title: Combined Graduate Level Examination

text: Candidates applying for the various posts need to have a bachelor degree from a recognised university at the time of applying. The age requirements are between 20 and 30 years. The age limits may vary depending on the position applied. For instance, the position for Inspector of Central Bureau of Narcotics which had an age range from 18 to 27 years, was extended to 30 years in September 2018. The application fee for 2017 is Rs. 100. All women candidates and candidates belonging to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, Physically Handicapped, and Ex-Servicemen eligible for reservation are exempted from paying application fee.


title: Combined Graduate Level Examination

text: The examination has several tiers which are conducted over different days with results posted after each tier. Previous exams also included an interview tier, but following a government order, interviews have been dispensed with for all non-gazetted posts in the central government as of 1 January 2016. A computer proficiency test or a skill test was also added as a tier for some posts. There are four major tiers of examination.


title: Combined Graduate Level Examination

text: The Tier I exam consists of a written objective multiple-choice exam with four sections, covering the subjects of:


title: Combined Graduate Level Examination

text: The exam was typically scored with maximum 50 Marks per section for a total of 200 Marks. The latest versions of this exam such as with 2018 have been conducted online.


title: Combined Graduate Level Examination

text: Also known as the Mains Exam, the Tier II exam consists of written objective multiple-choice exam, in three sections (also called "Papers"), covering the subjects of:


title: Combined Graduate Level Examination

text: The 2016 exam was held in 44 batches across 96 cities. There were 3.8 million applicants, of which 1.48 million took the Tier 1 exam. 149,319 candidates passed Tier 1, and 35,096 candidates passed Tier 2. The final number of positions for the 2016 exam was estimated to be about 10,661.


title: Combined Graduate Level Examination

text: Candidates were allowed to view their answer sheets and point out errors in the grading of answers for a fee of Rs. 100 per question.


title: Combined Graduate Level Examination

text: For the 2017 exam, the SSC said about 3,026,598 candidates filled in the online application, of which 1,543,418 candidates took the exam. 226,229 candidates passed Tier 1, and 47,003 candidates passed Tier 2.


title: Combined Graduate Level Examination

text: On 21 February 2018, it was reported that the screenshots of the question paper of the 2017 SSC Tier 2 exam appeared on social media before the exam began. This led to massive protests. The authorities canceled the exam, and Central Bureau of Investigation conducted an investigation, releasing a First information report that named several entities including employees at Sify Technologies that allegedly participated in the leak. The Tier-III exam for that year was also postponed. SSC CGLE 2018 which was supposed to be held in 2018 got delayed multiple times. CGL 2018 final result was declared in early 2021 after delay of almost 3 years.


title: Combined Graduate Level Examination

text: Postponements in exam dates and/or results have been a regular occurrence. In addition to the delays in launching the 2017 Tier 1 exams, the 2016 exam final appointments were delayed. The 2014 exam was also delayed and the 2018 Tier 1 exams are being postponed.


title: University of Dundee

text: The University of Dundee is a public research university based in Dundee, Scotland. It was founded as a university college in 1881 with a donation from the prominent Baxter family of textile manufacturers. The institution was, for most of its early existence, a constituent college of the University of St Andrews alongside United College and St Mary's College located in the town of St Andrews itself. Following significant expansion, the University of Dundee gained independent university status by royal charter in 1967 while retaining elements of its ancient heritage and governance structure.


title: University of Dundee

text: The main campus of the university is located in Dundee's West End, which contains many of the university's teaching and research facilities; the Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, Dundee Law School and the Dundee Dental Hospital and School. The university has additional facilities at Ninewells Hospital, containing its school of medicine; Perth Royal Infirmary, which houses a clinical research centre; and in Kirkcaldy, Fife, containing part of its school of nursing and health sciences. The annual income of the institution for 2020–21 was £275.7 million of which £73.9 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £269.0 million.


title: University of Dundee

text: The University of Dundee has its roots in the earlier university college based in Dundee and the University of St Andrews. During the 19th century, the growing population of Dundee significantly increased demand for the establishment of an institution of higher education in the city and several organisations were established to promote this end, including a University Club in the city. There was a significant movement with the intention of moving the entire university to Dundee (which the royal commission observed was now a "large and increasing town") or the establishment of a college along very similar lines to the present United College. Finally, agreement was reached that what was needed was expansion of the sciences and professions, rather than the arts at St Andrews.


title: University of Dundee

text: A donation of £120,000 for the creation of an institution of higher education in Dundee was made by Miss Mary Ann Baxter of Balgavies, a notable lady of the city and heir to the fortune of William Baxter of Balgavies. In this endeavour, she was assisted by her relative, John Boyd Baxter, an alumnus of St Andrews and Procurator Fiscal of Forfarshire who also contributed nearly £20,000. In order to craft the institution and its principles, it was to be established first as an independent university college, with a view from its very inception towards incorporation into the University of St Andrews.


title: University of Dundee

text: In 1881, the ideals of the proposed new college were laid down, suggesting the establishment of an institute for "promoting the education of persons of both sexes and the study of Science, Literature and the Fine Arts". The university currently identifies 1881 as the year of its foundation, as University College's endowment was dated 31 December 1881, but the year 1880, when the announcement of Mary Ann Baxter's funding was made, as well as the years 1882 and 1883 have also been cited as their foundation year by the institution in the past.


title: University of Dundee

text: No religious oaths were to be required of members. Later that year, "University College, Dundee" was established as an academic institution and the first principal, Sir William Peterson, was elected in late 1882. When opened in 1883, it comprised five faculties: Maths and Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Engineering and Drawing, English Language and Literature and Modern History, and Philosophy. The University College had no power to award degrees and for some years some students were prepared for external examinations of the University of London. By 1894, the faculties offered at the college remained essentially scientific in outlook, with three academics - including the principal, William Peterson - giving instruction in classics, philosophy, English and history at both the Dundee and St Andrews sites.


title: University of Dundee

text: The policy of no discrimination between the sexes, which was insisted upon by Mary Ann Baxter, meant that the new college recruited several able female students. Their number included the social reformer Mary Lily Walker and, later, Margaret Fairlie who in 1940 became Scotland's first female professor. Another early female graduate, Ruth Wilson, later Young, became professor of surgery at Lady Hardinge Medical College in Delhi and later became its principal.


title: University of Dundee

text: Following discussions around various forms of incorporation and association, students were able to matriculate through the University of St Andrews from 1885. The full incorporation was completed in 1897 when University College became part of the University of St Andrews. This move was of notable benefit to both, enabling the University of St Andrews (which was in a small town) to support a medical school. Medical students could choose to undertake preclinical studies either in Dundee or St Andrews (at the Bute Medical School) after which all students would undertake their clinical studies at Dundee. Eventually, law, dentistry and other professional subjects were taught at University College. By 1904 University College had a roll of 208, making up 40 per cent of the roll of the university generally. By session 1909-10 234 students were studying at University College, 101 of whom were female. Among the notable students at this time were Robert Watson-Watt, the radar pioneer; William Alexander Young the epidemiologist who later died in Accra while studying yellow fever; and David Rutherford Dow who would go on to be a senior member of staff at the college.


title: University of Dundee

text: In 1895, unlike the students at St Andrews, there were reportedly very few "bona-fide" matriculated students at Dundee who were "aiming to graduate". During the academic years of 1892–4, those students at Dundee who had matriculated at St Andrews were considered St Andrews University students and were subsequently awarded degrees by St. Andrews. Although the union between the two institutions was then threatened by a lawsuit, by 1898 the union with St. Andrews was restored on the original basis.


title: University of Dundee

text: University College's development in the early twentieth century has been described as "slow and fitful" and the interwar period saw virtually no new building projects, leaving large parts of the college housed in buildings which were not fit for purpose. Kenneth Baxter has claimed that World War I had a major impact on University College and stated that the conflict presented it with "a storm of challenges unlike anything it had faced" up to that point. Baxter contends that the War impacted the college greatly, with key consequences being declining student numbers which in turn led to a loss of income, as well as staff departures and the decaying of fabric. In 2018 it was revealed that research shows that while the college's war memorial records the names of 37 staff and former students who died at least a further 39 alumni of the college were not recorded on it. In 1920 the college received a war trophy in the form of a "40 ton, 15 cm field gun", which was thought to have been captured from Bulgarian forces and was sited in front of the students Union.


title: University of Dundee

text: Attempts were made to raise income. In 1923 Rudyard Kipling, then the rector of the University of St Andrews, visited University College and asked the merchant princes and leading citizens of Dundee to give the college their money and support. Kipling implored those who had lost their sons in the Great War to consider giving a donation so that their names would live on. Staff of a high calibre continued to be employed by the university including Alexander Peacock and Margaret Fairlie, who in 1940 was appointed as professor of obstetrics and gynaecology and thus became the first woman to hold a professorial chair at a university in Scotland.


title: University of Dundee

text: In 1947, the principal of University College, Douglas Wimberley released the "Wimberley Memo" (resulting in the Cooper and Tedder reports of 1952), advocating independence for the college. In 1954, after a royal commission, University College was renamed "Queen's College" and the Dundee-based elements of the university gained a greater degree of independence and flexibility. It was also at this time that Queen's College absorbed the former Dundee School of Economics as well as the jointly administered medical school and dental school.


title: University of Dundee

text: The publication of the Robbins Report on Higher Education in 1963, which considered the question of university education expansion throughout the country, provided impetus to the movement to attain independent university status for Dundee. At this time, a number of new institutions were being elevated to this status, such as the University of Stirling, and second universities were created in Edinburgh and Glasgow (Heriot-Watt University and the University of Strathclyde) despite their having fewer than 2,000 students.


