title: Jeanie Boulet

text: It is also at this time that Jeanie develops a strong friendship with Kerry Weaver. Jeanie had initially been afraid that Weaver might terminate her position at County if she found out about Jeanie's HIV status. This turned out not to be the case, and Weaver laid out restrictions under which Jeanie would be allowed to continue treating patients while HIV positive. Kerry and Jeanie's friendship was tested when Kerry was forced to fire Jeanie for budgetary reasons. Jeanie accused Kerry of trying to fire her over her HIV status, as Jeanie had been forced to break one of her workplace restrictions in order to treat a trauma patient earlier, and threatened to sue the hospital for discrimination. Dr. Anspaugh gave Jeanie her job back to avoid the lawsuit, and Jeanie and Kerry eventually settled their difference.


title: Jeanie Boulet

text: In season four Jeanie becomes the part-time private care giver of Scott Anspaugh (portrayed by Trevor Morgan), the son of Dr. Donald Anspaugh. Scott is battling B-cell lymphoma and is coping with depression. Only Jeanie seems to be able to raise his spirits and inspire hope in him. The two develop a strong friendship over a five episode arc which sadly ends in Scott's death.


title: Jeanie Boulet

text: In Season five, Jeanie starts a romance with a police office named Reggie. Jeanie gets into a bad car accident with Doug Ross while on their way to a bus accident. Unfortunately, the accident reveals a setback with Jeanie's HIV status and she has to remain in hospital care until fully recovered.


title: Jeanie Boulet

text: Early in season six, Jeanie adopts an HIV positive baby boy called Carlos after his mother dies in the hospital, and marries a police officer named Reggie Moore. She tries to stay on at County and parent her child, but eventually decides to leave County in order to spend more time with her family. The final episode Jeanie appeared in was the sixth episode of season six, which was entitled "The Peace of Wild Things" in November 1999. She left with a standing offer from Kerry Weaver to return to County and her old job. However, she never returned to work at County.


title: Jeanie Boulet

text: In the Season 14 episode "Status Quo", Jeanie Boulet briefly returned to the ER after 8 years in January 2008 when her son Carlos suffers a head injury during Physical Education class. Initially it is believed that he is fine; however, a CT Scan revealed that he had a growth on his brain. This is customarily a sign that HIV infection has progressed into an AIDS condition. Boulet didn't find any of her old colleagues she knew (like her friend Dr. Kerry Weaver) working there anymore and was only identified by Nurses Haleh Adams and Chuny Marquez. After initially having difficulty adjusting to the changes in her former workplace she permitted full treatment and came to support the decisions of the new staff of the ER—including new Attending Dr. Gregory Pratt with whom she initially had difficulty agreeing. It was partly because of her return and inspiration that Dr. Pratt was convinced to continue his job at County, as he had earlier given his two weeks notice of resignation when the hospital board dismissed his efforts to take on a leadership role in the ER.


title: Jeanie Boulet

text: In the time between her last appearance and return Jeanie and her husband Reggie have undergone a separation and have joint custody of their son. Jeanie also remains a counselor for young people with HIV Status. Her clinics—one on the North side of Chicago and another on the South—have become her personal mission and her time-consuming commitment to them contributed to the end of her marriage. She tells Pratt that her son helps to drive her and her cause to help others with HIV infection and that she doesn't know how she will cope if he were to die. She also says that her ex-husband Al died two years earlier from his HIV/AIDS condition. At his death he weighed only 78 pounds and was unable to even recognize her.


title: Jeanie Boulet

text: Jeanie Boulet's return to the series as a guest character in 2008 was well received by television critics. A reviewer from "New York Entertainment" commented that her return was like a "welcome throwback to the days when it seemed like every episode forced Jeanie to process some piece of world-shattering news." The return storyline was described as a "classic Jeanie Boulet moment, as filtered through the show's new blunt-instrument writers [...] it was like it was 1995 all over again." Discussing Reuben's portrayal of the character, the reviewer said, "There's always been great pleasure in Reuben's beautiful, open face in moments like that; she played those scenes to the hilt, creating in us a great sympathy for her character [...] We couldn't stand to watch her suffer so, but we couldn't stop watching her suffer, and we died a little with every hurt the producers hit her with."


title: Jeanie Boulet

text: It has been suggested that the program-makers' decision to give Jeanie HIV was an attempt to draw attention to the illness to the black community, particularly black women. Jeanie — like the majority of female AIDS cases in America at the time in 1997 — was black, heterosexual, and acquired HIV from a long-term partner. However, it has been noted that some viewers may have been offended that out of all the sexually active characters in their serial, Jeanie — whose private life had not been extensively portrayed at that point — contracted the virus.


title: Jeanie Boulet

text: Aspects of the HIV storyline have been criticized, specifically that little airtime was dedicated to dramatizing clinical procedures determining whether Jeanie had been exposed to HIV. When Jeanie discovered that her husband had AIDS in the second season finale, Jeanie has a blood test and sends it off for analysis to see if she also had the virus; however, viewers were not shown the multiple clinical procedures involved in the testing, and the following episodes concentrated on post-test rituals.


ΚΕΦΑΛΗΞΘ (commonly known as Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs or simply Psalm 69) is the fifth studio album by American industrial metal band Ministry, released on July 14, 1992, by Sire Records. It was produced by frontman Al Jourgensen and bassist Paul Barker, and was recorded from March 1991 to May 1992 in Chicago, Illinois and Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. The album's title, initially intended to be "The Tapes of Wrath", ended up being derived from Aleister Crowley's "The Book of Lies".


title: Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs

text: "Psalm 69" features elements of speed metal, rockabilly, and psychobilly, with lyrics exploring social, political, and religious topics. With much anticipation following the success of Ministry's previous album "The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste" (1989), pressures on the band were said to be high, in addition to the growing substance abuse of several members and worsening relationships between them. It was also the first time Mike Scaccia had been significantly involved in a Ministry album, after appearing on tours in support of "The Mind...".


text: Preceded by lead single "Jesus Built My Hotrod", "Psalm 69" was a critical and commercial success upon its release, peaking at number 27 on the US "Billboard" 200 and number 33 on the UK Albums Chart. It was supported by two more singles: "N.W.O." and "Just One Fix", with accompanying music videos directed by Peter Christopherson. "Psalm 69" is considered to be Ministry's most successful album, having been certified gold in Canada and Australia, and platinum in the US. Following its release, Ministry joined the second annual Lollapalooza tour before commencing a tour through Europe and the US; "N.W.O.", "Just One Fix", and the title track have become permanent features of the band's live setlist. "N.W.O." was nominated for the Best Metal Performance at the 35th Annual Grammy Awards.


text: In March 1991, following the conclusion of the year-long tour in support of Revolting Cocks album "Beers, Steers, and Queers", Al Jourgensen returned with his bandmates at Chicago Trax! studios, to work on Ministry's next major release. Jourgensen claimed that the record company Warner Bros. Records (to which Ministry were signed via their subsidiary, Sire Records) initially gave the band an enormous budget expecting a follow-up to "The Mind..." to become a big hit compared with Michael Jackson's album "Thriller"; actually, Jourgensen, as he claimed in 2013, with his then wife Patty (née Marsh) and guitarist Mike Scaccia spent most of the budget on drugs, paying $1,000 per day. Meanwhile, the first Lollapalooza tour had arrived in Chicago in early August 1991. Jourgensen went backstage attending a show by the band Butthole Surfers. After the gig, he had invited Butthole Surfers' singer Gibby Haynes to Chicago Trax! to record what became the vocals and spoken word parts for the song "Jesus Built My Hotrod". While finishing "Jesus Built My Hotrod", Jourgensen was contacted by Sire/Warner Bros. executives, who asked if he had any completed material. Jourgensen sent them "Jesus Built My Hotrod" since it was the only song recorded by this time. While the label was not happy with just having "Jesus Built My Hotrod", Jourgensen told them either to give another advance for further work or sign the band off. The label was doubtful if the band would record anything else, but decided to release "Jesus Built My Hotrod"; following its success, they gave the band necessary budget, with the condition that the band would eventually finish the record.


text: Besides drug problems, there was also growing animosity between the band's members, divided into two groups: while one group included Jourgensen and Scaccia, another—dubbed "the Book Club" by Jourgensen—included bassist Paul Barker, drummer Bill Rieflin and guest/live singer Chris Connelly. Jourgensen claimed that he and Scaccia added their parts separately from Barker, Rieflin and Connelly; once Jourgensen and Scaccia would come in, they erased about 80 percent of what the Book Club associates did.


text: The last songs included for the album, the instrumental tracks "Corrosion" and "Grace", were written mainly by Barker and recorded in February–March 1992; the album's last session was held on May 7, 1992. Over 15 months were spent on the recording, however, only nine of about 30 songs made its way onto the final cut, with the rest being distributed to side projects.


text: The title of the album is linked to chapter 69 of "The Book of Lies", a written work of Aleister Crowley, where he uses the expression "The way to succeed and the way to suck eggs" as a pun for the 69 sex position ("suck seed" and "suck eggs"). Moreover, Crowley titled the chapter "ΚΕΦΑΛΗΞΘ" (which translates literally as "shrugged" and contains the sound ΛΗΞ "licks") but has a second meaning as a compound of Greek "κεφαλη" ("head") and "Ξ Θ" (an encoded alphabetic reference to "69") which both have slang meanings in English for sexual acts.


text: Subsequent to the album's release, Ministry put multiple references to the number 69 in future albums. For example, the albums "Dark Side of the Spoon" and "Houses of the Molé" both have hidden tracks at track #69. A further reference to the number was exhibited on Houses of the Mole with a hidden track at #23 titled "Psalm 23", one third of 69.


text: The cover art depicts a silhouette of an angel surrounded by clocks and other miscellaneous objects as border icons. It was designed by photographer Paul Elledge who conceived the layout after Jourgensen handed him a copy of Aleister Crowley's 1918 "The Book of Lies." The final cover image was a triple exposure of three images on one piece of film. The angel was a model from Chicago's Art Institute, who was wearing angel wings crafted by the artist's wife at the time. It took Elledge a week to complete the cover art.


