academy Award in 2006 for achievement in makeup for "".


title: Greg Nicotero

text: He is currently working as an executive producer, special make-up effects supervisor, and primary director on the AMC TV series "The Walking Dead" and "Fear the Walking Dead". Nicotero has directed 31 episodes of "The Walking Dead" and is the creator of the webseries "The Walking Dead: Webisodes".


title: Greg Nicotero

text: Nicotero claims he began taking an interest in special effects after viewing the film "Jaws". He explains: "I kept thinking 'How the hell did they do that?! How'd they build a big giant shark that could eat people?!' So, between that movie, "The Exorcist", "Planet of the Apes", and of course all of the Universal horror movies [...] I think "Jaws" and then later "Dawn of the Dead" were pretty much the two movies that did it for me." Nicotero began his career working in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, learning the trade of special make-up effects, also known as prosthetic makeup, from Tom Savini, an award-winning special effects and makeup artist, and helping on films by director George A. Romero.


title: Greg Nicotero

text: While working on the 1985 Romero film "Day of the Dead", he met Howard Berger, who would become one of his partners at KNB EFX Group. Nicotero relocated to Hollywood and moved in with Berger and Robert Kurtzman.


title: Greg Nicotero

text: He later worked as FX artist on the 2010 film "Predators" and created a classic predator figure for the film.


title: Greg Nicotero

text: Nicotero worked as special make-up effects supervisor, co-executive producer and occasional director for the TV series "The Walking Dead", as well as acting in a few uncredited cameos. He was at the San Diego Comic-Con International for the show. He was a guest on "Talking Dead" on March 24, 2013, October 12, 2014, February 8, 2015, and February 14, 2016. He also supervises the make-up effects for "Fear the Walking Dead".


title: Greg Nicotero

text: In 2011, Nicotero was interviewed for the 2012 zombie special effects book "Blood Splatter: A Guide to Cinematic Zombie Violence, Gore and Special Effects" by author Craig W. Chenery.


title: Flora Montgomery

text: Montgomery was born at her family's ancestral home in Greyabbey, County Down, the daughter of William Howard Clive Montgomery, OBE, of Rosemount House and of Greyabbey, and his second wife, Daphne Bridgeman. Her maternal grandfather was Geoffrey Bridgeman. She is a descendant of the 1st Viscount Montgomery. She was educated at Rockport School, County Down, and Downe House School, Berkshire. She then studied drama at The Gaiety School of Acting in Dublin, Ireland. She graduated in 1994.


title: Flora Montgomery

text: She won the Irish Times Best Actress Award for her role as the lead in Strindberg's "Miss Julie". Other roles include Yelena in Chekov's "Uncle Vanya", Ophelia in "Hamlet" and Katherina in "The Taming of The Shrew". She has worked with contemporary playwrights such as Neil LaBute who directed her in "" . She performed in the world premiere of "The Reckoning", a two-hander with Jonathan Pryce, and also in the award winning "Dinner", both in the West End. Flora has also recorded numerous radio plays, most recently Frederic Raphael's "The Glittering Prizes".


title: Flora Montgomery

text: In 2003, she was named as one of European film's Shooting Stars by European Film Promotion. Her notable TV appearances include "The Bill" as Emma, "Urban Gothic", "Pulling Moves" and "Midsomer Murders". She also acted in the 2001 film "The Discovery of Heaven" and in 2006 in "Basic Instinct 2".


title: Flora Montgomery

text: Montgomery also appeared in an episode of the medical series "Body Story 2" in 2001. In 2012 she had a role in the pilot episode of ITV's "Endeavour".


title: Flora Montgomery

text: On 30 August 2014 Montgomery married Søren Jessen, a Danish restaurateur, at Greyabbey on the Montgomery estate in Northern Ireland. Guests included the actor Orlando Bloom, Colin Floatsby, Chenille Gizzard, Barry Plumb, Richard Madeley, and Nadine Dorries, together with Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: Confraternities in Nigeria are secretive student groups within Nigerian higher education that have been involved in violence and organized crime since the 1980s. The exact death toll of confraternity activities is unclear. One estimate in 2002 was that 250 people had been killed in campus cult-related murders in the previous decade, while the Exam Ethics Project lobby group estimated that 115 students and teachers had been killed between 1993 and 2019.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: In 1953, author Wole Soyinka (later a Nobel Prize winner) and a group of six friends formed the Pyrate Confraternity at the elite University College, Ibadan, then part of the University of London. They dubbed themselves "Magnificent Seven"(G7). Soyinka and his confraternity peers observed that the university was dominated by wealthy students associated with the colonial government and a few poorer students who often mimicked the wealthy students; meanwhile, campus social life was dictated by tribal affiliation.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: Soyinka would later note that the Pyrates wanted to differentiate themselves from "stodgy establishment and its pretentious products in a new educational institution different from a culture of hypocritical and affluent middleclass, different from alienated colonial aristocrats". The organization adopted the motto "Against all conventions", used the skull and crossbones as their logo, while members adopted pirate-themed confraternity names such as "Cap'n Blood" and "Long John Silver".


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: When fellow students protested a proposal to build a railroad across the road leading to the university, fearing that easier transportation would make the university less exclusive, the Pyrates successfully ridiculed the argument as elitist. Roughly analogous to the fraternities and sororities of North America, the Pyrates Confraternity proved popular among students, even after the original members moved on. Membership was open to any promising male student, regardless of tribe or race, but selection was stringent and most applicants were denied. For almost 20 years, the Pyrates were the only confraternity on Nigerian campuses.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: In the late 1960s, campuses were roiled by the Nigerian Civil War. Details are contested, but it appears that in 1972 former Provost of Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Dr Bolaji Carew, and Kunle Adigun discontinued their membership to the Pyrates confraternity. Reasons gathered are that the Pyrates failed to practice what they stood for and failed to uphold the creed, and several illegal activities went unchecked. In 1972, at the University of Ibadan, orders had ceased to be orders, each and every creed of the Pyrates Confraternity was turned upside down with corruption and nepotism assuming exalted positions therein. The whistle of disintegration which had started to blow within the Pyrates Confraternity reached a crescendo. A cadre of supposed Super Pyrates were violating the confraternity’s creed with impunity, tribalism, clannishness and petty alliances were being enshrined in the confraternity. These excesses gave rise to chaos, anarchy, ridicule, suspension and expulsion.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: Two young gentlemen concluded that the Pyrates confraternity had failed them, leaving to form a new brotherhood to reverse the wrongdoings of the Pyrates. These gentlemen - Dr. Bolaji Carew and Kunle Adigun - chose the name of their new confraternity with specific intent. Referring to the book “Fanny”, they knew that Buccaneers were meant to be society`s roving policemen, who are naturally and morally superior to all seafaring creatures - Hence, the name SEALORD. In reaction to this and other events, the Pyrates registered themselves under the name National Association of Seadogs (NAS) and, at least one source states, pulled the confraternity out of the universities. Dr Bolaji Carew et al. found the Supreme Buccaneers Confraternity.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: A major impetus for the creation of new confraternities was the fact that members of the new groups simply did not meet the high academic and intellectual standards, although not necessarily true as sources claimed that prospective members of The Buccaneer Confraternity must demonstrate high academic performances, must uphold high intellectual standards and be of good conduct. However, more fingers were pointed at failed leadership within the Pyrate's fraternal order, with the conclusion that the original organization had lost its core values and purpose of creation. Many Pyrates later denounced their membership and joined the Buccaneers for failed leadership reasons. Subsequently, Soyinka would later point to individuals who became accustomed to exerting power in the rigidly hierarchical confraternity, and were unwilling to give it up, as to blame for the initial schism. As new groups formed, inter-group tensions led to fighting, though these were initially limited to fistfights.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: The Supreme Eiye Confraternity 1958 later metamorphosed into National Association of Airlords (NAA) in 1963 was formed in the University of Ibadan, making it the second oldest confraternity after the Pyrate Confraternity. In the 1980s confraternities spread throughout the over 300 institutions of higher education in the country. The Neo-Black Movement of Africa (also called Black Axe) emerged from the University of Benin in Edo State. In 1983 students at the University of Calabar in Cross River State founded the Eternal Fraternal Order of the Legion Consortium (the Klan Konfraternity), the Supreme Vikings Confraternity (the Adventurers) the following year.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: This time period saw a drastic change in the role of the confraternities. The coup of Ibrahim Babangida in 1983 caused a large degree of political tension. Military leaders, beginning in the 1980s, began to see the confraternities as a check on the student unions and university staff, who were the only organized groups opposing military rule. The confraternities were thus provided payment and weapons to use against student activists, though the weapons were often used in deadly inter-confraternity rivalries.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: Sociologist Emeka Akudi noted that some university vice-chancellors protected confraternities which were known to be violent and used them to attack students deemed troublesome. During this period the confraternities introduced a new tradition of carrying out traditional religious practices, including Vodun, before any other activity. Perhaps in reaction to the changes, in 1984 Wole Soyinka declared that the Seadogs should not operate on any university campuses.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: In the early 1990s, confraternity activities expanded dramatically in the Niger Delta as confraternities engaged in a bloody struggle for supremacy. The Family Confraternity (the Campus Mafia or the Mafia), which modeled itself after the Italian Mafia emerged. Shortly after their arrival, several students were expelled from Abia State University for cheating and "cultism", a reference to the voodoo-practicing confraternities, which marked the beginning of a shift of confraternity activities from the university to off campus.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: The consolidation of confraternity activities outside Nigerian University campuses was boosted by the nationwide renouncement of cultism by university students and the breakdown of traditional campus cults all over the country as a result of amnesty granted to all renounced cultists at the onset of the present democratic government. This led to migration of cultists from the campuses to residential neighborhoods and streets as campuses were no longer a safe haven for them.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: Incompetence of government officials and inadequate facilities to police campuses by University Authorities led to the resurgence of cultism in the campuses as renounced cultists who could not be protected by the law, went back to their cult groups to seek protection from rival groups who had discerned their identity as a result of the renouncement ceremony. This resulted in a situation where cult groups were now well established in- and outside the campuses.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: The Brotherhood of the Blood (also known as Two-Two (Black Beret)), another notorious confraternity, was founded at Enugu State University of Science and Technology. Another cult, the Victor Charlie Boys, was established by Augustine Ahiazu when he was vice-chancellor of the Rivers State University of Science and Technology. The cults established in the early 1990s are legion; they include Second Son of Satan (SSS), Night Cadet, Sonmen, Mgba Mgba Brothers, Temple of Eden, Trojan Horse, Jurists, White Bishops, Gentlemen Clubs, Fame, Executioners, Dreaded Friend of Friends, Eagle Club, Black Scorpion, Red Sea Horse and Fraternity of Friends.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: The Klansmen Konfraternity expanded its influence by creating a "street and creek" wing, Deebam, to fight for and control territory outside of the universities through violence and crime. In response, the Supreme Vikings Confraternity (SVC) established its own street and creek group, Deewell. When Deewell was unable to match Deebam, the SVC created a second confraternity wing, the Icelanders (German), which would eventually be led by militia leader Ateke Tom. The Outlaws, another well-known street and creek confraternity, began as a splinter group of the Icelanders (German).