title: University of Dundee

text: Queen's College's size and location, alongside a willingness to expand, led to an eventual decision to separate from the wider University of which it remained an integral part. In 1966, St Andrews University Court and the Council of Queen's College submitted a joint petition to the Privy Council seeking the grant of a Royal Charter to establish the University of Dundee. This petition was approved and the Charter was granted which saw Queen's College become the University of Dundee, on 1 August 1967. The university continued a number of the traditions of its originator college and university and continues to be organised under the ancient university governance structure.


title: University of Dundee

text: In 1974, the university began to validate some degrees from Dundee's Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, and by 1988 all degrees from that institution were being validated in this fashion. In 1994 the two institutions merged, with the college becoming a constituent faculty of the university. In 1996, the Tayside College of Nursing and the Fife College of Health studies became part of the university, as a school of Nursing and Midwifery. For several years, Dundee College of Education prepared students for degree examinations at the University of Dundee, and in December 2001 the university merged with the Dundee campus of Northern College to create a Faculty of Education and Social Work.


title: University of Dundee

text: In October 2005, the university became home to the first UNESCO centre in the United Kingdom. The IHP-HELP Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science is involved in research regarding the management of the world's water resources on behalf of the United Nations. A school of accounting and finance was introduced in 2007.


title: University of Dundee

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the university suspended most face to face teaching from 16 March 2020. However, a "blended learning" approach was offered to many students with weekly tutorials available in person for small groups using Covid-19 protocols of social distancing and regular cleaning.


title: University of Dundee

text: The main campus is within the West End of the City of Dundee. It has expanded greatly since the university gained independence, from just four converted buildings when the University College was founded in 1881 the university has grown to consist of over fifty at present. However, many buildings survive from Dundee's period as a university college and as a constituent college of St Andrews University. The earliest purpose-built facility on campus was the Carnelley Building which opened in 1883 as part of the new University College. A£10,000 donation from Miss Mary Ann Baxter provided for a chemistry laboratory situated in the building which was named for the university's first professor of chemistry, Thomas Carnelley.


title: University of Dundee

text: The buildings at the heart of the university form the Geddes Quadrangle. These include the Carnegie, Harris and Peters Buildings which were constructed in 1909 as part of the new college of the University of St Andrews. The Geddes Quadrangle was named for Patrick Geddes, a pioneering thinker in the fields of sociology and urban planning and former professor of botany at Dundee, as a botanist Geddes had originally proposed a garden in the center of the quadrangle to be used for teaching purposes. The designer was Victorian architect Robert Rowand Anderson, the architect of buildings such as the Scottish National Portrait Gallery and Mount Stuart House.


title: University of Dundee

text: Amid the expansion of education in post-war Britain, the University College, Dundee commissioned the construction of several new buildings to cope with the increasing numbers of students and academics arriving. The first of these was the Ewing Building which had started planning in 1950 and was officially opened in 1954. Named after Sir James Alfred Ewing, the university's first professor of engineering, the building currently houses postgraduate research facilities for the engineering and physics disciplines as well as the NERC Satellite Receiving Station. The Fulton Building gave the civil and mechanical engineering department a dedicated building, it was opened in 1964 and took its name from Angus Robertson Fulton, former principal of University College, Dundee (1939–1946).


title: University of Dundee

text: The 1960s saw the further development of the Queen's College campus with some of the earliest multi-story towers in Scotland being built for both teaching and student accommodation. The Tower Building, opened in 1961 by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, exemplified early Scottish modernist architecture and was designed by Robert Matthew; it stands 140 ft tall with ten storeys home to both academic and administrative departments of the university. The Tower was built on the site of two of the original four Georgian houses which had housed University College, Dundee (originally known as Whiteleys). Its construction was notable as it was the tallest structure built in Dundee since the Old Steeple in the medieval period. The building was extended in the later 1960s was resulted in the demolition of the remaining two original buildings.


title: University of Dundee

text: Belmont Halls of Residence took inspiration from Danish design and aimed to provide modern, spacious quarters for students while keeping costs cheap; it was completed in 1963 on the site of Belmont Works, a former jute mill.


title: University of Dundee

text: The 2000s brought extensive renovation to the university's central campus, with a number of new and upgraded buildings introduced around 2007 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the university's independence. Large extensions have been placed on the Main Library and sports centre, and a number of new halls of residence (Heathfield, Belmont, West Park and Seabraes) have been gradually phased into operation. The Dalhousie building was erected during this period as dedicated teaching accommodation for the university, in part replacing space previously at the Gardyne Road campus of Northern College, which has now been taken up by Dundee College. Significant improvement works have taken place in old buildings such as the Old Technical Institute, Medical Sciences Institute and Old Medical School buildings.


title: University of Dundee

text: The School of Nursing and Health Sciences has a campus on Forth Avenue, Kirkcaldy, Fife. This offers degrees in nursing, midwifery and other health-related subjects. Placements are available often in conjunction with NHS Fife.


title: University of Dundee

text: The University of Dundee is organised under the provisions of its royal charter, which granted the university its independence in 1967. Dundee, uniquely outside of the four ancient universities of Scotland has a governance framework which shares a number of similarities with the ancient governance structure which was developed in the 19th and 20th centuries through the various Universities (Scotland) Acts.


title: University of Dundee

text: The chancellor is the head of the university and president of the Graduates' Council, with a role of presiding over academic ceremonies such as graduations. The five chancellors of the university to have held office since its independence are:


title: University of Dundee

text: The rector of the university is an official elected by the matriculated students of the university for a three-year term. In common with other university rectors in Scotland, the position is largely ceremonial, although it does involve the representation of students on the University Court. The rector at Dundee, unlike that of the ancient universities, does not chair the University Court, that duty instead falling to a lay member. The rector may appoint an assessor who can carry out the rector's functions on their behalf when they are absent. The university gained national attention in 2001 when it seemed that actor David Hasselhoff may stand as rector.


title: University of Dundee

text: As part of the process of installation, the students traditionally take the new rector on the 'rectorial drag' which involves them being 'dragged' from Dundee City Chambers to the university in the university's own carriage visiting on the way some of the many pubs in the city as part of the informal welcome to the university.


title: University of Dundee

text: The present holder of the position is sports broadcaster Jim Spence, who was installed on 9 September 2019. He replaced, Mark Beaumont, the record-breaking endurance cyclist.


title: University of Dundee

text: Previous Rectors since the university's independence have included Sir Peter Ustinov, Sir Clement Freud, and Stephen Fry, who each served two terms, and Craig Murray, Tony Slattery, Lorraine Kelly and Fred MacAulay, who each served one.


title: University of Dundee

text: The Principal and Vice-Chancellor is the chief academic and administrative officer of the university, presiding over the Senatus Academicus. As a result of their title as Vice-Chancellor, the Principal can fulfill the duties of the Chancellor in their absence. Prior to the university's independence, when it was part of the University of St Andrews, a similar function was carried out by the Master of Queen's College. This position replaced the earlier post of Principal of University College, Dundee, which was first filled in 1882.


title: University of Dundee

text: Following the announced resignation of Principal and Vice-Chancellor Sir Pete Downes in February 2018, the university appointed Professor Andrew Atherton to the post, to begin in January 2019. Atherton resigned following a dispute with the university in November 2019.


title: University of Dundee

text: As of 1 August 2019, the University of Dundee is organised into ten schools containing multiple disciplines. Each individual school is formally headed by a Dean. The following is a full list of the academic divisions of the university:


title: University of Dundee

text: , Dundee is ranked within the top 300 universities in the world according to the major global rankings ("ARWU", "QS", "Times" and "CWTS Leiden"); placing 42nd in the CWTS Leiden Ranking, joint 272nd in the QS World University Rankings and 201-300th in the Academic Ranking of World Universities. The 2016 "THE's 150 Under 50 Rankings" (composed of institutions under 50 years of age) placed Dundee 16th globally and 1st in the UK. The university was "The Times Good University Guide's" "Scottish University of the Year" consecutively in 2015/16 and 2016/17.


title: University of Dundee

text: According to the 2023 Times Higher Education World University Rankings by Subject, Dundee's strongest subjects are Life Sciences, ranked joint 95th in the world and Law, ranked in the top 125 in the world. The 2022 "QS World University Rankings by Subject" ranks the university 44th for Pharmacy & Pharmacology, 93rd for Biological Sciences, and in the top 100 for Art & Design, top 150 for Nursing, and top 200 for Medicine in the world.


title: University of Dundee

text: In the three major 2020 university rankings in the UK ("CUG", "Guardian" and "Times"), Dundee's subject offerings in Dentistry, Forensic Science & Archaeology, Law, and Medicine rank within the top ten nationally. Anatomy & Physiology, Art, Biological Sciences, Business Management, Education, Fashion & Textiles, and Medical Technology rank within the top ten nationally in at least one of the rankings.


title: University of Dundee

text: Students at Dundee are represented by the university's students' representative council and the Rector in common with other universities in Scotland sharing the ancient organisational structure.


title: University of Dundee

text: The Dundee University Students' Association (DUSA), unlike many other students' unions in the United kingdom, is not affiliated to the National Union of Students, mainly due to cost concerns and political objections. It is instead affiliated to the Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland (CHESS) and the National Postgraduate Committee. Membership of the Students' Association is automatic for all students of the university, although it is possible under statutes to renounce this membership at any time. The Association, as with its neighbours in the other ancient-organised universities in Scotland, is co-existent with the university's students' representative council.


title: University of Dundee

text: The DUSA building is located in Airlie Place, in the centre of the university's Main Campus and caters as a private members' club offering bar, nightclub and refectory services for students. DUSA also provides a number of other typical students' union services such as advocacy on behalf of its membership and assistance to individual students. In addition the DUSA facilitates the creation of student societies, as of 2016 there are over 140 student-led societies on campus.


title: University of Dundee

text: As of 2016, there are 43 clubs affiliated with the Sports' Union. There is an annual award ceremony for the sports clubs, and a Blues & Colours Ball (see Blue (university sport)) to provide social interaction between the clubs.


title: University of Dundee

text: The Institute of Sport and Exercise, unlike the Sports Union, is directly controlled by the university, but works closely with the students' organisations. Its chief building is located on Old Hawkhill in the main campus, which contains the main indoor sporting facilities and the university's gym.


title: University of Dundee

text: Outdoor facilities are mainly based in the Riverside Sporting Ground, within a reasonable walking distance and bordering the Tay, although there are others – such as tennis courts – spread throughout the main campus. The ISE's 25m swimming pool is located within the Students' Association building on Airlie Place.


title: University of Dundee

text: Notable sporting achievements of the university include winning the British University Gaelic football Championship in 1994 and being the first team in Scottish rugby history to win the league and SUS Cup double in the 2007/08 season.


title: University of Dundee

text: The University Chaplaincy Centre was constructed in 1974 and extended in 1987 and houses both the University Chapel and a number of other related social facilities. The chapel is often used for concerts, including a free lunchtime concert most Fridays during the academic year.


title: University of Dundee

text: The university has a full-time chaplain, Fiona Douglas (since 1997), who is a minister of the Church of Scotland. There are also several part-time associate and honorary chaplains representing other faiths and denominations.


title: University of Dundee

text: Dundee students participate in a number of traditional events during the academic calendar. Towards the start of the year, a standard British Freshers' Week is organised, with a secondary one held when the university reconvenes after the Christmas vacation.


title: University of Dundee

text: Traditions remaining from Dundee's days as a college of the University of St Andrews include the Gaudie Night (taking its name from the first line of the students' anthem, De Brevitate Vitae) – held early in the first semester and organised both as a Students' Union night and an event organised by the individual schools (for example by the Life Sciences, Medical, Law and Dentistry Societies) where students are assigned academic "parents" from the senior years. Some weeks later, a Raisin (alternatively spelled "Raisen") weekend is held to all new students to repay their academic parents' hospitality. Generally the school society run events are more traditional in nature than the Students' Union event.


title: University of Dundee

text: Since 2004, the university has organised the Discovery Days series of public lectures hosted by University and visiting academics and persons of note, providing introductions into a number of major fields of work taking place at Dundee.


title: University of Dundee

text: The university has a number of student residences spaced around the city. Over the last decade there has been an attempt to move some of these halls of residence closer to the main campus. With the closure and re-building of West Park Hall in 2005, all of the halls are now self catered en-suite.


title: University of Dundee

text: Some older halls, despite remaining open in the interim until building works were finished, are now out of use – the last students moved out in early 2007. These are:


title: University of Dundee

text: The university's cultural and historic collections are looked after by Museum Services and Archive Services.


title: University of Dundee

text: Dundee has significant museum collections acquired over the 140 years of its history. These include fine art, design furniture, textiles, scientific instruments, medical equipment and natural history specimens.


title: University of Dundee

text: The collections are accredited as a public museum and are cared for by Museum Services. In 2012 it was announced that Museum Services had been awarded a grant of £100,000 by the Art Fund to develop an art collection inspired by D'Arcy Thompson. This body promotes the various departments of the university involved in cultural activity and runs an annual culture day of short public lectures. In January 2014 it was announced that Museum Services had been awarded funding of £32,407 to acquire a new object database to aid the management of its various collections of nearly 30,000 items.


title: University of Dundee

text: The university's Archive Services was established in 1976 and maintains the University of Dundee's manuscripts and records collections. The archives hold a wide range of material relating to the university and its predecessor institutions and to individuals associated with the university. Archive Services also holds a number of records relating to individuals, businesses and organizations based in the Tayside area. The records held include a substantial number of business archives relating to the jute and linen industry in Dundee and West Bengal, records of other businesses including the archives of the Alliance Trust and the department store G. L. Wilson, the records of the Brechin Diocese of the Scottish Episcopal Church, the Michael Peto photographic collection and the NHS Tayside Archive. Archive Services' other collections include the archives of Dundee Repertory Theatre and the papers of the Great War poet Joseph Johnston Lee. In addition to material relating to the local area, the archives have a number of documents relating to other countries, especially India. The Archives also hold the records of the Glasite Church.


title: University of Dundee

text: The archives also house some special book collections. These include rare books relating to local history and the Joan Auld Memorial Collection, an important collection of labour history books donated to the university in 1996 in memory of Joan Auld, the first university archivist, who had died in a climbing accident the previous year.


title: University of Dundee

text: Archive Services also runs an ongoing oral history project to record the memories of individuals who have lived and worked in Dundee and hold public events to promote the project.


title: University of Dundee

text: This list includes certain persons who are graduates of the University of St Andrews, having studied at the University College or Queen's College in Dundee, as well as graduates of the University of Dundee. This is a result of the incorporation of this institution in the other from 1897 to 1967. Indeed, in a great many respects, the medical school at the University of Dundee is the direct inheritor of the medical traditions of the University of St Andrews. It also includes notable former members of staff of these institutions.


title: University of Dundee

text: Former Chancellor Sir James Black, who had studied medicine at the then University College Dundee, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work on the discovery of propranolol – a beta-blocker for the treatment of hypertension. Ronald Coase served as a founding lecturer from 1932 to 1934 of the Dundee School of Economics and Commerce. Coase received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1991 for his work on the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy.


title: Will Scarlet

text: Will Scarlet (also Scarlett, Scarlock, Scadlock, Scatheloke, Scathelocke and Shacklock) is a prominent member of Robin Hood's Merry Men. He is present in the earliest ballads along with Little John and Much the Miller's Son.


title: Will Scarlet

text: The confusion of surnames has led some authors to distinguish them as belonging to different characters. The Elizabethan playwright Anthony Munday featured Scarlet and Scathlocke as half-brothers in his play "The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntington". Howard Pyle included both a Will Scathelock and a Will Scarlet in his "Merry Adventures of Robin Hood". Will Stutely may also exist as a separate character because of a mistaken surname.


title: Will Scarlet

text: The first appearance of Will Scarlet was in one of the oldest surviving Robin Hood ballads, "A Gest of Robyn Hode". He helps capture Richard at the Lee and when Robin lends that knight money to pay off his debts, Scarlet stands laughing at Little John for the cost of clothing the knight (Richard at the Lee) being nothing. (Child Ballad 117A p,74)


title: Will Scarlet

text: But after the knight has received four hundred pounds, 3 yards of every coloured cloth, a horse and saddle Will Scarlet insists the knight should have a pair of boots.(Child Ballad 117A p,77)


title: Will Scarlet

text: Another very early ballad featuring Will Scarlet is one variant of "Robin Hood's Death", in which Will's only role is to urge a bodyguard, which Robin scorns.


title: Will Scarlet

text: A later ballad, "Robin Hood and the Newly Revived", ascribes an origin story to him. Robin finds a finely dressed young man shooting deer in Sherwood, and offers to let him join the band; they quarrel and fight. Robin asks who he is; he says he is Young Gamwell, who killed his father's steward and fled his father's estate to seek out his uncle, Robin Hood. Robin makes him welcome and renames him Scarlet. This story, more or less, is the common origin story for Will Scarlet, although variations occur.


title: Will Scarlet

text: Francis Child indexed those tales: "A Gest of Robyn Hode" as Child Ballad 117, "Robin Hood's Death" as Child ballad 120, and "Robin Hood Newly Revived" as Child ballad 128. He also listed several other ballads featuring Will Scarlet, sometimes in a very minor role. In "Robin Hood's Delight" (Child Ballad 136), the common story in which Robin meets a stranger, cannot outfight him, and must outwit him is altered: Robin has Little John and Will with him, and they meet three foresters, resulting in the usual fight and outwitting. In "Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar" (Child Ballad 123), Will Scarlet tells Robin of the friar, resulting in their encounter. In "Robin Hood and Guy of Gisbourne" (Child Ballad 118), Little John is captured coming to Will's rescue after two of their band had been killed and Will was fleeing. In an unusual Robin Hood ballad "Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon" (Child ballad 129), Robin, Little John, and Will Scarlet come to the king's rescue, fighting the prince of the title and two giants, and ending with Will marrying the princess; this ballad, unlike the other Child ballads, is seldom used in later adaptations.


title: Will Scarlet

text: Traditionally, when the outlaws are depicted as being middle-aged, Scarlet is often depicted as young or youthful, sometimes in his late teens. In the traditional tales, he is hot-headed and tempestuous, but has a love of fine elegant clothes and is often seen wearing red silk. He is the most skilled swordsman of the merry men whilst Robin Hood is the most skilled archer and Little John the most skilled staff wielder. In some tales, Scarlet uses two swords at the same time (this was parodied in the movie "").


title: Will Scarlet

text: According to local tradition, Will Scarlet was killed after a battle with the Sheriff's men and is buried in the churchyard of the Church of St. Mary of the Purification, Blidworth in Nottinghamshire. The apex of the old church spire stands in the graveyard and is popularly referred to as a monument to Will Scarlet, whose grave is otherwise unmarked.


title: Will Scarlet

text: • In the CG-animated series ,the character is a cousin of Robin Hood and is changed to girl in the show.This version is also Marian's(this series version of Maid Marian) attendant.They both spy from within the castle and provide information to Robin Hood.Robin and majority of characters associated with him are depicted as children in the series, including the female Scarlet.


title: NWA World Television Championship

text: The NWA World Television Championship is a world television championship owned and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). The inaugural champion was Ricky Starks. The current champion is Jordan Clearwater, who is in his first reign.


title: NWA World Television Championship

text: On December 14, 2019, the NWA announced they were reintroducing the NWA World Television Championship with a tournament to determine a new champion. Although past Television champions from both the Georgia and Mid-Atlantic versions have been referred to on NWA programming, the original titles and respective lineage are currently owned by WWE.


title: NWA World Television Championship

text: On December 14, 2019, during NWA's Into the Fire pay-per-view, it was announced they were reintroducing the NWA World Television Championship with a tournament to determine a new champion at their next PPV, Hard Times, on January 24, 2020. On the December 17 episode of NWA's weekly flagship program, "NWA Power", it was revealed that all NWA World Television Championship tournament matches would have a 6 minute, 5 second time limit. The time limit was an homage to the 6:05 PM start time of "NWA Power" as well as a tribute to the original start time for NWA's "World Championship Wrestling" that ran from the 1970s to 1992. All tournament competitors, as well as two qualifying matches, were then announced. On the January 7 episode of "NWA Power", Tim Storm clarified that six competitors would move on to the first round of the NWA World Television Championship tournament. He also announced there would be two additional spots open in the first round for competitors yet to be named and not currently on the NWA roster. The tournament bracket was unveiled on the January 14 episode of "NWA Power." On the January 21 episode of "NWA Power", the final two competitors in the first round of the tournament were named: Matt Cross from the independent circuit and Dan Maff from Ring of Honor.


title: NWA World Television Championship

text: On the January 28, 2020 episode of NWA Power, the "Lucky Seven Rule" was announced. A champion who successfully defends the championship 7 consecutive times will be eligible to trade in the championship for a match for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship. On March 21, 2021 at Back For The Attack, the NWA extended the time limit for World Television title matches on pay-per-views to ten minutes.


title: NWA World Television Championship

text: The current design is the same that Jim Crockett Promotions used from April 1985 to November 1988. It is also the same design World Championship Wrestling used from November 1988 to January 1991 and for the WCW World Television Championship belt from January 1991 to May 1992. The design uses a dual-colored leather strap (black front, red back) as the base. The main plate is nickel silver with a red background for the words “NWA Television Heavyweight Wrestling Champion.” An eagle’s head and wings sit underneath the “NWA” letters, a globe is etched in the silver underneath “Television,” and a wrestling ring with two figures is etched in the silver underneath “Heavyweight Wrestling Champion.” There are four side plates. On the left are the logos of two of the major television networks: NBC and ABC. On the right, the logo of the television network CBS is on one plate while an image of a satellite dish is on the other. The belt was also available in red and white straps.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: The Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is a wildlife sanctuary in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra state in India. It is Maharashtra's oldest and largest national park. Created in 1955, the reserve includes the Tadoba National Park and the Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary. The reserve consists of of reserved forest and of protected forest.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: "Tadoba" is taken from the name of the god "Tadoba" or "Taru", worshipped by the tribes who live in the dense forests of the Tadoba and Andhari region, while "Andhari" refers to the Andhari river that meanders through the forest.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Legend holds that Taru was a village chief who was killed in a mythological encounter with a tiger. Taru was deified and a shrine dedicated to Taru now exists beneath a large tree on the banks of Tadoba Lake. The temple is frequented by adivasis, especially during a fair held annually in the Hindu month of Pausha (December–January).


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: The Gond kings once ruled these forests in the vicinity of the Chimur hills. Hunting was banned in 1935. Two decades later, in 1955, of this forest area was declared a national park. Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary was created in the adjacent forests in 1986. In 1995, the park and the sanctuary were merged to establish the present tiger reserve.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Tadoba Andhari Reserve is the largest national park in Maharashtra. The total area of the reserve is . This includes Tadoba National Park, with an area of and Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary with an area of . The reserve also includes of protected forest and of uncategorised land.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: To the southwest is the Tadoba Lake which acts as a buffer between the park's forest and the extensive farmland which extends up to Irai water reservoir. This lake is a perennial water source which offers a good habitat for Muggar crocodiles to thrive. Other wetland areas within the reserve include Kolsa Lake and the Andhari river.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Tadoba Reserve covers the Chimur Hills, and the Andhari sanctuary covers the Moharli and Kolsa ranges. Nearest village from this place is Durgapur. It is bounded on the northern and western sides by densely forested hills. Thick forests are relieved by smooth meadows and deep valleys as the terrain slopes from north to south. Cliffs, talus, and caves provide refuge for several animals. The two forested rectangles are formed of the Tadoba and Andhari ranges. The south part of the park is less hilly than the remainder.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Winters stretch from November to February; during this season, daytime temperatures are in the 25°–30 °C range and the park is lush green. While summers are extremely hot in Tadoba, with the temperature rising to 47 °C, it is the ideal time to sight mammals near lakes as vegetation is minimal. The monsoon season begins in June; the area receives heavy rainfall during this season (approx.1275 mm) and humidity hovers around 66%.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: After the scorching summers where the mercury rises up to 48 degrees, the arrival of monsoon in June is a big relief. Though the climate becomes highly humid, the rains do not fail to revive the jungle. As the rains make the terrain inaccessible the core zones of the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve are closed between July and September and only buffer zone is open for the tourists. The visit to Tadoba National Park in monsoon is a sheer bliss where you can witness a completely different Tadoba.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Winter is the ideal time to explore Tadoba with lush greenery around. Starting from October winter lasts till February. Though the winters are not very cool in Tadoba the temperature ranges between 20°C and 30°C.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Tadoba Reserve is a predominantly southern tropical dry deciduous forest with dense woodlands comprising about eighty seven per cent of the protected area. Teak is the predominant tree species. Other deciduous trees found in this area include "ain" (crocodile bark), bija, dhauda, hald, salai, semal and tendu. Beheda, hirda, karaya gum, mahua madhuca (crepe myrtle), "palas" (flame-of-the-forest, "Butea monosperma") and "Lannea coromandelica" (wodier tree). Axlewood ("Anogeissus latifolia", a fire-resistant species), black plum and "arjun" are some of the other tropical trees that grow in this reserve.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Patches of grasses are found throughout the reserve. Bamboo thickets grow throughout the reserve in abundance. The climber kach kujali (velvet bean) found here is a medicinal plant used to treat Parkinson's disease. The leaves of bheria are used as an insect repellent and bija is a medicinal gum. Beheda is also an important medicine found here.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: According to Dr Bilal Habib, Head of Wildlife Institute of India's Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, 88 individual Tigers were recorded using the SECR Methodology in 2020 (44 in the core zone, 23 in the buffer zone and 21 in the core and buffer zone). There are about 115 plus tigers in Tadoba, 88 in the forest and 27 immediately outside the reserve.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Aside from the keystone species, the Bengal tiger, Tadoba Tiger Reserve is home to other mammals, including: Indian leopards, sloth bears, gaur, nilgai, dhole, small Indian civet, jungle cats, sambar, barking deer, chital, chausingha and honey badger. Tadoba lake sustains


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: the marsh crocodile, which was once common all over Maharashtra. Reptiles here include the endangered Indian python and the common Indian monitor. Terrapins, Indian star tortoise, Indian cobra and Russel's viper also live in Tadoba.The lake contains a wide variety of water birds, and raptors. 195 species of birds have been recorded, including three endangered species. The grey-headed fish eagle, the crested serpent eagle, and the changeable hawk-eagle are some of the raptors seen in the park.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Other bird species found in the reserve include the orange-headed thrush, Indian pitta, crested treeswift, stone curlew, crested honey buzzard, paradise flycatcher, bronze-winged jacana, lesser goldenbacked woodpecker, various warblers, black-naped blue flycatcher and the Indian peafowl.74 species of butterflies have been recorded including pansies, monarchs, mormons and swordtails. Insect species include the endangered danaid egg-fly and great eggfly. Dragonflies, stick insects, jewel beetles and the praying mantis are other insects in the reserve. The signature spider, giant wood spider and red wood spiders are often seen during the monsoon and soon after. Some hunting spiders like the wolf spiders, crab spiders and lynx spiders are also common.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: A black panther was spotted in May 2018. As per the officials, it is a rare sight since black panthers normally live in evergreen forests and not in dry deciduous forests like Tadoba Tiger Reserve.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: There are 41,644 people living in and around the reserve in fifty nine villages of which five are inside the core zone. These villages in the core zone still farm inside the core area. The process of rehabilitation is going on. Recently the Navegaon village was rehabilitated, and grassland is expected on the place where the village existed. There are 41,820 cattle within the core and buffer zone. While cattle grazing is not allowed in the core zone, regulated grazing in the buffer zone is allowed to cattle of the village inhabitants. However, cattle in peripheral villages sometimes find their way into the reserve and cause additional damage to the habitat.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Forest fires are a constant problem in the dry season, consistently burning between 2% and 16% of the park each year. The killing of domestic livestock by tigers and leopards is a frequent phenomenon in neighboring villages. This has an adverse impact on the economic condition of the local people and results in a negative view of the reserve management. In the year 2013, at least four people and 30-50 cattle were killed by leopards, tigers or sloth bears. Densely forested hills form the northern and western boundary of the tiger reserve. The elevation of the hills ranges from to .


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Chandrapur and Nagpur are well connected to all important cities through national highways and hence access to Tadoba National Park is easy via Chandrapur and Nagpur even by road.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport is the nearest airport to Tadoba National Park. Regular flights fly from Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai and Kolkata to Nagpur one can hire a cab or local transport from the airport to reach Tadoba. It is advisable to pre-book the transport


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Located on New Delhi–Chennai main line of Indian Railways it receives trains from many major cities of India.


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Nagpur Railway Station is also a good option for tourists who wish to visit Tadoba via train. Nagpur is a Major railway Junction nicely connected to the important cities and towns of the rest of India. Tourists after reaching Nagpur can take a cab, or bus to reach Tadoba


title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: Another good option to travel to Tadoba via train is Balharshah Junction railway station located on New Delhi-Chennai main line of Indian railways, all major trains halt here. The oldest and most popular gate Moharli gate is approx 1 hours 30 min from Balharshah


title: Cisco Meraki

text: Cisco Meraki is a cloud-managed IT company headquartered in San Francisco, California. Their products include wireless, switching, security, enterprise mobility management (EMM) and security cameras, all centrally managed from the web. Meraki was acquired by Cisco Systems in December 2012.


title: Cisco Meraki

text: Meraki was founded by Sanjit Biswas and John Bicket, along with Hans Robertson. The company was based in part on the MIT Roofnet project, an experimental 802.11b/g mesh network developed by the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


title: Cisco Meraki

text: Meraki was funded by Google and Sequoia Capital. The organization started in Mountain View, California, in 2006, before relocating to San Francisco. Meraki employed people who worked on the MIT Roofnet project.


title: Cisco Meraki

text: In 2007, Meraki selected San Francisco for their community-based Free the Net campaign. They started putting gateway devices in the Lower Haight neighborhood to provide Internet access and giving away repeaters. In the first year of the project, the growth of the network was primarily in the Mission District. By October 2007, they estimated 20,000 distinct users connected and about 5 terabytes of data transferred in this network. In July 2008, Meraki said 100,000 people in San Francisco used its "Free the Net" service. Since then, Meraki discontinued this public service, though many access points remain active, but with no connection to the Internet.


title: Cisco Meraki

text: On August 3, 2017, the engineering team made changes to the North American object storage service; the change caused some deletion of customer data. Cisco stated that the change was due to the application of "an erroneous policy". The data loss mostly affected media files uploaded by customers. Lost data included:


title: Cisco Meraki

text: On August 7 Meraki announced that some data on the cache service could be recovered. On August 9 customers were informed that recovery efforts were still underway but that they "do not expect to be able to recover most assets".


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Kevin Winston Rudolf (born February 17, 1983) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, rapper, and multi-instrumentalist from New York City, New York. He is best known for his 2008 single "Let It Rock".


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Kevin Winston Rudolf was born on February 17, 1983, in New York City, New York, to Ellyn, an American singer, and Stephen, a disc jockey originally from the United Kingdom and of English extraction. He grew up an only child on the Upper East Side, his parents divorcing while he was still very young.


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Rudolf has said that his first musical memory is of listening to the Van Halen song "Jump", while jumping around the apartment in which he grew up. His skills on the instrument improved rapidly. "My mother actually said something really smart to me. She said, 'Whatever you put in, you'll get out,' so I thought, that makes sense...I started practicing a lot."


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Rudolf played with several local bands, including an alternative rock group known as 'Paint', but soon found himself frustrated with the tensions and internal squabbles associated with a band situation. Taking matters into his own hands, Rudolf began creating his own beats and musical tracks, as well as writing the material.


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: In 2000, Rudolf began work on the group of songs that, nine months later, would form the basis for his major label debut. Written, produced and engineered by Rudolf, and mixed by Mark Saunders, the album took nine months to complete. Rudolf was signed to Madonna's record label, Maverick, which released the album under the pseudonym, "Binocular". A song from the album, "You", was used in the TV show "Smallville" (2001), and a song not appearing on the album, "Maybe You're Gone" (written by Danny Scherr), was later used over the end credits of the movie "The Girl Next Door" (2004). Despite receiving positive reviews, the album went largely unnoticed in the United States.


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Rudolf's solo career took a detour in 2003, when recording engineer Jimmy Douglass introduced him to producer Timbaland. Rudolf was invited to watch a recording session, but, at Timbaland's urging, soon found himself participating, by playing guitar on Lil' Kim's 2003 hit "The Jump Off." Rudolf remembers, "At first I just went into the studio to absorb what I could. I brought my guitar as sort of peace offering so I wasn't feeling completely useless. Soon I was playing parts on songs." Rudolf has stated that his time spent with Timbaland influenced his own attitude in making records. "Working with Timbaland, I was amazed by his work ethic and just how much he would work on something until he got the results he wanted." He would go on to collaborate with Timbaland on many songs, including those by The Black Eyed Peas, Justin Timberlake, Nelly Furtado, and David Banner.


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Rudolf continued to work on his solo material throughout 2007, while still working with Timbaland. During one memorable session, he met Bryan "Birdman" Williams and Ronald "Slim" Williams, brothers and co-CEO's of Cash Money Records. "I played them a couple of records I produced and wrote and they liked them for one of their artists. Then I played them my solo stuff and they flipped out over this song called 'Coffee and Donuts'. We built from there, and a few months later Lil Wayne got on 'Let It Rock' and they signed me, and the rest is history."


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: When Rudolf was signed to a record deal by Cash Money, he became the first white artist, as well as the first rock artist, signed to a label previously known for releasing records by African-American rap artists, including, most famously, Lil Wayne. CEO Slim Williams explained, "we love one-of-a-kind artists, and Kevin rolls that way in everything he does...we are always looking at the next step, the next level we can take our audience. I knew his work with other artists, but when he played me his solo stuff, we just knew we had to partner up."


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: "Let It Rock", the initial single from Rudolf's then-upcoming album, "In the City", was released on June 16, 2008. Written and produced by Rudolf, and featuring Lil Wayne, the song met with immediate success, debuting at number 5 on "Billboard" magazine's influential Hot 100 chart. Noted music critic David Jeffries predicted that fans would find the song "a near-perfect highlight," while critic Rick Florino called Rudolf's voice "sexy and bombastic" and noted his "diverse set of pipes." The song became a staple of sporting events, listed by BMI as the second most-played song in NFL, MLB and NHL arenas and stadiums.


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: With "Let It Rock" already a massive hit, fans and media still noted a sense of "mystery" surrounding Rudolf. "There really was no mystery," he said. "The song just blew up faster than we could catch up with it. But it was great that the music was given a chance to speak for itself. People truly felt it--it wasn't anything fake. And with me, music always comes first. Unlike some artists, I don't want the attention to be put on myself as much as my music."


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Rudolf's first studio album, titled "In the City", was released on November 24, 2008, and was produced and co-written by Rudolf, with the exception of one song, "She Can Get It", which was co-produced by the Neptunes. Rudolf explained that the album was about "growing up in New York City when the city was wild... it felt like there were no rules and you could be anyone you wanted. That is the landscape of this album."


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: The album was noted for Rudolf's distinctive merging of musical styles, namely, rock and hip-hop. "It's about taking rock attitude vocally, hip hop drums, synths, and guitars and sharpening the edges of everything in a sense. You bring it together. That's how I do it."


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Rudolf's penchant for "genre-bending" was noted in many reviews of the album. "'In the City' cribs tricks from both rap and rock 'n' roll, not in the pursuit of a bastardised Limp Bizkit-type hybrid, but with the intention to produce a crossover rock record with modern hip-hop tools...it's hard to deny Rudolf is a man with some big ideas."


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: With lead single "Let It Rock" still garnering the most attention, other songs from the album also began to have impact. "Welcome to the World", the album's second single, went gold and was featured prominently in advertisements for WrestleMania XXVI. "NYC" was featured on an episode of "".


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Throughout most of 2009, Rudolf performed songs from "In the City" live, including appearances on "The Jimmy Kimmel Show", "Dancing with the Stars", the Miss USA Pageant and the 2009 NBA All-Star Game.


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: On June 15, 2010, Rudolf's second studio album, "To the Sky", was released. The album consists of 11 tracks with a total running time of 37 minutes. The first single from the album, "I Made It (Cash Money Heroes)", was released on February 2, 2010, in advance of the album, becoming Rudolf's second platinum single. It was followed, on September 14, by the single "You Make the Rain Fall." Critical reviews were mixed, with one saying, "this is 'In the City' evolved...to a higher level, while others noted the "good songwriting," but lamented that "without a worthy 'Let it Rock' successor, this is hard to recommend over his debut."


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Responding to a question about his song, "I Made It", Rudolf elaborated on his own feelings regarding success. "I think that 'making it' is something that you do in stages. There's a certain feeling of 'I made it' when you have a hit on the radio for the first time and people are feeling it and buying it and reacting to it at shows. But I've also set new goals since then."


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: On July 2, 2013, Perez Hilton premiered Rudolf's video for his upcoming single, "Here's to Us." Hilton stated, "'Here's To Us' will be the lead single off his upcoming third album. We seriously got goosebumps watching this video! It has such a positive message. We just LOVE Kevin's outlook on life!" On July 26, Rudolf announced via his official Twitter page that the single, "Here's to Us" would be available on iTunes as of Tuesday, July 30. The song was also featured on the soundtrack of the video game "2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil".


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: On January 13, 2015, Kevin Rudolf announced that he had completed his contract with Cash Money Records and now he was an independent artist. After being relaxed out of his record deal with Cash Money Records in January 2015, Rudolf could no longer release music under his own name for a period of three years, therefore Rudolf created a new project under the alias Space Rock.


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: After signing with Primary Wave Music in July 2015, Kevin dropped the name Space Rock and went back to Kevin Rudolf using "Space Rock" as the album title instead. On May 21, 2015, Kevin released the first single from "Space Rock", titled "That Other Ship". The single was re-released on June 22 under Kevin Rudolf as the artist.


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: On June 22, 2015, Kevin released a song called 'Blaze Of Glory', featured on the WWE Tough Enough soundtrack.


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: In September 2009, having finished two solo albums, Rudolf moved from Miami to Los Angeles to concentrate on co-writing and producing records for several LA-based artists, including Amanda Kay (now Ava Max), Cobra Starship, Leona Lewis, Lifehouse, Natasha Bedingfield, Selena Gomez and Weezer.


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: "I spent a lot of time in L.A. after a couple of my records blew up, and I got into producing and writing for a lot of other artists out there. I got into that whole game. Then when I got back to New York—I grew up in New York—I felt completely inspired all over again. I felt like I had done enough of writing songs for other people, that I wanted to really say something. I think what music's lacking right now is there's really no message. No one's saying anything...I just felt like I really wanted to put something back in the world that inspires people, says something, and means something."


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: In 2013, Rudolf took a break from recording his own album to co-write a song with country artist Keith Urban and country songwriters Brad and Brett Warren called "Little Bit of Everything", which Urban debuted on May 16, 2013, on the Season 12 finale of "American Idol".


title: Kevin Rudolf

text: Having grown up in New York City, the only child of divorced parents, Rudolf has stated that he has found greater inspiration and a stronger sense of belonging in his adopted city of Miami. Rudolf first lived temporarily in Miami while doing session work with producer Timbaland. After relocating to Los Angeles in 2010 while writing and producing for several artists, Rudolf returned to New York for a brief time in 2012 to begin work on his upcoming album, then moved permanently to Miami.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Mauro Prosperi (born 13 July 1955) is a former Italian police officer and pentathlete, most notable for his nine-day disappearance and survival in the Sahara Desert, whilst competing in the 1994 Marathon des Sables (Marathon of the Sands) in Morocco.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: One year prior to graduating from his secondary school, a liceo artistico (an Italian secondary school focused on the study of art subjects) in 1974, Prosperi began working for the Polizia di Stato (the national police force of Italy) as a crowd-control police officer.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Prosperi met his wife Cinzia Pagliara at a pre-Olympic pentathlon event, where Pagliara was working as an English- and Russian-language interpreter. In an interview with Netflix in 2019, Pagliara noted that she admired Prosperi's positivity and enthusiasm towards overcoming challenges and obstacles at the event. Within six months, the pair had married and now have three children together. However, in a 2014 interview with BBC News, Prosperi noted that his marriage with Pagliara had ended, largely due to the nature of his lifestyle.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Prosperi was first informed of the Marathon Des Sables by a friend of seven years and fellow running enthusiast Giovanni Manzo, who entertained the idea that they compete in the 251-kilometer (156 mi) long race together. Keen to challenge himself and drawn towards a new environment of the Sahara Desert, Prosperi began preparing by running 40 kilometers daily and reducing his drinking water intake in aims to acclimatise his body to the feeling of dehydration. His wife, although never preventing Prosperi from competing, expressed her concerns, due to the extreme nature of the event.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Starting in Foum Zguid, Morocco on 10 April 1994, 39-year-old Prosperi set off with Manzo, amongst eighty other runners, to compete in the ultramarathon, his first desert event. During the first three days of the marathon, Prosperi and Manzo covered of terrain composed of salt beds, rock surfaces and sand dunes. All competitors began running together in the morning, yet due to the small number of participants and differing paces of each individual, each person was running almost entirely alone. Abiding to race regulations, Prosperi navigated the desert in a self-contained fashion, carrying his own supplies of food, clothing, sleeping bag, compass, portable stove and emergency kit with a signal flare within his backpack, whereas water was supplied at race checkpoint stations.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: By 14 April, the fourth and longest leg of the marathon, spanning over , Prosperi had maintained momentum. By early afternoon, he had left Manzo behind and increased his pace, to rank in a position of fourth place. Temperatures that day had peaked at . Due to the intensity of the sun's rays upon the sand, Prosperi experienced a rise in heated surface air, which in return created swirling winds that were able to travel at rapid speeds, due to the large expanse of the desert. Feeling the increasing effect of the wind, at into that day's run, he began to cut across small sand dunes to increase his pace. However, stronger gusts of air began to lift the smaller dunes, clouding Prosperi's vision and amounting to a severe sandstorm. In fear of being submerged by the sand if he remained stationary, Prosperi continued to run for the entirety of the storm, which lasted eight hours, determined he was able to see the marathon trail. In an interview with "Men's Journal" Magazine in 1998, Prosperi said: "When the sandstorm started to blow, I lost sight of everybody else. I kept running, though, because I thought I could see the trail. I was in seventh place and didn't want to lose my standing. It was nearly dark before the winds relented. I started running again, but after a few minutes it occurred to me that I had lost the trail."Due to the intensity of the windblown sand grains upon his skin, Prosperi experienced bleeding within his nose and injuries in his throat, whilst breathing in the particles of sand. It was not until that evening, following the storm's passing, that he stopped to rest by sheltering in a bush and covering his face with a towel.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: The following morning, the winds had halted. He awoke and continued to run for four hours, convinced he would find other competitors of the race. However, following a climb to the summit of a tall dune, Prosperi was unable to identify any other participants, and furthermore realised that all signs and landmarks indicating the race trail had disappeared following the storm. By this time he also noted the liquid in his water bottle depleting and attempted to drink the remaining water in his bottle as slowly as he could. This method however, was not sufficient to maintain his hydration levels. Remembering a war tale from his grandfather's experience as a soldier, Prosperi began recycling his fluids by urinating in his spare water bottle.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Abiding to race regulation that advised competitors to remain stationary and await rescue, he awaited assistance. It was not until sunset that he noticed a low-flying helicopter, on loan to Marathon coordinators by the Moroccan police, approaching his direction. He presumably believed it was sent in his search. In attempts to capture the pilot's attention, he fired a small flare into the air. However, he was unsuccessful.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: The following day, he began walking in search of shade and water, as he estimated that remaining stationary under the desert sun would endanger him to facing heat stroke. He withheld a compass within his backpack, yet in all directions he noticed nothing but sand amongst the horizon. After hours of walking, Prosperi stumbled upon a vacant Muslim Marabout shrine. To Prosperi's disappointment, the shrine was uninhabited and long abandoned. In an interview with BBC News in 2014, he stated: "I came across a marabout—a Muslim shrine—where Bedouins stop when they are crossing the desert. I was hoping it was inhabited, but unfortunately there was nobody there—only a holy man in a coffin."Prosperi used the shrine as a shelter for the following days, hoping to be found. During this time, he ate portions of his food rations within his backpack by cooking them with fresh urine on his portable burner. He also attempted to maintain hydration by sucking upon wet wipes from his pack, licking dew off of rocks during the morning and continuing to drink his urine. Prosperi further decided to plant a small Italian flag, with which he withheld in his bag, atop the roof of the structure. He hoped this would attract the attention of any individuals in search of him or serve as evidence of his whereabouts to his family if he were to die. Whilst atop the shrine, Prosperi noted a colony of bats within the tower. By removing their heads with his pocket knife, sucking their blood and eating their insides raw, Prosperi nourished himself. He further drew upon bird eggs, beetles and lizards he found near the shrine as food, absorbing any moisture from these animals by cooking the flesh.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: On the fourth day of Prosperi's disappearance, another plane flew over his location. He began tracing the distress signal 'SOS' in the sand and lighting a fire with any synthetic materials within his possession, such as his rucksack, to create a smoke signal. As the fire began to light up, another sandstorm struck, lasting twelve hours and leaving Prosperi stranded once again. Having failed to attract help, Prosperi wrote a farewell message to his family with a piece of charcoal. Using his pocket knife, he attempted to end his life by cutting his wrists. With the intention of exsanguination, he lay down in the shrine and awaited an overnight death. Prosperi recounted his motivations in an interview in 2014: "I was very depressed. I was convinced I was going to die and that it was going to be a long agonising death, so I wanted to accelerate it. I thought if I died out in the desert no-one would find me, and my wife wouldn't get the police pension—in Italy, if someone goes missing you have to wait 10 years before they can be declared dead. At least if I died in this Muslim shrine they would find my body, and my wife would have an income." By morning, Prosperi awoke to minimal bleeding upon his wrists. Due to the shallow depth of the incisions he cut and his high level of dehydration, the blood within his veins had clotted instead of freely flowing, ensuring his survival. Prosperi said that this experience aided him in regaining confidence and determination to continue.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Departing from the Shrine, Prosperi continued walking for days, travelling only when temperatures were cool, early in the morning and later in the evening. He attempted to shield himself from the sun throughout the daytime by finding shade against cliffs, caves or beneath trees. In the evenings, he dug pits and submerged his body with sand to insulate himself. Continually moving towards the direction of mountains he noted in the distance, Prosperi maintained his survival by squeezing liquid from plant roots and hunting for beetles, snakes and lizards as food.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: By the eighth day of his disappearance, he came across an oasis containing a puddle of water. Due to severe levels of swelling within his throat and mouth caused by dehydration, Prosperi was unable to swallow water, vomiting his initial mouth-fulls. He lay alongside the puddle for hours, periodically sipping the water for the remainder of that day. By the following morning, Prosperi had filled his water container and continued walking. Later that day, he identified signs of fresh goat droppings. Following the trail of animal egestion led him towards human footprints. Prosperi then noticed a young Tuareg girl tending to the trip of goats. By running towards her and begging for help he scared her. The girl ran away screaming and disappeared over a dune. In an interview, Prosperi said: "She looked at me aghast, screaming in terror. I beseeched her to stop, but she disappeared over a dune. I must be a hideous sight, I thought. I took out my signal mirror and turned it toward my face. I was appalled. I was a skeleton. My eyes had sunk so far back into my skull, I couldn't see them."


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: The young girl returned with her grandmother, who led him towards a Berber Tent in the Tuareg Camp. After being tended to by a group of Tuareg women who served him mint tea and a cup of goat's milk, Prosperi was offered food, yet he was unable to digest it and threw up. He was first loaded onto a camel for several hours by the camp's Tuareg men who took him to the nearest village. There, Prosperi was turned over to a patrol of military police who blindfolded him, in suspicion he may have been a Moroccan spy. Once transported to a military base and interrogated, Prosperi was identified and taken to a hospital in Tindouf.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Prosperi had wandered off-course from the marathon track, traversing the Jebel Bani Mountain range and unknowingly across the Moroccan border into Algeria. He remained at the infirmary in Algeria for seven days, during which he called his wife who presumed he was dead.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: During his disappearance, Prosperi's brother and brother-in-law had flown from Italy to join marathon organisers, the Moroccan Military and Bedouin trackers in search of him. Coordinators of the Marathon des Sables were dispatched to search the race trail with Land Rovers, while pilots conducted a fly-over in an ultralight craft. While they discovered traces of Prosperi's route that he had intentionally left behind, they were unable to find him. Searchers also reached the Marabout, identifying signs of Prosperi's time in the shrine. Despite these traces, searchers presumed Prosperi's death, convinced they were in search of his corpse.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Doctors reported a weight loss of for Prosperi, and that 16 litres of intravenous fluids were required to replenish his water loss. He suffered damage to his liver, disabling him from digesting food and causing him to eat soup, liquids and food ground up by a blender for months. Prosperi experienced severe leg cramps for a year and his kidneys experienced permanent damage. It took almost two years for Prosperi to recover. After recovering for seven days in Algerian hospitals, Prosperi returned to Rome. He was reunited with his family and received a welcoming return home. Prosperi was interviewed as his story was told in newspaper articles and photographed with Italian dignitaries.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Following his disappearance, race regulations of the Marathon des Sables were altered to ensure participants' safety was improved. Runners are now equipped with heavier and larger distress flares, to be used in cases of disorientation.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Prosperi has since returned to the Marathon Des Sables six times, notably placing 13th in 2001. He has said that once he starts something, he wants to finish it. Prosperi has also expressed his love for the desert, saying he is drawn to experiencing it every year. He has stated that sport and nature are significant parts of his life and that these races allow him to experience these aspects first-hand."I feel a connection there", he said. "I love the clarity. And you see, the Sahara spared my life. Those days in the desert were my happiest."


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: Public reception to Prosperi's story is polarised, largely due to his portrayal within the media. Following his return to Italy, Prosperi was celebrated widely as the man who had come back from the dead, and was named "the Robinson Crusoe of the Sahara". Despite this, several sports physiologists have questioned the medical viability of his account, with some saying Prosperi exacerbated or staged the occurrence for fame. In 1998, Marathon Des Sables founder Patrick Bauer told "Men's Journal" that Prosperi's story was a fabrication, saying: "Don't listen to Mr. Prosperi, his story is a fabrication. He will have you believe he is Superman. It is physiologically impossible for a man to travel more than 200 kilometers in the desert without water. This is a supernatural act. It's possible that he got genuinely lost for a few days. But all the rest rings false. We believe that early on he was picked up by someone. And then he decided to hide out for a while. He thought he could make a killing out of this if he prolonged his ordeal. He thought he could sell his story to the tabloids. He aspired to be the star of his own movie." Following the publications of these stories, Prosperi considered a lawsuit against Bauer that would have claimed, among other concerns, that the marathon trail was poorly marked, but ultimately never filed the suit, believing the dispute to be a personal rather than legal matter.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: In 1995, a Roman film crew retraced Prosperi's steps for a reenactment documentary of his survival. The filming crew located the Marabout shrine in which Prosperi rested and discovered some of his possessions, along with several bat skeletons.


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: In 2004, Prosperi's survival story was depicted on the National Geographic Channel in a documentary titled "Expeditions to the Edge: Sahara Nightmare", and within episode 5 ("Lost in the Desert") of the 2019 Netflix series "Losers". In 2014, British adventurer and survival instructor Bear Grylls also drew influence from Prosperi's survival in the Sahara Desert within an episode of his six-part Discovery Channel series "Bear Grylls: Escape from Hell". The third episode of the series, entitled "Desert", follows Grylls re-creating aspects of Prosperi's survival story. Prosperi's story of endurance was also broadcast in a promotional campaign by 20th Century Fox in December 2015 in support of the American drama film "The Revenant", released the same year. The campaign was promoted on the film studio's YouTube channel and entitled "The Revenant | Shouldn't Be Alive: Mauro Prosperi".


title: Mauro Prosperi

text: In May 2020, Prosperi published his book, written in Italian, alongside his former wife and co-author Cinzia Pagliara, entitled "Quei 10 Giorni Oltre la Vita" ("Those 10 Days Beyond Life").


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Ingrid Elizabeth Newkirk (née Ward; born June 11, 1949) is a British-American animal activist and the president of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the world's largest animal rights organization. She is the author of several books, including "The PETA Practical Guide to Animal Rights: Simple Acts of Kindness to Help Animals in Trouble" (2009) and "Animalkind: Remarkable Discoveries About Animals and Revolutionary New Ways to Show Them Compassion" (2020). Newkirk has worked for the animal-protection movement since 1972.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Newkirk founded PETA in March 1980 with fellow animal rights activist Alex Pacheco. They came to public attention in 1981, during what became known as the Silver Spring monkeys case, when Pacheco photographed 17 macaque monkeys being experimented on inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. The case led to the first police raid in the United States on an animal research laboratory and to an amendment in 1985 to the Animal Welfare Act. Since then, Newkirk has led campaigns to stop the use of animals in crash tests, convinced companies to stop testing cosmetics on animals, pressed for higher welfare standards from the meat industry, and organized undercover investigations that have led to government sanctions against companies, universities, and entertainers who use animals. She is known, in particular, for the media stunts that she organizes to draw attention to animal-protection issues. In her will, for example, she has asked that her skin be turned into wallets, her feet into umbrella stands, and her flesh into "Newkirk Nuggets", then grilled on a barbecue. "We are complete press sluts", she told "The New Yorker" in 2003: "It is our obligation. We would be worthless if we were just polite and didn't make any waves."


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Although PETA takes a gradualist approach to improving animal welfare, Newkirk remains committed to ending animal use and the idea that, as PETA's slogan says, "animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, or use for entertainment". Some animal rights abolitionists, most notably Gary Francione, have criticized PETA, calling it and other groups "the new welfarists". Some members of the animal advocacy movement have responded that Francione's position is unnecessarily divisive. Newkirk has also been criticized for her support of actions carried out in the name of the Animal Liberation Front. Newkirk's position is that the animal rights movement is a revolutionary one and that "[t]hinkers may prepare revolutions, but bandits must carry them out". PETA itself, however, "maintains a creed of nonviolence and does not advocate actions in which anyone, human or nonhuman, is injured". Newkirk and PETA have also been criticized for euthanizing many of the animals taken into PETA's shelters, including healthy pets, and opposition to the whole notion of pets, and her position that "There's no rational basis for saying that a human being has special rights. A rat is a pig is a dog is a boy," as well as seemingly seeing eradication as a goal. PETA has responded to this line of criticism.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Born in Kingston upon Thames, England, in 1949, Newkirk was the only child of Noel Oswald Wodehouse Ward (1917-2000) and Mary Patricia Ward ("née" Dudley, 1921–2013). Newkirk spent her early years in the Orkney Islands, Scotland and in Ware, Hertfordshire. Her father was a navigational engineer, and when she was seven, the family moved to New Delhi, India, where her father worked for the government, while her mother volunteered for Mother Teresa in a leper colony and a home for unwed mothers. Newkirk attended a convent boarding school in the Himalayas for well-to-do Indian nationals and non-natives. "It was the done thing for a British girl in India", she told Michael Specter for "The New Yorker". "But I was the only British girl in this school. I was hit constantly by nuns, starved by nuns. The whole God thing was shoved right down my throat."


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Newkirk helped her mother out in the leper colony—packing pills and rolling bandages, stuffing toys for orphans, and feeding strays—and says that this informed her view that anyone in need, including animals, was worthy of concern, along with her mother's advice that it does not matter who suffers, but how. She tells the story of an early experience of trying to rescue an animal, when she heard laughter in the alleyway behind the family home in New Delhi. A group of people had bound a dog's legs, muzzled him, then lowered him into a muddy ditch, laughing as they watched him try to escape. Newkirk asked her servant to bring the dog to her, and tried to get him to drink some water, but someone had packed his throat with mud, and he died in her arms. She told the "Financial Times" that it was a turning point. She later attended Ware Grammar School, which was established for members of the Church of England.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: When she was eighteen, the family moved to Florida, where her father worked on designing bombing systems for the United States Air Force. It was there that she met her husband, Steve Newkirk; the couple married in 1968 and divorced in 1980. He introduced her to Formula One racing, which—along with sumo wrestling—remains one of her great passions, according to "The New Yorker": "It's sex. The first time you hear them rev their engines, my God! That noise goes straight up my spine."


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Until she was 21, Newkirk had given no thought to animals rights or even vegetarianism. In 1970, she and her husband moved to Poolesville, Maryland, where she studied to become a stockbroker. A neighbor abandoned some kittens, and Newkirk decided to take them to an animal shelter. She told Specter:


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Newkirk took a job in the kennels, witnessing the mistreatment of the animals, including physical abuse. Kathy Snow Guillermo writes that Newkirk disinfected kennels by day, and by night studied animal care, animal behavior, and animal-cruelty investigations.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: She blew the whistle on the shelter and became an animal-protection officer, first for Montgomery County, Maryland, then for the District of Columbia. She became D.C.'s first female poundmaster, persuading the city to fund veterinary services and to set up an adoption program, an investigations department, and a pet sterilization program. By 1976, she was head of the animal-disease-control division of the District of Columbia Commission on Public Health.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: In 1980, Newkirk met Alex Pacheco in a D.C. shelter where he was working as a volunteer. It was Pacheco who introduced Newkirk to the concept of animal rights. Pacheco presented her with a copy of Peter Singer's "Animal Liberation" (1975). She has said that Singer had put into words what she had felt intuitively for a long time, and she called Pacheco "Alex the Abdul", a name given to messengers in Muslim stories.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: The concept of animal rights was at that time almost unheard of in the U.S. The modern animal rights movement had started in England eight years earlier, in 1972, when a group of Oxford University scholars, particularly philosophers, had formed the "Oxford group" to promote the idea that discrimination against individuals on the basis of their species is as irrational as discrimination on the basis of race or sex. In March 1980, Newkirk and Pacheco decided to form a group to educate the American public about these ideas, at first consisting of what Newkirk called "five people in a basement". The couple also fell in love and began living together, although they were very different. Newkirk was older, practical, and very organized, whereas Pacheco spent his time in white painter's overalls eating vegetarian hot dogs straight from the can.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: The case of the Silver Spring monkeys, an animal-research controversy that lasted ten years, transformed PETA from just Newkirk, Pacheco, and a small group of friends into an international movement.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: In mid-1981, Pacheco took a job as a volunteer inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland, so that he and Newkirk would have some firsthand knowledge on which to base their campaigns. Edward Taub, a psychologist, was working there on 17 monkeys. He had cut sensory ganglia that supplied nerves to their arms and legs, then used physical restraint, electric shock, and withholding of food to force them to use the limbs. The idea was to see whether monkeys could be induced to use limbs they could not feel.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Pacheco repeatedly went into the lab at night to take photographs and to escort scientists, including veterinarians and a primatologist, through it to secure their testimony. Newkirk lay crouched on the back seat of a car outside, hidden under a large cardboard box with holes for her eyes, using a walkie-talkie from a toy store to alert Pacheco if anyone else entered the building. The monkeys' living conditions documented by Pacheco were graphically disturbing. Having collected the evidence, Newkirk and Pacheco alerted the police, who raided the lab, removed the monkeys, and charged Taub with 113 counts of cruelty to animals and six counts of failing to provide adequate veterinary care. Taub maintained that he had been set up by Newkirk and Pacheco while he was on vacation and that several of the photographs had been staged. The judge found Taub guilty of six counts of cruelty to animals for failing to provide adequate veterinary care and fined him $3,000. A later jury trial saw five of these counts dismissed, and the sixth was overturned on appeal because of a technicality. The National Institutes of Health, which had funded Taub's research, was among the scientists and other professionals who criticized the conditions in which Taub had kept the monkeys, though the NIH later reversed its decision when the charges against Taub were overturned.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Newkirk and Pacheco found themselves thrust overnight into the public eye. The images of the restrained animals became iconic after "The Washington Post" published one of them on its front page. It was the first police raid on an animal-research facility in the U.S. and the first conviction (subsequently overturned) of an animal researcher. The controversy led to an amendment to the 1985 Animal Welfare Act, became the first animal-rights case to be heard before the United States Supreme Court, and established PETA as an internationally known animal-rights group, with Newkirk as its outspoken president.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Newkirk has been criticized for publicizing actions carried out in the name of the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). She supports the goals of the ALF, arguing that "Not until black demonstrators resorted to violence did the national government work seriously for civil rights legislation ... In 1850 white abolitionists, having given up on peaceful means, began to encourage and engage in actions that disrupted plantation operations and liberated slaves. Was that all wrong?" She has said that she understands, but shrinks from, actions that involve arson:


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: I "do" support getting animals out in the same way I would have supported getting human slaves out, child labor, sex slaves, the whole lot. But I don't support burning. I don't support arson. I would rather that these buildings weren't standing, so on some level I understand. I just don't like the idea of that. Maybe that is wishy-washy of me, because I don't want those buildings standing if they are going to hurt anyone. And the ALF has never hurt mice nor mare.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: She has been accused of having had advance knowledge of one ALF action. During the 1995 trial of Rod Coronado, in connection with an arson attack at Michigan State University (MSU), U.S. Attorney Michael Dettmer alleged that Newkirk had arranged, in advance of the attack, to have Coronado send her stolen documents from the university and a videotape of the action.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Newkirk and her cause provoke strong feelings, both positive and negative. Specter, who did not see eye to eye with her, wrote:


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Newkirk is well read, and she can be witty. When she is not proselytizing, denouncing, or attacking the ninety-nine per cent of humanity that sees the world differently from the way she does, she is good company. After years of detestable public behavior, however, she has the popular image of a monster. Whenever I mentioned her name to friends, they would recoil. And she becomes more disliked with every peta [sic] stunt; she can't walk through an airport without accosting any woman who is wearing fur. She no longer takes vacations in tropical or poor countries like Mexico, because "I spend the whole time rescuing animals from their horrid owners."


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Specter also questioned her about a 2003 letter that she wrote to Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat to protest the use of a donkey as a suicide bomber. "We are named People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals", she replied. "There are plenty of other groups that worry about the humans."


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: In this business I am very easy to cubby hole. As someone said to me the other day—they had seen the HBO special—and they said, "Are you really a sad obsessed person?" And I thought, No, I'm not really a sad person, except when I lie awake at night in winter thinking about all the animals out without shelter, and then I'm sad! Who wouldn't be? Wouldn't anybody be sad if they have a heart? It's just that I've seen so much.


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Newkirk has had celebrity friends and admirers who have spoken highly of her. Sam Simon said in an interview: "I learned about animal rights from my favorite person in the whole world, Ingrid Newkirk at PETA." Also, Alec Baldwin contributed the following blurb to Newkirk's book "Making Kind Choices": "Ingrid Newkirk is not only a thoughtful animal rights and environmental activist. She is an inspirational leader. A heroine. A woman upon whom so many depend, around the world, for information and guidance. In a world where all animals, everywhere, are more threatened than ever, Ingrid Newkirk is their champion."


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Newkirk has been accused of employing a double standard for her organization's practice of euthanizing animals for which it has neither the space nor resources to shelter. Debra Saunders, a critic of Newkirk, argues that "PETA assails other parties for killing animals for food or research. Then it kills animals – but for really important reasons, such as running out of room". Newkirk explains on PETA's website that, "As long as animals are still purposely bred and people aren't spaying and neutering their companions, open-admission animal shelters and organizations like PETA must do society's dirty work. Euthanasia is not a solution to overpopulation but rather a tragic necessity given the present crisis."


title: Ingrid Newkirk

text: Newkirk and PETA both oppose animal testing out of principle as well as on practical grounds. Specter asked whether she would be opposed to experiments on five thousand rats, or even chimpanzees, if it was needed to cure AIDS. She replied: "Would you be opposed to experiments on your daughter if you knew it would save fifty million people?"


title: Hilly Kristal

text: Hillel Kristal (September 23, 1931August 28, 2007) was an American club owner, manager and musician who was the owner of the iconic New York City club CBGB, which opened in 1973 and closed in 2006 over a rent dispute.


title: Hilly Kristal

text: His father, Shamai Kristal, was a Russian pogrom survivor. Shamai whose namesake was Shammai, named his son after Shammai's contemporary, Hillel the Elder.


title: Hilly Kristal

text: His family moved to Hightstown, New Jersey when he was an infant. He studied music from a young age and eventually attended the Settlement Music School in Philadelphia. Kristal also spent a period of time in the Marines.


title: Hilly Kristal

text: He moved back to New York City, where he worked as a singer, appearing on stage in the men's choral group at Radio City Music Hall. He later became the manager of the Village Vanguard, a jazz club in Greenwich Village, where he booked Miles Davis and other musicians.


title: Hilly Kristal

text: In 1966 he and Ron Delsener co-founded the Rheingold Central Park Music Festival, sponsored by Rheingold Beer. By 1968, Delsener had changed beer sponsors to Schaefer and Kristal was no longer involved. The festival took place every year until 1976 in Central Park and featured musicians from a range of genres, including Miles Davis, the Who, Chuck Berry, Bob Marley, B.B. King, Led Zeppelin, the Beach Boys, Frank Zappa, Ray Charles, Patti LaBelle, Ike & Tina Turner, Fleetwood Mac, the Allman Brothers, Slade, Kris Kristofferson, Curtis Mayfield, Bruce Springsteen, Aerosmith and the Doors.


title: Hilly Kristal

text: In 1970, Kristal opened a bar in the Bowery section of New York called "Hilly's on the Bowery", which closed within a couple of years. Then in December 1973, he created "CBGB and OMFUG", an abbreviation for the kinds of music he intended to feature there (the letters stood for "Country, BlueGrass, Blues and Other Music For Uplifting Gourmandizers").


title: Hilly Kristal

text: The club, eventually called simply CBGB, became known as the starting point for the careers of such punk rock and new wave acts as the Ramones, Talking Heads, Patti Smith, Television and Blondie. Kristal also briefly managed Dead Boys and The Shirts, two bands that frequently performed at his club.