text: "Psalm 69" was ranked No. 80 on the "Rolling Stone"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "Top 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time" list, with author Suzy Exposito concluding that "the result of the album was a manic drag race into a swampy hellmouth of thrash Americana – and it worked". The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


text: "N.W.O." was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the Grammy Awards of 1993, but lost to Nine Inch Nails' "Wish".


text: Video game composer Frank Klepacki cited "Psalm 69" album as a primary influence in creating the soundtrack for the 1995 video game "Command & Conquer".


title: Carolinas

text: The Carolinas are the U.S. states of North Carolina and South Carolina, considered collectively. They are bordered by Virginia to the north, Tennessee to the west, and Georgia to the southwest. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east.


title: Carolinas

text: Combining North Carolina's population of 10,439,388 and South Carolina's of 5,118,425, the Carolinas have a collective population of 15,557,813 as of 2020. If the Carolinas were a single state of the United States, it would be the fifth-most populous state, behind California, Texas, Florida, and New York.


title: Carolinas

text: The Carolinas were known as the Province of Carolina during America's early colonial period, from 1663 to 1710. Prior to that, the land was considered part of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, from 1609 to 1663. The province, named "Carolina" to honor King Charles I of England, was divided into two royal colonies in 1729, although the actual date is the subject of debate.


title: Carolinas

text: The region was claimed as part of the Spanish territory named "La Florida" by Ponce de Leon in 1513. Santa Elena, a Spanish settlement on what is now Parris Island, South Carolina, was the capital of La Florida from 1566 to 1587. It was founded by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, the first governor of Spanish Florida. There had been a number of earlier attempts to establish colonies in the area by both the Spanish and the French, who had been inspired by earlier accounts of the plentiful land of Chicora. Menéndez's Santa Elena settlement shifted the focus of Spanish colonial efforts northward from St. Augustine, which had been established in 1565 to drive the French from their colony of Fort Caroline. Santa Elena was ultimately built at the site of the abandoned French outpost of Charlesfort, founded in 1562 by Jean Ribault.


title: Carolinas

text: The establishment of Santa Elena followed the destruction of the French Fort Caroline by Menéndez in 1565. The Spanish settlement housed a sizeable community, and became the base of operations for the Jesuits and military working in the northern zone of Spanish Florida. From this base the Spanish founded a number of other ephemeral forts as far inland as the Appalachian Mountains, but resistance from local Native American tribes and the lack of interest of Spain in the area, caused these to be abandoned, relocated or destroyed. Santa Elena was ultimately abandoned in 1587, with its survivors relocating to St. Augustine. The Spanish never pressed their colonial claims to the area again, focusing on other areas of the American continent. The territory was thereafter left to the native Americans until October 30, 1629, when Charles I granted a patent to his attorney-general, Sir Robert Heath, for the lands south of 36 degrees and north of 31 degrees, "under the name, in honor of that king, of Carolana"." "Carolus" is Latin for 'Charles'. The charter was unrealized and later ruled invalid.


title: Carolinas

text: On March 24, 1663, Charles II issued a new charter to a group of eight English noblemen, granting them the land of Carolina, as a reward for their faithful support of his efforts to regain the throne of England. The eight were called "Lords Proprietor" or simply "Proprietors". The 1663 charter granted the Lords Proprietor title to all of the land from the southern border of the Virginia Colony at 36 degrees north to 31 degrees north (along the coast of present-day Georgia). The establishment of separate colonies did not officially occur until 1729, when seven of the Lords Proprietors sold their interests in Carolina to the Crown, and both North Carolina and South Carolina became royal colonies.


title: Carolinas

text: In 1665, the charter was revised slightly, with the northerly boundary extended to 36 degrees 30 minutes north to include the lands of the Albemarle Settlements along the Albemarle Sound, which had been settled mainly by Virginians migrating south. Likewise, the southern boundary was moved south to 29 degrees north, just south of present-day Daytona Beach, Florida, which had the effect of including the existing Spanish settlement at St. Augustine, an unenforceable overreach of English power. The charter also granted all the land, between these northerly and southerly bounds, from the Atlantic Ocean, westward to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, an even more unenforceable overreach.


title: Carolinas

text: Between 1663 and 1729 there were many disagreements relating to defense, governance and the difference between the two differing agrarian styles employed by the inhabitants of the Colony of Virginia and that practiced by the planters arriving to Charles Town from the West Indies and Barbados.


title: Carolinas

text: In 1729 the Province of Carolina was divided when the descendants of seven of the eight Lords Proprietors sold their shares back to the Crown. Only the heirs of Sir George Carteret retained their original rights to what would become the Granville District. Both the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina became British Crown Colonies in 1729.


title: Carolinas

text: The culture of the Carolinas is a distinct subset of larger Southern culture. Notably, the coastal Carolina region was settled by Europeans over a century before the inland regions of the South, and was influenced by the culture of the Caribbean, especially Barbados; many of the early governors during the unified period were Barbadians. Though the two states both form part of the South, there are historically a number of differences in the settlement patterns, political development, and economic growth of the two states.


title: Carolinas

text: During the American Civil War (1861–1865), South Carolina was the first Southern state to secede from the Union, while North Carolina was the second to last state to secede. South Carolina was generally one of the strongest supporters of the Confederacy. The war began in Charleston, South Carolina, where cadets of the South Carolina Military Academy, known as The Citadel, fired the opening shots at the Union Ship "Star of the West". North Carolina was also a key Confederate state, raising and supplying many soldiers to the Confederacy. At Gettysburg, one in four Confederate soldiers was from North Carolina, despite the fact that some North Carolinians (especially in the western part of the state) refused to support the Confederacy. North Carolina's Civil War governor, Zebulon Vance, was an outspoken critic of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and frequently refused to obey Davis's orders for reinforcements and supplies; Vance insisted the soldiers and supplies would be needed for North Carolina's Confederate effort. However, during the seven days' battles, North Carolina did send large numbers of troops for the general aid of the South as a whole. A Unionist presence would persist throughout North Carolina during the war, with North Carolina forming Union Army regiments.


title: Carolinas

text: The Carolinas were both instrumental in keeping the Confederacy alive, because of their deepwater ports in Wilmington and Charleston. These two cities were key in supplying Southern armies with weapons, clothing, and ammunition, and producing food and provisions for Southern civilians.


title: Carolinas

text: During most of the 20th century, South Carolina was a bastion of the "solid Democratic South" with almost no Republican officeholders, and the state frequently elected politicians who were outspoken supporters of racial segregation. North Carolina, while mostly Democratic, contained a large Republican minority – the state voted Republican in the presidential election of 1928 and elected several Republican congressmen, governors, and senators from 1868 to 1928 – and North Carolina was widely known as one of the more progressive Southern states on the issue of segregation and civil rights. In 1947, the journalist John Gunther wrote, "that North Carolina is by a good deal the most progressive Southern state will, I imagine, be agreed to by almost everybody." On the other hand, he described South Carolina as "one of the poorest American states, and probably one of the balkiest." In describing the differences between the two states, Gunther noted that, in 1947, divorce in North Carolina "may be granted simply on the ground of absence of cohabitation; South Carolina is the one American state in which divorce is not possible."


title: Carolinas

text: Despite North Carolina being a swing state in recent presidential elections, and South Carolina being one that reliably votes for Republican presidential candidates, they are technically the country's two most politically similar states, according to a comparison of the states along a range of 19 variables performed by the statistician Nate Silver in 2008.


title: Carolinas

text: Historically, like much of the South, the Carolinas economy was one based around agriculture production. The predominance of certain crops would help influence the regional economy:


title: Carolinas

text: Like other [Southern] states, until after World War II North Carolina remained primarily a region of small farms and factories heavily dependent on just a few labor-intensive crops, relying on sharecropping and tenancy, especially for black laborers. The Carolinas are distinct for their economic dependence on tobacco as well as on cotton and rice, and for their many small-scale furniture, textile, and tobacco factories.


title: Carolinas

text: These industries gave the Carolinas, particularly North Carolina, a more significant industrial base than most Southern states. As mechanization increased in farming, along with textiles, apparel, and furniture jobs shifting because of globalization, combined with the decline of the tobacco industry, many rural and small urban communities suffered. During the late 20th century, both states began to experience growth in the technological and banking sectors, bringing jobs, population growth, and new economic industries. These changes, as with earlier industrialization, were more pronounced in North Carolina, with South Carolina experiencing a slower rate of economic growth for several years.


title: Carolinas

text: Since the 1980s, North Carolina has emerged as a financial hub with Charlotte becoming the second-largest financial district in the United States after New York City. Charlotte is home to the several major publicly traded corporations headquarters Bank of America, Truist Financial, and the East Coast operations of Wells Fargo, and Centene Corporation, as well as six other Fortune 500 companies, including Lowe's, Duke Energy, Nucor, Honeywell, Brighthouse Financial, and Sonic Automotive.


title: Carolinas

text: The Carolinas have three professional sports teams in the Big Four major leagues: the Carolina Panthers of the NFL, the Charlotte Hornets of the NBA, and the Carolina Hurricanes of the NHL. Supported by both states, the three teams are all based in NC, with two in Charlotte and the third in Raleigh.


title: Carolinas

text: Professional sports franchises in the Carolinas first formed during the late 20th century. The oldest team pro team in the Carolinas, the NBA's Charlotte Hornets, were established in 1988, while the youngest, Major League Soccer's Charlotte FC , were established in 2019. The Hornets were known as the Bobcats from 2004 to 2014, and were renamed the Hornets again in May 2014, one season after the former New Orleans Hornets decided to rebrand themselves as the Pelicans. At that time, the Hornets also regained sole ownership of the pre-relocation history of the original Charlotte Hornets. The Hurricanes formed in 1971 as the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association. After the NHL-WHA merger in 1979, they joined the NHL as the Hartford Whalers until 1997 when they relocated to Raleigh, North Carolina. Currently, the Hurricanes are the most successful after their 2006 Stanley Cup championship marked the first professional sports title for the region. In 2019, a Major League Soccer team was awarded to Charlotte, and begin play in 2022.


