title: Bulgaria and the euro

text: Other advantages of adopting the euro include the improved supervision of Bulgaria's systemically important banks once it has joined ERM II together with the Banking union, and the decreased cost of borrowing and full access to the rescue packages of the euro area that are intended to deal with the economic effects of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Bulgaria and the euro

text: Bulgaria euro coins will replace the lev once the convergence criteria are fulfilled. On the occasion of the signing of the EU accession treaty on 25 April 2005, the Bulgarian National Bank issued a commemorative coin with a face value of 1.95583 leva, giving it a nominal value of exactly 1 euro.


title: Bulgaria and the euro

text: The Madara Rider was one of the favourites to become the symbol of Bulgaria to be used on the national side of the country's euro coins. Other eminent pretenders for the title 'Symbol of Bulgaria' were the ancient tradition of the nestinars (Bulgarian fire-dancers), Cyrillic, the Rila Monastery and the Tsarevets medieval fortress near Veliko Turnovo.


title: Bulgaria and the euro

text: By 17 June 2008, debates about the design of the future Bulgarian euro coins were held all over the country. They continued until 29 June when a vote decided the symbol to be used on all coins. Bulgarians voted in post offices, gas stations and schools.


title: Bulgaria and the euro

text: Finally, on 29 June it was announced that 25.44% of the Bulgarian voters had chosen the Madara Horseman to be depicted on future euro coins.


title: Bulgaria and the euro

text: The Bulgarian language's use of a Cyrillic script and its not straightforward transliteration of the word "euro" have caused some issues regarding the official use of the language relating to the euro. The European Central Bank and the European Commission initially insisted that Bulgaria adopt the name ЕУРО (i.e., euro), rather than the original ЕВРО (i.e., evro) (from Bulgarian Европа , meaning "Europe"), claiming the currency's name should be standardised across the EU as much as possible. Bulgaria maintained that its language's alphabet and phonetic orthography warranted the exception. At the 2007 EU Summit in Lisbon the issue was decided in Bulgaria's favour, making евро the official Cyrillic spelling from 13 December 2007.


title: Bulgaria and the euro

text: This ruling has affected the design of euro banknotes. The second series of notes (beginning with the €5 note issued from 2013) includes the term "ЕВРО" and the abbreviation "ЕЦБ" (short for Европейска централна банка, the Bulgarian name of the European Central Bank). The first series had only the standard Latin alphabet "EURO" and the Greek "ΕΥΡΩ".


title: Bulgaria and the euro

text: The euro coins only have the Latin "EURO" on their common side. Greek coins include the alternative Greek spelling on the national (obverse) side. Bulgarian coins, therefore, may follow suit, having "EURO" on one side and "ЕВРО" on the other.


title: Bulgaria and the euro

text: The plural of евро in Bulgarian varies in spoken language – евро, евра , еврота – but the most widespread form is евро – without inflection in plural. The word for euro, though, has a normal form with the postpositive definite article – еврото (, the euro).


title: Bulgaria and the euro

text: The word for eurocent is евроцент and most probably that, or only цент , will be used in future when the European currency is accepted in Bulgaria. In contrast to euro, the word for "cent" has a full inflection both in the definite and the plural form: евроцент (basic form), евроцентът (full definite article – postpositive), евроцентове (plural), 2 евроцента (numerative form – after numerals). However, the word "stotinki" (стотинки), singular "stotinka" (стотинка), the name of the subunit of the current Bulgarian currency, could be used in place of cent, as it has become a synonym of the word "coins" in colloquial Bulgarian; just like "cent" (from Latin "centum"), its etymology is from a word meaning hundred – "sto" (сто). "Stotinki" is used widely in the Bulgarian diaspora in Europe to refer to subunits of currencies other than the Bulgarian lev.


title: Paul Holes

text: Paul Holes (born March 15, 1968) is an American former cold-case investigator for the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office. Holes is known for his contributions to solving the Golden State Killer case using advanced methods of identifying the killer with DNA and genealogy technology. Since retiring in March 2018, Holes has contributed to books, television, and podcasts about the Golden State Killer and true crime.


title: Paul Holes

text: Holes studied at the University of California, Davis, from 1986 to 1990. There he received his Bachelor of Science in biochemistry.


title: Paul Holes

text: Holes was sworn in as an investigator for the Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office in Martinez, California, in 1994. In the same year, Holes first discovered the cold case files of the East Area Rapist (EAR). His interest in the case was ignited and he remained close to the files, reviewing them any chance he had between active cases in Contra Costa County until a DNA break in 2001 expanded the case even further. When DNA from the EAR matched other unsolved murder crimes throughout California, the case again gained traction and had expanded in evidence.


title: Paul Holes

text: After years of gathering evidence and using as many DNA samples as he could without depleting the evidence, Holes made contact with genealogist and scientist Barbara Rae-Venter. Rae-Venter used DNA from the Golden State Killer to construct a genetic profile of the suspect and create a family tree that was detailed enough to narrow down the suspects to Joseph James DeAngelo.


title: Paul Holes

text: In March 2018, Holes visited the Citrus Heights home of DeAngelo on his final day as an investigator before his retirement. Holes watched the home for the activity of DeAngelo, who at the time was only a leading suspect tied to the Golden State Killer rapes and murders. Holes decided not to approach the home for fear of causing a disturbance or tipping off DeAngelo of any suspicion of his involvement as a suspect in the case. Using discarded DNA samples from DeAngelo's home, detectives were able to match his DNA to that known to be from the Golden State Killer. DeAngelo was later taken into custody by the Sacramento Police on April 24, 2018.


title: Paul Holes

text: While researching the EAR case, it began to be strongly suspected by some that another high profile unsolved case, the Visalia Ransacker, and the EAR were the same person based on evidence similarity. However, unlike the Golden State Killer case, no current DNA link existed. In a 2017 interview, Holes was skeptical of the link between the two, based on credible witness descriptions, but changed his mind after the DeAngelo arrest.


title: Paul Holes

text: In 2019, Holes and investigative journalist Billy Jensen released a true crime podcast called "The Murder Squad" that explored evidence and discussions of unsolved murders, unidentified remains, and missing persons cases. The weekly podcast was a production of Exactly Right, a podcast network created by Karen Kilgariff and Georgia Hardstark, hosts of My Favorite Murder. The podcast was cancelled by the network in May 2022.


title: Paul Holes

text: Holes became an internet sensation following the attention of his role while investigating the Golden State Killer case with Michelle McNamara, the now deceased writer and creator of the famous Golden State Killer name. He has also been a celebrated name with Murderinos, fans of the "My Favorite Murder" podcast, which started the #HotforHoles fanbase.


title: Paul Holes

text: Holes has been published and featured in many media outlets in discussion with the Golden State Killer leading up to and following DeAngelo's arrest.


title: Alessandro Ruspoli, 9th Prince of Cerveteri

text: Alessandro "Dado", Principe Ruspoli (9 December 1924 – 11 January 2005) was an occasional actor and a playboy and eccentric aristocrat, the 9th Principe di Cerveteri, 9th Marchese di Riano, 14th Conte di Vignanello and Prince of the Roman Papal States. Dado descends from a brother of Cardinal Bartolomeo Ruspoli.


text: Dado was born in Rome in 1924. His mother, his father's first wife Claudia dei Conti Matarazzo, who died when he was 9, was heiress to one of the largest fortunes in Brazil. His father Francesco Ruspoli, 8th Prince of Cerveteri, later a poet, fought in both World Wars. Dado became known for his extravagant lifestyle in the 1950s and 60s. He was friends with Brigitte Bardot, Salvador Dalí, Truman Capote, Roger Vadim, Roman Polanski, Emmanuelle Arsan and many others.


text: His first marriage, in Rome on 8 December 1947, was to "Nobile" Francesca dei Baroni Blanc (Rome, 27 June 1920 – Milan, 27 February 1962), daughter of "Nobile" Mario dei Baroni Blanc and wife Anita Felici. They had no children.


text: His second marriage at Vignanello, the location of the ancestral residence, Castello Ruspoli, on 5 May 1964, was to French aristocrat Nancy de Girard de Charbonnières (Pouillon, 18 April 1939 –), daughter of Roger Jean de Girard de Charbonnières and wife Andrée Marie Pommarède. The marriage produced one son:


text: His third marriage was also in Rome, on 20 November 1993, to Theresa Patricia Genest. This marriage produced a daughter and a son:


text: Between marriages he had two sons by actress Debra Berger (17 March 1957 –), daughter of William Berger:


