title: Bayelsa State

text: This is a black hazardous carbonate substance that pollute the area due to its illegal burning of crude oil(locally called Kpo-fire). This carcinogenic chemical causes illnesses such as lung cancer, skin irritation, allergies, respiratory tract infections, eye problem etc. Its effect is also meted on the environment as it causes air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution which has led to the death of both plants, humans and animals.


title: Bayelsa State

text: This is a common annual problem in Bayelsa because it is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The rise of sea water is the major cause. The flooding has affected many communities, properties and human lives. Almost all areas in Bayelsa state are affected by flooding but Ekeremor, Southern Ijaw, Sagbama, Kolokuma/Opokuma and Yenagoa areas of Bayelsa state are more prone to flooding as it affects these areas yearly. Poor town planning is another major causes of flooding in Bayelsa State.


title: Bayelsa State

text: This is one of the major environmental issue in Bayelsa State due to the activities of major oil companies. Oil spillage has affected farmlands, aquatic life and the health of the people. Almost everyday, Udengs Eradiri is informed of another oil spill in Bayelsa state, in the Niger Delta.


title: Bayelsa State

text: He said Bayelsa used to be green, you could go to farm or fish and have a very impressive harvest. You would spend just some hours in the water and you have a handful of fish. Today, he added, you can spend the whole day without catching a glimpse of a fish.


title: Bayelsa State

text: Another major environmental issue in Bayelsa state is air pollution(SOOT). Today, many people in Bayelsa state lament that they cannot breathe due to the exposure of emissions of soot, a hazardous black amorphous carbon that has almost completely polluted the air in the areas.


title: Bayelsa State

text: However, stakeholders in the affected areas had in 2018 reportedly initiated a campaign with the common refrain; "Save Rivers from this soot of death", in the Rivers state region.


title: Bayelsa State

text: Due to massive overseas scholarship programs implemented by the old Rivers State in the 1970s and recent Bayelsa State governments, large numbers of Bayelsan professionals reside in Europe and North America. This is part of the general brain-drain trend affecting many African communities.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Adrian Pierce Rogers (September 12, 1931 – November 15, 2005) was an American Southern Baptist pastor and conservative author. He served three terms as president of the Southern Baptist Convention (1979–1980 and 1986–1988).


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Rogers was born in West Palm Beach, Florida. He entered Christian ministry at the age of nineteen. He graduated from Stetson University in DeLand, Florida, and New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary. Rogers was ordained by Northwood Baptist Church (later known as The Village Baptist Church, now operating as Family Church Village) in West Palm Beach. His first job as a senior pastor was at Fellsmere Baptist Church, a small congregation in Fellsmere, Florida. He performed his first baptism in the C-54 Canal near Fellsmere. He was senior pastor of First Baptist Church in Merritt Island, Florida from 1964 to 1972. In 1972, he became the senior pastor of Bellevue Baptist Church in Memphis, Tennessee, where he remained until March 2005. During this period, the church's membership grew from 9,000 to 29,000, and the church moved into a new, megachurch facility. Rogers was named pastor emeritus after his retirement in March 2005.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Rogers was instrumental in the Southern Baptist denomination's conservative resurgence that began in the late 1970s, as he was elected president of the denomination during a theological controversy within the denomination. He was the chairman of the committee which produced the revised 2000 edition of the Baptist Faith and Message. He published eighteen books and his works are featured on the internationally available radio and television program, Love Worth Finding, which is broadcast in English and Spanish. Rogers was also the founder of the Adrian Rogers Pastor Training Institute for ministers, which is currently headed by his widow, two sons, and a granddaughter.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: In November 2005, Rogers contracted pneumonia of both lungs as a complication of colon cancer treatments, and died following a period of mechanical ventilation at the age of seventy-four.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Rogers served three times as president of the Southern Baptist Convention, the largest American Evangelical denomination with 16 million members. He was the first conservative elected to this post in 1979 on a platform of biblical inerrancy, and beginning under his leadership, the denomination went through a ten-year-long process of shifting to a theologically conservative stance. (See Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence.) When conservative control of all SBC seminaries and agencies was finally complete, liberal and moderate seminary professors were dismissed, or replaced by theological conservatives in response to normal attrition. All employees of SBC seminaries and denominatIonal agencies were required to affirm their adherence to the Baptist Faith and Message. The denomination has remained conservative since Rogers' tenure as president.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Rogers's election as SBC president at the 1979 convention held in Houston, Texas, launched the conservative resurgence in the denomination, a movement pushed by the theologian Paige Patterson and the Houston judge Paul Pressler. In 2004, in a symposium at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky, Pressler said that the real movers in the Conservative resurgence who elected Rogers and the subsequent presidents were not he and Patterson but the independent-minded laypersons who came for years to the annual conventions to be heard.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Like many influential conservative pastors, Rogers participated in the advancement of a conservative political agenda in the United States. He stated that Christians have a duty to be involved in government.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Familial dynamics was a recurrent issue for Rogers. He focused most closely on fathers that he labeled "drop-out dads." According to Rogers, since the Bible emphasizes the paternal role in a family, the father should be the primary source of teaching in the home. He was critical of fathers who do not fulfill this role: "We have dads today that are interested in sports, business, and sex. They've forgotten their God-given assignments to teach the Ten Commandments." He went on to say that social problems, such as gun violence, are the consequences of fathers avoiding this responsibility.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: On the topic of pastoral endorsement of political candidates, he wrote that it is a pastor's duty to influence the political decisions of the members of the pastor's congregation. A pastor need not, however, endorse a specific candidate (and, under Internal Revenue Service regulations, a church could lose its tax-exempt status for doing so). He wrote that "[i]f [a pastor] has done his job his members will prayerfully and correctly use the standard of God's Word to select the right candidate."


title: Adrian Rogers

text: In May 2003, Rogers, along with twenty-four other religious leaders and persons of influence, signed a letter sent from Gary Bauer's conservative organization American Values to President George W. Bush. The letter criticizes President Bush's proposed Road Map for Peace initiative as being too lax towards the Palestinians. The letter states in part, "Mr. President, it would be morally reprehensible for the United States to be 'evenhanded' between democratic Israel… and the terrorist infested Palestinian infrastructure."


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Cecil Sherman (the Coordinator of the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, a group of liberal Baptists who separated from the Southern Baptist Convention) writes in his autobiography that he once questioned Rogers about biblical inerrancy with reference to New Testament passages that seem to support slavery. Sherman reports that Rogers replied: "I believe slavery is a much maligned institution; if we had slavery today, we would not have this welfare mess."


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Rogers later signed a revised Baptist Faith and Message declaration stating that all races are equal before the Lord.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Rogers was an adamant supporter of the anti-abortion movement, had stated that the institution of capital punishment is spiritually ordained, and (along with other Southern Baptists) supported a boycott of Disney because of the company's promotion of homosexuality..


title: Adrian Rogers

text: As a traditional Baptist, he opposed the use of alcohol and tobacco, frequently telling stories to warn of their dangers. One particular story tells of a father who learned that his daughter had died while driving drunk, vowed revenge towards whoever had sold her the alcohol, only to discover that she had taken the bottle from his own liquor cabinet.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Rogers also preached against gambling. In one such message, he revealed he once witnessed to boxing champion Muhammad Ali in Paradise Island, Bahamas.


title: Adrian Rogers

text: This quote appears frequently on the Internet and is often attributed to Rogers with an incorrect date of 1931. In fact, the quotation is part of a longer sermon by Rogers from 1984 in a larger series titled "God’s Way to Health, Wealth and Wisdom" (CDA107), but it also appears as a passage in Rogers' 1996 work "Ten Secrets for a Successful Family" stating that "by and large our young people do not know either the importance or the value of honest labor".


title: Adrian Rogers

text: Rogers did not originate the quote at all. In fact, he did not claim to have originated it. Instead, he was citing almost verbatim anti-Soviet propaganda that had circulated in many magazines in the early 1960s. The quote appeared before that in the Congressional Record of 1958, where it was appended to the record by U.S. Senator George Aiken of Vermont. Aiken had taken the words from Senator James Eastland of Mississippi, who had said them in his address at the Illinois Agricultural Association's annual meeting on November 13, 1957. They have also been attributed to Gerald L. K. Smith, who had written them in his magazine, "The Cross and the Flag". Since the quote was attributed to Rogers in 2009, it has been regularly attributed to him; however, Rogers was essentially quoting Eastland or Smith at the time.


title: CEV Champions League

text: The CEV Champions League is the top official competition for men's volleyball clubs from the whole of Europe. The competition is organised every year by the European Volleyball Confederation.


title: CEV Champions League

text: A total of 20 teams participate in the main competition, with 18 teams being allocated direct vacancies on the basis of ranking list for European Cup Competitions, and 2 teams from the qualification rounds.