title: Carolinas

text: In 1991, Charlotte was the host city of the 1991 NBA All-Star Game, which was held at the now demolished Charlotte Coliseum. In June 2015, Charlotte won its bid to host the 2017 NBA All-Star Game. However, the award was rescinded in July 2016 due to House Bill 2. On May 24, 2017, Charlotte was selected to host the 2019 NBA All-Star Game. The game was held on Sunday, February 17, 2019, at the Spectrum Center, home of the Charlotte Hornets.


title: Carolinas

text: Bank of America Stadium currently hosts three major sporting events, the Duke's Mayo Bowl, the Belk Kickoff Game and the ACC Championship Game.


title: Carolinas

text: Charlotte Motor Speedway hosts three major NASCAR events, the Coca-Cola 600, the Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race, and the Bank of America 500.


title: Carolinas

text: The Carolinas are home to a number of NBA superstars, such as Chris Paul, Bam Adebayo, Brandon Ingram, Jerry Stackhouse, Cedric Maxwell, James Worthy, Dominique Wilkins, Bob McAdoo, John Wall, Stephen Curry, and Michael Jordan (from NC) and Kevin Garnett, Jermaine O'Neal, Ray Allen, Zion Williamson, Ja Morant, and Raymond Felton (from SC). Of these All Star NBA players, four are NBA champions, and John Wall and James Worthy were the Number 1 draft picks in the 2010 NBA draft and 1982 NBA draft, respectively. A disproportional number of basketball players come from the Carolinas, on par with such big cities as New York City and Los Angeles. North Carolina in particular is home to three of the most successful collegiate men's basketball teams in the NCAA, the North Carolina Tar Heels, North Carolina State Wolfpack and the Duke Blue Devils. All three schools are fierce rivals who have combined to win 13 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championships (UNC with 6, Duke with 5, North Carolina State with 2).


title: Carolinas

text: According to the Prefatory Notes to Volume 5 of the "Colonial Records of North Carolina", the process of determining the boundary between North and South Carolina began in 1720 "when the purpose to erect a


title: Carolinas

text: third Province in Carolina, with Savannah for its northern boundary" began. On 8 January 1730 an agreement between the two colonies said for the border "to begin 30 miles southwest of the Cape Fear River, and to be run at that parallel distance the whole course of said river;" The next June Governor Robert Johnson of South Carolina said the border should start 30 miles southwest of the source of the Cape Fear "due west as far as the South Sea", unless the "Waccamaw River lyes [sic] within 30 miles of the Cape Fear river," which would make the Waccamaw the boundary. North Carolina agreed to this until the discovery that the Cape Fear headwaters were very close to Virginia, which would not have "permitted any extension on the part of North Carolina to the westward." In 1732, Governor George Burrington of North Carolina stated in "Timothy's Southern Gazette" that territory north of the Waccamaw was in North Carolina, to which Johnson replied that South Carolina claimed the land. Johnson also said that when the two met before the Board of Trade in London two years earlier, Burrington had "insisted that the Waccamaw should be the boundary from its mouth to its head," while South Carolina agreed the border should be located from the mouth, not the source. Johnson said this was "only a mistake in wording it."


title: Carolinas

text: Both Carolinas selected commissioners to survey the line between them. The plan called for the line to run northwest to 35 degrees latitude, unless the Pee Dee River was reached first, in which case it would run along the Pee Dee to 35 degrees north. Then the line would run west to Catawba town, though if the town were north of the line, the line was to run around Catawba to keep it in South Carolina.


title: Carolinas

text: In May 1735, the surveyors went from the Cape Fear westward 30 miles along the coast. Then they turned northwest and marked the location with stakes. The surveyors agreed to meet again on September 18. However, only the North Carolina team returned at that time, extending the line northwest . The South Carolina team arrived in October and followed the previous line for only because they had not been paid. A deputy surveyor marked where the Pee Dee crossed the 35th parallel. An extension of the line in 1737 ran to a stake in a meadow. However, the stake placed at the endpoint of the survey was too far south.


title: Carolinas

text: In 1764, a second extension ran westward. In 1772, after making adjustments to keep the Catawba Indians in South Carolina, "extended in a due west course from the confluence of the north and south forks of the Catawba River to Tryon Mountain." However, this extension was based on the erroneous position of the 1737 stake, removing from South Carolina. Joseph Caldwell, president of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, found that the line west of the Pee Dee did not run along the 35th parallel, but 12 miles to the south. However, the western part of the line ran far enough to the north to make up for the difference. West of this point the border was shifted to run north of the 35th parallel so that the total areas of the states would return to what was intended, although the accuracy of this part of the survey was marred by a magnetic anomaly in the Charlotte, North Carolina area.


title: Carolinas

text: North Carolina did not agree to the line of 1772 until 1813. A 1905 survey determined the border between Scotland County, North Carolina and Marlboro County, South Carolina. A 1928 survey decided the border between Horry County, South Carolina and Brunswick and Columbus counties in North Carolina.


title: Carolinas

text: In the mid-1990s, Duke Energy determined that the border between the Carolinas needed to be re-surveyed, as the company was selling and donating land in the Jocassee Gorge area, which included parts of both states. Also, with more people living outside cities, the precise boundaries of fire, tax, and school district lines needed to be known. This was especially a problem in the mountains, where people had previously lived in valleys, not on the ridges where the border was. A 15-year plan to re-establish the boundary began, using maps from the 1813–1815 survey and GPS technology. A few stone markers still read, "NC/SC 1815 AD" but other locations were marked with trees which no longer stand.


title: Carolinas

text: South Carolina had recently been involved in a costly legal battle with Georgia over a small number of islands in the Savannah River, and wanted to avoid the expense of a lawsuit regarding the North Carolina border, so the two states agreed in 1993 to cooperate in resurveying the border. The effort included using colonial-era maps to reconstruct the positions of trees marking the border that had long since died, and tracking down the original positions of stone markers that had been moved.


title: Carolinas

text: After 18 years and $980,000, it was predicted that the process of determining the border between the Carolinas would be complete in 2012. Financial problems delayed the last survey until October 2012, meaning the results were not expected to be known until Spring 2013. It was found that a gas station and 30 homes could change states. Lake Wylie Mini Market has been located in South Carolina, along U.S. Route 321, and the move to North Carolina would result in higher gas taxes and change laws on beer and fireworks. The state legislatures involved expect to pass laws alleviating the concerns those changing states would face.


title: Carolinas

text: The Joint Boundary Commission met in February 2014 in Monroe, North Carolina to determine what actions still needed to be taken. The persons living in 50 homes that changed states would have to get driver's licenses and register to vote in their new states. Legislative action could allow people to keep utilities, avoid back taxes to the new state, and continue in the same schools. Lake Wylie Minimarket could be grandfathered, or Congress could change the defined border at the store's location, though the commission intended to avoid such an action. As of August 2014, the states were expected to pass legislation to mitigate many of the negative impacts to affected landowners.


title: Carolinas

text: On June 1, 2016, the South Carolina House of Representatives passed a bill setting the border. North Carolina's Senate also passed a bill, which also had to clear the House. North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory signed his state's bill in June. Three families who actually lived in North Carolina had South Carolina addresses, and 16 South Carolina residents had believed they lived in North Carolina. On December 9, 2016, McCrory announced that he signed a four-page executive order formally defining the border between the two states based on the 20 years of work.


title: Fucked by My Best Friend

text: Fucked by My Best Friend, known in Japan as , is a romantic comedy manga series created by Yupopo Orishima. It has been serialized in Japanese by Screamo since October 4, 2019, and is published in English by Coolmic; it is also released in collected "tankōbon" volumes in Japanese by Suiseisha.


title: Fucked by My Best Friend

text: The series follows two womanizing playboys, one of whom is drugged to be taught a lesson, which transforms his body to look like a woman's; following this, his friend falls in love with him. An anime television series adaptation directed by Chokkō at Irawiazu premiered on April 5 to May 24, 2021.


title: Fucked by My Best Friend

text: "Fucked by My Best Friend" is a gay romantic comedy manga, which follows Shion Chihara and Rui Chihaya, two close friends and pickup artists. To teach him a lesson about his womanizing ways, a woman drugs Shion, which alters his body to look like a woman's. Rui does at first not recognize Shion, and falls in love with him at first sight.


title: Fucked by My Best Friend

text: "Fucked by My Best Friend" is written and drawn by Yupopo Orishima, and is released digitally by Screamo under their imprint Zettai Ryōiki R! since October 4, 2019. It has also been released in print in collected "tankōbon" volumes by Suiseisha under their Glanz BL Comics imprint since July 18, 2020. An English translation is published digitally by Coolmic through their website.


title: Fucked by My Best Friend

text: The animation studio Irawiazu is adapting the manga into an eight-episode series of anime shorts under the title . It is directed by Chokkō, with a script by Rei Ishikura and Eeyo Kurosaki, and art direction by Namiko Hanayashiki and Tamako Noyama. McQ1 designed the characters, and is also chief animation director for the project.


title: Fucked by My Best Friend

text: The series aired from April 5 to May 24, 2021, and is released in two versions: one "premium edition" featuring sex scenes, available through the ComicFesta anime streaming service, and one "on-air edition" without the sex scenes, airing on Japanese television on Tokyo MX and BS11; the first episode of the on-air edition was released for free ahead of the full release through YouTube and ComicFesta on February 11, 2021. The on-air version is planned to be released on DVD in Japan on July 28, 2021.


title: Li-Ning

text: Li-Ning Company Limited is a Chinese sportswear and sports equipment company founded by former Olympic gymnast Li Ning. The company endorses a number of athletes and teams worldwide.