title: Joe Salisbury

text: Joe Salisbury ( ; born 20 April 1992) is a British professional tennis player who is a former world No. 1 in doubles.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: He is a five-time Grand Slam champion, having won the 2020 Australian Open, the 2021 US Open and the 2022 US Open in men's doubles, partnering Rajeev Ram. Salisbury has also won two mixed doubles titles, at the 2021 French Open and US Open alongside Desirae Krawczyk. He also finished runner-up at the 2021 Australian Open in men's doubles and the 2021 Wimbledon Championships in mixed doubles, with Ram and Harriet Dart respectively. In April 2022, Salisbury became the third British world No. 1 in either singles or doubles, after Jamie and Andy Murray. He has won twelve doubles titles on the ATP Tour, including three at Masters 1000 level, and the 2022 ATP Finals.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: Salisbury made his Davis Cup debut for Great Britain in 2021, and also competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics alongside Andy Murray.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: Salisbury is from Putney in southwest London. He went to King's College School, Wimbledon, leaving in 2010. He trained at the Sutton Tennis Centre under Jeremy Bates and played college tennis at the University of Memphis.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: Salisbury represented the Memphis Tigers from 2010 until his graduation in 2014. As he had experienced injury problems during his junior career he was not heavily recruited by American colleges and the decision to offer him a spot at Memphis was a "gamble" on the part of head coach Paul Goebel.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: Salisbury finished his college career with 97 doubles wins, the most in school history, and his 25 singles wins in his final year was also a Memphis record at the time.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: Salisbury made his ATP Tour main-draw debut at the U.S. National Indoor Championships partnering David O'Hare, losing to the Bryan brothers in the first round.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: At Wimbledon in 2019, he played alongside Rajeev Ram during the men's doubles. They made it to the round of 16.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: Also with Ram, Salisbury won the 2020 Australian Open, beating wildcards Max Purcell and Luke Saville in the final. As a result, he reached a career-high ranking ofworld No. 3, on 10 February 2020.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: He competed in the Australian Open with partner Rajeev Ram to defend their title, but they lost to Ivan Dodig and Filip Polášek in the final.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: He won the mixed-doubles title at the French Open with Desirae Krawczyk. He also reached the mixed doubles final of the 2021 Wimbledon Championships partnering Harriet Dart.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: He reached the final and won his first Masters 1000 in Canada at the National Bank Open with Ram, defeating world No. 1 and No. 2 Croatians, Pavic and Mektic, his second final for the year at a Masters level after the Italian Open, where they lost to the Croatian pair.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: At the US Open Salisbury partnering with Ram reached the final, defeating Max Purcell/Matthew Ebden in a long and narrow three hours match with three tiebreaks, saving four match points in the quarterfinals and Sam Querrey/Steve Johnson in the semifinals. The pair won the men’s doubles championship, defeating Jamie Murray/Bruno Soares in the final. It was the first time in the Open Era that two Britons met in a major men's doubles final and the first time in 12 years that the US Open men’s doubles final went to a deciding set. As a result he equaled his best career ranking of World No. 3 in doubles on 20 September 2021. Seeded second, he also won his second mixed-doubles Grand Slam title at the US Open, again with Krawczyk, defeating Marcelo Arévalo and Giuliana Olmos in straight sets. He became the first man since Bob Bryan in 2010 to win the US Open doubles and mixed titles in the same year.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: At the San Diego Open, Salisbury won his eight title and third of the season partnering Neal Skupski.


title: Joe Salisbury

text: At the Miami Open, Salisbury and Ram reached the quarterfinals, losing to eventual champions Hubert Hurkacz and John Isner. Following this result, Salisbury became the new world No. 1 in men's doubles on 4 April 2022. He became the second British man to be doubles number one, after Jamie Murray. He won the 2022 Monte-Carlo Masters with Ram defeating sixth seeded pair of Robert Farah and Juan Sebastian Cabal. The duo reached the semifinals at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships, losing to Matthew Ebden and Max Purcell in five sets. Ram and Salisbury had a successful summer hardcourt season, winning the 2022 Western & Southern Open and clinching their third Grand Slam title together while defending their title at the 2022 US Open with a straight-sets win over second seeds Neal Skupski and Wesley Koolhof. They became just the second team to repeat as men's doubles champions at this Major in the Open Era other than Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde who went also back-to-back in New York.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant, sold under the brand name Faslodex among others, is a medication used to treat hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression as well as HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer in combination with palbociclib in women with disease progression after endocrine therapy. It is given by injection into a muscle.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant is a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) and was first-in-class to be approved. It works by binding to the estrogen receptor and destabilizing it, causing the cell's normal protein degradation processes to destroy it.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant is used for the treatment of hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer or locally advanced unresectable disease in postmenopausal women; it is given by injection. A 2017 Cochrane review found it is as safe and effective as first line or second line endocrine therapy.


title: Fulvestrant

text: It is also used to treat ER-positive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with palbociclib in women with disease progression after first-line endocrine therapy.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Due to the medication's having a chemical structure similar to that of estrogen, it can interact with immunoassays for blood estradiol concentrations and show falsely elevated results. This can improperly lead to discontinuing the treatment.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant has been used in the treatment of peripheral precocious puberty in girls with McCune–Albright syndrome.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant is provided in a castor oil solution also containing alcohol, benzyl alcohol, and benzyl benzoate. It is supplied at a concentration of 250 mg/5 mL.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Very common (occurring in more than 10% of people) adverse effects include nausea, injection site reactions, weakness, and elevated transaminases. Common (between 1% and 10%) adverse effects include urinary tract infections, hypersensitivity reactions, loss of appetite, headache, blood clots in veins, hot flushes, vomiting, diarrhea, elevated bilirubin, rashes, and back pain. In a large clinical trial, the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with fulvestrant was 0.9%.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant is an antiestrogen which acts as an antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER) and additionally as a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD). It works by binding to the estrogen receptor and making it more hydrophobic, which makes the receptor unstable and misfold, which in turn leads normal processes inside the cell to degrade it.


title: Fulvestrant

text: In addition to its antiestrogenic activity, fulvestrant is an agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), albeit with relatively low affinity (10–100 nM, relative to 3–6 nM for estradiol).


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant after an intramuscular injection is slowly absorbed and maximal levels (Cmax) are reached after 5 days on average with a range of 2 to 19 days. The elimination half-life of fulvestrant with intramuscular injection is 40 to 50 days. This is 40 times longer than the half-life of fulvestrant by intravenous injection, indicating that its long half-life with intramuscular injection is due to slow absorption from the injection site. Levels of fulvestrant with 500 mg/month by intramuscular injection (and a single additional 500 mg loading dose on day 15 of therapy) in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer were 25.1 ng/mL (25,100 pg/mL) at peak and 28.0 ng/mL (28,000 pg/mL) at trough with a single dose and 28.0 ng/mL (28,000 pg/mL) at peak and 12.2 ng/mL (12,200 pg/mL) at trough after multiple doses at steady state.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant does not cross the blood–brain barrier in animals and may not in humans as well. Accordingly, no effects of fulvestrant on brain function have been observed in preclinical or clinical research. Fulvestrant is highly (99%) bound to plasma proteins. It is bound to very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and high density lipoprotein, but not to sex hormone-binding globulin.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant appears to be metabolized along similar pathways as endogenous steroids; CYP3A4 may be involved, but non-cytochrome P450 routes appear to be more important. It does not inhibit any cytochrome P450 enzymes. Elimination is almost all via feces.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant can form colloidal aggregates at certain concentration ranges and this can limit its activity as well as produce bell-shaped concentration–response curves.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant, also known as 7α-[9-[(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl]nonyl]estradiol, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of estradiol. An alkyl-sulfinyl moiety was added to the endogenous estrogen receptor ligand.


title: Fulvestrant

text: It was discovered through rational drug design, but was selected for further development via phenotypic screening.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant was the first selective estrogen receptor degrader to be approved. It was approved in the United States in 2002 and in Europe in 2004.


title: Fulvestrant

text: The U.K. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) said in 2011 that it found no evidence Faslodex was significantly better than existing treatments, so its widespread use would not be a good use of resources for the country's National Health Service. The first month's treatment of Faslodex, which starts with a loading dose, costs £1,044.82 ($1,666), and subsequent treatments cost £522.41 a month. In the 12 months ending June 2015, the UK price (excluding VAT) of a month's supply of anastrozole (Arimidex), which is off patent, cost 89 pence/day, and letrozole (Femara) cost £1.40/day.


title: Fulvestrant

text: The original patent for Faslodex expired in October 2004. Drugs subject to pre-marketing regulatory review are eligible for patent extension, and for this reason AstraZeneca got an extension of the patent to December 2011.


title: Fulvestrant

text: AstraZeneca has filed later patents. A generic version of Faslodex has been approved by the FDA. However, this does not mean that the product will necessarily be commercially available - possibly because of drug patents and/or drug exclusivity. A later patent for Faslodex expires in January 2021. Atossa Genetics has a patent for the administration of fulvestrant into the breast via a microcatheter invented by Susan Love.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Fulvestrant was studied in endometrial cancer but results were not promising and as of 2016 development for this use was abandoned.


title: Fulvestrant

text: Because fulvestrant cannot be given orally, efforts have been made to develop SERD drugs that can be taken by mouth, including brilanestrant and elacestrant. The clinical success of fulvestrant also led to efforts to discover and develop a parallel drug class of selective androgen receptor degraders (SARDs).


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls is a city in Warren County, New York, United States and is the central city of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 14,700 at the 2010 census. The name was given by Colonel Johannes Glen, the falls referring to a large waterfall in the Hudson River at the southern end of the city.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls is a city in the southeastern corner of Warren County, surrounded by the town of Queensbury to the north, east, and west, and by the Hudson River and Saratoga County to the south. Glens Falls is known as "Hometown U.S.A.", a title "Look Magazine" gave it in 1944. The city has also referred to itself as the "Empire City."