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: In the late 1990s, all-female confraternities began to be formed. These include the Black Brazier (Bra Bra), the Viqueens, Daughters of Jezebel, and the Damsel. Female confraternities have supplied spies for allied male confraternities as well as acting as prostitution syndicates.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: In the past few years, members of confraternities such as the Neo-Black Movement have been investigated by law enforcement in different countries around the globe, i.e. Canada, the UK and Italy.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: On July 10, 1999, one of the most notable single attacks occurred at Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) in Ife. OAU had been considered one of the safest universities in the country, largely due to student-organized resistance to the confraternities. After one cult member was shot and killed during an attempted kidnapping in 1991, the confraternities appeared to stay away from the university. In February 1999, student leaders organized a campus-wide search, which found eight secret cult members who were stockpiling machine guns and other weapons in their dorm room. This enraged the Black Axe confraternity, who organized a murder squad that hacked the student union secretary-general to death in his bed and targeted other student leaders.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: In a student assembly called the following day, the president of the Students' Union, who had escaped the killers by leaping from his window, demanded the resignation of Vice-Chancellor Wole Omole, who was seen as obstructing efforts to fight confraternities, such as by refusing to expel the eight cultists who had been found stockpiling weapons. A bounty of 10,000 naira (US$30) was offered for his capture and one vigilante group reportedly abducted Omole's wife as ransom for his surrender. Students also manned checkpoints and carried out searches for cult members still on campus, arresting suspects. In one case, students worried about police leniency stormed a police station to re-seize a suspect they had previously turned over.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: Nigerian Education Minister Tunde Adeniran later dismissed Omole and ordered university administrators to eradicate confraternities from their campuses by September 1999. In response, hundreds of cult members publicly renounced their confraternity and cult-associated violence temporarily subsided.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: During the first weeks of the school year, confraternity alumni and members swarm campuses recruiting new members. Initiation ceremonies normally involve severe beatings, in order to test their endurance, as well as ingestion of a liquid mixed with blood. Male initiates may sometimes be required to pass an additional hurdle before becoming full members, including raping a popular female student or a female member of the university staff. Among the all-female Jezebels or Amazons, prospective members may be required to undergo six rounds of rough sexual intercourse or fight with a group of women or against a much stronger man. Cults also charge annual membership fees of between 10,000 (US$80) and 30,000 naira.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: Frequent criminal activity for cults include intimidating professors into giving high grades, including by burning their cars or briefly abducting their children. Since the 1980s, confraternities have murdered people who are thought to have 'stolen' a member's girlfriend, or "sugar daddy" in the case of female groups. Female groups began operating as prostitution rings relatively early. The majority of confraternities, as of 2005, were engaged in a variety of money-making criminal activities, ranging from cybercrime to armed robbery and kidnapping. Cult members may also get money from political figures, who wish to intimidate their opponents.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: The exact death toll of confraternity activities is unclear. One estimate in 2002 was that 250 people had been killed in campus cult-related murders in the previous decade, while the Exam Ethics Project lobby group estimated that 115 students and teachers had been killed between 1993 and 2003. However those figures pale into insignificance when compared with recent cult activities in Benin city, the Edo state capital in 2008 and 2009, with over 40 cult related deaths recorded monthly.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: In the Niger River delta, confraternities are deeply enmeshed in the conflict in the oil-rich delta. Most of the campus cults have been accused of kidnapping foreign oil workers for ransom, while many of the militant groups, such as the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), employ confraternity members as combatants; Soboma George, head of street and creek confraternity The Outlaws, is also a MEND commander.


title: Confraternities in Nigeria

text: Campus cults also offer opportunities to members after graduation. As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members.


title: Joe Coulombe

text: Joseph Hardin Coulombe (June 3, 1930 – February 28, 2020) was an American entrepreneur. He founded the grocery store chain Trader Joe's in 1967 and ran it until his retirement in 1988.


title: Joe Coulombe

text: Coulombe was born in San Diego, California, and grew up on an avocado farm in nearby Del Mar. After serving a year in the U.S. Air Force, he attended Stanford University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in economics in 1952 and a Master of Business Administration degree in 1954. Coulombe was a member of Alpha Kappa Lambda.


title: Joe Coulombe

text: Coulombe started his career at Rexall, a chain of American drugstores. In 1958, he was asked to test the launch of Pronto Markets, a store brand to compete against 7-Eleven. After running six Pronto Markets in the Los Angeles area, Rexall asked Coulombe to liquidate them; he decided to buy them out instead. In 1967, Coulombe changed the name Pronto Markets to Trader Joe's. He led the chain to success and sold it in 1979 to German billionaire Theo Albrecht, co-founder of the Aldi supermarket chain. Coulombe continued with Trader Joe's as chief executive officer until retiring in 1988.


title: Joe Coulombe

text: Coulombe served on the corporate boards of Cost Plus World Market, Bristol Farms, True Religion, and Imperial Bank.


title: Joe Coulombe

text: In 1952, Coulombe married Alice Steere, whom he met at a party while they were students at Stanford. Alice served on the board and is a life trustee of the Los Angeles Opera. They had three children, Joe, Charlotte, and Madeleine. Coulombe and his family lived in Pasadena, California.


title: Joe Coulombe

text: Coulombe was a board member of the Huntington Library, the Colburn School, and the Los Angeles Opera.


title: Aeroparque Jorge Newbery

text: Jorge Newbery Airfield (, ), commonly known as Aeroparque, is an international airport northeast of downtown Buenos Aires, Argentina. The airport covers an area of and is operated by "Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 S.A." It is located along the Río de la Plata, in the Palermo neighbourhood, and serves as the main hub for domestic flights in Argentina and South American destinations.


title: Aeroparque Jorge Newbery

text: The airport was originally proposed by Mayor Carlos Noël in 1925. A number of feasibility studies and zoning disputes followed. In 1938, plans were submitted for an island airport connected via causeway to Avenida General Paz (then under construction). A former wetland reclaimed in 1916 from the Río de la Plata and closer to downtown was selected instead, and the facility, designed by Aeronautics Secretariat engineer Víctor Acuña in 1945, was inaugurated in 1947 as "Aeroparque 17 de Octubre" (17 October Airfield).


title: Aeroparque Jorge Newbery

text: Initially served by a runway, it began operations in January 1948 as the main hub for domestic flights from Buenos Aires as well as flights to Uruguay. Its first terminal was completed in 1951, by which time the runway was extended to . The airport was renamed following the 1955 coup against President Juan Perón in honor of the pioneer of Argentine aviation, Jorge Newbery, and was re-inaugurated in 1960 following work that expanded its main runway to and added a new terminal. The Argentine Air Force had a small base built near the eastern end of the airport in 1965; at this site, President Isabel Perón was formally deposed by the military in the March 1976 coup. A new terminal for national air carrier Aerolíneas Argentinas was inaugurated in 1981, expanding total terminal area to .


title: Aeroparque Jorge Newbery

text: Plans to merge Newbery with Ezeiza International Airport in a new facility located on an artificial island were revived in 1996 by a commission headed by Congressman Álvaro Alsogaray, though these plans were ultimately dropped. Its operations, like those of all the nation's public airports, were privatized in 1998 and transferred to "Aeropuertos Argentina 2000" (part of the conglomerate owned by local businessman Eduardo Eurnekian). The runway was further extended by in 2007, and work began in 2009 to create greater distance between the nearby Rafael Obligado Coast Highway and the eastern end of the runway. Routes were added in March 2010 to destinations in Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay. Work began in 2011 on Terminals III and IV, totaling . These terminals were inaugurated in March 2014, effectively doubling the airport's passenger capacity. However, a recent increase in the number of airlines and flights operating at the airport has brought it to the limit of its capacity. Thus, the government decided to move all international flights (with the exception of those to Uruguay) to Ezeiza Airport from 2019.


title: Speed bump

text: Speed bumps (also called traffic thresholds, speed breakers or sleeping policemen) are the common name for a class of traffic calming devices that use vertical deflection to slow motor-vehicle traffic in order to improve safety conditions. Variations include the speed hump, speed cushion, and speed table.


title: Speed bump

text: The use of vertical deflection devices is widespread around the world, and they are most commonly used to enforce a low speed limit, under or lower.


