title: Magellanic Clouds

text: In Europe, the Clouds were first reported by 16th century Italian authors Peter Martyr d'Anghiera and Andrea Corsali, both based on Portuguese voyages. Subsequently, they were reported by Antonio Pigafetta, who accompanied the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan on its circumnavigation of the world in 1519–1522. However, naming the clouds after Magellan did not become widespread until much later. In Bayer's "Uranometria" they are designated as "nubecula major" and "nubecula minor". In the 1756 star map of the French astronomer Lacaille, they are designated as "le Grand Nuage" and "le Petit Nuage" ("the Large Cloud" and "the Small Cloud"). John Herschel studied the Magellanic Clouds from South Africa, writing an 1847 report detailing 919 objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud and 244 objects in the Small Magellanic Cloud. In 1867 Cleveland Abbe suggested that they were separate satellites of the Milky Way. Distances were first estimated by Ejnar Hertzsprung in 1913 using 1912 measurements of Cepheid variables in the SMC by Henrietta Leavitt.


title: Magellanic Clouds

text: Recalibration of the Cepheid scales allowed Harlow Shapley to refine the measurement, and these were again revised in 1952 following further research.


title: Magellanic Clouds

text: The Large Magellanic Cloud and its neighbour and relative, the Small Magellanic Cloud, are conspicuous objects in the southern hemisphere, looking like separated pieces of the Milky Way to the naked eye. Roughly 21° apart in the night sky, the true distance between them is roughly 75,000 light-years. Until the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy in 1994, they were the closest known galaxies to our own (since 2003, the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy was discovered to be closer still, and is now considered the actual nearest neighbor). The LMC lies about 160,000 light years away, while the SMC is around 200,000. The LMC is about twice the diameter of the SMC (14,000 ly and 7,000 ly respectively). For comparison, the Milky Way is about 100,000 ly across.


title: Magellanic Clouds

text: The total mass of these two galaxies is uncertain. Only a fraction of their gas seems to have coalesced into stars and they probably both have large dark matter halos. One recent estimate of the total mass of the LMC is about 1/10 that of the Milky Way. That would make the LMC rather a large galaxy in the current observable universe. Since the sizes of relatively nearby galaxies are highly skewed, the average mass can be a misleading statistic. In terms of rank, the LMC appears to be the fourth most massive member of over 50 galaxies in the local group. Suggesting that the Magellanic cloud system is historically not a part of the Milky Way is evidence that the SMC has been in orbit about the LMC for a very long time. The Magellanic system seems most similar to the distinct NGC 3109 system, which is on the edge of the Local Group.


title: Magellanic Clouds

text: Astronomers have long assumed that the Magellanic Clouds have orbited the Milky Way at approximately their current distances, but evidence suggests that it is rare for them to come as close to the Milky Way as they are now. Observation and theoretical evidence suggest that the Magellanic Clouds have both been greatly distorted by tidal interaction with the Milky Way as they travel close to it. The LMC maintains a very clear spiral structure in radio-telescope images of neutral hydrogen. Streams of neutral hydrogen connect them to the Milky Way and to each other, and both resemble disrupted barred spiral galaxies. Their gravity has affected the Milky Way as well, distorting the outer parts of the galactic disk.


title: Magellanic Clouds

text: Aside from their different structure and lower mass, they differ from our galaxy in two major ways. They are gas-rich; a higher fraction of their mass is hydrogen and helium compared to the Milky Way. They are also more metal-poor than the Milky Way; the youngest stars in the LMC and SMC have a metallicity of 0.5 and 0.25 times solar, respectively. Both are noted for their nebulae and young stellar populations, but as in our own galaxy their stars range from the very young to the very old, indicating a long stellar formation history.


title: Magellanic Clouds

text: The Large Magellanic Cloud was the host galaxy to a supernova (SN 1987A), the brightest observed in over four centuries.


title: Magellanic Clouds

text: Measurements with the Hubble Space Telescope, announced in 2006, suggest the Magellanic Clouds may be moving too fast to be long term companions of the Milky Way. If they are in orbit, that orbit takes at least 4 billion years. They are possibly on a first approach and we are witnessing the start of a galactic merger that may overlap with the Milky Way's expected merger with the Andromeda Galaxy (and perhaps the Triangulum Galaxy) in the future.


title: Magellanic Clouds

text: In 2019, astronomers discovered the young star cluster Price-Whelan 1 using "Gaia" data. The star cluster has a low metallicity and belongs to the leading arm of the Magellanic Clouds. The existence of this star cluster suggests that the leading arm of the Magellanic Clouds is 90,000 light-years away from the Milky Way—closer than previously thought.


title: Magellanic Clouds

text: Astrophysicists D. S. Mathewson, V. L. Ford and N. Visvanathan proposed that the SMC may in fact be split in two, with a smaller section of this galaxy behind the main part of the SMC (as seen from Earth's perspective), and separated by about 30,000 light years. They suggest the reason for this is due to a past interaction with the LMC splitting the SMC, and that the two sections are still moving apart. They have dubbed this smaller remnant the Mini Magellanic Cloud.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: The conjunction fallacy (also known as the Linda problem) is an inference from an array of particulars, in violation of the laws of probability, that a conjoint set of two or more conclusions is likelier than any single member of that same set. It is a type of formal fallacy.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: "Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and also participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations."


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: The majority of those asked chose option 2. However, the probability of two events occurring together (that is, in conjunction) is always less than or equal to the probability of either one occurring alone—formally, for two events "A" and "B" this inequality could be written as formula_1 and formula_2.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: For example, even choosing a very low probability of Linda's being a bank teller, say Pr(Linda is a bank teller) = 0.05 and a high probability that she would be a feminist, say Pr(Linda is a feminist) = 0.95, then, assuming these two facts are independent of each other, Pr(Linda is a bank teller "and" Linda is a feminist) = 0.05 × 0.95 or 0.0475, lower than Pr(Linda is a bank teller).


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Tversky and Kahneman argue that most people get this problem wrong because they use a heuristic (an easily calculated) procedure called representativeness to make this kind of judgment: Option 2 seems more "representative" of Linda from the description of her, even though it is clearly mathematically less likely.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: In other demonstrations, they argued that a specific scenario seemed more likely because of representativeness, but each added detail would actually make the scenario less and less likely. In this way it could be similar to the misleading vividness or slippery slope fallacies. More recently Kahneman has argued that the conjunction fallacy is a type of extension neglect.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Rating a conjunction of two events as more likely than one of the events alone is an example of a "conjunction error"; the human tendency to do this in general is known as the conjunction fallacy. This distinction is important because a reasoner could make these errors without necessarily having a bias towards making such errors in general, just as people can make bets with good expected value in general and still lose money on particular bets.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: In some experimental demonstrations, the conjoint option is evaluated separately from its basic option. In other words, one group of participants is asked to rank-order the likelihood that Linda is a bank teller, a high school teacher, and several other options, and another group is asked to rank-order whether Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement versus the same set of options (without "Linda is a bank teller" as an option). In this type of demonstration, different groups of subjects still rank-order Linda as a bank teller and active in the feminist movement more highly than Linda as a bank teller.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Separate evaluation experiments preceded the earliest joint evaluation experiments, and Kahneman and Tversky were surprised when the effect was observed even under joint evaluation.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: While the Linda problem is the best-known example, researchers have developed dozens of problems that reliably elicit the conjunction fallacy.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: The original report by Tversky & Kahneman (later republished as a book chapter) described four problems that elicited the conjunction fallacy, including the Linda problem. There was also a similar problem about a man named Bill (a good fit for the stereotype of an accountant — "intelligent, but unimaginative, compulsive, and generally lifeless" — but not a good fit for the stereotype of a jazz player), and two problems where participants were asked to make predictions for events that could occur in 1981.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Policy experts were asked to rate the probability that the Soviet Union would invade Poland, and the United States would break off diplomatic relations, all in the following year. They rated it on average as having a 4% probability of occurring. Another group of experts was asked to rate the probability simply that the United States would break off relations with the Soviet Union in the following year. They gave it an average probability of only 1%.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Suppose Björn Borg reaches the Wimbledon finals in 1981. Please rank order the following outcomes from most to least likely.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: On average, participants rated "Borg will lose the first set but win the match" more likely than "Borg will lose the first set".


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Tversky and Kahneman followed up their original findings with a 1983 paper that looked at dozens of new problems, most of these with multiple variations. The following are a couple of examples.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Consider a regular six-sided die with four green faces and two red faces. The die will be rolled 20 times and the sequence of greens (G) and reds (R) will be recorded. You are asked to select one sequence, from a set of three, and you will win $25 if the sequence you choose appears on successive rolls of the die.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: 65% of participants chose the second sequence, though option 1 is contained within it and is shorter than the other options. In a version where the $25 bet was only hypothetical the results did not significantly differ. Tversky and Kahneman argued that sequence 2 appears "representative" of a chance sequence (compare to the "clustering illusion").


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: A health survey was conducted in a representative sample of adult males in British Columbia of all ages and occupations.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: The probability of the conjunctions is never greater than that of its conjuncts. Therefore, the first choice is more probable.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Critics such as Gerd Gigerenzer and Ralph Hertwig criticized the Linda problem on grounds such as the wording and framing. The question of the Linda problem may violate conversational maxims in that people assume that the question obeys the maxim of relevance. Gigerenzer argues that some of the terminology used have polysemous meanings, the alternatives of which he claimed were more "natural". He argues that one meaning of "probable" ("what happens frequently") corresponds to the mathematical probability people are supposed to be tested on, but other meanings ("what is plausible" and "whether there is evidence") do not. The term "and" has even been argued to have relevant polysemous meanings. Many techniques have been developed to control for this possible misinterpretation, but none of them has dissipated the effect.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Many variations in wording of the Linda problem were studied by Tversky and Kahneman. If the first option is changed to obey conversational relevance, i.e., "Linda is a bank teller whether or not she is active in the feminist movement" the effect is decreased, but the majority (57%) of the respondents still commit the conjunction error. If the probability is changed to frequency format ("see debiasing section below") the effect is reduced or eliminated. However, studies exist in which indistinguishable conjunction fallacy rates have been observed with stimuli framed in terms of probabilities versus frequencies.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: The wording criticisms may be less applicable to the conjunction effect in separate evaluation. The "Linda problem" has been studied and criticized more than other types of demonstration of the effect (some described below).