title: Li-Ning

text: The company was founded in 1989 by Li Ning, a former Chinese Olympic gymnast. As of 2015, Li Ning remains the Chairman of the company's board of directors. In 2005, Li-Ning created a joint-venture with French sports apparel company, AIGLE, giving Li-Ning the exclusive right to be the sole distributor of AIGLE's products in China for 50 years. In 2006, Li-Ning posted revenues of US$418 million, and total profits of about US$39 million. As of March 2007, there were 4,297 Li-Ning retail stores. The company directly owns some of the retail stores while others are franchised.


title: Li-Ning

text: In January 2010, Li-Ning opened its U.S. headquarters and flagship store in Portland, Oregon. In 2010, as part of the 'Revitalization' of the brand, Li-Ning released a new logo and the new slogan "让改变发生" "Ràng Gǎibiàn Fāshēng" in Chinese, translated to "Let the Change Occur" in English. In January 2011, Li-Ning entered into a partnership with Chicago-based Acquity Group to expand its U.S. distribution and brand awareness.


title: Li-Ning

text: In April 2012, Li-Ning was awarded the highest distinction of "Outstanding Contribution to Quality Standardization Award" in knitwear division at the Third National Textile Standardization Technical Committee's inaugural meeting held in Zhuhai, Guangdong. In September 2012, Li-Ning signed into a partnership with NBA player Dwyane Wade.


title: Li-Ning

text: In 2013, The Group recorded revenue of RMB2,906 million, which represents a decrease of 24.6% year-on-year, due to near-term focus on sell-in reductions, inventory clearance, and reducing the number of stores. The Group projected a net loss of up to 820 million yuan (US$13.19 million) for 2014, the third straight year where it was unprofitable.


title: Li-Ning

text: In 2019, Li-Ning reported revenues increased 32 percen reached 13.87 billion yuan against 10.51 billion yuan a year ago. Net profit attributable to equity holders increased to ¥1.5 billion from ¥715.3 million which vaulted 110 percent.


title: Li-Ning

text: In 2020, Li-Ning saw its revenue increase 4.2 percent year-on-year to 14.46 billion yuan ($2.22 billion), the net profit increased on a comparative basis by 34.2 percent to 1.7 billion yuan ($261 million).


title: Li-Ning

text: The company has used sponsorship deals, particularly with athletes and sports teams, both in China and abroad, to raise its profile.


title: Li-Ning

text: In 2006, the company entered strategic collaborations with the National Basketball Association, the Association of Tennis Professionals, the Chinese University Basketball Association, and the Chinese Football Association. It also signed sponsorship deals with the Chinese national teams and the Sudan track and field team. The company will also provide apparel for the Argentina national basketball team at international events including the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics. A similar deal was made with the Swedish Olympic Committee.


title: Li-Ning

text: Indian Olympic Association had signed a sponsorship deal with Li Ning for the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics.


title: Li-Ning

text: In celebration of its 30th anniversary, the brand held a fashion show on January 18, 2020, during Paris menswear fashion week. The show also showcased a 10-piece capsule collection in collaboration with Jackie Chan and a sneaker done up with Dwyane Wade.


title: Li-Ning

text: Li-Ning sought sponsorship opportunities related to the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, China. The company arranged to outfit every presenter for broadcaster CCTV-5, the sports channel of the Chinese Central Television. Li-Ning also sponsored the Chinese national teams of Gymnastics, Table Tennis, Archery, and Diving. It also sponsored the Spanish basketball team, as well as the Argentine and Swedish Olympics teams.


title: Li-Ning

text: In a now famous case of ambush marketing (a subset of guerilla marketing), when entire countries were tuned to the 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, millions saw Li Ning light the torch. Though the Li-Ning company was not an official sponsor of the games, it had still associated itself with the games through its role as an equipment supplier for several Chinese Olympic teams, and through Li's status as a Chinese sports and business icon. Consequently, the ceremony generated tremendous exposure for Li's eponymous company to the chagrin of official sports apparel supplier Adidas, as viewers did not realize that he had been fully dressed in Adidas as per its sponsorship rights to the Games. The company's share price increased by over 3% on the first day of trading after the opening ceremony.


title: Li-Ning

text: Li-Ning was an official marketing partner of the National Basketball Association and has/had sponsorship deals with ten players: Baron Davis (retired), Shaquille O'Neal (retired), Damon Jones (retired), José Calderón (retired), Cleanthony Early of the Rio Grande Valley Vipers, Glenn Robinson III of the Golden State Warriors, Evan Turner of the Atlanta Hawks, Dwyane Wade of the Miami Heat (lifetime contract), and CJ McCollum of the Portland Trail Blazers.


title: Li-Ning

text: In 2006, O'Neal signed a four-year deal with Li-Ning, reportedly worth US$1.25 million, the largest deal made by the company, and the highest profile signing of an American sports star by a Chinese company. O'Neal cited former teammate Damon Jones and the Spanish national basketball team's deal with Li-Ning as influences on his decision to sign with Li-Ning.


title: Li-Ning

text: Previously, Li-Ning also operated as shirt sponsor for the Vietnam national football team from 2006 to 2008, which saw Vietnam's prominent rise to successes in 2007 AFC Asian Cup and 2008 AFF Championship.


title: Li-Ning

text: In 2010, Li-Ning became the official shirt sponsor for Tajikistan's tennis team, as well as for FC Istiklol.


title: Li-Ning

text: In 2019, Li-Ning announced that it would not do business with the Houston Rockets after the General Manager of the NBA team tweeted in support of the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. Also, Li-Ning along with Sunlight Sports Pvt. Ltd. (representative and distributor of Li-Ning in India) signed sponsorship deals with Indian badminton players P V Sindhu and Kidambi Srikanth.


title: Li-Ning

text: In July 2011, Li-Ning - along with other major sportswear and fashion brands including Nike, Adidas and Abercrombie & Fitch - was the subject of a report by the environmental group Greenpeace entitled 'Dirty Laundry'. Li-Ning, along with Abercrombie & Fitch, Adidas, Bauer Hockey, Calvin Klein, Converse, Cortefiel, H&M, Lacoste, Nike, Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation (PVH Corp) and Puma, were accused of working with suppliers in China who, according to the findings of the report, contribute to the pollution of the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers. Samples taken from one facility belonging to the Youngor Group located on the Yangtze River Delta and another belonging to the Well Dyeing Factory Ltd. located on a tributary of the Pearl River Delta revealed the presence of hazardous and persistent hormone disruptor chemicals, including alkylphenols, perfluorinated compounds and perfluorooctane sulfonate.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Nicholas Adolf von Hessen (born Nicholas Marcel Hoogstraten, formerly known as Adolph von Hessen better known as Nicholas van Hoogstraten; born 25 February 1945) is a British businessman involved in property and a convicted criminal.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: In 1968, he was convicted and sent to prison for four years after paying a gang to attack a business associate. In 2002, he was sentenced to 10 years for the manslaughter of a business rival; the verdict was overturned on appeal and he was subsequently released, but in 2005 he was ordered to pay the victim's family £6 million in a civil case.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: A huge mansion, Hamilton Palace, near Uckfield in East Sussex, which Van Hoogstraten began building in the mid-1980s, remains unfinished and uninhabited.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Hoogstraten was born in Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex, to Charles, a violent man who worked as a shipping agent importing meat from Argentina who was absent for long periods in South America, and Edna, a housewife. He disliked them both and has described his mother as being "a whining cow". The family also contained two younger daughters. He was educated at a Jesuit school in nearby Worthing. At 15, he was given a year's probation for his involvement in a stamp-stealing ring following an earlier warning when a stolen typewriter was found in his room.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: He left school aged 16, and joined the merchant navy for a year. He began his property business in the Bahamas with an initial investment of £1,000 realised from the sale of his stamp collection. On his return to the UK, he moved to Notting Hill Gate and bought houses very cheaply because of rent controls, but specialised in "persuading" tenants to move out, using threatening practices associated with Peter Rachman, someone he has defended. Hoogstraten built up his capital through a loan sharking business based in towns along the south coast of England, where he would take property deeds as collateral. Many borrowers were unable to maintain his unreasonable payment terms and defaulted on their loans, losing their properties to him and enabling him to build up a substantial property portfolio along the south coast and in London.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: By the age of 22, adding the "van" to his name at this stage, he owned 350 properties in Sussex and was reputedly Britain's youngest millionaire, although "The Times" in 1967 and 1972 referred to this status as being "self-styled".


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: By 1980, aged 35, he owned more than 2,000 properties. He later sold the majority of his housing to invest outside Britain, chiefly in mining and farming interests in Nigeria and, later, Zimbabwe.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Aged 22, he was convicted for paying a gang to throw a grenade into the house of Rabbi Bernard Braunstein, a Brighton cantor on 12 November 1967. Braunstein's son David owed a debt to Hoogstraten over a failed textile business they had jointly owned. Hoogstraten had become dissatisfied with a repayment arrangement the two men had made. According to evidence given in court by Sylvia Braunstein, the wife of Braunstein senior, Hoogstraten had announced during a threatening altercation at the Braunsteins' home, where he had regularly dined: "I'm a Fascist, and a Nazi, didn't you know that? If I wanted, I could pay £50 to men in London to get every Jew in Brighton bumped off".


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: He was sentenced to a four-year prison sentence in May 1968, and sentenced to a further four-year sentence the following August, to run concurrently, after an appeal. In the second case, he was found guilty on eight counts of handling stolen goods. At a further appeal in 1970, the Lord Justice Wynn described Hoogstraten as "a sort of self-imagined devil who likes to think of himself as an emissary of Beelzebub". Thinking Hoogstraten had "built up a picture of himself as a sinister international figure", he believed Hoogstraten was little more than "a child, a Walter Mitty character who will grow out of all this nonsense". Van Hoogstraten said of the grenade attack in 2000: "It seems a bit distasteful to me now, but back then when I was young ... these weren't anarchists, they were businessmen, respectable people".