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: As a halfway point between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry, the falls was the site of several battles during the French and Indian War and the Revolutionary War. The then-hamlet was mostly destroyed by fire twice during the latter conflict, forcing the Quakers to abandon the settlement until the war ended in 1783. Fire also ravaged the village in 1864, 1884, and 1902.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The area was originally called "Chepontuc" (Iroquois; "difficult place to get around"), also referred to as the "Great Carrying Place," but was renamed "The Corners" by European-American settlers. In 1766 it was renamed Wing's Falls for Abraham Wing – the leader of the group of Quakers who established the permanent settlement – and for the falls on the Hudson River. Wing's claim to the name of the falls and the hamlet was transferred to Colonel Johannes Glen of Schenectady in 1788, either on collection of a debt, as a result of a game of cards, or in exchange for hosting a party for mutual friends, depending on which local legend is believed. Colonel Glen changed the name to "Glen's Falls," though it was often printed with varying spelling such as "Glenn's," or "Glens". The spelling "Glens Falls" came to be the common usage.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: A post office was established in 1808. Glens Falls became an incorporated village in 1839, and was re-incorporated in 1874 and 1887, expanding the village to what would become the city limits when the state legislature granted the city charter in 1908, at which time the city became independent from the town of Queensbury.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: In 2003, with permission from Queensbury, Glens Falls annexed approximately of the town. The land, known as Veterans Field or the Northway Industrial Park, is on Veterans Road between Luzerne Road and Sherman Avenue and is just east of I-87. The land was vacant at the time. A thin, strip of Sherman Avenue was part of this annexation, to comply with state law on contiguity of annexed land. As a result, the city and town share co-own this stretch of highway.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls has two historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the equivalent New York State Register of Historic places. The Fredella Avenue historic district includes a series of unique concrete block structures. The Three Squares Historic District makes up most of the Central Business District. In addition, several individual structures are listed, some below. Glens Falls does not have a local preservation law protecting these historic resources from demolition or alteration.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which is land and (2.54%) is water.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 14,707 people, 6,548 households, and 3,529 families residing in the city. The population density was 3685.97 inhabitants per square mile (1423.72/km). There were 7,112 housing units at an average density of 1782.46 per square mile (688.48/km). The racial makeup of the city was 94.7% White, 1.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.3% of the population.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: There were 6,548 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.1% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.91.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 20, 6.8% from 20 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 20 and over, there were 90.9 males.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The median income for a household in the city was estimated for 2016 at $46,305, and the median income for a family at $60,545. Males had a median income of $41,993 versus $37,988 for females. About 12.6% of families and 16% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.9% of those under age 18 and 8% of those age 65 or over.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The Glens Falls region is a major producer of medical devices. Glens Falls is home to Navilyst Medical, a medical device maker, previously a regional office of Pfizer and Boston Scientific Corporation. Glens Falls is also a principal provider of medical services for a vast region from Saratoga County to the south, extending northward to the central Adirondacks. These services are centered around the Glens Falls Hospital, a 410-bed facility downtown. Founded in the summer of 1897 by a group of twelve local physicians, the Glens Falls Hospital was meant to serve the entire Upper Hudson River Valley. Solomon A. Parks donated his home in Glens Falls for the original hospital. The present structure has been extensively modified, enlarged, and modernized several times to better serve the needs of the community, and it is the region's fast-response trauma center. The hospital is now the area's biggest employer. A VA outpatient facility serves veterans' medical needs.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Danfloss Flomatic Corporation is headquartered on Pruyn's Island in Glens Falls. The company is a leading manufacturer of industrial and municipal valves. Also on Pruyn's Island is Umicore, a Belgium-based company manufacturing silver-based contact materials.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Finch Paper LLC, headquartered at the base of Glen Street hill, is a major regional employer and a manufacturer of specialty paper and forest products. It is by far the largest taxpayer in the City of Glens Falls, owning property assessed at $60-million in 2006, according to city records. In mid-June 2007, Finch Pruyn & Company announced it had sold all of its assets, including of forestland in the Adirondacks, to Atlas Holdings of Greenwich, Conn. The Company name was then changed to Finch Paper LLC. Atlas then sold all of the forestland to The Nature Conservancy.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The Glens Falls Cement company, established 1893, is now a part of Lehigh Northeast, itself a division of HeidelbergCement, one of the world's largest cement producers.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls has an old and prevalent history in the region's finance sector. Arrow Financial Corporation, headquartered downtown, is a publicly traded multi-bank holding company for Glens Falls National Bank & Trust Company (1851) and Saratoga National Bank and Trust Company. Evergreen Bank, N.A., formerly the First National Bank of Glens Falls, originated in 1853, and is now owned by banking conglomerate TD Banknorth. Advantage Capital Partners, a venture capital firm, has its New York offices downtown.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The Greater Glens Falls area has a rich history of theatrical productions. The 300-seat Charles R. Wood Theater is home to the Adirondack Theater Festival (ATF), a professional non-profit summer theatre presenting new and contemporary plays and musicals.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: In addition to ATF, the Wood Theater provides numerous artistic and cultural presentations throughout the year. This theater opened in 2003 on Glen Street, in the heart of Glens Falls. A former Woolworth store, it now introduces culture and theater into the surrounding community. The theater is named for Mr. Wood, a successful local entrepreneur and founder of The Great Escape theme park, in Queensbury. The Glens Falls Community Theatre has produced theatrical productions in Glens Falls for nearly 75 years.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The Lower Adirondack Regional Arts Council (LARAC) promotes the arts in the Glens Falls region, hosting an annual arts festival and maintaining a gallery open year-round at the Lapham Carriage House next to City Park.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Music in Glens Falls is highlighted by the city's professional orchestra, the Glens Falls Symphony, which has been performing classical repertoire for 30 years. The orchestra is under the direction of Maestro Charles Peltz. From 1965 through 1997, Glens Falls was home to the Lake George Opera Festival, a professional company that staged several productions each summer. The company moved to nearby Saratoga Springs and is now Opera Saratoga.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls has three museums. The Hyde Collection is a world class European and American art collection situated in its original home context with modern gallery spaces. The Chapman Historical Museum is operated by the Glens Falls/Queensbury Historical Association and offers local history exhibits, educational programs, and tours of the historic DeLong House. The World Awareness Children's Museum is a children's museum focused on cultural diversity.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Art in the Public Eye (APE) is a non-profit arts organization. Its mission is to cultivate a partnership between the area arts community and local businesses, to promote established and emerging artists and local commerce, and to create greater access to the arts through cultural activities and public exhibitions. APE programs include the Third Thursday Glens Falls Art Walk, Outdoor Cinema, Gallery 99, Art Cart, and Chalk Fest. Third Thursday events take place on the third Thursday of each month May through October at approximately 20 traditional and non-traditional venues downtown.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The Shirt Factory Arts and Healing Center is a historic shirt factory that now houses artists' studios, shops, galleries, healing arts and services. More than 50 artists and 13 shops and galleries are in this building at the corner of Lawrence and Cooper Streets. The building was constructed in the early 1900s by architect Ephraim Potter, and is open to the public on a regular basis. The tenants hold yearly open houses, and a celebration of things locally made called LocalFest: Stuff Made Here is held every September.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls is also home of the Glens Falls September 11 Memorial, on the May Street side of the Glens Falls Fire Department headquarters at 134 Ridge Street. The memorial is a tribute to the lives lost on that day as well as a tribute to all first responders involved in rescue efforts at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The memorial consists of 12 foot, solid granite towers resembling the trade center encompassed by granite walls to resemble the Pentagon. It also incorporates a piece of steel from the World Trade Center on permanent loan from the NY/NJ Port Authority.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: "The Post-Star" is a daily newspaper printed in Glens Falls with a circulation of approximately 27,000 (30,000 on Sundays). The paper covers Glens Falls and Saratoga as well as the surrounding towns and counties of Warren, Saratoga and Washington. Established in 1895, it has been published since 1909. Writer Mark Mahoney won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize in Journalism (Editorial Writing) for his editorials on local government secrecy.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: "The Chronicle" is a free weekly newspaper with a summer distribution up to 37,000. Circulation at other times of the year ranges from 27,000 to 31,000. Established in 1980, founder Mark Frost remains "The Chronicle"s publisher and editor.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls is part of the Albany/Schenectady/Troy television market. One low-powered station originates from Glens Falls, WNCE-CD (TV-31), broadcasting from its studios on Glen Street in downtown. Offering a variety of locally produced programs, the station's signature show is a weeknight news program, called "North News 8".