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: In an incentivized experimental study, it has been shown that the conjunction fallacy decreased in those with greater cognitive ability, though it did not disappear. It has also been shown that the conjunction fallacy becomes less prevalent when subjects are allowed to consult with other subjects.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Still, the conjunction fallacy occurs even when people are asked to make bets with real money, and when they solve intuitive physics problems of various designs.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Drawing attention to set relationships, using frequencies instead of probabilities, and/or thinking diagrammatically sharply reduce the error in some forms of the conjunction fallacy.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: Whereas previously 85% of participants gave the wrong answer (bank teller and active in the feminist movement), in experiments done with this questioning none of the participants gave a wrong answer. Participants were forced to use a mathematical approach and thus recognized the difference more easily.


title: Conjunction fallacy

text: However, in some tasks only based on frequencies, not on stories, that used clear logical formulations, conjunction fallacies continued to occur dominantly, with only few exceptions, when the observed pattern of frequencies resembled a conjunction.


title: Cordyceps militaris

text: Cordyceps militaris is a species of fungus in the family Cordycipitaceae, and the type species of the genus "Cordyceps". It was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as "Clavaria militaris".


title: Cordyceps militaris

text: The fungus forms 1–8 cm high, club-shaped and orange/red fruiting bodies, which grow out of dead underground pupae. The club is covered with the stroma, into which the actual fruit bodies, the perithecia, are inserted. The surface appears roughly punctured. The inner fungal tissue is whitish to pale orange.


title: Cordyceps militaris

text: The spores are smooth, hyaline, long-filiform, and often septate. They decompose to maturity in 3–7 μm × 1–1.2 μm subpores. The asci are long and cylindrical. Sometimes an anamorphic state, which is "Isaria", is found. Masses of white mycelia form around the parasitised insect; however, these may not be of the same species.


title: Cordyceps militaris

text: "Cordyceps militaris" is a entomopathogenic fungus, meaning it parasitizes insects. Many authors consider it quite common, spread throughout the northern hemisphere, and fruiting bodies appear in Europe from August to November.


title: Cordyceps militaris

text: "C. militaris" can be cultivated in a variety of media, including silkworm pupae, rice, and liquid nutrition. It is considered inedible or "probably edible" by North American field guides. In Asia the fruiting body is cooked as a mushroom in dishes like chicken soup, pork bone soup and hot pot.


title: Cordyceps militaris

text: "C. militaris" is a potential harbourer of bio-metabolites for herbal drugs and there is evidence from ancient times for its applications for revitalization of various systems of the body. In traditional Chinese medicine, this fungus can serve as a cheap substitute for "Ophiocordyceps sinensis". Both contain cordycepin.


title: Cordyceps militaris

text: "C. militaris" contains a protein CMP18 which induces apoptosis "in vitro" via a mitochondrion-dependent pathway. It is thought that it might be toxic when eaten. Cooking destroys this protein.


title: Cordyceps militaris

text: In June 2019, researchers discovered Cordyceps militaris at an altitude of 2500m in Hoàng Liên National Park Sa Pa- Lao Cai, Vietnam.


title: Cordyceps militaris

text: Cordyceps in the wild has more than 400 different species. Similar species include "Cordyceps sobolifera", "Elaphocordyceps capitata", and "Elaphocordyceps ophioglossoides".


title: Cordyceps militaris

text: Bai & Sheu 2018 find a new protein causing apoptosis. Song "et al.", 2009 finds microwave-assisted extraction to be a good technique for polysaccharide extraction from this fungus.


title: Visa requirements for Swedish citizens

text: Visa requirements for Swedish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Sweden. As of 11 January 2022, Swedish citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 188 countries and territories, ranking the Swedish passport 4th in the world in terms of travel freedom (tied with Austria, Denmark, France and the Netherlands) according to the Henley Passport Index.


title: Visa requirements for Swedish citizens

text: As a member state of the European Union, Swedish citizens enjoy freedom of movement within the European Economic Area (EEA). The Citizens’ Rights Directive defines the right of free movement for citizens of the EEA. Through bilateral agreements freedom of movement is extended to Switzerland, and all EU and EFTA nationals are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries.


title: Visa requirements for Swedish citizens

text: In order to travel to another country, a Swedish citizen requires a passport, except within the Nordic Passport Union, where no identity card is formally required. A passport is also not required for holders of the Swedish national identity card for travel to European countries (except Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and United Kingdom), Dominica, French overseas territories, Georgia, Montserrat and Tunisia.


title: Visa requirements for Swedish citizens

text: Visa requirements for Swedish citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries, and restricted zones:


title: Visa requirements for Swedish citizens

text: Holders of Swedish diplomatic passports have additional visa-free access to Russia. Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa-free access to Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Mali and Zimbabwe.


title: Visa requirements for Swedish citizens

text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.


title: Visa requirements for Swedish citizens

text: When in a non-EU country where there is no Swedish embassy, Swedish citizens as EU citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country.


title: Visa requirements for Swedish citizens

text: Swedish citizens may also seek assistance from public officials in the foreign services of any of the Nordic countries, when in a country with no Swedish representation. This is afforded by the Helsinki Treaty which states that public officials in the foreign services of any of the Nordic countries shall assist citizens of another Nordic country if that country is not represented in the territory concerned.


title: Association of German National Jews

text: The Association of German National Jews (German: "Verband nationaldeutscher Juden") was a German Jewish organization during the Weimar Republic and the early years of Nazi Germany that eventually came out in support of Adolf Hitler.


title: Association of German National Jews

text: The Association of German National Jews was founded in 1921 by Max Naumann, who was its chairman until 1926 and again from 1933 to 1935, when the association was dissolved. The association was close to the national conservative and monarchist German National People's Party which, however, refused affiliation to the Association.


title: Association of German National Jews

text: The goal of the Association was the total assimilation of Jews into the German "Volksgemeinschaft", self-eradication of Jewish identity, and the expulsion from Germany of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. Naumann was especially opposed to Zionists and Eastern European Jews. He considered the former a threat to Jewish integration and carriers of a "racist" ideology serving British imperial purposes. He saw the latter as racially and spiritually inferior.


title: Association of German National Jews

text: The association's official organ was the monthly "Der nationaldeutsche Jude" edited by Max Naumann. The magazine had a circulation of 6,000 in 1927.


title: Association of German National Jews

text: Among the activities of the Association was the fight against the Jewish boycott of German goods. It also issued a manifesto that stated that the Jews were being fairly treated.


title: Association of German National Jews

text: We have always held the well-being of the German people and the fatherland, to which we feel inextricably linked, above our own well-being. Thus we greeted the results of January 1933, even though it has brought hardship for us personally.


title: Association of German National Jews

text: A possible reason why some German Jews supported Hitler may have been that they thought that his antisemitism was only for the purpose of "stirring up the masses".


title: Association of German National Jews

text: The seemingly ironic fact that a Jewish association advocated loyalty to the Nazi programme gave rise to a contemporary joke about Naumann and his followers ending their meeting by giving the Nazi salute and shouting "Down With Us!".


title: Association of German National Jews

text: Despite the extreme patriotism of Naumann and his colleagues, the German government did not accept their goal of assimilation. The Association of German National Jews was declared illegal and dissolved on 18 November 1935. Naumann was arrested by the Gestapo the same day and imprisoned at the Columbia concentration camp. He was released after a few weeks, and died of cancer in May 1939.


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "AFP" gene. The "AFP" gene is located on the "q" arm of chromosome 4 (4q25). Maternal AFP serum level is used to screen for Down syndrome, neural tube defects, and other chromosomal abnormalities.


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: AFP is a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the fetal liver during fetal development. It is thought to be the fetal analog of serum albumin. AFP binds to copper, nickel, fatty acids and bilirubin and is found in monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms.


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: The function of AFP in adult humans is unknown. AFP is the most abundant plasma protein found in the human fetus. Maternal plasma levels peak near the end of the first trimester, and begin decreasing prenatally at that time, then decrease rapidly after birth. Normal adult levels in the newborn are usually reached by the age of 8 to 12 months. While the function in humans is unknown, in rodents it binds estradiol to prevent the transport of this hormone across the placenta to the fetus. The main function of this is to prevent the virilization of female fetuses. As human AFP does not bind estrogen, its function in humans is less clear.


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: The rodent AFP system can be overridden with massive injections of estrogen, which overwhelm the AFP system and will masculinize the fetus. The masculinizing effect of estrogens may seem counter-intuitive since estrogens are critical for the proper development of female secondary characteristics during puberty. However, this is not the case prenatally. Gonadal hormones from the testes, such as testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone, are required to cause development of a phenotypic male. Without these hormones, the fetus will develop into a phenotypic female even if genetically XY. The conversion of testosterone into estradiol by aromatase in many tissues may be an important step in masculinization of that tissue. Masculinization of the brain is thought to occur both by conversion of testosterone into estradiol by aromatase, but also by de novo synthesis of estrogens within the brain. Thus, AFP may protect the fetus from maternal estradiol that would otherwise have a masculinizing effect on the fetus, but its exact role is still controversial.


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: In pregnant women, fetal AFP levels can be monitored in the urine of the pregnant woman. Since AFP is quickly cleared from the mother's serum via her kidneys, maternal urine AFP correlates with fetal serum levels, although the maternal urine level is much lower than the fetal serum level. AFP levels rise until about week 32. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening is performed at 16 to 18 weeks of gestation. If MSAFP levels indicate an anomaly, amniocentesis may be offered to the patient.


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: The normal range of AFP for adults and children is variously reported as under 50, under 10, or under 5 ng/mL. At birth, normal infants have AFP levels four or more orders of magnitude above this normal range, that decreases to a normal range over the first year of life.


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: During this time, the normal range of AFP levels spans approximately two orders of magnitude. Correct evaluation of "abnormal" AFP levels in infants must take into account these normal patterns.


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: Very high AFP levels may be subject to hooking (see Tumor marker), which results in the level being reported significantly lower than the actual concentration. This is important for analysis of a series of AFP tumor marker tests, e.g. in the context of post-treatment early surveillance of cancer survivors, where the rate of decrease of AFP has diagnostic value.


