title: Amy Beach

text: A member of the "Second New England School" or "Boston Group," she is the lone female considered alongside composers John Knowles Paine, Arthur Foote, George Chadwick, Edward MacDowell, George Whiting, and Horatio Parker. Her writing is mainly in a Romantic idiom, often compared to that of Brahms or Rachmaninoff. In her later works she experimented, moving away from tonality, employing whole tone scales and more exotic harmonies and techniques.


title: Amy Beach

text: She wrote the "Gaelic Symphony" (1896) and the Piano Concerto in C-sharp minor. Another orchestral piece, "Bal masque", has a solo piano version. Two further pieces, "Eilende Wolken" and "Jephthah's Daughter", are for orchestra with voice.


title: Amy Beach

text: Sacred choral works among Beach's compositions are mainly for 4 voices and organ, but a few are for voices and orchestra, two being the Mass in E-flat major (1892) and her setting of St. Francis's Canticle of the Sun (1924, 1928), first performed at St. Bartholomew's in New York. A setting of the Te Deum with organ was first performed by the choir of men and boys at Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Boston. The Capitol Hill Choral Society of Washington, D.C., recorded the Canticle of the Sun, seven Communion Responses, and other pieces by Beach in 1998, led by its Musical Director Betty Buchanan, who founded the Society in 1983.


title: Amy Beach

text: Publisher Arthur P. Schmidt once complained to Beach that her "choral pieces had practically no sale".


title: Amy Beach

text: Her chamber music compositions include a violin and piano sonata (recorded on seven different labels), a Romance and three further pieces for violin and piano, a piano trio, a string quartet, and a piano quintet.


title: Amy Beach

text: Of the over 300 works by Amy Beach which were published during her lifetime and included almost every genre, the largest category is her art songs and vocal chamber music. Beyond these, she wrote many chamber works and transcriptions for piano, including "Variations on Balkan Themes", Beach's "longest and most important solo" piano work, which was composed in 1904, in response to revolts in the Balkans against the then ruling Ottoman Empire. Twelve are instrumental chamber works. One notable aspect of Beach's musicianship was her role as a virtuoso pianist, in which she regularly performed both her own compositions and those of others. She toured extensively in Germany, New England, and all the way to the Pacific Coast, where she brought European-American concert music to the western states. Among two of Beach's most frequently performed instrumental works are the Sonata in A Minor for Piano and Violin, Op. 34 and the Quintet in F# minor, Op. 67, as both were programmed extensively in the United States and Germany. Another noteworthy work which illustrates Beach's skill and adherence to tradition as a composer is her String Quartet, Op. 89.


title: Amy Beach

text: In January 1897 Beach played, with Franz Kneisel, in the premiere of her Sonata for Piano and Violin, Op. 34, which she had composed in the spring of 1896. Franz Kneisel was a leading violinist in Boston and beyond, having been hired at about age 20 by Wilhelm Gericke, conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, as concertmaster of the orchestra. Soon after arriving in Boston, he formed the Kneisel String Quartet with three other string players of the Boston Symphony. (The Quartet lasted until 1917. Meanwhile, Kneisel moved to New York in 1905.) In 1894 Beach had joined the quartet in performing Robert Schumann's Piano Quintet in E-flat, Op. 44. The Sonata is written in four movements, which are interconnected musically by using the first movement's opening theme as a germinating source to be developed on in the following three. They are thoroughly crafted to follow conventions of the form while implementing each musical element in a precise and well-constructed way.


title: Amy Beach

text: The premiere was quickly followed by several other recital performances of the piece in various New York cities, where critical reception was mixed; some reviewers described the piece as immature and lacking in substance, although they acknowledged her skillful use of contrapuntal movement and affective principal themes. The third movement, "Largo con dolore," was the most controversial among critics, with some praising its beauty and passionately evocative nature, while others derided its length as being too far extended and monotonous. Audiences, however, were captivated and spellbound by the slow movement; at one performance it was reported that they broke out into enthusiastic applause in between the third and fourth movements out of an abundance of emotion. In Europe, the piece was generally well received. Composer and pianist Teresa Carreño performed the piece with violinist Carl Halir in Berlin, October 1899 and wrote to Beach:I assure you that I never had a greater pleasure in my life than the one I had in working out your beautiful sonata and having the good luck to bring it before the German public...(I)t really met with a "decided success" and this is said to the credit of the public.Reviewers in Berlin were fairly positive in their response to the Sonata, hailing its technical development and brilliant use of the violin and piano as individual parts. Where criticized, they noted that it was perhaps too virtuosic for chamber music, while another reviewer for the "Berlin Volkszeitung" characterized Beach's compositional style as being too derivative of Schumann and Brahms—yet allowed Beach's gender as a caveat for this supposed shortcoming (sexism was common and extreme in classical music). He wrote:In style, she is not individual; her dependence upon Schumann and Brahms is unmistakable, which is a weakness, for which the feminine character furnishes ground and excuse. The sonata is sonorous and graceful in both violin and piano parts, though the latter in the last movement somewhat oversteps the allotted bounds of chamber music.


title: Amy Beach

text: In 1900, with the Kneisel Quartet, Beach performed the Brahms Piano Quintet in F minor, Op. 34. Beach wrote her own three-movement Quintet for Piano and Strings in F-sharp minor, Op. 67, in 1905. The quintet came to be frequently performed during Beach's lifetime, both in concert and over the radio. These performances were often given by established string quartets accompanied by the pianist-composer, including numerous times during an extended tour with the Kneisel Quartet in 1916–17. This was the 33rd and last season for the quartet. Beach performed her quintet with them in Boston, Brooklyn, Chicago, and Philadelphia.


title: Amy Beach

text: Among all of Beach's chamber works, this work has been described as one of the most distinctly representative of a Brahmsian influence in her music, from the jagged chromatic melody and contrasting lyrical passages, irregularly phrase lengths, its key changes and lush texture, to its strict adherence to the sonata-allegro form. The primary theme throughout all three works, in fact, is borrowed from the last movement of the Brahms quintet, albeit adapted and reworked in a variety of ways. All three movements feature frequent distinct developments in meter, tempo, and key signature. The entire work carries an affective character of lamentation throughout, demonstrated not only by the overall emotive qualities of the work itself but also its use of the Phrygian tetrachord cadence frequently associated with mourning, which in this work outlines the notes F#-E-D-C#.


title: Amy Beach

text: Generally speaking, the work was received quite well by audiences and reviewers as belonging to an important compositional tradition. Critics noted its aesthetically flexible imagination while adhering to traditional expectations, bringing a variety of expressive moods and tone colors to a work of substantial form. They also commented on the modernity and skill the work displayed in that it achieved a highly expressive nature and orchestral texture while maintaining the intimate, technically developed character of the chamber ensemble voicing. This work added to her reputation as a composer of serious high art music, although still deemed slightly beneath the works of similar male composers by some reviewers.


title: Amy Beach

text: Beach's String Quartet is a single movement and deemed as one of her more mature works. It was originally labeled as Op. 79, but over the course of a decade, the work evolved, and Beach finally re-designated the piece as Op. 89 in 1929. The significance Beach bestowed this piece is unique given that it did not feature a piano part which she would perform, as she did with many of her other works. Because of the timing of the piece's composition, there is some evidence that Beach may have been inspired to write the work as part of Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge's chamber music competition in 1922. Numerous painstaking attempts demonstrate both Beach's devotion to the composition of this piece and her unfamiliarity with writing in this genre. The final work, completed in Rome, consists of a single movement divided into three sections, and thematically speaking, follows an arch form (A B C B1 A1). The piece uses three different Eskimo or Inuit melodies throughout the work: "Summer Song", "Playing at Ball", and "Itataujang's Song", taken from Franz Boas' book on the Alaskan Inuit tribes. Beach integrates these borrowed tunes within a framework of Austro-Germanic extended quasi-tonality and dissonance, first through more straightforward statements of the melodies and then as assimilated into a horizontal harmonic structure. Elements of the melodies are abstracted and developed into contrapuntal lines which propel the work forward in the absence of clear tonal direction. The texture and harmony is fairly stark in places, lacking the lush Romanticism of her earlier works and representing more Modernist inclinations of a developing composer.


title: Amy Beach

text: The piece was premiered at the American Academy in April 1929, but Beach reported little on whether or not this performance was satisfactory. Nonetheless, it was followed by a number of private performances and small recitals in New York, Cincinnati, and Massachusetts. A 1937 performance arranged by Roy Harris was particularly disappointing, as the performers were ill-prepared and sight-read the work poorly. No performance of the quartet was fully satisfactory to Beach, and the work did not gain the recognition that she seemed to hope it would gather.


title: Amy Beach

text: Because the quartet was so different from many of Beach's previous works, and given that Beach was unable to perform it herself, there is little known concerning both audience and critic response to the piece. Composer and biographer Burnet Corwin Tuthill offered praise of it, saying that while it was unusual for Beach and lacked the emotionalism usually prevalent in her music, it demonstrated remarkable technical sophistication and skill in its handling of both string writing and engagement with thematic material that was not European in origin. In fact, Beach's use of Inuit and Native American tunes became a marked feature in several of her other works, which she used as a means of bringing stylistic modernity to her sound through the appropriation and recontextualization of these melodies.


title: Amy Beach

text: She was most popular, however, for her songs, of which she wrote about 150. The words of about five each are her own and those of H. H. A. Beach, for the rest by other poets. "The Year's At the Spring" from "Three Browning Songs, Op. 44" is perhaps Beach's best-known work. Despite the volume and popularity of the songs during her lifetime, no single-composer collection of Beach's songs exists. Some may be purchased through Hildegard Publishing Company and Masters Music Publication, Inc.


title: Amy Beach

text: In the early 1890s, Beach started to become interested in folk songs. She shared that interest with several of her colleagues, and this interest soon came to be the first nationalist movement in American music. Beach's contributions included about thirty songs inspired by folk music, including Scottish, Irish, Balkan, African-American, and Native American origins.