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls has a tradition of minor league hockey. The highly successful Adirondack Red Wings, four-time Calder Cup champions of the American Hockey League, played in the city from 1979 to 1999. When the parent Detroit Red Wings disbanded the franchise, it was replaced by the Adirondack IceHawks of the United Hockey League, which was renamed "Frostbite" in 2004 before it folded in 2006. From 2009 to 2014, the city was the home to the AHL's Adirondack Phantoms, the principal farm team of the Philadelphia Flyers. On May 16, 2014, the Calgary Flames announced the Adirondack Flames would be their AHL affiliate. The Flames played one season before the AHL underwent a large realignment before the 2015–16 season and the Calgary Flames moved their AHL team to Stockton, California (renamed to Stockton Heat) and moved their ECHL team to Glens Falls, called the Adirondack Thunder.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls' East Field is home to the Glens Falls Greenjackets of the Empire Football League. The Greenjackets started in 1928 and is the second oldest-active semi-pro football team in the country. The Greenjackets are 2008 & 2009 NAFL Empire Division Champions (10–0) and the 2009 NAFL North Atlantic Region Champions (14–0), and finished the season at 14–1 as the NAFL Eastern Conference Runners-up, 2009 NAFL Elite 8.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The city is also home to the Glens Falls Dragons, a baseball team playing in the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League, a collegiate summer baseball league. Since the team's inception in 2003 it has played at East Field.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls operates two public parks, most prominently "City Park" and "Crandall Park". City Park provides green space in the City's business district and contains the public library. Crandall Park has a lowland pond, war monuments and recreation facilities bordering the city's Coles' Woods International Ski Trail system over the northern border with Queensbury. There are also many neighborhood playgrounds including The Murray Street Playground, the Mohican Street Playground, the East Field Playground, Haviland's Cove, the Montcalm Street Playground, and the Sagamore Street Playground.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The Glens Falls Civic Center opened in 1979 and hosts sports and entertainment events in downtown Glens Falls; it includes an arena for sporting events, concerts, family activities, dance, theater and trade shows as well as banquet facilities. The Civic Center includes 4,806 permanent arena seats focused on an ice hockey/basketball-type arena, but it can accommodate up to 7,800 people for concerts and other events. The arena is the home to the ECHL's Adirondack Thunder. The facility was renamed Cool Insuring Arena in 2017.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: East Field is on the city's east side and is home to the Glens Falls Dragons, of the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League; the Greenjackets semi-pro football team, the second oldest football team in America formed in 1928; and the Glens Falls High School Indians. It was home to the Glens Falls White Sox and Glens Falls Tigers of the Eastern League, the Glens Falls Redbirds of the New York–Penn League and the Adirondack Lumberjacks of the Northeast League/Northern League East.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The Glens Falls Tennis and Swim Club is a private membership club offering recreational and competition tennis since 1965 at the city's eastern border in the town of Queensbury.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Floyd Bennett Memorial Airport (IATA: GFL, ICAO: KGFL) in Queensbury, formerly the Warren County Airport, provides convenient access to the Glens Falls region for small and charter aircraft. For major air travel, the region is served by the Albany International Airport in Colonie, 40 miles south of Glens Falls.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The Greater Glens Falls Transit System, or GGFT for short, provides regular bus service for the city and surrounding communities. The buses originate at the Ridge Street terminal, across from City Park and City Hall. In addition to the year-round buses, the system operates seasonal trolleys to Lake George. National service is available through Trailways and Greyhound, which operates a terminal near the GGFT bus terminal, on Hudson Avenue.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Glens Falls via nearby Fort Edward in the town of the same name. The daily "Adirondack" (Montreal-New York City) and "Ethan Allen Express" (Rutland, Vermont-New York City) serve the station.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Interstate 87 – Bypassing Glens Falls to the west, the highway commonly known to locals as the Adirondack Northway has three exits serving Glens Falls. Exit 17N uses U.S. Route 9, and travels to Glens Falls via South Glens Falls. Exit 18 uses Main Street (Warren County Route 28), and is the exit recommended on guide signs for downtown and hospital access. It also accesses the West Glens Falls section of Queensbury. Exit 19 uses New York Route 254 northwest of the city, with access to the northern portions of the city via Glen St./Route 9, Bay Rd., and Ridge Rd./Route 9L.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: U.S. Route 9 – Known as Glen Street throughout Glens Falls. Enters Glens Falls from the south on the Cooper's Cave Bridge, crossing the Hudson River from South Glens Falls. Runs through the central business district north into Queensbury. This is a historically significant corridor, once a plank stagecoach toll road to Lake George, and prior to that the military road during the French and Indian War connecting Fort Edward and Fort William Henry.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: New York Route 32 enters with U.S. Route 9 from the south via the Cooper's Cave Bridge, then leaves Route 9 at Centennial Circle as it turns to the east on Warren Street. The road leaves Glens Falls to the east in the industrial district of the city, connecting the city with nearby Hudson Falls and Fort Edward. Truck traffic may bypass the downtown traffic and Centennial Circle via Oakland Street, which is designated Truck New York Route 32.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: New York Route 9L starts at the intersection of U.S. Route 9 and New York State Route 32 at Centennial Circle, and travels northeast towards the town of Queensbury. The road is known as Ridge Street, becoming Ridge Road at the city line.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The city falls within two school districts, both of which are fully independent of the city government. The majority of the city falls within the Glens Falls City School District, which includes parts of the town of Queensbury.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The Glens Falls City School District operates Glens Falls High School, a middle school and four neighborhood elementary schools (Sanford Street School, Big Cross School, Jackson Heights School and Kensington Road Elementary School). Sanford Street School was closed at the end of the 2010–2011 school year.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: All GFHS athletic teams carry the name "Indians" (Glens Falls Indians). The boys' basketball team won a state and federation championship in 2019. They were also a state finalist in 2003 and 2007 and a state semi-finalist in 1999. The field hockey team was state champion in 2000 and 2001 and a state finalist in 1999 and 2006. The boys' ice hockey team was state champion in 1990 and 1991; it was a finalist in 2000 and semi-finalist in 1989, 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2005. The football team won a state championship in 2016 and 2018. They were also a state finalist in 2012 and a state semi-finalist in 1993. In 2008, the school replaced its old grass football field and tennis courts with a turf field, concession stand, new bleachers and tennis courts.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: The Glens Falls Common School District operates an independent public elementary school, Abraham Wing Elementary School, named for a founder of Glens Falls.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Saint Mary's–Saint Alphonsus Regional Catholic School serves children in pre-kindergarten through grade eight as a regional parochial school.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Glens Falls, since incorporation as a city in 1908, has had a strong mayor charter. The city's Common Council has six members; one is elected to represent the city at large while the other five are elected from wards. The city is represented on the Warren County Board of Supervisors by five supervisors; one supervisor is elected from each Common Council ward. Such "city ward supervisors" do not have any duties in city government but have all the rights and privileges as any other member of the County Board.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: Departments of the City include: Cemetery, Community, Fire, Police, Public Works, Purchasing, Recreation, Controller, Assessment, Civil Service, Clerk, Water & Sewer, and Buildings and Codes.


title: Glens Falls, New York

text: While Glens Falls was originally settled by Quakers, the congregations of other early Protestant churches soon followed them. Today, many faiths have places of worship in Glens Falls, reflecting a diverse community. Active churches include:


title: Hugh Rodham (born 1911)

text: Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (April 2, 1911 – April 7, 1993) was an American businessman. He was the father of Hillary Clinton.


title: Hugh Rodham (born 1911)

text: Hugh Ellsworth Rodham was born on April 2, 1911, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the son of Hugh Rodham (1879–1965) and Hannah Jones (1882–1952). His parents were from the United Kingdom – his father emigrated from Oxhill, County Durham, England, at a young age with his family, him being the son of a coal miner, while his mother was born in Pennsylvania, to immigrant parents from Wales, one of whom was from Merthyr Tydfil; she was also descended from coal miner parents.


title: Hugh Rodham (born 1911)

text: Rodham attended Pennsylvania State University and was a third-string tight end for the Penn State Nittany Lions football team. He joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in physical education from the College of Education in 1935, at the height of the Great Depression.


title: Hugh Rodham (born 1911)

text: Rodham briefly worked for his father's employer, Scranton Lace Company, then freighthopped to Chicago without telling his parents. Rodham found work there selling drapery fabrics around the Midwest, sending the money he made back home.


title: Hugh Rodham (born 1911)

text: In World War II, Rodham served in the United States Navy. He became a chief petty officer stationed at the Great Lakes Naval Station, performing training duties for sailors headed for the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. After the war, he established a successful career in the textile supply industry, starting with Rodrik Fabrics, a drapery fabric business located in Chicago's famous Merchandise Mart building. His company made draperies and window shades; customers included offices, hotels, airlines, and theaters. He later opened a fabric print plant building on the North Side. During the 1940s, Rodham and his wife Dorothy lived in the Edgewater neighborhood of Chicago.


title: Hugh Rodham (born 1911)

text: Rodham entered politics once. Hoping to work his way into favor with the Cook County Democratic Party political machine in order to capitalize on a downtown investment he had made, he ran for Chicago alderman as a Democratic-leaning independent in 1947. The contest, held in Chicago's 49th Ward, was won by Frank Keenan, a Democratic ward committeeman running on the regular Democratic line, with 17,073 votes; a Republican, Joseph Reubens, finished second with 5,509 votes. Rodham finished fifth out of eight candidates with only 382 votes, or 1.5 percent of the total votes cast. According to some family members, this episode led to his strong dislike of the Democratic Party for the rest of his life.


title: Hugh Rodham (born 1911)

text: Rodham was a staunch supporter of Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign and remained a committed Republican until his death. Even after his daughter married Democrat Bill Clinton, he (according to Bill Clinton) "never gave up hope that his son-in-law would join him in the Republican Party and support a cut in the capital gains tax." In late 1992, following son-in-law Bill Clinton's election as president, Rodham made a cameo appearance on the television comedy "Hearts Afire", whose producers were friends of the Clintons.


title: Hugh Rodham (born 1911)

text: In 1937, while Rodham was making a sales call at a textile company, he met Dorothy Emma Howell (1919–2011), who was applying for a job at that company. After a lengthy courtship, they married in early 1942. The Rodhams had three children: Hillary (born 1947), Hugh (born 1950), and Tony (1954–2019). In 1950, they moved to the more affluent Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Illinois. The family still maintained ties to Scranton: all three children were christened there, and they spent summers in a rural region that overlooks Lake Winola, located in Overfield Township in the Endless Mountains area of Pennsylvania. staying in a cottage that in 1921, Hugh and his father had built themselves.