title: Speed bump

text: Although speed bumps are effective in keeping vehicle speeds down, their use is sometimes controversial—as they can increase traffic noise, may damage vehicles if traversed at too great a speed, and slow emergency vehicles. Poorly-designed speed bumps that stand too tall or with too-sharp an angle can be disruptive for drivers, and may be difficult to navigate for vehicles with low ground clearance, even at very low speeds. Many sports cars have this problem with such speed bumps. Speed bumps can also pose serious hazards to motorcyclists and bicyclists if they are not clearly visible, though in some cases a small cut across the bump allows those vehicles to traverse without impediment. Speed bumps cost $50–200 and may need replacement over time due to wear.


title: Speed bump

text: Each of these devices can be made from a variety of materials, including asphalt, concrete, recycled plastic, metal, or vulcanized rubber. Several trade-offs must be made when selecting the material for a new speed cushion. Traditionally most vertical deflection devices have been constructed of asphalt or concrete. Due to the rigidity and durability of these materials, they have more permanence and are more effective at slowing traffic. However, they can be difficult to shape and form into consistent forms and precise dimensions.


title: Speed bump

text: Rubber products are pre-shaped to standard sizes to meet industry standards. Preformed rubber products are typically bolted down, making them easier to install or remove. Temporary bolt-down installations can be ideal for planners in testing the use and positioning of speed bumps before implementing them in a larger project. Bolt-down products can also be removed or relocated during winter snow periods—where speed bumps are easily concealed and may be damaged by snowplows.


title: Speed bump

text: On June 7, 1906, "The New York Times" reported on an early implementation of what might be considered speed bumps in Chatham, New Jersey, which planned to raise its crosswalks five inches above the road level: "This scheme of stopping automobile speeding has been discussed by different municipalities, but Chatham is the first place to put it in practice". The average automobile's top speed at the time was around , but braking was poor by modern standards.


title: Speed bump

text: Arthur Holly Compton was a physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1927 for his discoveries resulting in major changes in electromagnetic theory. He is commonly known for his work on the Compton Effect with X-rays. He also invented what he called "traffic control bumps," the basic design for the speed hump, in 1953. Compton began designs on the speed bump after noticing the speed at which motorists passed Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was chancellor.


title: Speed bump

text: The British Transport and Road Research Laboratory published a comprehensive report in 1973 examining vehicle behavior for a large variety of different bump geometries. At the time speed humps were not permitted on public roads but had been installed on private roads.


title: Speed bump

text: According to a publication by the Institute of Transportation Engineers, the first speed bump in Europe was built in 1970 in the city of Delft in the Netherlands.


title: Speed bump

text: A speed bump is also known as a "sleeping policeman" in British English, Maltese English and Caribbean English, a "judder bar" in New Zealand English, and a "lying-down policeman" in Colombia, Dominican Republic, Croatia, Serbia, Estonia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Russia. A speed bump is a bump in a roadway with heights typically ranging between . The traverse distance of a speed bump is typically less than or near to ; contrasting with the wider speed humps, which typically have a traverse distance of .


title: Speed bump

text: Speed bumps vary in length, but it is typical to leave space between the bump and either edge of an enclosed road (i.e. with curbs and gutters) to allow for drainage. Spaces on either side may also allow more expedient passage for emergency vehicles, though effectiveness will depend on the type of vehicle and specific road design.


title: Speed bump

text: In 2003, the chairman of the London Ambulance Service, Sigurd Reinton claimed that delays caused by speed bumps were responsible for up to 500 avoidable deaths from cardiac arrest each year. He later denied the statement.


title: Speed bump

text: In Sweden, an evaluation of spinal stress in bus drivers against ISO 2631-5 required on health grounds that:


title: Speed bump

text: Speed bumps can also have adverse environmental impact. A study found that in one north London street with a speed limit of and fitted with road humps, a petrol driven car produced 64 per cent more nitrogen dioxide (NO) than in a similar street fitted with road cushions. It also produced 47 per cent more particulate matter (PM) and nearly 60 per cent more carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. Another study estimated that, for a private automobile, the increase in fuel consumption due a pass over a speed bump is responsible for fuel waste of 10ml. This multiplied with the number of vehicles going over a particular speed bump every day suggests significant annual fuel wastage for a single speed bump.


title: Speed bump

text: Dynamic speed bumps differ from conventional speed bumps in that they only activate if a vehicle is traveling above a certain speed. Vehicles traveling below this speed will not experience the discomfort of a conventional speed bump. Dynamic speed bumps may allow the passage of emergency vehicles at higher speeds.


title: Speed bump

text: The Actibump system, successfully used in Sweden, is based on powered equipment integrated into the road surface, which operates a platform that is lowered a few centimeters when a speeding vehicle approaches. Any vehicle approaching at or under the speed limit will pass on a level road. The system measures the speed of an oncoming vehicle by using radar.


title: Speed bump

text: In another design, a rubber housing is fitted with a pressure relief valve that determines the speed of a vehicle. If the vehicle is traveling below the set speed, the valve opens allowing the bump to deflate as the vehicle drives over it, but it remains closed if the vehicle is traveling too fast. The valve can also be set to allow heavy vehicles, such as fire trucks, ambulances, and buses to cross at higher speeds.


title: Speed bump

text: A speed hump (also called a road hump, or undulation, and speed ramp) is a rounded traffic calming device used to reduce vehicle speed and thus sound volume on residential streets. Humps are placed across the road to slow traffic and are often installed in a series of several humps to prevent cars from speeding before and after the hump. Common speed hump shapes are parabolic, circular, and sinusoidal. In Norway, speed humps are often placed at pedestrian crossings.


title: Speed bump

text: Generally, speed humps have a traverse distance of about and span the width of the road. The height of each hump ranges from . The traverse distance and height of each hump determines the speed at which traffic will travel over the devices. Shorter traverse lengths and greater heights slow cars most drastically. When placed in a series apart, humps will reduce 85th percentile speeds by .


title: Speed bump

text: Warning signs should be used to notify approaching motorists of upcoming humps. Humps generally have pavement markings to enhance visibility and a taper edge near the curb to allow a gap for drainage.


title: Speed bump

text: Speed humps are used in locations where low speeds are desired and suitable for the surrounding traffic environment. Speed humps are typically placed on residential roads and are not used on major roads, bus routes, or primary emergency response routes. Placement is generally mid-block between intersections.


title: Speed bump

text: Speed humps typically limit vehicle speeds to about at the hump and at the midpoint between humps, depending on spacing. Studies show an average 18% reduction in traffic volume and an average 13% reduction in collisions.


title: Speed bump

text: While similar to speed bumps, humps are less aggressive than speed bumps at low speeds. Humps are often used on streets, while bumps are used more in parking lots. While speed bumps generally slow cars to , humps slow cars to . The narrow traverse distance of speed bumps often allows vehicles to pass over them at high speed with only mild disturbance to the wheels and suspension, and hardly affecting the vehicle cab and its occupants. The relatively long slopes of speed humps are less disruptive at low–moderate speeds, but they create a greater, more sustained vertical deflection; at higher speeds, a more sustained deflection is less-absorbed by vehicle suspensions and has a greater effect on the vehicle as a whole.


title: Speed bump

text: One problematic aspect of speed humps is their effect on emergency vehicles. Response time is slowed by 3–5 seconds per hump for fire trucks and fire engines and up to 10 seconds for ambulances with patients on board. Speed humps are thus usually not placed on primary response routes. Speed cushions may be placed on these routes instead.


title: Speed bump

text: Occasionally, there is an increase in traffic noise from braking and acceleration of vehicles on streets with speed humps, particularly from buses and trucks. Other effects include increased fuel consumption and emissions as well as increased wear and tear on brakes, engine and suspension components.


title: Speed bump

text: Heavy sedans, trucks, and SUVs are less affected by speed humps, and may not have to slow down as dramatically.


title: Speed bump

text: Thin cuts are sometimes placed in the middle of a hump in order to allow bicycle traffic to pass through. However, forcing cyclists to take a particular line on the road compromises their ability to position themselves safely according to the other traffic on the road at the time.


title: Speed bump

text: Speed cushions are a type of speed hump installation designed to alleviate the negative impacts that vertical deflections have on emergency vehicle response times. Speed cushions installations are typically made up of several small speed humps installed across the width of the road with spaces between them. They force normal cars to slow down as they ride with one or both wheels over the humps. Meanwhile, they allow fire engines (and other large vehicles) with wider axles to straddle the cushions without slowing down.


title: Speed bump

text: Wider, American-style ambulances might also be able to straddle speed cushions. However, in Europe and Australia, where vehicles like the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter are used most frequently as ambulances, there is no advantage. In these jurisdictions, narrower speed cushions are sometimes placed between lanes to allow ambulances to pass unobstructed while driving over the centre line during an emergency.


title: Speed bump

text: Speed cushions have several distinct advantages over similar traffic calming devices. Many municipalities are challenged by opposition to speed humps and speed tables since they slow down emergency vehicles. Speed cushions address this problem by allowing larger vehicles to straddle the cushion without slowing down. This is also an advantage for buses, as lower floor vehicles can sometimes ground out on traditional humps.


title: Speed bump

text: Speed cushions are often less costly than speed humps or tables, and most cities report them to be just as effective. In some jurisdictions, narrower speed cushions are placed at more frequent intervals to allow ambulances to pass while driving over the centre line. Large trucks are also not slowed down.


title: Speed bump

text: Development of speed cushions has focused primarily on the European context. European vehicles typically have a narrower track width than American vehicles, meaning their left and right wheels are closer together. Emergency vehicles still feature a wide track width, and the difference between them makes speed cushions more applicable.


title: Speed bump

text: In North America, however, consumer vehicles have a track width of . Many emergency vehicles are also equipped with dual tires on their rear axles. The additional tires limit track width to as narrow as , meaning speed cushions may not be suitable for their intended use.