title: CEV Champions League

text: Each pool will be contested in a six-leg double round-robin home-and-away format. In each gender, the five pool winners and the three best-ranked pool runners-up will advance to the quarterfinals.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: White people in the United Kingdom are a multi-ethnic group of UK residents who identify as and are perceived to be white people. White people constitute the historical and current majority of the people living in the United Kingdom, with 87.2% of the population identifying as white in the 2011 United Kingdom census. This represented a national white demographic decline from a 92.1% share of the UK's population in 2001.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: The Office for National Statistics designates white people into several subgroups, with small terminology variations between the administrative jurisdictions of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. These are local: White British, White Irish, White Gypsy or Irish Traveller, and immigrant descended Other White, and in Scotland; White Polish. In Northern Ireland ethnic group data is collected differently, where only the term 'White' is used, and with National Identity ('British', 'Irish', 'Northern Irish', or combinations) collected separately.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, and can influence who may be defined, whether informally, in media and academia, or UK Government statistics, as white Britons or white British people. Millions of white people in the United Kingdom, who hold British citizenship, do not identify with the White British ethnicity classification (or its subgroups, such as 'White English', 'White Welsh' or 'White Scottish') at censuses.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Outside of the census, white people in Great Britain are the subject of academic research, public discourse in international and British media, and are widely identified as a broad racial or social class within the country.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: White people in the United Kingdom are studied, polled, and analyzed as a demographic, anthropological, economic, and social grouping. The scope of the definition often exceeds categorisation by the Office for National Statistics, and its ethnicity or nation-defined subcategories, such as White British or White Polish.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Within the Census in the United Kingdom, the Office for National Statistics collects information on white people who are resident in the United Kingdom, regardless of citizenship status. As censuses have progressed each decade, further categories have been included to accommodate subgroupings of white people in the country. As of the 2011 census, these subgroups are White British, White Irish, White Gypsy or Irish Traveller, White Polish (in Scotland), and Other White. There are small variations between the phrasing or terminology of these categories across the administrative regions of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: A multitude of scholars, academics, statisticians, and scientists, as well as government departments, think tanks, trade unions, and charities, have identified white people in the United Kingdom as an observable demographic, historical, anthropological, economic, social and racial grouping.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: In governmental terms, the UK Government uses the category of white people to help define and understand demography in the country. The Office for National Statistics collects census information on white people. Devolved administrations, such as the Scottish Government and Welsh Government make use of the racial category for social and equality impacts. Ministerial departments such as the Home Office and Ministry of Justice, non-ministerial, such as the Cabinet Office and office for Mayor of London, HM Inspectorate of Constabulary, and public bodies such as the Equality and Human Rights Commission, and UK Statistics Authority, have produced research and analysis on, what they have defined as, white persons within the country.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Academic, research and statistical organisations, such as British Election Study, NatCen Social Research and ICM Research, Savanta ComRes, define and categorise whites living in the UK, in order to study and poll respondents of all backgrounds. Think tanks, including the Policy Studies Institute, Resolution Foundation, Smith Institute and Social Issues Research Centre, utilise the grouping of white people in the United Kingdom, along with Stroke Association and Trades Union Congress.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Sociologists, social scientists, and academics of race and ethnicity, such as Peter J. Aspinall, Richard Dyer and Mary J. Hickman identify whites in Britain as an intersecting social and racial category.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Anthropological studies that have focused on white people in Britain have, however, undermined the imagined homogeneity of white Britishness, particularly with respect to differences of class and territorial affiliation. For example, Ronnie Frankenberg’s (1957) ethnography of a mining village in North Wales in the 1950s showed sharp divisions, made locally, between insiders and outsiders, and this division is repeated over again in subsequent ethnographic examples from Britain (e.g., Edwards 2000; Rapport 1993; Strathern 1981).


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: University of the West of Scotland's Chris Gilligan argues that; "The idea that White people in the United Kingdom constitute a race or ethnic group is based on racialised thinking. It works with the logic of the race relations framework, it does not challenge it." In her 2015 research, University of Southampton fellow Rosalind Willis studied the intersection of the White Irish category in England, where there have been examples of distinctions made against the White British which are culturally rejected or ignored. In this regard, professor Mary J. Hickman has written how a combination of othering the ethnic Irish, and a presupposition of the positivity of integration, has provided "tacit support for the 'myth of homogeneity' of white people in Britain".


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: White people are the current and historical majority of the United Kingdom's population. The 2011 United Kingdom census recorded 51,736,290 of White British, 585,087 of White Irish, 63,193 of White Gypsy or Irish Traveller, 61,201 of White Polish (in Scotland only), and 2,107,195 of Other White ethnicity, making a total white population of 55,073,552 or 87.2 per cent of the total population. These figures did not include self-reported people of mixed ethnicity.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: The 2011 population represented a 919,654 increase on the 2001 United Kingdom census figures. Two of the three subcategories (White British and White Irish), which had existed in 2001, rose in their own right, representing outright population growth for those ethnic groups. The Other White population fell by 508,227. The overall share of the population constituted a national white demographic decline, with a falling share of the UK's white populace from 92.1% to 87.2%.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: In the 1991 census, white people were recorded as the most likely group to have tertiary education. By the 2001 census, this had changed, with British African-Caribbean females, and British Indian men and women, becoming more likely to be qualified to that level.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Based on the 1994 Policy Studies Institute's NSEM survey, an International Migration Review-published study determined a factor of this shift, finding that between the ages of 21–64, 13.8% of British Hindus held a higher education, versus what the study defined as 11.3% of "White Christians" in Britain. The Welsh Government's 2007 "Minority Ethnic Youth Forum Report" found that, based on 2005 ONS data; "Interestingly, Chinese, Black African, Indian and Other Asian groups are more likely to have degrees than white people in the UK."


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: The history of the racial classification of white people has its roots in the establishment of European colonies in Asia, Africa and the Americas, where they encountered and lived alongside people of colour. The United Kingdom Historian Marika Sherwood writes that while there is no implication that "all whites in Britain were or became imbued with racism"; the classification of the "white race" rose in the nineteenth century due in part to the increasing rise of the eugenics and scientific racism movements of thought, with anthropologists classifying whites as distinct and separate race from other races such as Africans and Asians.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: After physician John Fothergill disparagingly referred to them as "nabobs"; in 1767, the "Daily Gazetteer", within the context of their return to England, made the accusation that West Indian planters (such as those involved with the East India Company) were corrupting Britain's political system, and who "being bred the tyrants of their slavish blacks, may endeavour to reduce the white [in Britain] to the same condition by an aristocracy".


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Social scientist Peter J. Aspinall has analyzed how interracial marriage in the UK, as a phenomenon, caused societal reactions from whites in the interwar, and post-World War II periods. These included violence and racism against African-American GIs, Chinese seamen, and towards children from their relationships with white women. Aspinall, an expert in ethnicity, wrote:


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Such experiences were shared by interracial people, couples and families throughout the twentieth century with their mere presence provoking or exacerbating the violence of white people in Britain, as evidenced during the numerous ‘race riots’, disturbances and attacks that occurred throughout the period.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: This post-war period of history was recognised by Mill Hill School's marking of Black History Month, when the London school published a short history of the Windrush generation, including the abuse received by arrivals such as Floella Benjamin, exploring how; "Unfortunately, many white people in Britain did not welcome the new arrivals and Floella, and many like her were faced with hatred and cruelty." Politician Enoch Powell, who became known for his anti-immigrant Rivers of Blood speech, has been identified by some media as an early source of defining white people as a racial interest group within Britain. In 1971, Powell had argued that “whites are being held back to accommodate the Asiatics and blacks".


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: According to the ONS's quarterly "Labour Force Survey", in 1993-1994 white people undertook more employer‐funded training per capita than minority groups in the UK. Analysis by economists, Michael Shields and Stephen Wheatley Price, suggested that the situation may represent a failure in United Kingdom employment equality laws. Anthony Lester, a key contributor to such legislation, stated in 1991 that "White people in Britain don't have the legacy of guilt about the past as there is in America about the period of slavery, even though there is plenty to be guilty about".