title: Amy Beach

text: Beach was a musical intellectual who wrote for journals, newspapers, and other publications. She gave advice to young musicians and composers – especially female composers. From career to piano technique advice, Beach readily provided her opinions in articles such as, "To the Girl who Wants to Compose", and "Emotion Versus Intellect in Music." In 1915, she had written "Music’s Ten Commandments as Given for Young Composers", which expressed many of her self-teaching principles.


title: Amy Beach

text: Despite her fame and recognition during her lifetime, Beach was largely neglected after her death in 1944 until the late 20th century. Efforts to revive interest in Beach's works have been largely successful during the last few decades.


title: Amy Beach

text: The symphony has received praise from modern critics, such as Andrew Achenbach of "Gramophone", who in 2003 lauded the work for its "big heart, irresistible charm and confident progress." In 2016, Jonathan Blumhofer of The Arts Fuse wrote: To my ears, it is by far the finest symphony by an American composer before Ives and, by a wide margin, better than a lot that came after him. It surely is the most exciting symphony penned by an American before World War I. [...] Her command of instrumentation throughout the Symphony was consistently excellent and colorful. The manner in which she balanced content and form succeeds where her contemporaries like George Whitefield Chadwick, John Knowles Paine, and Horatio Parker so often came up short: somehow Beach’s Symphony is never daunted by the long shadows Brahms and Beethoven cast across the Atlantic. It’s a fresh, invigorating, and personal statement in a genre that has offered plenty of examples of pieces that demonstrate none of those qualities.


title: Amy Beach

text: Beach's Piano Concerto has been praised as an overlooked masterwork by modern critics. In 1994, Phil Greenfield of "The Baltimore Sun" called it "a colorful, dashing work that might become extremely popular if enough people get a chance to hear it. In 2000 Joshua Kosman of the "San Francisco Chronicle" also lauded the composition, writing:


title: Amy Beach

text: Andrew Achenbach of "Gramophone" similarly declared it "ambitious" and "singularly impressive... a rewarding achievement all round, full of brilliantly idiomatic solo writing ... lent further autobiographical intrigue by its assimilation of thematic material from three early songs".


title: Amy Beach

text: In 1994, the Boston Women's Heritage Trail placed a bronze plaque at her Boston address, and in 1995, Beach's gravesite at Forest Hills Cemetery was dedicated. In 1999, she was put into the American Classical Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 2000, the Boston Pops paid tribute by adding her name as the first woman joining 87 other composers on the granite wall of Boston's Hatch Shell.


title: Amy Beach

text: In honor of Beach's 150th birthday Marty Walsh, Mayor of the City of Boston, declared September 5, 2017, to be "Amy Beach Day." Also commemorating Beach's sesquicentennial, "The New York Times" published an article by William Robin, "Amy Beach, a Pioneering American Composer, Turns 150".


title: Daniel's final vision

text: Chapters 10, 11, and 12 in the Book of Daniel make up Daniel's final vision, describing a series of conflicts between the unnamed "King of the North" and "King of the South" leading to the "time of the end", when Israel will be vindicated and the dead raised, some to everlasting life and some to shame and everlasting contempt.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: Although set during the 6th century BCE, the Book of Daniel was written in reaction to the persecution of the Jews by the Greek king Antiochus IV Epiphanes in 167–164 BCE. Its authors were the "maskilim", the "wise", of whom Daniel is one: "Those among the people who are wise shall make many understand ...", and its fundamental theme is God's control over history. The climax comes with the prophecy of the resurrection of the dead. Chapter 7 spoke of the kingdom of the saints or "holy ones" of the Most High", but Daniel 10–12 does not say that history will end with the coming of the Jewish kingdom; rather, the "wise" will be brought back to life to lead Israel in the new kingdom of God.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: In contemporary Christian millennialism, Daniel 11:36–45 is interpreted as a prophecy of the career and destruction of the Antichrist, and Daniel 12 as concerning the salvation of Israel (the modern State of Israel) and the coming kingdom of Christ.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: Chapter 10, a prologue: In the third year of Cyrus (the Persian conqueror of Babylon), after fasting for three weeks, Daniel sees a vision of a man clothed in linen, clearly a supernatural being, who tells him that he is currently engaged in a battle with the "prince of Persia", in which he is assisted by "Michael, your prince". He must soon return to the combat, but first he will tell Daniel what is written in the "book of truth".


title: Daniel's final vision

text: Chapter 11, the report of the vision: The angel continues: there will be four kings of Persia, and the last will make war on Greece. After him will come a great king, but that king's empire will be broken up. There will be wars and marriages between the kings of the South and the North (described in great detail), and the king of the North will desecrate the Temple and set up "the abomination that causes desolation". At the end-time there will be a war between the king of the South and the king of the North, and the king of the North will meet his end "between the sea and the Holy Mountain".


title: Daniel's final vision

text: Chapter 12, the epilogue: At the end-time, "Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise." There will be great distress, but those whose names are written will be saved, the dead will awaken to everlasting shame or life. Daniel asks how long it will be before these things are fulfilled and is told, "From the time that the daily sacrifice is abolished and the abomination that causes desolation is set up, there will be 1,290 days; blessed is the one who waits for and reaches the end of the 1,335 days". At the end of the vision, Daniel is told "Go your way", and promised his inheritance at the end of days.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: It is generally accepted by modern scholars that the Daniel who appears as the hero of the Book of Daniel never existed, but that the authors reveal their true identity at the end of Daniel 12: they are the "maskil", the "wise", of whom Daniel is one: "Those among the people who are wise shall make many understand ...". The actual background to the book was the persecution of the Jews by the Greek king Antiochus IV Epiphanes in 167–164 BCE, and there is a broad consensus that the book was completed shortly after that crisis ended.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: The first six chapters are folktales dating from the late Persian/early Hellenistic period, while the visions of chapters 7–12 date from between 167 and 164. A probable outline of the composition is as follows:


title: Daniel's final vision

text: Daniel is episodic rather than linear: it has no plot as such. It does, however, have a structure. Chapters 2–7 form a chiasm, a literary figure in which elements mirror each other: chapter 2 is the counterpart of chapter 7, chapter 3 of chapter 6, and chapter 4 of chapter 5, with the second member of each pair advancing the first in some way. Daniel 8 is then a new beginning, and the single vision contained in chapters 10–12 advances that argument further and gives it more precision.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: Within the three chapters of Daniel 10–12, Daniel 10 serves as prologue, chapter 11 as the report of the angelic vision, and chapter 12 as the epilogue. P. R. Davies suggests that the text is "poor Hebrew, and may represent a rather poor translation from an Aramaic original". The unit begins with a third-person introduction (10:1), and then switches to Daniel speaking in his own voice as one of the two primary characters, his angelic partner being the second—this is probably the angel Gabriel, although he is never identified. Then follows Daniel 11, the "Book of Truth": much of the history it recounts is accurate down to the two successive Syrian invasions of Egypt in 170 and 168 BCE, but there was no third war between Egypt and Syria, and Antiochus did not die in Palestine. The failure of prophecy helps pinpoint the date of composition: the author knows of the desecration of the Temple in December 167, but not of its re-dedication or of the death of Antiochus, both in late 164; the countdown of days remaining to the end-time in Daniel 12:11–12 differs from that in Daniel 8, and it was most likely added after the original prediction failed to come to pass.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: The vision is an apocalypse in the form of an epiphany (appearance of a divine being) with an angelic discourse (revelation delivered by an angel). The discourse forms an "ex eventu" (after the event) prophecy, with close parallels with certain Babylonian works. The only true prophecy is the prediction of the death of Antiochus, which is probably based on Ezekiel's prophecy of Gog and Magog. The heroes of Daniel 11–12, the "wise", are based on the "Suffering Servant" of Isaiah 53.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: The fundamental theme of the Book of Daniel is God's control over history. According to Deuteronomy 32:8–9 God assigned each nation its own divine patron; originally these were subordinate gods, but by the time Daniel came to be written they had been redefined as angels. In Daniel, Michael, the angel of Israel, is in battle with the "prince (i.e., angelic patron) of Persia", and this will be followed by further battle with the "prince of Greece"; the theological point being made is that the fate of nations is decided in heaven, not on earth. The same theme underlies the reference to the heavenly "Book of Truth" which is about to be revealed to Daniel, and which supposedly forms the content of chapter 11: both the past and the future are written already, and God is sovereign over all.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: The constant preoccupation of the vision chapters is Antiochus's replacement of the "tamid", the twice-daily burnt offering to the God of Israel, by the "abomination of desolation". The predicted reversal of the blasphemy will usher in the end of history, the theme of the four earthly kingdoms first introduced in Daniel 2 and developed in Daniel 7 and 8; they will be replaced by the Kingdom of Heaven, a kingdom in which Israel will be given domination over the world.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: The climax comes with the prophecy of the resurrection of the dead. Prior to the Babylonian exile, all the dead went to Sheol, irrespective of their good or bad deeds, but the idea that the righteous would be rewarded and the wicked punished began to appear in the 3rd century, and is clearly expressed in Daniel 12:2–3: "Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake..." (although the "many" implies that not all will be resurrected). Chapter 7 spoke of the coming "kingdom of heaven", but Daniel 10–12 does not say that history will end with the coming of the Jewish kingdom.


title: Daniel's final vision

text: Daniel's final vision is set in "the third year of Cyrus, king of Persia": this marks 70 years since Daniel's own captivity began (606 BCE), and thus the fulfillment of Jeremiah's prophecy that the exile would last 70 years. Chapter 11, the centre-piece of the revelation, gives a broad sweep of history from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd, but the coverage is uneven: two centuries of Persian history plus Alexander the Great's conquests and the breakup of his empire, over two and a half centuries of history, are covered in three verses (2–4), but the century and a half of wars between the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria receive 16 verses (5–20), and the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, which lasted less than ten years, gets 25 (21–45).