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: Measurement of AFP is generally used in two clinical contexts. First, it is measured in pregnant women through the analysis of maternal blood or amniotic fluid as a screening test for certain developmental abnormalities, such as aneuploidy. Second, serum AFP level is elevated in people with certain tumors, and so it is used as a biomarker to follow these diseases. Some of these diseases are listed below:


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: A peptide derived from AFP that is referred to as AFPep is claimed to possess anti-cancer properties.


title: Alpha-fetoprotein

text: In the treatment of testicular cancer it is paramount to differentiate seminomatous and nonseminomatous tumors. This is typically done pathologically after removal of the testicle and confirmed by tumor markers. However, if the pathology is pure seminoma, if the AFP is elevated, the tumor is treated as a nonseminomatous tumor because it contains yolk sac (nonseminomatous) components.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Walker Anthony Buehler (born July 28, 1994) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played college baseball for the Vanderbilt Commodores and was a member of their 2014 College World Series championship team. Buehler was selected by the Dodgers 24th overall in the 2015 MLB draft out of Vanderbilt and made his MLB debut in 2017. He was an All-Star in 2019 and 2021 and helped the Dodgers win the 2020 World Series.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler attended Henry Clay High School in Lexington, Kentucky. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 14th round of the 2012 Major League Baseball Draft, but did not sign and instead honored his commitment to Vanderbilt University.


title: Walker Buehler

text: As a freshman in 2013, he made 9 starts and appeared in 16 games. He had a 4–3 record with a 3.14 earned run average (ERA) and 57 strikeouts. As a sophomore, he went 12–2 with 111 strikeouts and a 2.64 ERA and was a member of the 2014 College World Series championship team. On June 16, 2014, Buehler pitched 5.1 innings of no-hit relief, retiring the first nine batters he faced and striking out 7 batters in Vanderbilt's 6–4 win over University of California Irvine.


title: Walker Buehler

text: After the 2014 season Buehler played for Team USA and the Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL). He posted a 0.63 earned run average with 24 strikeouts over 28.2 innings pitched for the Red Sox. In the 2014 CCBL playoffs, he did not allow a run in 15.1 innings, won both of his starts, and was a co-winner of MVP honors, leading the Red Sox to the league championship.


title: Walker Buehler

text: In 2015, as a junior he posted a 2.97 ERA in 78.2 innings for the Commodores while striking out 81 and walking 25. Over the course of his three-year college career, he went 20–7 with a 2.88 ERA in 49 games, striking out 249 against only 83 walks.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers with the 24th overall selection of the 2015 Major League Baseball draft and signed on July 17, 2015, for a $1.78 million bonus. Soon after his signing, it was revealed that he would require Tommy John surgery and would therefore be sidelined for a year and a half with recovery. He finally made his professional baseball debut on August 23, 2016, for the Arizona League Dodgers, striking out three and retiring all six batters he faced. He was then promoted to the Great Lakes Loons of the Midwest League on August 28. He appeared in two games for the Loons, making one start, and did not allow a run or a hit in the three innings he pitched.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler began the 2017 season with the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes of the California League and allowed only three runs in innings over five starts before he was promoted to the Double-A Tulsa Drillers of the Texas League on May 2. While with the Drillers, he made 11 starts with a 3.49 ERA and was selected to appear in the mid-season Texas League all-star game. He was promoted to the Triple-A Oklahoma City Dodgers at mid-season where he made three starts before transitioning to the bullpen in preparation for a potential September major league callup. He had a 4.63 ERA in innings for Oklahoma City. At the end of the season, he was selected as the Dodgers minor league pitcher of the year.


title: Walker Buehler

text: The Dodgers added Buehler to the major league roster for the first time on September 6, 2017, and he made his major league debut that night with two scoreless innings of relief against the Colorado Rockies. His first MLB strikeout was against Charlie Blackmon of the Rockies. He picked up his first major league win with a scoreless inning of relief against the Philadelphia Phillies on September 21. Overall, Buehler appeared in eight Dodgers games in 2017, allowing eight runs in innings (7.71 ERA) with 12 strikeouts and eight walks.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler made his first major league start on April 23, 2018, against the Miami Marlins, pitching five scoreless innings. On May 4, against the San Diego Padres, he took a no-hitter through six innings, with eight strikeouts, until being taken out of the game after 93 pitches. Three relief pitchers combined to finish it off as the Dodgers won 4–0, the first combined no-hitter in franchise history. He was placed on the disabled list on June 21 because of a rib injury. He returned to make an appearance out of the bullpen on June 28 but allowed five earned runs in one inning before returning to the disabled list. On July 13, Buehler made his first start in over a month against the Los Angeles Angels, allowing two solo home runs to Kole Calhoun but no other earned runs. He set a new career high in strikeouts with nine on August 22. After three more nine-strikeout starts, he struck out 12 on September 19 against the Colorado Rockies.


title: Walker Buehler

text: On October 1, Buehler started the NL West Tie-Breaker Game against the Colorado Rockies. He picked up the win, giving up only one hit and allowing no runner to advance past second base. He also got his first career MLB run batted in in his 47th plate appearance. In 24 appearances for the Dodgers (23 starts and one relief appearance) in 2018, Buehler was 8–5 with a 2.62 ERA and 151 strikeouts. In the 2018 NLDS against the Atlanta Braves, he started one game and allowed five runs in five innings; in the 2018 NLCS against the Milwaukee Brewers he started two games, allowing five runs in innings; and he threw seven scoreless innings in game 3 of the 2018 World Series against the Boston Red Sox. Buehler finished third in voting for the National League Rookie of the Year, behind Atlanta Braves outfielder Ronald Acuña Jr. and Washington Nationals outfielder Juan Soto.


title: Walker Buehler

text: On April 11, Buehler hit his first career home run off of Michael Wacha of the St. Louis Cardinals. On June 21, he threw his first complete game against the Colorado Rockies, becoming the first Dodger pitcher with over 15 strikeouts and no walks. He struck out 16 Rockies, giving up three hits on 111 pitches. He was selected to the 2019 MLB All-Star Game, his first all-star appearance, in which he gave up one run in one inning. On August 3, Buehler pitched another complete game, against the San Diego Padres. He struck out 15 Padre hitters and walked none; San Diego's only run was a Manuel Margot solo home run. At the same time he became only the third pitcher in MLB history (after Dwight Gooden and Pedro Martínez) with multiple games with 15 strikeouts and no walks in the same season.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler finished the 2019 regular season with a record of 14–4, and a 3.26 ERA (9th in the NL) in 30 starts, with two complete games and 215 strikeouts. His .778 win–loss percentage was the best in the league, and he also led the league in complete games with two. He finished ninth in the Cy Young Award voting. Buehler was named the Dodgers' game one starter for the NLDS. He allowed only one hit in six scoreless innings, while striking out eight and walking three to pick up the win. He also started the deciding fifth game of the series, allowing only one run in innings while striking out seven in a game the Dodgers eventually lost in extra innings.


title: Walker Buehler

text: In the pandemic-shortened 2020 season, Buehler posted a 1–0 record with a 3.44 ERA in eight starts, striking out 42 batters in 36.2 innings. Buehler started the first games of the first and second round playoff series against the Milwaukee Brewers and San Diego Padres, pitching just four innings in each game, with three total runs allowed. In the NLCS against the Atlanta Braves, he started the first and sixth games, working a total of 11 innings with only one run allowed while striking out 13. He was the winning pitcher in game 6. In the third game of the 2020 World Series, Buehler picked up the win against the Tampa Bay Rays, striking out 10 in six innings while allowing one earned run on three hits. He was the third-youngest pitcher with 10 or more strikeouts and three or fewer hits in a World Series game, behind only Ed Walsh in 1906 and Josh Beckett in 2003. The Dodgers won the World Series in six games.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler was eligible for salary arbitration for the first time before the 2021 season. On February 10, he signed a two-year contract with the Dodgers for $8 million.


title: Walker Buehler

text: On June 20, Buehler won his seventh game of the season, tying Kirby Higbe for the Dodgers franchise record of 23 consecutive starts without a loss, going back to the 2019 season. He was a 2021 National League All Star, and the July 2021 NL Pitcher of the Month.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler was 16–4 (.800; 2nd in the NL) in the 2021 regular season, with a 2.47 ERA (3rd) and 212 strikeouts (7th). His 16 wins were 3rd in the league. He gave up 6.458 hits per 9 innings (2nd in the NL), and had a WHIP of 0.968 (4th). Buehler started the first game of the 2021 NLDS against the San Francisco Giants, allowing three runs on innings to take the loss. He then started Game 4 on short rest, the first time he had done that in his career. In the game, he allowed one run on three hits in innings. He struggled in his first start in the 2021 NLCS, allowing four runs on six hits while walking three in innings in game 3. He again pitched on short rest in game 6 after Max Scherzer was unable to go, he allowed seven hits and four runs (three of them on a home run by Eddie Rosario) in four innings while striking out six as the Dodgers were eliminated from the playoffs.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler made his first Opening Day start on April 8 for the Dodgers against the Rockies. He allowed two runs in five innings to record the win. On April 25, he pitched his first career shutout against the Arizona Diamondbacks, striking out 10 batters and allowing only three hits and no walks. Buehler made 12 starts for the Dodgers in 2022, with a 6–3 record and 4.02 ERA. He left a game with the Giants on June 10 because of discomfort in his pitching elbow which eventually resulted in him undergoing season ending surgery. After his surgery was performed the Dodgers announced that Buehler underwent both a second Tommy John surgery as well as flexor tendon repair, likely keeping him sidelined until the 2024 season.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler has heard the famous roll call scene from the 1986 film "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" many times throughout his life. Buehler embraced the nickname "Ferris," incorporating it into his Twitter handle and wearing it on his jersey during the 2018 MLB Players Weekend. He chose to wear the nickname "Buetane" for the 2019 MLB Players Weekend.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler is a native of Lexington, Kentucky, the "Horse Capital of the World," home to the Kentucky Horse Park, The Red Mile and Keeneland race courses, and grew up a big fan of horse racing. He has a minority ownership stake in 2020 Kentucky Derby and 2020 Breeders' Cup Classic winner Authentic, trained by Bob Baffert. Buehler attended the 2020 Breeders' Cup Classic to see Authentic win at Keeneland.


title: Walker Buehler

text: Buehler is married to McKenzie Marcinek, whom he began dating in high school, and the couple reside in Lexington.