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Hoogstraten was arrested immediately after his release. In October 1972, he was sentenced to a further 15 months for bribing prison officers to smuggle him luxuries. He was freed on appeal. "I ran Wormwood Scrubs when I was in there", he told Jane Kelly of "The Sunday Times" in January 2006. Also in 1972, he was fined for forcible entry and conspiracy to cause damage. Around 1979, he was fined ₤200 for punching and kicking a bailiff. During the 1980s, he was cleared of harassing tenants, but fined ₤1,500 for contempt of court after saying of a judge, "I’ll get him in ten years time." In the early 1980s his businesses were restructured after the Inland Revenue sequestered his assets over a record unpaid tax bill of ₤5.3 million.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Residents of 2-6 Palmeira Square in Hove took van Hoogstraten to court in September 1999 alleging he had used multiple aliases as a shadow director of Saga Properties (which owned the freehold in 1991) to indicate interests in the flats to block a property deal on the freehold. The residents had eventually gained the right to the deal, which enabled them to buy the property, after a three-year legal case. They took van Hoogstraten to court in 1999 to recoup their ₤200,000 legal costs, a case which they also eventually won. In May 2000, van Hoogstraten was fined ₤1,500 in Hove Crown Court for contempt of court for his reference the previous September to barrister Graham Campbell during the case: "You dirty bastard. In due course you are going to have it."


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: On the site of the former High Cross House, a former nursing home destroyed by a fire of unknown cause, van Hoogstraten began constructing a private mansion he called Hamilton Palace, at Palehouse Common near Uckfield in East Sussex in the mid-1980s. According to Emma Brockes of "The Guardian" in 2000, Hamilton Palace was named after the capital of Bermuda, where van Hoogstraten owns property.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Construction of the mansion began in 1985 and had cost around £40 million by 2006. The neoclassical palace features a copper dome and is larger than Buckingham Palace. The enormous edifice is intended to house his private collection of art, currently stored in Switzerland, and includes a marble mausoleum he intends for himself. Under English law, perpetual trusts are only allowed in the upkeep of monuments and graves. By using the palace as a mausoleum, van Hoogstraten's trust would legally own the buildings and their fittings in perpetuity after his death. A large portion of his wealth has been transferred into a Bermudan trust for the upkeep of historic monuments. The structure of the mansion and ancillary buildings was largely in place, but van Hoogstraten fell out with architect Anthony Browne in 2000 and the site remained unfinished. Recent drone footage shows an abandoned building surrounded by scaffolding on which foliage is growing.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: He was involved in a long-running dispute with the Ramblers' Association and a legal battle with the local authority over a right of way crossing the land around the mansion. In 1990, he had the public paths blocked with razor wire and a pile of discarded refrigerators. In 2000, he described his opponents in the case as being "a bunch of disenfranchised perverts".


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: In 2002, a Ramblers' campaigner took legal action against a decision by the East Sussex county council to divert the 140-year old Framfield path which crosses Van Hoogstraten's estate resulting in the Court of Appeal finding against the council. Rarebargain, a company registered as owners of the land and connected to Van Hoogstraten, had earlier been fined £86,350 for neglecting to restore the right of way. The fine was not paid and the company was then in the process of being wound up. After six court cases, the right of way was finally cleared in 2003 with the removal of a pair of industrial refrigeration units, half-a-dozen concrete piles, barbed wire and other impediments.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: When neighbours called for the property to used for the homeless in early 2016, van Hoogstraten said in a statement: "The 'homeless' – the majority of whom are so by their own volition or sheer laziness – are one of the filthiest burdens on the public purse today. The chance of my offering an opportunity for them to occupy Hamilton Palace is just ludicrous." He also denied that the project had stalled, saying "Even the most moronic of peasants would be able to see from the pictures that we have been busy landscaping the grounds of the Palace."


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Some time in the early 1980s, Hoogstraten began a business relationship with Mohammed Sabir Raja, an immigrant from Pakistan who worked in Brighton as an estate agent and landlord. Hoogstraten lent money to Raja at a lower rate than the banks, and the loans were not recorded on paper so as to avoid paying taxes. Raja used this money to buy properties.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Their relationship went well until the housing-price bubble burst in 1989. Raja failed to foresee the drop in prices and kept buying, which eventually put him in financial trouble. In desperation, Raja raised a building society mortgage on a property for which he already owed money to Hoogstraten. Hoogstraten discovered this, and demanded additional security for his loans to Raja.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Raja gave Hoogstraten the deeds to some of his properties. Raja also signed some blank property transfer forms and gave them to Hoogstraten. Hoogstraten could then fill in the name of any of Raja's properties on these forms and thereby transfer ownership to himself, which he promised to do if Raja defaulted on his loans (this was not the first time Raja had done this with Hoogstraten). Raja did default, and Hoogstraten in turn seized some of Raja's properties using those forms. Hoogstraten and Raja began arguing over how much money was still owed.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: In October 1993, Raja went to the High Court alleging breach of trust, demanded the return of the property deeds he had lodged with Hoogstraten, and alleged that Hoogstraten had fraudulently seized his properties using blank transfer forms. In April 1998, Raja sued Hoogstraten for conspiracy and fraud.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: On the morning of 2 July 1999, two of Hoogstraten's hired thugs, disguised as handymen, arrived at Raja's residence. When Raja answered the door to them, a fight broke out. Raja was stabbed five times in the heart and neck and was shot in the head twice at point blank range, dying as a consequence.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: In July 2002, van Hoogstraten was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment for the manslaughter of Raja, after being found not guilty of murder: a jury at the Old Bailey decided that "although he clearly wanted Mr Raja harmed, there is no evidence that he had intended Mr Raja to be murdered". This conviction was subsequently quashed by the Court of Appeal in July 2003.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: The preliminary hearing for the retrial was held at the Old Bailey on 17 November 2003, before the High Court Judge, Sir Stephen Mitchell. In his summary to the jury, Judge Newman neglected to mention that one of the thugs who killed Raja possessed a sawn-off shotgun (a lethal weapon). Because of this omission, Judge Mitchell decided that Hoogstraten could not have anticipated that Raja might have been killed and he acquitted Hoogstraten of manslaughter. He was released in December after a potential retrial for manslaughter was found to have no legal foundation.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: In the early part of 2005, Hoogstraten's strategy of dispensing with his own legal Counsel and inexplicably mounting his own defence by acting in person, ignoring the Judge's advice to abandon such behaviour, led to the judgement on the 19 December 2005 in favour and for the family of Raja, in their civil action against van Hoogstraten and were awarded £6 million by Mr Justice Lightman, after the court found that on the balance of probabilities "that the recruitment of the two thugs was for the purpose of murdering Mr Raja and not merely to frighten, threaten or hurt him".


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Van Hoogstraten was not held guilty of Raja's murder or manslaughter under English criminal law, which requires a jury to be "certain so as to be sure of guilt" rather than operating on balance of probabilities. He allegedly told the BBC that Raja's family "will never get a penny". He explained to "The Sunday Times" that he had "no assets at all now in the UK", having placed those assets in the names of five children he has reportedly fathered with a series of African girlfriends. Frequently interviewed in the Courtlands Hotel in Hove, it is a property with which he has "close connections", but which is legally owned by his children.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: In February 2018, a judge accepted van Hoogstraten's claim that he did not have the money or assets to pay the family. Describing van Hoogstraten's conduct as "wholly deplorable and contemptuous", Mr Justice Morgan said: "If there was any way I could make Mr van Hoogstraten pay for all this under the law, I would gladly do it."


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Hoogstraten first bought an estate in Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) in 1964, aged 19. At around the same time he became friends with Tiny Rowland, who was then in charge of the London and Rhodesian Mining Company.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: He was a close associate of the country's former leader Robert Mugabe, whom he described as "100 per cent decent and incorruptible"; van Hoogstraten has said he "[does not] believe in democracy, I believe in rule by the fittest".


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: In 2005, he announced plans to take over NMB, a major Zimbabwe bank, though he sold his stake in the bank for over £1 million in late 2007. In 2009, it was reported he had been "a generous contributor to Mugabe's Zanu (PF) party and [had] bought into several large state-owned companies".


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: In January 2006, he stated in an interview with "The Sunday Times" that, as a result of loaning £10 million to Mugabe, "In six months' time, when the interest is due, it would be cheaper for them to just kill me".


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: On 26 January 2008, he was arrested in Harare for allegedly demanding payment in US dollars for rents rather than in Zimbabwean dollars, which is forbidden under Zimbabwean law. He was charged with violating the Censorship Act by possessing pornographic photographs; women in "indecent poses", a proportion of which also featured van Hoogstraten himself. He was held in custody for five nights but released on bail.


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: On 3 July 2009, after he had reputedly changed his name to Nicholas Adolf von Hessen by deed poll, it was reported that a Zimbabwe court had dismissed the charges of illegal currency dealing and possession of pornography: the police were unable to produce the officer who had allegedly caught him on the currency charge and they had seized the pornography without a warrant. Van Hoogstraten has said he uses many pseudonyms to conceal his involvement in property dealings in apparent contravention of UK company directorship laws, He told "The Independent on Sunday" in 2000: "I've actually called myself, in the past, Yogi Bear. And I've had properties registered in that name."


title: Nicholas van Hoogstraten

text: Van Hoogstraten told Lynn Barber, writing for "The Observer" in 2006, that he pays for the education of three children in every school in Zimbabwe: "Actually, it doesn't cost a lot of money in real terms, but I've set up things like that that will continue". Van Hoogstraten reputedly emigrated to Zimbabwe. By 2013, he owned more than of land including Central Estates, owned mineral rights in the Marange diamond fields, as well as houses in Harare.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The Tecnam P2012 Traveller is an eleven-seat utility aircraft designed and manufactured by the Italian company Costruzioni Aeronautiche Tecnam, based in Capua, Italy, near Naples.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: In 2009, Cape Air, a commuter airline based in Massachusetts, asked Tecnam for a new aircraft meeting their needs.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: In October 2018, testing had been completed, and type certification from European Aviation Safety Agency was received during December 2018.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: American Federal Aviation Administration certification was awarded in August 2019, and Cape Air received its first two aircraft via transatlantic ferry flight in October 2019.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: It is Tecnam's first commercial aircraft and after its introduction as a commuter airliner, it could be used for VIP, cargo, parachuting and medevac.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: In 2009, Cape Air, a Massachusetts-based commuter airline operating in the Caribbean and New England, was looking for a successor for its fleet of 83 Cessna 402s.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: After being rebuffed by aircraft manufacturers Cessna and Piper, Cape Air approached Italian manufacturer Tecnam, specialised in trainers and private aircraft but interested in a commercial aircraft.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The P2012 is Tecnam's most complex and important programme, "the first time we've developed an aircraft from the operator's point of view".