title: Daniel's final vision

text: Verses 20–39, the bulk of the historically accurate verses, deal with Antiochus, who reigned 175–164 BCE. Verse 21 describes him as "the contemptible person to whom royal majesty has not been given", meaning that he came to the throne by questionable means. Verse 22 notes his removal of the High Priest Onias III, (Antiochus sold the priesthood twice over, first to a relative of Onias named Jason, and then to a rival of Jason's named Menelaus), and verses 23–24 apparently refer to his liberality in scattering the spoils among his supporters. Verses 25–28 describe his first war with Egypt, in 170 BCE, in which he was largely but not entirely successful. In 169, on his way back to Syria, he stopped in Jerusalem to plunder the Temple (verse 28).


title: Daniel's final vision

text: In 168 Antiochus invaded Egypt again, but this time he was stopped by the Romans (the "ships of Kittim") and forced to retreat (verses 29–30). Verses 30–31 describe the events that followed: passing once more through Jerusalem, Antiochus instituted a persecution of Jewish customs and religion, desecrated the Temple, and established a garrison there. Verses 32–39 describe the response of "the wise" (the group associated with the Book of Daniel) and "the many" (the population at large): the wise suffer and die so that the many will understand. In time the faithful receive "a little help" (possibly, but not certainly, a reference to Judas Maccabeus, who led an armed revolt against the Greeks). Verses 36–39 carry Antiochus's history to the cosmic plane, detailing the blasphemy of the tyrant who considered himself a demi-god. He "spoke astonishing things against the God of gods" and gave "no heed to the god of his fathers".


title: Daniel's final vision

text: Verses 40–45 finish the chapter with the prophecy that Antiochus would make war once again against Egypt, and would die in Judea. In reality this did not happen; there was no third war and Antiochus died in Persia or in Babylon.


title: Edsel Dope

text: Brian Ebejer (born March 21, 1974), known professionally as Edsel Dope, is an American musician who is the lead singer, rhythm guitarist and main songwriter for nu metal/industrial metal band Dope. Dope was founded in 1997 by Edsel and his brother Simon (keyboards) in New York City.


title: Edsel Dope

text: Edsel co-produced all of Dope's albums. On "Felons and Revolutionaries", Dope's first album released in 1999, Edsel played and programmed most of the musical instruments.


title: Edsel Dope

text: In 2019, a new lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist joined Static-X under the moniker Xer0, which led to speculation and rumors that it was Edsel Dope. Edsel has denied that he is Xer0.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The 2000 No Way Out was the second No Way Out professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on February 27, 2000, at the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut. Although it was the second No Way Out event, it was the first held under this name, as it was preceded in 1998 by an event named , which was the 20th In Your House event; the event's title was truncated to "No Way Out" as it was not held in Texas.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The main event was a Hell in a Cell match, a match where the ring and ringside area was surrounded by a 20-foot-high roofed steel cell between WWF Champion Triple H and Cactus Jack; Triple H won the match to retain his championship. The featured bout on the undercard was a standard wrestling match, also known as a singles match, for a championship match at WrestleMania 2000 in which The Big Show defeated The Rock.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: In February 1998, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) held an event titled , which was the 20th In Your House pay-per-view (PPV) produced. In Your House was a series of monthly PPV shows that began in May 1995. The In Your House branding was retired following February 1999's event, as the company moved to install permanent names for each of its monthly PPVs. Following this, the WWF announced that No Way Out would return as its own PPV event on February 27, 2000, at the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut—the event's title was truncated to "No Way Out" as it was not held in Texas.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The event featured eleven professional wrestling matches with outcomes predetermined by WWF script writers. The matches featured wrestlers portraying their characters in planned story lines that took place before, during and after the event.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The main feud going into No Way Out was between Triple H and Mick Foley over the WWF Championship. Triple H defeated his (then storyline) father-in-law Vince McMahon at Armageddon in a No Holds Barred match after Stephanie McMahon, whom Triple H had drugged and married her against her will earlier in the year, betrayed her father and began siding with Triple H. This led to the beginning of what was referred to as the McMahon-Helmsley Era, as Vince suddenly departed the company after the match. Stephanie's brother Shane, who was also prominently involved in the feud, left as well, leaving Stephanie and, by proxy, Triple H in charge of the WWF. Immediately the two began to attempt to take out their rivals with the help of a reunited D-Generation X, leading to a pole match between Foley, who was then wrestling as Mankind, and The Rock where the first man to grab a pink slip hanging from the pole would keep his job. Mankind lost, and therefore was fired.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: On the January 3, 2000 edition of "Raw Is War", Triple H defeated The Big Show to regain the WWF Championship he had lost to him at Survivor Series the prior November. Later that evening, Foley came from the crowd to assist The Rock in a handicap match against DX to prevent him from getting fired. One week later, Mankind was reinstated and wrestled with The Rock and The Acolytes against all four members of DX; Triple H emerged victorious by pinning Mankind after a brutal attack ending with a Pedigree.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: It had been announced on "Raw" that Triple H would defend his title at the Royal Rumble against Mankind, but on the edition of "SmackDown!" that followed Mankind announced that he was not ready to face Triple H. However, he had a substitute ready and announced him as Cactus Jack, who had not been seen in the WWF since shortly after WrestleMania XIV. The two would face off in a Street Fight, which Triple H won. 2 weeks later on "Raw Is War", Triple H would grant Cactus another chance at the title at No Way Out in a match of his choosing; Cactus chose Hell in a Cell and agreed to retire if he lost the match.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: Another feud heading into No Way Out was between The Rock and Big Show. Shortly after losing his WWF Championship to Triple H, Big Show turned on The Rock by abandoning him in multiple tag team matches over the course of January. The rivalry intensified at the Royal Rumble, where they were the final two entrants remaining. Big Show went to throw The Rock out of the ring, but before he could do so The Rock countered by trying to toss Big Show over the top rope. Both men went over, but The Rock was able to pull himself back into the ring and was declared the winner, which entitled him to a WWF Championship match at WrestleMania 2000.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: What the fans did not see on the live broadcast, however, was an unintended accident that the writers decided to incorporate into the story. The sequence where Big Show was to be eliminated with The Rock using his momentum against him was the scripted finish to the match. However, Rock’s own momentum caused him to land with both of his feet touching the floor before he pulled himself back into the ring.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: Therefore, Big Show claimed on the episode of "Raw" the night after the pay-per-view that Rock had touched the floor first and thus he should have been declared the winner of the match. Triple H asked for proof and promised Big Show a match with The Rock if he could show the incident. Big Show obliged, and produced a video shot from the side of the ring where the elimination took place that clearly showed Rock touching the floor before Big Show did. Therefore, a match was signed for No Way Out with the winner getting the WrestleMania title match against the winner of the Triple H-Cactus Jack match.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: Before the event began and aired live on pay-per-view, an episode of "Sunday Night Heat", one of WWE's secondary television programs, was shown on USA Network. In an interview live in the arena, Michael Cole interviewed Paul Bearer regarding the upcoming Kane vs X-Pac match later that night.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: After "Sunday Night Heat", the pay-per-view began with a singles match for the WWF Intercontinental Championship with champion Chris Jericho facing Kurt Angle, the reigning European Champion. Both Angle and Jericho wrestled inconclusively in the beginning, including an attempt by Jericho to force Angle to submit by applying the Walls of Jericho, but Angle grabbed the ropes surrounding the ring, which forced Jericho to break the hold. While the referee Tim White was (kayfabe) unconscious, Jericho attempted to hit Angle with a Lionsault, but was hit in the face with the Intercontinental Championship belt. Angle then covered Jericho for the pinfall, winning the Intercontinental Championship to become a double champion. Following the match, referees White and Hebner argued over the conclusion.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The following bout was a tag team match for the WWF Tag Team Championship, where the champions, the New Age Outlaws (the Road Dogg and Billy Gunn), defended their titles against the Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley). Throughout the match, both teams performed many offensive maneuvers, though The Dudley Boyz were able to gain the upper hand when Bubba Ray struck Billy Gunn with a lead pipe on the outside of the ring and did the 3D on Road Dogg inside the ring. Bubba Ray then covered Road Dogg to win the WWF Tag Team Championship for his team.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The third contest was Viscera versus Mark Henry in a standard match. Henry started the match and managed to bring Viscera down, but then Viscera retaliated with a spinning heel kick and got the advantage. Viscera crashed Henry against the ladders on the outside and performed a Samoan drop and belly to belly suplex, until Mae Young interfered on behalf of Henry. Viscera pulled her down to the mat and tried to splash her, but Henry countered with a spear and scoop powerslammed him. He then pinned Viscera for the win.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The next match was a tag team match where Edge and Christian faced the Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy), who were escorted by Terri Runnels. Prior to the match, Terri had (kayfabe) hired the Acolytes Protection Agency (Bradshaw and Faarooq) as protection, and they were at ringside throughout the match. Both teams attempted to gain the advantage throughout the contest, and Edge and Christian ultimately gained it when Terri turned on the Hardy Boyz, pushing Jeff off the top rope as he attempted his finisher called the Swanton Bomb. As Matt questioned her, Terri slapped him and Christian struck Matt from behind and pinned him for the win. Following his loss, the Hardy Boyz attempted to pull Terri into the ring, but the APA attacked them.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The fifth contest was a standard match between Tazz and The Big Boss Man. Soon after the match began, Tazz applied the Tazzmission to Boss Man in an attempt to make him submit, but Prince Albert interfered and attacked Tazz, causing a disqualification. As Tazz was the one attacked, the victory was given to him. Following the match, Prince Albert and Boss Man assaulted Tazz in the ring.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The next match was X-Pac, escorted by Tori, versus Kane, escorted by Paul Bearer, in a No Holds Barred match. X-Pac and Kane wrestled extensively on the entrance ramp including X-Pac throwing Kane into a steel cage, and Paul Bearer interfered often, attacking X-Pac. X-Pac gave Kane an X-Factor but he recovered. Kane then chokeslammed X-Pac followed by a tombstone piledriver to Tori. The match ended when X-Pac dropkicked the steel ring steps into Kane's face and covered him for a pin.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The seventh match on the card was a six man tag team match where Too Cool (Rikishi, Scotty 2 Hotty, and Grand Master Sexay) faced The Radicalz (Chris Benoit, Dean Malenko, and Perry Saturn). Both teams performed many offensive maneuvers throughout the match, but Too Cool gained the upper hand when Rikishi delivered a Banzai Drop to Malenko. This was followed by a cover for the pin.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The featured bout on the undercard was The Big Show versus The Rock for a championship match at WrestleMania 2000. During the match, referee Tim White was knocked out, and upon recovering he was involved in a fight with fellow referee Earl Hebner, causing referee White to not count the pin when the Big Show covered the Rock, while Shane McMahon came down to ringside. The Rock then delivered the Rock Bottom, one of his finishing maneuvers, and was attempting to perform the People's Elbow on his fallen opponent, when McMahon hit the Rock with a steel chair. The Big Show then covered the Rock and got a pin.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: The main event was a Hell in a Cell match for the WWF Championship, in which WWF Champion Triple H defended his championship against Cactus Jack, with the added stipulation that if Jack lost he would have to retire from professional wrestling. The match began inside a structure of metal surrounding the ring and ringside area. Throughout the match, many weapons were employed, such as steel chairs and a 2x4 with barbed wire wrapped around it (the 2x4 was also set on fire later in the match). When the ring steps were repeatedly thrown against the wall of the cell, it tore open and Cactus Jack jumped through it to the outside of the cage. The men fought first on the announcers' table with Jack piledriving Triple H on it, and later both men wrestled on the top of the cage. While on top of the cell, Cactus Jack attempted a Piledriver, but the move was reversed and Triple H backdropped him onto the cell roof. The move broke the cell roof and Cactus Jack fell through to the mat below, buckling the surface of the ring. After Jack stood up again, Triple H performed the Pedigree on him. He then covered Cactus Jack for a successful pin to win the match.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: Although Big Show was now the top contender with his victory, the controversial circumstances with which he achieved it once again cast a pall over the WrestleMania championship match. On March 13, he and The Rock squared off again, with Rock agreeing to put his career on the line against the title match. Shane McMahon was made the guest referee and went out of his way to again ensure Big Show's victory, but a returning Vince McMahon foiled his plans and enabled Rock to score the victory. Three days later, Shane reinserted Big Show into the title match by declaring it a Triple Threat Match. Vince responded by saying he would be in The Rock's corner for the match. The Triple Threat instead occurred on "Raw" on March 20, 2000; after Triple H won, Linda McMahon came out and informed him, as well as Rock and Big Show, that they would still face each other at WrestleMania but would now be involved in a four-way elimination match with a returning Mick Foley, whom she would accompany to the ring. Triple H would retain the WWF Championship after Vince betrayed The Rock by attacking him, and he and Shane both joined forces with the McMahon-Helmsley Era. The Rock would finally win the WWF Title against Triple H at Backlash with the help of Steve Austin.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: Kurt Angle, by virtue of his win, became the first man to hold both the European and Intercontinental Championships simultaneously since Jeff Jarrett the previous year. He and Chris Jericho continued feuding after No Way Out, with Chris Benoit also joining in. A two-fall Triple Threat match was signed for WrestleMania 2000, with one fall contested for the European Championship and the other for the Intercontinental Championship. Angle lost both of his titles without factoring into either decision; Jericho defeated Benoit to win the European Championship while Benoit defeated Jericho to win the Intercontinental Championship. However, he would continue to find success as 2000 went on, eventually becoming that year's King of the Ring and later winning the WWF Championship before the year was out.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: No Way Out 2000 established No Way Out as the annual February PPV until the 2009 event. In 2010, No Way Out was replaced by Elimination Chamber. One further No Way Out was held in 2012, except it was held in June instead of February and was replaced by Payback in 2013.