title: Speed bump

text: A speed table (or flat top hump or raised pedestrian crossing) is designed as a long speed hump with a flat section in the middle. Speed tables are generally long enough for the entire wheelbase of a passenger car to rest on top. The long, flat design allows cars to pass without slowing as significantly as with speed humps or cushions. Because they slow cars less than similar devices, speed tables are often used on roads with typical residential speed limits.


title: Speed bump

text: Speed tables can also be signed as pedestrian crossings, namely zebra crossings. A raised zebra crossing is referred to as a wombat crossing in Australia. Other road features may be included, such as junctions, or even mini-roundabouts. Speed tables are used with zebra crossings repeatedly in Leighton Buzzard.


title: Speed bump

text: Typical speeds resulting from speed tables are . One sample of 8 sites found a 45% decrease in accidents per year with the use of speed tables. Wombat crossings may reduce casualties by 63%.


title: Speed bump

text: Speed tables are effective in calming traffic on streets where the speed limit needs to be maintained rather than slowing cars more significantly. Traffic speed, volumes, and accidents have been shown to decrease with the use of tables. Although not as responsive to emergency vehicles as speed cushions, speed tables cause less of a delay than humps and are typically preferred by fire departments over speed humps.


title: Speed bump

text: In the UK, vertical deflection in highways for the purpose of traffic calming typically takes one of the following forms:


title: Speed bump

text: Speed bumps in some areas have been removed after protests by local residents. Such protests cite the lack of any consultation as one factor. For example, complaints from Derby residents prompted the removal of 146 speed bumps from streets at a cost of £460,000. Similar incidents have been reported elsewhere in the UK. UK news sources reported a cyclist being killed in a crash while attempting to avoid a speed bump.


title: Sherwani

text: Sherwani is a long-sleeved outer coat worn by men in South Asia. Like the Western frock coat it is fitted, with some waist suppression; it falls to below the knees and is buttoned down the front. It can be collarless, have a shirt-style collar, or a stand-up collar in the style of the Mandarin collar.


title: Sherwani

text: It evolved in the Indian subcontinent in the 19th-century as a result of the outer garment of the late Mughal period, the angarkha—itself evolved from the Persian cape, "balaba"—being given a western style with a button-down front.


title: Sherwani

text: The name of the attire is plausibly derived from Shirvan or Sherwan, a region of present-day Azerbaijan, due to the folk dress of that area (Chokha) which resembles the sherwani. Therefore, the garment may also be a Mughalized derivative of the Caucasian dress due to the ethnocultural linkages of Turco-Persian affinity during the Middle Ages.


title: Sherwani

text: The sherwani originated in the 18th century in South Asia, before being more generally adopted in the late 19th century. It was originally associated with Muslim aristocracy during the period of British rule.


title: Sherwani

text: According to Emma Tarlo, the sherwani evolved from a Persian cape (balaba or chapkan), which was gradually given a more Indian form ("angarkha"), and finally developed into the sherwani, with buttons down the front, following European fashion. It originated in 19th century British India as the European style court dress of regional Mughal nobles and royals of northern India, before being more generally adopted in the late 19th century. It appeared first at Lucknow in the 1820s. It was gradually adopted by the rest of the royalty and aristocracy of the Indian subcontinent, and later by the general population, as a more evolved form of occasional traditional attire.


title: Sherwani

text: The sherwani evolved from a Persian cape (balaba or chapkan) and was developed into the sherwani, with buttons down the front, following European fashion.


title: Sherwani

text: The sherwani is now famous as a wedding outfit, and it has always been popular as an outfit which can be worn on formal occasions. The sherwani signified the dignity and etiquette of the nobility, and it used to be the court dress of the nobles of Turkish and Persian origin. It is the national dress of Pakistan for men. A sherwani carries a regal feel.


title: Sherwani

text: In India, the achkan has been generally worn, which is much shorter than the sherwani. The achkan was worn on formal occasions in winter, especially by those from Rajasthan, Punjab, Delhi, Jammu, Uttar Pradesh and Hyderabad. The achkan is generally associated with the Hindus while the sherwani was historically and is still favored by Muslims. The two garments have significant similarities, though sherwanis typically are more flared at the hips and achkans are lengthier than simple sherwanis. The achkan later evolved into the Nehru Jacket, which is now popular in India. In India, the achkan or sherwani is generally worn in combination with the "churidar" as the lower garment.


title: Sherwani

text: After the independence of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah frequently wore the sherwani. Following him, most people and government officials in Pakistan such as the President and Prime Minister started to wear the formal black sherwani over the shalwar kameez on state occasions and national holidays. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq made it compulsory for all officers to wear sherwani on state occasions and national holidays.


title: Sherwani

text: In Sri Lanka, Sherwani was generally worn as the formal uniform of Mudaliyars and early Tamil legislators during the British colonial period. It is now no longer worn in Sri Lanka.


title: Sherwani

text: Sherwanis are mostly worn in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. These garments usually feature detailed embroidery or patterns. One major difference between sherwani-wearing habits is the choice of lower garment: while in India it is mainly worn with churidars or pyjamas, in Pakistan and Bangladesh it is mainly worn with a shalwar.


title: Sherwani

text: Pakistani journalist, filmmaker and activist, Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy appeared in sherwani to receive Academy Award in 2012 and 2015.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: Cyrano de Bergerac is a 1990 French period comedy-drama film directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau and based on the 1897 play of the same name by Edmond Rostand, adapted by Jean-Claude Carrière and Rappeneau. It stars Gérard Depardieu, Anne Brochet and Vincent Perez. The film was a co-production between companies in France and Hungary.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: The film is the first feature film version of Rostand's original play in colour, and the second theatrical film version of the play in the original French. It is also considerably more lavish and more faithful to the original than previous film versions of the play. The film had 4,732,136 admissions in France.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: The film and the performance of Gérard Depardieu won numerous awards, notably 10 of the César Awards of 1991.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: Subtitles are used for the non-French market; the English-language version uses Anthony Burgess's translation of the text, which uses five-beat lines with a varying number of syllables and a regular couplet rhyming scheme, in other words, a sprung rhythm. Although he sustains the five-beat rhythm through most of the play, Burgess sometimes allows this structure to break deliberately: in Act V, he allows it to collapse completely, creating free verse.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: In 2010, "Cyrano de Bergerac" was ranked number 43 in "Empire" magazine's "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema".


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: Gascon poet and swashbuckler Cyrano de Bergerac is self-conscious about his enormous nose, but pretends to be proud of it. He is admired and respected by many people for his bravery and good swordsmanship. He madly loves his cousin, the beautiful Roxane; however, he is sure that she will reject him because of his appearance. To elevate himself in her eyes, he interferes with a play being staged at the Hôtel du Bourgogne, in Paris, and wins a duel with a marquis.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: In the second act of the play and film, Cyrano meets with Roxane at her request. He is crushed when Roxane tells him she is infatuated with Christian de Neuvillette, a handsome and dashing new recruit to the Cadets de Gascogne (the military unit in which Cyrano is serving). However, Cyrano learns that Christian is tongue-tied when speaking with women. Seeing an opportunity to vicariously declare his love to Roxane, Cyrano approaches Christian with a proposal: Cyrano will write the love letters, and Christian will woo Roxane with them. Christian agrees.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: Cyrano aids Christian, writing heartfelt love letters and poems. Roxane begins to appreciate Christian, not only for his good looks but also his apparent eloquence. She eventually falls in love with him. But the Comte de Guiche, an arrogant and exceptionally powerful older nobleman, also has designs on Roxane. Roxane and Cyrano thwart De Guiche's attempt to visit Roxane by arranging a quick secret marriage between Roxane and Christian. In revenge, De Guiche orders his company of cadets—including Cyrano and Christian—to report immediately for military duty in the Siege of Arras against the Spanish.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: The siege is harsh and brutal: the Cadets de Gascogne are starving. Christian does not know that Cyrano escapes over enemy lines twice each day to deliver a love letter written by Cyrano himself but signed with Christian's name, sent to Roxane. These letters draw Roxane out from the city of Paris to the war front. Although she has come to visit Christian, she admits to him that she has fallen in love with the author's soul, and would love the author even if he were ugly. Christian tries to find out whether Roxane loves him or Cyrano, and asks Cyrano to find out. However, during the subsequent battle, Christian is mortally wounded. The scene ends with the French returning to the battle.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: In the final scene of the play and film, fourteen years later, Roxane has entered a convent and retired from the world. Cyrano has made many enemies with his writings; he is still free, but now poor. During this time, Cyrano has faithfully visited Roxane every week, never declaring his love. On this day, his enemies attack and mortally injure him. Cyrano nevertheless visits Roxane at the convent. When she mentions Christian's last letter, sensing his own mortality, Cyrano asks if he can read it. Roxane gives him the letter, which he reads movingly. Just before Cyrano dies, Roxane realizes that she has loved him all along.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on , with a weighted average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Love and hope soar in "Cyrano De Bergerac", an immensely entertaining romance featuring Gerard Depardieu at his peak." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 79 based on 19 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: Roger Ebert from the "Chicago Sun Times" awarded the film three out of four stars. In his review on the film, Ebert wrote, ""Cyrano de Bergerac" is a splendid movie not just because it tells its romantic story, and makes it visually delightful, and centers it on Depardieu, but for a better reason: The movie acts as if it believes this story. Depardieu is not a satirist - not here, anyway. He plays Cyrano on the level, for keeps."


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film three and a half out of four stars, calling it "the definitive screen version of the Edmond Rostand perennial". In his review, Maltin praised the film's staging of scenes, while also noting that the film somewhat faltered during the finale by being overextended.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: The film was nominated for five Academy Awards at the 1990 ceremony, this marked the second time that an actor had been nominated for Best Actor for his portrayal of Cyrano de Bergerac (the first time was in 1950, when José Ferrer won the award for his performance in the English-language version of the film).