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: In another comparison of the two nations, while accepting that "any portrait of Britain as a haven of multicultural understanding and friendship among different groups is an exaggeration"; University of Maryland professor Eric Uslaner has observed that "the effect of segregation on civic norms is far more pronounced for whites in the United States compared to whites in Britain." Scholar Ron Walters also stressed the significance of correlation between white majorities and their behavioural patterns in the UK and US. Lecturer Clarence Lusane has written of Walter's use of themes, such as the "cultural similarity with regard to racial attitudes of Whites in Britain and the United States" and also, "the reception by the White host societies" towards black communities.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: The 2008 BBC series "White" attempted to address issues of white-related class and race issues in the country. Academic Vron Ware described the documentary as "a provocative series that claimed to address the marginality of working class white people in Britain." Based on data from eligible voters, white people overall voted to leave the European Union in 2016's Brexit referendum in higher proportions than other racial groups in the country.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: There are many notable actors and actresses who are from or based in the United Kingdom, and have been identified as being white. Stage actor Richard Burbage, contemporary of William Shakespeare, was of English descent. John Bennett, and American Orson Welles, who spent many years in the UK working in British television and radio, were of English ancestry, and Laurence Olivier was of English and French Huguenot heritage. Yvonne Bryceland, and John Justin were of a European Argentine and European South African background respectively.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Actors such as Patrick Stewart, Christian Bale, Laurence Fox, Edward Holcroft, and actresses Florence Pugh, Jessie Cave, Emma Watson, and Daisy Ridley are of English ancestry. Joseph Fiennes, and Tom Hardy are of English and Irish descent. Dublin-born Michael Gambon, and Scot Gerard Butler are of Irish ancestry.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Actresses Imogen Poots is of English and Northern Irish descent, and Tilda Swinton has English and Scottish heritage. Actors Jonathan Pryce, and Anthony Hopkins are of Welsh descent, while Taron Egerton has English and Welsh heritage. Thespian Luise Rainer was of German Jewish background, and actor Ed Skrein has English and Austrian Jewish heritage.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Notable UK journalists, broadcasters, and presenters have been described as being white. Journalists David Dimbleby, Fiona Lamdin, Sarah Sands, and former broadcasting executive James Purnell are of English descent. Newsreader Huw Edwards has Welsh ancestry. Broadcasting directors James Harding and Ian Katz both have English, and British Jewish and South African Jewish heritage respectively.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Presenter Caroline Flack was of English descent, while Dublin-born Laura Whitmore, and Scot Lorraine Kelly are of Irish ancestry.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Comedians and comedy actors, who have been described as white, such as Leigh Francis, Reece Shearsmith, Noel Fielding, Jennifer Saunders, Robert Webb, David Walliams and Matt Lucas, have been involved in some of the most notable British comedy series in the late 20th and early 21st century. These include "Peep Show", "French and Saunders", "Bo' Selecta!", "The Mighty Boosh", "Little Britain" and "The League of Gentlemen". They are predominantly of English extraction, as is stand-up comedian Daniel Kitson. Noel Fielding has partial French heritage, and Matt Lucas has maternal German Jewish ancestry.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: There are multiple musicians and artists, born or based in the UK, and from various ethnic backgrounds that, defined in media as white, have gained both commercial and cultural success. Singer-songwriters Elton John, Stevie Winwood, and Sam Smith, singers Mazz Murray, Sam Bailey, Ruth Copeland, and members of duo Disclosure are of an English background. Singers Petula Clark, and Adele have English and Welsh heritage.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Dusty Springfield was of Irish descent, as is Boy George. Two of Britain's best-selling artists, Paul McCartney, and Ed Sheeran are of English and Irish descent. Jay Kay has English and Portuguese ancestry. Opera singer Adelina Patti, who settled in Wales, was of Italian heritage. Jess Glynne has English and British Jewish ancestry, and Kelly Osbourne is of English, Irish and Ashkenazi Jewish heritage.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Many notable individuals involved with sport in the United Kingdom, who come from the UK or have been based in the country for their profession, have been identified as white people. Footballer Phil Foden, and rugby player Tom Mitchell are of English descent. Former footballers and national captains of Wales and England respectively, Vinnie Jones has English and Welsh ancestry, and David Beckham has an English and maternal British Jewish background. Yohan Cabaye, who spent five years in English football, is of French descent with some paternal Vietnamese ancestry.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: University of Essex professor Richard Berthoud has proposed that between 1970 and 2000, white families in Britain progressed towards modern individualism, and away from other traditional behaviours.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Based on a 243-person study (103 whites, 83 British Pakistanis, and 57 British Indians) in Bradford, England in 1988, white people had higher rates of drinking and smoking than Asian British people. This correlated with a study around 30 years later, which found that alcohol consumption is higher among whites in Britain than other groups. In 2017 the Mayor of London office published that; "51 per cent of ethnic minorities, and 16 per cent of white people, in Britain in 2017 had not consumed alcohol in the last week." A 2018 Stroke Association report also found that white people had the highest levels of alcohol consumption and smoking in the UK.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: White people are usually defined, in scholarly works and media, as the majority group in the country. It is not always clear whether majority-based terminology is dependent on cultural perceptions, statistics (such as ONS censuses and UK Statistics Authority's Citizenship Surveys) or a combination of multiple factors. The scope of the term of white people, or reference to a white majority within the UK, is sometimes a source of debate or controversy. For example, Richard Dyer's work, an academic who specialises in racal representations, suggests the ethnicity of white people in Britain is rarely scrutinised.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: There have been social challenges to integration, and adjustment to multiculturalism, in the United Kingdom among the white population. A study conducted by NatCen Social Research asked whites in the UK a number of questions, including: "Do you think most white people in Britain would mind/would you mind if a close relative were to marry a person of black or West Indian/Asian origin?" The results found that between 1983 and 2013, the white participants' opinions on "white people in Britain" dropped from around 80% 'would mind' to under 60%, and their personal opinions moved from around 60% to just over 30%. A publicly-funded Citizenship Survey found that 56 percent of "Whites in Britain" had friendships exclusively with other white people. In a published 2005 report, the UK Statistics Authority wrote:


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: It is in fact the Whites who are by far the most likely to have friends only from their own race - that is, other Whites. Given the much larger number of Whites in Britain, and the geographical concentration of ethnic minorities in large conurbations, many Whites will not have opportunity to meet ethnic minorities.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: A 1982 study of riots in the UK in "India Quarterly", outlined what it described as a "substantial displacement of the local whites in Britain." The journal suggested that "this has occurred in certain areas like Birmingham, Brixton, Manchester, Southall, Toxteth, Wolverhampton", and that "to a great extent this clustering has hampered the assimilation process." After the 1991 United Kingdom census, newspaper "The Independent" reported: "Yet Britain as a whole remains very white indeed; there is nothing "multicultural" about it. At the census in 1991, ethnic minorities came to about 5.5 per cent of the population: that is, just over three million in a total population of almost 55 million."


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: In 2000, "The Observer" reported the demographic prediction that white people would become a minority group in all or certain parts of the UK, while remaining the largest singular group (which is sometimes defined as a majority minority scenario).


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Governmental advisor, Lee Jasper, stated that "the demographics show that white people in London will become a minority by 2010", and that 'We could have a majority black Britain by the turn of the century." Runnymede Trust, a leading British race equality think tank, published criticism which took issue with assumptions of future birth rates, and an "inadequacy" in the "use of the term 'whites'."


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: A 2010 "Ethnic and Racial Studies" study, which analyzed UK and US census data, showed that UK-born white people in the country were more likely than white Americans to have a black partner or spouse. With regards censuses, the White British category has, at times, been the focus of demography (above other groupings, such as White Irish) particularly in journalistic media. In 2012, "The Telegraph" reported that the percentage reduction in whites recorded at the 2011 census had occurred "despite an influx" of White Polish people.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: A 2005 Smith Institute report on migration noted that income, and employment rates, of "British-born white individuals" and "foreign-born whites" were similar in the United Kingdom, and diverged almost inseparably in comparison with "non-white immigrants". According to the Social Issues Research Centre, there is still, however, significant diversity within the white populace in terms of income. In 2008, the Oxford-based institute also reported that whites experienced half the rates of low income households as do ethnic minorities. In 2009, writing for a Runnymede Trust publication, University of Iceland researcher Kjartan Sveinsson wrote:


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Feigning white working-class disadvantage as an ethnic disadvantage rather than as class disadvantage is exactly what rhetorically places this group in direct competition with minority ethnic groups. As such, it does little to address the real and legitimate grievances poor white people in Britain have.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: Between 2012 and 2013, the Equality and Human Rights Commission found that white people were far less likely to live in poverty, compared with what the report defined as "Ethnic minority people". Trades Union Congress research in 2017, which was analyzed by the Scottish Government, showed that white people had higher rates of general employment and less chance of insecure employment, such as seasonal or agency work, than other racial groups in the Britain. A 2019 study found that on income-related demography, British Indians are the only census-based ethnic group with similar earnings to white people in the UK.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: White people in the United Kingdom have the lowest rates of household crowding, with two percent of the population experiencing it.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: White people face less discrimination in the United Kingdom than ethnic minorities. For example, European Network Against Racism notes that white people in the country are around six times less likely than black people, and half as likely as Asians, to be stopped by police. The British Election Study has defined "white people" in Britain, as part of a poll of 2,049 ethnic minority respondents regarding opinions on equal opportunity in British society.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: The Centre for Economic Performance revealed in a 2014 study that "Many white people in the UK feel that social landlords actively discriminate against them in favour of immigrants and ethnic minorities." Analyzing this trend, professor Alan Manning found "no basis in reality for this perceived discrimination". Mona Chalabi, a notable data journalist, writing in 2015, suggested that while racism from white people in the UK has a greater significance than from ethnic minorities; "a lot of other white people in Britain genuinely believe racism affects them too". Journalist Simon Kelner has stated a similar view, posing the question "Can white people in Britain really feel they’re the victims of racism?"


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: In 2016, the Ministry of Justice issued a report noting that "white people in Britain" were four times less likely to be in prison than black Britons. In 2017, HM Inspectorate of Constabulary found by studying England and Wales data that; "White people in the United Kingdom are more likely to be carrying drugs when stopped by police but less likely to be stopped, compared to black people who are disproportionately searched". Between 2017 and 2018, Home Office data revealed that Dorset was the county where police were least likely to question white people in comparison with ethnic minority groups. Whites had around 17 times less chance of being subjected to Stop and Search.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: In a 2018 ICM Research poll conducted between 2013 and 2018, 4% of white people in the United Kingdom believed they had been treated like a shoplifter; 9% asked to leave an establishment for what seemed like no good reason; 18% believed they had been unfairly overlooked for a job; 52% felt a stranger was rude or abusive to them. (The results were 47% (treated like shoplifter), 25% (asked to leave), 43% (overlooked for job), and 69% (received abuse), respectively, for members of the BAME community). A 2019 United Nations Human Rights Council report noted that the Cabinet Office's Race Disparity Unit had number of findings in relation to racism, including that; "One of the primary discoveries made through the audit had been that ethnic minorities were worse off than white people in the United Kingdom." In 2020, a CNN and Savanta ComRes survey revealed that, among many other findings, that around half of white people in the country believed there was a fair representation of ethnic minorities in film and television (while 17 percent of black British people agreed). Whites were also twice as likely to say they had been treated with respect by British police.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: 1983 research of breast cancer rates in Birmingham, England found that whites in the United Kingdom had significantly higher rates of the disease than black and Asian people who had migrated to the country. The study examined white people who were born in either the UK or Republic of Ireland. A 1999 study revealed that white people in the country had lower mortality rates from stroke than black people.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: In 2007, professor Andrew Hattersley studied the genomes of whites in the United Kingdom (as well as Finland and Italy), discovering what some researchers described as the first clear genetic link, via the FTO gene, to obesity. Presence of the gene beyond that initial subject pool was not yet studied.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: White people are the most likely racial group to have a form of atrial fibrillation conditions. The same 2018 data also showed that whites were around half as likely to suffer a stroke than black people in Britain. Among a number of other disparities, 2019 research demonstrated that whites in Britain were prescribed antipsychotic drugs (as dementia treatment) for around 4 weeks less on average than black Britons, placing the latter into an excess of dosage recommendations.