title: RSM International

text: RSM International, branded RSM since 2015, is a multinational network of accounting firms forming the sixth-largest accountancy professional services network in the world by revenue. RSM's member firms are independent accounting and advisory businesses, each of which practices in its own right and is unified as part of the network.


title: RSM International

text: The network is not a separate legal entity of any description in any jurisdiction and does not provide services. The largest member firms are RSM US formerly known as McGladrey, and RSM UK formerly Baker Tilly LLP.


title: RSM International

text: RSM International was founded in 1964 as a small network called DRM (Dunwoody, Robson Rhodes, and McGladrey & Pullen). The organisation restructured in 1993, changing its name to RSM International.The word International was dropped in 2015.


title: RSM International

text: Historically, RSM was derived from the initials of three of the original founding member firms of the organization:


title: RSM International

text: Founding member Robson Rhodes was acquired by Grant Thornton and absorbed within its network, while Salustro Reydel merged with KPMG. McGladrey, the member firm of RSM US, is still part of the network today.


title: RSM International

text: In January 2006, Jean Stephens became the first female chief executive officer of an international accounting network in the Top 10.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: The Chairperson of the African Union is the ceremonial head of the African Union (AU) elected by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government for a one-year term. It rotates among the continent's five regions.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: A candidate must be selected by consensus or at least two-thirds majority vote by member states. The chairperson is expected to complete the term without interruption; hence countries with impending elections may be ineligible.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: Senegal's Macky Sall became the current Chairperson of the African Union on February 5, 2022. The next chairperson will be elected from the East Africa region in early 2023. Both Kenya and Comoros are vying for the position.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: In 2002, South African President Thabo Mbeki served as the inaugural chairman of the union. The post rotates annually amongst the five geographic regions of Africa; and over the years it has assumed the following order: East, North, Southern, Central and West Africa.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: In January 2007, the assembly elected Ghanaian President John Kufuor over Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir due to the ongoing conflict in Darfur. Amnesty International said it would undermine African Union's credibility and Chad threatened to withdraw its membership. Western governments also lobbied against Sudan and suggested Tanzania as a compromise candidate from the East African region. By consensus, Ghana was elected instead as it was celebrating its 50th independence anniversary that year.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: In January 2010, Libyan Leader Muammar Gaddafi unsuccessfully tried to extend his tenure by an additional year, saying more time was needed in order to implement his vision for a United States of Africa - of which he was a strong proponent. Libya was at the time one of the largest financial supporters of the AU. Malawi was chosen instead.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: The election of Equatoguinean President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo in January 2011 was criticized by human rights activists as it undermined the AU's commitment to democracy.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: Congolese Republic President Denis Sassou Nguesso and Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe have both led the AU and its predecessor, the Organisation of African Unity during the terms 1986–88 and 2006–07, and 1997–98 and 2015–16 respectively.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: The incumbent chairs the biannual summit meetings of the assembly and represents the continent in various international fora such as G7, TICAD, FOCAC and G20 summits.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: They also assist in resolving crises on the continent as an elder statesman. It has been suggested that liaison offices be established to prevent friction between the incumbent and the Commission Chairperson at the headquarters in Addis Ababa.


title: Chairperson of the African Union

text: In 2008, following Kenya's post-election crisis, AU Chairman Jakaya Kikwete was instrumental in facilitating the opposing sides to agree to a Government of National Unity. Kikwete also backed the invasion of Anjouan by sending an AU Force to assist the Comoros federal government to remove renegade leader Mohamed Bacar.


title: Dan Scavino

text: Daniel Scavino Jr. is an American political adviser who served in the Trump administration as White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Communications from 2019 to 2021 and Director of Social Media from 2017 to 2021. Scavino previously was the general manager of Trump National Golf Club Westchester and the director of social media for the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign.


title: Dan Scavino

text: Scavino was born in New York and is of Italian descent. He was raised in the New York City area. In 1992, Scavino was selected as a caddie for Trump's golf party at Briar Hall Country Club (later renamed Trump National Golf Club Westchester). He graduated from the State University of New York at Plattsburgh in 1998 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications.


title: Dan Scavino

text: Scavino worked for a few years at Coca-Cola and Galderma before becoming general manager of Trump National Golf Club Westchester.


title: Dan Scavino

text: Scavino was involved with Donald Trump's presidential campaign since it began in June 2015. In February 2016, Trump appointed Scavino as the campaign's director of social media. Over July 4, 2016 weekend, controversy arose when Trump's Twitter account posted an image selected by Scavino of Hillary Clinton with a text in the shape of a Star of David calling her the "Most Corrupt Candidate Ever." The image had originally appeared on an anti-Semitic, white supremacist message board. Trump's team defended its use saying that the star was a "sheriff's badge", before eventually deleting it and posting a new picture with a circle replacing the star.


title: Dan Scavino

text: On December 22, 2016, Scavino was named White House Director of Social Media under President Donald Trump.


title: Dan Scavino

text: In April 2017, ethics attorney Richard Painter accused Scavino of violating the Hatch Act of 1939 (which bars executive branch employees from engaging in electoral activities) after Scavino, from his personal Twitter account had called for defeating Congressman Justin Amash. The United States Office of Special Counsel then informed Scavino that his tweet had indeed violated the Hatch Act and warned future violations "could result in further action." In May 2019, "Politico" reported that Scavino frequented the r/The_Donald subreddit.


title: Dan Scavino

text: On June 18, 2019, "USA Today" released an article stating that Scavino writes several of Trump's tweets, most likely those sent between 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. and those without spelling mistakes.


title: Dan Scavino

text: Scavino was the longest-serving aide in the Trump Administration. He remained as Director of Social Media until the end of Trump's term as president.


title: Dan Scavino

text: On September 24, 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives committee investigating the January 6 2021 United States Capitol attack subpoenaed Scavino for records and testimony relating to the incident. Scavino has been evading investigators. On April 6, 2022, the House of Representatives voted to hold Scavino and Peter Navarro in contempt for their refusals to testify before the House Select Committee on the basis of Executive Privilege claims.


title: Dan Scavino

text: Daniel and Jennifer Scavino were married in 2000; they have two children. His wife filed for divorce in January 2018.


title: Duff Beer

text: Duff Beer is a brand of beer that originated as a fictional beverage on the animated series "The Simpsons". Beers using the Duff branding have been brewed in a number of countries, resulting in legal battles with varying results. An official version of the beer is sold in three variations near the Simpsons Ride at Universal Studios. In 2015, 20th Century Fox, producer of "The Simpsons", began selling licensed Duff beer in Chile, with a view to driving out brandjacking.


title: Duff Beer

text: In 2016, "Time" included Duff Beer in a list of the most influential fictional companies of all time.


title: Duff Beer

text: Duff is Homer Simpson's beer of choice. It is a parody of stereotypical mass-market American lager: cheap, poor-quality, and heavily marketed everywhere.


title: Duff Beer

text: The beer's slogan is "Can't Get Enough of That Wonderful Duff", though there are others. In the season four episode, "Duffless", parking lot signs at the Duff brewery have the slogans "It's Always Time For Duff" and "Now Leaving Duff Country". In the first season episode, "Homer's Odyssey", Duff is described as "The beer that makes the days fly by".


title: Duff Beer

text: Their spokesperson is Duffman, a parody of Budweiser's 1970s-era mascot Bud Man. He is a muscular, bleach-blond, well-tanned man with whitened teeth who wears a blue leotard and cape, red Duff Beer ballcap, mirror sunglasses, and a utility belt full of cans of Duff Beer. He speaks in a loud and overly-enthusiastic staccato voice (like a radio DJ or beer commercial pitchman) and does a lot of exaggerated physical movements like a male exotic dancer - like dancing in place, groin-thrusting, hip shaking, and rubbing his buttocks with a towel. There are apparently many identical Duffmen; however, like mall Santas they never appear at the same place at the same time (so as to not disillusion the kids). One retired Duffman in Alcoholics Anonymous referred to himself as "Barry Duffman", indicating that he had to assume the identity of Duffman as part of the job. Some of the actors who play him have actually died (presumably from alcohol-related causes); their demise was never acknowledged because the character of Duffman is unaging and immortal. At public appearances he is often flanked by a random pair of beautiful, scantily-clad women who act as arm-candy, backup dancers, and assistants.


title: Duff Beer

text: While Duff Beer comes in several varieties, it is revealed on a Duff Brewery tour in "Duffless" that regular Duff, Duff Light, and Duff Dry are the same beer, although Homer and Barney apparently remain oblivious to the fact. A tasting room contains Duff Dark beer and Duff Gummy Beers candy; it also contains several varieties that Barney stated they had not tried yet, including "Raspberry Duff", "Lady Duff" and "Tartar Control Duff".


title: Duff Beer

text: In "A Tree Grows in Springfield", Homer asks for Moe's best beer, so Moe gives him a Duff Adequate. In "The Great Louse Detective", Duffman claims that Duff Stout is "the beer that made Ireland famous". In "Homer the Moe", Moe sells "Malaysian Duff", which is made with soy sauce at his trendy bar. In "The Springfield Files", Moe offers Homer a bottle of "Düff"—a variant allegedly from Sweden, but is actually just a normal bottle of Duff with an accent mark drawn over the U with marker ( ).


title: Duff Beer

text: In "The War of Art", Homer offers Kirk Van Houten a "Canadian Duff", which is labeled as "Le Duff Beer avec Codeine", and has a picture of Duffman in a RCMP uniform saying his catch phrase in both English ("Oh Yeah!") and French ("Mais Oui!").


title: Duff Beer

text: In "Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk", Homer celebrates a recent minor stock windfall by ordering a bottle of Henry K. Duff's Private Reserve, which is implied to be more costly and of better quality, and which is an apparent spoof of Henry Weinhard's Private Reserve, as well as alluding to Hendrik Doeff, the Dutch commissioner of the Dejima trading outpost, who first introduced beer to Japan.


title: Duff Beer

text: In the season 21 episode "To Surveil With Love", Duffman makes a giveaway of Duff advertising in Moe's bar while "Get Ready For This" by 2 Unlimited plays on the background, suggesting this might be the theme song for the beer brand or for the character.