title: Hugh Rodham (born 1911)

text: Hugh Rodham died in Little Rock, Arkansas, on Wednesday, April 7, 1993, five days after his 82nd birthday, three weeks after suffering a stroke, and less than three months after Bill Clinton's inauguration as 42nd President of the United States. Following a private memorial service in Little Rock attended by the Clintons, he was buried in the Washburn Street Cemetery in his native Scranton, Pennsylvania, in a private funeral also attended by the Clinton family.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: Spotify Wrapped is a viral marketing campaign by Spotify. Released annually in early December since 2016, the campaign allows Spotify users to view a compilation of data about their activity on the platform over the past year and invites them to share it on social media.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: Spotify Wrapped has historically included the five musicians a user has listened to most often, the songs which they have listened to most, and their favourite music genres. Producers of content on the platform also have access to a version of Spotify Wrapped, which includes the number of times their content has been streamed that year. In addition to individualized data, Spotify Wrapped also includes information about activity on the Spotify platform as a whole. While Spotify Wrapped is commonly referred to as an annual collection of data, only activity from January 1 to October 31 is counted for any given year.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: Spotify Wrapped is shared widely on social media each year, and has led millions of people to promote Spotify on their social media accounts. Its release in early December each year, generally accompanied by billboards and television advertisements, has historically correlated with a boost to Spotify's app store ranking. The marketing campaign has been both praised and criticized for effectively providing Spotify with free advertising, and has been discussed in connection with broader questions about data and Spotify's use of it. Commentators have also analyzed the effects of Spotify Wrapped on the music industry, and contrasted it with offerings by other streaming services.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: Spotify Wrapped is a marketing campaign intended to promote Spotify. In addition to promoting the music streaming service by encouraging users to share about it on social media, the campaign has developed into a unique feature that is different from the offerings of rivals including Apple Music. In 2019, Spotify's head of marketing described this phenomenon as a "FOMO effect" which has encouraged people to use Spotify.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: Spotify Wrapped allows both Spotify users and producers on the platform to view a compilation of data about trends on the platform as well as their activity on the platform over the past year, then invites them to share it on social media including Instagram. Structurally, it consists of a series of sequential screens of information, with the last one containing the invitation to share the previous pages. Users can view information about their most-listened-to songs and artists as well as their favorite music genres; producers are invited to share the number and location of streams of their content. The data is organized in a visually appealing way, intended to boost engagement and encourage viewers to share the campaign on social media, which benefits Spotify.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: While Spotify Wrapped is commonly referred to as an annual collection of data, only activity from between January 1 and October 31 of a given year is included. Listening activity from between November 1 and December 31 is unrecorded for the purposes of Spotify Wrapped. In 2021, a Spotify official told "Newsweek" that the reasons for this omission are logistical, because time is needed for quality assurance and other preparation. According to Katie Wedell of "USA Today", some have speculated that the October 31 cutoff is intended to eliminate Christmas music from the data.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: The campaign began in December 2016, and has been promoted by Spotify in every December since that year. It was preceded in 2015 by a similar but less developed campaign called "Year in Music". In 2017, it was expanded to include artists and advertisers on Spotify in addition to consumers; in 2018, it was built into the Spotify application.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: Released in the first week of December each year, Spotify Wrapped has become popular, and is shared widely on social media each year, as are related memes. The viral marketing campaign has led millions of people to promote Spotify on their social media accounts without being paid by the company. Traditional marketing efforts such as billboards and television advertisements have also been used alongside the digital campaign.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: Spotify Wrapped has historically included the five artists a user has listened to most often, and the songs they have listened to most often. In 2018, Spotify included information about the astrological signs of the artists a user listened to most and the oldest song a user listened to. In 2019, Spotify Wrapped began using a new format modeled after social media stories. In 2020, it included new metrics related to the podcasts a user had listened to, as well as quizzes and three personalized playlists; Premium users could earn three different digital badges related to their listening over the previous year. Also in 2020, Spotify created social media features to accompany the campaign including a hashtag challenge on TikTok and custom filters on Snapchat and Instagram, and recruited internet celebrities to promote the campaign. In 2021, Spotify Wrapped included various internet slang phrases and referenced topics from popular culture including non-fungible tokens and skin care routines, spawning jokes and memes which made fun of the language used in the marketing campaign.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: In 2019, Spotify began modeling Spotify Wrapped after social media stories, allowing the data to easily be shared to Instagram. In 2020, artist Jewel Ham claimed to have developed the story format for Spotify Wrapped during a three-month internship at Spotify, and stated that she had not received credit for the idea; a Spotify spokesperson denied the claim, telling "Refinery29" that "while ideas generated during Spotify’s internship program have on occasion informed campaigns and products, based on our internal review, that is not the case here with Spotify Wrapped."


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: The release of Spotify Wrapped in early December each year has historically correlated with a boost to Spotify's app store ranking. Users' emotional responses to Spotify Wrapped vary. Some express excitement about the opportunity to share their own statistics, while others find the data embarrassing.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: In 2018, Spotify's customer support account on Twitter received a large number of messages from people complaining about their Spotify Wrapped results, believing them to be wrong or unfair.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: In December 2019, more than 1,200,000 posts on Twitter were about Spotify Wrapped after it came out near the beginning of the month.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: In "The Guardian", a 2019 article stated that the popularity of the Spotify Wrapped campaign "shows that some people not only accept their data being used and stored but embrace their intimate listening habits being put on public display." Also in 2019, Dan Adler wrote an article in "Vanity Fair" in which he questioned the effects of Spotify's algorithms and Spotify Wrapped on the music industry, stating that Spotify's playlists are designed using the same data shared in Spotify Wrapped and referring to a 2017 article in "The Baffler" whose author argued that "Spotify’s obsession with mood and activity-based playlists has contributed to all music becoming more like Muzak." Referencing Spotify Wrapped's use of the slogan "no one listened quite like you” and of the vaguely defined genre pop rap, Adler concluded that "maybe it’s all pop rap in the end, and no listens quite like you until everyone does."


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: In 2020, an opinion article by Meredith Clark in "NBC Think" described Wrapped as "a pretty box full of mined data that we willingly fed into an international corporation's computers in exchange for listening convenience" but stated that Wrapped was comforting because its information about people's listening habits proved "that none of us are really cool". In 2021, Rachel Metz of "CNN Business" described Spotify Wrapped as an "impressively effective" marketing campaign, noting that it demonstrates "how a company can conduct in-depth surveillance of our personal behavior over a long period of time and package it as a fun feature that we want to share with others." Metz quoted Chris Gilliard of the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, who said that Spotify makes Wrapped "viral and appealing" to "occlude the harms of the extractive practices" that enable its creation. She and Gilliard both noted that Spotify Wrapped data can reveal personal information, providing the example that the presence of lullabies or songs by The Wiggles might suggest that a user has a young child.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: A 2018 article in "The Atlantic" described Spotify Wrapped as "a masterful coup of free advertising" and pointed out the volume of personal data that Spotify collects; Spotify declined to comment. In 2020, an article in "The Baffler" characterized the campaign in a similar way, cautioning readers that "Wrapped is Spotify's way of obtaining free advertising from all sides of its business model" and arguing that Spotify users should be conscious of the fact that they are advertising "a company whose product is fully built on exploited labor".


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: A 2021 opinion piece by Amil Niazi in "The Globe and Mail" framed Spotify Wrapped as "a reminder of Spotify's dominance in the music streaming space" and questioned whether the company's control is "ultimately good for how we consume music". Niazi said that the algorithms of Spotify shape the listening habits of users in a way that "favours big names and heavy streams." Also in 2021, Elle Hunt wrote an opinion piece criticizing Spotify Wrapped in "The Guardian", characterizing it as "an effective marketing scheme" but a "banal and depressing" experience. Hunt argued that Spotify users' listening habits are largely shaped by the platform itself, and described Wrapped as "flat, functional, siloed" in contrast to Last.fm. She concluded that Wrapped is "little more than free advertising for a company that even the UK government has condemned for not extending a fair share of its profits and power to artists", and stated that "Wrapped isn't even the most interesting data [Spotify] keeps on you." A 2021 article in "Vox" by Kelly Pau linked Spotify Wrapped to broader issues such as algorithmic bias, surveillance capitalism, and personal branding, with Pau writing that the campaign allows users to "reveal a little about themselves with low stakes and minimal participation, thoughtlessly mimicking how influencers mine their likes and interests to become a brand."


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: In response to the success of Spotify's Wrapped campaign, several competing music streaming services have introduced similar data compilation features. Apple Music released their "Replay" playlist feature in 2019, accessible throughout the year, then redesigning "Replay" in 2022 to incorporate more interactive elements akin to Wrapped. Tidal launched their "My Rewind" feature in 2020, which is available on the 1st of December every year alongside a curated "Best of" series. YouTube Music started rolling out the "Your Music Journey" email and playlist feature in 2020, before releasing the Recap feature in 2021; in 2022 a seasonal recap feature was introduced. Deezer's "#MyDeezerYear" feature was introduced in 2021.


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: In a 2021 "Adweek" article where marketers who had recently been featured in the trade publication were asked about a social media marketing post they considered "best-in-class", the social media directors of McDonald's and PepsiCo as well as a marketing executive at El Pollo Loco all cited the Spotify Wrapped campaign. The McDonald's director called the campaign "a masterclass on fan advocacy".


title: Spotify Wrapped

text: In 2020, the Spotify Wrapped campaign won various Webby Awards including the People's Voice Awards for Music, Best Data Visualization, and Best User Experience as well as the awards for Entertainment, Viral Marketing, and Integrated Campaign.


title: Frente de Todos

text: The Frente de Todos (translated as "Everyone's Front") is a coalition of Peronist and Kirchnerist political parties in Argentina formed to support President Alberto Fernández and Vice President Cristina Kirchner.


title: Frente de Todos

text: Fernández won the 2019 general election with over 48% of the vote, defeating incumbent Mauricio Macri in the first round. The coalition currently holds a majority in the Argentine Senate and minority in the Chamber of Deputies; in both houses it is conformed as a unified bloc.


title: Frente de Todos

text: The Frente de Todos is a coalition that seeks to create a union of all sectors of Peronism (including Kirchnerism), progressivism and social democracy, including political parties of the centre-left and left-wing, in order to avoid the continuation of the Mauricio Macri presidency.


title: Frente de Todos

text: The front has the support of the most of the labor unions, such as the General Confederation of Labour (CGT) and the Argentine Workers' Central Union (CTA), as well as many social organizations known as piqueteros.


title: Frente de Todos

text: After former Vice Presient Daniel Scioli's defeat in the 2015 general election and the subsequent fragmentation of Peronism, former President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner created a new movement, called Citizen's Unity, which sought to win a majority in Congress and defeat the ruling Cambiemos coalition. However, in the 2017 legislative election, Citizen's Unity only came second with 25.21% of the votes.


title: Frente de Todos

text: On 12 June 2019, the Peronist Front for All coalition was announced through a video that was posted on the official social media accounts of Alberto Fernández and Cristina Kirchner.