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: In April 2011, the P2012 project was publicly unveiled at AERO Friedrichshafen by Tecnam and Cape Air.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: By April 2017, the first prototype was flown more than 100 hours while the second was set to join during September, targeting a December 2018 certification.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The nearly production standard second prototype seats up to nine passengers and conducted its first flight on 22 December 2017; by then the first prototype had flown more than 250 hours.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: By August 2018, certification was on track for the year end with 400 hours flown, while the backlog attained 130 and three aircraft were in production.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: After 600 hours flown by the two prototypes, European type certification was awarded on 20 December 2018, including in icing conditions; approval from the US authority was expected to follow shortly.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: In July, Boeing was selected as the sole provider of aftermarket spare parts and distribution services through its Aviall distribution network.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: By then, Cape Air accepted the first two P2012, the last milestone before final delivery, after having reviewed their manuals, inspected and flight tested them.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The FAA granted its type approval on 11 July, while Cape Air awaits airworthiness certifications for each individual aircraft.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: On 16 October, 30 years after Cape Air's first flight, the company unveiled its first two aircraft, intending to deploy them in early December on revenue flights.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: On 22 February 2020, Cape Air started revenue service from Hyannis, Massachusetts, to Nantucket Island, before Hyannis-Boston and Boston-Nantucket with five P2012s, while four were being ferried in late February.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The carrier evaluates their performance in New England before operating it from Marion, Illinois, to Nashville and St Louis from 4 March, then maybe deploying it in Billings, Montana.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: At the April 2011 unveiling, Tecnam planned VIP, cargo, parachuting and medevac variants after the commuter airliner introduction in 2015.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: In November 2015, Cape Air signed a letter of intent to order 100 aircraft while three prototypes were being built at Tecnam's plant in Capua, Italy.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: Six new customers from Argentina, the South Pacific region and Russia had placed orders at the April 2017 AERO Friedrichshafen.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: Tecnam extended its Capua factory for a P2012 production area, capable of producing up to 40 aircraft per year.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The delivery schedule for the first 20 aircraft to Cape Air was firmed on 21 September 2017: these first deliveries are due in January 2019 after EASA and FAA certification.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: Tecnam takes a €100,000 ($118,200) deposit to secure a 2019 delivery position and 20 aircraft per year should be delivered between 2019 and 2023.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: Service entry during early 2019 should see 20 deliveries, including 8 to Cape Air, two for Seychelles-based Zil Air from July, and the others for charter and utility operators.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: Cape Air should allocate its first eight aircraft to serve New England from its Hyannis, Massachusetts, headquarters: Cape Cod, Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, Vermont and Maine, as a FAR part 135 operator while training first officers.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: By October 2018, Tecnam had secured 125 orders and options for the €2.35 million ($2.7 million) Traveller, forecasting a demand for 11,500 commuter aircraft over the following ten years.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: Tecnam planned to build 15 units during 2019; increasing to 25 aircraft in 2020 and to 35 during 2021.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: Cape Air should acquire eight Travellers in 2019 and 12 in 2020, and have 92 more options during the next 10 years.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The Traveller is a twin piston-engined aircraft, powered by a pair of Lycoming TEO540C1As, each capable of providing up to 375hp (280kW), which give the type a maximum cruise speed of 190kn (351km/h).


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: Its range of 950nmi (1,750km) and its large passenger door make it suitable for commuter, air taxi, medevac, troop transport and air cargo roles.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The P2012 aims to replace the Cessna 402 and Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander, to compete with modern single-engine aircraft like the Quest Kodiak and could complement the larger DHC-6 Twin Otter.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: Cape Air required single-pilot operations, a modern cockpit, an unpressurised cabin and a metal airframe.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The high wing enhances visibility during landing, the fixed landing gear is suitable for rough landing strips.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: While designed for single pilot operations, it can be operated by two for initial customer adoption and training.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The clean sheet design allow better accessibility to core systems and flight controls: the flight management system is below the Garmin G1000 NXi glass cockpit, often fitted between the pilot seats as an afterthought in older aircraft.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The fuselage is mostly made in light aluminium alloy, including its formed frames, beams, stringers and skin, which are bolted and rivetted together.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The aircraft's cantilever wing is also mostly made of light alloys. beams, main spar caps, wing and tail surface attachments, are formed from billets.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The main landing gear is a pair of two fixed legs with oleo struts attached to the fuselage via a cantilever beam faired by streamlined pods. The steerable nose gear with a single shock-absorbing leg is attached to the forward bulkhead of the fuselage.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: It has a semi-tapered planform featuring a NACA five digit airfoil selected for low drag and a high maximum lift coefficient. The wing box fuel tanks between the two spars have a capacity of 800 litres (212 US gallons).


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: Low stall speeds for steep approaches and short landings are enabled by wide slotted flaps, electrically actuated and made of an aluminium alloy. All control surfaces have wide trim tabs, while the rudder has a yaw damper integrated with the automatic flight control system.


title: Tecnam P2012 Traveller

text: The avionics include a three-axis automatic flight control system. An automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast (ADS-B) transponder system is installed as standard and options include an automatic direction finder (ADF) system.


title: Fumarole

text: A fumarole (or fumerole) is a vent in the surface of the Earth or other rocky planet from which hot volcanic gases and vapors are emitted, without any accompanying liquids or solids. Fumaroles are characteristic of the late stages of volcanic activity, but fumarole activity can also precede a volcanic eruption and has been used for eruption prediction. Most fumaroles die down within a few days or weeks of the end of an eruption, but a few are persistent, lasting for decades or longer. An area containing fumaroles is known as a fumarole field.


title: Fumarole

text: The predominant vapor emitted by fumaroles is steam, formed by the circulation of groundwater through heated rock. This is typically accompanied by volcanic gases given off by magma cooling deep below the surface. These volcanic gases include sulfur compounds, such as various sulfur oxides and hydrogen sulfide, and sometimes hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and other gases. A fumarole that emits significant sulfur compounds is sometimes called a solfatara.


title: Fumarole

text: Fumarole activity can break down rock around the vent, while simultaneously depositing sulfur and other minerals. Valuable hydrothermal mineral deposits can form beneath fumaroles. However, active fumaroles can be a hazard due to their emission of hot, poisonous gases.


title: Fumarole

text: A "fumarole" (or "fumerole"; from French "fumerolle", a domed structure with lateral openings, built over a kitchen to permit the escape of smoke) is an opening in a planet's crust which emits steam and gases, but no liquid or solid material. The temperature of the gases leaving the vent ranges from about . The steam forms when groundwater is superheated by hot rock, then flashes (boils due to depressurization) as it approaches the surface.


title: Fumarole

text: In addition to steam, gases released by fumaroles include carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride. These have their origin in magma cooling underground. Not all these gases are present in all fumaroles; for example, fumaroles of Kilauea in Hawaii, US, contain almost no hydrogen chloride or hydrogen fluoride. The gases may also include traces of carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen, methane, or carbon monoxide. A fumarole that emits sulfurous gases can be referred to as a "solfatara" (from old Italian "solfo", "sulfur"). Acid-sulfate hot springs can be formed by fumaroles when some of the steam condenses at the surface. Rising acidic vapors from below, such as CO and HS, will then dissolve, creating steam-heated low-pH hot springs.


title: Fumarole

text: Fumaroles are normally associated with the late stages of volcanic activity, although they may also precede volcanic activity and have been used to predict volcanic eruptions. In particular, changes in the composition and temperature of fumarole gases may point to an imminent eruption. An increase in sulfur oxide emissions is a particularly robust indication that new magma is rising from the depths, and may be detectable months to years before the eruption. Continued sulfur oxide emissions after an eruption is an indication that magma is continuing to rise towards the surface.


title: Fumarole

text: Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks, along long fissures, or in chaotic clusters or fields. They also occur on the surface of lava flows and pyroclastic flows. A "fumarole field" is an area of thermal springs and gas vents where shallow magma or hot igneous rocks release gases or interact with groundwater. When they occur in freezing environments, fumaroles may cause fumarolic ice towers.


title: Fumarole

text: Fumaroles may persist for decades or centuries if located above a persistent heat source; or they may disappear within weeks to months if they occur atop a fresh volcanic deposit that quickly cools. The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, for example, was formed during the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska. Initially, thousands of fumaroles occurred in the cooling ash from the eruption, but over time most of them have become extinct. Persistent fumaroles are found at Sulfur Bank on the northern edge of the Kilauea caldera, but most fumaroles in Hawaii last no more than a few months. There are still numerous active fumaroles at Yellowstone National Park, US, some 70,000 years after the most recent eruption.


title: Fumarole

text: The acidic fumes from fumaroles can break down the rock around the vents, producing brightly colored "alteration haloes". At Sulfur Bank near Kilauea, mild alteration reduces the rock to gray to white opal and kaolinite with the original texture of the rock still discernible. Alteration begins along joints in the rock and works inwards until the entire joint block is altered. More extreme alteration (at lower pH) reduces the material to clay minerals and iron oxides to produce red to reddish-brown clay. The same process can produce valuable hydrothermal ore deposits at depth.