title: Duff Beer

text: Fudd, a competitor to Duff, appears in the episodes "Colonel Homer" and "Lemon of Troy", the latter showing it being enjoyed by residents of Shelbyville, rival town to the Simpsons' home of Springfield. Consumption of Fudd however is alleged by bartender Moe Szyslak to have made hillbillies go blind.


title: Duff Beer

text: In "Selma's Choice", Bart and Lisa Simpson travel with their aunt Selma to Duff Gardens, a parody of the Busch Gardens amusement park, but also containing elements of Disneyland. In the gift shop, Bart spots "beer goggles", spectacles that mimic what drunks see: they make Aunt Selma appear young, feminine, and beautiful to Bart - and also, somehow, alter her voice. Later, they see the mascots of Duff Beer, the Seven Duffs (a parody of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs")—Sleazy, Queasy, Surly, Edgy, Tipsy, Dizzy, and Remorseful.


title: Duff Beer

text: In the same episode, there is also a direct parody of the "It's a Small World" attraction at Disney parks. In the cartoon, the boats float on a brown liquid as animatronic children sing "Duff beer for me, Duff beer for you, I'll have a Duff, You have one, too," over and over again. Lisa drinks the liquid in the ride on a dare from Bart, and she freaks out from its hallucinogenic properties.


title: Duff Beer

text: Other Duff Gardens attractions include the Beeramid, the Beerquarium ("Home of the world's happiest fish"), the Beer Hall of Presidents, the Washing Machine ride, the Whiplash rollercoaster, singing group Hooray for Everything (who sing a politically correct version of Lou Reed's "Walk on the Wild Side" and are based on Up with People), and a direct parody of Disneyland's Main Street Electrical Parade.


title: Duff Beer

text: There has been speculation that the name was inspired by one-syllable beer names in the United States (such as "Bud"), and "The Simpsons"' writers had found the name humorous. However, longtime Simpsons animator, producer, and director David Silverman stated in 2012 that Groening named the beer "Duff" simply for the convenient rhyme in the slogan "Can't Get Enough of that Wonderful Duff". In 2018, writer/producer Mike Reiss stated Jay Kogen came up with the name.


title: Duff Beer

text: In an excerpt from his autobiography, Guns N' Roses bassist Duff McKagan claimed that the beer was named after him as the writers were fans of the band and he was known for his extreme alcohol consumption and was popularly called "The King of Beers". This is a claim "Simpsons" creator Matt Groening has called "absurd". In response McKagan has stated that he thought it was common knowledge and uncontroversial that he was the origin of the name, and jokingly called assertions to the contrary "absurd." Reiss again denied the connection in 2018, stating, "No, it was "not" named after Duff McKagan ... We'd never heard of this guy. Have you? ... It's a cute fake story that McKagan tells."


title: Duff Beer

text: Moe's Tavern is a very close recreation of a tavern that was a block from the University of Oregon when Groening was there, called Duffy's.


title: Duff Beer

text: Matt Groening has stated that he will not license the Duff trademark to brew an actual beer, over concern that it would encourage children to drink. However, there have been a few notable cases of individual companies and persons who have used the term "Duff Beer" with varying success.


title: Duff Beer

text: Bilbo's pizza and brewery in Kalamazoo, Michigan also brewed their own form of Duff beer, which had a Homer Simpson tap handle to complete the reference.


title: Duff Beer

text: On June 1, 2013, Universal Studios Florida began offering officially-licensed Duff Beer in their expanded Springfield area at a replica of Moe's Tavern and a waterfront Duff Brewery.


title: Duff Beer

text: In Germany the Eschweger Klosterbrauerei, a brewery in Hessen, brewed a Duff Beer under the German Reinheitsgebot, under contract for Duff Beer UG. It was distributed in many European countries, and in Australia from 2011.


title: Duff Beer

text: Duff Beer UG applied for an EU Community Trade Mark (CTM) in 2009, which was opposed by Twentieth Century Fox. In 2011 the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market decided in favour of Fox, and in 2012 Duff Beer UG appealed to the European Court of Justice (ECJ).


title: Duff Beer

text: Twentieth Century Fox had itself been granted a CTM for the logo "Duff BEER" for use in several categories of non-beer merchandise. Fox had applied for the CTM in 1999, but opposition from the makers of "Mac Duff's"-branded wine and spirits delayed the grant till 2006. Fox's CTM was cancelled by the OHIM in 2011, following a 2010 ruling by the Brussels Commercial Court that a "Beer" logo applied exclusively to non-beer merchandise was misleading.


title: Duff Beer

text: In 2014, Duff Beer UG's CTM was transferred to Fox, and the ECJ case was withdrawn. There was also a German trademark registered in 1999 to Duff Beverage GmbH, creating what one lawyer in 2015 called a "very complex situation".


title: Duff Beer

text: Daleside Brewery in England makes a beer called Duff. Duff Beer UG's beer is distributed in the United Kingdom as "The Legendary Duff Beer". While news reports of its 2011 introduction mentioned "The Simpsons", its own website does not, although it refers to its "iconic packaging" and states "The product has certainly fulfilled its namesake in becoming a modern day legend".


title: Duff Beer

text: In the mid 1990s, the Lion Nathan brewery in Australia produced a beer called Duff, which resulted in 20th Century Fox bringing legal action against the company. The product was ordered to be pulled from the shelves and destroyed because of the likely association in public mind between the "Simpsons" brand and characters and Lion Nathan's product, though the manufacturer did not use any "Simpsons" characters or the "Simpsons" Duff Beer design. This version of the beer became a collectors' item, with one case selling for US$13,000.


title: Duff Beer

text: In May 2014, another incarnation of Duff was launched and sold through the Woolworths chain, but was pulled from Australian shelves on September 8 after a complaint to the Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code adjudication panel was upheld over concerns over the product's appeal to minors.


title: Duff Beer

text: The Investigations Police of Chile seized 60,000 bottles of Duff-brand beer in the city of Linares following an intellectual property complaint from 20th Century Fox in March 2013.


title: Duff Beer

text: Partially due to unauthorized Duff beer in the country, Fox announced plans to sell official Duff beer in Chile starting in early 2016, with plans to expand elsewhere in South America and into Europe. Producing a real Duff beer will allow Fox stronger trademark protections of the Duff name; as a fictional product, it is more susceptible to piracy.


title: Duff Beer

text: Since 2006, Rodrigo Contreras, from Guadalajara, Mexico is setting up a business with the purpose of selling Duff beer. He managed to register the "Duff" trademark in Mexico, as well as the domain name DuffDeMexico.com. Contreras designed the bottle to be identical to the one portrayed on "The Simpsons". The bottle can be seen at his website. The beer is currently available at a few bars, but Contreras has stated his intention of selling it at convenience stores and even exporting it to the United States.


title: Duff Beer

text: This case has been featured on several Mexican newspapers and magazines, but most of them focus on the novelty the beer represents, rather than the legal implications of it. The "Duff" trademark was not registered in Mexico before Contreras registered it; however, Mexican intellectual property law recognizes the concept of "brand notoriety", which states that if any brand is well known by a specific section of the consumers or the industry due to the commercial activities or advertisement done by its owners, they have the right to claim the ownership of the trademark.


title: Duff Beer

text: Since its inception, the Mexican brand Duff has spread to other countries in Latin-America like Brazil, Chile, Colombia, among others.


title: Duff Beer

text: Duff Beer UG's beer was introduced into France in 2011, though with limited success. Since French television has a strict prohibition on advertising and product placement of alcohol, subsequent broadcasts of "The Simpsons" have blurred the Duff logo on screen. The name is not censored on the soundtrack, but Duffman was redubbed "Uffman".


title: Duff Beer

text: While Duff Brewery in Dunedin, New Zealand brewed Duff Beer many years before "The Simpsons", after threats of legal action by Fox, they negotiated at name to McDuff.


title: Duff Beer

text: The gift shop of The Simpsons Ride at Universal Studios sells a canned energy drink made by Boston America Corp. that is designed to look like a Duff Beer can. It is also sold at a limited number of other locations, including Five Below, 2nd & Charles, and in the UK at American import stores such as Cybercandy, and Bootleggers.


title: Arma 3

text: Arma 3 is an open world realism-based military tactical shooter video game developed and published by Bohemia Interactive exclusively through the Steam distribution platform. It is the third main entry in the "Arma" series, and the eighth installment overall. "Arma 3" was released for Microsoft Windows on September 12, 2013, and for macOS and Linux on August 31, 2015.


title: Arma 3

text: "Arma 3" primarily takes place in the mid-2030s, on the fictional islands of Altis and Stratis in the South Mediterranean Sea. The game's expansions are set on the South Pacific island of Tanoa; the Mediterranean island of Malden; the European country of Livonia; the Western Saharan country of Argana; and several real-life locations, including parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Germany, and Eastern Europe. The game's maps feature photorealistic terrain and water environments. The game features multiple singleplayer and co-op campaigns, most of which follow various perspectives before, during, and after a conflict fought in the fictional Republic of Altis and Stratis.


title: Arma 3

text: "Arma 3" was released to generally favorable reception, with praise toward the visuals and immersive realism, but criticism toward the difficulty for new players and the lack of singleplayer content on release. "Arma 3" has been actively maintained and expanded by Bohemia Interactive and publishing partners, with almost twenty significant updates and downloadable content (DLC) releases since 2014. Almost a decade since its release, "Arma 3" maintains a substantial playerbase and an active modding community.


title: Arma 3

text: "Arma 3" is a realistic tactical shooter featuring accurate and deadly weapons that can kill in very few shots. Weapons are heavily affected by external ballistics and recoil, forcing players to fire in bursts to maintain accuracy. Gameplay is set on expansive maps (known as "terrains") featuring photorealistic land and water environments that can cover hundreds of square kilometres of ground. Many of the game's campaign missions and individual scenarios are centered around smaller sections of terrains, such as a town or military outpost, though some campaign segments feature open world gameplay or cover a wider area. Certain campaigns change gameplay elements or add unique features; for example, the "Old Man" mini-campaign is set in an interactive open world that greatly centers around the player's ability to wear enemy uniforms and disguise themselves as part of a specific faction, a feature absent from other campaigns.


title: Arma 3

text: "Arma 3"'s gameplay is similar to previous titles in the series, but with more refinements and customization, including a refreshed HUD. Most aspects of gameplay—such as player guidance assists like map markers and enemy locations, NPC behavior like radio callouts and shooting accuracy, and HUD elements like crosshairs and player status information—vary depending on the set difficulty level, which can be freely customized to suit the player's desired experience.