title: No Way Out (2000)

text: In 2017, Kevin Pantoja of 411Mania gave the event a rating of 8.0 [Very Good], stating, "I enjoyed this Pay-Per-View. Outside of Viscera/Henry and Tazz/Bossman, everything was worth watching. Even the Show/Rock match had some Attitude Era fun in the shenanigans, making up for some dull work. The event has an emotional main event that delivered in a big way, which is the obvious thing that sticks out. However, Angle/Jericho and Angle’s antics throughout the night were entertaining. There are also two often forgotten tags here (Hardys/E&C and Radicalz/Too Cool) that were both very good matches. Kane/X-Pac was fine and the Dudleys mostly squashing the Outlaws to signal a new era for the tag division was great."


title: Decision fatigue

text: In decision making and psychology, decision fatigue refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making. It is now understood as one of the causes of irrational trade-offs in decision making. Decision fatigue may also lead to consumers making poor choices with their purchases.


title: Decision fatigue

text: fight for them", yet at the same time, "people find that making many choices can be [psychologically] aversive."


title: Decision fatigue

text: For example, major politicians and businessmen such as former United States President Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg have been known to reduce their everyday clothing down to one or two outfits in order to limit the number of decisions they make in a day.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Decision fatigue is a phrase popularised by John Tierney, and is the tendency for peoples’ decision making to become impaired as a result of having recently taken multiple decisions.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Decision fatigue has been hypothesised to be a symptom, or a result of ego depletion. It differs from mental fatigue which describes the psychobiological state that results from a prolonged duration of demanding cognitive tasks, such as multi-tasking or switching between various tasks.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Some psychologists and economists use the term to describe impairments in decision making resulting specifically from a long duration of having to make decisions. Others view factors such as complexity of the decisions being made, repeated acts of self regulation, physiological fatigue, and sleep deprivation as implicated in the emergence of decision fatigue.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Decision fatigue is thought to be a result of unconscious, psychobiological processes, and is a reaction to sustained cognitive, emotional and decisional load, as opposed to a trait or deficiency. Decision fatigue is an emergent construct that has several possible applications in the fields of healthcare psychology, behavioural economics and healthcare policy.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Behavioural attributes of decision fatigue tend to reflect an underlying state of ego depletion and may symbolise an unconscious method whereby individuals adapt their behaviour to prevent further depletion. Individuals experiencing decision fatigue are more prone to avoidant behaviours, such as procrastination; Sjastad and Baumeister demonstrated that decision fatigued individuals are less willing to engage in planning, and were more avoidant, compared to controls. Decision fatigue may also induce passive behaviours, such as inaction and decision avoidance. Furthermore, individuals experiencing decision fatigue may display less persistence when putting effort into decision making, and thus may be prone to choosing the ‘default’ option. They may also be prone to impulsive, erratic or short-sighted behaviour


title: Decision fatigue

text: Decision fatigue may also alter cognitive functioning. Some studies suggest that decision fatigue impairs cognitive abilities, especially executive functioning and reasoning abilities. For example Kathleen Vohs and Roy Baumeister found that the more that people had made frequent and deliberate choices, the less able they were to persist on a math task, regardless of how tired they were or how long they spent on the task.


title: Decision fatigue

text: There is evidence to suggest that decision fatigue may impact physiological endurance and self control. This was demonstrated in a series of studies which showed that participants who had made a long series of choices were less able to tolerate a bad-tasting drink, and were less able to tolerate pain, compared to controls. This indicates that decision fatigue impairs physiological as well as cognitive self-control.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Trade-offs, where either of two choices have positive and negative elements, are an advanced and energy-consuming form of decision making. A person who is mentally depleted becomes reluctant to make trade-offs, or makes very poor choices. Jonathan Levav at Stanford University designed experiments showing how decision fatigue can leave a person vulnerable to sales and marketing strategies designed to time the sale. "Decision fatigue helps explain why ordinarily sensible people...can't resist the dealer's offer to rustproof their new car."


title: Decision fatigue

text: Dean Spears of Princeton University has argued that decision fatigue caused by the constant need to make financial trade-offs is a major factor in trapping people in poverty. Given that financial situations force the poor to make so many trade-offs, they are left with less mental energy for other activities. "If a trip to the supermarket induces more decision fatigue in the poor than in the rich – because each purchase requires more mental trade-offs – by the time they reach the cash register, they'll have less willpower left to resist the Mars bars and Skittles. Not for nothing are these items called impulse purchases."


title: Decision fatigue

text: Decision fatigue can lead people to avoid decisions entirely, a phenomenon called "Decision avoidance". In the formal approach to decision quality management, specific techniques have been devised to help managers cope with decision fatigue. Other forms of decision avoidance used to bypass trade-offs and the emotional costs of decision making can include selecting either the default, or status quo options, where these are available.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Decision fatigue can influence irrational impulse purchases at supermarkets. During a trip to the supermarket, trade-off decisions regarding prices and promotions can produce decision fatigue, hence by the time the shopper reaches the cash register, less willpower remains to resist impulse purchases of candy and sugared items. Sweet snacks are usually featured at the cash register because many shoppers have decision fatigue by the time they get there. Florida State University social psychologist Roy Baumeister has also found that it is directly tied to low glucose levels, and that replenishing them restores the ability to make effective decisions. This has been offered as an explanation for why poor shoppers are more likely to eat during their trips.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Stanford University Professor of Psychology Carol Dweck found "that while decision fatigue does occur, it primarily affects those who believe that willpower runs out quickly." She states that "people get fatigued or depleted after a taxing task only when they believe that willpower is a limited resource, but not when they believe it's not so limited". She notes that "in some cases, the people who believe that willpower is not so limited actually perform better after a taxing task."


title: Decision fatigue

text: The "process of choosing may itself drain some of the self's precious resources, thereby leaving the executive function less capable of carrying out its other activities. Decision fatigue can therefore impair self-regulation". "[S]ome degree of failure at self regulation" is at the root of "[m]ost major personal and social problems", such as debt, "underachievement at work and school" and lack of exercise.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Experiments have shown the interrelationship between decision fatigue and ego depletion, whereby a person's ability for self-control against impulses decreases in the face of decision fatigue.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Baumeister and Vohs have suggested that the disastrous failure of men in high office to control impulses in their private lives may at times be attributed to decision fatigue stemming from the burden of day-to-day decision making. Similarly, Tierney notes that "C.F.O.s [are] prone to disastrous dalliances late in the evening", after a long day of decision-making.


