title: Hudson Austin

text: Hudson Austin was a member of the New Jewel Movement in Grenada. He was an early member of the military wing of the party and received military training in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago along with eleven other Grenadians, sometimes referred to as "the twelve apostles". Austin was unique in this group as he also received training in the Soviet Union. He participated in the 1979 revolution which established the People's Revolutionary Government with Maurice Bishop at its head. After the revolution, Austin was in charge of the military forces of Grenada.


title: Hudson Austin

text: In October 1983, factional political issues intensified within the government, most notably Bishop's alleged favoring of rapprochement clashing with Austin's wish for affiliation with the Soviet Union. These conflicts led deputy prime minister Bernard Coard to place Maurice Bishop under house arrest and to take control of the government. Austin supported the action. Conflicts between Austin and Bishop were established early on in the 1979 coup with Austin's wanting to eliminate as many members of the opposition as possible conflicting with Bishop's wish for a bloodless coup. Popular demonstrations afterwards broke out against the detention of Bishop. In the course of one demonstration, Bishop was freed from house arrest. Bishop was eventually executed by army soldiers. Throughout the conflict, Yuri Andropov continued to provide arms to Grenada and did nothing to aid Bishop throughout this ordeal. It has been suggested that Austin and Coard were at least passively supported by the Soviet Union in their ousting of Bishop.


title: Hudson Austin

text: After the execution of Bishop, Austin disbanded the existing government and formed a military council with himself as chairman that would rule "until normality is restored." He made a radio announcement in which he claimed Bishop had led a mob to seize Fort Rupert, headquarters of the armed forces, with the intention of eliminating the NJM leadership and the army. As a result, Austin said, "the Revolutionary Armed Forces were forced to storm the fort, and in the process, the following persons were killed: Maurice Bishop, Unison Whiteman, Keith Hayling, Vincent Noel, Jacqueline Creft, Norris Bain and Fitzroy Bain among others." He then announced a four-day total curfew, warning the people, "No one is to leave their house. Anyone violating this curfew will be shot on sight."


title: Hudson Austin

text: The military government lasted for six days, until the United States invaded Grenada on 25 October 1983. Austin was arrested, along with all of those in the government and army who were alleged to have either participated in the decision to kill Bishop or were in the army chain of command that carried out the orders. He was sentenced to death along with Coard and the other coup leaders in 1986, but in 1991 their sentences were commuted to life in prison.


title: Hudson Austin

text: In mitigation pleas made in 2007, while he sought to be released from prison he made no attempt to deny his responsibility for what happened in 1983. In the plea it was said that he "understand(s) the need to satisfy action for loss and suffering and the trauma of the Grenadian people."


title: Hudson Austin

text: Austin was released from prison on 18 December 2008, together with Colville McBarnett and John Ventour.


title: Prasanna Puwanarajah

text: Prasanna Puwanarajah (; born 1981) is an English actor, director, writer, and former junior medical doctor.


title: Prasanna Puwanarajah

text: Puwanarajah was born at Ipswich Hospital in Suffolk to Eelam Tamil parents from Sri Lanka, his mother a psychiatrist and his father a dentist. He spent his early childhood on Churchill Avenue in Ipswich before the family moved to Hampshire when he was four. He participated in school plays and spent a season with the National Youth Theatre, but thought of acting as more of a hobby than a career choice at the time. He trained in Medicine at New College, Oxford. After working as a junior doctor in reconstructive surgery for over three years, Puwanarajah decided to take a year out. It was during this time he decided to become a full time actor, describing it as "more of a strong pull towards something else" than a "push away from" his medical career.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Subacromial bursitis is a condition caused by inflammation of the bursa that separates the superior surface of the supraspinatus tendon (one of the four tendons of the rotator cuff) from the overlying coraco-acromial ligament, acromion, and coracoid (the acromial arch) and from the deep surface of the deltoid muscle. The subacromial bursa helps the motion of the supraspinatus tendon of the rotator cuff in activities such as overhead work.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Musculoskeletal complaints are one of the most common reasons for primary care office visits, and rotator cuff disorders are the most common source of shoulder pain.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Primary inflammation of the subacromial bursa is relatively rare and may arise from autoimmune inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, crystal deposition disorders such as gout or pseudogout, calcific loose bodies, and infection. More commonly, subacromial bursitis arises as a result of complex factors, thought to cause shoulder impingement symptoms. These factors are broadly classified as intrinsic (intratendinous) or extrinsic (extratendinous). They are further divided into primary or secondary causes of impingement. Secondary causes are thought to be part of another process such as shoulder instability or nerve injury.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: In 1983 Neer described three stages of impingement syndrome. He noted that "the symptoms and physical signs in all three stages of impingement are almost identical, including the 'impingement sign'..., arc of pain, crepitus, and varying weakness". The Neer classification did not distinguish between partial-thickness and full-thickness rotator cuff tears in stage III. This has led to some controversy about the ability of physical examination tests to accurately diagnose between bursitis, impingement, impingement with or without rotator cuff tear and impingement with partial versus complete tears.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: In 2005, Park et al. published their findings which concluded that a combination of clinical tests were more useful than a single physical examination test. For the diagnosis of impingement disease, the best combination of tests were "any degree (of) a positive Hawkins–Kennedy test, a positive painful arc sign, and weakness in external rotation with the arm at the side", to diagnose a full thickness rotator cuff tear, the best combination of tests, when all three are positive, were the painful arc, the drop-arm sign, and weakness in external rotation.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Subacromial bursitis often presents with a constellation of symptoms called impingement syndrome. Pain along the front and side of the shoulder is the most common symptom and may cause weakness and stiffness. If the pain resolves and weakness persists other causes should be evaluated such as a tear of the rotator cuff or a neurological problem arising from the neck or entrapment of the suprascapular nerve. The onset of pain may be sudden or gradual and may or may not be related to trauma. Night time pain, especially sleeping on the affected shoulder, is often reported. Localized redness or swelling are less common and suggest an infected subacromial bursa. Individuals affected by subacromial bursitis commonly present with concomitant shoulder problems such as arthritis, rotator cuff tendinitis, rotator cuff tears, and cervical radiculopathy (pinched nerve in neck).


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Impingement may be brought on by sports activities, such as overhead throwing sports and swimming, or overhead work such as painting, carpentry, or plumbing. Activities that involve repetitive overhead activity, or directly in front, may cause shoulder pain. Direct upward pressure on the shoulder, such as leaning on an elbow, may increase pain.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: The literature on the pathophysiology of bursitis describes inflammation as the primary cause of symptoms. Inflammatory bursitis is usually the result of repetitive injury to the bursa. In the subacromial bursa, this generally occurs due to microtrauma to adjacent structures, particularly the supraspinatus tendon. The inflammatory process causes synovial cells to multiply, increasing collagen formation and fluid production within the bursa and reduction in the outside layer of lubrication.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Less frequently observed causes of subacromial bursitis include hemorrhagic conditions, crystal deposition and infection.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Many causes have been proposed in the medical literature for subacromial impingement syndrome. The bursa facilitates the motion of the rotator cuff beneath the arch, any disturbance of the relationship of the subacromial structures can lead to impingement. These factors can be broadly classified as intrinsic such as tendon degeneration, rotator cuff muscle weakness and overuse. Extrinsic factors include bone spurs from the acromion or AC joint, shoulder instability and neurologic problems arising outside of the shoulder.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: It is often difficult to distinguish between pain caused by bursitis or that caused by a rotator cuff injury as both exhibit similar pain patterns in the front or side of the shoulder. Subacromial bursitis can be painful with resisted abduction due to the pinching of the bursa as the deltoid contracts. If the therapist performs a treatment direction test and gently applies joint traction or a caudal glide during abduction (MWM), the painful arc may reduce if the problem is bursitis or adhesive capsulitis (as this potentially increases the subacromial space).


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Irritation or entrapment of the lower subscapular nerve, which innervates the subscapularis and teres major muscles, will produce muscle guarding at the shoulder that will restrict motion into external rotation, abduction, or flexion. The aforementioned tests will assist in diagnosing bursitis over other conditions. The diagnosis of impingement syndrome should be viewed with caution in people who are less than forty years old, because such individuals may have subtle glenohumeral instability.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: X-rays may help visualize bone spurs, acromial anatomy and arthritis. Further, calcification in the subacromial space and rotator cuff may be revealed. Osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint may co-exist and is usually demonstrated on radiographs.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: MRI imagining can reveal fluid accumulation in the bursa and assess adjacent structures. In chronic cases caused by impingement tendinosis and tears in the rotator cuff may be revealed. At US, an abnormal bursa may show


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: In any case, the magnitude of pathological findings does not correlate with the magnitude of the symptoms.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: In patients with bursitis who have rheumatoid arthritis, short term improvements are not taken as a sign of resolution and may require long term treatment to ensure recurrence is minimized. Joint contracture of the shoulder has also been found to be at a higher incidence in type two diabetics, which may lead to frozen shoulder (Donatelli, 2004).


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Many non-operative treatments have been advocated, including rest; oral administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; physical therapy; chiropractic; and local modalities such as cryotherapy, ultrasound, electromagnetic radiation, and subacromial injection of corticosteroids.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Shoulder bursitis rarely requires surgical intervention and generally responds favorably to conservative treatment. Surgery is reserved for patients who fail to respond to non-operative measures. Minimally invasive surgical procedures such as arthroscopic removal of the bursa allows for direct inspection of the shoulder structures and provides the opportunity for removal of bone spurs and repair of any rotator cuff tears that may be found.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: In 1997 Morrison et al. published a study that reviewed the cases of 616 patients (636 shoulders) with impingement syndrome (painful arc of motion) to assess the outcome of non-surgical care. An attempt was made to exclude patients who were suspected of having additional shoulder conditions such as, full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff, degenerative arthritis of the acromioclavicular joint, instability of the glenohumeral joint, or adhesive capsulitis. All patients were managed with anti-inflammatory medication and a specific, supervised physical-therapy regimen. The patients were followed up from six months to over six years. They found that 67% (413 patients) of the patients improved, while 28% did not improve and went to surgical treatment. 5% did not improve and declined further treatment.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: Of the 413 patients who improved, 74 had a recurrence of symptoms during the observation period and their symptoms responded to rest or after resumption of the exercise program.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: The Morrison study shows that the outcome of impingement symptoms varies with patient characteristics. Younger patients (20 years or less) and patients between 41 and 60 years of age, fared better than those who were in the 21 to 40 years age group. This may be related to the peak incidence of work, job requirements, sports and hobby related activities, that may place greater demands on the shoulder. However, patients who were older than sixty years of age had the "poorest results". It is known that the rotator cuff and adjacent structures undergo degenerative changes with ageing.


title: Subacromial bursitis

text: The authors were unable to posit an explanation for the observation of the bimodal distribution of satisfactory results with regard to age. They concluded that it was "unclear why (those) who were twenty-one to forty years old had less satisfactory results". The poorer outcome for patients over 60 years old was thought to be potentially related to "undiagnosed full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff".


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: A plasma propulsion engine is a type of electric propulsion that generates thrust from a quasi-neutral plasma. This is in contrast with ion thruster engines, which generate thrust through extracting an ion current from the plasma source, which is then accelerated to high velocities using grids/anodes. These exist in many forms (see electric propulsion). However, in the scientific literature, the term "plasma thruster" sometimes encompasses thrusters usually designated as "ion engines".


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Plasma thrusters do not typically use high voltage grids or anodes/cathodes to accelerate the charged particles in the plasma, but rather use currents and potentials that are generated internally to accelerate the ions, resulting in a lower exhaust velocity given the lack of high accelerating voltages.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: This type of thruster has a number of advantages. The lack of high voltage grids of anodes removes a possible limiting element as a result of grid ion erosion. The plasma exhaust is 'quasi-neutral', which means that positive ions and electrons exist in equal number, which allows simple ion-electron recombination in the exhaust to neutralize the exhaust plume, removing the need for an electron gun (hollow cathode). Such a thruster often generates the source plasma using radio frequency or microwave energy, using an external antenna. This fact, combined with the absence of hollow cathodes (which are sensitive to all but noble gases), allows the possibility of using this thruster on a variety of propellants, from argon to carbon dioxide air mixtures to astronaut urine.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Many space agencies developed plasma propulsion systems, including the European Space Agency, Iranian Space Agency and Australian National University, who co-developed a double layer thruster.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Some plasma engines have seen active flight time and use on missions. In 2011, NASA partnered with Busek to launch the first hall effect thruster aboard the Tacsat-2 satellite. The thruster was the satellite's main propulsion system. The company launched another hall effect thruster that year. In 2020, research on a plasma jet was published by Wuhan University. The thrust estimates published in that work, however, were subsequently shown to be almost nine times theoretically possible levels even if 100% of the input microwave power were converted to thrust.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Ad Astra Rocket Company is developing the VASIMR. Canadian company Nautel is producing the 200 kW RF generators required to ionize the propellant. Some component tests and "Plasma Shoot" experiments are performed in a Liberia, Costa Rica laboratory. This project is led by former NASA astronaut Dr. Franklin Chang-Díaz (CRC-USA).


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: The Costa Rican Aerospace Alliance announced the development of exterior support for the VASIMR to be fitted outside the International Space Station. This phase of the plan to test the VASIMR in space was expected to be conducted in 2016.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Plasma engines have a much higher specific impulse ("I") value than most other types of rocket technology. The VASIMR thruster can be throttled for an impulse greater than 12000 s, and hall thrusters have attained ~2000 s. This is a significant improvement over the bipropellant fuels of conventional chemical rockets, which feature specific impulses ~450 s. With high impulse, plasma thrusters are capable of reaching relatively high speeds over extended periods of acceleration. Ex-astronaut Franklin Chang-Diaz claims the VASIMR thruster could send a payload to Mars in as little as 39 days while reaching a maximum velocity of .


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Certain plasma thrusters, such as the mini-helicon, are hailed for their simplicity and efficiency. Their theory of operation is relatively simple and can use a variety of gases, or combinations.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Possibly the most significant challenge to the viability of plasma thrusters is the energy requirement. The VX-200 engine, for example, requires 200 kW electrical power to produce 5 N of thrust, or 40 kW/N. This power requirement may be met by fission reactors, but the reactor mass (including heat rejection systems) may prove prohibitive.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Another challenge is plasma erosion. While in operation the plasma can thermally ablate the walls of the thruster cavity and support structure, which can eventually lead to system failure.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Due to their extremely low thrust, plasma engines are not suitable for launch-to-Earth-orbit. On average, these rockets provide about 2 pounds of thrust maximum. Plasma thrusters are highly efficient in open space, but do nothing to offset the orbit expense of chemical rockets.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Helicon plasma thrusters use low-frequency electromagnetic waves (Helicon waves) that exist inside plasma when exposed to a static magnetic field. An RF antenna that wraps around a gas chamber creates waves and excites the gas, creating plasma. The plasma is expelled at high velocity to produce thrust via acceleration strategies that require various combinations of electric and magnetic fields of ideal topology. They belong to the category of electrodeless thrusters. These thrusters support multiple propellants, making them useful for longer missions. They can be made out of simple materials including a glass soda bottle.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters (MPD) use the Lorentz force (a force resulting from the interaction between a magnetic field and an electric current) to generate thrust. The electric charge flowing through the plasma in the presence of a magnetic field causes the plasma to accelerate. The Lorentz force is also crucial to the operation of most pulsed plasma thrusters.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Pulsed inductive thrusters (PIT) also use the Lorentz force to generate thrust, but they do not use electrodes, solving the erosion problem. Ionization and electric currents in the plasma are induced by a rapidly varying magnetic field.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: Electrodeless plasma thrusters use the ponderomotive force which acts on any plasma or charged particle when under the influence of a strong electromagnetic energy density gradient to accelerate plasma electrons and ions in the same direction, thereby operating without a neutralizer.


title: Plasma propulsion engine

text: VASIMR, short for Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket, uses radio waves to ionize a propellant into a plasma. A magnetic field then accelerates the plasma out of the engine, generating thrust. A 200-megawatt VASIMR engine could reduce the time to travel from Earth to Jupiter or Saturn from six years to fourteen months, and from Earth to Mars from 6 months to 39 days.


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Bhoothakaalam () is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language horror film written and directed by Rahul Sadasivan, starring Shane Nigam and Revathy. The film is produced by Anwar Rasheed under the banner Plan T Films in association with Shane Nigam Films. Gopi Sunder handles the background score while Shane Nigam makes his debut as a music director as well as producer. Principal photography took place from January 2021 to February 2021 in Kochi. The film had its worldwide premiere through SonyLIV on 21 January 2022 to widely critical acclaim. Revathi won her first Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film during a career spanning 39 years.


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Asha (Revathi) lives with her son Vinu (Shane Nigam) taking care of her ill mother, who later dies. Asha is a school teacher and manages her home's finances single-handedly. Vinu has completed his B. Pharm and has been searching for a job for almost two years, but in vain. Unable to resist the struggle of unemployment, Vinu resumes his smoking and drinking habits. Asha is mentally and physically drained in trying to make Vinu find a job.


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Vinu begins to get a feeling that there is someone else staying in his house. Initially, he assumes that it was his mother who was trying to show her anger at him, but is later convinced that there is actually somebody else. Just like his friends and relatives, Vinu's mother also thinks that something is wrong with him and takes him to a counselor. Vinu, however, does not cooperate with the counselor. While Asha begins to realise that Vinu's feelings about someone else being present in the house is true, the counselor learns about the past history of the house in which the mother and son are living. In the same house, several years ago, two people hung themselves unable to tolerate the feelings of the presence of another person. He also finds that both of them were suffering emotional setbacks due to different reasons back in their time.


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Later, both Asha and Vinu get trapped in the house amidst horrific happenings. They are ultimately unsure as to the exact nature of what happened in the house, but decide to reconcile and vacate the house.


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Gopi Sundar did the background score for the film. The sole song from the film was written, composed and sung by Shane Nigam.


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Bhoothakaalam deals with themes of psychological disorder and its effects. Though the film presents itself as horror, it is just as much an allegory for grief, trauma, clinical depression and how the central character is slowly going insane. The movie follows a template of connecting psychological disorder with fear inducing fantasy. The film also depicts the portrayal of characters who are affected by mental disorders like clinical depression and substance abuse, delivering a hard reality check on the gravity of such mental issues. The director has used an eerie looking house as a metaphor for the minds of its inhabitants, a mother and son. When the mother suffers from clinical depression, the son also shows similar traits of this suffocating state of mind. Asha is reluctant to take her anti-depressants, and Vinu is addicted to alcohol and drugs as an escape from crushing depression and sleeplessness. Once they both start to experience paranormal activities in the house they live in, their fear becomes real in their minds. The movie shows what psychosis is, a kind of overwhelming fear which is capable of twisting and tweaking reality. This can be a result of many underlying psychic problems like depression or substance abuse.


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Its slow narrative builds this unsettling sense of atmosphere and dread of the unnatural and unknown, along with an unexpected but welcome mystery element. The concept of the paranormal is brought together playing with perspectives mixed with psychological settings. The subject also speaks about the universal fear of isolation and emotional longing. And when attaching this sadness and gloom to the central characters, the experience becomes haunting in a very personal and relatable way.


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: B Rohan Naahar from "The Indian Express" stated: "Bhoothakaalam has one of the most thrillingly staged conclusions to any horror film in recent memory." "The Hindu" wrote: "Bhoothakaalam shows us how to get the scares right, in quite an understated, effortless fashion." calling it a "a textbook in how to scare the audience with minimal use of jump scare techniques." Sajin Srijith of "The New Indian Express" gave 4/5 stars and described Bhoothakaalam as a "Gimmick-free, supremely effective horror flick."


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Writing for "Hindustan Times", Devarsi Ghosh wrote that the film is a "moving mental health drama disguised as horror," praising the writing, acting and direction." Deepa Soman of "The Times of India" gave 3 out of 5 and wrote: "Though it's all staple horror film elements, thanks to the performance of the lead actors – one stays enticed till the last moment of the film to see how things turn out for the family in distress."Anna M. M. Vetticad of "Firstpost" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars praising the story, direction, performance, cinematography. She mentioned "mental health, the pressure of elder care, alcoholism, drug abuse, a flawed education system, unemployment."


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, the film is "fleshed out with commendable control by Revathi and Shane Nigam" as they "confront a rapid unravelling of their lives in a house where a dark secret lurks in the shadows." Sowmya Rajendran of "The News Minute" stated, the film became " one of the scariest horror films to come out in recent times."


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Sanjith Sidhardhan from OTTplay gave 3.5 /5 stars and called performances of lead cast "powerful," while appreciating "eerie atmosphere in which most of the story evolves."Manoj Kumar R from "The Indian Express" gave 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "Shane Nigam is impressive as the man staring into the abyss while Revathi channels the pain of a torment soul. Together, they draw us by the collar and retain the hold till the very end." Cris from "The News Minute" gave 3.5 out of 5 and stated, "Bhoothakaalam is a well-prepared movie, scripted carefully and made richer by beautiful performances."


title: Bhoothakaalam

text: Filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma tweeted that he hasn't seen a more realistic horror film than Bhoothakaalam since William Friedkin’s "The Exorcist" (1973).


title: Paphos International Airport

text: Paphos International Airport (; ) is a joint civil-military public airport located southeast of the city of Paphos, Cyprus. It is the country's second largest airport, after Larnaca International Airport. Paphos Airport is commonly used by tourists on vacation in western Cyprus, providing access to popular resorts such as Coral Bay, Limassol (about south-east) and Paphos itself.


title: Paphos International Airport

text: The airport first opened in 1982. In May 2006, Hermes Airports Limited took over the construction, development and operation of both Larnaca and Paphos airports for a period of 25 years. According to the airport operator, Paphos Airport served 1,744,011 passengers in 2007. A new terminal opened at Paphos in November 2008.


title: Paphos International Airport

text: On 10 January 2012, Ryanair announced they were to open their 50th base in Paphos. In April 2012, they placed 2 aircraft in Paphos with 15 new routes, offering over 80 flights a week. Ryanair claim the reason they opened the base in Paphos was due to reduced landing charges offered by Hermes' incentive scheme, as well as the fact that they can easily operate within their standards (e.g. their typical 25 minutes turnaround time).


title: Paphos International Airport

text: A new four-lane road is being planned to link the airport and Paphos so passengers and staff can avoid using the B6 Main road and the E603 secondary road which are often heavily congested.


title: Paphos International Airport

text: Passenger facilities include 28 check-in desks, 1 special baggage check-in, 7 gates, 22 aircraft stands, a bank, restaurants, cafeterias, bars, a duty-free shop and a gift shop. Other facilities include a tourist help desk, car rental, first aid, a baby/parent room and disabled access facilities. Refrigerated storage, health officials, and X-ray equipment are among some of the facilities provided for cargo. Furthermore, loading platforms and forklifts are also available.


title: Paphos International Airport

text: The airport is also an asset of the Cyprus National Guard and the Cyprus Air Forces, serving as a military air force base under the call name "Andreas Papandreou". It is considered the most south-eastern European Air Force base component of various EU air forces, as well as a safe base for humanitarian and emergency purposes for other countries.


title: Paphos International Airport

text: There is a regular bus service from Paphos Harbour station to the airport, limited services also run to/from Paphos Town (Karavella) and Polis. Direct buses to/from Limassol, Nicosia and Larnaca are also available.


title: Blackadder the Third

text: Blackadder the Third is the third series of the BBC sitcom "Blackadder", written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton, which aired from 17 September to 22 October 1987. The series is set during the Georgian Era, and sees the principal character, Mr. E. Blackadder, serve as butler to the Prince Regent and have to contend with, or cash in on, the fads of the age embraced by his master.


title: Blackadder the Third

text: The third series reduced the number of principal characters again compared with the previous series, but instead included a number of significant cameo roles by well-known comic actors. The programme won a BAFTA award for Best Comedy Series in 1988 and received three further nominations.


title: Blackadder the Third

text: "Blackadder the Third" is vaguely set in the late 18th and early 19th century period known as the Regency, although it is not possible to precisely date any episode as the historical events and persons depicted and referenced are (perhaps intentionally) anachronistic. For example, the formal Regency (during which King George III was incapacitated due to poor mental health and his son, George, Prince of Wales, served as regent) was in place between 1811 and 1820, and the series repeatedly refers to George as "Prince Regent." However, the second episode depicts Samuel Johnson (who died in 1784) working on his groundbreaking dictionary (which was published in 1755). Likewise, the final episode is set just before the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), but refers to George as Prince Regent, depicts George III as suffering from mental illness, and refers to Arthur Wellesley, who wasn't created "Viscount Wellington" until 1809, as "Wellington."


title: Blackadder the Third

text: In the series, E. Blackadder Esquire (Rowan Atkinson) is the head butler to the Prince of Wales (Hugh Laurie), a spoiled, foppish idiot. Despite Edmund's respected intelligence and abilities, he has no personal fortune to speak of. On the other hand, given the ease with which he is able to manipulate the Prince, he is generally financially comfortable. According to Edmund he has been serving the Prince Regent all of his life, ever since the Prince was breastfed (when he had to show the Prince which part of his mother was "serving the drinks").


title: Blackadder the Third

text: Baldrick (Tony Robinson) remains similar to his "Blackadder II" predecessor, and although his "cunning plans" cease to be even remotely intelligent (except in the last episode), he is the most aware of political, religious and social events. As Blackadder himself is now a servant, Baldrick is labelled as Blackadder's "dogsbody". In this series, Baldrick often displays a more belligerent attitude towards his master, even referring to him once as a "lazy, big-nosed, rubber-faced bastard" or deliberately comparing his face to his cousin, MacAdder, who Blackadder openly believes to be ugly. Blackadder often affectionately calls him "Balders" (and Baldrick sometimes calls Blackadder "Mr. B.").


title: Blackadder the Third

text: There are three main sets: the Prince's quarters, which are opulently decorated, the below-stairs kitchen hangout of Blackadder and Baldrick, which is dark and squalid (though, in fairness, very large and with a very high ceiling), and finally Mrs. Miggins' coffeehouse. Mrs. Miggins' pie shop was a never-seen running gag in "Blackadder II"; a descendant of hers is now finally shown, played by Helen Atkinson-Wood.


title: Blackadder the Third

text: The plots feature rotten boroughs, Dr. Samuel Johnson (played by Robbie Coltrane), the French Revolution (featuring Chris Barrie) and the Scarlet Pimpernel, over-the-top theatrical actors, squirrel-hating female highwaymen, the practice of settling quarrels with a duel and the discussion of tactics with Duke of Wellington (played by Stephen Fry).


title: Blackadder the Third

text: The last episode features Rowan Atkinson as Blackadder's Scottish cousin MacAdder, supposedly a fierce swordsman. This leads to a dialogue in which Atkinson is acting both parts. After this episode, Blackadder finds fortune and ends up (permanently) posing as the Prince Regent after the real prince, disguised as Blackadder, is shot by the Duke of Wellington.


title: Blackadder the Third

text: The series aired for six episodes broadcast on Thursdays at 9:30 pm on BBC 1. The titles of the episodes are always a noun paired with another, derived from an adjective beginning with the same letters, in the manner of the Jane Austen novels, "Sense and Sensibility" and "Pride and Prejudice". On the first broadcast, fifth episode "Amy and Amiability" was billed in the "Radio Times" under its working title of "Cape and Capability".


title: Blackadder the Third

text: Although this series reduced the size of the show's cast, the programme featured guest appearances in each episode. Tim McInnerny decided not to continue playing the character of Lord Percy for fear of being typecast, although he appeared in a guest role in episode three. Stephen Fry and Miranda Richardson, who had played major parts in "Blackadder II", also appeared in guest roles. Fry and McInnerny would return as regular performers for the fourth series of "Blackadder".


title: Blackadder the Third

text: The opening theme is this time a minuet played on a harpsichord, oboe and cello over close-ups of Blackadder searching a bookcase. The credits and title appear on the books' spines, and each has a condition and script to match each character, for example Baldrick's is plain and in poor condition. Other amusing interspersed titles include "From Black Death to Blackadder", "The Blackobite Rebellion of 1745", "The Encyclopædia Blackaddica" and "Landscape Gardening" by Capability Brownadder. Hidden inside a hollow book, he finds a romance novel (complete with cover art) bearing the title of the particular episode. The closing credits are presented in the style of a theatre programme from a Regency-era play, and with an accordion closing theme that samples the melody of the original theme.


title: Blackadder the Third

text: The programme won a BAFTA award for Best Comedy Series in 1988. It was also nominated for three more awards; Rowan Atkinson for "Best Light Entertainment Performance", Antony Thorpe for "Best Design" and Victoria Pocock for "Best Make Up". The four series of "Blackadder" were voted second in the BBC's "Britain's Best Sitcom" in 2004.


title: Blackadder the Third

text: "Blackadder The Third" is available on BBC Worldwide-distributed DVD and VHS video as an individual series or as part of a box-set with the other series of "Blackadder". A BBC Radio Collection audio version created from the TV soundtrack is available on cassette and CD. All four seasons and the Christmas special are available on iTunes. The complete scripts of the four television series were released in 1998 as "Blackadder: The Whole Damn Dynasty 1485–1917", and by Penguin Books in 2009.


title: Mo Bamba (song)

text: "Mo Bamba" is a single by American rapper Sheck Wes. It was released on June 16, 2017, by Cactus Jack Records, GOOD Music and Interscope Records. It serves as a single from his debut studio album, "Mudboy". The song was produced by 16yrold and record production duo Take a Daytrip. The song was a sleeper hit, going viral in mid-2018, approximately a year after its release.


title: Mo Bamba (song)

text: The song is named after then-Texas Longhorn and now Orlando Magic player Mo Bamba, who grew up with Sheck Wes in his home town Harlem, New York neighborhood. The two spent some of their childhoods together.


title: Mo Bamba (song)

text: Producers 16yrold and Take a Daytrip consisting of Denzel Baptise and David Biral, who had met online, collaborated on the track's beat and composition. 16yrold invited Wes to record in the studio with them. Wes recorded the majority of the song in one take, with additional ad-libs recorded afterwards.


title: Mo Bamba (song)

text: Baptise of Take a Daytrip looped the beat as Wes recorded his vocals. The beat cutting off at the 1:38 minute mark of the song was the result of the laptop used to record Wes’ vocals freezing. This caused concern among the producers who feared that the song would be ruined because the entire song up until that point had been recorded in one take without any issues. At the 1:40 minute mark of the song, Ali can be heard in the background saying "woah". Wes shouting out, "Oh! Fuck! Shit! Bitch!", was his actual reaction to the beat freezing by accident. Shortly after, the beat unfroze as Wes proceeded to record a new verse on the spot.


title: Mo Bamba (song)

text: The song's music video was released on January 30, 2018, via YouTube and was directed by White Trash Tyler, Nick Walker and Wes himself. It is a music video in black and white and finds Wes on a basketball court.


title: Rabhasa

text: Rabhasa () is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film written and directed by Santosh Srinivas. It was produced by Bellamkonda Suresh and Bellamkonda Ganesh Babu for Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Productions and stars N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Samantha, Pranitha Subhash and Brahmanandam while Nassar, Jayasudha and Sayaji Shinde play supporting roles. S. Thaman composed the music for the film. While Shyam K. Naidu handled the cinematography; Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao provided the editing for the film.


title: Rabhasa

text: The story revolves around US return student Karthik, who pledges to marry his uncle Dhanunjay's daughter Indu, which was his mother's wish. A small family feud ends with both the families getting separated. He joins Indu's college to convince her to marry him but mistakenly assumes Bhagyam is Dhanunjay's daughter. Later, Karthik realizes that Indu is his cousin, but she is already in love with another man. He gets entangled in a risky situation when he tries to help a stranger. The rest of the story is all about how he controls the damage and fulfills the wish of his mother.


title: Rabhasa

text: The film was launched on 13 February 2013 in Hyderabad. The principal photography started on 2 August 2013 at Banjara Hills in Hyderabad. The majority of the film was shot in Annapoorna Studios, Ramanaidu Studios, Ramoji Film City, and the outskirts and suburbs of Hyderabad, while substantial parts of the film were shot in Jaipur and Pollachi. After shooting a song in Switzerland, the film's shooting came to an end on 23 July 2014 in Hyderabad. Director V. V. Vinayak provided voice-overs for a few sequences in the film.


title: Rabhasa

text: The film released in theaters worldwide on 29 August 2014, the eve of Vinayaka Chathurthi, to mixed reviews from critics, with most of them labelling it as a regular mass film. The film was a commercial failure.


title: Rabhasa

text: Karthik returns to India after completing his graduation in the United States, and his mother decides to have him marry her brother Dhanunjay's daughter Indu. When Karthik's father goes to Dhanunjay's house to ask the same, he gets insulted. Dhanunjay plans to be a mayor and Karthik decides to teach him a lesson and marry his daughter. Firstly, he kills the possibilities of Dhanunjay becoming a mayor. Later he joins Indu's college to somehow convince her for the marriage, where he encounters Bhagyam who falls in love with him whom he misunderstood as Dhanunjay's daughter. Conflicts arise between Karthik and Indu. By the time he learns that Indu is his cousin and not Bhagyam, he has broken up with Bhagyam because of Indu's revenge.


title: Rabhasa

text: Karthik ends up challenging Dhanunjay, who then approaches a gangster Obul Reddy. Indu acts as if she loves Karthik so that she can escape from there and find her lover whom she never saw. That person helped her friend elope with her lover on the night of her marriage and neither Indu nor that person knows each other's features and looks. On seeing Karthik's photograph, Obul Reddy asks his whereabouts as he was that person who helped his brother's fiancée who actually was Indu's friend who eloped with her lover that night. Meanwhile, Karthik and Indu escape from there and on learning her love story, Karthik decides to help her and gives up his word given to his mother. Meanwhile, Karthik saves Peddi Reddy from Gangi Reddy's men and Indu poses as Karthik's lover who eloped with him as her parents did not approve their marriage and also a gangster is looking for them. As an act of gratitude, Peddi Reddy takes them to their house where they are kept in safe custody. But shockingly they find out that Obul Reddy is Peddi Reddy's son and Indu's friend actually was Gangi Reddy's daughter.


title: Rabhasa

text: The person who helped Gangi Reddy's daughter that night from her marriage was Karthik himself and he is unaware that the person who spoke to him in a phone to help that girl was Indu. Indu is unaware that Karthik was that person whom she loves. Dhanunjay uses this situation and introduces Nandu as that person who actually is the son of a rich millionaire with whom Indu's marriage was planned by him. Obul Reddy and his brothers bring a liar named Raju and misrepresent him as the person who helped the bride run away that night. But he is not killed instantly as the bridegroom, Obul Reddy's brother Bulli Reddy who is in a coma due to Karthik, has to kill him once he recuperates. He is cheated on several occasions by Karthik, who meanwhile manages to create a good impression in Indu when he unites Gangi Reddy and Peddi Reddy, thus rescheduling the marriages, and saves Nandu from Peddi Reddy when he broke the house's ancestral statue by taking the blame himself. Indu proposes Karthik to marry her and declares that she cannot live without him.


title: Rabhasa

text: But he is not in a position to accept her proposal as Dhanunjay warned him before that if he makes Indu fall in love, he would reveal that Karthik helped Gangi Reddy's daughter to escape thus breaking the newly formed bond between the two families. Thus he rejects her proposal and sacrifices his love for the welfare of the two families. After an unexpected fight with Obul Reddy, Karthik is confronted by Peddi Reddy and Gangi Reddy, who now know the truth. They forgive him and the marriage of Peddi Reddy's daughter happens as scheduled, with Karthik and Indu getting married in the presence of their parents on the same day at the same venue. The families of Gangi Reddy and Peddi Reddy are united and all are happy.


title: Rabhasa

text: After the film "Kandireega" became a critical and commercial success at the box office, it prompted the makers to make a sequel. Thus they wanted to sign the protagonist of "Kandireega", Ram and actress Shruti Haasan to play the lead roles in the sequel during the pre-release time of Ram's "Endukante... Premanta!". However, reports emerged that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. would replace Ram in "Kandireega 2". Later the makers officially confirmed that the film was shelved and they decided to make a film with N. T. Rama Rao Jr. in the direction of Santosh Srinivas and Samantha Ruth Prabhu was selected as the heroine, who too signed a three-film-deal contract with Suresh with "Jabardasth" being the first one and this film being the second. The film was titled "Rabhasa" and it was said that it was a film in city backdrop and is not the sequel to "Kandireega". The film was launched at Hyderabad on 13 February 2013. N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Santosh Srinivas, Bellamkonda Suresh, Bellamkonda Ganesh Babu and others attended the film's launch. Later in September 2013, it was reported that the film's title had been changed as the makers felt that the title "Rabhasa" didn't suit the film's story. It was also reported that the film was titled as "Joru".


title: Rabhasa

text: However, in December 2013, Bellamkonda Suresh confirmed that "Rabhasa" was the working title of the film and added that he would announce the official title later. At the end of January 2014, it was reported that Koratala Siva was directing a part of the film since Santosh Srinivas was suffering from jaundice. The announcement of Koratala Siva and N. T. Rama Rao Jr.'s film in early November 2013 added fuel to the rumors. However, in early February 2014, Koratala Siva clarified to the media that he was not directing "Rabhasa", was not a part of the film in any way, and was busy with other projects. At the end of April 2014, it was said that the selection of title might take some time as the makers had a strong belief in numerology, making it an important basis for the title selection. However, in early May 2014, the title "Rabhasa" was registered by the producers. Santosh Srinivas later revealed that he had received a few suggestions from N. T. Rama Rao Jr. for improvements to the script. In late August 2014, Telugu director V. V. Vinayak provided voice-overs for a few sequences in the film.


title: Rabhasa

text: N. T. Rama Rao Jr. was signed on to play the main protagonist. It was stated that he would play a role of 4 shades, one of them being a playboy and another being a responsible family member. To complement the role, it was reported that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. would undergo a style makeover with a different hairdo as one of them. It was stated that Santosh wanted to change the hairdo of N. T. Rama Rao Jr. to make it one of the differentiating factors in the film. Samantha Ruth Prabhu was selected as the heroine of the film, marking her third collaboration with N. T. Rama Rao Jr. after "Brindavanam" and "Ramayya Vasthavayya". It was reported that she would sport a bikini in the film, to which she responded angrily that it was just a rumor but she added that she didn't mind being glamorous.


title: Rabhasa

text: It was reported that prominent Tamil actress Nazriya Nazim was recruited to play one of the main characters, thus marking her Telugu debut. However, it was reported that Nazriya Nazim backed out of the film due to creative differences with the producers. Sources added that Nazriya was not comfortable to participate in a shoot of intimate scenes and the director's decision to not to remove those scenes from the film made her walk out from the film. When questioned, Nazriya responded that they all were rumors and she wasn't approached by any producer for a Telugu film. Pranitha Subhash, who rose to fame with Trivikram Srinivas's directorial "Attarintiki Daredi", was signed in as the other heroine of the film. Coincidentally, both of them were the lead actresses in "Attarintiki Daredi".


title: Rabhasa

text: Santosh added that she would portray the role of a typical Andhrite girl and that her role was a vital one in the film. However, it was also said that there would be no combination scenes of Pranitha Subhash and Samantha Ruth Prabhu in the film. Sources added that Pranitha Subhash would appear in the second half possibly while Samantha Ruth Prabhu would appear in the first half of the film. But in early February 2014, the above news was reported to be false. As per production sources, it was said that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. would have a romantic track with both the heroines in the film and the second half would have some nice scenes between the three actors; they added that Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Pranitha Subhash would be fighting with each other for the hero in this film.


title: Rabhasa

text: Since early March 2014, it was reported that Malayalam actor Mohanlal would have a prominent cameo in the film, marking his return to Telugu cinema after a cameo appearance in "Gandeevam", which had released in 1994. However, when contacted, the source close to the development said, "The news is fake and Mohanlal is not doing any role in Rabhasa". At the end of April 2014, Brahmaji said in an interview to a leading daily that he was playing a negative character in the film. In early May, it was confirmed that the film was going to feature N. T. Rama Rao Jr. in two very different ways and one of them would be a hilarious one. In mid-June 2014, it was reported that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. had choreographed the introduction song in the film. The same was confirmed by Santosh Srinivas in mid-July 2014.


title: Rabhasa

text: The principal photography started on 2 August 2013 at Banjara Hills in Hyderabad. Later some action sequences were shot near Tellapur, which is located in the outskirts of Hyderabad. With this, the first schedule of the film's shoot was wrapped up. After the completion of the schedule of "Ramayya Vasthavayya", N. T. Rama Rao Jr. joined the sets of the film and the shooting commenced in Ramoji Film City, where some action scenes were shot in a house set erected in Ramoji Film City. After the completion of the action sequence, a song was shot with the leads there. Then the unit proceeded to Pollachi in Tamil Nadu for a couple of weeks schedule shoot. The shooting continued in November 2013 at Ramoji Film City where a fight sequence between N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Sayaji Shinde's gang was shot. After a brief gap due to ill health, Samantha Ruth Prabhu joined the sets of the film in early December and some vital scenes on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Samantha Ruth Prabhu were shot at Hyderabad in that schedule. After wrapping up the schedule there in first week of December, the unit proceeded to Jaipur for a month-long schedule. Later in the second week of December 2013, after shooting some important scenes at Ramoji Film City, the shooting continued at the Gandharva Mahal set in Hyderabad, where scenes on N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Brahmanandam and Samantha Ruth Prabhu were shot. Later on in early January 2014, the shooting continued at Manikonda in Hyderabad, where a huge set was erected for this purpose.


title: Rabhasa

text: After taking a break on account of Sankranti, the new schedule started at Gandharva Mahal set at Manikonda from 18 January 2014 where a family song was shot in which the leads participated. The introduction song of the hero was shot with N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and few dancers at Pollachi in the end of January 2014. In early February 2014, romantic tracks on the leads were shot at Pollachi. In mid-February 2014, it was reported that a song on the leads would be shot at Annapurna Studios and Ramoji Film City using the choreography of Raju Sundaram. The song shoot was completed on 18 February 2014. A song was shot on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Samantha Ruth Prabhu at Ramanaidu Studios from 26 February 2014. It was announced that 4 of 5 songs had been shot completely and that Santosh Srinivas would continue directing the talkie part after the remaining song's shoot, as he had been suffering from jaundice for the previous few months. When the song shoot continued in Hyderabad, the shooting was disrupted due to unexpected rains. On 5 March 2014, a press note was released which stated that the film's foreign schedule would start on 16 March and that schedule, along with the last song's shoot, would continue for 40 days which would end the film's principal photography. Due to unknown reasons, the final schedule started on 10 April at the Aluminium Factory in Gachibowli at Hyderabad. There the introduction fight sequence of the hero was shot using the choreography of Ram-Lakshman and FEFSI Vijayan.


title: Rabhasa

text: The schedule continued till 10 May and Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Pranitha Subhash and others partook in the shoot. It was said that by the end of the schedule, 80% of the film's talkie and songs would be completed. In a week's time, some family scenes were shot in Hyderabad along with the introduction fights. Later, crucial scenes on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Samantha Ruth Prabhu were shot at Gandharva Mahal set near Manikonda in the third week of April. In the first week of May, the climax sequences were shot in and near Hyderabad. On 11 May, Samantha Ruth Prabhu rejoined the shoot of the film. At Ramoji Film City, a song was shot on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Samantha Ruth Prabhu for a couple of days under extreme heat which was tweeted by the latter in her micro blogging page at Twitter. After a break due to shoot of "Kaththi", Samantha Ruth Prabhu rejoined the sets of the film on 1 June 2014. By the second week of July 2014, the complete shooting was wrapped up except for a song and some patch work scenes. Some comic scenes were shot on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and few other comedians at a five-star hotel in Hyderabad. For the shoot of the last song, the film's unit traveled to Italy for the last schedule. Because of Visa issues, the team chose Switzerland to shoot the last song and the shoot started on 16 July 2014. The film's team returned from Switzerland on 22 July 2014 and the final shot featuring all the actors and actresses was shot at Ramoji Film City Hyderabad on 23 July 2014 thus wrapping up the entire principal photography.


title: Rabhasa

text: S. Thaman was signed as the music director of the film since Santosh Srinivas and Anoop Rubens failed to be on the same page. In mid-February 2014, reports emerged that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. would sing a song in this film thus turning a singer again after singing in his previous films "Yamadonga", "Kantri" and "Adhurs". The film's soundtrack was released by hosting a promotional event on 4 August 2014 at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad through Aditya Music label.


title: Rabhasa

text: In early December 2013, it was reported that the film would release on 28 March 2014. In the end of January 2014, it was reported that the film's release was postponed to 9 May 2014 and it would release on that day in a grand scale. In early May 2014, it was reported that the film would release in July 2014. It was said then that delay in the film's shoot was a reason for the postponement of the release. But on 19 May 2014 a press note was released which stated that the film would release on 14 August 2014. On 29 July 2014 it was confirmed that the film's release has been postponed to 15 August 2014 which is the 68th Independence Day of India. There were reports that the film may be postponed to a future date which was confirmed on 5 August 2014 that the film would release on 29 August 2014 on the eve of Vinayaka Chathurthi. There were many speculations that the film would be postponed but the makers later confirmed that there will be no change in the film's release date. The film was awarded an 'A' certificate without any cuts by Central Board of Film Certification on 20 August 2014. 90 screens were booked in USA for the film's release there which was a less number when compared to N. T. Rama Rao Jr.'s previous films "Baadshah" (108 screens) and "Ramayya Vasthavayya" (115 screens).


title: Rabhasa

text: On 30 June 2014, Classics Entertainments issued a press note that they purchased the entire overseas theatrical screening rights of the film. On 2 July 2014 Errabus issued a press note that they are distributing this film in UK and Europe. Dil Raju bought the Nizam Distribution Rights for 12 crores and the Ceded region rights were sold for 7.5 crores while Nellore rights fetched 1.9 crores. Alankar Prasad acquired the Krishna area rights for an undisclosed high price and the Karnataka Rights of the movie were sold for 4.75 crores. The film did a total pre-release business of .


title: Rabhasa

text: "Rabhasa" received mixed reviews from critics. "Oneindia Entertainment" gave 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Overall, "Rabhasa" may not have good story, but it promises to entertain you with its sound production values and wonderful performances by actors. It is a good action comedy entertainer. It will be a grand treat for the fans of Junior NTR and Brahmanandam.". "123telugu.com" gave 3 out of 5 and summarised, "On the whole, "Rabhasa" is definitely not the blockbuster hit that NTR was desperately looking for. But some entertaining comedy and NTR's one man show, will surely make the general audience lap up this average entertainer during the festive season." "Gulte" gave 3 out of 5 and concluded, "Comedy is the Saving Grace of Rabhasa!". "idlebrain.com" gave 3 out of 5 and concluded, "First half of the film is a little disappointing. Second half is better. A few of Brahmanandam's scenes are handled well. Plus points of the film are NTR's performance and a few of Brahmi's episodes in 2nd half. The minus point of the film is lack of freshness and a complicated screenplay. This film is made with mass orientation and the success will depend on how masses take it!".


title: Rabhasa

text: The website "greatandhra.com" gave 2.75 out of 5 and stated, "Like all films these days, the film has its share of ifs and what ifs. Still, Rabhasa can be watched purely for the sincere efforts put in by NTR." Karthk Pasupulate of "The Times of India" wrote, " If you aren't a NTR fan you might just regret leaving home to watch this one.", and rated the movie 2.5 out of 5. "IndiaGlitz" wrote, "Snatches of this or that story aside, "Rabhasa" is more 'rabhasa' and no good 'rasa'", and rated the movie 2.25 out of 5. "APherald.com" gave 2 out of 5 and wrote, "If you're Jr NTR fan, then Rabhasa comes with a one watch tag. But if you are looking for something different, it's better to wait for its home edition."


title: Rabhasa

text: "Rabhasa" recorded a "good" opening all over the South for early shows, which started as early as 4 am. The film collected a share of around in Andhra Pradesh on its opening day, marking the biggest opening of 2014 and the third biggest opening of all time in the AP/Nizam area (later surpassed by "Aagadu").


title: Lying and Stealing

text: Lying and Stealing is a 2019 American crime drama film, directed by Matt Aselton from a screenplay by Aselton and Adam Nagata. It stars Theo James, Emily Ratajkowski, Fred Melamed, Ebon Moss-Bachrach, Isiah Whitlock Jr. and Evan Handler.


title: Lying and Stealing

text: Ivan Warding is a thief who specializes in stealing art from the elite of Los Angeles. He is obliged to a crime boss and wants to get out of the art heist business. Elyse Tibaldi is an in-debt aspiring actress who is also a con-woman. Together they plot one last heist and con that will set both free from their obligations.


title: Lying and Stealing

text: In November 2017, it was announced Theo James, Emily Ratajkowski, Fred Melamed, Ebon Moss-Bachrach, Isiah Whitlock Jr., Evan Handler and John Gatins joined the cast of the film, with Matt Aseleton directing from a screenplay he wrote alongside Adam Nagata.


title: Lying and Stealing

text: In January 2019, Vertical Entertainment and DirecTV Cinema acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on July 12, 2019.


title: Lying and Stealing

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . On Metacritic, the film has a score of 50 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Lying and Stealing

text: Dennis Harvey of Variety magazine wrote: "Yet even given its budgetary limits and second-tier cast, 'Lying and Stealing' manages to be a retro escapist pleasure — one whose cleverness might actually have been muffled by flashier surface assets."


title: WWE 2K Battlegrounds

text: WWE 2K Battlegrounds is a professional wrestling video game developed by Saber Interactive and published by 2K Sports on September 18, 2020. A spin-off to the "WWE 2K" series, "Battlegrounds" is a fast-paced, arcade-style fighting game; similar in format to Saber's previous games, "NBA Playgrounds" and "NBA 2K Playgrounds 2".


title: WWE 2K Battlegrounds

text: The game has been compared to 2011's "WWE All Stars" because of its deviation from the more simulator-oriented style of the mainline "WWE" games. The game itself was produced in lieu of the previously planned "WWE 2K21"; which was cancelled due to the development troubles, low sales, and the negative reception of 2019's "WWE 2K20".


title: WWE 2K Battlegrounds

text: "WWE 2K Battlegrounds" received mixed reviews, with critics praising the art style and co-operative gameplay modes, but criticizing the use of microtransactions and lack of gameplay features.


title: WWE 2K Battlegrounds

text: In the aftermath to 2019's "WWE 2K20" poor reception, rumors emerged that 2K's next WWE title would be entirely different from the rest of the "WWE 2K" series.


title: WWE 2K Battlegrounds

text: "WWE 2K Battlegrounds" was officially announced on April 27, 2020 as a spin-off to the "WWE 2K" series, while also announcing that video game industry veteran Patrick Gilmore would be the new game's executive producer. The trailer featured John Cena, The Rock, "The Man" Becky Lynch, Charlotte Flair and Stone Cold Steve Austin. On May 4, 2020, an ESRB Rating confirmed that "2K Battlegrounds" would be released on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch (the first WWE game to be released on Switch since "2K18") and would be the first WWE game to release on Stadia, but 2K have yet to confirm this. On August 16, IGN revealed the game's entire roster, with superstars like Hulk Hogan, Jake "The Snake" Roberts, and "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt appearing in the base game, and additional superstars including Doink the Clown, The Boogeyman, Earthquake, and Typhoon announced to arrive as free, unlockable content in the months following the game's release. Later, it was announced that the characters could also be unlocked via microtransactions, like many other unlockables in the game.


title: WWE 2K Battlegrounds

text: On November 23, WWE 2K revealed that "WrestleMania 36" host and tight end of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Rob "Gronk" Gronkowski, and "NBA 2K21" current gen cover star and point guard of the Portland Trail Blazers, Damian Lillard, would be available as playable characters the following day and December 2, respectively.


title: WWE 2K Battlegrounds

text: The Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions of "WWE 2K Battlegrounds" received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator website Metacritic. Hyper Sauce of "GamesRadar+" criticized the game's reliance on microtransactions, and stated that WWE video games had reached "its rock bottom". "Destructoid" opined that it was "a game nobody will remember a year from now." Writing for "Nintendo Life", Chris Scullion denounced the game for being a grind and having limited replayability outside of the campaign mode, but did offer some praise to the co-op mode.


title: WWE 2K Battlegrounds

text: In a slightly more positive review for "Hardcore Gamer", Cory Wells appreciated the game's lower retail price point and ability to played as a party game, but agreed that micro-transactions and the lack of playable characters on offer tainted the experience. For "IGN", Mitchell Saltzman commented that although the game was better than its predecessor, it was "nonetheless another in a growing series of misses for WWE video games."


title: Naruto (season 4)

text: The fourth season of the "Naruto" anime series, titled "4th Stage" in Japan, is directed by Hayato Date, and produced by Studio Pierrot and TV Tokyo. Based on Masashi Kishimoto's manga series, the season follows Naruto and his friends assigning on different short missions, after Sasuke Uchiha joins up with Orochimaru. The episodes aired in Japan from July 6, 2005 to May 3, 2006 on TV Tokyo.


title: Naruto (season 4)

text: The English dub was shown on both Cartoon Network's Toonami and YTV's Bionix programming blocks from February 23 to July 26, 2008.


title: Naruto (season 4)

text: Sony Pictures Entertainment collected the episodes in a total of twelve DVD volumes, each containing four episodes, between January 1 and December 6, 2006. Only the first three episodes were released by Viz Media in DVD volumes, leaving to DVD boxes that collected the entire series.


title: Naruto (season 4)

text: Seven pieces of theme music are used in the episodes; three opening themes and four ending themes. The opening themes are by Stance Punks (used until episode 157), by Snowkel (used for episodes 154 to 177), and "Re:member" by Flow (used for episodes 178 to 183). The ending themes are "Speed" by Analog Fish (used until episode 154), by Amadori (used for episodes 155 to 166), by Chaba (used for episodes 167 to 178), and "Yellow Moon" by Akeboshi (used for episodes 179 to 183). The English version replaces the endings with an instrumental version of "Rise" by Jeremy Sweet and Ian Nickus.


title: Peridotite

text: Peridotite ( ) is a dense, coarse-grained igneous rock consisting mostly of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene. Peridotite is ultramafic, as the rock contains less than 45% silica. It is high in magnesium (Mg), reflecting the high proportions of magnesium-rich olivine, with appreciable iron. Peridotite is derived from Earth's mantle, either as solid blocks and fragments, or as crystals accumulated from magmas that formed in the mantle. The compositions of peridotites from these layered igneous complexes vary widely, reflecting the relative proportions of pyroxenes, chromite, plagioclase, and amphibole.


title: Peridotite

text: Peridotite is the dominant rock of the upper part of Earth's mantle. The compositions of peridotite nodules found in certain basalts are of special interest along with diamond pipes (kimberlite), because they provide samples of Earth's mantle brought up from depths ranging from about 30 km to 200 km or more. Some of the nodules preserve isotope ratios of osmium and other elements that record processes that occurred when Earth was formed, and so they are of special interest to paleogeologists because they provide clues to the early composition of Earth's mantle and the complexities of the processes that occurred.


title: Peridotite

text: The word "peridotite" comes from the gemstone peridot, which consists of pale green olivine. Classic peridotite is bright green with some specks of black, although most hand samples tend to be darker green. Peridotitic outcrops typically range from earthy bright yellow to dark green; this is because olivine is easily weathered to iddingsite. While green and yellow are the most common colors, peridotitic rocks may exhibit a wide range of colors including blue, brown, and red.


title: Peridotite

text: Coarse-grained igneous rocks in which mafic minerals (minerals rich in magnesium and iron) make up over 90% of the volume of the rock are classified as ultramafic rocks. Such rocks typically contain less than 45 wt% silica. Ultramafic rocks are further classified by their relative proportions of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and hornblende, which are the most abundant families of mafic minerals in most ultramafic rocks. Peridotite is then defined as coarse-grained ultramafic rock in which olivine makes up 40% or more of the total volume of these four mineral families in the rock.


title: Peridotite

text: Mantle peridotite is highly enriched in magnesium, with a typical magnesium number of 89. In other words, of the total content of iron plus magnesium, 89 mol% is magnesium. This is reflected in the composition of the mafic minerals making up the peridotite.


title: Peridotite

text: Olivine is the essential mineral found in all peridotites. It is a magnesium orthosilicate containing some iron with the variable formula . The magnesium-rich olivine of peridotites is typically olive-green in color.


title: Peridotite

text: Pyroxenes are chain silicates having the variable formula comprising a large group of different minerals. These are divided into orthopyroxenes (with an orthorhombic crystal structure) and clinopyroxenes (with a monoclinic crystal structure). This distinction is important in the classification of pyroxene peridotites since clinopyroxene melts more easily than orthopyroxene or olivine. The most common orthopyroxene is enstatite, , in which iron substitutes for some of the magnesium. The most important clinopyroxene is diopside, , again with some substitution of iron for magnesium (hedenbergite, ). Ultramafic rock in which the fraction of pyroxenes exceeds 60% are classified as pyroxenites rather than peridotites. Pyroxenes are typically dark in color.


title: Peridotite

text: Hornblende is an amphibole, a group of minerals resembling pyroxenes but with a double chain structure incorporating water. Hornblende itself has a highly variable composition, ranging from tschermakite () to pargasite () with many other variations in composition. It is present in peridotite mostly as a consequence of alteration by hydrous fluids.


title: Peridotite

text: Although peridotites are classified by their content of olivine, pyroxenes, and hornblende, a number of other mineral families are characteristically present in peridotites and may make up a significant fraction of their composition. For example, chromite is sometimes present in amounts of up to 50%. (A chromite composition above 50% reclassifies the rock as a "peridotitic chromitite".) Other common accessory minerals include spinel, garnet, biotite, or magnetite. A peridotite containing significant amounts of one of these minerals may have its classification refined accordingly; for example, if a lhertzolite contains up to 5% spinel, it is a "spinel-bearing lhertzolite", while for amounts up to 50%, it would be classified as a "spinel lhertzolite". The accessory minerals can be useful for estimating the depth of formation of the peridotite. For example, the aluminium in lhertzolite is present as plagioclase at depths shallower than about , while it is present as spinel between 20 km and and as garnet below 60 km.


title: Peridotite

text: Peridotite is the dominant rock of the Earth's mantle above a depth of about 400 km; below that depth, olivine is converted to the higher-pressure mineral wadsleyite.


title: Peridotite

text: Oceanic plates consist of up to about 100 km of peridotite covered by a thin crust. The crust, commonly about 6 km thick, consists of basalt, gabbro, and minor sediments. The peridotite below the ocean crust, "abyssal peridotite," is found on the walls of rifts in the deep sea floor. Oceanic plates are usually subducted back into the mantle in subduction zones. However, pieces can be emplaced into or overthrust on continental crust by a process called obduction, rather than carried down into the mantle. The emplacement may occur during orogenies, as during collisions of one continent with another or with an island arc. The pieces of oceanic plates emplaced within continental crust are referred to as ophiolites. Typical ophiolites consist mostly of peridotite plus associated rocks such as gabbro, pillow basalt, diabase sill-and-dike complexes, and red chert. "Alpine peridotite" or "orogenic peridotite massif" is an older term for an ophiolite emplaced in a mountain belt during a continent-continent plate collision.


title: Peridotite

text: Peridotites also occur as fragments (xenoliths) carried up by magmas from the mantle. Among the rocks that commonly include peridotite xenoliths are basalt and kimberlite. Although kimberlite is a variant of peridotite, kimberlite is also considered as brecciated volcanic material as well, which is why it is referred to as a source of peridotite xenoliths. Peridotite xenoliths contain osmium and other elements whose stable isotope ratios provide clues on the formation and evolution of the Earth's mantle. Such xenoliths originate from depths of up to nearly or more.


title: Peridotite

text: The volcanic equivalent of peridotites are komatiites, which were mostly erupted early in the Earth's history and are rare in rocks younger than Archean in age.


title: Peridotite

text: The rocks of the peridotite family are uncommon at the surface and are highly unstable, because olivine reacts quickly with water at typical temperatures of the upper crust and at the Earth's surface. Many, if not most, surface outcrops have been at least partly altered to serpentinite, a process in which the pyroxenes and olivines are converted to green serpentine. This hydration reaction involves considerable increase in volume with concurrent deformation of the original textures. Serpentinites are mechanically weak and so flow readily within the earth. Distinctive plant communities grow in soils developed on serpentinite, because of the unusual composition of the underlying rock. One mineral in the serpentine group, chrysotile, is a type of asbestos.


title: Peridotite

text: Most peridotite is green in color due to its high olivine content. However, peridotites can range in color from greenish-gray to nearly black to pale yellowish-green. Peridotite weathers to form a distinctive brown crust in subaerial exposures and to a deep orange color in submarine exposures.


title: Peridotite

text: Peridotites can take on a massive form or may be in layers on a variety of size scales. Layered peridotites may form the base layers of layered intrusions. These are characterized by cumulate textures, characterized by a fabric of coarse (>5mm) interlocking euhedral (well-formed) crystals in a groundmass of finer crystals formed from liquid magma trapped in the cumulate. Many show poikilitic texture in which crystallization of this liquid has produced crystals that overgrow and enclose the original cumulus crystals (called "chadrocrysts").


title: Peridotite

text: Another texture is a "well-annealed" texture of equal sized anhedral crystals with straight grain boundaries intersecting at 120°. This may result when slow cooling allowed recrystallization to minimize surface energy. Cataclastic texture, showing irregular fractures and deformation twinning of olivine grains, is common in peridotites because of the deformation associated with their tectonic mode of emplacement.


title: Peridotite

text: Peridotites have two primary modes of origin: as mantle rocks formed during the accretion and differentiation of the Earth, or as cumulate rocks formed by precipitation of olivine ± pyroxenes from basaltic or ultramafic magmas. These magmas are ultimately derived from the upper mantle by partial melting of mantle peridotites.


title: Peridotite

text: Mantle peridotites are sampled as ophiolites in collisional mountain ranges, as xenoliths in basalt or kimberlite, or as abyssal peridotites (sampled from ocean floor). These rocks represent either fertile mantle (lherzolite) or partially depleted mantle (harzburgite, dunite). Alpine peridotites may be either of the ophiolite association and representing the uppermost mantle below ocean basins, or masses of subcontinental mantle emplaced along thrust faults in mountain belts.


title: Peridotite

text: Layered peridotites are igneous sediments and form by mechanical accumulation of dense olivine crystals. They form from mantle-derived magmas, such as those of basalt composition. Peridotites associated with Alaskan-type ultramafic complexes are cumulates that probably formed in the root zones of volcanoes. Cumulate peridotites are also formed in komatiite lava flows.


title: Peridotite

text: Komatiites are high temperature partial melts of peridotite characterized by a high degree of partial melting deep below the surface.


title: Peridotite

text: Eclogite, a rock similar to basalt in composition, is composed primarily of omphacite (sodic clinopyroxene) and pyrope-rich garnet. Eclogite is associated with peridotite in some xenolith occurrences; it also occurs with peridotite in rocks metamorphosed at high pressures during processes related to subduction.


title: Peridotite

text: Peridotite may potentially be used in a low-cost, safe and permanent method of capturing and storing atmospheric CO as part of climate change-related greenhouse gas sequestration. It was already known that peridotite reacts with CO to form a solid carbonate-like limestone or marble mineral; and this process can be sped up a million times or more by simple drilling and hydraulic fracturing to allow injection of the CO into the subsurface peridotite formation.


title: Peridotite

text: Peridotite is named for the gemstone peridot, a glassy green gem originally mined on St. John's Island in the Red Sea and now mined on the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona.


title: Peridotite

text: Peridotite that has been hydrated at low temperatures is the protolith for serpentinite, which may include chrysotile asbestos (a form of serpentine) and talc.


title: Peridotite

text: Layered intrusions with cumulate peridotite are typically associated with sulfide or chromite ores. Sulfides associated with peridotites form nickel ores and platinoid metals; most of the platinum used in the world today is mined from the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa and the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. The chromite bands found in peridotites are the world's major source of chromium.


title: Cliff Lee

text: Clifton Phifer Lee (born August 30, 1978) is an American former professional baseball starting pitcher who played for 13 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). Between 2002 and 2014 he played for four teams, most notably the Philadelphia Phillies, before an elbow injury forced him into retirement. During his career, Lee was a member of five All-Star teams, won the Cy Young Award, and had consecutive World Series appearances in 2009 and 2010 with the Phillies and Texas Rangers.


title: Cliff Lee

text: Born and raised in Benton, Arkansas, Lee's fastball attracted the attention of MLB scouts during his senior year at Benton High School in 1997, but he rejected draft offers twice in order to play college baseball for Meridian Community College and later the Arkansas Razorbacks. Lee finally came to terms with the Expos after his selection in the fourth round of the 2000 MLB Draft, and he spent two years in their farm system before a trade to Cleveland in 2002. Lee made his MLB debut with his new team that year, and made his first opening day roster in 2004. His early years in Cleveland were marked by a number of temper flares, appearing to intentionally pitch at his opponents' heads and storming off of the mound, but by 2005, he was an established part of the Indians' starting rotation. The low point of his career, when he was sent back to the minor leagues in 2007, was followed by his Cy Young-winning season, during which he led the American League with a 2.54 earned run average and all of MLB with 22 wins.


title: Cliff Lee

text: The Indians sent Lee to the Phillies at the MLB trading deadline in 2009, and he helped the team reach their second consecutive World Series. There, Lee provided the team with their only two wins, including a 10-strikeout complete game, as Philadelphia lost to the New York Yankees in six games. That offseason, Philadelphia sent Lee to the Mariners as part of a larger deal to acquire Roy Halladay from the Toronto Blue Jays. He was traded again that season, this time to the Rangers, with whom he reached another World Series. There, both of his matchups with fellow ace Tim Lincecum were losses for Lee, and the Rangers lost to the San Francisco Giants.


title: Cliff Lee

text: After the 2010 season, Lee turned down a contract offer from the Yankees in order to rejoin the Phillies, where he became part of the "Four Aces" starting rotation alongside Halladay, Cole Hamels, and Roy Oswalt. Although he received two more All-Star selections, the remainder of Lee's time in Philadelphia was marked by poor run support, and he did not reach the postseason again after 2011. In 2014, Lee suffered a torn common flexor tendon in his pitching arm, and despite hopes that he would recover without surgery, he did not pitch again. Lee's professional baseball tenure was marked by his strong pitch command despite a comparatively low velocity, as well as by his composure in high-stress situations, the latter albeit complicated by his sometimes quick temper.


title: Cliff Lee

text: Clifton Phifer Lee was born on August 30, 1978, in Benton, Arkansas, to Steve and Sharon Lee. His father was a local firefighter and one-time city council member. He was named Clifton after his maternal grandfather, while Phifer was his mother's maiden name. Both of his parents were high school athletes: Steve was a wide receiver for the American football team at Benton High School, while Sharon, despite missing one hand from a birth defect, was a pitcher for a local softball team. Although he also played football and basketball, Lee's primary focus in high school was on baseball, where his former coach described him as a hard thrower who had trouble with his pitch command. College baseball coach Norm DeBriyn referred to Lee as a "can't-miss guy" upon seeing him pitch in high school, describing him as "a big left-hander that threw hard". He was able to increase his strikeouts and decrease his walk ratio over the course of his high school career, and pitched two no-hitters as a senior.


title: Cliff Lee

text: That year, Lee attracting attention from professional baseball scouts for his fastball, even after a shoulder injury forced him off of the pitcher's mound and into the outfield. He was selected out of high school by the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the eighth round of the 1997 MLB Draft, but failed to reach contract terms with the team and instead played college baseball for Meridian Community College. Originally, he had committed to play for the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, but reneged when he learned that NCAA Division I baseball players were ineligible for the MLB draft until their junior year. Following his freshman season in Meridian, Lee was drafted again, this time by the Baltimore Orioles in the 20th round of the 1998 draft, but he again chose not to sign. In 2000, Lee accepted a scholarship offer to play college baseball for the Arkansas Razorbacks as a junior. His season fell below expectations, with Lee posting a 4–3 win–loss record and a 4.46 earned run average (ERA) in 16 games, 9 of which were starts, as well as 45 hits, 77 strikeouts, and 52 walks in innings pitched. Lee also ran into issues with his pitching stamina, which forced him to occasionally pitch out of the bullpen.


title: Cliff Lee

text: The Montreal Expos of MLB selected Lee in the fourth round, 105th overall, of the 2000 MLB Draft. Joe Jordan, the scout who saw Lee pitch at Arkansas, noted that he had an undeveloped pitch repertoire and a high walk rate, but was impressed by his competitive nature. After signing with Montreal, Lee was assigned to the Class A Cape Fear Crocs of the South Atlantic League, a minor-league affiliate of the Expos. There, he struck out 63 batters in innings, but an inconsistent delivery also led to 36 walks, 50 hits, and a 5.24 ERA. There were also concerns going forward about Lee's lack of stamina, which had followed from his college career.


title: Cliff Lee

text: Lee spent the entire 2001 season with the Class A-Advanced Jupiter Hammerheads of the Florida State League during their final year as an affiliate of the Expos. He frequently clashed with Jupiter pitching coach Ace Adams over how far he was going in games: Lee wanted to pitch a complete game in every start, and he became upset when Adams responded to Lee's arm fatigue by placing him on rest for several weeks. Despite their disagreements, it was under Adams' tutelage that Lee developed his cut fastball, which he had not thrown before joining the Hammerheads. Lee started 21 games for Jupiter, posting a 6–7 record and a 2.79 ERA while striking out 129 batters in innings. His performance with Jupiter earned Lee a promotion to the Double-A Harrisburg Senators for the 2002 season. He made 15 starts there, posting a 7–2 record and a 3.23 ERA.


title: Cliff Lee

text: On June 27, 2002, Lee was part of a six-player trade-deadline deal between the Expos and the Cleveland Indians. The Expos, who were making a push for the 2002 MLB playoffs, acquired Cleveland ace Bartolo Colon, pitching prospect Tim Drew, and cash from the Indians, while Cleveland received Lee, minor-league shortstop Brandon Phillips, Outfield prospect Grady Sizemore, and first baseman Lee Stevens. After making only three starts with the Double-A Akron Aeros, during which he went 2–1 with a 5.40 ERA and struck out 18 batters in innings, Lee was promoted to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons of the International League.


title: Cliff Lee

text: Lee made his major-league debut on September 15, 2002, where he took the loss against the Minnesota Twins. He was able to take a shutout into the sixth inning before pitch-count limitations pulled him out of the game. The shutout bid came to an end when Cristian Guzman, who Lee had left on third base, scored on a sacrifice fly from Matt LeCroy; the Indians ultimately lost 5–0. Minnesota's victory clinched their first playoff berth since 1991. Lee had one other major-league start that season, earning a no decision after allowing one run in five innings of Cleveland's 3–2 loss to the Kansas City Royals. In addition to his two Cleveland starts, Lee started a total of 26 minor-league games across Harrisburg, Akron, and Buffalo. He went 12–5 in those starts with a 3.64 ERA, and struck out 153 batters in 146 innings.


title: Cliff Lee

text: At the start of spring training in 2003, Lee suffered an abdominal strain that kept him from the mound through the start of the regular season. He was officially transferred to the 60-day disabled list after spring training ended and before the start of the season. The strain, compounded by an additional sports hernia, kept Lee from pitching between March 28 and May 20. After undergoing a Double-A rehabilitation assignment, Lee began the 2003 season in Buffalo, with no expectation that he would rejoin the major leagues. He was recalled to Cleveland for the first game of a doubleheader on June 30, 2003. He picked up his first major-league win in that game, taking a three-hitter into the seventh inning of a 10–5 victory over the Kansas City Royals. Afterwards, Lee and Brad Voyles were sent back down to Buffalo to continue their development. He was recalled again on August 16, taking injured reliever Jason Boyd's position in the Indians' 25-man roster when Boyd suffered from shoulder tendinitis. Lee impressed in his third start of the season, allowing only two runs while striking out seven batters in eight innings of an 8–3 win against the Tampa Bay Rays. Indians manager Eric Wedge praised Lee's performance in the game, telling reporters, "He has a tremendous focus out there and on top of that he's a competitor." Lee made a total of nine major-league starts in his rookie season, going 3–3 with a 3.61 ERA while striking out 44 batters in innings. In his 14 minor-league starts, meanwhile, he went 7–1 with a 2.82 ERA. After the MLB season ended in October, Lee underwent surgery in Philadelphia for his sports hernia. While recovering from surgery at the hospital, he met his future teammate Roy Oswalt, who was recovering from a groin injury.


title: Cliff Lee

text: Lee began the 2004 MLB season in the Indians' starting rotation, the first time that he had made an opening-day MLB roster. He picked up his first win of the season on April 12, pitching six innings in Cleveland's 6–3 home opener against the Minnesota Twins. Lee began the year with a 5–0 record, taking his first loss of the season on June 3, when he allowed three runs over innings of a 5–2 loss to the Anaheim Angels, raising his ERA from 2.87 to 3.27 in the process. In his next start on June 13, Lee was ejected in the fourth inning after throwing what home plate umpire Matt Hollowell believed was a beanball at Ken Griffey Jr. of the Cincinnati Reds. Griffey had hit his 499th career home run off of Lee the inning prior, which Lee said made it "obviously [look] like I was throwing at him" in his next at-bat.. Lee maintained that the pitch was accidental, while Griffey refused to comment on whether or not he believed Lee was intentionally pitching at his head. MLB suspended Lee for six games for the incident, a decision which Lee said he intended to appeal. At the time of the suspension, Lee had been quarantining in the team's hotel out of concern that he contracted chickenpox from his then-two-year-old son Jaxon. On the advice of Wedge, Lee ultimately agreed to drop the appeal of his suspension, as the team had a conveniently placed day off that would allow them to keep their rotation as-is.


title: Cliff Lee

text: After starting the season 10–1 in his first 19 games, Lee failed to carry his momentum through the second half of the season, falling into a six-game slump between July 21 and September 2, during which he carried a 10.51 ERA. His frustrations came to a head on August 3, when Lee allowed six runs in innings to the Toronto Blue Jays before throwing his hat and glove into the stands and storming to the bench. Lee snapped his losing streak on September 8, allowing four earned runs in five innings of a 9–5 victory over the Seattle Mariners. It was his first win in 10 starts since July 16, when Cleveland defeated Seattle 18–6. Lee won again on September 23, helping the Indians to a 9–7 victory over Minnesota despite allowing five runs in innings. After the game, Lee described his own season performance as going "from doing real good to real bad", and that he needed to "figure out how to cut those [losing] stretches short". He was able to finish the season strong, winning the last game of the season 5–2 against Minnesota and tying Jake Westbrook for the most wins that season on the Indians pitching staff. Lee finished the season 14–8 with a 5.43 ERA in 33 starts, striking out 161 batters in 179 innings while allowing 30 home runs, 108 earned runs, and 188 hits.


title: Cliff Lee

text: One of the strengths the Indians boasted during the 2005 MLB season was their consistent pitching staff, both starting and in the bullpen. Lee was the No. 4 starter that season, behind Kevin Millwood, Jake Westbrook, and C. C. Sabathia, and ahead of Scott Elarton. A flu-like illness gripped the Indians at the start of the year, and Lee took his first win of the season by pitching seven scoreless innings against the Kansas City Royals while attempting not to vomit on the mound. The team recovered for a strong start to the season: by June 17, the Indians pitching staff had a collective 3.56 ERA, and Lee was 7–3 with a 3.09 ERA. He registered his first complete game that July, albeit in a five-inning rain-shortened 6–2 win over the Royals. Lee's nine-game winning streak, beginning on July 8, was snapped on September 29, when he took the loss in a 1–0 pitchers' duel with Seth McClung of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. Despite hopes that the team would make the postseason, a series of losses in September meant that Cleveland missed the AL Wild Card, which went to the Boston Red Sox, by only two games. Lee went 18–5 with a 3.79 ERA in 32 starts while striking out 143 batters in 202 innings. His 18 wins led all American League (AL) left-handed pitchers, while Lee led all of MLB with a .783 winning percentage. He also came in fourth in voting for the AL Cy Young Award, an honor which went to Bartolo Colón of the Anaheim Angels. During the offseason, Lee underwent a follow-up arthroscopy for the sports hernia surgery he had undergone two years prior.


title: Cliff Lee

text: Lee opened the 2006 season as the Indians' No. 3 starter, behind Sabathia and Westbrook and ahead of Paul Byrd and Jason Johnson, and as one of the only pitchers still in the final year of his contract. That changed on August 9, when he signed a three-year, $14 million contract extension with the Indians, avoiding contract arbitration and allowing general manager Mike Shapiro to maintain control over another core player. What seemed poised to be another successful season for Lee took a turn after the All-Star Game break. After going 6–1 with a 3.76 ERA in eight starts from June 3 to July 19, Lee allowed six runs and seven hits in a 7–5 loss to the Angels, a loss that was part of a larger five-game losing streak for Cleveland. Across July and August, Lee endured a 2–5 skid with three no decisions and a 4.78 ERA. He became frustrated with himself on August 28, when he allowed five runs, including three home runs, in only innings against the Tigers. In addition to being displeased with lasting fewer than six innings, he told reporters after the game that allowing so many home runs was "not acceptable". Although Lee and the Indians failed to capture their previous season highs, with Cleveland finishing the year 78–84 and Lee going 14–11, the pitcher did manage to register one accomplishment: on October 1, his final start of the year, Lee pitched his first nine-inning complete game, a 6–3 defeat of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He finished the year with a 4.40 ERA and 129 strikeouts in innings.


title: Cliff Lee

text: Lee began the 2007 season on the disabled list after suffering a strained right abdominal muscle during spring training. He made his first start of the year on May 3, allowing five runs over six innings in an eventual 6–5 defeat of the Toronto Blue Jays. Although the Indians told reporters that Lee had not suffered any lingering physical difficulties from his early-season injury, he struggled on the mound, going 5–8 with a 6.38 ERA in 16 starts. This included three consecutive starts where he allowed seven or more runs. On July 21, Lee came under fire for hitting Sammy Sosa of the Texas Rangers in the head during a game meant to honor Sosa's 600th home run. Catcher Victor Martinez verbally confronted Lee between innings, and the Indians held a 25-minute players-only meeting after the 8–5 loss. After allowing eight runs in a 14–9 loss to the Boston Red Sox in his next start on July 26, Lee was optioned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons.


title: Cliff Lee

text: Lee used the demotion to retool his pitching repertoire, moving his fastball and changeup to the outside corner while developing a cutter inspired by that of Mariano Rivera. He was a September call-up for Cleveland, but was relegated to the bullpen for the final month of the season, and was not included on the Indians' postseason roster. He expressed motivation to focus on improvement after seeing Cleveland drop four games to the Boston Red Sox in the 2007 American League Championship Series (ALCS), telling reporters, "I would have liked to have had a shot at one of those last three games, but we lost them all and I didn't pitch in any of them." Lee went 5–8 in 20 appearances for the Indians, 16 of them starts, posting a 6.29 ERA and striking out 66 batters in innings. He also pitched in 10 minor-league games, going 2–3 with a 3.00 ERA and 61 strikeouts in 48 innings.


title: Cliff Lee

text: To prepare for the 2008 season, Lee spent time training with the Indians' pitching coach, Carl Willis, at the latter's offseason home in Raleigh, North Carolina. After honing his mechanics there and impressing during spring training, Lee beat out Jeremy Sowers and Aaron Laffey for the fifth spot in the Cleveland starting rotation. His first start of the season was a marked departure from the year prior: going toe-to-toe with Oakland Athletics ace Joe Blanton, Lee allowed only four hits and one unearned run in innings of the 2–1 victory. He pitched his first MLB complete-game shutout with a 2–0 victory over the Kansas City Royals on April 25, throwing 120 pitches and dropping to a 0.28 ERA. With a 5–0 record and 32 strikeouts in April, Lee was named the AL Pitcher of the Month. By mid-May, his ERA was only 0.67, and Lee faced the first challenge of his season with a 6–4 loss to Edinson Volquez and the Cincinnati Reds. Lee took the setback poorly, telling reporters, "Everything that happened in the past doesn't really matter ... I made a couple of bad pitches and we lost."


title: Cliff Lee

text: With a 12–2 record and 2.31 ERA by July, Lee was not only named to his first MLB All-Star Game in 2008, but was given the nod to start the game as the AL pitcher. He pitched the first two innings, striking out three and giving up only one hit, a single to Chipper Jones. Lee continued to dominate over the second half of the season. His 19th win of the season, a 10–4 victory over the Tigers on August 26, broke his previous season high, and on September 1, he became the first Indian to win 20 games in one season since Gaylord Perry in 1974. With a 22–2 record on September 13, Lee became the first pitcher whose win–loss differential for a season was +20 since Bob Welch went 27–6 for Oakland in 1990. At that point, he had not lost a game since July 11. Despite Lee leading the AL in ERA and all of MLB in wins, the Indians finished in third place in the AL Central and did not reach the playoffs.