title: Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)

text: Aditi Sharma was born on 4 September 1996 in New Delhi, India. She completed her secondary education from Hansraj Model School, New Delhi.


title: Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)

text: She started her career as a model, having walked for Amazon Fashion Week India. Later she appeared in number of TV commercials for various brands like Titan Raga, White Ponds Beauty BB+, Amazon, etc.


title: Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)

text: Aditi Sharma made her acting debut in a music video named "Taare" starring alongside Guru Randhawa in 2017. Later she appeared in two another Punjabi music videos "Naan" and "Bekadra" and a Haryanvi music video named "Tu Raja ki Raj Dulari". In February 2018, she made her television debut as Meera Dhingra with Zee TV's "Kaleerein" opposite Arjit Taneja. The show ended on 16 November 2018.


title: Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)

text: In 2019, as a cameo appearance, she played Shivli Singh in Colors TV's "Naagin 3". In October 2019, she starred opposite Vikram Singh Chauhan in Star Plus's fantasy romantic drama show "Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!" as Roshni Ahmed. The show ended after a year long run in November 2020. In 2021, she made her digital debut in Alt Balaji's "Crashh" which also starred Anushka Sen, Zain Imam and Rohan Mehra. Later she did two more music videos, "Playboy" alongside R Nait and "Aadat Ve" opposite Ninja.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: Return to Sleepaway Camp is a 2008 American slasher film written and directed by Robert Hiltzik. The fourth film in the "Sleepaway Camp" film series and first film released direct-to-video, it is a direct sequel to the "Sleepaway Camp" (1983), while ignoring the events of "" (1988) and "" (1989). The film features Felissa Rose reprising her role as Angela Baker from the first film, following her recasting in the previous sequels, and Isaac Hayes in a posthumous cameo role as his "South Park" character Chef.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: In 2003, Alan is a boy who is at a summer camp at Camp Manabe. The movie shows that Alan is a socially awkward and immature teen with a slovenly appearance. He tries to act tough against small kids like Pee-Pee but does this in anger as other kids bully him. Among his abusers are his stepbrother Michael and his friends Vinny and T.C., and some of the girls at the camp, mainly a girl named Bella. Several boys are lighting farts one night. Alan tries, and after failing, he threatens the other boys, but is soon stopped by camp counselor, Randy. In the dining hall, Alan gets into a violent confrontation with Randy after he complains about the food. Ronnie, the head counselor (from the original) who is nice to everyone, allows Alan to go into the kitchen and get something else to eat, but Alan gets in trouble with the short-tempered and lazy assistant cook Mickey, who attacks Alan for taking an ice cream sandwich from the freezer. Alan throws a butcher knife at Mickey and the camp owner, Frank, yells at Alan. Alan runs away, with Michael chasing him. Soon after, in the kitchen, Mickey is killed after being held above and dumped into the deep fryer. His body is then dumped in the trash compactor.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: During a social, Alan is fooled by campers Terry, nicknamed "Weed", Spaz, and Stan into smoking dried cow manure, which makes him cough and fall on Stan's crotch. Camper T.C. nicknames him "Blowjob." After the social, Weed is tied to his chair and gasoline is squirted down his throat. The killer tapes his mouth shut with a “Drugs are for dummies” sticker and pokes a hole through it with a lit cigarette, causing his insides to explode. Ronnie suspects the murders that happened twenty years ago are happening again, but Frank states the murders were accidental. A week later, Alan manages to convince two girls, Karen and Marie, to go to his "secret hideout", which is just a place in the woods where he eats junk food and enjoys watching the frogs. Michael makes Alan look like he skinned the frogs, and Karen and Marie run away. Alan catches up to Karen to try to explain what happened, but T.C. gives Alan a wedgie, and he falls in the water. Later that night Michael, T.C. and Marie force Karen to lure Alan to the back of the stage, where they take his clothes off, tie him up, blindfold him and embarrass him at the social.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: Ronnie suspects that counselor Petey is the killer for always being nearby when Alan is in trouble. Petey always makes a point to stick up for Alan and angrily lashes out at Alan's tormenters. After returning to his cabin, Frank is knocked unconscious with a hammer and wakes up with his head inserted in a birdcage. The killer opens the birdcage and places two rats inside the cage. The rats eat through his head and down into his intestines. Randy and his girlfriend Linda go to the pump house to have sex. Whilst Randy urinates, the killer ties him to a tree, then tied a line of fishing wire around his penis. Upon returning, Linda panics after hearing Randy placate the killer and drives off in the jeep, not knowing that the fishing wire tied around Randy’s penis is also tied to the Jeep. Linda gets the Jeep stuck in a pot hole a little ways down the road and tries to drive it out. Whilst this is happening, the fishing wire between the Jeep and Randy has lost its slack and starts pulling on his penis. After many close calls with Linda almost freeing the Jeep, and the fishing wire pulling harder and harder on poor Randy’s dick, Linda notices the “Four-Wheel-Drive” mode in the Jeep. Linda finally frees the Jeep from the pot hole, and the fishing wire tied around Randy’s penis finally pulls it off with a loud “RIP” sound. Linda crashes after driving through a wrapped barbed wire line, which wraps around her face.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: After Spaz visits T.C., a wooden spear comes through a hole in the floor while T.C. is looking into it and gouges his eye out, whereas he forces it through his head by walking into a wall. Ronnie and another camper, Jenny, find Frank dead and begin rounding up everyone. Bella goes to her cabin, where she finds that the bunk above her has been replaced with a board with spikes. The killer jumps down from the rafters and lands on the top bunk, causing the spikes to impale and kill Bella. T.C. and Bella are found dead and Ricky Thomas, Angela's cousin, is called by Sheriff Jerry. Karen runs through the camp. She finds Randy and Linda dying before bumping into the killer and fainting.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: Karen wakes up with a rope hanging from a basketball hoop tied around her neck. The killer flips a switch to raise the net, causing Karen to be lifted off the ground. Michael arrives, prompting the killer to run off, and lowers the net. After Karen tells him she thinks Alan is the killer, Michael grabs a croquet mallet and runs to Alan's secret hideout, where he finds Alan, and starts beating Alan with the mallet. However, the real killer appears behind Michael as the screen fades to black.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: Ronnie, Ricky, and Jenny find a badly wounded Alan. Sheriff Jerry walks up, explaining through his mechanical voice box that the victims never learned, felt the need to be so mean all the time, thought they could do anything to their victims and get away with it, and eventually got what they deserved. The killer is revealed to be Sheriff Jerry, who in turn reveals himself to be Angela Baker, the murderer from the first movie, which causes Ronnie to say "I knew it was you!" Jenny finds something on the ground and runs away screaming. Ronnie and Ricky investigate and find Michael skinned alive on the ground. The film ends with Angela laughing maniacally before suddenly stopping and staring evilly into the camera.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: In a post-credits scene, a flashback set three weeks before the film shows how Angela escaped from the psychiatric clinic. She causes a brake fluid leak in a car and flags down Sheriff Pete (Carlo Vogel), the real sheriff. She murders him by dropping the car on his head and steals his uniform and equipment to become the new sheriff.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: "Return to Sleepaway Camp" concluded filming in 2003 and was scheduled to be released theatrically between 2004 and 2006, but due to unsatisfactory CGI effects and a lack of distribution deals, it did not see release until November 2008. An executive producer of the film, Thomas E. van Dell, claimed that most of the corrected CGI had been completed by December 2006, but director, Robert Hiltzik, felt that it needed more work to meet his expectations. By 2007, compositors and CGI personnel had been hired by van Dell to correct the effects. Additionally, a small special F/X group was hired to reshoot work unapproved by Hiltzik; such included the skinned body of the character Michael, additions to the death of camper T.C., and unfinished/pick-up shots. All work was finished by 2008, and the producers secured distribution through Magnolia Pictures.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: The film was released direct-to-video in the United States in November 2008, and was released internationally in 2009.