title: White people in the United Kingdom

text: White people are less likely to die from COVID-19 than any other racial group in the United Kingdom. White people in the country had half the chance of dying of the virus when compared with black Britons, while British Chinese showed similar fatality rates to white people. White males were at just under half the risk of men of British Bangladeshi and British Pakistanis ancestry. A British government report confirms that Black and Asian people in Britain had higher death rates amid the COVID-19 pandemic than their white counterparts


title: The Event

text: The Event (stylized as THE EVƎNT) is an American television series containing elements of science fiction, action/adventure and political allegory. It was created by Nick Wauters and aired on NBC from September 20, 2010 to May 23, 2011. The plot centers on a group of extraterrestrials, some of whom have been detained by the United States government for sixty-six years since their ship crashed in Alaska, while others have secretly assimilated among the general populace. The series was picked up for a full first season of 22 episodes on October 18, 2010. On May 13, 2011, NBC canceled the series after one season.


title: The Event

text: Near the end of World War II, a craft of undetermined origin crashed in the Brooks Range of northern Alaska. It carried passengers who appeared outwardly human, but were eventually determined to be of extraterrestrial origin. Their DNA is slightly less than one percent different from humans, and they age at a much slower rate. Since ninety-seven captured survivors refused to disclose information to the US, they were held in a nearby government facility, located on fictional Mount Inostranka. The remaining survivors, also known as the Sleepers, were able to escape the crash scene, as they, unlike those who were captured, sustained only minor injuries. Those who escaped ended up hiding among the regular populace.


title: The Event

text: In the present day, U.S. President Martinez learns of the facility's existence shortly after his inauguration and decides, after meeting the leader of the detainees, to release them and disclose their existence to the world, despite the objections of the intelligence agencies. His plans are put on hold when an assassination attempt on him is foiled by means beyond human technology. The CIA realizes there are other extraterrestrials and secretly plans to find and detain them. Unknown to the agency, the agent chosen to head the effort is himself one of those extraterrestrials. The escaped extraterrestrials, upon learning of the CIA's plans, have mixed reactions: some want to try to salvage attempts to peacefully assimilate, while others want to fight against the populace.


title: The Event

text: Caught in the middle of these events is Sean Walker, whose plans to propose to his girlfriend Leila on a Caribbean cruise are cut short when she mysteriously disappears from the ship. His investigation eventually leads him to uncover the assassination plot.


title: The Event

text: The show's pilot episode is told almost entirely in retroversions to three different time frames. According to Nick Wauters, the show's creator, later episodes would use flashbacks more to develop the characters. "There will be big reveals and big clues in each episode," he said, promising that viewers would not have to wait too long for answers to questions raised. After the pilot aired, he and executive producer Steve Stark answered some viewer questions on their Twitter feeds, one being the fate of the plane used in the assassination attempt, which ended up disappearing through a portal before it could crash. The characters also have Twitter feeds, and one had a blog, truthseeker5314.com, which would reveal additional information. The last two episodes before and all episodes following the show's hiatus no longer featured flashbacks. Cast member Blair Underwood said regarding the removal of the flashbacks, "We had been jumping around a lot and doing flashbacks and that was confusing to people," and "So when we come back, that device is done with! We are now telling the story straight through so people can track it and follow it easier."


title: The Event

text: Producer Steve Stark brought the original script to NBC in 2009, after hearing that the network was looking for "event-type" series to add to its television lineup. The script was written by Nick Wauters in 2006. The show appeared on NBC's development slate in early January 2010, when the network announced at the Television Critics Association presentation that it had green-lit production of a pilot episode.


title: The Event

text: Casting announcements began in early February, with Jason Ritter landing the lead role of Sean Walker. In late February, Željko Ivanek was cast as Blake Sterling, and Ian Anthony Dale signed on as Simon Lee. This was followed a few days later by the addition of Scott Patterson and Sarah Roemer to the cast. Roemer was cast as Sean's girlfriend, Leila Buchanan, with Patterson portraying her father, Michael. In late February, Laura Innes was cast as Sophia Maguire, a role which was originally envisioned as male. Blair Underwood came on board in early March in the role of President Eli Martinez, a role which was originally planned for a Hispanic actor. Finally, the addition of Taylor Cole completed the main cast.


title: The Event

text: Jeffrey Reiner signed on to direct, after having agreed to a deal with Universal Media Studios to work on new projects. He also served as an executive producer. After having read the pilot script, he called it a "page turner." Lisa Zwerling, who also signed a deal with UMS, served as a consulting producer.


title: The Event

text: On May 7, 2010, NBC announced that it had given a thirteen episode order for "The Event", followed by the announcement that Evan Katz had signed as showrunner and executive producer. A week later, the network announced that the series would appear on the Fall 2010 television schedule, airing on Mondays at 9 pm. On October 18, 2010, NBC announced it ordered nine more episodes, giving the show a twenty-two episode season.


title: The Event

text: In mid-July 2010 Clifton Collins, Jr. was cast as Thomas, a character described as "a key player in the show's secret conspiracy".


title: The Event

text: The series is a thriller, love story, and mystery with an element of science fiction. Unlike other well known series of the same genre, producers had promised timely answers to mysteries, with some answers provided as early as the upcoming episode. Executive producer Evan Katz stated that "everything is designed to answer questions so you're not frustrated or feeling like we're making it up as we go along" and the writers intended to keep the viewers guessing in a "fair way."


title: The Event

text: "The Event" was one of four new series screened at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2010, with "The Hollywood Reporter" saying the crowd response suggested "NBC's fall drama "The Event" came up a big winner."


title: The Event

text: Reviews of the pilot episode were generally favorable, scoring 67 out of 100 on Metacritic, and invoking many comparisons to "24" (Evan Katz‘s other produced show) and "Lost" (another science fiction show), each of which had ended its run the preceding spring of 2010. Mary McNamara of the "Los Angeles Times" called it "as big, brash and promising as "Heroes" was a few years back". "Variety"'s Brian Lowry called it "an enticing start". Linda Stasi of the "New York Post" stated that "if "24", "Lost", and "The 4400" had a baby, it would be "The Event"".


title: The Event

text: Some more cautious commentators said the show had promise but could not go on tantalizing the audience with a proliferation of mysteries. "The effort required to follow the story", said Barry Garron of "The Hollywood Reporter", "goes well beyond what most viewers might be willing to give." Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" called the pilot "an irritating tease" and hoped the second episode would answer some of the questions the pilot asked.


title: The Event

text: The pilot episode received 10.88 million viewers and a 3.6/9 adults 18–49 rating/share, placing third in its timeslot at 9:00 pm ET. After averaging 9.1 million viewers for the first four episodes, NBC picked up the series for a full season.


title: The Event

text: However, by the final episode of 2010 on November 29, the series had cut its audience by 46% and its demo rating by 48%, to 5.83 million and a 1.9/5 respectively, although both of these were up noticeably from the previous week. On November 15, NBC announced that "The Event" would be going into hiatus after the November 29 episode, and would return on February 28, 2011 (later pushed back to March 7). Upon its return, the series received 5.23 million viewers and a then-series-low 1.4/4 18–49 rating/share; the latter of these figures represented a 26% plunge from the fall finale. The series had since gone as low as 3.85 million viewers and a 1.1/3 rating/share in 18–49, first on April 18 and again on May 9.


title: The Event

text: The complete series was released on DVD in region 1 on August 23, 2011, in region 2 on October 17, 2011 and in region 4 on August 24, 2011. Special features on the DVD include seven behind-the-scenes featurettes, six audio commentaries with cast and crew, deleted scenes, episode recaps, a photo gallery, and a never-before-seen look at Dempsey's back story.


title: The Event

text: "The Event" has been syndicated for broadcast in several countries worldwide, including Canada where it aired simultaneously with the U.S., United Kingdom, Ireland, and New Zealand.


title: The Event

text: After the series' cancellation, the Syfy channel had been rumored to be in talks to continue the series as a miniseries; this was later denied by Syfy's Craig Engler. At the 2011 Television Critics Association Tour, NBC chairman Robert Greenblatt revealed the possibility of a TV movie. He said, "It's been discussed with Syfy and a few weeks ago it seemed more possible than it does today, but I honestly don't know." If it were to happen, it would air on Syfy, and not NBC.


title: Sarah Lind

text: Sarah Lind (born July 22, 1982) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her starring roles on the television series "Mentors", "Edgemont" and "True Justice".


title: Sarah Lind

text: Lind's first major role was as Dee Sampson on the 1998 Canadian teen fantasy television series "Mentors", which aired on Family Channel. After "Mentors" she was cast as Jen MacMahon, one of the lead roles, on the 2000 CBC teen drama series "Edgemont", a role which she played through all five seasons of the show.


title: Sarah Lind

text: In 2005, Lind appeared in the titular role of Cody in the Canadian film "Fetching Cody" opposite Jay Baruchel, and played the lead, Rita, in the Canadian horror film "Severed" (also known as "Severed: Forest of the Dead"). The same year she appeared in the Canadian film "A Simple Curve", and the television film "Selling Innocence".