title: Frente de Todos

text: In the primary elections of 11 August 2019, the coalition won with 49.49% compared to 32.94% for Juntos por el Cambio. Again in the 27 October elections, Alberto Fernandez won, with 48.24%, compared to 40.28% for Juntos por el Cambio.


title: Frente de Todos

text: On 10 December 2019, with a huge march in favor of the new government, Alberto Fernández and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, sworn-in in as President and Vice President of Argentina. At nightfall, in the Casa Rosada, the assumption of the new president was celebrated with dances, lights, fireworks and speeches.


title: Frente de Todos

text: The coalition suffered a severe internal crisis after the holding of the primaries in the 2021 Argentine legislative election. It occurred after the results of said primary, in which the front was defeated in the main districts, particularly in the City of Buenos Aires and the Buenos Aires province. Three days later, on September 15, eight officials, all of them aligned with Vice President Cristina Fernández, made their resignation available to President Fernández. The list of the first resigners includes Eduardo de Pedro, Martín Soria, Roberto Salvarezza, Luana Volnovich, Fernanda Raverta, Tristán Bauer, Paula Español and Juan Cabandié.


title: Frente de Todos

text: On 14 November 2021, Frente de Todos lost its majority in Congress for the first time in almost 40 years in midterm legislative elections. The election victory of the center-right coalition, Juntos por el Cambio (Together for Change), meant a tough final two years in office for President Alberto Fernández. Losing control of the Senate made it difficult for him to make key appointments, including to the judiciary. While it remained the largest force in Congress, it also forced him to negotiate with the opposition every initiative he sends to the legislature.


title: Mark Mangino

text: Mark Thomas Mangino (born August 26, 1956) is a former American football coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Kansas from 2002 to 2009. In 2007, Mangino received several national coach of the year honors after leading the Jayhawks to their only 12-win season in school history and an Orange Bowl victory. However, he resigned as coach at Kansas two seasons later following allegations of mistreatment of players. While at Kansas, Mangino coached in four bowl games with a 3–1 record, the lone loss coming in the 2003 Tangerine Bowl. Additionally, in five of his eight seasons at Kansas, the Jayhawks were Bowl eligible, they were only bowl eligible five times in the previous thirty seasons. He held multiple assistant coaching jobs before becoming the head coach at Kansas, the longest being an eight season stint at Kansas State as their running game coordinator.


title: Mark Mangino

text: Mangino was born and raised in New Castle, Pennsylvania. After high school, he was offered a football scholarship at Youngstown State. Mangino played semi-pro baseball in western Pennsylvania until he became an EMT. In his late 20s he returned to Youngstown State to complete his studies and earn his degree.


title: Mark Mangino

text: Mangino graduated from Youngstown State University in 1987, serving as an assistant coach there in his last two years under then-head coach Jim Tressel. He also coached at Lincoln High School in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania and at Geneva College, before being hired as an assistant coach at Kansas State University in 1991. Prior to the 1999 season, Mangino left Kansas State to take an assistant position at the University of Oklahoma. While there, he served as the offensive coordinator for the Oklahoma team that beat the defending national champion Florida State Seminoles in the 2000 national championship. Following that season, he was awarded the Frank Broyles Award as the nation's top assistant coach.


title: Mark Mangino

text: Mangino was hired as Kansas' head football coach in December 2001. The program had not posted a winning season in any of the 6 seasons prior to his arrival. In 2003, his second season at KU, Mangino led the Jayhawks to an appearance in the 2003 Tangerine Bowl (now known as the Camping World Bowl). This was the first bowl appearance for Kansas since 1995. In 2005, his fourth season at KU, the team finished the regular season 6–5, to post its first winning record under Mangino, and went on to the Fort Worth Bowl, its second bowl game in three seasons. Among the Jayhawks' wins was a 40–15 victory over Nebraska, breaking a losing streak against the Cornhuskers that had begun in 1969, which was the second-longest such streak of consecutive losses in NCAA history. The same year Mangino also built a defense that ranked 11th nationally (based on yards allowed per game) and featured third-team All-American and Big 12 Conference Defensive Player of the Year linebacker Nick Reid. The 2005 team also ranked 6th nationally in total punts.


title: Mark Mangino

text: In 2007, Mangino led the Jayhawks to arguably the greatest season in school history. The Jayhawks finished with a 12–1 record and a share of the Big 12 North title, rising as high as second in both major polls at one point. Only a loss to then third-ranked Missouri cost the Jayhawks a berth in the Big 12 Championship Game. The Jayhawks won the 2008 Orange Bowl (their first ever BCS appearance, and only the third major-bowl appearance in school history). The 12 wins are a school record for wins in a season; it was only the fourth 10-win season in school history. Mangino's defense was ranked 12th in the nation, and 4th in scoring defense. On the other side of the ball, the Jayhawks finished 2nd in scoring offense.


title: Mark Mangino

text: Following the win against the Iowa State Cyclones, Mangino became the first KU football coach with a winning career record since Jack Mitchell in 1966. Mangino's Jayhawks spent 19 consecutive weeks ranked in the AP and/or USA Today polls (2007–08), won 20 games in a 2-year period for the first time in school history, set home attendance average records in each of the last 4 seasons (2004–2008), tallied KU's first appearance in national polls since 1996 and to the school’s highest ranking ever at #2, produced the top 3 total offense seasons in school history, the top two passing seasons and two of the top three scoring seasons and won three Bowl games—the same number they had won in their entire 102-year football history prior to his arrival.


title: Mark Mangino

text: Mangino's 50 wins are the second-most in school history. He is also the only coach since the end of World War II to leave Kansas with a winning record.


title: Mark Mangino

text: For his accomplishments in 2007, Mangino was named the 2007 National Coach of the Year by the Associated Press, ESPN/ABC, The Sporting News, Football Writers Association, Walter Camp Football Foundation, National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association, American Football Coaches Association, the Maxwell Football Club (George Munger Award), and he has been named the Woody Hayes National Coach of the Year. He was named the Big 12 Coach of the Year by the Big 12 Coaches and Big 12 Co-Coach of the Year by the Associated Press. Upon winning these Coach of the Year awards, he became the only NCAA coach in history to win both the Frank Broyles Award as the nation's top assistant coach and all the major National Coach of the Year awards.


title: Mark Mangino

text: On March 1, 2013, Mangino was hired at his alma mater, Youngstown State, as the team's assistant head coach and tight ends coach.


title: Mark Mangino

text: On January 6, 2014, Mangino was hired at Iowa State to be the team's offensive coordinator and tight ends coach. In his first season as coach, Mangino returned to Lawrence to face Kansas for the first time since his resignation following the 2009 season, a game the Cyclones lost 14–34. After disagreements about the direction of the offense with head coach Paul Rhoads, Mangino was relieved of his position on October 26, 2015. After Mangino's release, he posted a negative twitter comment that was widely believed to be aimed at the Iowa State program and their defeat at the hands of Kansas State, despite his son Tommy still serving as wide receivers coach for Iowa State.


title: Mark Mangino

text: After Mangino went 1–9 in his first season as the head coach of Lincoln High School in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania, a group of parents went to the school board and demanded his firing because of his "language, and harsh approach to people". The board elected not to fire Mangino, but he left the school after only one year and did not complete the year as a teacher.


title: Mark Mangino

text: On September 21, 2002, Mangino yelled at the officiating crew assigned to the Lawrence High School–Olathe East football game in which Mangino's son, Tommy, was playing. Mangino apparently became angry after referees failed to call what he believed was a late hit on Tommy, the Lawrence High quarterback.


title: Mark Mangino

text: Lawrence High School officials took undisclosed action against Mangino after the game for violating a Kansas High School rule barring abuse of game officials by coaches, players and fans.


title: Mark Mangino

text: In 2004, Mangino paid a $5,000 fine for suggesting that officials acted with favoritism in a questionable offensive pass interference call that affected the outcome of a game against Texas. Mangino implied that money and a BCS berth for the Big 12 Conference influenced the officials to make a call in favor of Texas. He and athletic director Lew Perkins issued public apologies the day after the incident.


title: Mark Mangino

text: In 2005, the University of Kansas self-reported to the NCAA that five major rules violations, including academic fraud, had been committed by some of the football team's student-athletes. In 2006, these major violations, along with four others that has allegedly occurred in other KU sports programs, contributed to the NCAA charging the athletics department displaying a "lack of institutional control". A graduate assistant was found to have supplied answers for some of the correspondence courses taken by some prospective recruits from junior colleges. As a result, the football program's ability to recruit players transferring in from junior college was reduced for two years; and, the program lost two scholarships for each of the 2007 and 2008 seasons.


title: Mark Mangino

text: During the first game of the 2007 season in which the University of Kansas beat Central Michigan University, KU's Raimond Pendleton ran a CMU punt back 77 yards for a touchdown; but, as he approached the endzone, he slowed down in order to jump into it in a dramatic fashion. The officials threw a penalty flag for "excessive celebration", and gave the Jayhawks a 15-yard "unsportsmanlike conduct" penalty that forced KU to kick off 15 yards closer to their own endzone. When Pendleton returned to the sideline, an irate Mangino took Pendleton aside and gave him an expletive-laden tongue-lashing. The incident was caught on video, and transmitted by local TV stations in the Topeka and Kansas City areas, eventually finding a wider audience after a copy of it was uploaded to YouTube.


title: Mark Mangino

text: In November 2009, the recurring issue of Mangino's chronic, alleged misconduct towards his players became the subject of an internal investigation by the University of Kansas Athletic Department. Reportedly, matters came to a head after Mangino grabbed linebacker Arist Wright, yelled at him and poked him in the chest before a game against Colorado. He was formally accused of boorish and violent actions, and several players threatened to transfer after they felt Mangino did not speak to them in a respectful manner. A separate investigation was conducted in 2007, related to Mangino's repeated parking tickets on campus and alleged verbal abuse and negative behavior toward campus staff issuing those tickets.


title: Mark Mangino

text: The Jayhawks regressed significantly in 2009, falling to 5-7. After a prolonged period of negotiations, the university and Mangino's attorneys agreed on a buyout amount that was large enough to secure his quiet resignation in December 2009. Kansas would not win more than three games in a season following Mangino's departure until their 2022 season 13 years later.


title: Mark Mangino

text: Mangino and his wife live in his hometown of New Castle, Pennsylvania. His wife was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2011. Mangino was noted to have lost over 125 lbs between 2012 and 2013.


title: Dimitar Kovačevski

text: Dimitar Kovačevski (, ; born 24 July 1974) is a Macedonian politician and economist serving as prime minister of North Macedonia since 17 January 2022. A member of the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM), Kovačevski previously served as deputy finance minister from 2020 until his appointment as prime minister in 2022 after the resignation of the previous prime minister.


title: Dimitar Kovačevski

text: Kovačevski was born in Kumanovo. He is the son of Slobodan Kovačevski, mayor of Kumanovo from 2000 to 2005 and ambassador of the Republic of Macedonia to Montenegro after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 2006. He completed high school education in Waterville, Minnesota, USA. In 1998 he graduated at the Faculty of Economics at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje and received a master's degree at the same Faculty in 2003. In 2008 he completed doctoral studies in economics at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Montenegro.


title: Dimitar Kovačevski

text: Kovačevski started his working career in 1998 at the Macedonian telecommunications company Makedonski Telekom. From 2005 to 2017 he held a number of managerial positions in the company. From 2017 to 2018 he was the executive director of A1 Macedonia (then known as one.Vip), a subsidiary of Telekom Austria Group.


title: Dimitar Kovačevski

text: Kovačevski was an assistant professor at two private universities in Skopje since 2012, first at the New York University of Skopje, and then at the Faculty of Business Economics and Management at University American College Skopje, where in 2018 he was elected associate professor.


title: Dimitar Kovačevski

text: In 2018, Kovačevski co-founded a private company, which opened the first domestic factory for the production of photovoltaic modules in North Macedonia.


title: Dimitar Kovačevski

text: After the 2020 parliamentary elections in North Macedonia, Kovačevski was appointed Deputy Minister of Finance in Zoran Zaev's second government. The parliament elected him to this position on 23 September 2020.


title: Dimitar Kovačevski

text: Zaev announced his resignation as both prime minister and leader of SDSM after a defeat in the 2021 local elections. This caused instability in the fragile ruling majority, which nevertheless survived a push from the opposition led by VMRO-DPMNE for a no-confidence vote. In aftermath, Zaev's government strengthened its majority in the parliament by gaining the support of four other MPs from Alternativa, which until then was in the opposition. Kovačevski accompanied Zaev during negotiations with Alternativa, which launched his name as Zaev's most likely successor.


title: Dimitar Kovačevski

text: After Zaev officially resigned as president of SDSM, Kovačevski won internal party elections on 12 December 2021, leaving the other two candidates far behind in votes and succeeding Zaev as leader of the party. He was sworn in on 16 January 2022.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: Louder Than Bombs is a 2015 drama film directed by Joachim Trier and starring Jesse Eisenberg, Gabriel Byrne, Isabelle Huppert, David Strathairn, and Amy Ryan. The film was internationally co-produced and was co-written by Trier and Eskil Vogt.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: Louder Than Bombs was Trier's first English-language film. It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, and was shown in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. It won the Nordic Council Film Prize.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: Several years before the events of the film, Isabelle Reed (Isabelle Huppert), a conflict photographer, died in a car crash. In the present, a retrospective of her work and an article about her life and death is being released, putting her widower, Gene (Gabriel Byrne), in a crisis as his younger son, Conrad, who was twelve at the time of Isabelle's death, has no idea that she died by suicide.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: Conrad meanwhile is angry, aggressive and seemingly suicidal himself, frequently fantasizing about his mother and her death and obsessing over one of his female classmates. Jonah, Isabelle and Gene's oldest child, comes down to visit his father and Conrad and also go over his mother's work before it is donated to a museum. Though Jonah appears to his father to be the normal, stable one, he refuses to believe that his mother died by suicide and censors her work, deleting some of her photographs which appear to show her having an affair. At the hospital, when his child is being born, Jonah runs into an old girlfriend, Erin, whose mother is dying of cancer. He allows her to believe that his wife also has cancer. Wanting to return home after visiting his father and brother Jonah stops by Erin's house and the two have sex with Jonah telling Erin that he has never told his wife about his mother or the way she died. After the encounter, rather than return home, he goes back to his father's house and lies to his wife telling her that the family needs him more than he expected.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: Jonah and Conrad bond, with Conrad allowing Jonah to read portions of his diary which reveal the explanations behind his seemingly odd and random behaviour. Conrad wants to give the diary to Melanie, the girl he has a crush on, but Jonah dissuades him from doing so telling him she will laugh at him. Conrad ignores his brother's advice and prints out his diary, leaving it on Melanie's stoop.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: Gene gives Isabelle's work to her old friend Richard, who is the one writing the article, giving him permission to curate her work to see what is personal and what is not. Richard reveals to him that he and Isabelle had an ongoing affair overseas but that she was never interested in continuing the affair at home.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: Richard's article comes out earlier than expected and Jonah takes the news poorly. As Gene hasn't had the chance to tell Conrad yet he repeatedly tries to contact him, but Conrad ignores him and goes to a party where he is able to hang out with Melanie. As she is drunk he walks her home. Returning to his own home Conrad asks his father if what the paper said about Isabelle is true. He accepts the news graciously, but tells his father that Jonah is handling the situation badly.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: Jonah is unable to return home having avoided his wife and child for a while now, but Gene offers to drive him there. Gene, Conrad, and Jonah drive in the car towards Jonah's home, and Conrad recounts a dream he had in which his mother brought home a baby from overseas who was an old man that was actually Jonah's baby.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: On 9 May 2013, Eisenberg, Byrne, and Huppert joined the film, which Trier was set to direct as his English-language debut. On 29 August, the film was postponed indefinitely due to financial problems. On 5 February 2014, Arte France Cinema was on board to finance the film. On 4 September, Strathairn and Ryan joined the cast of the film. On 9 September, Brosnahan joined the film to play Eisenberg's character's ex-girlfriend.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: On 21 August 2014, it was reported that the crews started the preparations for the shooting of the film on Northern Boulevard in Bayside, New York. The eight-week of filming began on 4 September 2014, in New York City.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: "Louder Than Bombs" received generally positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 72% approval rating based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's consensus says that the film "finds director Joachim Trier using a capable cast in pursuit of some lofty dramatic goals, even if his ambitions occasionally evade his grasp." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, reports the film has a score of 70 based on 32 reviews.


title: Louder Than Bombs (film)

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of "The A.V. Club" described the film as "the kind of multi-faceted, ambitious, incompletely resolved American drama that American filmmakers never seem to get around to making: novelistic in subject and structure, but completely cinematic in the way it expresses itself, even if Trier’s camera style never rises to the sophistication of his influences."


title: Jesa

text: Jesa (, ) is a ceremony commonly practiced in the East Asian cultural sphere. Jesa functions as a memorial to the ancestors of the participants. Jesa are usually held on the anniversary of the ancestor's death. The majority of Catholics, Buddhists and nonbelievers practice ancestral rites, although Protestants do not. The Catholic ban on ancestral rituals was lifted in 1939, when Pope Pius XII formally recognized ancestral rites as a civil practice (see Chinese Rites controversy). Many Korean Christians, particularly Protestants, no longer practice this rite. Christians generally, and Muslims avoid the rites, and many emigrants avoid the rites


title: Jesa

text: Since their origins, Jesa has taken on a certain formality as human civilization has developed, which is sometimes called rituals in Confucianism .


title: Jesa

text: Jesa, 祭祀 (corresponding to English: sacrifice (祭), ritual (祀); ) evolved from the ancient Chinese "sacrifice" ritual, which refers to the use of string incense, wine, water, meat, vegetables, cloth, and jade (a traditional Confucian sacrifice) to the deity, saints or dead souls, prayer.


title: Jesa

text: During the Shang and Zhou periods, the nobility had a very complex and hierarchical ritual system that monopolized the power to communicate with the gods. Only the king had the power and resources to gather the clan and forge ceremonial vessels, so the rituals could also be used to demonstrate the legitimacy of the king's rule. In his book "Art, Myth and Sacrifice," Chang Guang-chih argues that the political authority of the ruling class in ancient China evolved from rituals. The rituals developed into laws that maintained the functioning of society, and the shrines where the rituals were held were also halls of government, mediation, and judgment.。Even after the feudal system collapsed, the new ruler, the Emperor, would still perform the rituals.


title: Jesa

text: The objects of sacrifice in the Shang dynasty were natural animism and ancestors of the royal family. Some scholars believe that the concept of a supreme deity did not exist in the primitive polytheistic beliefs of the Shang Dynasty, but the worship of all things was the main focus, and that "God" and "heaven" in the divination were only "The Yin people only worshiped the ancestral gods and natural gods, and did not worship the supreme god, the emperor. Unlike other agricultural civilizations, the Shang dynasty also seldom sacrificed to the sun or the moon, but placed more emphasis on the river gods, throwing sacrifices into the river and drowning them or burying them on the riverbank。As for ancestor worship, the royal family believed that ancestors could influence weather, war outcomes and crop harvests，In order to threaten the survival of the country, the ancestors are worshipped and thanksgiving rituals are held when there is a good harvest or when there is a victory.。If a member of the royal family does not get along, does not follow ritual norms, breaks taboos or is corrupt in society, he or she may anger the ancestors and cause a natural or man-made disaster, and illness of a member of the royal family is considered a punishment from the ancestors.。The royal family also believed that the founder of the dynasty Shang Tang would continue to care for the country after his death, so Shang Tang was often the focus of rituals.。Rituals were the main responsibility of the Shang king (who may have controlled a group of professional priests, or may have been a shaman himself.），Therefore, the Shang king would hold hunts to obtain resources for rituals and regarded both rituals and war as one of the most important matters.，Liu Kang Gong of Eastern Zhou said, "The great matter of the state is the sacrifice and the military", which is the inheritance of the Zhou people's concept of merchants and the norm of the whole pre-Qin society. Many of the achievements of Shang civilization were related to rituals, such as Oracle bone script and ceremonial vessels.


title: Jesa

text: During the Zhou Dynasty, the rituals were divided into the following categories: Taijuan, Shaojuan, special animals, special boars, special dolphins, fish, wax, and beans. Originally, only the Son of Heaven could use the ritual of Taijuan, but since Han Gaozu sacrificed Confucius with the ritual of Taijuan，The modern Confucian rituals also use the Taijuan ceremony. In terms of rituals, from King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty onwards, a special cadastral field was set up to worship the "Heavenly Emperor" and a shrine to the God of the Land was built with chestnut wood to "make the people tremble". These were important manifestations of the Shendao during the Zhou dynasty, and the religion was transformed from its initial primitive nature into an instrument dedicated to the service of the king's power, and was also emulated by later generations such as Sacrifice to Heaven and sacrifice to Taishan, which were exclusively enjoyed by the Son of Heaven.


title: Jesa

text: While Confucianism regards the "Mandate of Heaven" since the Western Zhou as a supreme monolithic cult, the religious beliefs of Moism are closer to the Polytheism before the Western Zhou, under which "heaven", "earth deities (nature gods)" and "human ghosts (ancestral gods)" were worshiped. The religious beliefs of Mohism were closer to the Polytheism before the Western Zhou Dynasty, where "heaven," "earth gods (nature gods)," and "human ghosts (ancestral gods)" coexisted. From the late primitive society to the Shang and Zhou periods, human animals were sometimes used in sacrifices, usually of prisoners of war, and in the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, as social trends changed, The Hundred Schools of Thought almost always criticized the human sacrifice phenomenon of the time. Confucianism advocates the restoration of the sacrificial system of the Zhou dynasty (but not the human sacrifice), which is well studied and documented in Confucian classics such as the Book of Rites, but the purpose has changed from appeasing the ghosts and gods to education of the people and maintaining social order. The purpose of the Shogunate has been changed from appeasing the spirits to education the people and maintaining social order. The Mozi, who inherited the political and religious concepts of the Yinshang, also valued the sacrifice of ghosts and gods (and did not revert to Human sacrifice), for example, Mozi advocated that "the sacrifice of the gods and goddesses should be respected in order to be filial to one's relatives"、"The ghost of man, not man. The ghost of a brother, a brother too. The ghost of a man is not a sacrifice to a man. The ghost of a brother is a sacrifice to a brother."，However, in order to avoid wasting social resources, the Mohists advocated saving sacrifices and saving burials.。


title: Jesa

text: The has been inherited from Dangun Joseon to Yeonggo (迎鼓) in Buyeo, Mucheon (舞天) in Dongye, Alliance of Goguryeo (東盟), Jingungjesa (Silla), and Palgwanhoe (八關會) in Goryeo. Up to this point, it was governed by the state. However, as Joseon pays tribute to China and adopts Confucianism as its ruling ideology, the heavenly culture ceases to exist. After that, King Gojong established Hwangudan (圜丘壇), a celestial altar, and revived the celestial culture. Today's Confucian rituals were introduced from the end of Goryeo. Then, in the early Joseon Dynasty, China 's 'Juju Ga-rye' was accepted and spread gradually, centering on the four majors.


title: Jesa

text: In Korea, ancestral rites have been held for the safety and welfare of the country and its people since ancient times. These national include ancestral rites and ancestor worship .


title: Jesa

text: The is an event held in heaven, and is held in Yeonggo (迎鼓) in Buyeo, Mucheon (舞天) in Dongye, Alliance of Goguryeo, and in May and October of Samhan . There were ritual ceremonies such as the May Festival and the October Festival. In addition, the Palgwanhoe (八關會) held in Silla and Goryeo and Wonguje (圜丘祭) held in Goryeo and Joseon are also among the festivals of Jecheon.


title: Jesa

text: In addition, ancestor worship continued from ancient times. In Goguryeo, ancestral rites were held to Gojumong and Yuhwa, the founders of the nation, and there was also Dongmyeongmyo in Baekje, which was believed to have diverged from Goguryeo. In Silla, during the reign of King Namhae, Hyukgeosemyo was built. In Goryeo and Joseon, ancestral rites were held to enshrine Dangun, and Jongmyo and Sajik were established respectively to hold ancestral rites for the ancestors of the dynasty. Also, in Joseon, Confucianism was worshiped and a burial site was established, and the rite of munmyo held there was a national rite.


title: Jesa

text: There are several kinds of ancestor rituals such as "gijesa" (기제사, 忌祭祀), "charye" (차례, 茶禮), "seongmyo" (성묘, 省墓), and "myosa" (묘사, 墓祀). Gijesa is a memorial service which is held on the day of the ancestor's death every year. Gijesa is performed until upwards of five generations of ancestors in the eldest descendant's house. Memorial services that are performed on Chuseok or New Year's Day are called "charye". On April 5 and before Chuseok, Koreans visit the tombs of their ancestors and trim the grass off the tombs. Then, they offer food, fruits, and wine, and finally make bows in front of the tombs. Memorial services that are performed in front of tombs are called "seongmyo". Finally Myosa are performed at the tomb site in the lunar month of October to conduct in memory of old ancestors (five or more generations).


title: Jesa

text: To perform ancestor rituals, the family at the eldest son's house prepare many kinds of food such as wine, taro soup, beef, fish, three different colored vegetables, many kinds of fruits, and rice cake or songpyon, particularly those that were favored by the deceased. The "shinwi" (신위, 神位) or memorial tablet, which symbolizes the spiritual presence of the ancestor, is placed at the center of the table. In modern days, the daughter or younger son of the family may perform these rites.


title: Jesa

text: After midnight or in the evening before an ancestor's death anniversary, the descendants set the shrine, with a paper screen facing north and food laid out on a lacquer table as follows: rice, meat, and white fruits on the west, soup, fish, and red fruits on the east, with fruits on the first row, meat and fish on the second, vegetables on the third, and cooked rice and soup on the last. The rice bowls and individual offerings to the male ancestors are placed to the west, and those of females to the east (고서비동, 考西妣東). Two candles are also laid on both ends of the table, and an incense holder is placed in the middle. In front of the shrine, they set up written prayer, if the family does not own a memorial tablet (신위).


title: Jesa

text: The altar food may be distributed to neighbors and friends in a Buddhist rite called "shishik", which is a form of merit-making that, along with sutra reading and intoning of Buddha's teachings, expedities the deceased spirit's entry into Sukhavati.


title: Jesa

text: Ancestor worship has significantly changed in recent years. These days it is common to hold ancestor rituals up to only two generations of ancestors, and in some cases, people only hold rituals for their dead parents. In addition, more people are holding rituals in the evening, not after midnight. People can also perform ancestor rituals in a younger son's house.


title: Jesa

text: Today, in most Korean families, ancestor rituals still remain an important part of their culture and they are faithfully observed. These ancestor rituals, in spite of revised form, continue to play an important part in modern Korean society, which testifies to their inherent importance in the lives of Koreans.


title: Jesa

text: In Andong during the Joseon Dynasty, it was common for jesa foods to be eaten rather than used in the ceremony. Such meals were called "heotjesatbap" or "fake jesa food." The most common dish was a special type of bibimbap mixed with soy sauce (ganjang) instead of the more commonly used hot pepper paste gochujang. They were a common late-night snack for yangban scholars known as Seonbi, and many restaurants in Andong still serve heotjesatbap today.


title: Rifled musket

text: A rifled musket, rifle musket, or rifle-musket is a type of firearm made in the mid-19th century. Originally the term referred only to muskets that had been produced as a smoothbore weapon and later had their barrels replaced with rifled barrels. The term later included rifles that directly replaced, and were of the same design overall as, a particular model of smoothbore musket.


title: Rifled musket

text: In the early 19th century, there were rifles, and there were muskets. Muskets were smoothbore muzzle-loading weapons, firing round lead balls or buck and ball ammunition, that were also designed to accept a bayonet. Rifles were similar in that they used the same kind of flintlock or caplock firing mechanism, but the main difference was that their barrels were rifled – that is, their barrels had grooves cut into the interior surface which would cause the bullet to spin as it left the barrel.


title: Rifled musket

text: Rifles have the advantage of long range accuracy, because spinning bullets have far flatter and more stable trajectories than balls fired from smoothbore muskets. Muskets had the advantage of a faster rate of fire, for example a trained British soldier could fire three rounds a minute, while a rifleman would average two. A muzzle-loaded weapon required the bullet to fit snugly into the barrel. For a smoothbore weapon this can be a somewhat loose fit, but in the case of a rifle, the helical rifling lands in the barrel have to cut into the bullet to make it spin. The fit needs to be sufficiently tight for the bullet to engage the lands in order to impart spin; otherwise the bullet will wobble as it goes down the barrel, destroying its accuracy. Furthermore, if the barrel-to-bullet seal is not tight, gases will blow through the rifling grooves and around the bullet, compromising muzzle velocity, accuracy and the bullet's terminal energy at the target. Their greater accuracy and range made rifles ideal for hunting, but the slower rate of fire was a significant impediment for widespread military use, along with the fouling caused by normal firing which made them steadily more difficult to load.