title: Return to Sleepaway Camp

text: A 2/5 was bestowed by David Harley of Bloody Disgusting, who regarded "Return to Sleepaway Camp" as a draggy, unimaginative, and unfunny film with an ending "that manages to disappoint with its banality". Dread Central's Steve Barton gave "Return to Sleepaway Camp" a 1½ out 5, and summarized his review with: "Gone is the really black humor of the first film. Gone is the insane twist. Gone are the inventive kills. And gone is nearly all of the charm that has kept this franchise alive. I would have rated this even lower if not for the nostalgia factor. Man, what a letdown". In his review for DVD Verdict, Gordon Sullivan wrote that ""Return to Sleepaway Camp" makes "" look like Shakespeare. A poor script, a total lack of compelling campers, and a too-brief glimpse of Angela all spell trouble for this nostalgic trip back to camp-land. I know that diehard fans of the original film will likely get suckered into watching this, but everyone else should stay far, far away". A 1/4 was awarded by Arrow in the Head's Pat Torfe, who concluded: "A 'return' this is not. Hiltzik should've taken ""s demise as a warning and let this series go quietly. "Return" is nothing what the original trilogy was in terms of kills or fun. It limps by on sloppy editing, unlikeable characters, unsatisfying kills and hopes that people get pulled in by the return of past characters".


title: Morphism

text: In mathematics, particularly in category theory, a morphism is a structure-preserving map from one mathematical structure to another one of the same type. The notion of morphism recurs in much of contemporary mathematics. In set theory, morphisms are functions; in linear algebra, linear transformations; in group theory, group homomorphisms; in topology, continuous functions, and so on.


title: Morphism

text: In category theory, "morphism" is a broadly similar idea: the mathematical objects involved need not be sets, and the relationships between them may be something other than maps, although the morphisms between the objects of a given category have to behave similarly to maps in that they have to admit an associative operation similar to function composition. A morphism in category theory is an abstraction of a homomorphism.