title: Sarah Lind

text: In 2011, Lind starred opposite Steven Seagal in the scripted crime television series "True Justice", playing the role of Sarah Montgomery; she appeared in both seasons of the show. In 2015 she portrayed the titular role of Molly Hartley in the direct-to-video sequel "The Exorcism of Molly Hartley", taking over the role from Haley Bennett in the original film. In 2016, Lind played the lead in the television film "Hidden Truth". In 2018 she appeared in the film "Last Night" (also known as "Shattered Memories"). In 2020 Lind began playing Zee Madieras, a doctor and medical examiner, in the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries series "The Martha's Vineyard Mysteries" based on the novels by Philip R. Craig.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: The SLAMRAAM (Surface Launched AMRAAM) was the US Army program to develop a Humvee-based surface-to-air missile launcher for the AIM-120 AMRAAM missile, manufactured by Raytheon Technologies and Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace. Surface-launched AMRAAM missile was first used in Kongsberg's NASAMS air defense system, fielded in 1995.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: Although the US Army canceled the SLAMRAAM program in 2011, the mobile launcher became part of NASAMS configuration options in 2019.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: The Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System (NASAMS), developed by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace, consists of a number of vehicle-pulled batteries (containing six AMRAAMs launch containers each) along with separate radar trucks and control station vehicles.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: The US Marine Corps conducted trial of surface-launched AMRAAM missiles during 1997, demonstrating intercept ranges of over 15 km. In April 2001, the Marines awarded Raytheon a contract for the development of the Complementary Low-Altitude Weapon System (CLAWS), with Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace as a subcontractor and Boeing as the developer of fire and control shelter. In 2006, the USMC terminated the CLAWS program as part of spending cuts.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: In February 2004, the US Army Aviation and Missile Command awarded Raytheon a contract to develop SL-AMRAAM. In 2007-2008, Raytheon successfully tested launching AMRAAM missiles from a six-missile launch rails on a M1097 Humvee. They also added the capability to fire AIM-9X Sidewinder from the launcher. The missiles receive their initial guidance information from a radar not mounted on the vehicle.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: In 2008, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has requested the purchasing of SL-AMRAAM as part of a larger 7 billion dollar foreign military sales package; the sale would include 288 AMRAAM C-7 missiles.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: In 2009 the US Army test fired the SL-AMRAAM from a HIMARS artillery rocket launcher as a common launcher, as part of a move to switch to a larger and more survivable launch platform.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: Since the missile is launched without the benefit of an aircraft's speed or high altitude, its range is considerably shorter. Although the engagement range for AMRAAM is estimated to be 75 km for AIM-120B and over 105 km for AIM-120C-5, these ranges are provided for head-on encounters by fast moving aircraft at an altitude, and the range is significantly shorter when the same missiles are launched from stationary ground platforms. Further dimensioning for a stationary ground-launched-missile system is its maximum altitude reach, which by rule of thumb is one third of its maximum horizontal range.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: On January 6, 2011, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that the U.S. Army has decided to terminate acquisition of the SLAMRAAM as part of a budget-cutting effort.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: The National Guard Association of the United States has sent a letter asking for the United States Senate to stop the Army's plan to drop the SLAMRAAM program because without it there would be no path to modernize the Guard's AN/TWQ-1 Avenger Battalions.


title: SLAMRAAM

text: A more recent version of the SLAMRAAM program is the NASAMS "High Mobility Launcher" made in cooperation with Kongsberg, where the launch-vehicle is a Humvee (M1152A1 HMMWV), containing four AMRAAMs and two AIM-9X Sidewinder Block II each. First HML launchers were delivered to the Norwegian Army in 2018.


title: Low Roar

text: Low Roar was an Icelandic post-rock/electronica project founded by the late American immigrant Ryan Karazija. Originally a solo act, the band later added Leifur Björnsson and Logi Guðmundsson.


title: Low Roar

text: After leading the California-based indie rock band Audrye Sessions from 2002 to 2010, Karazija relocated to Reykjavík, Iceland and started the new project Low Roar, releasing a self-titled album in 2011. A second album, "0", was released in 2014 by Tonequake Records, followed by "Once in a Long, Long While..." in mid-2017. The Low Roar album, "ross.", was released in November 2019, with their latest album "maybe tomorrow..." released in July 2021.


title: Low Roar

text: The band's discography features heavily in the 2019 video game "Death Stranding", following a collaboration with video game designer Hideo Kojima, after Kojima chanced upon their music while in a CD shop in Reykjavík. Kojima described Low Roar's music as "sensual" and "unique". When Sony first contacted the band to license their music for "Death Stranding", the band was struggling, with much of their music being recorded on a laptop in Karazija's kitchen. The use of Low Roar's music in the video game had a significant positive impact on the band's popularity.


title: Low Roar

text: In 2021 they recorded the song "Feels" for the mobile game Arknights, later released in full under the title "Fade Away" on their 2021 album "maybe tomorrow...".


title: Low Roar

text: On 29 October 2022, it was announced that Ryan Karazija, founder and lead singer of the band had died at the age of 40. Hours later, it was revealed that the cause of death was from complications with pneumonia. It was also announced that the sixth album, which is being edited, will be eventually released to the public.


title: Neill Rea

text: Neill Rea (born 1971) is a New Zealand actor, best known for playing the lead role of DI Mike Shepherd in television police procedural "The Brokenwood Mysteries".


title: Neill Rea

text: Rea was born in 1971, and is a graduate of Toi Whakaari drama school. Early roles included small parts in "" and "Duggan", before he landed a larger part as Scotty, one of the flatmates in 1999 comedy-drama film "Scarfies". Other noted roles include a semi-regular guest appearance in comedy-drama "Go Girls" in 2011 and 2012, and a role in 2010 film "The Warrior's Way".


title: Neill Rea

text: Apart from acting, Rea also works as a casting director, and is the owner of Auckland-based casting agency Fly Casting.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Bright: Samurai Soul is a 2021 anime film spin-off of "Bright" directed by Kyōhei Ishiguro from a script by Michiko Yokote and starring the voices of Yūki Nomura, Daisuke Hirakawa, Shion Wakayama, Miyavi, Maaya Sakamoto, Kenjiro Tsuda, Chafurin, Mamoru Miyano, and Kenichi Suzumura while the English dub consists of Simu Liu, Fred Mancuso, Yuzu Harada, Matt Yang King, Victoria Grace, Keone Young, and Paul Nakauchi. The film was released by Netflix on October 12, 2021.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: In 1868 at Edo Castle, Izou fights among the soldiers to protect the Shogun Yoshinobu Tokugawa against the New Government Army. The battle is stopped by a single Elf Bright whose magical spell illuminates the area and leaves everyone within the periphery in awe.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: A few years pass by and the setting changes to Kyoto, the old regime was replaced by the new one called the Meiji restoration. Izou now works as a guard at an undisclosed brothel. He's asked by his superior to lock up a rowdy elf girl who has someone interested in purchasing. Izou does so and is demanded by the elf girl to set her free, but he refuses and leaves the scene as the girl notices a light blue aura emanating from Izou's body. Heading to the High Courtesan Chihaya's room, Izou delivers her a couple of things, one of which is an English vocabulary book. Thankful for the book, Chihaya notices the scratches on Izou's hand and asks where he got it. Izou downplays it and informs her that a "tomboy" just gave him some trouble. Curious about the tomboy, the two of them visit her down in her cell and even though the elf girl gives them a nasty attitude. Chihaya becomes interested in the elf girl and requests that she become her personal attendant.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Later, back in Chihaya's room, Chihaya feeds her new attendant some food and learns her name is Sonya. Deducing that Sonya is of Russia origin, she reveals that her bird is too. Izou eavesdrops on their conversation for a bit and as he walks away from the room it starts to rain causing the wound over his right eye to become agitated. Meanwhile, two warriors appear in front of the brothel and kill Izou's superior, while Sonya is called over by Chihaya. The two talk and Chihaya reveals to Sonya her moniker Chihaya the Forgetful because she lost her memory ever since the start of the Meiji Restoration. She also reveals after taking out her precious hairpin from her hair that she's an Elf. Taking out a large map, Chihaya shows it to Sonya and tells her of a land populated by Elves somewhere north beyond the seas called Hakodate.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: At that time, an army composed mainly of Orcs, Goblins and Dwarves raid the brothel and kill the patrons and servants there. Without wasting a moment, Izou fetches his old katana from the storage area and slaughters the invaders. Elsewhere the supposed leader of the invaders enters the place accompanied by his Orc companion named Raiden. The leader promises Raiden's freedom if he manages to sniff out the Elf they're after and begrudgingly, Raiden tacitly agrees and sniffs around the area. Elsewhere, Chihaya hides Sonya in her closet as the man interested in purchasing Sonya earlier barges into Chihaya's room, so they can escape together.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Meanwhile, Izou finishes off three of the invaders, while thinking of Chihaya, he catches sight of the leader and then is attacked by Raiden. The two skirmish until a barrage of flaming arrows rain down upon them. Chihaya, leaves the man in the dust to return to Sonya who passes out due to smoke inhalation from the burning fire around the brothel is then confronted by the invader leader and his cohorts.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Awakening from her unconscious state, Sonya sees a dark aura coming from the leader. Sonya then bites the leader's hand and is knocked to the side revealing that she's an elf in the process. The leader then orders one of his men to capture her, but Chihaya tries to stop them only to be also knocked aside and lose her precious hairpin. Upon touching it, she remembers her past and uses her hairpin to cast a spell that cuts off the leader's left hand. In a fit of rage, the leader stabs Chihaya in the heart and Sonya rushes to her aid. In Chihaya's last moments, she requests that Sonya return her hairpin to Hakodate and casts the same spell that illuminated the Edo Castle those few years ago. Shocked by the illustrious light, Raiden and Izou stop their fighting as Raiden's boss orders him to fetch the Elf girl. Following his leader's orders, Raiden finds Sonya grasping the dead body of Chihaya surrounded by a barrier of light. Astounded by the sight of what the light barrier cast around the two Elves, it dissipates once Sonya passes out and then Izou arrives and attacks Raiden from behind. Izou then picks up the unconscious Sonya and learns her name from Raiden who also saves them from a falling piece of debris. Following Raiden's suggestion, the two escape together with Sonya.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: The following day, next to a forest, Raiden is bound to a tree, while Izou makes a makeshift grave for the deceased Chihaya. Izou details to Sonya that Chihaya will be sent to Heaven by doing this, but Sonya claims that she would have wanted to go to the land of Elves Hakodate. Sonya then shows the two Chihaya's hairpin and offers to hire Izou with it. Raiden also offers his services to Sonya noting his former employer captures Elf girls left and right and will continue to hunt her. To prove his resolve and that he won't betray them, Raiden breaks free from his restraints and uses a rock to break off his right fang as a symbol of his vow. Observing the light aura coming from Raiden, Sonya accepts his offer. A Daurian Redstart then flies by them and Raiden takes it as a symbol of good fortune and to add to it, he also knocks two rocks together give their fortune a good luck spark. Raiden then introduces himself and asks for Izou's name, but he refuses to give it, so Sonya answers for him.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: At a manor in Yokohama, a military figure receives is informed by a messenger Goblin of the events that occurred back at the brothel. He orders that the Elf girl be captured at any cost. That afternoon at Fuchuu-Shuku, Tokaido, the group finds an inn that'll allow them to stay at and later that evening. Raiden and Izou have a heart to heart about a little bit of Raiden's past and how he seeks a life different from the typical Orcs in Japan. When Raiden asks why Izou was a bodyguard in the brothel, Izou claims that he simply failed to die in the past and is now on borrowed time.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: The next day, the group travel onwards and after a brief fit of mistrust between Izou and Raiden, they're ambushed by the brothel invader leader and his cohorts. Amid the skirmish, Izou's right shoulder is sliced, making Izou recall how he lost his right eye by the betrayal of his former superior named Kōketsu. This causes Izou to go berserk and have him slay the ambushers as Sonya notices that his aura has now turned black. Shot and wounded from behind, Raiden was about to be impaled by a spear, but is saved by his former boss. The man approaches Raiden and asks if he's lost his mind, but Raiden begs him to be released. His former boss, allows it only under the condition that he hand Sonya over, and Raiden refuses and the battle continues until they flee the scene. Eventually, the group is chased to a cliff with a fast current river down below. After being shot at they all fall off the cliff and both Raiden and Izou fall into the water, while Sonya lands on a rock.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: In a cave, Raiden and Izou are rescued by an old centaur named Tsukuyomi who lives in the cave. Awakening from their unconscious state, they realize that Sonya is missing and then Tsukuyomi appears before them and returns their weapons to them. He then introduces himself as Tsukuyomi. Raiden informs Izou of what he knows of Tsukuyomi, a hermit who is called a sage, although Tsukuyomi doesn't consider himself as such. Asked about Sonya, he claims he doesn't know where she is as they were the only ones he found by his place. Immediately, Izou acts rashly, but is stopped by Raiden, and Tsukuyomi then leads the two up a small set of stairs.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Meanwhile in the military figure's manor, its owner asks one of his guests if they've heard of the name Whole Creation, its relation is to the "Dark Lord". One of his guest answers no he has not. So the man gives his guest an explanation about the Dark Lord and his connection to Magic Wands and reveals that a wand ended the bloodless coup that occurred years ago.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Back in the cave, Tsukuyomi reads an excerpt about Wands from a book and it mentions Brights as those who can harness their power. It's also said that a majority of Brights are in fact Elves. Raiden then deduces that his former boss had him hunt Elves just to find Brights. Tsukuyomi then mentions the two factions who are after the wands, the Shield of Light and the Inferni. Of the Inferni, the military figure offers Ōkubo a deal to join the Inferni if he finds a Wand for him, however, Ōkubo's response is never given, but he mentions how hard to read the man was. The man then heads to the room Sonya was in and demands to know if the beam of light from the brothel was her or not.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Outside of his cave, Tsukuyomi directs Izou and Raiden east of Fuji to Yokohama where a gathering of Elves are located at. He also informs them that Sonya is still alive as the Stars foretold that she is.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Eventually, the two make it to Odawara, Tokaido, and help a young boy named Kotaro who fell and hurt himself. This leads some of the local residents to suspect the two are the kidnappers who are stealing elves from the village. The boy's mother vouches for them and informs them of the village's problem with its Elves going missing. One of which was found dead with its legs severed off.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: The next day, the two make it to Yokohama. There, Izou sees someone he may know and recalls once again the memory of how he lost his eye. Noting Izou's uneasiness, they go their separate ways and Izou ends up at a temple where he finds a woman that resembles Chihaya. In reality, the woman is her twin sister.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Meanwhile, Raiden continues his search for an Elf, but instead finds a Goblin linen salesman that has Sonya's old clothing. The salesman details that he got them from an estate in Yamanoe. At the Temple, Izou and Chihaya's twin sister talk, and she reveals that Chihaya's hairpin is actually a wand. Raiden then arrives and informs them that he's found a clue of Sonya's location. Chihaya's twin sister then reveals that Sonya must be in the hands of the Inferni and that she's part of the Shield of Light.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: As they head off to the location of the Inferni estate, Chihaya's twin sister elaborates on her and her sister's back story of trying to acquire the wand. Inside of the estate, the Inferni man tricks Sonya into drinking drugged tea, upon learning that Izou and Raiden are still alive. Hence, he takes Sonya in his carriage, which is soon stopped by Izou's group and Izou recognizes the Inferni man as his former master Kōketsu. Both Chihaya's twin sister and Raiden try to attack Kōketsu, but they're deftly deal with by Kōketsu who makes an escape after this as Izou is too shocked to make a move against his former master. Members of the Shield of Light arrive and reveal Chihaya's twin sister's name is Anna and one of them named Nakazo suggests they regroup at their base. The group takes a carriage to a SoL base located at the port of the city where the Inferni boat is thought to be at and it'll take Sonya to their homeland.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Riding on the SoL boat, Izou and Raiden manage to board the Inferni boat and deal with most of the Inferni. Soon, Tōmoku, Raiden's old master now with an octopus hand to replace his missing left, attacks Raiden. In retaliation, Izou slices off one of Tōmoku's tentacles and Raiden slices off his left arm. As Raiden deals with Tōmoku he gets his right leg blown off, as Izou heads into the boat in search of Sonya. With Izou gone, Raiden finishes off Tōmoku, but with the last of his strength, Tōmoku kills Raiden by shooting him directly in the face. Dealing with a Goblin and Orc Inferni, Izou finds Sonya only to be ambushed by his former master out on the deck. Kōketsu offers him to join him again, but Izou refuses and is sequentially killed by him. Distraught, Sonya approaches Izou's corpse and finds the wand on him, and uses it to heal and revive Izou. Anna and Nakazo board the Inferni ship and Anna comes to realize that Sonya is actually a Bright. Kōketsu in an awe-stricken stupor demands that Sonya hand over the wand. Sonya refuses. After mistaking Anna for her twin sister Chihaya, Sonya uses the wand to vaporize Kōketsu.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: A few days later, Izo and Raiden now with a new leg see Sonya off as she goes with Anna the SoL. Revealing that he has the wand on his person, Izou tosses it into the ocean and claims that humans will take care of their own problems their own way. Raiden agrees as that's the same way Orcs do it.


title: Bright: Samurai Soul

text: Netflix first announced the project as part of their Geeked Week in June 2021. Kyōhei Ishiguro was announced as the film's director from a script by Michiko Yokote and with character designs by Atsushi Yamagata. Arect would serve as the animation studio. In September 2021, the cast of the film was revealed to star Yūki Nomura (in his voice acting debut), Daisuke Hirakawa, and Shion Wakayama; and shortly afterward, Simu Liu, Fred Mancuso, and Yuzu Harada were announced to be voicing the English dub. Miyavi will also star in the film, making his voice actor debut. The film is animated using 3D computer graphics with art in the style of Japanese woodblock prints.


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: "The One After the Superbowl" is a double-length episode of the American television sitcom "Friends"<nowiki>'</nowiki> second season. The episode premiered on NBC on January 28, 1996, as the lead-out for NBC's telecast of Super Bowl XXX. The main storyline of the episode follows Ross, who learns that his former pet monkey Marcel had been employed for a film being shot in New York City, and then tries to get a role in said film as a ploy to reunite with the monkey.


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: Citing previous failures in the high-profile post-Super Bowl timeslot, NBC deliberately decided against premiering a new series, and instead chose to schedule a high-profile episode of an existing, popular series. It was part of an effort by the network to achieve the "highest-grossing ad-revenue day in television history." The episode featured many guest stars, including Brooke Shields, Chris Isaak, Julia Roberts, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Fred Willard, and Dan Castellaneta.


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: With 52.925 million viewers and a 47 percent audience share, "The One After the Superbowl" was the most-watched episode of the series, and is the highest-rated Super Bowl lead-out program of all time. The episode itself received mixed reviews, with some critics arguing that the excessive number of guest stars dampened the episode's quality (with several reviews making comparisons to "The Love Boat"), but others praising it for its funnier moments. Brooke Shields was considered a standout among the guest stars; impressed by her performance, NBC would cast her in the starring role of its new sitcom "Suddenly Susan".


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: After seeing a monkey in a beer commercial that reminds him of his former pet monkey Marcel, Ross decides to pay a visit to his old pet at the San Diego Zoo during his business trip to California. When Ross cannot find the monkey, the zoo administrator (Fred Willard) tells him that Marcel has died. However, a janitor (Dan Castellaneta) later informs Ross that Marcel was kidnapped and forced into show business and is currently filming a movie in New York. Meanwhile, Joey has to contend with a mentally ill stalker (Brooke Shields) who delusionally thinks that Joey is actually Dr. Drake Ramoray, the character he plays on "Days of Our Lives". Despite this, Joey goes on a date with her. She later confronts him when she suspects "Drake" is cheating on her with another woman (actually another character in the soap opera). He tells her he is just an actor, but when she does not believe him, the others claim that Joey is "Drake"'s evil twin "Hans", in order to get her to leave him alone. Phoebe dates Rob (Chris Isaak) who hires her to perform at children's concerts at a local library. However, the songs she sings to the children are disturbing to the attending parents because they tell truths that the children have never heard before. When Rob's attempts to convince Phoebe to tone down her material for her next performances fail, he is forced to fire her, but the children then come to Central Perk to listen to more of Phoebe's songs.


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: Ross, hoping for a reunion with Marcel, looks for him on the movie set. Joey meanwhile, sucks up to the production assistant to land a part in the movie. While on set, Chandler meets his old childhood friend Susie "Underpants" Moss (Julia Roberts) working on the production, with whom he has a colored history; when they were in elementary school, Chandler pulled up Susie's skirt when she was on stage, revealing her panties to the entire school. They arrange a date, Chandler unsuspecting that it is a plot to get revenge. After convincing him to wear her panties, Susie leaves him wearing nothing but the panties in a bathroom stall in the restaurant where they are having dinner. Meanwhile, Monica (Courteney Cox) and Rachel meet the movie's star Jean-Claude Van Damme, and compete for his attention. This creates tension between them, as they both argue over who should get to date him. They both dump him when he tries to convince them to have a threesome with Drew Barrymore. Ross finally reunites with Marcel and Joey lands a small role in the movie, but loses his solitary line after overacting.


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: The first part of "The One After the Superbowl" was written by Mike Sikowitz and Jeffrey Astrof, and the second part by Michael Borkow. Both parts were directed by Michael Lembeck. On January 28, 1996, the day the episode aired, executive producer Kevin S. Bright commented: "It'll be bigger in size and scope than a regular "Friends" episode. Tonight we go one step beyond." At the beginning of January 1996, it was confirmed that Julia Roberts, Brooke Shields, Chris Isaak and Jean-Claude Van Damme would all guest star in "The One After the Superbowl". Actors and comedians Fred Willard and Dan Castellaneta also made minor guest appearances in the episode, as the zookeeper and the zoo janitor respectively. Shields was dating future husband Andre Agassi at the time and during filming of the restaurant sequence, he stormed on to the set and according to witnesses had a blazing row with her as he felt she was flirting with Matt LeBlanc.


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: Bright commented that Shields' performance was "a little into silly land" at first, but it "eventually turned in a very funny performance." Shields commented that when she was asked to appear on the show, she "said yes basically sight unseen. I don't know where I was on the list. Maybe everybody else said no." The writers had difficulty devising jokes that would be funny when Van Damme said them. In order to create "Van Damme-proof" jokes, one writer "would say them in a really horrible French accent, putting the emphasis on the wrong word". If people laughed, Van Damme was given the joke to perform. One line created in this way was Van Damme's "I can crack a walnut with my butt."


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: Roberts recorded her scenes from January 6–8, 1996. She had a relationship with cast member Matthew Perry at the time and an audience member said about their on-screen kiss, "Julia looked at Matt and said 'I'm glad we rehearsed this over the weekend'." A sound recordist commented: "I've seen screen kisses before but this was the best. They really went at it." Roberts thought her appearance on the show was "the most nerve-wracking thing" she had done since auditioning for "Pretty Woman". "I wanted to be the best I could be. [Perry] is incredibly funny, and you want to inspire that same kind of joy that he does. Then at a certain point at lunch, you go, 'Well, it ain't gonna happen. I'll just try to be cute.'"


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: The decision to air the episode directly after Super Bowl XXX was made by NBC in hopes of making that Sunday the "highest-grossing ad-revenue day in television history." The guest stars were cast to draw more viewers and further increase the advertising revenue. In past years, networks had "exploited" the post-Super Bowl time slot to launch new series. NBC made an exception with "Friends" because they believed it would attract more advertising revenue than a new show. Curt King, press manager for "Friends", commented: "Try to think of the new shows that were premiered after recent Super Bowls and name one that's still around. What we decided to do this year was not to unveil a new show but give people an extra-special version of a show they already like a lot."


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: "The One After the Superbowl" is the most-watched episode in the history of "Friends", with a total of 52.9 million viewers tuned in after the Super Bowl ended. The episode generated a 29.5 Nielsen rating and a 47 percent audience share, making it the highest-rated episode of any show ever (scripted or otherwise) to debut after the Super Bowl. The advertising rates for "The One After the Superbowl" averaged $600,000 for 30 seconds of commercial time. This was one of the largest advertising rates ever for a sitcom at the time. The episode's director, Michael Lembeck, won the 1996 Emmy Award in the "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Directing for a Comedy Series" category for this episode, the only Emmy won by "Friends" that year.


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: "The One After the Superbowl" received mixed reviews from television critics. Lisa Davis of the "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" called the guest appearances "a blatant ploy to boost ratings." "The Charlotte Observer"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Tim Goodman said the episode's "pathetic infusion of 'star appeal'" made him "nauseous" and commented that the producers "should just make Bernie Kopell a regular and turn it into the "Love Boat" all over again." Diane Holloway of the "Austin American-Statesman" also noted the similarities with the television series "Love Boat", known for its many guest stars: "[The episode] had a couple of chuckles, but came off like a young "Love Boat"." "Entertainment Weekly" called the episode "fragmented, poorly paced, and only sporadically funny. Cramming the already crowded ensemble with celebs may have been a ratings grabber ... but the results are forced sitcomedy and stilted acting," specifically citing Van Damme. Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide wrote that the episode "feels like nothing more than a big stunt to follow the big game." He went on to say that the cameos of Willard and Castellaneta "offers easily the best parts of the program."


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: Shields was praised for her performance. Alan Pergament of "The Buffalo News" said she "showed a different side and was the best guest star" in the episode. Peter Marks of "The New York Times" commented that Shields' performance was "so edgy and unbridled" that she "stole the episode" from Roberts and Isaak. Jae-Ha Kim of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote that the chemistry between Perry and Roberts was "authentic" and that Shields "may have found her niche as a sitcom queen." Her performance in the episode impressed NBC so much that she was offered her own sitcom, "Suddenly Susan", for the network's 1996 fall lineup. In discussion of Shields performance,


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: Joanne Ostrow of "The Denver Post" noted that she "did a nice turn to help her stalled career." She went on to say that Roberts' appearance was "to little effect".


title: The One After the Superbowl

text: Ostrow commented that the Monica and Rachel storyline "was evidence of unfunny, lazy writing." Kim, however, thought the storyline offered some "funny moments." Ostrow was complimentary of cast members Lisa Kudrow and David Schwimmer's performances. "Lisa Kudrow, as Phoebe, singer of truthful folk songs, continues to be a "Friends" highlight and David Schwimmer can carry off amusing, emotionally tinged moments even opposite a monkey." DVD Talk's Earl Cressey named the episode one of the highlights of the second season of "Friends". Hal Boedeker of "The Orlando Sentinel" praised "The One After the Superbowl" for being better than most episodes of "Friends" and "pleasantly off-the-wall and in keeping with the "Friends" spirit." The authors of "Friends Like Us: The Unofficial Guide to Friends" wrote that there are "some lovely moments of slapstick" in the episode. They called Roberts "a fine guest-star", while Van Damme was "embarrassing". Pergament said "The One After the Superbowl" "had its moments", but he thought it felt more like an episode of "Seinfeld" than an episode of "Friends". The "Houston Chronicle"s Ann Hodges gave the episode a more negative review, commenting that the "Friends" writers "dropped the ball" with it: "Women's underwear, three-way-sex jokes, and a monkey — that was it. The insipid, stupid script was an insult to guest stars like Julia Roberts and Jean-Claude Van Damme."


title: Absolute advantage

text: In economics, the principle of absolute advantage is the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce a good or service more efficiently than its competitors. The Scottish economist Adam Smith first described the principle of absolute advantage in the context of international trade in 1776, using labor as the only input. Since absolute advantage is determined by a simple comparison of labor productiveness, it is possible for a party to have no absolute advantage in anything.


title: Absolute advantage

text: The concept of absolute advantage is generally attributed to the Scottish economist Adam Smith in his 1776 publication "The Wealth of Nations," in which he countered mercantilist ideas. Smith argued that it was impossible for all nations to become rich simultaneously by following mercantilism because the export of one nation is another nation's import and instead stated that all nations would gain simultaneously if they practiced free trade and specialized in accordance with their absolute advantage. Smith also stated that the wealth of nations depends upon the goods and services available to their citizens, rather than their gold reserves.


title: Absolute advantage

text: Because Smith only focused on comparing labor productivities to determine absolute advantage, he did not develop the concept of comparative advantage. While there are possible gains from trade with absolute advantage, the gains may not be mutually beneficial. Comparative advantage focuses on the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges.


title: Absolute advantage

text: According to Figure 1, the UK commits 80 hours of labor to produce one unit of cloth, which is fewer than Portugal's hours of work necessary to produce one unit of cloth. The UK is able to produce one unit of cloth with fewer hours of labor, therefore the UK has an absolute advantage in the production of cloth. On the other hand, Portugal commits 90 hours to produce one unit of wine, which is fewer than the UK's hours of work necessary to produce one unit of wine. Therefore, Portugal has an absolute advantage in the production of wine.


title: Absolute advantage

text: If the two countries specialize in producing the good for which they have the absolute advantage, and if they exchange part of the good with each other, both of the two countries can end up with more of each good than they would have in the absence of trade. In the absence of trade, each country produces one unit of cloth and one unit of wine, i.e. a combined total production of 2 units of cloth and 2 units of wine. Here, if The UK commits all of its labor (80+100) for the production of cloth for which The UK has the absolute advantage, The UK produces (80+100)÷80=2.25 units of cloth. On the other hand, if Portugal commits all of its labor (90+120) for the production of wine, Portugal produces (90+120)÷90=2.33... units of wine. The combined total production in this case is 2.25 units of cloth and 2.33 units of wine which is greater than the total production of each good had there been no specialization. Assuming free trade this will lead to cheaper prices for both goods for both countries.


title: Absolute advantage

text: You and your friends decided to help with fundraising for a local charity group by printing T-shirts and making birdhouses.


title: Masturbate-a-thon

text: The Masturbate-a-thon is an event in which participants masturbate to raise money for charity and increase the public awareness and dispel the shame and taboos that exist about this form of sexual activity. From 1998 to 2003, the Masturbate-a-thon raised around $25,000 for women's health initiatives and HIV prevention, education and treatment organizations, and has contributed to debates about safer sex and alternative safe methods of sexual expression.


title: Masturbate-a-thon

text: The event awards several honors for those who raise the most money as well as for multiple orgasms and endurance.


title: Masturbate-a-thon

text: In May 1995, San Francisco–based sex toy shop Good Vibrations declared May to be "Masturbation Month". Since then, it has encouraged people to get sponsors as a fundraiser for charities with a sex-positive focus.


title: Masturbate-a-thon

text: In 1999, the Masturbate-a-Thon was originated by the collective Open Enterprises, which operates Good Vibrations. The slogan "Come for a Cause" was coined by Rachel Venning, the founder of the sex toy shop Babeland, formerly Toys in Babeland, which has branches in Seattle, in Brooklyn, and (two) in Manhattan. The Masturbate-a-Thon was built up by Good Vibrations, which encouraged other modern sex-toy businesses—such as Babeland; A Woman's Touch, in Madison, Wisconsin; Toronto's Come As You Are; and Boston's Grand Opening—to hold events coinciding with "masturbation month" (May in the United States). In that year, the first live event was held at San Francisco's Campus Theater, by the Center for Sex and Culture (CSC)'s Carol Queen and her partner, Robert Lawrence. CSC is an education-based non-profit providing professional-level sex education. The annual events are used as a public-health-education device to increase awareness of self-pleasure as a strategy for safer and healthier sex and to de-stigmatize self-love.


title: Masturbate-a-thon

text: London hosted Europe's first "masturbate-a-thon" on 5 August 2006. It aims to remove the taboo and shame associated with masturbation. Hundreds of persons raised money for the charity Terrence Higgins Trust and the sexual- and reproductive-health agency Marie Stopes International. The Masturbate-a-thon, also called "Wank-a-Thon," was recorded by ZigZagProductions of London as part of an international documentary of the event. However, plans to broadcast this on Channel 4 as part of its Wank Week series were abandoned, including programming from Europe's fetish and leather week.


title: Masturbate-a-thon

text: In 2009, Masanobu Sato won the Masturbate-a-thon held by the Center of Sex and Culture in San Francisco after masturbating for nine hours and thirty-three minutes.


title: Masturbate-a-thon

text: In 2012, China's first masturbation contest was held in Shenzhen, China in celebration of World AIDS day. The event's organizers explained that the contest aims to promote masturbation as the safest means of sex and as an effective means for avoiding HIV infection.


title: Masturbate-a-thon

text: Montreal's first Masturbate-a-thon (aka "Wankfest") was on 4 May 2013 and raised money for the charity Head and Hands, a youth sex education and outreach organization, and Sexploreum, an adult education group dedicated to encouraging playfulness with sexuality. Masturbate-a-thon 3 in 2014 was cancelled due to lack of registrations.


title: Atole

text: Atole (, from Nahuatl "ātōlli" ), also known as atolli and atol de elote, is a traditional hot corn- and masa-based beverage of Mexican origin. Chocolate "atole" is known as "champurrado" or "atole". It typically accompanies tamales, and is very popular during Day of the Dead (observed November 2) and "Las Posadas" (Christmas holiday season).


title: Atole

text: In Mexico, the drink typically includes" masa "(corn hominy flour), water, "piloncillo" (unrefined cane sugar), cinnamon, vanilla, and optional chocolate or fruit. The mixture is blended and heated before serving. "Atole" is made by toasting "masa" on a "comal" (griddle), then adding water that was boiled with cinnamon sticks. The resulting blends vary in texture, ranging from a porridge to a very thin, liquid consistency. "Atole" can also be prepared with rice, wheat, or oatmeal in place of masa. In northern Mexico, a variation is also made using "pinole" (sweetened toasted corn meal). Although "atole" is one of the traditional drinks of the Mexican holidays Day of the Dead and Las Posadas, it is very common during breakfast and dinnertime at any time of year. It is usually sold as street food.


title: Atole

text: In many parts of Mexico and in the United States in communities with Mexican cultural roots, "atole" is a traditional comfort food. It is often eaten as a breakfast or an after dinner snack on cold days. In New Mexico, blue corn "atole" is finely ground cornmeal toasted for cooking, consumed as a grainy porridge-style drink served warm, usually sweetened with sugar and/or thinned with milk. It is usually served at breakfast like cream of wheat or oatmeal. Elders are said to have drunk "atole" because it gave them energy and if a mother is nursing it gives her more milk.


title: Atole

text: In Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, "atol de elote" (maize "atol") is a popular beverage. Pineapple "atol" ("atol de piña") is also consumed in El Salvador.


title: Atole

text: Salvadoran varieties include "atol shuco" ("dirty" "atol", a reference to its darker color), particularly popular in the Cabañas region. A emblematic variation exists in Nicaragua, called "pinolillo". In some parts of Honduras, fresh corn is ground and the expressed liquid is used as the base (instead of "masa").


title: Chai Vang

text: Chai Soua Vang (born September 24, 1968), more commonly known as Chai Vang, is an American of Hmong descent who was convicted of first degree intentional homicide, having pleaded self-defense after allegedly being fired upon. Vang, a six-year veteran of the California National Guard, shot eight people while he unintentionally trespassed upon a hunting group in northern Wisconsin on November 21, 2004; six were killed and two were wounded.


title: Chai Vang

text: Vang, who lived in Saint Paul, Minnesota at the time of the shootings, is imprisoned at the Anamosa State Penitentiary, as of 2006.


title: Chai Vang

text: Vang's father had served in a Laotian Civil War that was funded and organized by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). During the war, the CIA recruited the Hmong who lived in Laos and they assisted the CIA by disrupting supply routes which stretched from Laos to Vietnam during the Vietnam War. General Vang Pao was the leader of this army and as a result, he was regarded as a father figure by the Hmong.


title: Chai Vang

text: After the United States made the decision to withdraw troops from Laos in 1972, Vang and his family escaped the Hmong genocide that was ordered by the Pathet Lao in order to "exterminate the Hmong down to the last root" in retaliation for their assistance to the United States. Many Hmong were able to relocate to the U.S., however, thousands of them were left behind and killed. Vang and his siblings eventually relocated to the United States in 1980 and settled in California. Vang lived in Sacramento and eventually enlisted in the California National Guard.


title: Chai Vang

text: Sometime around 2000, Vang and his family moved to St. Paul, Minnesota. Vang is the father of seven children. He is also a family shaman ("txiv neeb") and was a hunting enthusiast.


title: Chai Vang

text: On Christmas Eve 2001, police responded to a 911 call from Vang's house, according to a Minneapolis Police Department report. The quarrel began when Vang said he wanted to go out and his wife Xiong did not want him to leave, Vang's daughter Kia remembered. Kia Vang recalled running out of her room and seeing her father with a gun. Police arrested Chai Vang, but charges never were filed because, police said, Xiong did not cooperate with investigators. A few months later, Xiong moved with the couple's five children to live with her parents in Milwaukee. His second marriage ended after he allegedly nearly choked his wife to death for gambling away $3,000.


title: Chai Vang

text: On the weekend of the shootings, Vang went out deer hunting with two friends and their two sons in northwest Wisconsin, a region where deer hunting is particularly popular, east of Birchwood, Wisconsin around the town of Meteor. Meteor extends over a large sparsely populated area. The land in the area is a mix of public and private. It is believed that Vang and his friends began their day on public land, but he later went onto a private 400 acre (1.6 km) tract of land.


title: Chai Vang

text: On Sunday, November 21, a hunting party of about 15 people were in a cabin on this private land. Terry Willers, one of the two co-owners of the land, left the cabin and saw Vang sitting in a deer stand. Willers used a handheld radio to ask the people still in the cabin whether or not anyone should be in the stand. Upon receiving a response in the negative, he approached Vang and told him to leave the property and allegedly called Vang racial slurs. Vang then apologized and started moving south towards a trail through a forested area of the property. According to Terry Willers' testimony, "As Bob got back on the radio and asked me where he was at and I said, uh, he's heading south down on the food plot right now. I radioed in to the cabin that I had a tree-rat and I had chased him off." At that point five of the hunters from the cabin who had heard the radio message arrived at the tree stand. Lauren Hesebeck, a surviving victim, stated "Bob had said I'm going to go talk to him to find out who he is, why he's there, and make sure he doesn't, you know, knows that he's on private property and that he's not welcomed there. Denny had said to me this ought to be interesting, let's go and see what's going on. We got in the back of it standing up (ATV), hanging on the rear bar." After following the directions given by Willers, they proceeded to approach Vang further down the trail. Crotteau then suggested making a note of his hunting license number to make a report to the DNR and, according to Hesebeck's testimony, Crotteau "flipped over the hunting tag on Vang's back to get his license number".


title: Chai Vang

text: The events after the confrontation are disputed. A violent altercation broke out and four of the eight victims were shot in the back, and three of these four were hit by multiple rounds. Vang is believed to have fired about 20 rounds from a Saiga rifle chambered in 7.62×39mm, which was recovered by police. One of the wounded hunters died the next day, bringing the toll to six dead and two wounded. Vang raised his rifle in one smooth, continuous sweeping motion as he circled right, kneeled, and aimed at Willers. Vang later said, “If I don’t shoot him, he would shoot me.”


title: Chai Vang

text: Vang’s first shot missed Willers as he ran and dove for cover, but Willers landed atop his rifle and couldn’t turn over before Vang’s second shot hit his lower left neck, paralyzing him. Vang instantly turned toward the men on their machines and shot Roidt, who hit the ground dead, as his ATV, still in gear, idled forward. Vang shot Drew next as the Crotteaus fled, and fired three shots at close range while chasing Hesebeck around the UTV. His third shot flattened Hesebeck, who fell stunned and still.


title: Chai Vang

text: Assuming Hesebeck was dead, Vang raced after Bob Crotteau, whose blaze-orange coat made him easy to see. As he fled, Crotteau called the cabin on his walkie-talkie to tell Laski to bring guns. Vang’s first shot missed but the second hit Crotteau in the chest, instantly killing him. Willers, meanwhile, had regained feeling in his fingers, and called the cabin for help.