title: Decision fatigue

text: With regard to self-regulation in legal regulation: One research study found that the decisions judges make are strongly influenced by how long it has been since their last break. "We find that the percentage of favorable rulings drops gradually from ≈65% to nearly zero within each decision session and returns abruptly to ≈65% after a break."


title: Decision fatigue

text: Several studies have indicated that decision fatigue can increase reliance on mental shortcuts and biases.


title: Decision fatigue

text: A study by Shai Danziger, Jonathan Levav, and Liora Avnaim-Pesso from Columbia Business School showed that the percentage of favourable rulings by judges on parole boards in a prison dropped gradually (from around 65% to almost 0%) within each ‘decision session’ recorded, but would return to around 65% after a break. This suggests that judicial rulings were increasingly determined by biased assumptions as decision fatigue increased.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Another demonstration of the relationship between decision fatigue and increased susceptibility to biased decision making was that of journal editors reviewing manuscripts. This study found that when the number of manuscripts discussed per meeting increased from 10 - 19 to over 20, the rate of rejection increased from 38% to 44%. When the number of manuscripts an editor had to read a day increased from 1-2 to 3 or more, the number of manuscripts rejected without peer review increased by 6%. This indicates that the greater decision fatigue editors experienced (whether alone or working in collaboration), the greater their bias towards rejecting manuscripts emerged.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Individuals experiencing fatigue may experience a greater degree of decisional conflict. Decisional conflict is a state wherein an individual is uncertain about which course of action to take when deciding between various options involves regret, risk or challenge to their values. As decisional fatigue impairs one’s ability to make decisions efficiently, makes one prone to over reliance on heuristics and biases, reduces one’s ability to make trade offs and can even make one avoid making decisions, decisional conflict is likely to arise from decision fatigue.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Decision fatigue might also increase levels of decisional regret. If an individual is aware that their decision making abilities are impaired, or if they are experiencing decisional conflict as a result of decision fatigue, they may anticipate the regret they can experience as a result of post-decisional feedback on the outcomes they didn’t choose. This anticipation of regret may influence decision making, and can further impair the individual's ability to make rational decisions.


title: Decision fatigue

text: This relationship between decisional fatigue, regret and conflict was demonstrated in a recent study that aimed to find the impacts of decision fatigue on nurses working during the COVID 19 pandemic. Researchers concluded that decision fatigue could be a determinant of psychological outcomes among nurses, and clinical outcomes among patients and their family members. Additionally, the decisional conflict and regret that arises from decision fatigue may impact the mental health and the decision making ability of healthcare workers, and those in occupations that demand long decision-making sessions.


title: Decision fatigue

text: Several psychologists have challenged the effects of ego depletion, such as decision fatigue, on multiple grounds. One replication effort including 23 laboratories did not find an ego depletion effect to be significantly different from zero. This indicates that existing evidence may not be sufficient to support the existence of an ego depletion effect. Furthermore, even when an ego depletion effect does replicate, there is substantive heterogeneity in the effect size in the literature and the average effect size is small. As there is little evidence for ego depletion, then the existence of decision fatigue comes into question.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: Moebius () is a 2013 South Korean horror drama film written and directed by Kim Ki-duk. The narrative is conveyed entirely without use of spoken dialogue, written subtitles, or intertitles. Instead, characters communicate through wordless gasps, grunts, groans and moans, and share moments of intensive gazing as a substitute for conversation. "Moebius" is also devoid of non-diegetic sound, with the exception of two scenes which mark the beginning of the film and the conclusion leading into the end credits. "Moebius" was screened out of competition at the 70th Venice International Film Festival. It was initially banned in South Korea, before the Korea Media Rating Board reviewed the film and changed the rating.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: When Mother discovers that Father is having an affair with a Mistress, Mother attempts to enact her vengeance by castrating him. When her effort fails, she instead mutilates her Son’s genitals and cannibalises her Son’s severed penis. Mother runs off into the night, abandoning the Father and Son. She passes a spiritual man on the sidewalk who is praying, and contemplates her actions.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: Mourning the loss of his Son’s manhood, the Father becomes obsessed with helping his Son reclaim his sexuality through explorations of alternative modes of sexual pleasure, primarily sadomasochistic. He also begins to research penis transplantation. As rumours of the Son’s castration begin to widely circulate, the Son quickly finds himself at the bottom of the male social hierarchy and the subject of frequent bullying and assault. To regain his masculinity, he participates in a gang rape of his father’s Mistress. While under the judgmental gaze of the Gang leader, the Son feigns penetration, mimicking thrusting motions on top of the Mistress to avoid suspicion.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: During a stay in prison due to his participation in the gang rape, he is assaulted by fellow inmates. The Father attempts to help his son by showing him how to masturbate by rubbing a rough rock against his skin. The Son is released from police custody when it is revealed that he was unable to physically penetrate the Mistress due to his lack of penis. Returning to the scene of the gang rape – the Mistress’s place of work – the Son finds the Mistress having seemingly consensual sex with the Gang leader. The Son joins in, and the three pleasure each other with a knife before the Son aids the Mistress in castrating the Gang leader. The Gang leader's penis is ran over by a truck and is unable to be recovered.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: The Father learns of an experimental penile transplantation surgery. The Father gives his penis to his Son via the surgical procedure, but the Son finds himself unable to obtain an erection. The Son’s possession of a penis ultimately harms his relationship with the Mistress, as she displays less interest in having sex with him despite his penis, which still struggles to become erect despite his attraction to her. The Mistress begins a relationship with the castrated Gang leader. The Son sees the two of them pleasuring each other with a knife.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: Having been absent since her attack on her Son, the Mother returns home. She attempts to make amends to the family by re-igniting her sexual relationship with the Father, only to learn that he is now unable to have sex due to him having given his penis to their Son. The Son learns that his Father’s penis – now his own – responds with instinctive arousal to his Mother. The Mother then attempts to have sex with her Son, which drives the Father to a jealous rage. Failing to reclaim his penis from his Son in a failed castration attempt, the Father kills himself and the Mother. The Son takes a gun and shoots his penis off. The film ends with the Son turning to a life of spiritualism, content with his non-phallic existence. He appears to be the same spiritual man which the Mother had encountered praying in the beginning of the film.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: "Moebius" was submitted to the Korea Media Rating Board three times, receiving a "restricted release" classification two times. A “restricted release” film is an effective ban – these films are required by law to be played only in a specialty licensed “restricted movie theater” according to Article 43 (Limits on Screen and distribution of Restricted Motion Pictures) of the Promotion of the Motion Pictures and Video Products Act. There are no operating “restricted movie theatres” in South Korea.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: The KMRB objected to the portrayal of explicit sexual incestual scenes between Mother and Son. When "Moebius" received a "restricted release" rating on its first review, Kim cut or modified a total of 21 scenes according to KMRB recommendation, reducing the runtime by 1 minute and 20 seconds for "Moebius"’s second submission to the KMRB. This second, 89-minute cut of Moebius also received a “restricted release” rating. For the third and final appeal, Kim cut or edited an additional 12 scenes, reducing the runtime by 50 seconds more and removing all direct portrayals of incestual sex between Mother and Son. This 87 minute 50 cut was given a “youth not allowed” on 5 August 2013, allowing Moebius to move ahead with its domestic release on 5 October 2013.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: In August 2017, charges were filed by Actress A – who remains anonymous with her identity protected under the Korean laws on sexual violence – through the Seoul Central District Prosecutor’s Office, claiming abuse during the filming of "Moebius". Actress A reported that Kim Ki-duk had slapped her across the face three times in front of the crew. Kim then forced her to take part in a violent sex scene that was unscripted, forcing her to touch another actor’s penis when it had previously been arranged that a prosthesis would be used. Actress A subsequently withdrew from the production and was replaced by Lee Na-ra, which damaged her career as Kim Ki-Duk Film stated that she left the production without taking the proper leave. Actress A took her grievances to the Korea Federation of Movie Workers’ Union, and an independent investigation was conducted prior to charges being filed at the Prosecutor’s Office. “It’s not that I’m showing up after four years to bring charges,” Actress A spoke at the Korea Sexual Violence Relief Center, “this case has taken a whole four years just to bring charges.” The Prosecutor’s Office ultimately ruled partially in favor of Actress A, charging Kim a fee of ₩5 million ($4,450) for physical assault in December of that same year. The Office did not charge Kim for sexual molestation, citing a lack of physical evidence. The Office also did not follow up on charges of coercion and defamation.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: On 6 March 2018, an episode of PD Note aired in which Actress A alongside two other anonymous women came forward with multiple accounts of physical assault, sexual assault, and rape against Kim. These accounts also incriminated "Moebius" lead Cho Jae-hyeon, a frequent collaborator of Kim. Prior to the airing of this episode of PD Note, in February 2018, Cho had publicly apologized for allegations of sexual molestation which were publicly brought up against him by students whom he had instructed at Kyungsung University. He subsequently resigned his post as professor. Cho was also written out of his ongoing role on medical thriller Cross.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: The film screened in April 2014 at the Stanley Film Festival and in November 2014 at the London Korean Film Festival.


title: Moebius (2013 film)

text: Andrew Chan of the Film Critics Circle of Australia writes, "To call "Moebius" daring is actually an understatement, as it is more than that, it is a film that will haunt you, lingers with you and perhaps disturb you till you never think about it again".


title: Janet Devlin

text: Janet Maureen Aoife Devlin (born 12 November 1994) is a Northern Irish singer-songwriter, who competed in the eighth series of "The X Factor" in 2011, where she finished in fifth place. Devlin's debut album was released in October 2012 via PledgeMusic on 1 July 2013. After a string of EPs and singles, her second studio album "Confessional" was released on 5 June 2020.


title: Janet Devlin

text: Janet Maureen Aoife Devlin was born on 12 November 1994. She is the youngest of four children to Aquinas and Patricia Devlin and has three elder brothers: Jason, Gavin and Aaron. Prior to entering "The X Factor", she lived with her parents and brothers in Gortin, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. She attended an Irish language pre-school, and later attended Drumragh Integrated College where she completed her GCSEs.