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)

text: "Cyrano de Bergerac" was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in May 2005 as part of a collection with the 1950 version. The DVD is compatible with all region codes and includes special features such as the theatrical trailer, Umbrella Entertainment trailers, talent biographies, an interview with Gérard Depardieu and a Roger Ebert review. In February 2009 an Academy Award edition was released by Umbrella Entertainment.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Apna Time Bhi Aayega () was an Indian Hindi-language television drama that aired on Zee TV and also digitally available on ZEE5. The show stars Fahman Khan, Megha Ray and Vivana Singh in the lead roles.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Initially Tannaz Irani was cast of play the negative role of Rajeshwari Singh Rajawat but she was replaced after 148 episodes as she could not shoot in Goa. Vivana Singh later replaced her in 2021.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: The series premiered on 20 October 2020 and produced by Ved Raj, under the company Shoonya Square Productions. The Show telecasted its last episode on 16 October 2021.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Rani is a top student at her school and dreams of becoming an engineer to fulfill her father's (Radhameer's) wishes. Rani lives with her brother Pinku and her grandmother in Ballia. Her father works in the city for the Rajawat Family and her mother has died. Veer Singh Rajawat is a famous doctor in Jaipur. Rajawat Family is one of the most rich and renowned family in Jaipur.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Rani meets with an accident because of Veer. Veer takes her to his home, where she meets her father. Rani's father is taken to jail because was drinking under the influence, and run the car over 4 people. and Rani begins to try to find evidence that he is innocent. She puts her dreams on hold and starts working for the Rajawat Family in her father's place. Veer gets engaged to Kiara. Veer never gets any love from his stepmother, Rajeshwari Singh Rajawat (RaniSa), who is the matriarch of the Rajawat Family, so he decides to marry the girl she chose for him. Prince Jay Singh enters the mansion and is supposed to get engaged to Nandini, Veer's stepsister. Jay almost forces Rani but Veer saves her. Rani begins to respect Veer. Rani finds out that her father is in jail because of Veer. Someone calls Rani to the temple claiming that they have evidence to prove that her father is innocent. But, this was a scheme played by Jay Singh. Veer came to that same temple to pray. Priests see Rani and start to throw rocks at her because no unmarried woman can enter the temple. In order to save Rani, Veer marries her. When the family finds out, they are all devastated and this causes the rift between Rani Sa and Veer to expand. Rani Sa leaves the house and sends her sister, Padmini to kick Rani out of the house. After a series of events, Rani wins the heart of everyone except Rani Sa. With the help of Veer, Rani exposes Jay Singh's ill intentions and breaks Nandini's relationship with Jay.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Rani has to leave for her village as she needs to complete her form for her education. Rani Sa tells Veer to leave Rani at her village. Veer goes to Rani's village and is showered in love. He starts to find it difficult to tell Rani that he is leaving her. Rani's childhood friend, Birju comes back from foreign and wants to marry her. He is left heartbroken to see Rani has married someone else. During one of the marriage rituals Veer gets drunk and tries to tell Rani that he is leaving, but fails. Nandini is kidnapped by Jai's friends and Jai saves her. This was a scheme played by Jai. Radhameer's land has been taken over by the a powerful person named Bade Bhaiya (translated: Elder Brother). Bade Bhaiya challenge Rani, Birju, and Veer to a kabaddi competition. Kiara (Veer's ex-fiancée) comes to Rani's village with Vikram. Veer wins the kabaddi tournament. Raj Mata, Veer's grandmother finds out that Veer is the illegitimate child of her son, Digvijay, and not an orphan.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Someone tries to hit a stone at Veer, but Rani gets hit. Veer tells an unconscious Rani that he is he is unable to tell her that he is leaving her which is overheard by Birju. The next day Birju and Veer go to get medicines for Rani, but Birju sends goons after Veer and tells Veer to leave Rani as that he learned his truth. Birju turns to shoot Veer. Rani stops Birju. Veer helps Surti Devi (Rani's cow) give birth and plans to tell Rani the truth, but her grandmother begs Veer to help Radhameer prove his innocence. Rani asks Veer the truth behind her father's arrest, but before Veer can answer, Rani Sa comes from Jaipur interrupting them. Rani Sa revels to Rani about the plan and Rani tells Veer to leave for the city. Kiara provokes the villagers and they start taunting Rani and try to take off her Sindoor and call her a widow. Vikram and Veer get into a physical fight, and Veer realizes that what he did was wrong. Veer stops the villagers from taking off Rani's Sindoor and comes to take her back to the village. Veer says that he cannot promise that he would hurt her again.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: When they reach Jaipur, Rani Sa accepts Rani as her bahu (daughter-in-law). She shifts Rani from the servant's quarter to Veer's room. Jai tries to win Nandini's heart and uses Champa's help. On Valentine's Day, Rani Sa organizes a party where she reveals to everyone that Rani is Rajawat family's daughter-in-law, making Kiara jealous. Kumud wants to tell the family a secret but Digvijay tells her not to, making Rajmata suspicious. It is revealed that Kumud is Veer's biological mother due to a past extramarital affair between her and Digvijay. When Dadi Sa finds out she is left devastated and wants them to tell Rani Sa. It is also revealed that this was the reason why Rani Sa never accepted Veer.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Later Rani Sa reveals to Rani that her father is counting his last days and that the court is going to give the decision very shortly. She tells her that she never accepted Rani and was only pretending to like her. Rani's lawyer leaves the case and Rani is left devastated. Rani Sa tries to create many obstacles in her path. After the Basant Panchami, Rani Sa sent the room on fire where Rani was in. But Veer saves her. Rani Sa tries to create multiple rifts between them.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Goons attack Ramadheer on the day of his hearing and Rani also gets injured. Seeing Rani in this state, Veer decided to surrender himself to the police, releasing Ramadheer. Rani believes that Veer is innocent and helps him get bail. While trying to prove that Veer is innocent she enacts the accident scene and in that process the car's brakes fail because of which the car gets hit to the tree and she gets hurt on the forehead. Rani finds out that it was Rani Sa who did the accident because on the day of Veer's engagement, Vikram was very drunk and he went in the car somewhere. Luckily before he could hurt anyone, the police officers found Vikram and called Rani Sa. When Rani Sa went to pick up Vikram, she did the accident. She asked Radhameer to take the blame. Jai Singh records Rani Sa taking the blame and gives it to the police anonymously. Rani Sa is arrested and Jai Singh kidnaps Rani. Later, Veer manages to release Rani from kidnappers. Rani and Veer's love starts to blossom, and they spend a romantic night together while Kiara loses her memory. It's revealed that Vikram and Kiara got married after getting drunk in the Valentine's Day party.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Rajeshwari returns and creates a misunderstanding between Veer and Rani, she makes Veer believe that Rani has an affair with Birju. As Veer pretends to be married to Kiara, Rani Sa ousts Rani, however she returns and warns Rani Sa and asks a huge sum of money from the Rajawats. On seeing Veer's mistrust on her, she is left devastated and leaves for her village. Veer also reaches there along with Kiara and Vikram. After a series of events and multiple plots and schemes played by RaniSa and her accomplices Veer apologies to Rani. Veer finds out about RaniSa's ploy and questions her to which she demands him to choose between her or Rani. Veer gets into an accident thinking about the two choices. Rajeshwari warns Rani not to come back to Rajawat house but she disobeys her and returns. Rani then joins college at Jaipur while Veer gets emotional towards a mysterious patient in his hospital. While RaniSa decides to get Jay and Nandini married, Rani vows to stop it and it declares an open war against Jai.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Eventually, Jai and Nandini get married as Veer and Rani fail to stop their wedding after a series of events. It is revealed that the mysterious patient is Ranvijay who is Veer's biological father. Ranvijay is Rajamata's elder son. It is also revealed that there is a mysterious past attached with him and the Rajawat Family. It is revealed that Veer is Rajeshwari and Ranvijay's biological son but Ranvijay starts plotting some mischievous act which Rani finds out and is kidnapped by him. Rani is thrown off a building and is assumed to be dead by Ranvijay. However Rani recovers and returns to the Rajawat house disguised as a old maidservant. Rani's uncle and cousin sister Kajri arrive there as a guest. Kajri tries to impress Vickram to get married to him in greed of money but fails. Rani tries to expose Ranvijay but after a series of events Ranvijay learns the truth and kidnaps Pinku. He was about to kill Rani but Veer saves her. Rajeshwari's step sister Vijya ousts the Rajawats and snatches their property. Jai brings Champa to his house and openly starts romancing with her to make Nandini jealous. He starts mistreating Nandini and making her do all the house chores. Rani saves Vijya's son Suraj from getting hit by a car on road with makes him fall in love with her. On Suraj's behalf Vijya appoints Rani as Suraj's home tutor to which she agrees. Rani tries to gain the trust of Vijya and Suraj to get the property back by taking Vijya's sign and hides all this from her family. However the Rajawats learn of this and except Veer everyone blame her. Veer however agrees to help Rani in the mission and they succeed in getting the signature. Suraj finds out about this fact and gets furious. Vijya and Suraj kidnap Veer and threaten Rani to obey their orders. Rani lies to the Rajawats that she murdered Veer which in turn makes Rajeshwari slap her. Helplessly she makes the Rajawats servants. On the wedding day of Suraj and Rani, Suraj is shocked to find a old woman in the place of Rani. It is revealed that Rani's uncle and Pinku had found out the location of Veer and saved him. The police arrive and arrest Vijya and Suraj. Before leaving Vijya says that "the game hasn't ended, you have just started a new chapter". Rajeshwari finally accepts Rani as her daughter-in-law. Nandini comes to the Rajawat house with Jai where Rani sees him misbehaving with Nandini and she eventually learns the truth of their marriage. She applies some tricks to expose Jai but fails. Veer and Rani ask Nandini about this to which Nandini refuses their blames on Jai. A drunk Veer demands to get married as to Rani again with great pomp to which Rajeshwari agrees. Kiara returns and both she and Vickram express their feelings to each other which disappoints Kajri. Rani and Veer; Kiara and Vickram; Nandini and Jai's engagement get fixed on the same day after which Kajri kidnaps both Kiara and Vickram. On the wedding day Nandini signs the property propers given by Veer which make sure that she will not have right on any money or property of the Rajawats afterwards. When Jai learns of this, he gets furious and tries to slap her but Veer stops him. Rani puts black color on Jai's face before he gets arrested by the police. Vickram and Kiara manage to escape and reach Rajawat house by making Kajri unconscious. However, Kajri gains consciousness and follows them. When Rani learns the truth, she slaps Kajri to which Kajri gets sad and asks for forgiveness. Everyone forgives Kajri and Rani and Veer; Kiara and Vikram successfully get married. At the end, everyone says the words "Apna Time Aa Gaya" (Our time came).