title: Arma 3

text: The game's campaigns and scenarios place the player in a wide variety of situations, from infiltration and reconnaissance missions to the commanding of large-scale combined arms operations. "Arma 3" primarily focuses on infantry, but a wide selection of usable vehicles, including combat vehicles, armored fighting vehicles, military aircraft, motorboats, and civilian passenger vehicles, are essential to gameplay and are frequently expanded on in the game's DLCs. "Arma 3" also introduces diving to the series, with diving equipment and a purpose-built underwater firearm implemented for underwater frogman operations. Though most scenarios have specific objectives, for the most part, players are encouraged to choose their own approach to achieving them, ranging from silently eliminating targets as a lone marksman, to leading a multirole squad into battle from multiple flanks. In several scenarios, various resources are at the player's disposal, including UAVs and fire support from artillery and mortars.


title: Arma 3

text: "Arma 3" and its DLCs contain over 50 unique weapons of varying type, caliber, and purpose, consisting of assault rifles, submachine guns, machine guns, designated marksman rifles, sniper rifles, handguns, and rocket launchers, with additional carbine, long-barrel, underbarrel grenade launcher, and camouflage paint variants of certain weapons. Weapon attachments mostly consist of scopes, though suppressors, flashlights, laser sights, and bipods are also available. Equipment such as fragmentation grenades, smoke grenades, landmines, flares, chemlights, medkits, binoculars, rangefinders, and night-vision goggles can be used to varying effects. Standard tools such as maps, GPS satnavs, compasses, and radios operate basic in-game functions that are disabled if they are removed from the player's inventory; for example, dropping the radio disables NPC radio messages and multiplayer communication. The player's uniform, vest, backpack, headgear, and eyewear can be customized; vests and backpacks in particular allow for additional gear to be carried, and most vests and headgear provide ballistic protection. Carried weapons, munitions, equipment, and accessories add weight to the player, which decreases movement speed and total stamina, thus preventing multirole "jack of all trades" loadouts, encouraging proper inventory management, and forcing players to choose between faster movement or higher effectiveness.


title: Arma 3

text: Multiplayer servers (Such as the fictional PMC Group "Night Owl STG"), hosted officially and by third parties, offer various PvP and PvE modes, ranging from wide combined arms battles across an entire terrain to custom roleplaying servers that simulate civilian life. "Arma 3" also features "units", the community's official multiplayer clan system.


title: Arma 3

text: "Arma 3" includes a scenario editor that allows players to create custom singleplayer and multiplayer scenarios using assets and scripting. Scenarios created in the editor can be uploaded directly to the Steam Workshop.


title: Arma 3

text: "Arma 3" is set in the "Arma" universe, specifically the near future of the 2030s. The main plot events are mostly set in the Aegean Sea island nation of Republic of Altis and Stratis, and take place primarily in the period of 2034–2038, with the non-canon "First Contact" campaign set in 2039 and the "Beyond Hope" mini-campaign set in 2026.


title: Arma 3

text: The two primary factions in "Arma 3" are the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the opposing Canton Protocol Strategic Alliance Treaty (CSAT), based on the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Other factions seen in the main campaigns include the Altis Armed Forces (AAF), who govern Altis and Stratis under a military junta; the Freedom and Independence Army (FIA), a loyalist militia led by Altis and Stratis' democratic government in exile; the International Development and Aid Project (IDAP), a non-governmental organization specializing in humanitarian aid; the Combat Technology Research Group (CTRG), NATO's classified special forces unit tasked with carrying out black operations; the Gendarmerie, the Horizon Islands' gendarmerie and defense force; Syndikat, a Tanoan paramilitary criminal organization that eventually reforms into L'Ensemble, a rebel army officially fighting against CSAT influence in Tanoa but otherwise no different from Syndikat; and the Livonian Defense Force, Livonia's NATO-equipped military responsible for defending the country from external threats. Factions are divided into three categories: BLUFOR (NATO and allies), REDFOR (CSAT and allies), and INDFOR (independent forces that switch sides, are informal combatants, or are otherwise unaligned).


title: Arma 3

text: The story of "Arma 3" takes place over a variety of campaigns, showcase missions, and scenarios, which introduce the player to the game's mechanics and universe. The plot of "Arma 3" is told in six campaigns:


title: Arma 3

text: Following continued fighting between the AAF and FIA, the last remaining NATO peacekeepers, including U.S. Army infantryman Corporal Ben Kerry, are preparing to leave Stratis. Suddenly, the AAF attacks NATO forces unprovoked, and a state of war is "de facto" declared. Kerry regroups with the surviving NATO soldiers, led by British Royal Navy special forces operators Captain Scott Miller and Lieutenant James, after his commander is killed. The survivors attempt to gather supplies and communicate with NATO through an air station communications facility, but both attempts are unsuccessful. Eventually, Miller succeeds, and informs the others that their orders from NATO are to secure a landing zone for reinforcements. Though they are initially successful, CSAT forces working with the AAF attack Stratis, forcing the survivors to flee to Altis, where they plan to link up with the FIA. While evacuating to Altis, their flotilla of RHIBs is attacked and sunk by AAF aircraft, and Kerry loses consciousness.


title: Arma 3

text: Kerry wakes up on the shore of Kavala, the largest city in Altis, and is contacted by Lieutenant James, who leads Kerry through a firefight in the city to his position. They link up with the northern cell of the FIA, led by former government agent Kostas Stavrou, and perform guerilla operations against the AAF and CSAT to supply themselves, as their arms dealer, Nikos Panagopoulous, is missing. The FIA eventually rescues Nikos from an AAF camp on Stratis, where he has learned that NATO is planning to invade Altis. The FIA attack the AAF to assist with the invasion, but the landing NATO forces, mistaking the FIA for hostiles, fire on them; Kerry manages to communicate with NATO, resolving the confusion. Now back with NATO, Kerry inquires about Miller, but NATO commanding officer Colonel David Armstrong informs Kerry that there is no NATO register of a man named Scott Miller, and that the British contingent had left the peacekeeping operation months prior.


title: Arma 3

text: Kerry returns to NATO's ranks, but is put on tedious and unimportant assignments due to Armstrong's distrust of him, due to his suspicious activity and supposed contact with a special forces operator. Kerry proves his loyalty during an attempted CSAT landing operation, and is eventually permitted to command NATO forces. During this time, an unusually high number of earthquakes are detected on the island, which disrupt NATO operations. Armstrong absolves Kerry of suspicion but orders him to cut all ties with Miller and his special forces unit. With the AAF on the verge of defeat, Armstrong rallies the NATO invasion force for a final push. Kerry is suddenly contacted through a broken transmission by a mortally wounded Lt. James, who provides his location and asks for assistance.


title: Arma 3

text: Two endings are possible, depending on whether the player chooses to respond to James' distress call:


title: Arma 3

text: Days after the end of the NATO invasion of Altis, Markos Kouris, a mechanic from the town of Oreokastro, returns to his ruined home after learning his missing brother Alexis had been seen at the town's church during a recent firefight. As he searches the church for evidence of his brother's whereabouts, he is killed by a landmine.


title: Arma 3

text: Several days later, AAN News journalist Katherine Bishop conducts an online interview with IDAP bomb disposal expert Nathan MacDade, responsible for removing unexploded ordnance in Oreokastro, which was almost completely destroyed during the Altian conflict. Nathan, who has worked in Oreokastro's IDAP camp since the civil war, recounts his experiences through five playable scenarios that follow the town during the war from the perspective of different factions. The player's actions in the scenarios impact how Nathan recounts the story.


title: Arma 3

text: After all five sequences are completed, Katherine asks Nathan who he thinks is most responsible for the tragedies of Oreokastro: NATO, CSAT, the AAF, the FIA, or "everyone and no one". Nathan responds with a predetermined justification, and Katherine gives the player access to a draft of her article on Altian conflict, the contents of which change depending on the player's choices in the story sequences and who the player gave as most responsible for Oreokastro's destruction. The player then takes control of Nathan and is tasked with clearing all of the mines in Oreokastro. Once the player chooses to leave, Nathan bids farewell to Katherine and gets in his van to go to his next assignment.


title: Arma 3

text: Following an unprecedented tsunami in Southeast Asia known as the Pacific Disaster, Syndikat rises to power in the Horizon Islands' province of Tanoa, overwhelming the Gendarmerie. Suspicious of Syndikat's rapid expansion and supply of equipment, NATO sends the CTRG to investigate, using a peacekeeping deployment as cover.


title: Arma 3

text: CTRG Group 15, callsign "Raider", deploys to Tanoa and learns that CSAT member China is supplying Syndikat with weapons. During an operation to capture Syndikat leader Solomon Maru, Raider is ambushed by Viper Team, a high-tech People's Liberation Army special forces unit, and is forced to withdraw. Raider locates and rescues CTRG asset "Keystone", revealed to be Scott Miller. He reveals his true purpose on Altis, monitoring the Eastwind Device (it is also implied he caused the conflict on Altis by committing a false flag attack on Kerry's commander), and informs Raider that he believes China transported the Eastwind Device to the South Pacific, deliberately causing the Pacific Disaster.


title: Arma 3

text: Raider deploys to a Chinese black site in search of the Eastwind Device, only to find the site attacked and abandoned; they learn Syndikat has double-crossed China and is holding the device as ransom. The team also recovers documents concerning CSAT's "Apex Protocol", a set of plans detailing how clandestine methods such as the Eastwind Device can be used to manufacture crises and make target nations vulnerable to CSAT influence through recovery aid. The CTRG tracks the device to a port on the northern coast of Tanoa, where CSAT is attempting to negotiate with Syndikat to recover it. When Maru unexpectedly arms the device as leverage, the CTRG assaults the port and defeats Syndikat and Viper, killing Maru and securing the Eastwind Device. Following the operation, NATO quietly leaks a redacted version of the Apex Protocol documents to the press, leading to worldwide condemnation of CSAT's expansionism.


title: Arma 3

text: Three years after the events of "Apex Protocol", Tanoa is suffering from a severe malaria outbreak. The Horizon Islands' government, frustrated with NATO's refusal to help, asks CSAT for aid; CSAT sends doctors and researchers, but also military personnel, who build bases and a laboratory on Tanoa and militarize the Gendarmerie, using them against the populace.