title: Janet Devlin

text: Courtney Love has stated in interviews that she believes Janet and her family to be distant relatives of Kurt Cobain, though Devlin has stated that she is unaware of any connection. Devlin's only performing experience before auditioning for "The X Factor" was singing in her school, pubs and local talent shows. She had uploaded a number of videos of her singing to her official channel on YouTube.


title: Janet Devlin

text: In 2011, Devlin auditioned for the eighth series of "The X Factor". Her audition was screened on 20 August 2011, where she performed Elton John's "Your Song". Her audition was successful as all four judges, Louis Walsh, Tulisa, Kelly Rowland and Gary Barlow, put her through to bootcamp. After passing the 2 challenges at bootcamp, Devlin progressed to the judges' houses round in Rowland’s Girls category (solo females aged 16–24) and was later put through to the live shows alongside Misha B, Amelia Lily and Sophie Habibis. She performed Coldplay's "Fix You" in week 1 of the live shows and was put through to the next round by Rowland, as there was no public vote in the first week. Devlin topped the public vote more times than any other act, receiving the most public votes for the first four weeks of voting (weeks 2, 3, 4 and 5) and reached the quarter-final (week 8) before ending up in the bottom two with Misha B. She was voted off by Walsh and Tulisa with Rowland refusing to vote between her own acts and Barlow not being given the chance to vote. However voting statistics revealed that Devlin received more votes than Misha B meaning if the result went to deadlock, Devlin would have advanced to the semi-final and Misha B would have been eliminated. Devlin's song in the sing off was "Chasing Cars". During the live shows, Courtney Love tweeted Simon Cowell to offer to give Devlin one of Nirvana's tracks for the show, which ultimately did not occur.


title: Janet Devlin

text: Soon after being eliminated from "The X Factor", Devlin performed some gigs at various venues throughout the UK. One of these was the renowned G-A-Y venue on Saturday, 3 December 2011. Finishing fifth, she was one of nine acts to perform on the "X Factor" Live Tour 2012, which took place in cities throughout the UK and Ireland. She performed fan favourite cover songs, 'Fix You' and 'Sweet Child o' Mine'.


title: Janet Devlin

text: It was reported that Devlin had received at least three offers of a recording contract. Within hours of leaving the show Devlin had been offered a recording contract by RKA Records, a record company partly owned by "Dragons' Den" star and entrepreneur Duncan Bannatyne.


title: Janet Devlin

text: Following the "X Factor" Live Tour, Devlin began work on her debut album at Steelworks Recording Studios, Sheffield. She was first in the recording studio on 28 May 2012, where she wrote and recorded three songs ('Crown of Thorns', 'Thinking Back Yesterday' and 'Who Am I Today?') with Grammy Award and Ivor Novella Award-winning producer Eliot Kennedy and his team. The song "Crown of Thorns", which was one of the first she wrote, with Jim Jayawardena and Philippa Hanna (of Kennedy's Steelworks team), quickly became an addition to her live sets at gigs.


title: Janet Devlin

text: Devlin has written all of her songs, usually with one co-writer, for inclusion on her debut album. She has written with songwriters Joe Janiak, Helen Boulding and Ethan Ash. She has also written potential tracks for her debut release with songwriters including the Faulkner brothers, Toby and Newton Faulkner, Joshua Radin and Jack Savoretti. In 2013, Devlin stated in interviews that she had written around 25 songs and would continue to write more songs to have the best possible finished album. On 26 October 2012, she debuted two new, live edition, songs on her YouTube channel. They were "Wonderful" which was co-written with Newton Faulkner and the aforementioned "Crown of Thorns".


title: Janet Devlin

text: Devlin's debut album was launched on PledgeMusic, including a chance to record backing vocals with her, although this did not happen. In December 2012, it was stated that the album would be released in 2013, having reached 45% of the pledge target within the first two weeks. Having reached 100% on New Year's Eve 2012, Devlin began the recording of her album in early 2013. On 26 June 2013, she finished recording the limited release version of her debut album. "Hide & Seek" was released to pledgers on 1 July 2013. Janet released an exclusive bonus acoustic EP, "Nothing Lost", to pledgers on 14 August 2013.


title: Janet Devlin

text: On 25 June 2013, Devlin worked with Newton Faulkner again, providing vocals for his new album project, #studiozoo. She provided backing vocals for 2 tracks as well as lending her voice for more of a featured backing vocal on a track called "Plastic Hearts". A live version of her song "Things We Lost in the Fire" was premiered on her YouTube channel on 6 December 2013.


title: Janet Devlin

text: In early January 2014, Devlin debuted a new live version of her song "Delicate", (written with Jack Savoretti and a new addition to the general release album) performing with Tom Dibb (guitar and vocals), in a BalconyTV session. She won the Balcony TV Global Music Rumble two weeks in a row on 2 and 9 March and again on 23 March.


title: Janet Devlin

text: Devlin announced in March 2014 that the general release of her debut album, with the new title "Running with Scissors" would be on 9 June. The album would feature new single "House of Cards" (to be released on 26 May) with 3 other new original songs ("Whisky Lullabies" co written with UK songwriter Tim Jennings, "Lifeboat" and "When You Were Mine"), a cover of The Cure's "Friday I'm in Love" and reworked versions of "Delicate" (from the EP "Nothing Lost"), "Wonderful", "Creatures of the Night", "Things We Lost in the Fire" and "Hide & Seek" from the limited release album "Hide & Seek". The reworked version of the song "Hide & Seek" features Newton Faulkner who, along with his brother, co-wrote it with Devlin. On 12 October 2015, Devlin announced she would be using PledgeMusic again to launch her preorder of her Christmas EP "December Daze". She was featured on SHY & DRS' "Beautiful to Me", which was released on 13 November as the official song for Anti Bullying Week 2015. She as featured on Gareth Emery's album "100 Reasons to Live", released 31 March 2016. The song "Lost" is a remix of her song "Things We Lost in the Fire".


title: Janet Devlin

text: Since the release of "Running with Scissors", Janet released a number of EPs and singles. The single "I Lied to You" was released in December 2018, which was called a "personal, soul-searching baring of emotion".


title: Janet Devlin

text: Devlin's second studio album, titled "Confessional", was released in June 2020 and was mastered at Abbey Road, London. Prior to the album, Devlin issued the title track "Confessional", "Saint of the Sinners", and "Honest Men" in early January 2020. This was swiftly followed up by "Away with the Fairies", "Holy Water" and finally "Big Wide World" to coincide with the album. She also released a book to accompany the album, entitled "My Confessional" which unlocks the meaning behind all the tracks on "Confessional".


title: Janet Devlin

text: On 19 November 2021, Devlin released her version of Elton John’s song “Your Song”. "Your Song" formed part of Devlin's EP "It's Not that Deep," released on 14 December 2021. "It's Not That Deep" included two original songs - "Place Called Home" (in a regular and "Alt country mix") and "Otherside" - along with three covers: "Your Song" by Elton John, "Bad Habits" by Ed Sheeran, and "Kiss" by Prince.


title: Janet Devlin

text: Devlin is heavily influenced by alternative artists including City and Colour, John Frusciante, Nirvana, and Devendra Banhart.


title: Janet Devlin

text: In 2012, Devlin performed at Croke Park, in front of a capacity 82,300 crowd, as part of the half-time show for the All Ireland Gaelic Football final on 23 September. She performed a cover of 'Fix You' and one of her self-penned original songs 'Walk Away'. She performed at the X Factor NSPCC Childline Ball on 18 October, again singing her original song 'Walk Away' and 'Fix You' by Coldplay, helping to raise over half a million pounds for the charity. On 3 November, she performed at Casement Park, as part of the pre-match entertainment, for the Michaela Foundation's charity Gaelic Football match in memory of Michaela McAreavey.


title: Janet Devlin

text: Devlin performed for the Dalai Lama on 18 April 2013 as part of Northern Ireland charity, Children in Crossfire's 'Culture of Compassion' event in Derry. On 12 May 2013, she performed a Pledger only concert at Greystones, Sheffield with a backing band consisting of Roo Walker (guitar, vocals), Jim Jayawardena (keyboard), Doug Harper (drums), Laura Kidd (bass, vocals) and Michael Giverin (mandolin). The second Pledger only concert took place at London's Troubadour on 13 May 2013.


title: Janet Devlin

text: Devlin played 14 dates across the UK and Ireland, with her band, for her 'Imaginarium Tour' in September and October 2013. Her second tour was in December 2014 and named the 'My Delirium Tour'. It had dates across the UK including 2 dates in Northern Ireland. The final stop of the tour was in Devlin's home town of Omagh.


title: Janet Devlin

text: Devlin played 4 gigs in the USA supporting Heffron Drive on their 'Happy Mistakes Unplugged' Tour in early July 2015. She placed second in the 2015 Baltic Song Contest, representing Ireland, in Karlshamn, Sweden in July 2015.


title: Janet Devlin

text: In 2018, Devlin appeared in the short fantasy film "Songbird" by Triskelle Pictures, directed by Sophie Black, with screenwriting by Tommy Draper. The film won 26 awards at various international festivals, including (for Devlin herself) Best Actress in a Dramatic Short Film or Music Video, Rising Star Award - Dramatic Short Film or Music Video, Original Song ("Chandeliers") at the Festigious Film Festival (June 2019), and Best Foreign Theme Song ("Chandeliers") at the Actors Awards Los Angeles (June 2019).


title: Janet Devlin

text: In 2022, Devlin appeared in the documentary film "Janet Devlin: Young, Female, and Addicted," produced by Sharon Whittaker and directed by Ben O'Loan. In the documentary, Devlin explores her own story of alcoholism and its effects on her life and on others around her, while exploring the stories of other young women suffering from the consequences of alcohol addiction in themselves or in members of their family.


title: Janet Devlin

text: On 11 May 2012, Devlin was given a Civic Reception by the Town Council in Omagh, County Tyrone for her achievements on the X Factor series 8. Janet wrote two original songs for the film "Songbird," for which she played the role of Jennifer. The song "Chandeliers" (from "Songbird") won two awards - Original Song, The Midlands Movies Awards 2019; Best Foreign Theme Song, Artemis Women In Action Film Festival 2019. "Songbird" itself was nominated for Best Score/Soundtrack, Nexus Film Awards 2019. On 27 March 2021, Janet Devlin was awarded the Stagie Award for "Female Artist of the Year."