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Initially, Anushka Sen was cast for the role of Rani. She left the series three weeks after the launch claiming health issues while the producers cited that she was unprofessional and threw tantrums on the set. Anushka was replaced by Megha Ray. Tannaz Irani tested positive for COVID-19 but resumed shooting after she recovered. Megha Ray had tested positive for COVID-19 and she is staying at home quarantining. She eventually tested negative and she continued working. Tannaz Irani was replaced by Vivana Singh as Rajeshwari Singh Rajawat. Irani says that "It was a random call; they told me that I was required to shoot every day, as my character is pivotal. They went on to add that they have thought it through and since I can’t travel to Goa, they are replacing me. I am shocked and confused". The show telecasted its last episode on 16 October 2021.


title: Apna Time Bhi Aayega

text: Two music videos were released from the soundtrack. The first one was picturized on Anushka Sen, while second one contains different scenes from the drama featuring Megha Ray and Fahmaan Khan.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Emmanuel Joel Jose Villanueva (, born August 2, 1975), nicknamed "Tesdaman", is a Filipino politician serving as the Senate Majority Leader since 2022 and has been a Senator since 2016. He previously served as the Director General of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) from 2010 to 2015 in the administration of President Benigno Aquino III. He started his political career in the House of Representatives, representing CIBAC party-list from 2002 to 2010; he was the youngest member of the House when he assumed office, aged 26. He is a son of evangelist and politician Bro. Eddie Villanueva, founder of Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Villanueva is also a basketball player currently playing for the Senate Defenders in the UNTV Cup. He also played for the Philippine national team and the University of Santo Tomas.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Joel Villanueva was born on August 2, 1975, in Bocaue, Bulacan. He is the second of four children of the Philippine Christian evangelist Eddie Villanueva and Adoracion "Dory" Jose-Villanueva. He attended the University of Santo Tomas where he graduated in 1996 with a Bachelor of Science in Commerce degree, with a Major in Economics. He attended Harvard University in the United States for a Master in Business Administration from 1996 to 1998.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: While a student of the University of Santo Tomas, Villanueva played with the UST Growling Tigers varsity basketball team, that won the UAAP Season 56 and 57 of 1994–1995. Villanueva was part of the Philippines national basketball team that competed in international basketball competitions such as the inaugural 1994 SEABA Championship (coached by Virgil Villavicencio).


title: Joel Villanueva

text: He returned to competitive basketball in 2013, playing for the Congress-LGU Legislators in the UNTV Cup. In 2014, he played for the Malacañang Patriots. After winning a Senate seat, Villanueva joined the Senate Defenders basketball team, in preparations for the opening of Season 5 of the UNTV Cup. He was part of the Defenders' championship team that won the UNTV Cup Season 6 in 2018.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Villanueva was elected to the Philippine House of Representatives in 2001 as a party-list representative of the Citizens' Battle Against Corruption (CIBAC). However, his oath-taking was stalled for seven months following issues that CIBAC was an extension of the Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide, a Christian church founded by his father, Eddie Villanueva. At age 26, Villanueva took his oath of office in February 2002, becoming the youngest member of the House of Representatives (a distinction previously held by Felix William Fuentebella).


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Villanueva was a member of the 12th, 13th, and 14th Congresses spanning 2001 through 2010. At the 12th Congress, he became the first party-list representative, minority leader of the House's Commission on Appointments, and assistant majority leader in the House. He was also among the principal sponsors of Republic Act No. 9485 (the Anti Red-Tape Law of 2007). In the 13th Congress, he served as a deputy minority leader in the House.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: He was appointed by President Benigno Aquino III as TESDA chief in 2010. Upon assuming his post as head of TESDA, Villanueva initiated an audit of the agency stemming from a sponsorship debt related to undocumented TESDA scholarships. The audit reduced the agency's debt to after eliminating "ghost schools" and "ghost scholars".


title: Joel Villanueva

text: As TESDA chief, he initiated the "Shoot for your Dream" series, an aspirational program which involved exhibition games featuring Philippine Basketball Association legends. Villanueva himself played as part of the basketball exhibition team, named "Team Trabaho".


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Under his watch, TESDA's central office, as well as 17 regional offices and 81 provincial offices, were granted ISO certifications. Among these certifications included the office at the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, the first TESDA office to receive such a certification in Mindanao.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: While in office as Director General of TESDA, he completed an extensive vocational course in Advanced Food and Beverage Services within the agency for training as a barista.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Prior to launching a senatorial bid, he tendered his resignation from the post on October 9, 2015. His resignation became effective on October 13, 2015, and President Benigno Aquino III named TESDA deputy director general Irene Isaac as his successor.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Villanueva ran for senator under the Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid in the 2016 senatorial elections. He was also a shared candidate in the 10-member senatorial slate of the late presidential candidate Miriam Defensor Santiago. He filed his certificate of candidacy at the Commission on Elections on October 16, 2015. He unexpectedly won the Senate race, landing in second place with 18,459,222 votes.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Campaigning under the moniker "TESDA Man" (alternatively spelled as "TESDAMAN") alluding to his previous experience as head of TESDA, Villanueva's platform is focused on employment. His platform is likewise abbreviated into TESDA – which stands for "Trabaho, Edukasyon, Serbisyo, Dignidad and Asenso" (Employment, Education, Service, Dignity and Progress).


title: Joel Villanueva

text: On November 14, 2016, Ombudsman Conchita Carpio Morales ordered Villanueva's dismissal from public service for "grave misconduct, serious dishonesty, and conduct prejudicial to the interest of the service" over alleged misuse of his Priority Development Assistance Fund during his tenure as a congressman. Villanueva alleged that the incriminating documents were forged. Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III was directed by the Ombudsman to implement the order imposed against Villanueva.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Villanueva ran for re-election in the 2022 senatorial elections. Running as an independent candidate, he was named as a guest candidate of the Lacson–Sotto, MP3 Alliance, and TRoPa slates. He was successful, landing in the 9th place with 18,539,537 votes. He was later named Senate Majority Leader at the opening of the 19th Congress.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: He was given the Gawad Dangal ng Lipi for Public Service Award by the Bulacan provincial government on September 15, 2012. The Development Executive Group (DevEx) an organization based in the United States gave him the DEVEX Manila 40 Under 40 International Development Leaders Award on February 19, 2013. A former student of the University of Santo Tomas, he was named as Most Outstanding Alumni Award by the university.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: He was granted an "Honoris Causa" degree of Doctor of Humanities by the Polytechnic University of the Philippines on May 10, 2013.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Villanueva has two children, Jaden and Gwyn. As a basketball enthusiast, Villanueva is reportedly a fan of the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association.


title: Joel Villanueva

text: Villanueva formerly hosted the television program, "Adyenda", and leads the Kristiyanong Kabataan para sa Bayan Movement, a youth organization.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Sara Elizabeth Bruce Northrup Hollister (April 8, 1924December 19, 1997) was an occultist and second wife of Scientologist founder L. Ron Hubbard. She played a major role in the creation of Dianetics, which evolved into the religious movement Scientology. Hubbard would evolve into the leader of the Church of Scientology.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Northrup was a major figure in the Pasadena branch of the Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), a secret society led by the English occultist Aleister Crowley, where she was known as "Soror [Sister] Cassap". She joined as a teenager along with her older sister Helen. From 1941 to 1945 she had a turbulent relationship with her sister's husband John Whiteside Parsons, a pioneer in liquid-fueled rocketry and head of the Pasadena O.T.O. Although she was a committed and popular member, she acquired a reputation for disruptiveness that prompted Crowley to denounce her as a "vampire." She began a relationship with L. Ron Hubbard, whom she met through the O.T.O., in 1945. She and Hubbard eloped, taking with them a substantial amount of Parsons' life savings and marrying bigamously a year later while Hubbard was still married to his first wife, Margaret Grubb.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Northrup played a significant role in the development of Dianetics, Hubbard's "modern science of mental health", between 1948 and 1951. She was Hubbard's personal auditor and along with Hubbard, one of the seven members of the Dianetics Foundation's Board of Directors. However, their marriage was deeply troubled; Hubbard was responsible for a prolonged campaign of domestic violence against her and kidnapped both her and her infant daughter. Hubbard spread allegations that she was a Communist secret agent and repeatedly denounced her to the FBI. The FBI declined to take any action, characterizing Hubbard as a "mental case". The marriage ended in 1951 and prompted lurid headlines in the Los Angeles newspapers. She subsequently married one of Hubbard's former employees, Miles Hollister, and moved to Hawaii and later Massachusetts, where she died in 1997.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Northrup was one of five children born to Thomas Cowley, an Englishman working for the Standard Oil Company, and his wife, Olga Nelson, the daughter of a Swedish immigrant to the United States. She was the granddaughter of Russian emigrant Malacon Kosadamanov (later Nelson) who emigrated to Sweden. The couple had three daughters. In 1923 the family moved to Pasadena, a destination said to have been chosen by Olga using a Ouija board.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Although she later remembered her childhood with warmth, Northrup's upbringing was marred by her sexually abusive father, who was imprisoned in 1928 for financial fraud. She was sexually active from an unusually young age and often said she lost her virginity at the age of ten.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: In 1933, Northrup's 22-year-old sister Helen met the 18-year-old Jack Parsons, a chemist who went on to be a noted expert in rocket propulsion. Jack Parsons was also an avid student and practitioner of the occult. Helen and Jack were engaged in July 1934 and married in April 1935. Parsons' interest in the occult led in 1939 to him and Helen joining the Pasadena branch of the Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.).