title: Arma 3

text: Santiago, a retired French Legionnaire, investigates CSAT's activities for Scott Miller and the CTRG; they believe the outbreak has been engineered by CSAT. Their most damning evidence is a convoy of CSAT trucks seen carrying unidentified containers into the village of Tobakoro, whose inhabitants died of malaria shortly after. Santiago is approached by Dr. Drábek, a virologist from Luganville, a town that has also received shipments of the containers. Drábek, who does not trust CSAT and has hidden his patients from them, asks Santiago for help finding a cure.


title: Arma 3

text: Infiltrating a CSAT port, Santiago confirms his suspicions: CSAT is developing "Atrox", a malaria super-strain used as a biological weapon. Santiago gathers evidence for Miller, whose plan to assault the lab developing Atrox is hindered by their sentry gun defenses. Santiago is forced to work for L'Ensemble to earn the trust of their unseen leader Samjo, who gives him a flash drive that can disable the sentry guns.


title: Arma 3

text: Santiago and the CTRG assault and destroy the lab, and Santiago recovers an Atrox counteragent. However, Miller, Drábek, and Samjo each ask Santiago to give them the counteragent. There are multiple endings to "Old Man" depending on who Santiago gives the counteragent to, though none of them are confirmed as canon:


title: Arma 3

text: The "Tac-Ops" mini-campaigns follow three plotlines set before and during the Altis conflict, explaining plot elements not expanded upon in other campaigns:


title: Arma 3

text: In 2039, NATO and the LDF engage in mock combat training, part of Exercise Electron-39, at a Livonian factory. U.S. Army drone operator Specialist Aiden Rudwell attempts to repair a malfunctioning designator for a live fire drone strike, but it inexplicably goes off target, killing several soldiers. As Rudwell and his squad rush to help, a root-like organism erupts from the factory, almost killing Rudwell's friend, Corporal Jack Stype. Electron-39 is promptly called off; two weeks later, amid heightened tensions, the Livonian government orders NATO's departure.


title: Arma 3

text: Rudwell and Stype discuss Stype's suspicions of a reported "chemical leak" at the factory, and learn that the LDF has inexplicably issued a shoot-on-sight order for trespassers there. Rudwell and Stype sneak in and learn the LDF is secretly monitoring the roots, of which there are now two. Suddenly, a massive "alien flying object" appears over the factory. Rudwell and Stype retreat to Camp Kresnik, where NATO and the LDF have gathered to investigate. Major Homewood, commander of NATO in Livonia, introduces the soldiers to researchers Dr. Ian Kesson and Šimon Čapek, who inform them that the AFO was sent by extraterrestrials to gather the roots, merely the root caps of a larger network; they also reveal the roots caused the drone strike to go off target by releasing a signal that interfered with its guidance system. NATO and the LDF set out to investigate, Rudwell using repurposed EOD robots, as paranormal phenomena occur in Livonia, including dense fog, floating objects, glowing orbs, and electromagnetic pulses.


title: Arma 3

text: Attempts to communicate with the AFO lead Kesson to conclude that the extraterrestrials are deaf. Rudwell attempts to communicate using an electromagnetic spectrum device, and the AFO responds with vivid hallucinations of an alien world, causing Rudwell to seize. The soldiers, believing he was attacked, open fire, but are killed by the AFO's telekinetic powers; though Homewood orders NATO to stand down, the LDF orders an artillery barrage on the AFO. Stype, fearing this could spark an intergalactic war, threatens to destroy Camp Kresnik if the LDF does not stand down, and kills Homewood when he tries to stop him. Viewing this as a sign of open hostilities, the LDF and NATO fight; Rudwell, though appalled by Stype's actions, flees with him. Rudwell, Stype, Kesson, Čapek, and the surviving NATO forces regroup to investigate the extraterrestrials, while the LDF attempts to destroy the AFO and the roots. After finding a group of inexplicably dead researchers near a decayed root and investigating a crashed Russian stealth helicopter, the survivors are briefly captured by a mysterious group of Russians, but are freed by Stype after they leave. Rudwell continues to have increasingly vivid hallucinations, which imply the extraterrestrials are part of a galactic empire that has arrived on Earth to collect their root networks, of which there are apparently multiple.


title: Arma 3

text: Rudwell and the survivors meet with the Russians, who reveal they are a Spetsnaz unit tasked with monitoring the roots. They reveal a decayed root was accidentally ruptured in Russia 19 years prior, causing a massive explosion; fearing the LDF's attack on an entire living root network could inadvertently destroy Livonia, if not all of Eastern Europe, Spetsnaz teams up with the survivors to stop the LDF. Together, they repel a massive LDF assault on the now-uprooted root network, allowing the AFO to safely leave Earth. The Russian military eventually arrives as backup, forcing the LDF to stand down. In the aftermath, the world grapples with the realization that they are not alone, as global efforts are launched to communicate with the extraterrestrials.


title: Arma 3

text: Bohemia Interactive officially announced the development of "Arma 3" on May 19, 2011. In June 2012 an alpha version of the game was demonstrated at E3. In August 2013, Bohemia announced that they would release three downloadable content episodes for free after the game's initial launch.


title: Arma 3

text: An alpha version of the game was released on March 5, 2013. The beta version was released on June 25, 2013, and anyone who owned the alpha had their copy automatically upgraded to the beta version.


title: Arma 3

text: The final version of "Arma 3" was launched on September 12, 2013. At its launch, "Arma 3" featured more showcase missions and the large island of Altis.


title: Arma 3

text: "Arma 3" uses a new version of Bohemia Interactive's Real Virtuality game engine. "Arma 3", like its predecessors, uses the SQF Syntax scripting language.


title: Arma 3

text: In "Arma 3", downloadable content falls under two categories: "platform content", which is present in the game and can be partially tested before purchase; and "expansion content", which is not preloaded and must be purchased and mounted to the game to be accessed. All Creator DLCs and most of the "Contact" DLC are considered expansion content, and are mostly considered non-canon in the "Arma" universe.


title: Arma 3

text: "Zeus" was released on April 10, 2014, as a free DLC update for "Arma 3". The first DLC released for the game, "Zeus" was announced in February 2014. "Zeus" allows a player to take control of a gamemaster entity (the titular Zeus) that has full control over the battlefield of a particular scenario. The interface allows Zeus to place, delete, and modify soldiers, vehicles, and static objects, as well as manage game logic, command enemy forces, and control the flow of a mission.


title: Arma 3

text: "Karts" was released on May 29, 2014, as the first paid DLC released for "Arma 3". The DLC added over 20 types of go-karts to the game, as well as racing outfits, time trial scenarios and a wide range of static props for creating race tracks. "Karts" was not initially intended to be released: it originated as an April Fool's Day joke in 2014, when Bohemia Interactive released a fake trailer showcasing the then-fictional "Karts" DLC, featuring a parody of Jean-Claude Van Damme's Epic Split starring campaign character Scott Miller. However, its popularity in the "Arma" community led Bohemia Interactive to officially announce the actual release of the "Karts" DLC"."


title: Arma 3

text: "Helicopters" was released on November 4, 2014, as the second paid DLC released for "Arma 3". The DLC added two new helicopters, the NATO CH-67 Huron (based on the CH-47 Chinook) and the CSAT Mi-290 Taru (based on the Ka-226), as well as new singleplayer scenarios and time trials. The "Helicopters" DLC debuted with the Helicopters Update for "Arma 3," which was a free platform update that added features such as firing from vehicles, cargo hooks for helicopters, and an advanced helicopter flight model based on Bohemia's "Take On Helicopters" flight system.


title: Arma 3

text: "Marksmen" was released on April 8, 2015, as the third paid DLC released for "Arma 3". The content added was focused at improving long-range sniper gameplay, and features new weapons and weapon attachments, outfits such as ghillie suits, and singleplayer scenarios. The "Marksmen" DLC debuted with the Marksmen Update, a free platform update which introduced new weapon mechanics such as weapon stabilization and bipods, improved AI and suppression mechanics, enhanced soundscapes, and a new multiplayer game mode, "End Game".


title: Arma 3

text: "Apex" was released on July 11, 2016, as the first full content expansion for "Arma 3," adding content to most aspects of the base game. Originally announced as part of the Bohemia Interactive Roadmap for 2015–2016, "Apex" added the Southeast Asian island of Tanoa, part of the Horizon Islands, a former French colony. Tanoa spans roughly , making it the third-largest terrain in "Arma 3." "Apex" introduced a multiplayer story-based campaign called "Apex Protocol", and numerous new vehicles, uniforms, factions, weapons, and editor props. "Apex" debuted with the Apex Update, a free platform update that introduced a new lighting system, improvements to rendering and performance, the "Old Man" mini-campaign, and a variety of other content.


title: Arma 3

text: "Jets" was released on May 16, 2017, as the fifth paid DLC released for "Arma 3," and the first to be produced jointly with another developer, being co-developed by Bohemia Interactive and Bravo Zero One Studios. The added content was focused around expanding fixed-wing aircraft gameplay, most notably featuring new fighter jets: the NATO F/A-181 Black Wasp II (based on the F/A-18E Super Hornet), the CSAT To-201 Shikra (based on the Su-57/Su-35), and the AAF A-149 Gryphon (based on the JAS 39 Gripen). The DLC also introduced new aircraft-focused objects, including a NATO drone (Sentinel UCAV, based off the X-47B), a variety of air defense systems, such as radars and anti-air weapons, and aircraft-focused props for placing in the editor, including a "Gerald R. Ford"-class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier named the USS "Freedom". "Jets" debuted with the Jets Update, a free platform update that introduced a variety of new content alongside an improvement of game performance. The update overhauled the existing sensory system, affecting targeting and tracking, as well as plane systems, introducing a dynamic loadout system for most aircraft and an improved aircraft damage model.


title: Arma 3

text: "Malden 2035" was released on June 22, 2017, as a free DLC update for "Arma 3". Its primary inclusion was a total remake of the fictional Mediterranean island of Malden, featured as the primary setting of "", the first game in the "Arma" series. Malden's overhaul was originally developed for the now-defunct free-to-play competitive FPS "Project Argo", but was ported to "Arma 3" and released alongside "Project Argo" on the 16th anniversary of "Operation Flashpoint"'s release. The update also included a new dynamic gameplay scenario titled "Combat Patrol", which was retroactively ported to the rest of "Arma 3"'s terrains.