title: Janet Devlin

text: In March 2020, Devlin posted a video on YouTube explaining that she was a recovering alcoholic, and had been sober since the age of twenty. Devlin explained, "I hit many rock bottoms, to be honest, but I kept digging [...] I definitely displayed addictive behaviours from a young age. I would definitely say I was born an addict. [...] It's not that I was ashamed but I never found the right time to say it." She added that during her time on "X factor" she felt a lot of "self hatred" and cites loneliness as one of the causes for her alcoholism. She is bisexual and has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder.


title: Ficus sycomorus

text: Ficus sycomorus, called the sycamore fig or the fig-mulberry (because the leaves resemble those of the mulberry), sycamore, or sycomore, is a fig species that has been cultivated since ancient times.


title: Ficus sycomorus

text: The term "sycamore" spelled with an A has also been used for unrelated trees: the great maple, "Acer pseudoplatanus", or plane trees, "Platanus". The spelling "sycomore", with an O rather than an A as the second vowel is, if used, specific to "Ficus sycomorus".


title: Ficus sycomorus

text: "Ficus sycomorus" is native to Africa south of the Sahel and north of the Tropic of Capricorn, also excluding the central-west rainforest areas. It also grows naturally in Lebanon; in the southern Arabian Peninsula; in Cyprus; in very localised areas in Madagascar; and in Israel, Palestine and Egypt. In its native habitat, the tree is usually found in rich soils along rivers and in mixed woodlands.


title: Ficus sycomorus

text: "Ficus sycomorus" grows to 20 m tall and has a considerable spread, with a dense round crown of spreading branches. The leaves are heart-shaped with a round apex, 14 cm long by 10 cm wide, and arranged spirally around the twig. They are dark green above and lighter with prominent yellow veins below, and both surfaces are rough to the touch. The petiole is 0.5–3 cm long and pubescent. The fruit is a large edible fig, 2–3 cm in diameter, ripening from buff-green to yellow or red. They are borne in thick clusters on long branchlets or the leaf axil. Flowering and fruiting occurs year-round, peaking from July to December. The bark is green-yellow to orange and exfoliates in papery strips to reveal the yellow inner bark. Like all other figs, it contains a latex.


title: Ficus sycomorus

text: According to botanists Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, the ancient Egyptians cultivated this species "almost exclusively." Remains of "F. sycomorus" begin to appear in predynastic times and occur in quantity from the start of the third millennium BC. It was the ancient Egyptian Tree of Life. Zohary and Hopf note that "the fruit and the timber, and sometimes even the twigs, are richly represented in the tombs of the Egyptian Early, Middle and Late Kingdoms." In numerous cases the parched fruiting bodies, known as sycons, "bear characteristic gashing marks indicating that this art, which induces ripening, was practised in Egypt in ancient times."


title: Ficus sycomorus

text: Although this species of fig requires the presence of the symbiotic wasp "Ceratosolen arabicus" to reproduce sexually, and this insect is extinct in Egypt, Zohay and Hopf have no doubt that Egypt was "the principal area of sycamore fig development." Some of the caskets of mummies in Egypt are made from the wood of this tree. In tropical areas where the wasp is common, complex mini-ecosystems involving the wasp, nematodes, other parasitic wasps, and various larger predators revolve around the life cycle of the fig. The trees' random production of fruit in such environments assures its constant attendance by the insects and animals which form this ecosystem.


title: Ficus sycomorus

text: A study in 2015 indicated that the sycamore tree was brought to Israel by Philistines during the Iron Age, along with opium poppy and cumin. These sycamore trees used to be numerous in western Beirut, lending their name to the neighborhood of Gemmayzeh (( ), "sycamore fig"). However, the trees have largely disappeared from this area.


title: Ficus sycomorus

text: In the Near East "F. sycomorus" is an orchard and ornamental tree of great importance and extensive use. It has wide-spreading branches and affords shade.


title: Ficus sycomorus

text: In the Bible, the sycomore is referred to seven times in the Old Testament (Hebrew ; Strong's number 8256) and once in the New Testament ( or ; Strong's number 4809). The sycomore was a popular and valuable fruit tree in Jericho and Canaan.


title: Ficus sycomorus

text: In Kikuyu religion, the sycomore is a sacred tree. All sacrifices to Ngai (or Murungu), the supreme creator, were performed under the tree. Whenever the mugumo tree fell, it symbolised a bad omen and rituals had to be performed by elders in the society. Some of those ceremonies carried out under the Mugumo tree are still observed.


title: Box

text: A box (plural: boxes) is a container used for the storage or transportation of its contents. Most boxes have flat, parallel, rectangular sides. Boxes can be very small (like a matchbox) or very large (like a shipping box for furniture), and can be used for a variety of purposes from functional to decorative.


title: Box

text: Boxes may be made of a variety of materials, both durable, such as wood and metal; and non-durable, such as corrugated fiberboard and paperboard. Corrugated metal boxes are commonly used as shipping containers.


title: Box

text: Most commonly, boxes have flat, parallel, rectangular sides, making them rectangular prisms; but boxes may also have other shapes. Rectangular prisms are often referred to colloquially as "boxes."


title: Box

text: Boxes may be closed and shut with flaps, doors, or a separate lid. They can be secured shut with adhesives, tapes, or more decorative or elaborately functional mechanisms, such as a catch, clasp or lock.


title: Box

text: Depending on locale and usage, the terms carton and box are sometimes used interchangeably. The invention of large steel intermodal shipping containers has helped advance the globalization of commerce.


title: Box

text: Boxes for storing various items in can often be very decorative, as they are intended for permanent use and sometimes are put on display in certain locations.


title: YJ-18

text: The YJ-18 (, NATO designation CH-SS-NX-13) is a Chinese family of anti-ship and land attack cruise missiles.


title: YJ-18

text: The United States Department of Defense believes the YJ-18 is similar to the Russian 3M-54 Klub, with a subsonic cruise mode and a supersonic terminal attack; the missile is credited with a range of , which would give it a threat ring of . Some Western analysts believe the YJ-18 is a copy of the 3M-54E, with a cruising range of at Mach 0.8 and a sprint range of at Mach 2.5 to 3.0; other sources claim the submarine-launched variant has a range of with a terminal speed of Mach 2 while flying at a lower terminal altitude than the Russian Kalibr/Klub.


title: YJ-18

text: The missile can be launched from vertical launching systems, and possibly from submarine torpedo tubes. Chinese media claims the missile has an inertial guidance system using BeiDou Navigation Satellite System data, and carries a high-explosive warhead or an anti-radiation warhead to destroy electronics at short range.


title: YJ-18

text: The YJ-18 is deployed aboard the Type 052D destroyer and the Type 055 destroyer. It may already be carried by the Shang II-class nuclear attack submarine outfitted with VLS cells, will replace the -range YJ-82 aboard the Yuan-class air-independent propulsion (AIP) and Song-class diesel-electric submarines, will likely deploy on the Type 095 submarine, and may be capable of deployment on Kilo-class submarines. A land-based version could replace the subsonic -range YJ-62 with shore batteries.


title: Accuracy International AX50

text: The Accuracy International AX50 is a .50 BMG anti-materiel precision rifle manufactured by British firearms company Accuracy International.


title: Accuracy International AX50

text: Devised as an upgrade to the AW50 rifle, the AX50 is built to withstand sustained, heavy usage and constant military deployment. It was designed to allow the operator a high level of accuracy and performance in harsh conditions.


title: Accuracy International AX50

text: The AX50 is a variant of the AX series of sniper rifles that entered production in 2010. Designed by Accuracy International to meet the modern demands of military and police units alike, the AX50 Is designed with long range precision accuracy in mind for a more accurate anti-materiel weapon.


title: Accuracy International AX50

text: According to Accuracy International, the development of the series was partly influenced by the Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) U.S. Special Operations Command solicitation, an undertaking by the U.S. military for a new and improved Precision long range rifle. The PSR contract was ultimately granted to Remington's Modular Sniper Rifle.


title: Accuracy International AX50

text: The AX50 is a bolt-action, .50 BMG sniper/anti-materiel rifle weighing , and is in overall length with a free floated barrel that can be changed in less than 10 minutes. The rifle itself is built on an aluminum chassis, and has a stock which can be folded to the left to shorten the overall length of the rifle when needed, and features a two-stage trigger with a 3.3 to 4.4 lbs. adjustible pull. The receiver and bolt featuring a 60° bolt throw are made of steel. The AX50 comes with an integrated Picatinny rail as well as a "Firing pin cocking indicator" safety allowing the user to ascertain whether a cartridge is chambered.


title: Accuracy International AX50

text: Accuracy International actively promotes fitting the Schmidt & Bender PM II / MILITARY MK II product line as sighting components on their sniper rifles and sells these telescopic sights as accessories, which is rare for a rifle manufacturer.


title: Olympic Gymnastics Arena

text: The Olympic Gymnastics Arena (), also known as the KSPO Dome since 2018, is an indoor arena located within the Olympic Park in Seoul, South Korea. It has a capacity of 15,000 and can be extended upto 20,000.


title: Olympic Gymnastics Arena

text: It was constructed between 31 August 1984 and 30 April 1986, to host the gymnastics competitions at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The roof was designed by David H. Geiger. It is a self-supporting cable dome – the first of its kind ever built – with a four-layer fabric cladding.


title: Olympic Gymnastics Arena

text: Since the Olympics it has hosted a variety of events, notably as a concert venue for both South Korean and international artists.


