title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In colloquial English, particularly British English, the present perfect of the verb "get", namely "have got" or "has got", is frequently used in place of the simple present indicative of "have" (i.e. "have" or "has") when denoting possession, broadly defined. For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In American English, the form "got" is used in this idiom, even though the standard past participle of "get" is "gotten".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The same applies in the expression of present obligation: "I've got to go now" may be used in place of "I have to (must) go now".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In very informal registers, the contracted form of "have" or "has" may be omitted altogether: "I got three brothers".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Another common idiom is the use of the modal verb "can" (or "could" for the past tense or conditional) together with verbs of perception such as "see", "hear", etc., rather than the plain verb. For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In perfect constructions apparently requiring the verb "go", the normal past participle "gone" is often replaced by the past participle of the copula verb "be", namely "been". This gives rise to sentences of contrasting meaning.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: When "been" is used, the implication is that, at the time of reference, the act of going took place previously, but the subject is no longer at the place in question (unless a specific time frame including the present moment is specified). When "gone" is used, the implication is again that the act of going took place previously, but that the subject is still at (or possibly has not yet reached) that place (unless repetition is specified lexically). For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: "Been" is used in such sentences in combination with "to" as if it were a verb of motion (being followed by adverbial phrases of motion), which is different from its normal uses as part of the copula verb "be". Compare:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The above sentences with the present perfect can be further compared with alternatives using the simple past, such as:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: As usual, this tense would be used if a specific past time frame is stated ("in 1995", "last week") or is implied by the context (e.g. the event is part of a past narrative, or my father is no longer alive or capable of traveling). Use of this form does not in itself determine whether or not the subject is still there.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: A conditional sentence usually contains two clauses: an "if"-clause or similar expressing the condition (the "protasis"), and a main clause expressing the conditional circumstance (the "apodosis"). In English language teaching, conditional sentences are classified according to type as first, second or third conditional; there also exist "zero conditional" and mixed conditional sentences.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: A "first conditional" sentence expresses a future circumstance conditional on some other future circumstance. It uses the present tense (with future reference) in the condition clause, and the future with "will" (or some other expression of future) in the main clause:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: A "second conditional" sentence expresses a hypothetical circumstance conditional on some other circumstance, referring to nonpast time. It uses the past tense (with the past subjunctive "were" optionally replacing "was") in the condition clause, and the conditional formed with "would" in the main clause:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: A "third conditional" sentence expresses a hypothetical (usually counterfactual) circumstance in the past. It uses the past perfect in the condition clause, and the conditional perfect in the main clause:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: A "mixed conditional" mixes the second and third patterns (for a past circumstance conditional on a not specifically past circumstance, or vice versa):


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "zero conditional" is a pattern independent of tense, simply expressing the dependence of the truth of one proposition on the truth of another:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Particular rules apply to the tenses and verb forms used after the verb "wish" and certain other expressions with similar meaning.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: When the verb "wish" governs a finite clause, the past tense (simple past or past progressive as appropriate) is used when the desire expressed concerns a present state, the past perfect (or past perfect progressive) when it concerns a (usually counterfactual) past state or event, and the simple conditional with "would" when it concerns a desired present action or change of state. For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: After "would rather" the present subjunctive is also sometimes possible: "I'd rather you/he come with me."


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: After all of the above expressions (though not normally "it's (high) time") the past subjunctive "were" may be used instead of "was":


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Other syntactic patterns are possible with most of these expressions. The verb "wish" can be used with a "to"-infinitive or as an ordinary transitive verb ("I wish to talk"; "I wish you good health"). The expressions "would rather" and "it's time" can also be followed by a "to"-infinitive.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: After the verb "hope" the above rules do not apply; instead the logically expected tense is used, except that often the present tense is used with future meaning:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Verbs often undergo tense changes in indirect speech. This commonly occurs in content clauses (typically "that"-clauses and indirect questions), when governed by a predicate of saying (thinking, knowing, etc.) which is in the past tense or conditional mood.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Verb forms not covered by any of the above rules (verbs already in the past perfect, or formed with "would" or other modals not having a preterite equivalent) do not change. Application of the above rules is not compulsory; sometimes the original verb tense is retained, particularly when the statement (with the original tense) remains equally valid at the moment of reporting:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The above tense changes do not apply when the verb of saying (etc.) is not past or conditional in form; in particular there are no such changes when that verb is in the present perfect: "He has said that he likes apples."


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For further details, and information about other grammatical and lexical changes that take place in indirect speech, see indirect speech and sequence of tenses. For related passive constructions (of the type "it is said that" and "she is said to"), see .


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Apart from the special cases referred to in the sections above, many other dependent clauses use a tense that might not logically be expected – in particular the present tense is used when the reference is to future time, and the past tense is used when the reference is to a hypothetical situation (in other words, the form with "will" is replaced by the present tense, and the form with "would" by the past tense). This occurs in condition clauses (as mentioned above), in clauses of time and place and in many relative clauses:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In the above examples, the simple present is used instead of the simple future, even though the reference is to future time. Examples of similar uses with other tense–aspect combinations are given below:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The use of present and past tenses without reference to present and past time does not apply to all dependent clauses, however; if the future time or hypothetical reference is expressed in the dependent clause independently of the main clause, then a form with "will" or "would" in a dependent clause is possible:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The main uses of the various nonfinite verb forms (infinitives, participles and gerunds) are described in the following sections. For how these forms are made, see above. For more information on distinguishing between the various uses that use the form in "-ing", see "-ing": Uses.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: A bare infinitive (the base form of the verb, without the particle "to"), or an infinitive phrase introduced by such a verb, may be used as follows:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The form of the bare infinitive is also commonly taken as the dictionary form or citation form (lemma) of an English verb. For perfect and progressive (continuous) infinitive constructions, see below.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "to"-infinitive consists of the bare infinitive introduced by the particle "to". Outside dictionary headwords, it is commonly used as a citation form of the English verb ("How do we conjugate the verb "to go"?") It is also commonly given as a translation of foreign infinitives ("The French word "boire" means 'to drink'.")


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Other modifiers may be placed between "to" and the verb (as in "to boldly go"; "to slowly drift away"), but this is sometimes regarded by some as a grammatical or stylistic error – see split infinitive for details.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In many of the above uses, the implied subject of the infinitive can be marked using a prepositional phrase with "for": "This game is easy for a child to play", etc. However this does not normally apply when the infinitive is the complement of a verb (other than the copula, and certain verbs that allow a construction with "for", such as "wait": "They waited for us to arrive"). It also does not apply in elliptical questions, or in fixed expressions such as "so as to", "am to", etc. (although it does apply in "in order to").


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: When the verb is implied, the "to"-infinitive may be reduced to simply "to": "Do I have to?" See verb phrase ellipsis.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For perfect and progressive infinitives, such as "(to) have written" and "(to) be writing", see below.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The present participle is one of the uses of the "-ing" form of a verb. This usage is adjectival or adverbial. The main uses of this participle, or of participial phrases introduced by it, are as follows. (Uses of gerunds and verbal nouns, which take the same "-ing" form, appear in sections below.)


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Present participles may come to be used as pure adjectives (see Types of participle). Examples of participles that do this frequently are "interesting", "exciting", and "enduring". Such words may then take various adjectival prefixes and suffixes, as in "uninteresting" and "interestingly".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: English past participles have both active and passive uses. In a passive use, an object or preposition complement becomes zero, the gap being understood to be filled by the noun phrase the participle modifies (compare similar uses of the "to"-infinitive above). Uses of past participles and participial phrases introduced by them are as follows:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The last type of phrase can be preceded with the preposition "with": "With these words spoken, he turned and left."


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: As with present participles, past participles may function as simple adjectives: "the "burnt" logs"; "we were very "excited"". These normally represent the passive meaning of the participle, although some participles formed from intransitive verbs can be used in an active sense: "the "fallen" leaves"; "our "fallen" comrades".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In standard English, there are three derivational forms of the verb: non-past, past and past participle, as in "go, went, have gone", though not all verbs distinguish all three (for example, "say, said, have said", where the participle uses the past form, or "come, came, have come", where it uses the non-past form). However, a great many English speakers only distinguish two of these, using the same form for the past and past participle with all verbs. For most verbs, it's the past-tense form that's used as the participle, as in "I should have went" for "I should have gone", or "this song could've came out today" for "this song could've come out today". With very few verbs, such as "do", "see" and "be", it's the past-participle form that is used for the simple past, as in "I seen it yesterday" and "I done it".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The gerund takes the same form (ending in "-ing") as the present participle, but is used as a noun (or rather the verb phrase introduced by the gerund is used as a noun phrase). Many uses of gerunds are thus similar to noun uses of the infinitive. Uses of gerunds and gerund phrases are illustrated below:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: It is considered grammatically correct to express the agent (logical subject) of a gerund using a possessive form ("they object to my helping them"), although in informal English a simple noun or pronoun is often used instead ("they object to me helping them"). For details see fused participle.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: There are also nonfinite constructions that are marked for perfect, progressive or perfect progressive aspect, using the infinitives, participles or gerunds of the appropriate auxiliaries. The meanings are as would be expected for the respective aspects: perfect for prior occurrence, progressive for ongoing occurrence at a particular time. (Passive voice can also be marked in nonfinite constructions – with infinitives, gerunds and present participles – in the expected way: "(to) be eaten", "being eaten", "having been eaten", etc.)