title: Arma 3

text: "Laws of War" was released on September 7, 2017, as the sixth paid DLC released for "Arma 3," focusing on the human impact of war and humanitarianism. "Laws of War" was developed by Bohemia Interactive's studio in Amsterdam under the codename "Orange". The DLC was created in cooperation with the International Committee of the Red Cross, with a portion of its initial proceeds going to the ICRC. The DLC added a variety of new content focused around humanitarian aid, with new props and equipment themed around the fictional humanitarian NGO the International Development and Aid Project (IDAP). The DLC includes the "Remnants of War" campaign, a mostly non-combat campaign following the aftermath of the NATO invasion of Altis, shown through scenarios following all sides of the conflict, as told from the perspective of an IDAP aid worker.


title: Arma 3

text: "Tac-Ops Mission Pack", also known as the "Tac-Ops" DLC, was released on November 20, 2017, as the seventh paid DLC released for "Arma 3". The DLC adds three mini-campaign scenarios—"Beyond Hope", "Stepping Stone", and "Steel Pegasus"—that follow events that occur before and during "The East Wind". The scenarios, designed to challenge the player's tactical skills, feature unique "after action reports", consisting of videos from Bohemia Interactive's military consultants giving insight about the missions and about "Arma 3" in general. The "Tac-Ops Mission Pack" was released alongside a free platform update that added Steam achievements and introduced a major overhaul to the game's SQF scripting system, giving content creators greater freedom and ease of use.


title: Arma 3

text: "Tanks" was released on April 11, 2018, as the eighth paid DLC released for "Arma 3," and the last piece of content to be developed for "Arma 3" by Bohemia Interactive's Czech studio. The DLC, focusing on armored warfare, introduced three new armored vehicles, primarily intended to be competent at competing with other armored vehicles: the NATO Rhino Mobile Gun System tank destroyer (based on the Rooikat), the CSAT T-140 Angara main battle tank (based on the T-14 Armata), and the AAF AWC Nyx light armored fighting vehicle (based on the Wiesel AWC). The DLC also includes up-armored variants of several base game vehicles and a mini-campaign titled "Altis Requiem", following an AAF tank commander's experiences fighting the FIA and NATO. "Tanks" was released with the free Tanks Update, a platform update that introduced a variety of improvements to armored combat, including new anti-tank weapons, an improved vehicle handling and damage system, a multiplayer mode titled "Vanguard", and other content.


title: Arma 3

text: "Contact" was released on July 25, 2019, as the ninth paid DLC released for "Arma 3". Set in the terrain "Livonia", "Contact" adds two factions, the Livonian Defense Force and Russian Spetsnaz, along with new weapons and equipment. "Contact"'s campaign, "First Contact", depicts a hypothetical first contact scenario in the "Arma" universe, where the player, part of a NATO infantry unit, is tasked with investigating an extraterrestrial threat after an alien invasion disrupts a joint NATO-LDF training exercise and throws Livonia into chaos. Due to "Contact"'s departure from the traditional realism of the "Arma" series, the events of "First Contact" are considered non-canon. Though most of "Contact" is expansion content, some aspects of the DLC, such as the weapons and equipment, are treated as platform content.


title: Arma 3

text: "Global Mobilization" was released on April 29, 2019, as the tenth paid DLC released for "Arma 3". It includes a 10-mission singleplayer campaign, 4 factions (West Germany, East Germany, Poland, Denmark), 70 vehicles, 30 weapons, new infantry clothing and gear, 17 multiplayer scenarios, and the terrain "Weferlingen". Set in 1983 during the Cold War, "Global Mobilization"'s campaign, "State Scarlet", follows West Germany's attempts to defend against an East German invasion in a "Cold War gone hot" scenario. "Global Mobilization" was the first entry in Bohemia's "Creator DLC Program", consisting of DLCs created by the "Arma" modding community and third-party developers. "Global Mobilization" was developed by Vertexmacht.


title: Arma 3

text: "S.O.G. Prairie Fire" was released on May 6, 2021, as the eleventh paid DLC released for "Arma 3". It includes a 6-mission co-op campaign with up to 14 players, 5 singleplayer scenarios, 4 factions (MACV-SOG, People's Army of Vietnam, Viet Cong, Army of the Republic of Vietnam), 54 vehicles, 55 weapons, 41 different uniforms, and the 300 km terrain "Cam Lao Nam" (a combination of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). Set during the Vietnam War, the "S.O.G Prairie Fire" campaign follows the actions of MACV-SOG Spike Team Columbia throughout the war. Part of the Creator DLC Program, "S.O.G. Prairie Fire", was developed by third party studio Savage Game Design, created to develop Vietnam War games.


title: Arma 3

text: On September 30, 2021, a free update for "S.O.G. Prairie Fire" was released, adding 3 factions (MACV-SOG Naval Advisory Detachment, U.S. Navy SEALs, U.S. Navy Underwater Demolition Team), 31 uniforms, new helmets and vests, 9 weapons, 6 vehicles, new diving mechanics, and the 225 km terrain "Khe Sanh". A second free update, released July 12, 2022, added 2 campaign missions, 6 new factions (Australia, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, U.S. CIA, Pathet Lao, Royal Lao Army), 20 uniforms, new accessories, 8 weapons, 13 vehicles, and the 25 km terrain "The Bra", a section of the Ho Chi Minh trail.


title: Arma 3

text: "CSLA Iron Curtain" was released on June 16, 2021, as the twelfth paid DLC released for "Arma 3". It includes 9 singleplayer scenarios, 9 multiplayer missions, a singleplayer showcase, 3 factions (United States Armed Forces, Czechoslovak People's Army, Czech FIA), 30 vehicles, 35 weapons, new uniforms for all factions, and the 256 km terrain "Gabreta". Set during the Cold War in the mid-1980s at a border region of Czechoslovakia, the 15-mission "Iron Curtain" campaign follows a Czech FIA rebel fighting the Czech communist government during a "Cold War gone hot" scenario. Part of the Creator DLC Program, "CSLA Iron Curtain", was developed by third party studio ČSLA Studio, a Czech development team composed of "Arma" modders.


title: Arma 3

text: The release of "CSLA Iron Curtain" was met with criticism from the community, who claimed the DLC was unfinished, poor-quality, and lacked enough content to justify its price. On June 24, 2021, Bohemia Interactive released a statement saying that they "recognize that [they] did not do enough to ensure the appropriate quality of this particular Creator DLC" and that they would be offering no-questions-asked refunds for the next 36 days up until July 30, 2021.


title: Arma 3

text: "Western Sahara" was released on November 18, 2021, as the thirteenth paid DLC released for "Arma 3". It includes a co-op campaign, 2 multiplayer scenarios, a singleplayer showcase, 4 factions (UNA Peacekeepers, Sefrawi Freedom and Independence Army, Tura, ION Services), 9 variants of existing vehicles, 9 weapons, new equipment (including a ballistic shield and a usable ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft turret), new uniforms, and the 100 km terrain "Sefrou-Ramal". Set in 2036 in the "Arma" universe, the DLC's "Extraction" campaign follows Team Sword and Team Shield of the private military company ION Services, who are hired to rescue a kidnapped journalist from the Tura insurgency in the midst of an internal conflict in the Saharan country of Argana. Part of the Creator DLC Program, "Western Sahara" was developed by Rotators Collective.


title: Arma 3

text: The Bootcamp Update, released on July 14, 2014, added training content, a Virtual Reality terrain, and a short campaign. The Bootcamp Campaign serves as the prequel to the main game and follows Sergeants Conway and Adams one year prior to "The East Wind". The goal of this update was to introduce new players to the game's mechanics.


title: Arma 3

text: The Nexus update, released on December 1, 2015, added an improved version of the official multiplayer mission "End Game", a spectator mode, and multiple improvements to soldier protection, stamina, and audio.


title: Arma 3

text: The Eden update, released on February 18, 2016, added an in-game 3D editor, making the creation of missions easier. It also included launcher and server browser improvements, and an update to the audio system.


title: Arma 3

text: The 1.84 update was released on August 1, 2018, alongside the Encore content pack, which contains additional anti-air assets, fixed-wing armaments, and the fictional "Liberty"-class destroyer.


title: Arma 3

text: The 1.86 update, released on December 8, 2018, added the "Warlords" multiplayer mission, based on a capture the island (CTI) scenario.


title: Arma 3

text: "Arma 3" has received favorable reviews, garnering a score of 74 out of 100 on the review aggregation website Metacritic based on 38 reviews, and a user score of 7.6 based on 1048 ratings.


title: Arma 3

text: Praise was directed toward the gameplay, game engine, graphics, physics, and sense of realism, but criticism was directed toward the game's difficulty, unfriendliness toward new and inexperienced players, and complex controls. Many reviewers noted the game's heightened focus on user-generated content compared to older "Arma" titles, complimenting the ease of installing content through the Steam Workshop. Significant early criticism focused on the lack of singleplayer content on release, with some critics calling the game unfinished due to its initial lack of a campaign.


title: Arma 3

text: "PC Gamer" selected the game to be their simulation game of 2013. "Arma 3" won the Technical Contribution to Czech Video Game Creation Award at the 2013 Czech Game of the Year Awards, and the Czech Game of the Year Award at Boom 2013. "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" placed "Arma 3" 16th on their list of best FPS games of all time, and 10th on their list of best simulation games of all time.


title: Arma 3

text: The islands of Altis and Stratis received much praise. "The Guardian" included them along with Chernarus (the setting of "Arma 2" and "DayZ") in their list of top 10 most beautiful video game environments.


title: Arma 3

text: In 2022, "Arma 3" was among the military video games featured in the Imperial War Museum's "War Games" exhibit. Exhibit curator Chris Cooper highlighted "Arma 3"'s realism, the freedom and agency of the sandbox-like gameplay, the social engagement of the team-based multiplayer, and what that engagement teaches players about conflict and teamwork.


title: Arma 3

text: It was announced on May 28, 2014, that the game had sold one million copies. In October 2015, sales had reached two million units, and by March 2017 it reached 3 million sales. The game has sold 5 million copies as of June 2019.