title: Olympic Gymnastics Arena

text: The arena is also infamous due to an incident in early 1992 when American boy band New Kids on the Block abruptly halted their performance after 20 minutes due to a fatal human crush incident where female Korean teenagers swarmed the band to the stage. One person was killed and about 50 people treated for injuries.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: The eleventh generation of the Ford Thunderbird (internally codenamed M205) is a two-seat convertible manufactured and marketed by Ford for model years . It followed a five-year hiatus of the Thunderbird after the 1997 discontinuation of its tenth generation.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: Evoking the exterior styling of the earliest Thunderbirds, the eleventh generation features a removable hardtop with a prominent porthole window, power folding fabric top, and vinyl tonneau cover. Sharing mechanicals with the Lincoln LS and using Ford's DEW platform, it has a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout with a V8 engine and a five-speed automatic transmission.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: Part of a retro-styling trend in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the concept was introduced by Ford in 1999. The production model debuted two years later, winning the Motor Trend Car of the Year award for 2002. Despite this, the eleventh-generation Thunderbird never achieved its sales projections and was discontinued after 2005. After studying alternatives, including the closely related Lincoln MK9 concept, Ford declined to introduce subsequent generations of the Thunderbird.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: The eleventh generation reach a production of just under 70,000 over four model years. Critics attributed the lackluster sales to poor marketing.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: The Ford Thunderbird was introduced in October 1954 for the 1955 model year as a two-seat roadster. Originally designed to compete with European sports cars and the Chevrolet Corvette, it marked the first time that Ford make sold two distinct model lines at the same time. The 1955 Thunderbird had advanced technology for its time, including such features as power seats and a padded dashboard. The Thunderbird was produced in ten consecutive generations until it was discontinued after the 1997 model year.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: The 1997 introduction of the Volkswagen New Beetle sparked a renaissance of retro-styling in American automakers. Ford introduced a concept prototype for the eleventh-generation Thunderbird at the 1999 North American International Auto Show on January 3, 1999, 45 years after the debut of the original. Production models arrived in mid-2001 for model year 2002, more than two years after the concept.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: Ford introduced the Ford SuperCharged Thunderbird concept at the 2003 Los Angeles Auto Show as a joint effort of Ford's Living Legends design studio and Ford Performance Group and featuring a modified Jaguar Supercharged V8 rated at . The concept featured a high-flow intake pipe, Gloss Red cam covers with carbon fiber coil covers, cam cover ‘Thunderbird’ script; carbon fiber radiator cover and integral supercharger air filters; power dome hood providing functional engine cooling; chrome trimmed surfaces on the hood's twin air extractors; revised chrome grille; larger chrome front fender intakes; revised, color-keyed rear view mirrors; revised front and rear bumpers; lowered suspension (1"); 18-inch tires on custom 16-spoke aluminum wheels; lockable two-piece hard tonneau cover; black convertible top; rear twin exhaust ports; rear backup lamps inset into the license plate housing; silver exterior paint; chamois interior. Ford sold the car to a private collector in 2010 and it was auctioned in 2014.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: Production of the 2002 Thunderbird began June 5, 2001, with expected annual sales of 25,000. Initially dealers could charge well over MSRP and sold 31,368 the first year. Sales declined each year thereafter until its cancellation. 11,998 were sold in 2004. Ford announced in March 2005 that the Thunderbird would be discontinued in July of that year, with 9,548 sold for 2005.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: The sole engine of the Thunderbird was a Jaguar-designed AJ-30 3.9 L DOHC V8, a short-stroke (85mm) variant of the Jaguar AJ-26 4.0 L V8, rated at and of torque — in combination with Ford's 5R55N 5-speed automatic transmission.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: The AJ-30 V8 was replaced by the AJ-35 in 2003 and later Thunderbirds, bringing with it variable valve timing (VVT) and electronic throttle control (ETC) as well as and of torque.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: According to Jack Telnack, Ford's Vice President of Design (1980-1997), the Thunderbird design gestation was the longest of his career and was largely finalized before he retired from Ford in 1997. His successor, J Mays resolved "details, trim, fabric, the interior design and colors" and presenting the 2002 production model in 1999.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: For the design, Telnack enlisted competing studios in Italy, England, Germany, California and Dearborn, bringing a 1955 and a 1957 Thunderbird to the Dearborn studio. In Dearborn, he asked each designer to literally wash the two cars, before taking pencil to paper. "I told them, I want you to rub your hands over the surfaces, understand the shapes, the forms that build the character lines, really get into it," he said. "You learn more by washing a car than standing there, looking at it."


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: The proposal from the Dearborn studio won, with the production model inspired by the 1955 Thunderbird. "If you look at the '55 in side elevations, you will notice that the car starts high in the front, reaching the high point over the front wheel and then tapers to the rear."


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: Other details recalling the original include the egg-crate grille, steeply raked chromed windshield surround, dropped hoodscoop and round taillights. J Mays would later describe the final design as minimalist, American, bold, and confident.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: Before the design had been approved for production, the company presented a black, fiberglass-bodied Thunderbird prototype, with full red interior (including its entire dash) at the 1999 Detroit auto show, Pebble Beach Concours and Frankfurt Motor Show. The design shared its with the Lincoln LS and Jaguar S-Type, ultimately sharing its basic instrument-panel and center-stack layout with the LS.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: In 2003, Valmet Automotive presented a retractable hardtop concept for the 11th generation Thunderbird at the Geneva Motor Show, featuring a fully automatic retractable roof with two glass panels, sharing the production model's storage capacity and trunk lid.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: Styling remained unchanged over its production span, with exterior and interior colors changing annually. For 2002, the car was available in red ("torch red"), yellow ("inspiration yellow"), and turquoise ("Thunderbird blue"), all reminiscent of 1950s colors. Two-tone interiors (black and the color matching the exterior), were paired with these exterior colors.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: White and black exteriors were also available in 2002, with matching solid-color interiors or the two-tone interiors were no longer available, with the exception of red and a limited white — in favor of all-black (or other one-color) interiors. Yellow and turquoise exteriors were no longer available, replaced by gray, sky blue and coral. Exterior and interior colors added for both the 2004 and 2005 model years remained subdued and white was replaced by silver.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: Throughout its production run, the eleventh-generation Ford Thunderbird was available in two basic trim levels: Deluxe and Premium. All Thunderbirds included standard equipment such as perforated leather-trimmed seating surfaces, dual power-adjustable bucket seats, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, cruise control, dual-zone automatic climate control system with air conditioning, keyless entry, security alarm system, 17-inch tires and aluminum-alloy wheels, power-retractable cloth convertible roof (top), an AM/FM stereo radio with an in-dash 6-disc CD changer and a premium Audiophile sound system with dual amplifiers for the rear speakers, a driver message center, the HomeLink garage door opener system, a glass rear window with a defroster, and automatic delay on/off front headlamps. There were few differences between the two trim levels, with the Premium trim receiving chrome-clad aluminum-alloy wheels, and dual heated seats as standard equipment (the base Deluxe trim did not offer heated seats). The Premium trim also offered a 90-lb. removable hardtop roof, which could either be painted to match the exterior paint color of the vehicle, or painted in a contrasting color, and included two porthole windows, reminiscent of 1950s-era Thunderbirds.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: The Thunderbird also offered several different optional appearance packages that allowed Thunderbird buyers to personalize their vehicles. A Black Appearance Package added a high-gloss black accent to the leather-wrapped steering wheel and automatic transmission gear selector, while additional appearance packages added a Parchment cloth soft top (roof), color-keyed accents on the steering wheel and gear selector lever, and seat centers. These packages, which were dependent upon the exterior color selected (the Black Appearance Package was available regardless of exterior color), were only available on the Premium trim level of the Thunderbird. Other personalization options included the color of the removable hardtop roof, as well as a choice of several different 17-inch aluminum-alloy wheels.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: 2002 Neiman Marcus Edition: In 2000, Ford introduced the Neiman Marcus edition in the company's Christmas catalog. With a production of 200 and MSRP of US$41,99, the edition featured two-tone black exterior paint color with silver hard top roof; logo etched into the circular hardtop glazing; scooped hood; twenty-one spoke chrome aluminum-alloy wheels; silver-accented steering wheel and transmission gear selector lever; aluminum dash inserts; perforated black leather-trimmed interior with silver wing-embroidered seat inserts; 'Neiman Marcus' embroidered floor mats and an available 1/18-scale die cast model.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: 2003 James Bond 007 Edition: Ford introduced the "James Bond Edition" as a co-branding promotion for the James Bond "Die Another Day" movie. With a production of 700, the edition featured coral paint with a white hardtop; twenty-one spoke chrome aluminum-alloy wheels, white perforated leather-trimmed interior, engine-turned interior trim panels with "007" emblem, engine horsepower increased from 250 to 280, five-speed automatic transmission with manual gear selection; MSRP of US$43,995, and an available die cast scale model. Starting with "Goldfinger" in 1964 through "Diamonds are Forever", Ford had a product placement arrangement with the film's producer to exclusively use Ford products in the movies, a tradition that was restored with this movie.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: 2004 Pacific Coast Roadster Edition: The "Pacific Coast Roadster" edition, with 1,000 examples produced, featured monterey mist green paint with an ash metallic hard top roof and light ash soft top roof, paired with light ash and dark ash interior and suede trimmed seating, aluminum-alloy wheels, color-keyed interior accents, patterned dash trim, and a numbered dashboard plaque.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: 2005 50th Anniversary Cashmere Special Edition: In 2005, Ford celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Ford Thunderbird. All 2005 Thunderbirds received a "50th Anniversary" badge. The Cashmere edition, with a production run of 1,500, featured a commemorative dashboard plaque, cashmere exterior paint and medium gray soft top convertible roof; hard top; "50th Anniversary" front fender emblems; teal-accented third rear brake lamp with illuminated "Thunderbird" script; two-tone gray and dark gray interior with Cashmere perforated leather-trimmed seating; color-keyed instrument cluster with turquoise gauge needles and "Ford Thunderbird" door sill plates round.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: "Forbes" magazine writer Jerry Flint attributed the Thunderbird's demise to a lack of proper sales and marketing, writing: "Ford dealers have been successful selling $35,000-45,000 trucks, but have little experience selling automobiles in the near-luxury price range. If there was a marketing effort by Ford Motor, I wasn't aware of it. Naturally, sales didn't meet expectations."