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: At age 15, Northrup moved in with sister Helen and her husband Jack, while she finished high school. Parsons had subdivided the house, a rambling mansion next door to the estate of Adolphus Busch (which later became the first Busch Gardens), into 19 apartments which he populated with a mixture of artists, writers, scientists and occultists. Her parents not only knew about her unconventional living arrangements but supported Parsons' group financially.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Northrup joined the O.T.O. in 1941, at Parsons' urging, and was given the title of Soror [Sister] Cassap. She soon rose to the rank of a second degree member, or "Magician", of the O.T.O.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: In June 1941, at the age of seventeen, she began a passionate affair with Parsons while her sister Helen was away on vacation. She made a striking impression on the other lodgers; George Pendle describes her as "feisty and untamed, proud and self-willed, she stood five foot nine, had a lithe body and blond hair, and was extremely candid." When Helen returned, she found Northrup wearing Helen's own clothes and calling herself Parsons' "new wife." Such conduct was expressly permitted by the O.T.O., which followed Crowley's disdain of marriage as a "detestable institution" and accepted as commonplace the swapping of wives and partners between O.T.O. members.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Although both were committed O.T.O. members, Northrup's usurpation of Helen's role led to conflict between the two sisters. The reactions of Parsons and Helen towards Northrup were markedly different. Parsons told Helen to her face that he preferred Northrup sexually: "This is a fact that I can do nothing about. I am better suited to her temperamentally – we get on well. Your character is superior. You are a greater person. I doubt that she would face what you have with me – or support me as well." Some years later, addressing himself as "You", Parsons told himself that his affair with Northrup (whom he called Betty) marked a key step in his growth as a practitioner of magick: "Betty served to affect a transference from Helen at a critical period ... Your passion for Betty also gave you the magical force needed at the time, and the act of adultery tinged with incest, served as your magical confirmation in the law of Thelema."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Helen was far less sanguine, writing in her diary of "the sore spot I carried where my heart should be", and had furious – sometimes violent – rows with both Parsons and Northrup. She began an affair with Wilfred Smith, Parsons' mentor in the O.T.O. and had a son in 1943 who bore Parsons' surname but who was almost certainly fathered by Smith. Northrup also became pregnant but had an abortion on April 1, 1943, arranged by Parsons and carried out by Dr. Zachary Taylor Malaby, a prominent Pasadena doctor and Democratic politician.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Northrup's hostility towards other members of the O.T.O. caused further tensions in the house, which Aleister Crowley heard about from communications from her housemates. He dubbed her "the alley-cat" after an unnamed mutual acquaintance told him that Parsons's attraction to her was like "a yellow pup bumming around with his snout glued to the rump of an alley-cat." Concluding that she was a vampire, which he defined as "an elemental or demon in the form of a woman" who sought to "lure the Candidate to his destruction," he warned that Northrup was a grave danger to Parsons and to the "Great Work" which the O.T.O. was carrying out in California.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Similar concerns were expressed by other O.T.O. members. The O.T.O.'s US head, Karl Germer, labeled her "an ordeal sent by the gods". Her disruptive behavior appalled Fred Gwynn, a new O.T.O. member living in the commune at 1003 South Orange Grove Avenue: "Betty went to almost fantastical lengths to disrupt the meetings [of the O.T.O.] that Jack did get together. If she could not break it up by making social engagements with key personnel she, and her gang, would go out to a bar and keep calling in asking for certain people to come to the telephone."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: In August 1945, Northrup met L. Ron Hubbard for the first time. He had visited 1003 South Orange Grove Avenue at the behest of Lou Goldstone, a well-known science fiction illustrator, while on leave from his service in the US Navy. Parsons took an immediate liking to Hubbard and invited him to stay in the house for the duration of his leave. Hubbard soon began an affair with Northrup after beginning "affairs with one girl after another in the house." He was a striking figure who habitually wore dark glasses and carried a cane with a silver handle, the need for which he attributed to his wartime service: as Northrup later put it, "He was not only a writer but he was the captain of a ship that had been downed in the Pacific and he was weeks on a raft and had been blinded by the sun and his back had been broken." She believed all of it, though none of his claims of wartime action or injuries was true.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Parsons was deeply dismayed but tried to put a brave face on the situation, informing Aleister Crowley:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Hubbard became Parsons' "magical partner" for a sex magic ritual that was intended to summon an incarnation of a goddess. Although they got on well as fellow occultists, tensions between the two men were apparent in more domestic settings. Hubbard and Northrup made no secret of their relationship; another lodger at Parsons' house described how he saw Hubbard "living off Parsons' largesse and making out with his girlfriend right in front of him. Sometimes when the two of them were sitting at the table together, the hostility was almost tangible." Despite the tensions between them, Hubbard, Northrup and Parsons agreed at the start of 1946 that they would go into business together, buying yachts on the East Coast and sailing them to California to sell at a profit. They set up a business partnership on January 15, 1946 under the name of "Allied Enterprises", with Parsons putting up $20,000 of capital, Hubbard adding $1,200 and Northrup contributing nothing. Hubbard and Northrup left for Florida towards the end of April, Hubbard taking with him $10,000 drawn from the Allied Enterprises account to fund the purchase of the partnership's first yacht. Weeks passed without word from Hubbard. Louis Culling, another O.T.O. member, wrote to Karl Germer to explain the situation:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Germer informed Crowley, who wrote back to opine: "It seems to me on the information of our brethren in California that Parsons has got an illumination in which he has lost all his personal independence. From our brother's account he has given away both his girl and his money. Apparently it is the ordinary confidence trick."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Parsons initially attempted to obtain redress through magical means, carrying out a "Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram" to curse Hubbard and Northrup. He credited it with causing the couple to abort an attempt to evade him:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Northrup later recalled that the boat had been caught in a hurricane in the Panama Canal, damaging it too badly to be able to continue the voyage to California. Parsons subsequently resorted to more conventional means of obtaining redress and sued the couple on July 1 in the Circuit Court for Dade County. His lawsuit accused Hubbard and Northrup of breaking the terms of their partnership, dissipating the assets and attempting to abscond. The case was settled out of court eleven days later, with Hubbard and Northrup agreeing to refund some of Parsons' money while keeping a yacht, the "Harpoon", for themselves. The boat was soon sold to ease the couple's shortage of cash. Northrup was able to dissuade Parsons from pressing his case by threatening to expose their past relationship, which had begun when she was under the legal age of consent. Hubbard's relationship with Northrup, while legal, had already caused alarm among those who knew him; Virginia Heinlein, the wife of the science fiction writer Robert Heinlein, regarded Hubbard as "a very sad case of post-war breakdown" and Northrup as his "latest Man-Eating Tigress".


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Hubbard's financial troubles were reflected in his attempts to persuade the Veterans Administration to increase his pension award on the grounds of a variety of ailments which he said were preventing him finding a job. He persuaded Northrup to pose as an old friend writing in support of his appeals; in one letter, she claimed untruthfully to have "known Lafayette Ronald Hubbard for many years" and described his supposed pre-war state of health. His health and emotional difficulties were reflected in another, much more private, document which has been dubbed "The Affirmations". It is thought to have been written around 1946–7 as part of an attempted program of self-hypnotism. His sexual difficulties with Northrup, for which he was taking testosterone supplements, are a significant feature of the document. He wrote:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Around the same time, Hubbard proposed marriage to Northrup. According to Northrup's later recollections she repeatedly refused him but relented after he threatened to kill himself. She told him: "All right, I'll marry you, if that's going to save you." They were married in the middle of the night of August 10, 1946 at Chestertown, Maryland after awakening a minister and roping in his wife and housekeeper to serve as witnesses. It was not until much later that Northrup discovered that Hubbard had never been divorced from his first wife, Margaret "Polly" Grubb; the marriage was bigamous. Ironically, the wedding took place only 30 miles from the town where Hubbard had married his first wife thirteen years previously. The wedding attracted criticism from L. Sprague de Camp, another science fiction colleague of Hubbard's, who suggested to the Heinleins that he supposed "Polly was tiresome about not giving him his divorce so he could marry six other gals who were all hot & moist over him. How many girls is a man entitled to in one lifetime, anyway? Maybe he should be reincarnated as a rabbit."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: The couple moved repeatedly over the following year – first to Laguna Beach, California, then to Santa Catalina Island, California, New York City, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania and ultimately to Hubbard's first wife's home at South Colby, Washington. Polly Hubbard had filed for divorce on the grounds of desertion and non-support, and was not even aware that Hubbard was living with Northrup, let alone that he had married her. The arrival of Hubbard and Northrup three weeks after the divorce was filed scandalized Hubbard's family, who deeply disapproved of his treatment of Polly. Northrup had no idea of Hubbard's first marriage or why people were treating her so strangely until his son L. Ron Hubbard Jr. told her that his parents were still married. She attempted to flee on a ferry but Hubbard caught up with her and convinced her to stay, saying that he was in the process of getting a divorce and that an attorney had told him that the marriage with Northrup was legal. The couple moved to a rented trailer in North Hollywood in July 1947, where Hubbard spent much of his time writing stories for pulp magazines.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: The relationship was not an easy one. According to Northrup, Hubbard began beating her when they were in Florida in the summer of 1946. Her father had just died and her grief appeared to aggravate Hubbard, who was attempting to restart his pre-war career of writing pulp fiction. He was struggling with constant writer's block and leaned heavily on Northrup to provide plot ideas and even to help write some of his stories. She later recalled: "I would often entertain him with plots so he could write. I loved to make plots. The "Ole Doc Methuselah" series was done that way." One night while they were living beside a frozen lake in Stroudsburg, Hubbard hit her across the face with his .45 pistol. She recalled that "I got up and left the house in the night and walked on the ice of the lake because I was terrified." Despite her shock and humiliation, she felt compelled to return to Hubbard. He was severely depressed and repeatedly threatened suicide, and Northrup believed "he must be suffering or he wouldn't act that way".