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Other aspectual, temporal and modal information can be marked on nonfinite verbs using periphrastic constructions. For example, a "future infinitive" can be constructed using forms such as "(to) be going to eat" or "(to) be about to eat".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Certain words are formed from verbs, but are used as common nouns or adjectives, without any of the grammatical behavior of verbs. These are sometimes called verbal nouns or adjectives, but they are also called deverbal nouns and deverbal adjectives, to distinguish them from the truly "verbal" forms such as gerunds and participles.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Besides its nonfinite verbal uses as a gerund or present participle, the "-ing" form of a verb is also used as a deverbal noun, denoting an activity or occurrence in general, or a specific action or event (or sometimes a more distant meaning, such as "building" or "piping" denoting an object or system of objects). One can compare the construction and meaning of noun phrases formed using the "-ing" form as a gerund, and of those formed using the same "-ing" form as a deverbal noun. Some points are noted below:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Some "-ing" forms, particularly those such as "boring", "exciting", "interesting", can also serve as deverbal adjectives (distinguished from the present participle in much the same way as the deverbal noun is distinguished from the gerund). There are also many other nouns and adjectives derived from particular verbs, such as "competition" and "competitive" from the verb "compete" (as well as other types such as agent nouns). For more information see verbal noun, deverbal noun and deverbal adjective. For more on the distinction between the various uses of the "-ing" form of verbs, see "-ing".


title: The Rookies

text: The Rookies is an American police procedural series that aired on ABC from 1972 until 1976. It follows the exploits of three rookie police officers working in an unidentified city for the fictitious Southern California Police Department (SCPD).


title: The Rookies

text: The success of Joseph Wambaugh's book, "The New Centurions", as well as NBC's ratings success with "Adam-12", had sparked interest at the time in a more realistic depiction and storytelling of the typical uniformed police officer. Although various incidents during the late 1960s and early 1970s, particularly in California, had sparked controversy and negative feelings toward police officers in general, "The Rookies" tried to better humanize the character of a police officer and show the struggles that new, younger men and women (who were often Vietnam-era military veterans and/or college graduates) faced in their lives as law enforcement persons sworn to serve and protect the public.


title: The Rookies

text: The pilot for the series began as an ABC Movie of the Week airing on March 7, 1972. The TV movie features five rookies newly arrived at a police academy in southern California: cadets Jared Whitman (Robert F. Lyons), Kevin Lassiter (Jeff Pomerantz), Mike Danko (Sam Melville), William "Willie" Gillis (Michael Ontkean), and Terry Webster (Georg Stanford Brown), all coming from different backgrounds including the military, college and social work. The cadets' training sergeant was Eddie Ryker, played by Darren McGavin. In the later series, Sgt. Ryker was promoted to lieutenant and was played by Gerald S. O'Loughlin. The character of Jill Danko in the movie pilot was played by Jennifer Billingsley, but was recast for the series with Kate Jackson appearing as a registered nurse.


title: The Rookies

text: "The Rookies" centers around three rookie officers: Danko, Webster and Gillis, and their superior officer/mentor Lieutenant Ryker. The show was produced by Aaron Spelling and Leonard Goldberg. Each episode showcased highly dramatized versions of police cases and activities, often intertwined with the off-duty lives of the officers and their wives. Danko was the only officer in the series who was married. Although filmed in and around Los Angeles, the "SCPD" badge the officers wore was said to stand for "Southern California Police Department."


title: The Rookies

text: After the second season, Gillis was replaced (Ontkean left the show over complaints in the story writing) with the character Chris Owens, played by Bruce Fairbairn.


title: The Rookies

text: During the series' third season, a two-part episode (titled "S.W.A.T.") aired on February 17, 1975 and served as the pilot for the spin-off series "S.W.A.T." The SWAT two-part episode only aired on ABC in 1975 and was subsequently never part of the syndicated TV rerun package as Spelling-Goldberg decided it might confuse viewers as to which TV show it belonged. Both parts of the "S.W.A.T." pilot are now considered "lost".


title: The Rookies

text: In September 1974, Spelling-Goldberg Productions and Worldvision Enterprises (who previously distributed programming produced by Spelling and ABC in the syndication market) signed a contract giving Worldvision exclusive distribution rights to the series for 25 years. However, Worldvision backed out of the contract in May 1975, and in 1976, Spelling-Goldberg sued Worldvision for more than $5.6 million in damages, plus "general damages for fraud to be ascertained". Viacom Enterprises would then acquire distribution rights to "The Rookies" in the place of Worldvision, for broadcast beginning in 1977; as Viacom intended to sell the program for broadcast during Family Viewing Hour, they elected to edit out portions that they deemed too violent for family viewing. In addition, five episodes were excluded from the original syndicated run, due to their overt violent content. Viacom also offered local stations the option to air either the condensed 30-minute episodes or the regular, full length 60-minute episodes.


title: The Rookies

text: The same year Viacom assumed distribution of "The Rookies" in 1977, Spelling-Goldberg sold their production company to Columbia Pictures Television, which would take over syndication of "The Rookies" following the expiration of Viacom's contract. Sony Pictures Television, who owns most of Spelling-Goldberg's output, is the current distributor.


title: The Rookies

text: The series was seen in reruns on TV Land in 2003. In 2014, the show aired on Grit weekday mornings (though sometimes preempted by movies). In 2016, the show aired on FamilyNet six days a week.


title: The Rookies

text: "The Rookies" is being aired on May 29 and 30, 2021 on Decades TV Network as part of "The Decades Binge".


title: The Rookies

text: On July 17, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the complete first season on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time. The original pilot film was not included as part of this release.


title: Babydoll

text: A babydoll is a short, sleeveless, loose-fitting nightgown or negligee, intended as nightwear for women. It sometimes has formed cups called a bralette for cleavage with an attached, loose-fitting skirt falling in length usually between the belly button and upper thigh. The garment is often trimmed with lace, ruffles, appliques, marabou, bows, and ribbons, optionally with spaghetti straps. Sometimes it is made of sheer or translucent fabric such as nylon or chiffon or silk.


title: Babydoll

text: The creation of the super-short nightgown is attributed to the American lingerie designer Sylvia Pedlar, who produced them in 1942 in response to fabric shortages during World War II. Although her designs became known as "babydolls", Pedlar disliked the name and did not use it.


title: Babydoll

text: The name was popularized by the 1956 movie "Baby Doll", starring Carroll Baker in the title role as a 19-year-old nymphet. This marked the beginning of the enduring popularity of the style for adults. Babydoll pajamas in the 1950s through the 1960s consisted of a top and a loose fitting short bloomer bottom with elasticized waist and legs. In the 1970s through the 1990s, the bloomer bottom was replaced by closer fitting briefs with elastic waist and legs. The most recent versions of babydoll pajamas have eliminated the elastic on the legs, the bottoms being either shorts or tap pants.


title: Babydoll

text: Babydolls became a prominent part of the "kinderwhore" look during the early-to-mid-1990s, due to the popularity of riot Grrrl and grunge performers such as Courtney Love and Kat Bjelland.


title: Babydoll

text: Babydolls are now considered an eroticized item of adult apparel, often classified as a form of lingerie. Adult babydolls are quite different from the infant babydolls; they fully expose the woman's legs, and some styles emphasize or deliberately expose the breasts as well. The gown is often sold as a set with matching panties, as a typical babydoll is short enough that underwear is visible if worn. Styles of the same general length but not intended to emphasize sex appeal are sometimes called shortie nightgowns.


title: Babydoll

text: Babydolls are available in a sufficiently wide variety of styles that many lingerie retailers consider babydolls a distinct department. Modern babydolls often vary considerably from the styles of the 1960s and 1970s. Babydoll negligees from the 1950s to the early 1980s are now collectible vintage items. Some babydolls open in front and resemble a robe or peignoir.


title: Babydoll

text: Short daywear dresses of a similar style are sometimes called "babydoll dresses"; the name is sometimes two words, "baby doll", and sometimes hyphenated, "baby-doll". Some styles are similar to what is worn by some infants; and by dolls designed like infants. The gown or top is short enough that diapers may be easily changed. An alternative origin for the style may be the lace-trimmed shortie bedjackets and bed-capes of the 1930s and 1940s.


title: Babydoll

text: In the 21st century, babydolls have become popular as bridal lingerie. They are more affordable than a bridal corset and often offer a greater choice of designs and colours.


title: Mark Few

text: Mark Norman Few (born December 27, 1962) is an American college basketball coach who has been the head coach at Gonzaga University since 1999. He has served on Gonzaga's coaching staff since 1989, and has been a constant on the sidelines throughout a period that has seen the Bulldogs rise from mid-major obscurity to consistent NCAA tournament contenders. During his tenure as head coach, Few has led the Bulldogs to the NCAA Tournament every season (except 2019–20, when the team had secured an automatic bid but the tournament was canceled), a stretch that has garnered the Bulldogs recognition as a major basketball power despite playing in a mid-major conference.


title: Mark Few

text: Few was born in Creswell, Oregon, and was a star point guard at Creswell High School, graduating in 1981. He originally attended Linfield College, hoping to play basketball and baseball, but he was troubled by the after effects of a dislocated shoulder he suffered while playing football as a senior at Creswell. He then transferred to the University of Oregon, hoping to play baseball there, but the Ducks had dropped their varsity baseball program by the time he arrived in Eugene. He graduated from Oregon with a BS in physical education in 1987.


title: Mark Few

text: Few entered the coaching profession even before receiving his degree, serving as an unpaid part-time assistant at his alma mater of Creswell High School starting in 1983, and advancing to a paid position from 1986 to 1988. During this time, he also worked at Oregon's summer basketball camps. After a season as an assistant at another Oregon school, Sheldon High School in Eugene, he moved to Spokane, Washington, joining the Gonzaga staff as a graduate assistant in 1989 under Dan Fitzgerald. He had some familiarity with the program, as he had befriended Dan Monson, then a Gonzaga assistant and later the head coach, during his time working the Oregon basketball camps. In 1990, he was promoted to a full-time assistant. As an assistant, Few helped lead Gonzaga to its first four postseason appearances—the 1994, 1996, and 1998 National Invitation Tournaments and the 1995 NCAA tournament.


title: Mark Few

text: In April 1999, Monson, who had just finished his second year as Gonzaga head coach, promoted Few to associate head coach. This was immediately following the season in which Gonzaga became the nation's basketball darlings, making a run through the NCAA tournament, defeating Minnesota, Stanford, and Florida, to advance to the Elite Eight. In the West Regional finals Gonzaga lost to eventual national champions UConn by five points. When Monson left in late July to take the open head coaching job at Minnesota, Few, who had been designated as Monson's successor, was promoted to head coach.


title: Mark Few

text: Taking over after Monson's abrupt departure, Few was able to maintain the Gonzaga program's success from his very first season and prevent the Bulldogs from being a one-year wonder and sinking back into obscurity. He led them into the NCAA Sweet Sixteen each of the first two years. He was only the second head coach in the nation to achieve this feat since the NCAA tournament expanded to 64 teams in 1985. The following year (2001–02), Few set an all-time record for NCAA Division I men's coaches by collecting 81 wins in his first three years as a head coach. The record stood until 2010 when Brad Stevens of Butler surpassed it. In 2017, Mark Few became the 3rd fastest coach to reach 500 wins in NCAA Division I history. The program's success has continued as Gonzaga has made the NCAA tournament in every one of Few's 21 completed seasons; indeed, he has been on hand for every postseason appearance in school history. The Bulldogs have also advanced to the WCC tournament title game in every season during Few's tenure. The Zags have won their way to every WCC Tournament championship game since 1998, and all but one since 1995.


title: Mark Few

text: With Few as head coach, the Gonzaga program produced its first five first-team All-Americans in Dan Dickau, Adam Morrison, Kelly Olynyk, Nigel Williams-Goss, and Rui Hachimura. All five have played in the NBA, along with Richie Frahm, Blake Stepp, Ronny Turiaf, Austin Daye, Jeremy Pargo, Robert Sacre, Elias Harris, Kevin Pangos,David Stockton, Domantas Sabonis, Kyle Wiltjer, Zach Collins, Johnathan Williams, Brandon Clarke, Zach Norvell, Killian Tillie, Joel Ayayi, Corey Kispert, and Jalen Suggs.


title: Mark Few

text: Few was named the West Coast Conference Coach of the Year for six consecutive seasons (2001 through 2006).


title: Mark Few

text: The 2006–07 season may well have been one of his better coaching jobs, as the team faced what could be called a "perfect storm":


title: Mark Few

text: The Zags ended the regular season at 21–10, their first season with double digits in losses since 1997–98, which was also the last season to date in which they failed to make the NCAA tournament. It had generally been thought that Gonzaga would have to win the WCC tournament to earn a bid to the NCAA tournament. However, Gonzaga would go on to win the conference tournament, notably beating a Santa Clara team in the final that had earlier handed the Zags their first home-court loss in nearly four years. They would go out in the first round of the NCAA tournament to Indiana.


title: Mark Few

text: A year later, despite losing to San Diego in the conference title game, the Bulldogs garnered an at-large bid in the NCAA Tournament.


title: Mark Few

text: On March 21, 2009, Few notched his 254th win as Gonzaga's head coach with a second-round victory in the NCAA Tournament, passing his former boss Fitzgerald as the winningest coach in school history.


title: Mark Few

text: During the 2012-13 season, Few led the Bulldogs to the No. 2 ranking in both major polls, the highest national ranking at the time in school history. Few broke that record a week later when the Bulldogs surged to No. 1 in both polls for the first time. It was also the first time a WCC school had ascended to the top spot since San Francisco in 1977. Gonzaga went on to receive its first No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament in school history, as well as a then school-record 32 wins.


title: Mark Few

text: During the 2014-15 season, Few led the Zags back to the No. 2 ranking in both major polls, along with a then school-record 22-game winning streak. Few guided Gonzaga to a No. 2 seed in the NCAA Tournament, his first Elite Eight appearance as head coach, and a then school-record 35 wins.


title: Mark Few

text: In 2016-17, Few led the Zags to arguably their greatest season up to that point in school history. They stormed through the regular season, starting with a school-record 29-game winning streak, which also broke the record for consecutive wins to start a season. By February, they had surged back to No. 1 in the polls. The winning streak and No. 1 ranking were lost when the Bulldogs lost to BYU on February 25. As it turned out, it would be the Bulldogs' only loss of the regular season. Gonzaga went on to receive a No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament for the second time in school history, and advanced to the Final Four for the first time in school history, losing to North Carolina in the National Championship. The Zags set a new school record with 37 wins, which was also tied for the second-most wins in NCAA Division I history. They also made the deepest NCAA Tournament run by a WCC team since San Francisco reached three consecutive Final Fours from 1955 to 1957.


title: Mark Few

text: Few was named as the National Coach of the Year in 2016-17 by the Associated Press, Naismith, and the USBWA, awarded with the Henry Iba Award.


title: Mark Few

text: In 2018-19, Few's No. 3 Gonzaga team defeated No. 1 Duke 89-87 in the Maui Invitational final to beat Duke for the first time and to beat a top-ranked team for the first time in team history.


title: Mark Few

text: During the COVID-19-shortened 2020-21 season, Few led Gonzaga to its first-ever undefeated regular and conference season at 26-0, he also ended the season with the longest current home win streak, a school record, at 51 games. It also marked the first time in school history that the Zags were ranked No. 1 in both the Associated Press and Collegiate Coaches Polls for the entire season. Few also continued his consecutive conference tournament championship win streaks with 8, making him the only coach in NCAA history to reach 8 or more twice in his career. Few ended the season by breaking his old school record of 29 by winning 31 straight games from the start of the season before losing in the NCAA Championship game.


title: Mark Few

text: Few was the head coach of the United States national team at the 2015 Pan American Games, where he led the US to a bronze medal.


title: Mark Few

text: In 2019, Few was elected as the assistant coach of the national select team, a 13-player squad that helps the national team training. He helped the national team prepare for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.


title: Mark Few

text: Few and his wife Marcy, married by his father in 1994, have three sons and one daughter. They have organized a charity golf tournament under the Coaches vs. Cancer umbrella. Since the tournament began in 2002, it has raised over $1 million for the American Cancer Society. Few is an avid fly fisherman. He has chosen to stay at Gonzaga in part to provide stability for himself and his family, turning away coaching offers from larger schools over the years.


title: Mark Few

text: In 2021, Few was given a three-game suspension from his coaching position at Gonzaga following an arrest for DUI.


title: Mark Few

text: 2nd most wins in a season with 37 (Tied with Mike Krzyzewski twice, Bill Self, Bruce Weber & Jerry Tarkanian have one each) (John Calipari has 38, three times)


title: Okayama

text: The city is the site of Kōraku-en, known as one of the top three traditional gardens in Japan, and Okayama Castle, which is ranked among the best 100 Japanese castles. The city is famous as the setting of the Japanese fable "Momotarō". Okayama joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.


title: Okayama

text: Before the Muromachi period, Okayama was one corner of a farm region and included a small castle built by the Kanemitsu. In the Sengoku period, Ukita Naoie attacked Okayama and attacked the castle for the transportation resources and extensive farmland in the region. Naoie remodeled the castle, built the old Sanyo road to the central part of the castle town, and called in craftsmen both from inside and outside of Bizen Province. Okayama became the political and economical capital of Bizen Province.


title: Okayama

text: In 1600, Ukita Hideie, who was the son of Naoie and the lord of Okayama, lost at the Battle of Sekigahara. The next year, Kobayakawa Hideaki came to Okayama and became the feudal lord of Okayama Domain. Hideaki died in 1602, however, ending the Kobayakawa line. Ikeda Tadatugu, who was the feudal lord of Himeji Domain, became the next lord of Okayama. After this time, Okayama was ruled by the Ikedas until the latter part of the 19th century. Continuing its economic development, Okayama became one of the ten best large castle towns in Japan in the 18th century. The Korakuen Garden was developed by the fourth feudal lord, Ikeda Tsunamasa.


title: Okayama

text: On August 29, 1871, the new Meiji government of the Empire of Japan replaced the traditional feudal domain system with centralized government authority (Prefectures of Japan). Okayama became the capital of Okayama Prefecture. In 1889, Okayama City was founded. In the Meiji period, a railroad was built in Okayama city that greatly enhanced the development of the city. For example, the and were established in Okayama City. Okayama became one of the most important places in western Japan for transportation and education. When World War II began, Okayama city had a Japanese Army base camp. On June 29, 1945, the city was attacked by the US Army Air Forces with incendiary bombs. Almost all the city was burned, and more than 1700 people were killed. Okayama suffered terrible damage in the war, losing more than 12,000 households.


title: Okayama

text: During Japan's economic boom of the 1960s, Okayama developed rapidly as one of the most important cities in the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions. In 1972, the San'yō Shinkansen began service between and stations. Two years later, Shinkansen service was extended to .


title: Okayama

text: In 1988, the Seto-Ōhashi Bridge was opened, and connected Okayama with Shikoku directly by rail and road.


title: Okayama

text: The city of Okayama is located in the southern part of Okayama Prefecture, which in turn is located in western part of the island of Honshū. The city is bounded on the south by the Inland Sea. Asahi River crosses Okayama.


title: Okayama

text: Okayama has a mild climate in comparison to most of Japan. It has the most rain-free days (less than 1mm of precipitation) of any city in Japan. It is ranked as the second driest and the fourth sunniest city in the Chūgoku region. The climate is classified under the Köppen climate classification as humid subtropical ("Cfa").


title: Okayama

text: The local climate is warm enough throughout the year to support olive trees. Okayama is often called "Land of Sunshine" because of its low number of rainy days per year.


title: Okayama

text: The city is located in the Okayama Plain, where rice, eggplant, and white Chinese chives are notable products. White peaches and grapes are cultivated in the mountainous, northern part of the city.


title: Okayama

text: In 2005, the city's gross domestic product was 800 billion yen, nearly 10% of the GDP of Okayama Prefecture.


title: Okayama

text: Greater Okayama, Okayama Metropolitan Employment Area, has a GDP of US$63.1 billion as of 2010. The main industries are machine tools, chemicals, foodstuffs and printing. Kōnan, a district in the southern part of the city, is the most developed industrial zone.


title: Okayama

text: Okayama is the core of the Okayama metropolitan area, which includes the cities of Kurashiki and Sōja. The main commercial district is Omotechō, near Okayama Castle and Kōraku-en, and the area surrounding Okayama Station. Omotechō has many covered shopping arcades.


title: Okayama

text: The headquarters of Aeon Corporation, a private English language school with more than 3,000 employees, is located in Okayama.


title: Okayama

text: Okayama Castle (nicknamed ( 'crow castle') was constructed in 1597 by Ukita Naoie, a Japanese feudal lord. It was destroyed by bombing in 1945 during World War II but reconstructed in 1966.


title: Okayama

text: Kōraku-en, known as one of the three best traditional gardens in Japan, lies south of the castle grounds. Kōrakuen was constructed by Ikeda Tsunamasa over 14 years, and completed in 1700.


title: Okayama

text: Sōgen-ji, a large Buddhist monastery belonging to the Rinzai sect, is located near the center of the city. Several of the abbots of major monasteries in Kyoto are from Sōgen-ji.


title: Okayama

text: Every August since 1994 Okayama has seen the Momotarō Matsuri (Festival), which is an amalgam of three different festivals, including the 'ogre' festival, which is a kind of Yosakoi dance.


title: Okayama

text: Okayama has a professional symphony orchestra, the Okayama Symphony Orchestra, which performs at the Okayama Symphony Hall.


title: Okayama

text: There are many museums in the city, including the Okayama Prefectural Museum, the Okayama Prefectural Museum of Art, the Hayashibara Museum of Art, the Okayama Orient Museum, the Yumeji Art Museum, and the Okayama Digital Museum.


title: Okayama

text: Okayama has several traditional dishes., a dish made with sushi rice, contains fresh fish from the Seto Inland Sea. Kibi dango (Okayama) () gel-like balls made from a powder of millet and rice, are well known sweets from the area.


title: Okayama

text: The "Sanyo Shimbun" is the local newspaper serving the greater Okayama area. There are six television stations serving the Okayama area and part of Kagawa Prefecture. Three FM and three AM radio stations also serve the region.


title: Okayama

text: Okayama has many sports teams. In recent years, volleyball team Okayama Seagulls and football club Fagiano Okayama have been established. In 2009, Fagiano Okayama FC gained promotion to the J. League, the highest football league in Japan.


title: Okayama

text: Okayama was the birthplace of the 31st Yokozuna, Tsunenohana Kan'ichi, in 1896. He won 10 championships, 8 during his time as a Yokozuna.


title: Okayama

text: Okayama University, founded as a medical school in 1870 and established in 1949 as a national university, is in the city. Today, Okayama University is one of Okayama's largest universities, with 11 faculties and six graduate schools.


title: Okayama

text: There are seven private universities, three junior colleges, 24 high schools (16 public, eight private), seven combined junior high/high schools (two public, five private), 37 junior high schools (36 municipal, one national) and 93 elementary schools (91 municipal, two private) in the city.


title: Okayama

text: JR West's Okayama Station is a major interchange, with trains from Shikoku, Sanin and Sanyo connecting to the Sanyo Shinkansen. Local rail lines serving Okayama Station include:


title: Okayama

text: Okayama has kept an operational tram system since the Meiji period. It is managed by Okayama Electric Tramway and offers two lines: the Higashiyama Main Line and the Seikibashi Line.


title: Okayama

text: Okayama Airport, located in the northern part of the city, provides domestic service to Tokyo-Haneda, Sapporo-Chitose, Okinawa-Naha, and Kagoshima.


title: Okayama

text: Kōnan Airport, located to the south, has been a general aviation airport since the opening of Okayama Airport in 1988.


title: Akizuki-class destroyer (2010)

text: The "Akizuki" class of destroyers of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is intended to escort the and helicopter destroyers, and safeguard the other Aegis-capable warships such as the and . The destroyer provides defense against surface, airborne and undersea threats. The class was initially designated as "19DD", referring to a date on the Japanese calendar, specifically the 19th fiscal year of the Heisei period (2007).


title: Akizuki-class destroyer (2010)

text: The hull structure was based on the one of the Takanami-class destroyers. There are many small improvements, such as cleaner lines to reduce the radar signature and decoys for torpedoes; but the principal changes can be summed up as more powerful engines, sensors, sonar and the indigenous ATECS battle management system that has been called the "Japanese AEGIS". The main gas turbine engines are standardized on a higher-powered version of the Rolls-Royce Spey SM1C, in contrast to the combination of Rolls-Royce SM1C and General Electric LM2500 turbines used in the "Takanami" class.


title: Akizuki-class destroyer (2010)

text: The purpose of this class is to shield the from air, surface and subsurface threats. Main features of the class include enhanced C4ISR and Anti-Aircraft Warfare (AAW) capability, with an OYQ-11 advanced Combat Direction Sub-system (CDS) and FCS-3A AAW weapon sub-system.


title: Akizuki-class destroyer (2010)

text: Anti-submarine and Electronic Warfare (EW) capabilities of the "Akizuki" class have been enhanced, with a new OQQ-22 integrated sonar suite sub-system (hull-sonar and OQR-3 towed array; - a Japanese equivalent of the American AN/SQQ-89), and the NOLQ-3D digitalized EW suite sub-system. These sub-systems communicate across a NOYQ-1B wide area network. These systems are comparable to those of the .


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: Spider-Man Unlimited is a discontinued endless runner video game developed and published by Gameloft based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. The player controls the title character and his alternate versions during his fight against the members of the Sinister Six and their multiverse counterparts. The game's main mode features definitive goals in contrast to the traditional aim of running as far as possible. The game was also known for having regular, special, time-limited, community events.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: Announced in June 2014, "Spider-Man Unlimited" was released for Android, iOS and Windows Phone on September 10, 2014. Starting in October 2014, Gameloft released several updates that added chapters to the story mode, Spider-Men and Spider-Women, enemies, events, and stages. The game was discontinued in March 2019. It has been downloaded 30 million times and has been well received by gaming critics. Reviewers praised the game's controls, sound, animation and the variety of characters, while criticizing its energy system, which they considered a limit to its playability.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: After Spider-Man defeats a figure known as the Gold Goblin, Nick Fury tells him the Green Goblin has used a portal to assemble a multiverse Sinister Six and plans to take over Spider-Man's dimension. S.H.I.E.L.D. used the portal to assemble alternative versions of Spider-Man and other spider-powered heroes like Spider-Girl, Spider-Ham, and Spider-Man 2099 to aid in the battle. Spider-Man pursues the Green Goblin and his alternative versions. After he defeats the alternative Goblins, Spider-Man fights various versions of Vulture, Electro, Sandman, Doctor Octopus, and Mysterio, as well as the Sinister Soldiers—armored soldiers working for the multiverse Sinister Six.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: "Spider-Man Unlimited" is an endless runner game in which Spider-Man runs across New York rooftops, including that of the Oscorp building, as well as Sinister Six spaceships and a giant Doctor Octopus machine, as he dodges obstacles, defeats enemies, and collect power-ups and vials. Regular enemies are defeated by slide attacks and punches, while bosses requires the player to fling projectiles at them. Players earn combos by overthrowing enemies; almost hitting an obstacle or going through a ring also increases the player's combo count. Sections in which Spider-Man swings through streets, climbs the sides of buildings and free-falls from buildings are interspersed with the running portions of the game.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: The game has a story mode that, in contrast to traditional endless runners, features definitive goals—for example defeating a predetermined number of enemies, collecting random items, reaching a specific point, or defeating the boss. It is divided into chapters, called "issues", each having 5 main missions that end with a boss fight, and various side missions. Some missions can only be completed by a specific version of Spider-Man. Others were restricted to characters of a certain level; but with the third update, it was modified to require a certain amount of "Spidey Power", or the player's team multiplier. By completing missions, the player can win experience points to reach the next level and in-game currency: regular vials or rarer ISO-8. Players can improve their power-ups and buy alternate versions of Spider-Man by spending vials.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: To get a new version of Spider-Man as a "card", players can use their vials or ISO-8 to open portals to an alternate dimension from which a randomly selected Spider-Man arrives. Each card can be leveled up and has a star rating called the level cap. To level up a card, players can earn experience points during a run. A card can also be sacrificed to level up another, and by fusing two equal cards, players can increase a card's level cap. By using vials, which usually gives players a 3- or 4-star character, players have a small chance of acquiring a rare version of Spider-Man, while ISO-8 ensures they get a rare one. Each card has a score multiplier that is raised once a Spider is leveled up and a special ability. For example, Spider-Armor increases by 30% the score earned by running. Each card occupies a character slot, of which six are available. Players can unlock slots by completing an issue, or can buy it using vials and, as the price increases, ISO-8s.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: In addition to the story mode, the game features an unlimited, "de facto" endless runner-style mode and time-limited events, both of which are score-based games. The leaderboard of the unlimited mode awards prizes based on daily rank. In events, players can compete against other players and win rewards; players earn the Spider-Man featured in that event by ranking at certain positions on the leaderboard or reaching certain objectives. The seventh update added an alliance mode for online players; it is a territorial competition to gain the possession of New York streets, in which a player can join an alliance or create one's own to confront other's alliances. Additionally, players can complete extra missions called "Spidey Ops", in which one or more characters, up to a maximum of six, become unavailable for a set period of time; when they return they gain experience and vials.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: The game's energy system gives players 5 energy points at the start. Beginning a run in any mode costs one point, and it takes 10 minutes for a point to recharge. Players can pay to refill energy by spending ISO-8s. Players can make friends at the leaderboard; once per day they can send and request 5 energy points, which are stored in their inboxes.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: "Spider-Man Unlimited" was developed and published by Paris-based company Gameloft. Its soundtrack was composed by Pascal Dion, and it was directed by Baptiste Marmey, produced by Steve Melanson, designed by Corentin Delprat, and programmed by Jerome Chen. At a press release on June 6, 2014, Gameloft announced it had formed a partnership with Marvel Entertainment and was developing a Spider-Man-based game for smartphones and tablets. Later that month, during the Electronic Entertainment Expo, an announcement trailer was exhibited and the game was made playable. A second trailer was shown at the San Diego Comic-Con International that July. The game was released for iOS, Android OS, and Windows Phone on September 10.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: The idea for the game was first conceived as the production team thought that endless runner games were popular but were always too similar. To create an endless runner that would differentiate itself from others in the genre, the staff focused on Spider-Man's main powers, which originally led to a swinger-only game. However, they found it "a bit boring", and it was complicated to have boss fights and to add new systems and gameplay styles. Then they reconceptualized the game as a runner with elements of swinging, fighting, wall-climbing, and free-falling. The storyline of the game was created to focus on the Sinister Six and the multiple versions of Spider-Man. Gameloft was allowed to explore other stories such as the "Spider-Verse", but they were required to consult with Marvel to decide which were to be featured. The product manager, Tatiana Nahai, was the responsible for choosing among the options and she discusses the ideas with the narrative designer. After the narrative designer creates the main plotline and dialogues, they consult Marvel writer Fred Van Lente for feedback. The same process of having Marvel feedback occurs for the addition of new characters and environments. Environments were created by the level design team, which was responsible for deciding which obstacles or types of boss attacks fit best, based on how distinct they would be from other levels. As new updates were released, new environments like the New York Highline, 2099 New York and snowy New York were added.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: The animation techniques for the characters were based on previous Spider-Man games, films and comics. Characters were designed to be balanced and, with this in mind, the production team tried to implement similar abilities for the Spider-Men and Spider-Women, despite giving them different skills. Originally, Marvel only allowed the staff to use 30 characters, but the developers felt it was limited—only having 1 female character, for example—and requested more variety. Requests on their forums, Facebook page, subreddit, and Twitch were also considered, but they always focused on thematic releases; for example, "Monster Spiders" (Spider-X and Tarantula) or dimensional variations of Spider-Man. Since the inception of the game, the production team planned to add a character with a level cap higher than 100 as they imagined players would eventually master all the available characters. This resulted in the creation of the "Titan" characters to expand the game replay value. To avoid overpowering them and reducing other characters' value, however, they made Titans difficult to acquire.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: Gameloft frequently released updates to the game. The main reason for adding new updates was to group characters thematically and to synchronize with Marvel Comics. As such, the first update, released in October 2014, started the "Spider-Verse" storyline; this remained the main theme until the fourth update, released in April following year. The main villains of this storyline, the Inheritors, were faced in the "Great Hunt" event; first Karn and Morlun, then Daemos and Jennix, and ultimately Solus. The seventh update, released in September 2015, added events and environments based on the "Spider-Island" storyline into the game. The eighth, released in October, continued "Spider-Island", and added "Renew Your Vows" character Annie Parker and costumes from the "All-New, All-Different" storyline. The game even anticipated the comics when a new Spider-Woman's costume debuted in the second update, released in December 2014, before its March 2015 comics debut.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: The updates also contributed to the main story mode; the first added Sandman as its boss, while the fourth added Doctor Octopus, the sixth added Mysterio, and Venom was added in the August 2016 update. New characters were frequently added through the updates, and some of them, such as Spider-Gwen, Silk, Spider-Punk, and Aracnido Jr., made their first appearances in "Spider-Man Unlimited". Other common update content included thematic fights against specific villains, such as Jack O'Lantern, Hydro-Man, and Silver Sable. The sixth improved objective counters for events, while the seventh added short mission-style events. Some updates like the first and the sixth also included bug fixes, while the first adapted it to run on Windows Phone devices with 512 megabytes of RAM, and the sixth also made it compatible with the MFi Program.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: Coinciding with the release of "" on April 27, 2018, the game released a tie-in event involving Thanos in his quest to collect the Infinity Stones. The 32nd update of the game also featured the release of the Iron Spider based on the movie incarnation as well as the introduction of other characters, particularly those from the Venomverse story. On December 20, Gameloft announced that the game would receive no more updates and would be shut down by March 31, 2019.


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: "Spider-Man Unlimited" has been well received by customers; as of December 2014, it has been downloaded more than 30 million times. Media outlets noted it had a "dedicated" and "hardcore" fanbase. Critics have provided "generally favorable reviews", according to Metacritic, which assigns a score of 79 out of 100 based on 10 reviews. Jim Squires, writing for Gamezebo, stated the game "is both how you do a runner right AND how you do a superhero game right". Shaun Musgrave of "TouchArcade" recommended it to both Spider-Man fans and endless runner fans. Polygon's Justin McElroy said ""Spider-Man Unlimited" is a top-notch game all on its own". The staff of Download.com appreciated its combination of "great graphics, super-spidey skills, and the old-school feel of a classic runner game". For 148Apps.com, Jennifer Allen wrote, "Despite [some problems], "Spider-Man Unlimited" is a surprisingly well-made endless runner". Peter Willington of "Pocket Gamer" wrote that those waiting for a Spider-Man game would "be disappointed" but that it is "a high quality auto-runner".


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: Squires, Willington, and McElroy praised the responsiveness of the game's controls, and the Download.com staff enjoyed its intuitiveness. Regarding the audio, Musgrave and Willington praised the voice acting, Musgrave commended the soundtrack, and Willington praised the sound effects. Musgrave, Willington, and McElroy also commended the animation; Musgrave and Willington mainly appreciated the comic book-like style, and Musgrave and McElroy the varied environments. Squires said it has "a perfect mix of speed, humor, missions, and collectibles", while McElroy and the Download.com staff highlighted the possibility of having collectible Spider-Men. Squires and Musgrave praised the variability between running, swinging, climbing and free-falling; the former stated, "the result is a game that continues to feel fresh long after the hundredth play".


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: Musgrave commented, "the art style does sometimes hinder the gameplay", and Willington was critical of the story mode, which he said had a "weak plot" and lacked character development. The Download.com staff also noted some lags and software bugs, while Musgrave and Allen stated the controls sometimes had problems recognizing swipes. Squires commented that a problem of the game is its level cap limit when the player is using only one character. However, according to Musgrave, the game's energy system was "the biggest point of controversy"; he, Willington, Allen, and Mike Fahey of Kotaku criticized it. In opposition, McElroy said the energy system is a "microtransaction hook" that is easily surmountable without spending any real money, and Squires affirmed that because of the duration of a run it "ends up feeling a lot fairer in practice than it sounds on paper". While David Chapman of Common Sense Media generally praised the game, saying it "does a great job of capturing the feel of the comic books", he was critical of its frequent adverstising and pop-ups that contributed to what he described as an "ever-present push to buy something".


title: Spider-Man Unlimited (video game)

text: When Gameloft announced "Spider-Man Unlimited" would be discontinued, Ryan Winslett of CinemaBlend and Tyler Fischer of ComicBook.com noted that fans would be disappointed as the game's plot was not concluded, resulting on a cliffhanger. However, Fischer noted some fans were already expecting it, while Winslett stated it is not rare for a mobile game to be shut down without any previous announcement, which made the three-month warning sound good. Anyway, Winslett found the discontinuance to be surprising since Spider-Man–related properties such as "", "", and "Marvel's Spider-Man" were commercially successful at the time.


title: Peloponnese (region)

text: The Peloponnese Region (, ) is a region in southern Greece. It borders Western Greece to the north and Attica to the north-east. The region has an area of about . It covers most of the Peloponnese peninsula, except for the northwestern subregions of Achaea and Elis which belong to Western Greece and a small portion of the Argolid peninsula that is part of Attica.


title: Peloponnese (region)

text: The Peloponnese Region was established in the 1987 administrative reform. With the 2011 Kallikratis plan, its powers and authority were redefined and extended. Along with the Western Greece and Ionian Islands regions, it is supervised by the Decentralized Administration of Peloponnese, Western Greece and the Ionian Islands based at Patras.


title: Peloponnese (region)

text: The region is based at Tripoli and is divided into five regional units (pre-Kallikratis prefectures),


title: Peloponnese (region)

text: The region has shrunk by 41,537 people between 2011 and 2021, experiencing a population loss of 6.8%.


title: Peloponnese (region)

text: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 8.2 billion € in 2018, accounting for 4.5% of Greek economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 17,400 € or 57% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 68% of the EU average.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Somerset v Stewart (1772) 98 ER 499 (also known as "Somersett's case", "v. XX Sommersett v Steuart and the Mansfield Judgment)" is a judgment of the English Court of King's Bench in 1772, relating to the right of an enslaved person on English soil not to be forcibly removed from the country and sent to Jamaica for sale. Lord Mansfield decided that:


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Slavery had never been authorized by statute within England and Wales, and Lord Mansfield found it also to be unsupported within England by the common law, although he made no comment on the position in the overseas territories of the British Empire. The case was closely followed throughout the Empire, particularly in the Thirteen American Colonies. Scholars have disagreed over precisely what legal precedent the case set.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: James Somerset, an enslaved African, was purchased by Charles Stewart (or Steuart), a customs officer when he was in Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay, a British crown colony in North America.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Stewart brought Somerset with him when he returned to England in 1769, but in October 1771 Somerset escaped. After he was recaptured in November, Stewart had him imprisoned on the ship "Ann and Mary" (under Captain John Knowles), bound for the British colony of Jamaica. He directed that Somerset be sold to a plantation for labour. Somerset's three godparents from his baptism as a Christian in England, John Marlow, Thomas Walkin and Elizabeth Cade, made an application on 3 December before the Court of King's Bench for a writ of "habeas corpus". Captain Knowles on 9 December produced Somerset before the Court of King's Bench, which had to determine whether his imprisonment was lawful.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: The Chief Justice of the King's Bench, Lord Mansfield, ordered a hearing for 21 January; in the meantime he set the prisoner free on recognisance. Somerset's counsel's request to prepare arguments was granted, and so it was not until 7 February 1772 that the case was heard. In the meantime, the case had attracted a great deal of attention in the press and members of the public donated money to support the lawyers for both sides of the argument.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Granville Sharp, an abolitionist layman who continually sought test cases against the legal justifications for slavery, was Somerset's real backer. When the case was heard, five advocates appeared for Somerset, speaking at three hearings between February and May. These lawyers included Francis Hargrave, a young lawyer who made his reputation with this, his first case; James Mansfield; Serjeant-at-law William Davy; Serjeant-at-law John Glynn; John Alleyne; and the noted Irish lawyer and orator John Philpot Curran, whose lines in defence of Somerset were often quoted by American abolitionists (such as Frederick Douglass).


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Somerset's advocates argued that while colonial laws might permit slavery, neither the common law of England nor any statutory law made by Parliament recognised the existence of slavery and slavery was therefore unlawful. The advocates also argued that English contract law did not allow for any person to enslave himself, nor could any contract be binding without the person's consent. The arguments focused on legal details rather than any humanitarian principles. When the two lawyers for Charles Stewart put their case, they argued that property was paramount and that it would be dangerous to free all the black people in England, who numbered at the time approximately 15,000.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Lord Mansfield heard arguments and first gave a short opinion in court, encouraging the parties to come to a settlement by letting Somerset go free. Otherwise, he said that a judgment would be given. As he put it, let justice be done whatever the consequence.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Having heard both sides of the argument, Mansfield retired to make his decision, and reserved judgment for over a month. He gave his judgment on 22 June 1772. (This version is transcribed from a letter to the "General Evening Post", reporting on the trial. It has modern paragraphing.)


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Somerset was freed and his supporters, who included both Black and White Londoners, celebrated in response. Whilst argument by counsel may have been based primarily on legal technicalities, Lord Mansfield appeared to believe that a great moral question had been posed and he deliberately avoided answering that question in full, because of its profound political and economic consequences.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: There were numerous reaction from prominent individuals in Britain over the decision; Sharp rhetorically asked "why is it that the poor sooty African meets with so different a measure of justice in England and America, as to be adjudged free in the one, and in the other held in the most abject Slavery?" Meanwhile, hymnwriter William Cowper wrote in a poem that "we have no slaves at home - then why abroad?" Polymath Benjamin Franklin, who was visiting England at the time, was less impressed with the celebrations of British abolitionists over the case, criticising their celebrations:


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Lord Mansfield is often misquoted as declaring that "this air is too pure for a slave to breathe in", but no such words appear in the judgment. Rather, these words are part of the peroration of William Davy SL for Somerset, who previously had cited a report of a 1569 case, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, in which "one Cartwright brought a slave from Russia and would scourge him; for which he was questioned; and it was resolved, that England was too pure an air for a slave to breathe in". It is not clear that this was said in the "Cartwright" case. Some legal historians think it was a misquote of an excerpt from Lord Chief Justice John Holt's judgment in "Smith v Gould", in which he is reported to have said: "as soon as a negro comes to England he is free; one may be a villein in England, but not a slave."


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Legal academics have argued for years over precisely what legal precedent was set in the case. Differences in reports of the judgment make it hard to determine just how far Lord Mansfield went in acknowledging the broader issues behind his deliberately narrow ruling. The passage of the judgment in the standard collections of law reports does not appear to refer to the removal of slaves by force from the country, whereas the same passage in the informal report by letter to the "Evening Post", quoted above, does.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: In 1785, Lord Mansfield expressed the view in "R v Inhabitants of Thames Ditton" that his ruling in the "Somerset" case decided only that a slave could not be forcibly removed from England against his will. In the "Thames Ditton" case, a black woman named Charlotte Howe had been brought to England as a slave by one Captain Howe. After Captain Howe died, Charlotte sought poor relief from the Parish of Thames Ditton. Mansfield stated that the "Somersett" case had determined only that a master could not force a slave to leave England, much as in earlier times a master could not forcibly remove his villein. He ruled that Charlotte was not entitled to relief under Poor Laws because relief was dependent on having been "hired", and this did not relate to slaves. In the official report of the case, Lord Mansfield is recorded as actually interrupting counsel to specifically state: "The determinations go no further than that the master cannot by force compel him to go out of the kingdom."


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: The official report of "Thames Ditton" case supports the account of his judgment given in "The Times" letter, and it is the strongest argument for a limited scope to the decision. Mansfield's judgment in the Somerset case does not expressly say that slaves became free when they entered England—it is silent as to what their status in England was. In the "Thames Ditton" case, Lord Mansfield appeared to compare a slave's status to that of ""villein in gross""—i.e., an ancient feudal status of servitude that had not technically been abolished from English Law but which had died out in practice. He had not done so in the Somerset case despite the invitation of Stewart's counsel.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: The "Somerset" judgment, even if limited to prohibiting the forcible removal of slaves from England, established a radical precedent. It went against the published opinion of the Attorney-General, Sir Philip Yorke and the Solicitor-General, Mr Talbot in 1729, and the court decision of Sir Philip Yorke, by then Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, in 1749 in the case of "Pearne v Lisle". The latter had stated that slaves were items of property (Hardwicke described them as 'like stock on a farm'), who were not emancipated either by becoming Christian or by entry into England, that possession of them could be recovered by the legal action of trover, and that their master might lawfully compel them to leave England with him. The claim of 1749 relied on the opinion of 1729, which quoted no precedents and gave no reasoning. There were other freedom suits with different rulings before 1772, notably "Shanley v Harvey" (1763) and "R v Stapylton" (1771, also before Lord Mansfield). While Mansfield's judgment avoided making a definitive judgment about the legality of slavery in England, it nonetheless challenged the assumptions that enslaved people were no more than property, and that "Britishness" and whiteness were inseparable categories.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: The precedent established by Somerset's case was seen to have wider implications. In "The Slave Grace" in 1827, Lord Stowell upheld the decision of the Vice-Admiralty Court in Antigua, whereby a slave who had returned to the colonies, after having resided in England for a year where she was free and no authority could be exercised over her, by her voluntary return had to submit to the authority over her resulting from the slavery law of Antigua. Lord Stowell criticised Lord Mansfield's judgment in the "Somerset case", describing it as having reversed the judgment of Lord Hardwicke and establishing that "the owners of slaves had no authority or control over them in England, nor any power of sending them back to the colonies".


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: This wider reading of Somerset's case appears to be supported by the judgment of Mr. Justice Best in "Forbes v Cochrane" in 1824. He said, "There is no statute recognising slavery which operates in that part of the British empire in which we are now called upon to administer justice." He described the "Somerset" case as entitling a slave in England to discharge (from that status), and rendering any person attempting to force him back into slavery as guilty of trespass. But not all reports of the case agree.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Whatever the technical legal "ratio decidendi" of the case, the public at large widely understood the "Somerset" case to mean that, on English soil at least, no man was a slave.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: While "Somerset's case" provided a boon to the abolitionist movement, it did not end the holding of slaves within England. It also did not end British participation in the slave trade or slavery in other parts of the British Empire, where colonies had established slave laws. Despite the ruling, escaped slaves continued to be recaptured in England. Just a year after the Somerset ruling, there was a newspaper report of a runaway being recaptured and committing suicide in England. In addition, contemporary newspaper advertisements show that slaves continued to be bought and sold in the British Isles. In 1779, a Liverpool newspaper advertised the sale of a black boy, and a clipping of the ad was acquired by Sharp himself. In 1788, anti-slavery campaigners, including Thomas Clarkson and James Ramsay, bought a slave in England to prove that slavery still existed in the country. In 1792, a Bristol newspaper reported the sale of a female African slave in the port.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: It was not until 1807 that Parliament decided to suppress the slave trade, not only outlawing the practice by British subjects but also seeking to suppress the trade by foreigners, through the sea power of the Royal Navy. Although the slave trade was suppressed, slavery continued in various parts of the British Empire until it was abolished by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. The slave merchants who funded Stewart's defence were not anxious about James Somerset or the relatively limited number of slaves in Great Britain but about how abolition might affect their overseas interests. In the end, merchants could continue trading slaves for 61 years after Lord Mansfield's decision. Commentators have argued that the decision's importance lay in the way it was portrayed at the time and later by the newspapers, with the assistance of a well-organised abolitionist movement.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Abolitionists argued that the law of England should apply on English ships even if not in the Colonies. Stewart's counsel, funded and encouraged by the slave merchants, argued that the consequence of a judgment in Somerset's favour might be to free the slaves in England, said to be 14,000 in number. As Lord Mansfield said in the case report, "The setting 14,000 or 15,000 men at once free loose by a solemn opinion is much disagreeable in the effects it threatens". He tried to persuade Stewart to settle by releasing Somerset and so avoid a decision, as he had done in other cases.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: In 1780, Mansfield's house had been firebombed by a Protestant mob because of his judgments in support of rights for Catholics. In the "Thames Ditton case", Lord Mansfield appeared to seek to limit the influence of the "Somerset" case.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Lord Mansfield freed Somerset by his ruling and did so in the face of the 1729 opinion of the Attorney-General and Solicitor-General, men whom Mansfield in the Somerset case described as "two of the greatest men of their own or any times". The prominence of the case emphasized the issues to the public. It was widely, and incorrectly, interpreted as ending slavery in Britain. Even Mansfield himself considered slavery to still be legal in Britain. When Mansfield died, his 1782 will granted his mulatto grand-niece, Dido Elizabeth Belle, her freedom, indicating that slavery continued to be legal.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Nonetheless, abolitionists considered this case to be Lord Mansfield's legacy and a watershed in the abolition of slavery. It is an example in English law of the maxim he quoted as a warning to the parties in the case before he began his months of deliberation, "Let justice be done though the heavens fall".


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: The "Somerset" case became a significant part of the common law of slavery in the English-speaking world, and helped launch a new wave of abolitionism. Lord Mansfield's ruling contributed to the concept that slavery was contrary "both to natural law and the principles of the English Constitution", a position adopted by abolitionists.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: The case of "Knight v Wedderburn" in Scotland began in 1774 and was concluded in 1778, with a ruling that slavery had no existence in Scottish common law. Some lawyers thought that similar determinations might be made in British colonies, which had clauses in their Royal charters requiring their laws not to be contrary to the laws of England; they usually contained qualifications along the lines of "so far as conveniently may be". Activists speculated that the principles behind Lord Mansfield's decision, might demand a rigorous definition of "conveniently", if a case were taken to its ultimate conclusion. Such a judicial ruling never took place as the Thirteen Colonies gained independence by 1783 and established laws related to slavery, with the northern states abolishing it, several gradually.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: The Royal Navy began unilaterally interdicting the atlantic slave trade in 1807 with the establishment of the West Africa Squadron. At its height slavery indiction would take up a 6th of the Royal Navy's fleet and would interdict the African-Middle East slave trade.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Slavery in the rest of the British Empire continued until it was ended by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. India was excluded from these provisions, as slavery was considered part of the indigenous culture and was not disrupted..


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: The "Somerset" case was reported in detail by the American colonial press. In Massachusetts, several slaves filed freedom suits in 1773–1774 based on Mansfield's ruling; these were supported by the colony's General Court (for freedom of the slaves), but vetoed by successive Royal governors. As a result, some individuals in pro-slavery and anti-slavery colonies, for opposite reasons, desired a distinct break from English law in order to achieve their goals with regard to slavery.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Beginning during the Revolutionary War, Northern states began to abolish or rule against maintaining slavery. Vermont was the first in 1777, followed by Pennsylvania (1780), Massachusetts (1783) and Connecticut (1784). In Massachusetts, rulings related to the freedom suits of "Brom and Bett v Ashley" (1781) and Quock Walker (1783) in county and state courts, respectively, resulted in slavery being found irreconcilable with the new state constitution and ended it in the state. In this sense, the Walker case is seen as a United States counterpart to the Somerset Case. In the case of Quock Walker, Massachusetts' Chief Justice William Cushing gave instructions to the jury as follows, indicating the end of slavery in the state:


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: After the American Revolution, the "Somerset" decision "took on a life of its own and entered the mainstream of American constitutional discourse" and was important in anti-slavery constitutionalism.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: In the Southern states, slavery was integral to the economy and expanded after the Revolution, due largely to the development of the cotton gin, making cultivation of short-staple cotton profitable as a commodity crop throughout the Deep South, in the early to mid-19th century. Slavery in the states was protected from federal interference by the new Constitution of the United States.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: "Somerset's" case has been compared to the major French case on the same question, "Jean Boucaux v Verdelin" of 1738. Boucaux was born a slave in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). He was brought by his master Verdelin, an army sergeant, to France in 1728, where he served as his cook. After some years, Verdelin began to seriously mistreat Boucaux. The slave had married a French woman without Verdelin's consent, and the master had him imprisoned for fear that Boucaux would try to escape. Boucaux filed a freedom suit from prison, seeking confirmation of his free status in France. Following French practice, the arguments of the lawyers are recorded, but those for the judgment are not. The lawyers' arguments covered the whole history of the status of slavery in mainland France.


title: Somerset v Stewart

text: Boucaux won his case and was awarded back wages for the period of his work in France. Later that year, the national legislature passed a law to clarify some of the issues raised by the case. It did not abolish slavery in France. The law was implemented with regulations requiring the registration of slaves. The law provided that masters could bring colonial slaves to live and train in a "useful trade" in France for up to three years, without losing the right to return such slaves to servitude in the colonies. Other cases followed.


title: Delon Wright

text: Delon Reginald Wright (born April 26, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Utah Utes and was a first-team all-conference player in the Pac-12 in 2014 and 2015. He also earned the Bob Cousy Award in 2015.


title: Delon Wright

text: Born in Los Angeles, California, Wright led Leuzinger High School to the California state championship as a senior and was named CIF Southern Section Division 1A Player of the Year. Despite his high school success, academics led him to enroll at California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) school the City College of San Francisco. After two successful seasons there, he committed to Utah over Washington, Washington State, Gonzaga and Saint Mary's, despite the Utes winning only 6 games the previous season.


title: Delon Wright

text: In his first season at Utah, Wright immediately became one of the top players in the Pac-12 Conference. He finished in the top 10 in the conference in scoring (seventh at 16.9 points per game), assists (third at 4.89), steals (first at 2.56), blocked shots (sixth at 1.3), field goal percentage (third at 56.1 percent) and free throw percentage (ninth at 80.5 percent). Wright additionally averaged 6.8 rebounds per game, despite playing the guard position. At the conclusion of the 2013–14 season, Wright became the first Ute to be named first-team All-Pac-12 and was also named to the league's All-Defensive team. Following the season, Wright considered entering the 2014 NBA draft, but ultimately decided to return to Utah for his senior season.


title: Delon Wright

text: At the start of his senior season, Wright was named to the 50-man watch lists for the Naismith College Player of the Year and the John R. Wooden Award. For the second-straight season, he was voted first-team All-Pac-12 and again named to the Pac-12 All-Defensive Team. Wright was also a two-time member of the Pac-12 All-Defensive team and won the 2015 Bob Cousy Award.


title: Delon Wright

text: Wright became the first player in Utah men's basketball history to be named to the first-team All-Pac-12 in consecutive years (2014 and 2015).


title: Delon Wright

text: On June 25, 2015, Wright was selected with the 20th overall pick in the 2015 NBA draft by the Toronto Raptors. On July 3, 2015, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Raptors and joined the team for the 2015 NBA Summer League. On April 8, 2016, with All-Stars DeMar DeRozan and Kyle Lowry rested, Wright scored a season-high 19 points in a 111–98 win over the Indiana Pacers. During his rookie season, he had multiple assignments with Raptors 905 of the NBA Development League.


title: Delon Wright

text: Wright missed much of the 2016–17 season with a right shoulder injury. He also had multiple assignments to Raptors 905.


title: Delon Wright

text: On January 3, 2018, Wright set career highs with 25 points and 13 rebounds in a 124–115 win over the Chicago Bulls. He had his first career double-double and hit four 3-pointers to lead the second unit.


title: Delon Wright

text: On February 7, 2019, Wright, C. J. Miles, Jonas Valančiūnas and a 2024 second-round draft pick were traded to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for Marc Gasol. On April 5, he scored a career-high 26 points in a 122–112 victory over the Dallas Mavericks. He also recorded his first career triple-double adding 14 assists and 10 rebounds. Two days later, on April 7, Wright posted his second triple-double with 20 points, 12 assists and 13 rebounds in a 129–127 victory over the Dallas Mavericks. On April 10, Wright posted his third triple-double with 13 points, 11 rebounds and 11 assists in a 132–117 win over the Golden State Warriors.


title: Delon Wright

text: On July 8, 2019, Wright was acquired by the Dallas Mavericks in a sign-and-trade deal with the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for two-second-round picks and the draft rights to Satnam Singh.


title: Delon Wright

text: On November 27, 2020, Wright was traded to the Detroit Pistons in a three-team trade involving the Oklahoma City Thunder, who received Trevor Ariza from Detroit and two second round picks from Dallas. On January 25, 2021, Wright set a career high with 28 points in a 119-104 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.


title: Delon Wright

text: On March 25, 2021, Wright was traded to the Sacramento Kings in exchange for Cory Joseph and two future second-round draft picks.


title: Delon Wright

text: On August 7, 2021, Wright was traded to the Atlanta Hawks in a three-team trade with the Boston Celtics.


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: The Housemaid (Hangul: 하녀, Hanja: 下女, "Hanyeo") is a 1960 South Korean film, produced, written and directed by Kim Ki-young. It stars Lee Eun-shim, Ju Jeung-nyeo and Kim Jin-kyu. It has been described in Koreanfilm.org as a "consensus pick as one of the top three Korean films of all time". It is the first film in Kim's "Housemaid" trilogy followed by "Woman of Fire" and "Woman of Fire '82". The film was remade in 2010 by Im Sang-soo.


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: The film is a domestic horror, following the story of an upper-middle-class family falling into destruction due to the introduction of a sexually predatory femme fatale housemaid into the household.


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: The film begins with a scene of a pianist, Mr. Dong-sik Kim, reading a newspaper story to his wife about a man falling in love with his maid.


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: Mr. Kim works at a factory of primarily female employees, as the piano accompanist for the factory's extracurricular choir group. This was after the Korean War, where economic strife became more prevalent in a time of national division, and so women were sent away to earn more money for their families. Women would often live in these factories, so many extracurricular activities were offered for time outside of work hours. Mr. Kim is incredibly popular among the women at the factory, due to his 'good looks', which entice Kyeung-Hee 'Miss Cho' Cho. Miss Cho pressures her friend to write a letter to Mr. Kim, pouring over how much she is infatuated by him. This ends poorly, as her friend is subsequently fired from the factory. Miss Cho attempts to further pursue Mr. Kim by taking up his offer of piano lessons, which he had proposed to help earn more income during his wife's pregnancy.


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: Back at the Kim residence, Mr. Kim's wife is heavily pregnant, and the family have just moved into a two-story house with his wife and two children, much larger than their previous residence. Mrs. Kim, also supporting the family as a sewer, becomes gradually too exhausted to clean the house, and so Mr. Kim asks Miss Cho if she is able to find a woman from work who would be interested in becoming the Kim's housemaid. Miss Cho later returns with Myung-Sook, a cleaner from the factory. She behaves strangely as their new housemaid, catching rats with her hands, teasing the Kim children, and spying on Mr. Kim while he lays with his wife and gives Miss Cho piano lessons.


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: Back at the factory, Miss Cho learns that her friend has committed suicide after being fired, due to being overcome by pressure of not being able to secure a new job. In an emotional state, Miss Cho confesses later that day to Mr. Kim during their piano lesson that she was actually the one in love with him, not her friend. Miss Cho then attempts to fling herself at Mr. Kim, who rejects her due to being married to Mrs. Kim. Mrs. Kim is away at her parents during the entire ordeal. In the aftermath, Mr. Kim becomes incredibly stressed, and the housemaid Myung-Sook has watched this entire encounter from afar. Myung-Sook then uses this as her opportunity to make a move, seducing him. In his emotional state, Mr. Kim succumbs to her and the two engage in an affair.


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: Myung-Sook proceeds to feel ill as the weeks pass, revealing her pregnancy by Mr. Kim. Mr. Kim eventually has to come clean to his wife, and despite her initial depression over being cheated on, she devises a plan which requires Myung-Sook to thrust herself down the flight of stairs which lead to the second storey. As their housemaid, Myung-Sook is forced to agree to this, and it successfully results in her having a miscarriage. After this incident, the housemaid's behavior becomes increasingly erratic. She threatens to kill the composer's newborn son. Mr. Kim fights her off as she tries to grab at the baby. Myung-Sook then offers Mr. Kim's other son water, and tells him that she has poured rat poison into it. As she tells him this, he further panics and falls to his death down a flight of stairs. Myung-Sook later states that it was just normal tap water.


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: Instead of turning her in to the police, Mrs. Kim offers to support Myung-sook in order to keep her from losing her job, telling Myung-Sook she can have anything she wants; Myung-Sook then asks to have Mr. Kim. She forces him to move upstairs into her room while Mrs. Kim labors over her sewing machine, falling asleep at her work every day. Unable to stand their new arrangement, both the wife and daughter attempt to poison Myung-sook, but she outsmarts them. Finally, Myung-sook persuades Mr. Kim to commit suicide with her by swallowing rat poison on the grounds she will not harm anyone else in his family. He crawls downstairs and dies next to his wife, asking her to "Take good care of the children."


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: The film ends with the composer reading the story from a newspaper with his wife, returning to the very beginning of the film. The film's narrative has apparently been told by the composer, who then smiles and warns the film audience that this is just the sort of thing that could happen to anyone.


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: In 2003, Jean-Michel Frodon, editor-in-chief of "Cahiers du cinéma", wrote that the discovery of "The Housemaid" by the West, over 40 years after the film's debut, was a "marvelous feeling—marvelous not just because one finds in writer-director Kim Ki-young a truly extraordinary image maker, but in his film such an utterly unpredictable work".


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: Comparing the director to Luis Buñuel, Frodon wrote Kim is "capable of probing deep into the human mind, its desires and impulses, while paying sarcastic attention to the details". He called "The Housemaid" "shocking", noting that "the shocking nature of the film is both disturbing and pleasurable". Frodon pointed out that "The Housemaid" was only one early major film in the director's career, and that Kim Ki-young would continue "running wild through obsessions and rebellion" with his films for decades to come.


title: The Housemaid (1960 film)

text: Bong Joon-ho has said "The Housemaid" was one of the inspirations for his 2019 Academy Award-winning film "Parasite".


title: Germany and weapons of mass destruction

text: Although Germany has the technical capability to produce weapons of mass destruction (WMD), since World War II it has generally refrained from producing those weapons. However, Germany participates in the NATO nuclear weapons sharing arrangements and trains for delivering United States nuclear weapons. Officially, 20 US-nuclear weapons are stationed in Büchel, Germany. It could be more or fewer, but the exact number of the weapons is a state secret.


title: Germany and weapons of mass destruction

text: Germany is among the powers which possess the ability to create nuclear weapons, but has agreed not to do so under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and Two Plus Four Treaty. Along with most other industrial nations, Germany produces components that can be used for creating deadly agents, chemical weapons, and other WMD. Alongside other companies from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, India, the United States, Belgium, Spain, and Brazil, German companies provided Iraq with precursors of chemical agents used by Iraq to engage in chemical warfare during the Iran–Iraq War.


title: Germany and weapons of mass destruction

text: One of the major combatants in World War I, Germany was the first to develop and use chemical weapons such as mustard gas and phosgene. These kinds of weapon were subsequently also employed by the Allies.


title: Germany and weapons of mass destruction

text: The use of chemical weapons in warfare during the Great War was allegedly in violation of clause IV.2 'Declaration concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Projectiles with the Sole Object to Spread Asphyxiating Poisonous Gases' of the 1899 Hague Declarations, and more explicitly in violation of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which explicitly forbade the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare.


title: Germany and weapons of mass destruction

text: During World War II, Germany conducted an unsuccessful project to develop nuclear weapons. German scientists also did research on other chemical weapons during the war, including human experimentation with mustard gas. The first nerve gas, tabun, was invented by the German researcher Gerhard Schrader in 1937.


title: Germany and weapons of mass destruction

text: During the war, Germany stockpiled tabun, sarin, and soman but refrained from their use on the battlefield. In total, Germany produced about 78,000 tons of chemical weapons. By 1945 the nation had produced about 12,000 tons of tabun and of sarin. Delivery systems for the nerve agents included 105 mm and 150 mm artillery shells, a 250 kg bomb and a 150 mm rocket. Even when the Soviet army neared Berlin, Adolf Hitler decided not to use tabun in a last ditch effort against the Soviets. The use of tabun was opposed by Hitler's Minister of Armaments, Albert Speer, who, in 1943, brought IG Farben's nerve agent expert Otto Ambros to report to Hitler. He informed Hitler that the Allies had stopped publication of research into organophosphates (a type of organic compound that encompasses nerve agents) at the beginning of the war, that the essential nature of nerve gases had been published as early as the turn of the century, and that he believed that Allies could not have failed to produce agents like tabun. This was not in fact the case, but Hitler accepted Ambros's deduction, and Germany's tabun arsenal remained unused.


title: Germany and weapons of mass destruction

text: As part of the accession negotiations of West Germany to the Western European Union at the London and Paris Conferences, the country was forbidden (by Protocol No III to the revised Treaty of Brussels of 23 October 1954) to possess nuclear, biological or chemical weapons. This was reiterated in domestic law by the War Weapons Control Act (Kriegswaffenkontrollgesetz). During the Cold War, nuclear weapons were deployed in Germany by both the United States (in West Germany) and the Soviet Union (in East Germany). Despite not being among the nuclear powers during the Cold War, Germany had a political and military interest in the balance of nuclear capability. In 1977, after the Soviet deployment of the new SS-20 IRBM, West German chancellor Helmut Schmidt expressed concern over the capability of NATO's nuclear forces compared to those of the Soviets. Later in the Cold War under the chancellorship of Helmut Kohl, the West German government expressed concern about the progress of the nuclear arms race. Particularly, they addressed the eagerness of Germany's NATO allies, the United States and United Kingdom, to seek restrictions on long-range strategic weapons while modernizing their short-range and tactical nuclear systems. Germany wanted to see such short range systems eliminated, because their major use was not deterrence but battlefield employment. Germany itself, straddling the division of the Eastern and Western blocs in Europe, was a likely battlefield in any escalation of the Cold War and battlefield use of nuclear weapons would be devastating to German territory.


title: Germany and weapons of mass destruction

text: In 1957 the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) was created to promote the use of nuclear energy in Europe. Under cover of the peaceful use of nuclear power, West Germany hoped to develop the basis of a nuclear weapons programme with France and Italy. The West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer told his cabinet that he "wanted to achieve, through EURATOM, as quickly as possible, the chance of producing our own nuclear weapons". The idea was short-lived. In 1958 Charles De Gaulle became President of France, and Germany and Italy were excluded from the weapons project. Euratom continued as the European agency for the peaceful use of nuclear technology, falling under the institutions of the European Economic Community in 1967.


title: Germany and weapons of mass destruction

text: Germany ratified the Geneva Protocol on 25 April 1929, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty on 2 May 1975, the Biological Weapons Convention on 7 April 1983 and the Chemical Weapons Convention on 12 August 1994. These dates signify ratification by the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), during the division of Germany the NPT and the BWC were ratified separately by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) (on 31 October 1969 and 28 November 1972, respectively).