title: Fumarole

text: Fumaroles emitting sulfurous vapors form surface deposits of sulfur-rich minerals and of fumarole minerals. Sulfur crystals at Sulfur Banks near Kilauea can grow to in length, and considerable sulfur has been deposited at Sulfur Cone within Mauna Loa caldera. Places in which these deposits have been mined include:


title: Fumarole

text: Sulfur mining in Indonesia is sometimes done for low pay, by hand, without respirators or other protective equipment.


title: Fumarole

text: In April 2006 fumarole emissions killed three ski-patrol workers east of Chair 3 at Mammoth Mountain Ski Area in California. The workers were overpowered by an accumulation of toxic fumes (a "mazuku") in a crevasse they had fallen into.


title: Fumarole

text: The formation called Home Plate at Gusev Crater on Mars, which was examined by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) "Spirit", is suspected to be the eroded remains of an ancient and extinct fumarole.


title: Dark room (sexuality)

text: A dark room or darkroom – also known as a backroom, blackroom, or playroom – is a room, typically at a nightclub, sex club, bathhouse, or adult bookstore, where patrons of the business can engage in relatively discreet sexual activity. Dark rooms usually have little or no lighting, possibly incorporating blacklights or dim, colored lighting to establish an atmosphere of twilight and secrecy.


title: Dark room (sexuality)

text: Dark rooms were common features of North American gay bars and clubs in the 1960s and 1970s, and can still be found in some bars. A backroom in a gay bar is typically a small, very dark or dimly lit room at the back of the club where customers can go to have sex, usually without undressing. Until the 1980s, backrooms were common in gay bars, and the sex that took place in them was typically unprotected and anonymous. The AIDS epidemic led to the closing of many backrooms in gay bars, and other public sex venues.


title: All the Bells Say

text: "All the Bells Say" is the ninth and final episode of the third season of the HBO satirical comedy-drama television series "Succession", and the 29th overall. It was written by series creator Jesse Armstrong and directed by Mark Mylod, and aired on December 12, 2021.


title: All the Bells Say

text: Set in Tuscany during Caroline's wedding, the episode follows the Roy children grappling with their futures amidst Logan's negotiations with GoJo, which stand to determine the fate of Waystar RoyCo.


title: All the Bells Say

text: With four Primetime Emmy Award nominations at the 74th ceremony, including Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series, "All the Bells Say" is the most nominated episode of the third season.


title: All the Bells Say

text: Kendall is nursed back to his health after nearly drowning in his pool, having been discovered by Comfry. Gerri reports that GoJo's market capitalization has exceeded Waystar's, resulting from heavy fines from the Department of Justice. Logan and Roman travel to Lukas Matsson's villa to meet with him in person; Matsson proposes that GoJo buy out Waystar with him as CEO – giving Matsson the power to choose a new board – while Logan exits with a settlement along with continued control of key assets. Logan stays to negotiate further while sending Roman back to Tuscany to attend his mother's wedding.


title: All the Bells Say

text: In Tuscany, Roman, Shiv and Connor sit down with Kendall to assess his mental state, believing him to have attempted suicide, but Kendall dismisses their intervention, insisting that his near-drowning was a drunken accident. Upon learning of Logan's merger plans with GoJo – which could jeopardize his presidential campaign – and hearing Kendall refer to himself as Logan's "eldest son," Connor lashes out at his siblings for the consistent disregard they have shown him, but regains his spirits when Willa agrees to marry him. Karl and Frank arrive in Italy to aid Logan in dealmaking procedures. Greg romantically pursues an Italian "contessa" Roman has brought along as a wedding date, learning she has blood ties to the monarchy of Luxembourg.


title: All the Bells Say

text: During the wedding reception, Roman – noticing odd behavior from Gerri, Kerry and others amid apparent concerns over the GoJo deal – reveals Matsson's buyout proposal to an irate Shiv. The two inform Kendall, realizing that giving Matsson control of the company's board severely endangers their prospects of ever taking over as CEO. Kendall, overwhelmed, breaks down in tears over his failure as both a father to his children and as a whistleblower against the company, and finally admits his involvement in the waiter's death at Shiv's wedding. Shiv and Roman comfort him, and Roman suggests that Kendall does not deserve to be fully blamed for the accident.


title: All the Bells Say

text: The three siblings recall a clause in Logan and Caroline's divorce agreement granting the children a vote over any change in company control, and decide to band together as an opposing majority against Logan. On the road, Shiv relays their plans to Tom, who realizes that Shiv has not considered where he will fall under this alliance. Tom vaguely hints to Greg about major changes happening at Waystar and offers him a chance at significant ascension within the company. Greg, though reluctant at first, happily accepts.


title: All the Bells Say

text: The children arrive at Logan's villa to confront their father. Logan refuses to halt the sale, insisting that the time is right to sell ownership of Waystar to a "serious tech operation" like GoJo. The three hold firm against Logan's attempts to divide them; Logan argues that the siblings losing company control will be a teachable moment for them, and erupts in anger upon mention of the supermajority clause. He puts Caroline on the phone, revealing the two renegotiated their divorce agreement to deprive the children of their voting power, effectively leaving them powerless within the company. Roman begs his father to reconsider, but Logan declares that the deal is settled because it ultimately works in his own favor. Roman then pleads with Gerri to oppose Logan and help the siblings remove him but she declines, declaring the buyout to be in her best interest financially. Tom arrives and receives a warm greeting from Logan, leading Shiv to realize it was he who informed Logan of the children's revolt.


title: All the Bells Say

text: "All the Bells Say" was written by "Succession" creator and showrunner Jesse Armstrong and directed by Mark Mylod in his twelfth episode for the series. Like the previous two season finales, the episode's title derives from a line in John Berryman's "Dream Song 29".


title: All the Bells Say

text: Mylod characterized the episode's climax – which sees Kendall, Roman and Shiv take a stand against Logan – as a bookend to the "chaos at the end of episode two" (which sees the Roy siblings disbanded), stating, "the siblings, however damaged, found their way back together for the first time [...] since their teenage years, I think." Armstrong described Roman's decision to stand up to his father in the episode as a progression from his refusal to do so in the episode "Which Side Are You On?" from the first season. He remarked, "Some people would see growth... I'm on the fence about human beings, and people certainly change what they do, but in my view, people's essential selves don't change. In a way that's what makes drama and choices interesting."


title: All the Bells Say

text: Brian Lowry of CNN compared Logan's decision to sell the company to the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney, writing: "Although series creator Jesse Armstrong has stressed that Rupert Murdoch and his clan aren't the sole inspiration for the series, it's worth noting that Murdoch made his own stunning deal in 2019 to sell major assets to Disney, retaining control of others. Given that Matsson floated the possibility of leaving Logan a few key baubles, there's little to fear of him being idle in the seasons to come, however many that might be." Armstrong himself cited AT&T's 2018 acquisition of HBO's parent company WarnerMedia – as well as the preceding AOL Time Warner merger of 2001 – as inspirations for the storyline, while also admitting to the Disney-Murdoch comparison.


title: All the Bells Say

text: The series filmed on location in Italy from June to August 2021 for the final two episodes of the season, primarily in the Tuscan region of Val d'Orcia, as well as several surrounding "comuni" in the province of Siena. For the finale, Villa Cetinale in Sovicille was used as Caroline's wedding venue, while the four Roy siblings' "intervention" discussion at the beginning of the episode was filmed at the restaurant La Terrazza del Chiostro in Pienza. The winery Argiano in Montalcino stood in for Logan's villa where the episode's climactic showdown between Logan and his children takes place. The crew shot several variations of the ending, including takes where Shiv does not notice Tom's betrayal. Mylod recounted how the process of filming the scene was instrumental in determining the end of the season:


title: All the Bells Say

text: Actor Brian Cox recalled in an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter" that several scenes were cut from the episode due to time constraints, including "a brilliant scene with Peter Friedman [who plays Frank Vernon] where he tells Roman what's what" during the episode's final sequence. He remarked, "I think they could have gone to an hour and a half with that [episode], but they had to edit it. And they might have even got a 10th episode, I don't know. There was certainly a lot of material that we sadly lost."


title: All the Bells Say

text: Upon airing, the episode was watched by 0.634 million viewers, with an 18-49 rating of 0.13. Including viewership across all platforms, the episode received 1.7 million viewers.


title: All the Bells Say

text: "All the Bells Say" was universally acclaimed by critics, who praised the episode's script, dramatic tension, performances (particularly Jeremy Strong's), and conclusion to the season's narrative. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the episode has an approval rating of 100% with an average score of 9.80 out of 10, based on 14 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "All the Bells Say" wraps up "Succession"s third season with a brilliantly written, powerfully acted bang – and leaves fans on the edge of their seats waiting for Season Four.


title: All the Bells Say

text: Ashley Ray-Harris of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode an A, stating that it "feature[d] Emmy-worthy moments for Jeremy Strong, Brian Cox, Kieran Culkin and Sarah Snook". She also praised Mark Mylod's direction, suggesting that the episode was the series' "most beautiful" to date, and called the episode's climax a "masterclass". Noel Murray of "The New York Times" felt the episode gained much of its quality from depicting the Roy siblings "in the same space, talking out their problems in person". He wrote that "the energy crackles among these actors, as their characters swing between being playfully mean and unforgivably cruel". Murray also praised Cox's "terrific" performance throughout the episode, particularly in the scene where he negotiates with Matsson. Ben Travers of IndieWire particularly praised the episode's twist involving Tom – feeling it a satisfying culmination of his character arc throughout the season – and likened Kendall's confession scene to "watching the three parts of "Succession" negotiate for space". He gave the episode an A.