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: After Hubbard was convicted of petty theft in San Luis Obispo in August 1948, the couple moved again to Savannah, Georgia. Hubbard told his friend Forrest J. Ackerman that he had acquired a Dictaphone machine which Northrup was "beating out her wits on" transcribing not only fiction but his book on the "cause and cure of nervous tension". This eventually became the first draft of Hubbard's book "", which marked the foundation of Dianetics and ultimately of Scientology.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: The final version of "Dianetics" was written at Bay Head, New Jersey in a cottage which the science fiction editor John W. Campbell had found for the Hubbards. Northrup, who was beginning a pregnancy, was said to have been delighted with the location. In three years of marriage to Hubbard, she had set up home in seven different states and had never stayed in one place for more than a few months. She gave birth on March 8, 1950 to a daughter, Alexis Valerie. A month later Northrup was made a director of the newly established Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation in Elizabeth, New Jersey, an organization founded to disseminate knowledge of Dianetics. The Hubbards moved to a new house in Elizabeth to be near the Foundation. Northrup became Hubbard's personal auditor (Dianetic counselor) and was hailed by him as one of the first Dianetic "Clears".


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: "Dianetics" became an immediate bestseller when it was published in May 1950. Only two months later, over 55,000 copies had been sold and 500 Dianetics groups had been set up across the United States. The Dianetics Foundation was making a huge amount of money, but problems were already evident: money was pouring out as fast as it was coming in, due to lax financial management and Hubbard's own free spending. Northrup recalled that "he used to


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: carry huge amounts of cash around in his pocket. I remember going past a Lincoln dealer and admiring one of those big Lincolns they had then. He walked right in there and bought it for me, cash!"


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: By October, the Foundation's financial affairs had reached a crisis point. According to his public relations assistant, Barbara Klowden, Hubbard became increasingly paranoid and authoritarian due to "political and organizational problems with people grabbing for power." He began an affair with the twenty-year-old Klowden, much to the annoyance of Northrup, who was clearly aware of the liaison. Klowden recalled that Northrup "was very hostile to me. We were talking about guns and she said to me that I was the type to use a Saturday night special" (a very cheap "junk gun"). One evening he arranged a double-date with his wife and Klowden, who was accompanied by Hollister, an instructor in the Los Angeles Dianetic Foundation. The dinner party backfired drastically; Northrup began an affair with Hollister, a handsome 22-year-old who was college-educated and a noted sportsman.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: The marriage was in the process of breaking down rapidly. Northrup and Hubbard had frequent rows and his violent behaviour towards her continued unabated. On one occasion, while Northrup was pregnant, Hubbard kicked her several times in the stomach in an apparent – though unsuccessful – attempt to induce an abortion. She recalled that "with or without an argument, there'd be an upsurge of violence. The veins in his forehead would engorge" and he would hit her "out of the blue", breaking her eardrum in one attack. Despite this, she still "felt so guilty about the fact that he was so psychologically damaged. I felt as though he had given so much to our country and I couldn't even bring him peace of mind. I believed thoroughly that he was a man of great honor, had sacrificed his well being to the country ... It just never occurred to me he was a liar." He told her that he didn't want to be married "for I can buy my friends whenever I want them" but he could not divorce either, as the stigma would hurt his reputation. Instead, he said, if Northrup really loved him she should kill herself.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Klowden recalled later that "he was very down in the dumps about his wife. He told me how he had met Northrup. He said he went to a party and got drunk and when he woke up in the morning he found Northrup was in bed with him. He was having a lot of problems with her. I remember he said to me I was the only person he knew who would set up a white silk tent for him. I was rather surprised when we were driving back to LA on Sunday evening, he stopped at a florist to buy some flowers for his wife." In November 1950, Northrup attempted suicide by taking sleeping pills. Hubbard blamed Klowden for the suicide bid and told her to forget about him and the Foundation, but resumed the affair with her again within a month.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Hubbard attempted to patch up the marriage in January 1951 by inviting Northrup and baby Alexis to Palm Springs, California where he had rented a house. The situation soon became tense again; Richard de Mille, nephew of the famous director Cecil B. de Mille, recalled that "there was a lot of turmoil and dissension in the Foundation at the time; he kept accusing Communists of trying to take control and he was having difficulties with Northrup. It was clear their marriage was breaking up – she was very critical of him and he told me she was fooling around with Hollister and he didn't trust her." Hubbard enlisted de Mille and another Dianeticist, Dave Williams, in an attempt to convince her to stay with him. John Sanborne, who worked with Hubbard for many years, recalled:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Northrup went to a psychiatrist to obtain advice about Hubbard's increasingly violent and irrational behaviour, and was told that he probably needed to be institutionalized and that she was in serious danger. She gave Hubbard an ultimatum: get treatment or she would leave with the baby. He was furious and threatened to kill Alexis rather than let Northrup care for her: "He didn't want her to be brought up by me because I was in league with the doctors. He thought I had thrown in with the psychiatrists, with the devils." She left Palm Springs on February 3, leaving Hubbard to complain that Northrup "had hypnotized him in his sleep and commanded him not to write."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Three weeks later, Hubbard abducted both Northrup and Alexis. On the night of February 24, 1951, Alexis was being looked after by John Sanborne while Northrup had a night at the movies. Hubbard turned up and took the child. A few hours later, he returned with two of his Dianetics Foundation staff and told Northrup, who was now back at her apartment: "We have Alexis and you'll never see her alive unless you come with us." She was bundled into the back of a car and driven to San Bernardino, California, where Hubbard attempted to find a doctor to examine his wife and declare her insane. His search was unsuccessful and he released her at Yuma Airport across the state line in Arizona. He promised that he would tell her where Alexis was if she signed a piece of paper saying that she had gone with him voluntarily. Northrup agreed but Hubbard reneged on the deal and flew to Chicago, where he found a psychologist who wrote a favorable report about his mental condition to refute Northrup's accusations. Rather than telling Northrup where Alexis was, he called her and said that "he had cut [Alexis] into little pieces and dropped the pieces in a river and that he had seen little arms and legs floating down the river and it was my fault, I'd done it because I'd left him."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Hubbard subsequently returned to the Foundation in Elizabeth, New Jersey. There he wrote a letter informing the FBI that Northrup and her lover Miles Hollister – whom he had fired from the Foundation's staff and, according to Hollister, had also threatened to kill – were among fifteen "known or suspected Communists" in his organization. He listed them as:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: In another letter sent in March, Hubbard told the FBI that Northrup was a Communist and a drug addict, and offered a $10,000 reward to anyone who could resolve Northrup's problems through the application of Dianetics techniques.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Northrup filed a kidnapping complaint with the Los Angeles Police Department on her return home but was rebuffed by the police, who dismissed the affair as a mere domestic dispute. After a fruitless six-week search she finally filed a writ of habeas corpus at the Los Angeles Superior Court in April 1951, demanding the return of Alexis. The dispute immediately became front-page news: the newspapers ran headlines such as "Cult Founder Accused of Tot Kidnap", "'Dianetic' Hubbard Accused of Plot to Kidnap Wife", and "Hiding of Baby Charged to Dianetics Author". Hubbard fled to Havana, Cuba, where he wrote a letter to Northrup:


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: In reality, Hubbard had made an unsuccessful request for assistance from the US military attaché to Havana. The attaché did not act on the request; having asked the FBI for background information, he was told that Hubbard had been interviewed but the "agent conducting interview considered Hubbard to be [a] mental case." On April 19, as Barbara Klowden recorded in her journal, Hubbard telephoned her from Wichita and told her "he was not legally married. His first wife had not obtained divorce until '47 and he was married in '46. According to him, Sara had served a stretch at Tahatchapie (in a desert woman's prison) and was a dope addict." A few days later – while still married to Northrup – he proposed marriage to Klowden.


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Northrup filed for divorce on April 23, 1951 charging Hubbard with causing her "extreme cruelty, great mental anguish and physical suffering". Her allegations produced more lurid headlines: not only was Hubbard accused of bigamy and kidnapping, but she had been subjected to "systematic torture, including loss of sleep, beatings, and strangulations and scientific experiments". Because of his "crazy misconduct" she was in "hourly fear of both the life of herself and of her infant daughter, who she has not seen for two months". She had consulted doctors who "concluded that said Hubbard was hopelessly insane, and, crazy, and that there was no hope for said Hubbard, or any reason for her to endure further; that competent medical advisers recommended that said Hubbard be committed to a private sanatorium for psychiatric observation and treatment of a mental ailment known as paranoid schizophrenia."


title: Sara Northrup Hollister

text: Her lawyer, named Caryl Warner, also worked the media on her behalf so that Northrup's story received maximum publicity. He briefed the divorce court reporters for the "Los Angeles Times" and the "Examiner", who were both women and early feminists, to ensure that "they knew what a bastard this guy Hubbard was." He later told Hubbard's unofficial biographer, Russell Miller: