title: Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung

text: Kim Il-sung died of a sudden heart attack on the early morning of 8 July 1994 at age 82. North Korea's government did not report the death for more than 34 hours after it occurred. An official mourning period was declared from 8–17 July, during which the national flag was flown at half mast throughout the country, and all forms of amusement and dancing were prohibited.


title: Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung

text: Radio Pyongyang reported that Kim had died from a stroke. In the years prior to his death, he had been receiving treatment for diabetes as well as the hardening of arteries in his heart. His son Kim Jong-il was announced as North Korea's next leader with the title of "The Great Successor ()" that same day marked the start of North Korea becoming the world's first communist dynasty. Seventeen years later, he died on 17 December 2011 of the same cause of death as his father and Jong-il's demise was announced two days later.


title: Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung

text: On the late morning just before 12:00 noon of 7 July 1994, Kim Il-sung collapsed at his residence in Hyangsan from a sudden heart attack. After the heart attack, his son Kim Jong-il ordered the team of doctors who were constantly at his father's side to leave, and arranged for the country's best doctors to be flown in from Pyongyang. After several hours, the doctors from Pyongyang arrived, but despite their efforts to save him, Kim Il-sung died at around 2:00 am local time on 8 July 1994. His death was declared 34 hours later, respecting the traditional Confucian mourning period.


title: Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung

text: The announcement of the death of the supreme leader was made live over Korean Central Television at noon by the channel's news presenter Chon Hyong-kyu on 9 July 1994.


title: Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung

text: Kim Il-sung's death resulted in nationwide mourning and a ten-day mourning period was declared by Kim Jong-il. His funeral in Pyongyang was attended by hundreds of thousands of people from all over North Korea. Kim Il-sung's body was placed in a public mausoleum at the Kumsusan Memorial Palace, where his preserved and embalmed body lies under a glass coffin for viewing purposes. His head rests on a Korean-style pillow and he is covered by the flag of the Workers' Party of Korea. Newsreel video of the funeral at Pyongyang was broadcast on several networks, and now can be found on various websites. A further mourning period lasted until the third anniversary of his death in 1997.


title: Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung

text: Kim Jong-il was chairman of the funeral committee. The committee also included Defense Minister O Jin-u, and Vice President Kim Yong-ju, who was Kim Il-sung's younger brother.


title: Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung

text: The state funeral was scheduled to be held on 17 July but was delayed until 19 July. It included the observance of three minutes of silence throughout the country. Attendance to the funeral was two million people.


"Credigree Weed St. Patrick's Day Special" is the sixth episode and the season finale of the twenty-fifth season of the American animated television series "South Park". The 317th episode overall of the series, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on March 16, 2022.


title: Credigree Weed St. Patrick's Day Special

text: Randy Marsh is preparing to release a new special blend of Tegridy Farms marijuana for St. Patrick's Day, but becomes frustrated when he sees that neighboring farm Credigree Weed, owned by Steve Black, is also selling a St. Patrick's Day Special. Meanwhile, Butters Stotch arrives at South Park Elementary in a jovial mood, and playfully pinches a fellow student who is not wearing green, but it was later revealed that the student was actually wearing green socks. Because she did not consent to this pinching, Butters is immediately arrested and thrown in jail for sexual assault. Back at Credigree Weed, Randy and Steve trade blows after the former accuses the latter of culturally appropriating Irish and white culture. Randy is thrown into jail with Butters, who interprets his arrival as a sign of hope from Saint Patrick himself.


text: Steve Black receives an order from the owner of the Irish bar, Farty O'Cools for two-and-a-half tons of Credigree Weed. His wife Linda wonders how he will procure such a large amount, but Steve remains optimistic nonetheless. Randy uses his phone call to convince his son Stan to ditch school and smuggle some Tegridy Weed into jail. He and his friends hide the cannabis in a cake, and Randy is about to offer some to a nearby guard when a shipment of free Credigree Weed arrives at the police station. Enraged by this, Randy uses magical leprechaun powers to break out of prison with Butters following behind.


text: He arrives home at his cannabis farm only to find that his business partner Towelie had sold the Tegridy Farms St. Patrick's Day Special to Steve at half-price. Randy beats Towelie up and travels to Farty O'Cools to confront Steve, where patrons are on high alert after the news announces that a sexual predator (Butters) has escaped his cell. The police chase Butters down, and as he is about to surrender, the real Saint Patrick descends upon South Park and delivers a disillusioned speech about how the original message of St. Patrick's Day—getting drunk and performing sexual acts—has been lost. Saint Patrick sexually assaults various women and men during this speech, causing the townsfolk to lose interest in him and the holiday.


text: The episode ends with the news that St. Patrick's Day, the final holiday where white people can fully celebrate their race, has been cancelled; it is also revealed that Butters has been sentenced to five years of community service.


text: Dan Caffrey of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode an "A-," claiming that although nobody at the end of the episode "seems ready to wax philosophical on the pitfalls and complexities of cultural appropriation," such an unresolved ending is still "successful here because, to put it crassly, the jokes just work. It will always be funny to see the wholesome Butters thrown into unbearably gritty situations like getting arrested for sexual assault. It will always be funny to see Randy deal with his latest perceived injustice. It will always be funny to see another debauched villain portrayed as a lo-fi cardboard cutout [similar to] Saddam Hussein and Mel Gibson."


text: Max Nocerino of "Future of the Force" gave the episode "a solid A," while the website awarded it five out of five stars. He called the episode's main message of cultural appropriation "absurdist-surreal South Park at its finest," as well as praising the secondary message satirizing "the misogynistic culture of inappropriately touching women due to the lure of revealing and skimpy outfits."


title: Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid

text: The Shimizu TRY 2004 Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed Shimizu Corporation project for the construction of a massive self-sustaining arcology-pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan that would have businesses, parks, and other services contained within the building. The structure would house 1,000,000 people. The structure would be 2,004 meters (6,575 feet) high, including five stacked trusses, each with similar dimensions to that of the Great Pyramid of Giza. This pyramid would help answer Tokyo's increasing lack of space, although the project would only handle a small fraction of the population of the Greater Tokyo Area.


title: Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid

text: The proposed structure is so large that it could not be built with current conventional materials, due to their weight. The design relies on the future availability of super-strong lightweight materials based on carbon nanotubes and graphene presently being researched. The plan was to start construction in 2030, but no further action has been taken. Shimizu is still determined to complete the project by 2110; if built, it would make history as the largest man-made structure in world history.


title: Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid

text: Tokyo has been having issues in regard to overpopulation, due to internal migration, among other causes. The Shimizu Corporation, which has been located in Tokyo since the Edo period, witnessed it firsthand. They had an idea for a solution that was different from other proposed ideas. It started in 1982, when one of the employees went to see Blade Runner and saw the opening scene showing the two pyramids the Tyrell Corporation operated from. The architectural marvel amazed the engineer, who told his other colleagues about it the following day, leading to the idea for the Mega-City pyramid. 10 years later, in October of 1992, representatives traveled to patent offices the world over to patent their idea internationally.


title: Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid

text: Because the seismically active Pacific Ring of Fire cuts right through Japan, the external structure of the pyramid would be an open network of megatrusses, supporting struts made from carbon nanotubes to allow the pyramid to stand against and let through high winds, and survive earthquakes and tsunamis. The trusses would be coated with photovoltaic film to convert sunlight into electricity and help power the city. The city will also be powered by pond scum or algae.


title: Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid

text: Transportation within the city would be provided by accelerating walkways, inclined elevators, and a personal rapid transit system where automated pods would travel within the trusses.


title: Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid

text: Housing and office space would be provided by twenty-four or more 30-story high skyscrapers suspended from above and below and attached to the pyramid's supporting structure with nanotube cables.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: "Super Freaky Girl" is a song by rapper Nicki Minaj, released on August 12, 2022, by Young Money Entertainment and Republic Records. An upbeat, raunchy song, it reuses Rick James's 1981 single "Super Freak", as Minaj raps about her sexual fantasies and endeavors, while also boasting about her career. It received comparisons to Minaj's 2014 single "Anaconda", as both tracks feature classic samples and sexual lyrics.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: Upon its release, the song broke the Spotify record for the biggest debut for a solo female rap song. The song debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, making it the second solo song by a female hip-hop artist to debut at number one after Lauryn Hill's 1998 single "Doo Wop (That Thing)". It marked the third US number-one single of Minaj's career, as well as her first number-one song as a solo artist. Internationally, the song has topped the charts in Australia and New Zealand, becoming Minaj's first number-one single in both countries. The song reached the top ten in over 10 countries including Canada, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Philippines, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. The song received a nomination for Song of Summer at the 2022 VMAs.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: An extended version of the song, called the 'Roman Remix', was surprise-released on August 18, 2022; it sees Minaj incorporate her alter ego, Roman Zolanski. On September 9, 2022, a second remix titled "Queen Mix" was released featuring multiple female rappers including JT of City Girls, BIA, Katie Got Bandz, Akbar V, and Maliibu Miitch. The original version of the song is included on Minaj's first greatest hits album "" (2022).


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: On July 13, 2022, Minaj previewed a song titled "Freaky Girl" on her social media. The official Twitter account of Rick James, whom the song samples, responded to the snippet, calling it a "banger." Minaj had asked fans to choose the song's official title, ultimately settling on "Super Freaky Girl", explaining that due to unspecified legal issues, she could not use either "Freaky Girl" or "Freak", the latter having won a fan-voted poll. On July 22, she announced that the song would be released on August 12.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: On August 5, she revealed the cover art for the song, alongside a thirst trap. The song's snippet garnered popularity on TikTok and its release was noted for being highly anticipated. The song was premiered on Minaj's Amazon Amp Queen Radio show on August 11. Its release was accompanied by an eggplant and peach emoji-filled lyric video. "Super Freaky Girl" is the second time Minaj sampled "Super Freak", after using it on "Dilly Dally", a track from her 2007 mixtape "Playtime Is Over".


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: The song marked Minaj's first solo release since "Megatron" in 2019. The song was deemed as "a return to form" for Minaj after she said in February 2022 on "The Dana Cortez Show" that she felt uncomfortable releasing vulgar music while pregnant with her son, explaining that she was in different space at the time: "My label wanted me to go full out with a single and everything when I was pregnant, and I couldn't bring myself to put out a song about pussy and dicks and sucking and eating. I couldn't bring myself to put a record out like that while my son was growing in my body".


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: "Super Freaky Girl" is a raunchy, sensual song, featuring Minaj's new alter ego Nick James, named after Rick James. The song sees Minaj describing her sexual encounters in a vivid manner, while "reiterating her status as a rap icon, as well as a symbol of sexual liberation". A bass-heavy song, it prominently samples Rick James's "Super Freak" (1981), particularly the riff, and opens with James's a capella vocals.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: Minaj interpolates her 2013 remix of PTAF's "Boss Ass Bitch", while referencing, among others, Master P's 1998 single "Make 'Em Say Uhh!", former NFL player Colin Kaepernick's "take a knee" protests, and playing on the names of Rihanna and ASAP Rocky, rapping "Get me Rocky A$AP, nigga, word to Rih".


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: "Super Freaky Girl" was met with generally positive reviews from critics. Shaad D'Souza of "Paper" called the song "a bouncy, bawdy return to pop-rap. Zany and addictive, you can think of it as 'Anaconda 2'. David Renshaw of "The Fader" praised Minaj for bringing "her A-game to the song, spitting x-rated bars and confident boosting mottos ('I got a princess face, a killer body, samurai mind'), making it a natural sister track to her own 'Anaconda'. "Complex"s Jessica McKinney listed the song among the best releases of the week, saying on "Freaky Girl", Minaj is "confident, sexy, and alluring, leaving us wanting more", while calling her "flow irresistible on the song, as she takes pride in her freaky nature and vividly describes her sexual encounters".


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: Claire Yotts of "Our Generation Music" said "The 39-year-old and mother of one is still killing the game as 'Super Freaky Girl' is a reminder to all why she is known as the Queen of Rap". "Billboard"s Mitchell Peters said Minaj "has a gleeful time reanimating the classic track's salacious funk with sexual innuendo and a flow that knows when to speed up and when to really land a punchline". In a negative review, "The Daily Beast"s Coleman Spilde called the song "awful", writing: "To say the song adds nothing of value to Minaj's career is a wild and vast understatement. The bars are flat, the punchlines could've been written by a Nicki Minaj AI, and the Rick James sample is doing all the heavy lifting". Spilde also criticized Minaj for working with co-producer Dr. Luke, who faced sexual assault allegations in the past.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: Upon voting consideration for the 65th Annual Grammy Awards, "Super Freaky Girl" had reportedly been placed in the pop categories instead of the rap categories. Minaj, later that day, went on Instagram Live to express her confusion and frustration on the subject. By way of comparison, Minaj mentioned the hypocrisy of Latto's 2021 song "Big Energy" being potentially submitted for the rap categories despite being a pop song. Minaj, shortly after ending the live video, went on Twitter to express more information, citing how "U Can't Touch This" by MC Hammer, which also sampled "Super Freak", was nominated for the rap categories. "Super Freaky Girl" eventually received no Grammy Award nominations as Nicki Minaj had been reported to have withdrawn from the institution.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: Following its release, "Super Freaky Girl" earned the biggest debut for a solo female rap song in Spotify history, garnering over three million streams. It also became the fastest solo female rap song to surpass 100 and 200 million streams on Spotify On the "Billboard" Global 200 , the song debuted at number five, simultaneously earning Minaj her second top ten entry on the chart as well as her highest-charting single there, surpassing the No.7 peak of "Do We Have a Problem?".


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: In the United States, "Super Freaky Girl" debuted at the top of the "Billboard" Hot 100 for the chart dated August 27, 2022, making it Minaj's third number one song on the chart and her first unaccompanied by another featured artist. She became the first Black female artist to debut at the top of the chart with a solo song since Fantasia's "I Believe" in 2004 and the fifth Black female artist to ever do so. Minaj became the first solo female rapper to debut at the summit of the Hot 100 since Lauryn Hill's "Doo Wop (That Thing)" in 1998 and first female rapper to debut a solo song at number one in the 21st century. "Super Freaky Girl" extended Minaj's record as the female rapper with the most top 10 entries on the Hot 100 with 21 and the female rapper with the most entries on the chart with 124. She became the first female artist to debut atop the chart without an accompanying music video since Ariana Grande's "Thank U, Next" in 2018. It became the first time in the 21st century that three black female artists reached number one on the Hot 100 consecutively, following Lizzo's "About Damn Time", Beyoncé's "Break My Soul", and Minaj's own "Super Freaky Girl". The debut of "Super Freaky Girl" resulted in Minaj re-entering "Billboard"s Artist 100 chart at number three for the issue ending August 27, 2022, becoming the highest charting female artist that week.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: The song debuted atop both "Billboard"s Digital Songs Sales and Streaming Songs charts, powered by strong sales figures of 89,000 digital downloads sold, as well as a total of 21.1 million US streams garnered within its first week of availability from August 12 to 18. With 89,000 downloads sold, "Super Freaky Girl" marked the largest digital sales week for any song in 2022, surpassing Minaj's own "Do We Have a Problem?" with Lil Baby. It became her twelfth and second leader on both of the aforementioned charts, respectively. The song missed entering "Billboard"s Radio Songs chart in its first week, drawing 4.6 million all-format radio audience impressions in the week ending August 21 due to early airplay. "Super Freaky Girl" entered at the summit of both the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs, at number one, becoming her eighth leader on both charts, respectively.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: In its second week, "Super Freaky Girl" remained within the "Billboard" Hot 100's top ten, placing at number seven. The song sold another 15,000 digital downloads, spending a second consecutive week atop the Digital Songs Sales chart, while slipping 1–3 on the Streaming Songs chart with an additional 18.1 million US streams, down 14 percent from its first week. Despite this, "Super Freaky Girl" marked Minaj's first multi-week chart topper on the Digital Songs of her career. The track drew in 9.2 million radio audience impressions, a 105% increase from the previous week, causing it to jump to number 27 on "Billboard"'s Mainstream Top 40 chart following its number 34 debut. The song has spent eleven weeks atop the Hot Rap Songs chart, and has peaked at numbers one and four on the Rhythmic Songs and Mainstream Top 40 airplay charts respectively, becoming her tenth top ten hit at the former and her first since 2016. The song has sold over 1.5 million units in the United States as of September 2022.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: In Canada, "Super Freaky Girl" arrived at number eight on the Canadian Hot 100 chart, earning the title as the highest new entry of the week. It gave Minaj her nineteenth top ten single in the nation, while debuting atop the Canadian Digital Songs chart, earning Minaj her fifth sales chart topper and twenty-fourth top ten entry there.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: Across Europe the song achieved commercial success. In Ireland, "Super Freaky Girl" debuted at number 14 on the Irish Singles Chart weekly issue ending August 25, 2022, before ascending to number nine in its second week. It later peaked at number six in its fifth week. Similarly, it charted at number 15 in its opening week in the United Kingdom. It ascended to number ten on the week ending September 1, 2022, before slipping one position to number 11 in its third week.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: In its fifth week, the track reached a new peak of number five, becoming Minaj's highest-charting entry as lead artist since "Anaconda" reached number three in 2014, as well as highest overall peak since "Boyz" peaked at number four in October 2021. The song charted at number four on the UK R&B Chart in its first week, where it has reached a peak of number one on the chart issue dated September 9, 2022.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: In Australia, "Super Freaky Girl" debuted at number four on the ARIA Singles Chart for the week dated August 22, 2022, becoming her first song to enter the top 10 as a lead artist since her 2014 single, "Bed of Lies". The song ascended to number one in its fourth week on the chart, becoming Minaj's first number-one song and the first solo female rap song to go number one in the country. In New Zealand, the track debuted at number five on the New Zealand Singles Chart, ascending to the top spot in its second week, becoming her first number-one hit in the nation. It has stayed atop the chart for five consecutive weeks.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: On August 18, 2022, Minaj previewed the official music video. It features her as a housewife in a setting similar to Wisteria Lane, as she unleashes her "freaky" secrets, donning long pink hair, sitting on top of the kitchen counter, wielding a knife over her lover. She also opens a drawer filled with freaky accessories. On September 1, 2022, Minaj officially released the music video to "Super Freaky Girl" with Alexander Ludwig, starring as the "Barbie" character, Ken.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: On August 18, 2022, Minaj released an extended version of "Super Freaky Girl", dubbed the "Roman Remix", featuring her alter ego Roman Zolanski. This marked a return of the alter ego. The song is a minute longer than the original, and has a restructured end, adding a third verse. "HotNewHipHop"s Aron A. called it a "double-timed fiery" verse, while Regina Cho of Revolt and "Uproxx"s Aaron Williams likewise both said Minaj delivers a "rapid-fire verse". Noting the boasts about her career's longevity, Williams said "It's an especially timely assertion, considering she's soon to be honored with a Video Vanguard Award at the upcoming 2022 VMAs". Minaj also mentions how an old mixtape of hers sold more than someone's album, likely a reference to her 2021 re-release of her 2009 mixtape "Beam Me Up Scotty", which debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200. She also shouts out label-mates Lil Wayne and Drake.


title: Super Freaky Girl

text: On September 9, 2022, Minaj released a second remix dubbed the "Queen Mix", featuring American female rappers JT from City Girls, Bia, Katie Got Bandz, Akbar V, and Maliibu Miitch.


title: Fernando Rey

text: Fernando Casado Arambillet (La Coruña (Spain), 20 September 1917 – Madrid (Spain), 9 March 1994), best known as Fernando Rey, was a Spanish film, theatre, and television actor, who worked in both Europe and the United States. A suave, international actor best known for his roles in the films of surrealist director Luis Buñuel ("Viridiana", 1961; "Tristana", 1970; "Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie", 1972; "That Obscure Object of Desire", 1977) and as the drug lord Alain Charnier in "The French Connection" (1971) and "French Connection II" (1975), he appeared in more than 150 films over half a century.


title: Fernando Rey

text: The debonair Rey was described by "French Connection" producer Philip D'Antoni as "the last of the Continental guys". He achieved his greatest fame after he turned 50: "Perhaps it is a pity that my success came so late in life", he told the "Los Angeles Times". "It might have been better to have been successful while young, like El Cordobés in the bullring. Then your life is all before you to enjoy it."


title: Fernando Rey

text: Rey was born in A Coruña, Spain, the son of Captain Casado Veiga and Sara Arambillet Rey. He studied architecture, but the Spanish Civil War interrupted his university studies which led him to his success.


title: Fernando Rey

text: In 1936, Rey began his career in films as an extra, sometimes even getting credited. It was then that he chose his stage name, Fernando Rey. He kept his first name, but took his mother's second surname, Rey, a short surname with a clear meaning ("Rey" is Spanish for "King").


title: Fernando Rey

text: In 1944, his first speaking role was the Duke of Alba in José López Rubio's "Eugenia de Montijo". Four years later, he acted the part of Felipe I el Hermoso, King of Spain, in the Spanish cinema blockbuster "Locura de amor".


title: Fernando Rey

text: This was the start of a prolific career in film (he played in around two hundred films), radio, theatre, and television. Rey was also a great dubbing actor in Spanish television. His voice was considered intense and personal, and he became the narrator of important Spanish movies including Luis García Berlanga's "Bienvenido Mr. Marshall" (1953), Ladislao Vajda's "Marcelino Pan y Vino" (1955), and even the 1992 re-dubbed version of Orson Welles' "Don Quixote". In fact, Rey acted in four different film versions of "Don Quixote" in different roles, if one counts the Welles version (for which Rey supplied offscreen narration in the final scene).


title: Fernando Rey

text: His brilliant performance in the role of a demotivated and doubtful actor in Juan Antonio Bardem's "Cómicos" (1954), while showing him for the first time in a successful lead part, paradoxically, as he saw himself as the real incarnation of the role, plunged him in a professional depression, of which he did not emerge until his collaboration with Luis Buñuel several years later. However, in the short term, Buñuel's disconcerting public remark on Rey's performance in another of Bardem's film, "Sonatas" (1959), "I love how this actor plays a corpse", could only increase Rey's apprehensions. Nevertheless, eventually Rey became Buñuel's preferred actor and closest friend.


title: Fernando Rey

text: Rey's first international performance was in "The Night Heaven Fell" ("Les bijoutiers du clair de lune") a 1958 French-Italian film directed by Roger Vadim, where he acted alongside Stephen Boyd, Marina Vlady and Brigitte Bardot. Previously he had played in an American TV series, "It happens in Spain", the story of the exploits of a private detective, operating out in Spain, who helps distressed American tourists.


title: Fernando Rey

text: In 1959, Rey co-starred with Steve Reeves and Christine Kaufmann in the Italian sword and sandal film "The Last Days of Pompeii".


title: Fernando Rey

text: In 1961 Rey played in a European Western, "The Savage Guns", and as the popularity of that genre increased during that decade appeared in some other movies, including the political "The Price of Power" (1969), the bizarre cult classic "Compañeros", and two sequels of "The Magnificent Seven", namely "Return of the Seven" (1966) and "Guns of the Magnificent Seven" (1969).


title: Fernando Rey

text: It was his work with Orson Welles and Luis Buñuel during the 1960s and 1970s that made Rey internationally prominent; becoming the first 'international Spanish actor.' Rey starred in Buñuel's "Viridiana" (1961), "Tristana" (1970), "The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie" ("Le charme discret de la bourgeoisie)" (1972) (a surreal movie which received the 1972 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film) and "That Obscure Object of Desire" (1977). For Welles, Rey performed in two completed films, "Chimes at Midnight" (1966) and "The Immortal Story" (1968).


title: Fernando Rey

text: Rey played memorably the French villain Alain Charnier in William Friedkin's "The French Connection" (1971). Initially, Friedkin intended to cast Francisco Rabal as Charnier, but could not remember his name after seeing him in Luis Buñuel's "Belle de jour"; he only knew the person he had in mind was a Spanish actor who had worked with Buñuel. Rey was hired after he flew to New York to be met by a surprised Friedkin. Rey's English and French were not perfect, but Friedkin discovered that Rabal spoke neither of them, and opted to keep Rey, who reprised the role in the less successful sequel, "French Connection II" (1975).


title: Fernando Rey

text: Along 1970s and 1980s Rey played in many international co-productions, some of his appearances being cameos. These films include Lewis Gilbert's "The Adventurers" (1970), Mauro Bolognini's "Drama of the Rich" (1974), Vincente Minnelli's "A Matter of Time" (1976), Valerio Zurlini's "The Desert of the Tartars" (1976), Robert Altman's "Quintet" (1979), J. Lee Thompson's "Caboblanco" (1980) and Frank Perry's "Monsignor" (1982). One of Rey's greater successes in these years was "Elisa, vida mía", a 1977 Spanish drama film written and directed by Carlos Saura.


title: Fernando Rey

text: On his work in Stuart Rosenberg's "Voyage of the Damned" (1976), Rey once said: "I played [Cuban] president Brú; a cameo. They paid me a lot of money for less than six hours of shooting, in the Barcelona Stock Exchange building, with James Mason. I got more money than Orson Welles, who played a great role ...".


title: Fernando Rey

text: In later years, Rey preferred to work in Spain, with successes as Francisco Regueiro's "Padre Nuestro" (1985), José Luis Cuerda's "El bosque animado" (1987) and Jaime de Armiñán's "Al otro lado del túnel" (1992) as well as his portrayal of Don Quixote, alongside Alfredo Landa as Sancho Panza, in the memorable Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón's "El Quijote de Miguel de Cervantes" (1991) for the Spanish National TV.


title: Fernando Rey

text: His last appearance on the screen was in a supporting role in the Spanish black comedy "El cianuro ... ¿sólo o con leche?" ("Cyanide ... pure or with milk?") (1994).


title: Fernando Rey

text: In 1971 Fernando Rey won the best actor award in the San Sebastián International Film Festival, for his performance in Rafael Gil's "La duda", based, like "Viridiana" and "Tristana", on a novel by Benito Pérez Galdós.


title: Fernando Rey

text: Another of the successes of Rey-Buñuel's collaboration was "That Obscure Object of Desire" (1977), nominated for another Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. It was also nominated for a Golden Globe in the same category, though the movie failed to win either. Rey's voice had to be dubbed by Michel Piccoli.


title: Fernando Rey

text: In Lina Wertmüller's Academy Award-nominated film, "Seven Beauties" (1975), Rey played the role of Pedro the anarchist who, as a friend of the protagonist and fellow prisoner Pasqualino Settebellezze, chooses a gruesome suicide, rather than spend another day in a Nazi concentration camp.


title: Fernando Rey

text: In 1988 he again won the best actor award in the San Sebastián International Film Festival, this time for his performance in two films: Francisco Regueiro's "Diario de invierno" and Antonio Isasi-Isasmendi's "El Aire de un Crimen (The Hint of a Crime)".


title: Fernando Rey

text: In 1992 he became chairman of the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España succeeding Antonio Giménez-Rico. He died of bladder cancer in Madrid on 9 March 1994.


title: Fernando Rey

text: He was survived by his wife, who died on 1 May 2001 at Hospital Ramon Cajal from a generalized infection. On 25 September 2018 their son Fernando Casado confirmed she died from a sharp mediastinitis during the filming of a tv series named "El Secreto".


title: Boris Karloff filmography

text: Boris Karloff (1887-1969) was an English actor. He became known for his role as Frankenstein's monster in the 1931 "Frankenstein" (his 82nd film), leading to a long career in film, radio, and television.


title: Boris Karloff filmography

text: Born William Henry Pratt in England, he emigrated to Canada in 1909 as a young man and eventually joined a Canadian touring company, adopting the stage name Boris Karloff. By 1919, Karloff moved to Hollywood where he found regular work as an extra at Universal Studios. Although he appeared in numerous silent films, Karloff's first significant roles were in Howard Hawks's "The Criminal Code" (1931) and Mervyn LeRoy's "Five Star Final" (1931). While shooting "Graft", director James Whale convinced Karloff to star as Frankenstein's monster in "Frankenstein", which led to him becoming an overnight superstar. After "Frankenstein" and starring in several high-profile films such as "Bride of Frankenstein" (1935) and "The Mummy" (1932), Karloff spent the remainder of the 1930s working at an incredible pace, but getting progressively involved in lower budget films. In the 1940s, he began to get stereotyped into playing "mad scientist" roles.


title: Boris Karloff filmography

text: Karloff starred in a few highly acclaimed Val Lewton-produced horror films in the 1940s, and by the mid-1950s, he was a familiar presence on both television and radio, hosting his own TV series including "Starring Boris Karloff", "Colonel March of Scotland Yard", "Thriller", "Out of This World (British TV series)" and "The Veil", and guest starring on such programs as "Suspense", "The Donald O'Connor Show", "I Spy" and "Route 66". He also played Detective Wong (five times) in the 1930s "Mister Wong" film series. In the 1960s, Karloff worked for Roger Corman at American International Pictures. He also made films in England, Italy and Spain. All told, he appeared in 174 motion pictures. His final American film was Peter Bogdanovich's "Targets" (1968), in which he portrayed an aging horror film star much like himself.


title: Boris Karloff filmography

text: Karloff acted in 13 episodes of the "Starring Boris Karloff" anthology TV/ radio series in 1949: this show was broadcast as both a TV show and a radio show simultaneously


title: Danny Lohner

text: Daniel Patrick “Danny” Lohner, frequently known as Renholdër, is an American musician. He worked with Trent Reznor on numerous occasions, both with Nine Inch Nails and on the now defunct Tapeworm project. He has also played for Methods of Mayhem, and in the past was one of the founding members of industrial-thrash outlet Skrew, as well as one of the members of the Texas thrash metal band Angkor Wat.


title: Danny Lohner

text: In 1994, Trent Reznor brought Lohner into Nine Inch Nails to play guitar, bass, and keyboards for the band live. Lohner stayed on with the band throughout the touring cycle to "The Downward Spiral", both the recording and touring behind "The Fragile", the live album/DVD "And All That Could Have Been", and the recording of the "Still" EP. Lohner left Nine Inch Nails on good terms to focus on production work as Trent Reznor began working on the Nine Inch Nails album "With Teeth". Lohner was featured on many NIN remixes during this time, and was featured on the Nine Inch Nails recordings of "Big Man With A Gun", "Somewhat Damaged", "Even Deeper", "The Great Below", various songs from "Still" as well as playing various instruments on every song on "And All That Could Have Been". He was a guest performer with the NIN live band during their Wave Goodbye Tour in 2009.


title: Danny Lohner

text: He was featured on Marilyn Manson's breakthrough album "Antichrist Superstar", as was most of Nine Inch Nails because of Trent Reznor's relationship with Manson, acting as his mentor in the world of music. Lohner can be heard playing the acoustic guitar on '"The Reflecting God" and lead guitar on "Angel With the Scabbed Wings."


title: Danny Lohner

text: Lohner worked together with Eminem and Marilyn Manson on the song "The Way I Am (Danny Lohner Remix)".


title: Danny Lohner

text: Lohner was involved with Puscifer's first album, 2007's ""V" is for Vagina", and 2007's "Don't Shoot the Messenger" EP and 2009's ""C" is for (Please Insert Sophomoric Genitalia Reference HERE)" EP, helping with engineering, remixing, and filling in instrumentation as necessary.


title: Danny Lohner

text: After longtime bassist Jason Newsted left Metallica and the subsequent recording of the "St. Anger" album, Lohner was one of a selected few musicians whom the band invited to audition for the empty bassist slot (Producer Bob Rock had recorded the bass parts for the album). Although he did not join the band, he can be seen briefly in the documentary of the making of the album and general turmoil in the band during that period, "".


title: Danny Lohner

text: Lohner can frequently be found contributing to movie scores with fellow Nothing Records alumni Charlie Clouser and Clint Mansell. Additionally, he does remixes for various artists under the pseudonym Renholdër (an in-joke anagram of Re: D. Lohner). This began as a result of the song of the same title, which appeared on A Perfect Circle's debut album "Mer de Noms". Contrary to popular belief, Lohner did not work on this song but was later told by guitarist Billy Howerdel that the song was about him. He has appeared in all of A Perfect Circle's albums to date in one form or another and has also appeared on stage with the band.


title: Danny Lohner

text: In early 2003, A Perfect Circle's official Web site announced that Renholder would be replacing Troy Van Leeuwen as the band's second guitarist. While Lohner did receive production credit on the band's second release, "Thirteenth Step", he had other obligations by the time touring began, and ex-Smashing Pumpkins guitarist James Iha stepped in to fill the void. The most notable reason for Lohner's departure was his obligation to produce the soundtrack of the movie "Underworld". This soundtrack was a collection mostly consisting of tracks written, produced, remixed, and performed by Lohner and his friends in the industry, including David Bowie, TRUSTcompany, Maynard James Keenan, Johnette Napolitano, and others. Lohner worked with Richard Patrick of Filter, Wes Borland of Limp Bizkit and Black Light Burns, and Josh Freese of A Perfect Circle and Nine Inch Nails, in a project called The Damning Well. Only one song, "Awakening", was released by the group on the soundtrack. Another track, "Coward", which originally featured Amy Lee of Evanescence on guest vocals, would eventually be reworked to be included on the debut album by Black Light Burns without Lee's vocals due to collaboration restrictions from her record label Wind-Up.


title: Danny Lohner

text: In November 2004, Lohner contributed heavily to "eMOTIVe", the third full-length album by A Perfect Circle. This album was mostly a collection of cover songs, but it also included "Counting Bodies Like Sheep to the Rhythm of the War Drums," a continuation of "Pet" from the band's second album, "Thirteenth Step". In addition, there was an original work, titled "Passive," which was the final version of a song originally composed for the Tapeworm Project. This track subsequently appeared on the soundtrack of the film "Constantine", and Lohner appeared in the video for this track. A sister to "eMOTIVe", 2004 also saw the release of "aMOTION", a 2-disc collection that included a CD of the band's remixes and a DVD of music videos and live material. The remix album included Lohner's remixes of "3 Libras," "Judith," "Weak and Powerless," and "The Outsider." Although these remixes had previously been available on various soundtracks and CD singles, "3 Libras" was reworked slightly from its original release, and "Judith" now featured censored lyrics. On both "eMOTIVe" and "aMOTION", Lohner was credited as a band member.


title: Danny Lohner

text: Lohner was involved with Thirty Seconds to Mars in programming on their track "Fallen" from their self-titled album.


title: Danny Lohner

text: In 2005 and 2006, Lohner was involved further with Wes Borland in a project called Black Light Burns, taking on the role of producer as well as playing guitar, bass, synth, programming, and more. The project was somewhat of a successor of the Damning Well, as it involved most of its members, as well as certain portions of still unreleased material from the Damning Well. Other members included Josh Eustis of Telefon Tel Aviv and Josh Freese. The album was released on June 5, 2007, to be followed by a tour that Lohner was not able to participate in because of his current activities, despite Borland's effort to get Lohner to join the touring lineup.


title: Danny Lohner

text: He also worked with the popular Japanese rock artist HYDE in 2005–06, recording bass tracks along with Craig Adams on Hyde's album "Faith".


title: Danny Lohner

text: Lohner co-produced the album "Keep Telling Myself It's Alright" with his old bandmate Billy Howerdel for Howerdel's solo project ASHES dIVIDE.


title: Danny Lohner

text: He was also involved with former Blink-182 member Tom Delonge and his new band Angels & Airwaves in producing and programming on its track "Distraction" from its "We Don't Need to Whisper" album.


title: Danny Lohner

text: In March 2008, it was announced that he was going to produce the debut album of Korn guitarist James "Munky" Shaffer's solo project "Fear and the Nervous System".


title: Danny Lohner

text: In December 2008, Genghis Tron released "Board Up The House Remixes Volume 3" (of a five-part vinyl released remix series) via Relapse Records. Lohner contributed his remix of the band's title-track song from its 2008 album, "Board Up the House".


title: Danny Lohner

text: Lohner produced rap rock band Hollywood Undead's CD/DVD, "Desperate Measures", release on November 10, 2009. He also did a remix (under the alias 'Castle Renholdër') for the band's song from their debut album, "Everywhere I Go", and produced the songs "Dove & Grenade" and "How We Roll". Lohner also provided production on the band's 2008 debut album Swan Songs, and their 2012 single "We Are".


title: Danny Lohner

text: Lohner produced "Crisis in Utopia", the debut album of the Californian heavy metal band Holy Grail. The album was released on October 26, 2010(in the USA).


title: Danny Lohner

text: Lohner produced Smite and Ignite for the fictional League of Legends band Pentakill, released June 3, 2014.


title: Danny Lohner

text: In 2017, Lohner returned to the Pentakill project, providing both vocals and production to the song "The Hex Core mk-2".


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Olof Skötkonung, (Old Norse: "Óláfr skautkonungr") sometimes stylized as "Olaf the Swede" (c. 980–1022), was King of Sweden, son of Eric the Victorious and, according to Icelandic sources, Sigrid the Haughty. He succeeded his father in c. 995. He stands at the threshold of recorded history, since he is the first Swedish ruler about whom there is substantial knowledge. He is regarded as the first king known to have ruled both the Swedes and the Geats. In Sweden, the reign of king Olov Skötkonung () is considered to be the transition from the Viking age to the Middle Ages, because he was the first Christian king of the Swedes, who were the last to adopt Christianity in Scandinavia. He is associated with a growing influence of the church in what is today southwestern and central Sweden. Norse beliefs persisted in parts of Sweden until the 12th century.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Olof was victorious alongside Sweyn Forkbeard when the kings created an alliance to defeat the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason in the Battle of Svolder. After the battle, the victorious leaders split Norway into areas of control. Heimskringla gives the most detailed account of the division. Olof received four districts in Trondheim as well as Møre, Romsdal and Rånrike.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: One of many explanations for the name "Skötkonung" is that it is derived from the Swedish word "skatt", which can mean either "taxes" or "treasure". The latter meaning has been interpreted as "tributary king" and one English scholar speculates about a tributary relationship to the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard, who was his stepfather. That explanation, however, is not supported by evidence or historical sources. Another possible explanation of the name refers to the fact that he was the first Swedish king to mint coins. An ancient land ownership ceremony which placed a parcel of earth in someone's "lap" (Swedish: "sköte") was called "scotting" and may have been involved in this epithet.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: The Old Norse "Óláfr sœnski" means "Olaf the Swedish", an epithet used to distinguish him from the Norwegian kings Olaf Tryggvasson and Olaf Haraldsson.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Our knowledge of Olof is mostly based on Snorri Sturluson's and Adam of Bremen's accounts, which have been subject to criticism from some scholars. The eldest account by the German ecclesiastic chronicler Adam of Bremen (c. 1075), relates that Sweyn Forkbeard was expelled from his Danish realm by the Swedish King Eric the Victorious in the late 10th century. When Eric died (c. 995), Sweyn returned and regained his kingdom, marrying Eric's widow. Meanwhile, however, Olof had succeeded his father Eric, gathered an army, and launched a surprise attack against Sweyn. The Danish king was once again expelled while Olof occupied his lands. After this, however, the conflict was resolved. Since Sweyn had married Olof's mother, he was reinstated on the Danish throne and the two kings were thereafter allies. Snorri Sturluson (c. 1230) and the other Icelandic saga writers likewise say that Sweyn married Olof's mother after the death of Eric the Victorious, but without mentioning any conflict. Also, Snorri describes Sweyn and Olof as equal allies when they defeated the Norwegian king Olav Tryggvason in the battle of Svolder in 1000, and thereafter divided Norway between themselves (see below). It is commonly believed that Adam's account about Sweyn's defeats at the hands of Eric and Olof is partial and might have been misinterpreted; the marriage to Olof's mother may in fact have sealed Sweyn's senior position.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: According to Snorri, Olof Skötkonung led a Viking expedition to Wendland early in his reign. He captured Edla, the daughter of a Wendish chieftain, and kept her as mistress. She gave him the son Emund (who was to become king of Sweden), and the daughters Astrid (later wife of Olaf II of Norway) and Holmfrid (married to Sven Jarl of Norway). He later married Estrid of the Obotrites, and she bore him the son Anund Jacob and the daughter Ingegerd Olofsdotter.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: While Adam of Bremen praises Olof as a good Christian, Icelandic authors paint an unfavourable picture of the king as haughty and prickly. Olof is said to have preferred royal sports to war, which may explain the ease with which Sweyn Forkbeard retook the Danish lands Olof's father Eric had conquered. Olof may also have lost the right to tribute which his predecessors had preserved in what is now Estonia and Latvia.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: In 1000, he joined forces with Sweyn Forkbeard and with the Norwegian Jarls Eric and Sven, against the Norwegian King Olaf Tryggvason. The circumstances have been much debated in modern historical research, but a contemporary poem confirms that Eric Jarl gathered auxiliaries in Sweden: "The belligerent jarl / gathered much manpower / in Svithiod, the chief went / southward to the battle." Olaf Tryggvason was attacked by the allied fleets in the Battle of Svolder, the location of which is uncertain. It may have been either in Öresund or Pomerania. Olaf Tryggvason disappeared during the battle and Norway was appropriated by the allied lords. The bulk of the conquests went to Sweyn Forkbeard while Olof gained a part of Trøndelag as well as modern Bohuslän. These lands were placed under Sven Jarl, son-in-law of the king.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: When the Norwegian kingdom was reestablished by Olaf II of Norway (Olaf the Saint) in 1015, a new war erupted between Norway and Sweden. There is a circumstantial account of this in Snorri Sturluson's work. As he writes, many men in both Sweden and Norway tried to reconcile the kings. In 1018, Olof's cousin, the earl of Västergötland, Ragnvald Ulfsson and the Norwegian king's emissaries Björn Stallare and Hjalti Skeggiason had arrived at the thing of Uppsala in an attempt to sway the Swedish king to accept peace and as a warrant marry his daughter Ingegerd Olofsdotter to the king of Norway. The Swedish king was greatly angered and threatened to banish Ragnvald from his kingdom, but Ragnvald was supported by his foster-father Thorgny the Lawspeaker


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Thorgny delivered a powerful speech in which he reminded the king of the great Viking expeditions in the East that predecessors such as Erik Anundsson and Björn had undertaken, without having the hubris not to listen to their men's advice. Thorgny himself had taken part in many successful pillaging expeditions with Olof's father Eric the Victorious and even Eric had listened to his men. The present king wanted nothing but Norway, which no Swedish king before him had desired. This displeased the Swedish people, who were eager to follow the king on new ventures in the East to win back the kingdoms that paid tribute to his ancestors, but it was the wish of the people that the king make peace with the king of Norway and give him his daughter Ingegerd as queen.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Thorgny finished his speech by saying: "if you do not desire to do so, we shall assault you and kill you and not brook any more of your warmongering and obstinacy. Our ancestors have done so, who at Mula thing threw five kings in a well, kings who were too arrogant as you are against us." Upon hearing this, King Olof complied with the demands of the peasantry for the time being.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: However, far from keeping his promise Olof married his daughter Ingegerd-Irene to Yaroslav I the Wise instead. When Olaf of Norway heard about the arrangement he was furious and intent on attacking Olof Skötkonung. However, the Geatish jarl Ragnvald Ulfsson, colluding with Olaf II's skald Sigvat Thordarson, managed to avert the impending war. Olof's other daughter Astrid stayed with Ragnvald at the time, and it was agreed that she would take Ingegerd's place. Unbeknownst to Olof, she traveled to Norway and married Olaf II. That happened c. 1019. Olof Skötkonung was highly upset, but soon ran into trouble at home. Both the Swedes and Geats were displeased with the self-willed rule of the king. The lawspeaker of Västergötland, Emund, traveled to Gamla Uppsala and spoke to Olof's councilors, and a settlement was made. Olof agreed to share his power with his son Anund Jacob who was 10 or 12 years at the time. Olof was also forced to accept a settlement with Olaf II of Norway at Kungahälla. The veracity of Snorri Sturluson's account of Olof Skötkonung, written more than two centuries later, is difficult to assess; however, he quotes several probably genuine scaldic verses which allude to some of the related events.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: One result of the hostilities between Olof Skötkonung and Olaf of Norway was, according to Snorri Sturluson, that the people of Jämtland and Hälsingland came under the Swedish rather than Norwegian king. Previously the Jämtlanders and part of the Hälsinglanders had adhered to Norway since the days of Hakon the Good. The veracity of this is not known, but the medieval provincial laws of Jämtland show Swedish influences, and there are indications that Christianity arrived from Central Sweden in the 11th century. Jämtland reverted to the Norwegian king in 1111, while Hälsingland was henceforth under Sweden.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Olof's ally Sweyn Forkbeard occupied England in 1013, but died shortly afterwards, and the Anglo-Saxon ruler Æthelred the Unready was able to return. According to Adam of Bremen, "the son of the king, Cnut, returned home with the army and prepared a new war against the English. Olav [II], whom the Norwegians had chosen as their commander, now separated from the Danish kingdom. Cnut, who felt threatened from two directions, then entered an alliance with his brother Olof Eriksson who ruled in Sweden, and planned to take power in England, and then in Norway, with his assistance. Equipped with a thousand large ships, Cnut thus traversed the British Sea". From Swedish rune stones it also appears that many people joined the Danish Viking expeditions of the early 11th century. After Cnut the Great became King of England in 1016, he sent the two sons of the deceased King Edmund Ironside to Olof (who was either Canute's half-brother or stepbrother), supposedly with instructions to have the children murdered. Instead of having them killed, the two boys were secretly sent either to Kiev, where Olof's daughter Ingigerd was the Queen, or to Poland, where Canute's uncle Bolesław I Chrobry was duke.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Included in the Westrogothic law from c. 1240 is the first brief Swedish chronicle, which begins with Olof Skötkonung. It relates that Olof was baptized in Husaby in Västergötland by the missionary Sigfrid, and made generous donations on spot. At Husaby parish church, there is a sign commemorating his baptism; nearby is a well thought to be the same sacred spring where Olof was baptized.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: He was the first Swedish king to remain a Christian until his death. However, the circumstances about his baptism are not clear. A document from 1008 says that a certain bishop, dispatched by Archbishop Bruno of Querfurt, visited the Suigi tribe and managed to baptize the king, whose queen was already Christian. 1,000 people and seven communities followed his example. The Suigi have sometimes been identified as the Swedes, though this has been rejected by several other scholars. On the other hand, Olof's coinage (see below) indicates that he was a Christian already at the time of his accession in c. 995.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: According to Adam of Bremen, Olof planned to tear down the Uppsala temple, which was allegedly an important cult centre. The fact that a large part of the Swedes were still pagan forced him to abandon this aim. The pagans, weary of his plans, made an agreement with Olof to the effect that he, if he wished to be a Christian, must exercise his royal authority in a province of his choice. If he founded a church, he was not supposed to force anyone to convert. Olof was content with this and installed a bishopric in the province of Västergötland, closer to Denmark and Norway. On the wishes of Olof, the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen anointed Thurgot as the first Bishop in Skara. This Thurgot was successful in disseminating Christianity among the West Geats and east Geats.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: The legend of St. Sigfrid, known since the 13th century, relates that the still pagan Olof called in the English Archbishop of York, Sigfrid, to teach the new faith in his realm. On his way, Sigfrid and his three nephews came to Värend in southern Småland where the twelve local tribes endorsed Christianity at a Thing. Sigfrid left his nephews to tend matters in Värend and proceeded to Olof's court where the king and his family were baptised. Meanwhile, a heathen reaction in Värend cost the lives of the nephews, whose heads were sunk in the Växjö Lake. Hearing about this, Sigfrid returned to Värend where the heads were discovered through a miracle. King Olof then appeared in Värend with a force, punished the murderers, and forced the locals to yield properties to the Church. Whether the legend reflects the expansion of Olof's realm to the south is unsure. The account seems to incorporate various elements in order to legitimise the establishment of the Bishopric of Växjö in c. 1170. It is nevertheless known from Adam of Bremen that an English missionary called Sigfrid preached among the Swedes and Geats in the first half of the 11th century.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: When he stamped coins in Sigtuna in the province of Uppland Olof used the word "rex" for "king"--"OLUF REX" as in the coin displayed above or "OLAF REX". The use of Latin seems to suggest that he was already baptised at this time but on the other hand the coins were imitating English pennies in type and style. Sigtuna is written "SITUN", "ZINT" (in the coin above), "ZTNETEI", or "SIDEI". The two last have been deciphered as "Si(gtuna) Dei" meaning "God's Sigtuna". The earliest of Olof's coins merely depict him as "King in Sigtuna", while the later ones have "King of the Swedes".


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: It has been suggested that this change in nomenclature relates to a widening of Olof's base of power around 1000. Sigtuna may be understood as the area in Uppland ruled from the town of this name, while rulership over the Swedes may indicate a more extensive realm. Contemporary scaldic poetry indicates Olof as the ruler of the Swedes as well as the Geats (Götar), and the same goes for the account of Adam of Bremen. The exact nature of the relation between the Swedes and Geats, and the process by which a unified kingdom was created, has been intensively debated. While the unification has traditionally been thought to depart from the provinces around lake Mälaren some scholars hold that the Geatic provinces were leading the process, and that the construction of a Swedish kingdom was a long process that was only concluded in the 13th century.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: The Icelandic skald Óttarr svarti spent some time at Olof's court and composed the poem "Óláfsdrápa sænska" describing Olof's war expeditions in the east. The poem is interesting, since it gives a view of the reign of Olof: "The warrior guards his land, few kings are as mighty as him; Olof pleases the eagle, the Swedish king is outstanding". Other skalds who served Olof were Gunnlaugr ormstunga, Hrafn Önundarson and Gizurr svarti.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Judging from Snorri Sturluson's chronology of events, Olof died a natural death in the winter of 1021–1022. Adam of Bremen asserts that he died at approximately the same time as Cnut the Great (1035), which is certainly too late.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Claims that he was martyred after refusing to sacrifice to pagan gods are likely due to a mix-up with the king Olof from "Vita Ansgari" and Olof Trätälja from Norse sources.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Since the 1740s, it has been claimed that he was buried in Husaby in the Christian part of his kingdom, but such identifications are controversial.


title: Olof Skötkonung

text: Olof was the son of Eric the Victorious (Erik Segersäll) and a woman whose identity is debated. According to Adam of Bremen she was the sister or daughter of Boleslaw I Chrobry of Poland, but, according to Icelandic sources, she was Sigrid the Haughty (Sigrid Storråda), a daughter of the Viking chief Skoglar Toste. Certain sources say that Olof had a brother called Emunde.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: MRI contrast agents are contrast agents used to improve the visibility of internal body structures in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The most commonly used compounds for contrast enhancement are gadolinium-based. Such MRI contrast agents shorten the relaxation times of nuclei within body tissues following oral or intravenous administration.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: In MRI scanners, sections of the body are exposed to a strong magnetic field causing primarily the hydrogen nuclei ("spins") of water in tissues to be polarized in the direction of the magnetic field. An intense radiofrequency pulse is applied that tips the magnetization generated by the hydrogen nuclei in the direction of the receiver coil where the spin polarization can be detected. Random molecular rotational oscillations matching the resonance frequency of the nuclear spins provide the "relaxation" mechanisms that bring the net magnetization back to its equilibrium position in alignment with the applied magnetic field. The magnitude of the spin polarization detected by the receiver is used to form the MR image but decays with a characteristic time constant known as the T1 relaxation time. Water protons in different tissues have different T1 values, which is one of the main sources of contrast in MR images. A contrast agent usually shortens, but in some instances increases, the value of T1 of nearby water protons thereby altering the contrast in the image.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Most clinically used MRI contrast agents work by shortening the T1 relaxation time of protons inside tissues via interactions with the nearby contrast agent. Thermally driven motion of the strongly paramagnetic metal ions in the contrast agent generate the oscillating magnetic fields that provide the relaxation mechanisms that enhance the rate of decay of the induced polarization. The systematic sampling of this polarization over the spatial region of the tissue being examined forms the basis for construction of the image.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: MRI contrast agents may be administered by injection into the blood stream or orally, depending on the subject of interest. Oral administration is well suited to G.I. tract scans, while intravascular administration proves more useful for most other scans.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Gadolinium(III) containing MRI contrast agents (often termed simply "gado" or "gad") are the most commonly used for enhancement of vessels in MR angiography or for brain tumor enhancement associated with the degradation of the blood–brain barrier. Over 450 million doses have been administrated worldwide from 1988 to 2017. For large vessels such as the aorta and its branches, the dose can be as low as 0.1 mmol / kg of body mass. Higher concentrations are often used for finer vasculature. At much higher concentration, there is more T2 shortening effect of gadolinium, causing gadolinium brightness to be less than surrounding body tissues. However at such concentration, it will cause greater toxicity to bodily tissues.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Gd chelates are hydrophilic and do not pass the intact blood–brain barrier. Thus, they are useful in enhancing lesions and tumors where blood-brain barrier is compromised and the Gd(III) leaks out. In the rest of the body, the Gd initially remains in the circulation but then distributes into the interstitial space or is eliminated by the kidneys.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Available Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) ("brand names", approved for human use by EMA and by the FDA in 1988. ("standard dose")):


title: MRI contrast agent

text: As a free solubilized aqueous ion, gadolinium (III) is highly toxic, but chelated compound are generally regarded as safe enough to be administered. Free Gd has a median lethal dose of 0.34 mmol/kg (IV, mouse) or 100–200 mg/kg, but the LD50 is increased by a factor of 50 when Gd is chelated.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: The use of Gd chelates in persons with acute or chronic kidney disease can cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a rare but severe systemic disease resembling scleromyxedema and to some extent scleroderma. It may occur months after contrast injection. Patients with deteriorated kidney function are more at risk for NSF, with dialysis patients being more at risk than patients with chronic kidney disease. NSF can be caused by linear and macrocyclic (macrocyclic ionic compounds have been found the least likely to release the Gd), gadolinium-containing MRI contrast agents although much more frequently by linear.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Gadolinium has been found to remain in the brain, heart muscle, kidney, liver, and other organs after one or more injections of a linear or macrocyclic GBCA, even after a prolonged period of time. The amount differs with the presence of kidney injury at the moment of injection, the molecular geometry of the ligand, and the dose administered.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: In vitro studies have found GBCAs to be neurotoxic, and a study found signal intensity in the dentate nucleus of MRI (indicative of gadolinium deposition) to be correlated with lower verbal fluency. Confusion is often reported as a possible clinical symptoms. The FDA has asked doctors to limit the use of Gadolinium contrast agents only when necessary information is made available through its use. Intrathecal injections of doses higher than 1 mmol are associated with severe neurological complications and can lead to death. The glymphatic system could be the main access of GBCA to the brain in intravenous injection.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Continuing evidence of the retention of gadolinium in brain and other tissues following exposure to gadolinium containing contrast media, has led to a safety review by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) which led the EMA to suspend linear gadolinium-based media, in which Gd has a lower binding affinity, in 2017.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: In the United States, the research has led the FDA to revise its class warnings for all gadolinium-based contrast media. It is advised that the use of gadolinium-based media is based on careful consideration of the retention characteristics of the contrast. Extra care being taken in patients requiring multiple lifetime doses, pregnant, and paediatric patients, and patients with inflammatory conditions. Minimizing repeated GBCA imaging studies when possible, particularly closely spaced MRI studies. However, do not avoid or defer necessary GBCA MRI scans.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: In December 2017, the FDA announced in a drug safety communication it is requiring these new warnings to be included on all GBCAs. The FDA also called for increased patient education and requiring gadolinium contrast vendors to conduct additional animal and clinical studies to assess the safety of these agents.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: The recommends to use the lowest possible dose of a GBCA and only when essential diagnostic information cannot be obtained without it.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: The World Health Organization issued a restriction on use of several gadolinium contrast agents in November 2009 stating that "High-risk gadolinium-containing contrast agents (Optimark, Omniscan, Magnevist, Magnegita, and Gado-MRT ratiopharm) are contraindicated in patients with severe kidney problems, in patients who are scheduled for or have recently received a liver transplant, and in newborn babies up to four weeks of age."


title: MRI contrast agent

text: In magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy, gadolinium contrast agents in the first trimester is associated with a slightly increased risk of a childhood diagnosis of several forms of rheumatism, inflammatory disorders, or infiltrative skin conditions, according to a retrospective study including 397 infants prenatally exposed to gadolinium contrast. In the second and third trimester, gadolinium contrast is associated with a slightly increased risk of stillbirth or neonatal death, by the same study.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Two types of iron oxide contrast agents exist: superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO). These contrast agents consist of suspended colloids of iron oxide nanoparticles and when injected during imaging reduce the T signals of absorbing tissues. SPIO and USPIO contrast agents have been used successfully in some instances for liver lesion evaluation.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Superparamagnetic iron–platinum particles (SIPPs) have been reported and had significantly better T relaxivities compared with the more common iron oxide nanoparticles. SIPPs were also encapsulated with phospholipids to create multifunctional SIPP stealth immunomicelles that specifically targeted human prostate cancer cells. These are, however, investigational agents which have not yet been tried in humans. In a recent study, multifunctional SIPP micelles were synthesized and conjugated to a monoclonal antibody against prostate-specific membrane antigen. The complex specifically targeted human prostate cancer cells in vitro, and these results suggest that SIPPs may have a role in the future as tumor-specific contrast agents.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Manganese(II) chelates such as Mn-DPDP (Mangafodipir) enhance the T signal. The chelate dissociates "in vivo" into manganese and DPDP; the manganese is excreted in bile, while DPDP is eliminated via kidney filtration. Mangafodipir has been used in human neuroimaging clinical trials, including for neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Manganese(II) ions are often used as a contrast agent in animal studies, often called MEMRI (Manganese-Enhanced MRI). Because Mn ions can enter cells through calcium transport channels, it has been used for functional brain imaging.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Unlike the other well-studied iron oxide-based nanoparticles, research on Mn-based nanoparticles is at a relatively early stage.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: A wide variety of oral contrast agents can enhance images of the gastrointestinal tract. They include gadolinium and manganese chelates, or iron salts for T signal enhancement. SPIO, barium sulfate, air and clay have been used to lower T signal. Natural products with high manganese concentration such as blueberry and green tea can also be used for T increasing contrast enhancement.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Perflubron, a type of perfluorocarbon, has been used as a gastrointestinal MRI contrast agent for pediatric imaging. This contrast agent works by reducing the number of hydrogen ions in a body cavity, thus causing it to appear dark in the images.


title: MRI contrast agent

text: Newer research suggests the possibility of protein based contrast agents, based on the abilities of some amino acids to bind with gadolinium.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: Life is a 2015 biographical drama film directed by Anton Corbijn and written by Luke Davies. It is based on the friendship of "Life" photographer Dennis Stock and American actor James Dean, starring Robert Pattinson as Stock and Dane DeHaan as Dean.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: The film is an American, British, German, Canadian and Australian co-production, produced by Iain Canning and Emile Sherman from See-Saw Films and Christina Piovesan from First Generation Films with co-financed by Barry Films Production.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: Production took place from February to April 2014 in Toronto and Los Angeles. The film had its premiere at 65th Berlin International Film Festival, at Berlinale Special Gala at the Zoo Palast on 9 February 2015. In the United States, it was released through a simultaneous limited theatrical release and video on demand on 4 December 2015 by Cinedigm.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: The story follows Dennis Stock, who works at the Magnum Photos Agency and gets an assignment to shoot rising Hollywood star James Dean, before the release of "East of Eden". Friendship developed between them during the assignment, as the pair traveled from Los Angeles to New York City to Indiana.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: Luke Davies started writing the script in 2010. He was initially interested to write a script about James Dean but as he researched about Dean, he found that the one thing which stood out most was Dean's images at Times Square by Dennis Stock. Afterwards, Davies found more about Stock and wrote the screenplay for the film. Corbijn initially turned down the offer to make biopic on James Dean. But the story of the photographer Dennis Stock interested him more as "(the photographer and the subject) You know, who influences who? The James Dean portion of the story wasn't my interest."


title: Life (2015 film)

text: Talking about the casting, Corbijn said that "Rob has an intensity that I think Dennis would have. When I see Rob, I see an inner turmoil that is great for the role and Dane is really interesting. He has a beautiful face, but it's a hard face to grasp. It's hard to see how Dane reads [on screen] sometimes, and the same goes for James Dean." Corbijn later revealed that "Rob was quickly on the horizon for me, and after we met I didn't meet anyone else for that (Dennis Stock's) role." While producers Iain Canning and Emile Sherman said that "Finding the right actor to play James Dean was a big responsibility, but Dane's body of work has proved what a chameleon he is and what he will contribute to the role" and further added that "Casting Robert Pattinson and Dane DeHaan brings together two of the most exciting young actors of their generation." Talking about portraying James Dean, DeHaan said that "He had a very specific voice so I've gotta have it, too! It's a challenge. His voice was a lot higher than mine, but it's fun, you know, that's what I like to do. The harder it is, the more fun it is, but it's definitely a challenge, for sure."


title: Life (2015 film)

text: Pattinson said about his character in the film, "He's a really bad dad. And you don't really see that in young guy parts. He just doesn't love his kid, or is incapable of it, and it kind of pains him." About the interaction between the main characters he said, "It's a little ego battle, and a lot of it is about professional jealousy, and who's a better artist, who's the subject and who's the artist." And added that's what drew him to the role in the film.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: In February 2014, Ben Kingsley joined the cast as president of the Warner Bros. Studios, Jack L. Warner. Writer Luke Davies joined the film in cameo appearance. On 14 March 2014, it was announced that Joel Edgerton has joined the cast of the film as Magnum Photography editor John G. Morris. Initially Corbijn offered Philip Seymour Hoffman, with whom he previously worked on "A Most Wanted Man", the role of John G. Morris (later played by Edgerton) in the film, which according to Corbijn, "(Hoffman was) trying to find a way to make it work" due to his earlier commitments, but he died before filming began. Edgerton, about his involvement in the film, said that "It was a situation where it was never going to be something I was involved in but for certain circumstances. They lost an actor, I love these people, I love everything they're about, the story and script was really fascinating. So I left working on Jeff Nichols's movie in New Orleans and just scooted across to Toronto literally for three days and shot five, six scenes. It was a blast."


title: Life (2015 film)

text: Principal photography began on 18 February 2014 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and continued till 27 March 2014. Pattinson filmed a scene in snow in Toronto on 18 February 2014. On 20 February 2014, filming took place at "33rd Maitland street" Toronto. Filming took place inside and outside of a building in Downtown Toronto on 21 February 2014 with Pattinson, Kingsley and DeHaan. Pattinson and DeHaan filmed scenes at the farm outside of Toronto on 26 February – 1 March 2014. On 4 March 2014, filming took place downtown Millbrook near Peterborough at "King Street", which was transformed into the 1950s era and at the Pastry Peddler shop which was transformed into a 1950s shoe store. A rainy scene was shot in downtown Toronto on 7 March 2014. On 8 March 2014 filming took place at Bay Street in downtown Toronto, which was transformed into 1950s New York City street. On 11 March 2014, Pattinson and DeHaan shot a motorcycle riding scene in Toronto, on a bike resembling a "1955 Trophy Triumph", James Dean's bike. On 15 March 2014, filming took place at Victoria and King streets in downtown Toronto with Pattinson and Edgerton. Scenes shot at "71 Gloucester Street" Toronto on 20 March 2014.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: After Toronto, filming moved to Los Angeles, California. Filming took place at Chateau Marmont on 30 March 2014. On 31 March 2014, scenes were shot at Pantages Theatre, which was transformed as it was at the premiere of 1954 film "A Star Is Born". Filming finally wrapped up on 1 April 2014.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: Producer Christina Piovesan talking about the outdoor filming said, "There's a huge section that takes place exterior on a farm, and Rob and Dane are in period costumes that are so slight while the crew were covered from head to toe with only eyes showing. They were such troopers to be shooting with Anton in this brutal weather. The environment was hostile, but you can't tell when you watch it, and that's a testament to how professional they are."


title: Life (2015 film)

text: Entertainment Weekly released the first image of Pattinson and DeHaan as Stock and Dean in the film on 6 March 2014. In September 2013, "Transmission Films" acquired the Australian distribution rights of the film. On 9 February 2015, after its premiere at Berlinale, a scene featuring Pattinson and DeHaan was released. On 12 August 2015, official trailer of the film was released.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: The film was shown at Guanajuato International Film Festival as a part of "Gala Event" on 24 July 2015. On 5 September 2015, it premièred at Deauville American Film Festival. It was also be screened at Sitges Film Festival in October 2015.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: The film had a theatrical release in France on 9 September 2015. It had a premiere in Belgium, which was attended by Corbijn on 21 September 2015. In Germany, the film was released on 24 September 2015. In UK, the film was released on 25 September 2015. Cinedigm acquired the distribution rights of the film in United States and released the film in a limited release and through video on demand on 4 December 2015.


title: Life (2015 film)

text: The film received mixed to positive reviews from the critics, with Pattinson and DeHaan receiving praise for their portrayals of Stock and Dean. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 64% "Fresh" rating based on reviews from 61 critics, with an average score of 6.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""Life" may frustrate viewers seeking a James Dean biopic with its subject's intensity, but it remains a diverting, well-acted effort assembled with admirable craft and ambition." Metacritic gives the film a score of 59 based on reviews from 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Life (2015 film)

text: Tim Robey of "The Daily Telegraph" gave the film four out of five stars by saying that "it's an interestingly personal picture about that moment when the shutter snaps, and how it changes the nature of any human interaction" and about performances that "the underrated Pattinson is playing a cold fish here, and does a credible job getting inside Dennis's aura of shifty desperation" and "DeHaan gives us very much his own Dean, and he's immediately rather fascinating." Guy Lodge of "Variety" said that "peculiarly moving, even subtly queer friendship between the two men that distinguishes "Life" from standard inside-Hollywood fare, while gorgeous production values and ace star turns make it a thoroughly marketable arthouse prospect" and added that "DeHaan and Pattinson enact this anti-romance beautifully, each man quizzically eyeing the other for leads and clues, while coyly retreating from scrutiny. Pattinson, adding to his post-""Twilight"" gallery of sharp-cut screw-ups, brings intriguing layers of childish dysfunction to a character who is only ostensibly the straight man in the partnership. DeHaan, meanwhile, plays Dean as the more openly flirtatious of the two, a flashier generational companion to his louchely inspired Lucien Carr in 2013's "Kill Your Darlings."" Stephen Schaefer of the "Boston Herald" in his review said that, "LIFE is fairly low-key, yet it breathes with an honesty and an astuteness" and that "Pattinson is perfectly cast as Stock, a man adrift with an ex-wife from a teenage marriage and guilt filled about the young son he never sees. DeHaan doesn't exactly resemble Dean so much as inhabit his Fifties hipster lingo, attitude and speech patterns." Little White Lies gave the film a positive review by saying that "As Life proceeds the pace picks up and by the third act, it is a compelling dramatisation of an artistically fascinating alliance." About performance it added that "DeHaan ratchets up Dean's rhythmic speech and sounds permanently like a performance poet reading Allan Ginsberg . He is curt and minimal essaying a very controlled, clock-watching professional" and "Pattinson's performance is as crisp as the white shirt and black suits his character always wears. This is a camouflage for his own problems that slowly unfurl, adding colour and improving the film."


title: Life (2015 film)

text: While David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" criticized the film that ""Life" doesn't deliver on its considerable promise" but ultimately praised Pattinson that "While Pattinson has endured a lot of gratuitous bashing post-Twilight, he gives arguably the most fully rounded performance here, even if the character is inconsistently drawn." Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film two stars out of five and notes that, "There are some pleasing touches, but this film is a frustrating experience."


title: The God Particle (book)

text: The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? is a 1993 popular science book by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Leon M. Lederman and science writer Dick Teresi.


title: The God Particle (book)

text: The book provides a brief history of particle physics, starting with the Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Democritus, and continuing through Isaac Newton, Roger J. Boscovich, Michael Faraday, and Ernest Rutherford and quantum physics in the 20th century.


title: The God Particle (book)

text: In 2013, subsequent to the discovery of the Higgs boson, Lederman co-authored, with theoretical physicist Christopher T. Hill, a sequel: Beyond the God Particle which delves into the future of particle physics in the post-unknown


title: The God Particle (book)

text: Fermilab director and subsequent Nobel physics prize winner Leon Lederman was a very prominent early supporter – some sources say the architect or proposer – of the Superconducting Super Collider project, which was endorsed around 1983, and was a major proponent and advocate throughout its lifetime. Lederman wrote his 1993 popular science book – which sought to promote awareness of the significance of such a project – in the context of the project's last years and the changing political climate of the 1990s. The increasingly moribund project was finally shelved that same year after some $2 billion of expenditure. The proximate causes of the closure were the rising US budget deficit, rising projected costs of the project, and the cessation of the Cold War, which reduced the perceived political pressure within the United States to undertake and complete high-profile science megaprojects.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: "Space Pirate Captain Harlock" was adapted into an anime television series in 1978 directed by Rintaro and produced by Toei Animation. A computer-animated film adaptation of the same name was released in 2013.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: In August 2014, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Matsumoto's debut, he launched a retelling manga, "", illustrated by Kōichi Shimahoshi, which features some significant plot differences.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: Seven Seas Entertainment has licensed the manga in North America. A sequel comic book written and drawn by Jérôme Alquié, in collaboration with Matsumoto, and published by Ablaze Comics began publication in 2021.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: In the future, in 2977 AD, humanity has achieved a vast starfaring civilization, but is slowly and steadily succumbing to "ennui" or despair, often due to defeat and subjugation by a foreign invader. Rising against the general apathy, Harlock denies defeat and leads an outlaw crew aboard his starship "Arcadia" to undertake daring raids against Earth's oppressors. Their primary oppressors are the Mazone, a race of organic plant-based alien women who explored Earth in the mythic past and are now back to reclaim it.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: Harlock is the archetypal romantic hero, a space pirate with an individualist philosophy of life. He is as noble as he is taciturn, rebellious, stoically fighting against totalitarian regimes, whether they be earthborn or alien. In his own words, he "fight[s] for no one's sake, only for something deep in [his] heart."


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . (Terrence "Terry" Drake, in English) . Daiba is the audience surrogate, the viewer's gateway to Harlock's world. The 14-year-old son of a scientist who was killed by the Mazone, he joined the "Arcadia" crew following the death of his father. He lost his mother in a disaster on the Neptunian moon Triton when her pleas for help were ignored by the indifferent government. Tadashi is sometimes in conflict with Harlock early in the series, but he would become a trusted part of Harlock's senior staff as the series progressed.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . (Kayla "Kay" Kerry in English) . A young human woman with blonde hair who was already part of Harlock's crew at the time Tadashi came aboard. She first met Harlock when he raided a ship that was transporting her back to Earth as a prisoner after she had assaulted a military officer who had belittled her father's death. There is a slight intimation that she harbors a crush on Harlock (though this would be made more definite in the later "SSX" series), and initially seems inclined romantically towards Tadashi Daiba, though the two eventually settle into a platonic friendship. She is the "Arcadia"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s chief navigator and science officer and the second-youngest crew member after Tadashi.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . (La Mime in English) . A mysterious brooding female alien with blue skin and body-length blue hair. Like all of her race, Miime has no mouth or other facial features outside of almond-shaped yellow eyes. Like others of her race, she uses alcohol as a non-intoxicating foodstuff, although drinking large amounts will induce intoxication as in humans, particularly if it is high-proof. She possesses both psychic and psionic powers, and uses them as a means of reducing pain of injuries. Originally from the planet Jura, she became the last of her species after being saved by Harlock and crew. In gratitude, Miime became part of the crew of the "Arcadia" and pledged her life to Harlock's support and safety, becoming the pirate's nearest companion. Having no mouth, she can still "speak" and still absorb liquids through the general mouth area. Although not provided an official position aboard the "Arcadia", she will help Doctor Zero tend to injured crew members in times of crisis. Her empathic nature makes her a valuable counselor (for example, when she consoles Miss Masu following the loss of the latter's estranged fiancé) and is capable of quelling pain/anxiety of all on board by the strumming of her lap harp. In the 1999 "Harlock Saga" OVA, she is refashioned to appear as a more humanoid woman and provided a different back story, making her a member of the Nibelung clan; here, her preferred musical instrument is the pipe organ and somehow possesses the ability to control time. In 2002's "Endless Odyssey" OVA her original look and history return. Miime is depicted as more distinctly alien but with a face featuring a mouth in the 2013 feature film.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . . Chief Medical Officer. Like Yattaran, he serves as comic relief when he argues with the ship's cook, Miss Masu, over his raids of Masu's kitchen to get his beverage of choice, sake. He has a pet cat called Mi-kun (named Miaou in the French version), which he adopted after the then-kitten's mother, which was injured and apparently dying, brought him to Zero's office, and was later brought with Zero on board the "Arcadia". Doctor Zero's cat, Mi-kun also appears in "Space Battleship Yamato" as Doctor Sado's cat. Mi-kun also makes on-off appearances in several other anime such as "Queen Millennia" and "Galaxy Express 999". Mi-kun is based on Matsumoto's own pet cat, the latest of which is named Mi-kun III.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . . Chief steward. Masu Tsunajima is a cantankerous spinster who is intolerant of her kitchen being raided by Doctor Zero or his cat. She is also a comic relief character in the series, although her back story had her intended to marry her fiancé, Gozo Otowara, before circumstances prevented the wedding from taking place. Masu believed she had been stood up, until she learned the truth years later and reconciled with Gozo in a brief communication before Gozo was killed by the Mazone.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . (Roger Devlin in English) . Harlock's old friend and chief builder of the "Arcadia". He died of illness prior to the events of the series, but his consciousness survives within the ship's computer.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: Emeralda. She is Tochiro's lover and Mayu's mother. She decides to use a spaceship to follow Tochiro's coffin into space after his death. She is an early version of Emeraldas who would play a greater role in Leiji Matsumoto's later works.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . (Maia Devlin in English) . The daughter of Tochiro Oyama and "Queen Emeraldas" (referred to in this series as "Emeralda"). Harlock takes her under his wing following Tochiro's death and Emeraldas' departure, but she is unable to remain with Harlock due to Tochiro's wish that she remain on Earth.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: Professor Tsuyoshi Daiba. (Professor Drake in English) . Tadashi Daiba's father, an astronomer and scientist. He was one of the few scientists who saw the aliens' threat and attempted to warn Earth's government before he was killed by the Mazone. Tadashi, affected by his father's murder, joined the "Arcadia" crew to seek his revenge.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . (Alexander Kamerov in English) . The leader of Earth's defense forces, he is Harlock's sworn enemy and will stop at nothing to try to eliminate him. Earlier in his life, Kiruta suffered the loss of his father, a government secret agent, during an ill-fated mission, followed by his mother and his younger sister Tami. Blaming the government for his family's death, he rose through the military ranks in order to effect change for the better and, like Professor Daiba before him, tried in vain to warn the Earth government of the Mazone invasion. Kiruda eventually puts his grudge with Harlock aside and sacrifices himself defending the "Arcadia"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s main computer against Mazone troopers. Throughout the Series, he is constantly concerned with the welfare of Mayu, even going as far as to take a Scorpion sting for her


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: The Mazone, the major villains of the original 1978 series, are a race of intelligent plant-based beings in female humanoid form, with a few taking male form. As the race is asexual, their apparent gender is superficial rather than functional. When a Mazone dies, its corpse spontaneously burns up until nothing is left but ashes.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . (Regina in English) . The reigning monarch of the Mazone, she is determined to lead her people to make Earth their new home following the destruction of their home planet. As cruel as she is beautiful, Rafflesia was once a wise and kind ruler, but the situation of her people leads her to change for the worse as the series progresses. She initially did not see Harlock as a major threat and even saved his life early on, but would later come to regret it. Faced with a plot to kidnap Mayu Oyama as a means to draw out Harlock, Rafflesia resists at first, considering such a tactic as unethical at best, but she later gives in when faced with the threat of the "Arcadia" to the Mazone, which later causes discord among the alien invaders. During a final showdown against Harlock, it is eventually discovered that Rafflesia is not Mazone, but human. After defeating her in their duel, Harlock allows Rafflesia to leave Earth with her people and settle elsewhere.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: Her name is taken from the Rafflesia, a genus of parasitic plant sometimes also referred to as a "Corpse Flower".


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . . The commanding officer of the Mazone Royal Armada and Queen Rafflesia's chief confidant, she would come up with the plot to have Mayu kidnapped to get Harlock's attention and draw him into battle with the Mazone ruler. Cleo is later killed by Tadashi Daiba.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: Commander Cassandra. The ruthless commander of the Mazone Royal Armada's Third Quadrant, she is willing to use dishonorable tactics to attempt to win battles, including using the Mazone civilian fleet as shields against attacks by the "Arcadia", a tactic devised following the destruction of a civilian ship she tried to protect, which Harlock erroneously believed was a Mazone command vessel. She is killed when Harlock lures the main force of her fleet away with his mobile repair dock, leaving Cassandra's ship open to undefended attack.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: . . A Mazone spy posing as the Earth Prime Minister's secretary. She attempts to assassinate the Prime Minister and set Kiruta up to take the blame for the deed, then springs Kiruta from prison and attempts to seek sanctuary on the "Arcadia", with the intent of sabotaging the ship from the inside. Harlock discovers Shizuka's origins and subsequently grants her asylum on his ship after Queen Rafflesia deserts her and later orders her killed. Unable to return to the Mazone caravan, Shizuka, showing admiration for Harlock's noble actions in taking her aboard, forces him to kill her rather than face certain death at the Mazones' hands. Harlock later tells Kiruta, who had feelings for Shizuka, that she had died a hero battling the Mazone, never revealing to him that she was a Mazone herself. Shizuka would later return in the 2002 "Endless Odyssey" OVA series as the holographic assistant of Professor Daiba (aside from having dark hair in that series instead of the red hair she had in the "Space Pirate" series, she looked the same in both shows, but she is intended to be different characters in the two series).


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: Directed by Rintaro, the series features a dramatic narrative and a symphonic score performed by the Tokyo Philharmonic. While superficially a space opera the series raises a number of issues from the challenges in the life of men to the limits of violence as an effective solution to problems. For example, Harlock is sympathetic to the plight of the Mazone, a refugee people fleeing a dying planet, and he finds no pleasure in his battles with them.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: In 1978, a faithful English-subtitled version of the original series appeared uncut on the Honolulu-based Japanese-language UHF station, KIKU-TV. The following year, KIKU-TV distributed the series to other Japanese-language programmers on the Mainland, with KEMO-TV in San Francisco leading the way on Sunday nights at 8:00 pm. Other cities where the series was broadcast included Los Angeles and New York.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: An English dubbed version of a handful of the 1978 "Captain Harlock" TV episodes saw limited release in the U.S. (1981), mostly on cable and produced by ZIV International and given a VHS release by Family Home Entertainment. In all, four episodes of the series were dubbed, with the initial two episodes produced (episodes 1 and 9) appearing faithful to the original story. Several names were changed, such as the Mazones becoming Zetons and Yattaran becoming Youngblood. Two further episodes (2 & 3) were given a far less serious dub by ZIV, and one of the most highly joked elements in this adaptation was the change of Tadashi Daiba's name to Tommy Hairball. These episodes were subsequently acquired and redistributed in the early 1990s by Malibu Graphics, who advertised the episodes as "never-before-seen," and "completely unedited" when in reality the videos were badly mastered, with music drowning out dialogue and the audio and video falling out of sync on numerous occasions.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: The 1978 series was dubbed again in 1985, this time by Harmony Gold USA (of "Robotech") and known as "Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years". Using the same style as "Robotech" to meet TV syndication's 65+ episode requirement, the "Harlock" series was connected with another Matsumoto series, "Queen Millennia", to tell an intertwining story (Harmony Gold had originally planned to combine the original series with the 1982 "Harlock" series, "Endless Road SSX", but they had to change their plans upon learning of the cost of obtaining the American rights to the second show.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: Unlike "Robotech", episodes were made by inter-cutting whole scenes from each of the component series in each episode, with the "Queen Millennia" story never reaching its original conclusion. This method of reediting was very confusing, difficult to follow, and plot points would often change from one episode to the next with no apparent explanation. Despite the title, the two title characters never appear onscreen together. This version never saw wide release in North America.


title: Space Pirate Captain Harlock

text: Direct2Drive; but then in 2009, it decided to provide it for free on Crunchyroll to those who are willing to wait a certain number of days, and as part of a subscription to those who want it immediately. Funimation as well as Crunchyroll and Hulu have all the episodes with subtitles streaming on each sites respective Video Portal.