title: All the Bells Say

text: Several critics singled out Strong's performance for praise, specifically during the scene where Kendall confesses his role in the fatal car accident from the first season to his siblings. Giving the episode 5 out of 5 stars, Scott Tobias of "Vulture" wrote of Strong's performance in the confession scene: "It all comes out in a torrent of raw emotion, courtesy of a serious actor who does not believe himself to be the star of a comedy." He also highlighted the episode's ending, calling it "as gripping a sequence of events as the show has ever staged". He declared the episode overall a "masterfully orchestrated finale". Jen Chaney, also writing for "Vulture", called the episode "fantastically tense" and reserved similar praise for Strong, writing: "His performance here just punches you right in the heart." Emily Yahr of "The Washington Post" also advocated for Strong to win an Emmy Award for his performance in the episode.


title: All the Bells Say

text: Other critics focused on how the episode excelled despite being emblematic of the third season's repetitive structure. Sophie Gilbert of "The Atlantic", who had previously criticized the first seven episodes of the season for feeling "stuck" in the same character dynamics, declared that the finale was "both brilliant television and a patchwork of things the show has already done". She wrote: "The show's cyclical nature feels, at this point, like a kind of nihilist acceptance: Late capitalism will always insulate the extraordinarily privileged from real consequences, and so the best we can do is voyeuristically enjoy their misery along the way. But with acting like this, does it matter?" Alan Sepinwall of "Rolling Stone" wrote that despite the season ending "with a minor variation on an old theme," the episode "was everything "Succession" does well — much of it done better than the series ever has before". Sepinwall highlighted the episode's balance of comedy and drama, describing the first half as "one delightful comic vignette after another" and praising Nicholas Braun's "sparkling" line delivery, while calling attention to Culkin and Snook's performances opposite Strong during Kendall's confession scene. Travers wrote: "Therein lies the beauty of "Succession" Season 3: For all the complaints about it being repetitive... its emotional arcs are incredibly precise, pointed, and harrowing."


title: All the Bells Say

text: At the 74th Directors Guild of America Awards, Mark Mylod won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series for his work on the episode.


title: All the Bells Say

text: Furthermore, at the 74th Primetime Emmy Awards, Matthew Macfadyen won the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and Jesse Armstrong won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for the episode. "All the Bells Say" also received nominations Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for Alexander Skarsgård's performance, and Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series. Brian Cox submitted this episode to support his Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series nomination.


title: Feature creep

text: Feature creep is the excessive ongoing expansion or addition of new features in a product, especially in computer software, video games and consumer and business electronics. These extra features go beyond the basic function of the product and can result in software bloat and over-complication, rather than simple design.


title: Feature creep

text: The definition of what qualifies as "feature creep" does vary among end users, where what is perceived as such by some users may be considered practical functionality by others.


title: Feature creep

text: The most common cause of feature creep is the desire to provide the consumer with a more useful or desirable product, in order to increase sales or distribution. However, once the product reaches the point at which it does everything that it is designed to do, the manufacturer is left with the choice between adding functions some users might consider unneeded (sometimes at the cost of efficiency), and sticking with the old version (at the cost of a perceived lack of improvement).


title: Feature creep

text: Another major cause of feature creep might be a compromise from a committee which decides to implement multiple, different viewpoints or use cases in the same product, even for opportunistic reasons. Then, as more features are added to support each approach, it might be necessary to have cross-conversion features between the multiple paradigms, further complicating the total features.


title: Feature creep

text: Feature creep is one of the most common sources of cost and schedule overruns. It thus endangers and can even kill products and projects.


title: Feature creep

text: There are several methods to control feature creep, including: strict limits for allowable features, multiple variations, and pruning excess features.


title: Feature creep

text: Temptation of later feature creep may be avoided to some degree by basing initial design on strong software fundamentals, such as logical separation of functionality and data access, e.g. using submenus which are optionally accessible by power users who desire more functionality and a higher verbosity of information. It can be actively controlled with rigorous change management and by delaying changes to later delivery phases of a project.


title: Feature creep

text: Another method of controlling feature creep is to maintain multiple variations of products, where features are kept limited and reduced in the more basic variations, e.g. Microsoft Windows editions. For software user interfaces, viewing modes or operation modes can be used (e.g. basic mode or expert mode), between which the users can select to match their own needs.


title: Feature creep

text: Both in many graphical user interfaces and command line interfaces, users are able to opt in for a higher verbosity manually. In the latter case, in many command-line programs, adding a codice_1 or codice_2 option manually, does show more detailed information that might be less relevant to minimal users, but useful to power users or for debugging and troubleshooting purposes.


title: Feature creep

text: Because the ever-growing, ever-expanding addition of new features might exceed available resources, a minimal core "basic" version of a product can be maintained separately, to ensure operation in smaller operating environments. Using the "80/20 rule", the more basic product variations might fulfill the needs of the majority (e.g. ~80%) of the users, so they would not be subjected to the complexity (or extra expense) of features requested by the advanced 20% of users. The extra features are still available, but optional and ready to be utilized for those who solicit them, but they have not been implemented into the basic versions of the products.


title: Feature creep

text: Another solution for feature creep is modularity. Power users who require more functionality can retrofit needed features by downloading software modules, plug-ins, add-ons (also known as add-ins) and custom themes to match their personal requirements.


title: Feature creep

text: At some point, the cost of maintaining a particular subset of features might become prohibitive, and pruning can be used. A new product version could simply omit the extra features, or perhaps a transition period would be used, where old features were deprecated before eventual removal from the system. If there are multiple variations of products, then some of them might be phased out of use. One major example is the Samsung Galaxy S6, released March 2015, of which significantly many software/menu features and also some hardware features were pruned. A “more functional” variation of it hasn't been released.


title: Feature creep

text: Occasionally, uncontrolled feature creep can lead to products far beyond the scope of what was originally intended; this is known as scope creep. However, a more common consequence of feature creep is a delay or cancellation of the product, which may become more expensive than was originally intended.


title: Feature creep

text: Often, a reasonably feature-complete software project, or one with moderate amounts of feature creep, can survive and even thrive through many iterations, but its successor release may suffer substantial delays once a decision is taken to rewrite the whole code base in addition to introducing new technologies. For example, Microsoft's Windows Vista was planned to be a minor release between Windows XP and its successor codenamed Windows "Blackcomb", but after adapting more and more features from Blackcomb (many of which were eventually cancelled), Vista turned out to become a major release which took five years of development.


title: Feature creep

text: A similar fate was suffered by Netscape 6, which was originally supposed to be Netscape 5. The 1998 decision by Netscape Communications to open-source its Netscape Navigator browser and Communicator Internet suite (both code-named Mozilla) soon made it obvious that the underlying code was too difficult, and required a complete rewrite of Mozilla, which fostered the creation of the Mozilla application framework. This caused significant delays, Netscape 5 was skipped, and the company was purchased by AOL. The subsequent release of Netscape 6.00 in 2000 was widely criticized as alpha-level code, and the project reached stability by Netscape 6.1 in 2001, three years after the decision to rework the Internet suite. By that time, Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser had long-eclipsed Netscape in usage share, which had diminished to single digits.


title: Feature creep

text: Even after reaching stability and attaining some necessary new features, the open-source Mozilla Application Suite (then named just Mozilla), on which AOL built Netscape, was viewed as "bloated". Just a year later, a group of Mozilla developers decided to separate the browser component, which eventually became Firefox.


title: Feature creep

text: Double Fine Adventures' Kickstarter project "Broken Age" is another example of a project being delayed by feature creep. Originally supposed to have a release date of October 2012, the first half of the game was released in January 2014 while the second half followed late April 2015, and required two separate funding rounds to complete.


title: Feature creep

text: Feature creep combined with short deadlines will often lead to a "hacky solution". The desired change may be large enough to warrant a redesign of the existing project foundation, but deadline pressure instead requires developers to just "make it work" with a less elegant approach. The humorous spoonerism "feeping creaturism" was coined to emphasize a developer's dislike of this situation, personifying the scope-crept product as "a misshapen creature of hacks ... prowling about in the dark", and the harbinger of more creep to come. ("Feeping" is a jargon synonym of "beeping".)


title: Moravec's paradox

text: Moravec's paradox is the observation by artificial intelligence and robotics researchers that, contrary to traditional assumptions, reasoning requires very little computation, but sensorimotor and perception skills require enormous computational resources. The principle was articulated by Hans Moravec, Rodney Brooks, Marvin Minsky and others in the 1980s. Moravec wrote in 1988, "it is comparatively easy to make computers exhibit adult level performance on intelligence tests or playing checkers, and difficult or impossible to give them the skills of a one-year-old when it comes to perception and mobility".


title: Moravec's paradox

text: Similarly, Minsky emphasized that the most difficult human skills to reverse engineer are those that are below the level of conscious awareness. "In general, we're least aware of what our minds do best", he wrote, and added "we're more aware of simple processes that don't work well than of complex ones that work flawlessly". Steven Pinker wrote in 1994 that "the main lesson of thirty-five years of AI research is that the hard problems are easy and the easy problems are hard."


title: Moravec's paradox

text: By the 2020s, in accordance to Moore's law, computers were hundreds of millions of times faster than in the 1970s, and the additional computer power was finally sufficient to begin to handle perception and sensory skills, as Moravec had predicted in 1976. In 2017, leading machine learning researcher Andrew Ng presented a "highly imperfect rule of thumb", that "almost anything a typical human can do with less than one second of mental thought, we can probably now or in the near future automate using AI." There is currently no consensus as to which tasks AI tends to excel at.


title: Moravec's paradox

text: One possible explanation of the paradox, offered by Moravec, is based on evolution. All human skills are implemented biologically, using machinery designed by the process of natural selection. In the course of their evolution, natural selection has tended to preserve design improvements and optimizations. The older a skill is, the more time natural selection has had to improve the design. Abstract thought developed only very recently, and consequently, we should not expect its implementation to be particularly efficient.


title: Moravec's paradox

text: Some examples of skills that have been evolving for millions of years: recognizing a face, moving around in space, judging people's motivations, catching a ball, recognizing a voice, setting appropriate goals, paying attention to things that are interesting; anything to do with perception, attention, visualization, motor skills, social skills and so on.