title: Morphism

text: The study of morphisms and of the structures (called "objects") over which they are defined is central to category theory. Much of the terminology of morphisms, as well as the intuition underlying them, comes from concrete categories, where the "objects" are simply "sets with some additional structure", and "morphisms" are "structure-preserving functions". In category theory, morphisms are sometimes also called arrows.


title: Morphism

text: A category "C" consists of two classes, one of and the other of . There are two objects that are associated to every morphism, the and the . A morphism "f" with source "X" and target "Y" is written "f" : "X" → "Y", and is represented diagrammatically by an from "X" to "Y".


title: Morphism

text: For many common categories, objects are sets (often with some additional structure) and morphisms are functions from an object to another object. Therefore, the source and the target of a morphism are often called and respectively.


title: Morphism

text: Morphisms are equipped with a partial binary operation, called . The composition of two morphisms "f" and "g" is defined precisely when the target of "f" is the source of "g", and is denoted "g" ∘ "f" (or sometimes simply "gf"). The source of "g" ∘ "f" is the source of "f", and the target of "g" ∘ "f" is the target of "g". The composition satisfies two axioms:


title: Morphism

text: For a concrete category (a category in which the objects are sets, possibly with additional structure, and the morphisms are structure-preserving functions), the identity morphism is just the identity function, and composition is just ordinary composition of functions.


title: Morphism

text: The collection of all morphisms from "X" to "Y" is denoted Hom("X","Y") or simply Hom("X", "Y") and called the hom-set between "X" and "Y". Some authors write Mor("X","Y"), Mor("X", "Y") or C("X", "Y"). Note that the term hom-set is something of a misnomer, as the collection of morphisms is not required to be a set; a category where Hom("X", "Y") is a set for all objects "X" and "Y" is called locally small. Because hom-sets may not be sets, some people prefer to use the term "hom-class".


title: Morphism

text: Note that the domain and codomain are in fact part of the information determining a morphism. For example, in the category of sets, where morphisms are functions, two functions may be identical as sets of ordered pairs (may have the same range), while having different codomains. The two functions are distinct from the viewpoint of category theory. Thus many authors require that the hom-classes Hom("X", "Y") be disjoint. In practice, this is not a problem because if this disjointness does not hold, it can be assured by appending the domain and codomain to the morphisms (say, as the second and third components of an ordered triple).


title: Morphism

text: A morphism "f": "X" → "Y" is called a monomorphism if "f" ∘ "g" = "f" ∘ "g" implies "g" = "g" for all morphisms "g", "g": "Z" → "X". A monomorphism can be called a "mono" for short, and we can use "monic" as an adjective. A morphism "f" has a left inverse or is a split monomorphism if there is a morphism "g": "Y" → "X" such that "g" ∘ "f" id. Thus "f" ∘ "g": "Y" → "Y" is idempotent; that is, ("f" ∘ "g") "f" ∘ ("g" ∘ "f") ∘ "g" "f" ∘ "g". The left inverse "g" is also called a retraction of "f".


title: Morphism

text: Morphisms with left inverses are always monomorphisms, but the converse is not true in general; a monomorphism may fail to have a left inverse. In concrete categories, a function that has a left inverse is injective. Thus in concrete categories, monomorphisms are often, but not always, injective. The condition of being an injection is stronger than that of being a monomorphism, but weaker than that of being a split monomorphism.


title: Morphism

text: Dually to monomorphisms, a morphism "f": "X" → "Y" is called an epimorphism if "g" ∘ "f" = "g" ∘ "f" implies "g" = "g" for all morphisms "g", "g": "Y" → "Z". An epimorphism can be called an "epi" for short, and we can use "epic" as an adjective. A morphism "f" has a right inverse or is a split epimorphism if there is a morphism "g": "Y" → "X" such that "f" ∘ "g" id. The right inverse "g" is also called a section of "f". Morphisms having a right inverse are always epimorphisms, but the converse is not true in general, as an epimorphism may fail to have a right inverse.


title: Morphism

text: If a monomorphism "f" splits with left inverse "g", then "g" is a split epimorphism with right inverse "f". In concrete categories, a function that has a right inverse is surjective. Thus in concrete categories, epimorphisms are often, but not always, surjective. The condition of being a surjection is stronger than that of being an epimorphism, but weaker than that of being a split epimorphism. In the category of sets, the statement that every surjection has a section is equivalent to the axiom of choice.


title: Morphism

text: A morphism "f": "X" → "Y" is called an isomorphism if there exists a morphism "g": "Y" → "X" such that "f" ∘ "g" = id and "g" ∘ "f" = id. If a morphism has both left-inverse and right-inverse, then the two inverses are equal, so "f" is an isomorphism, and "g" is called simply the inverse of "f". Inverse morphisms, if they exist, are unique. The inverse "g" is also an isomorphism, with inverse "f". Two objects with an isomorphism between them are said to be isomorphic or equivalent.


title: Morphism

text: While every isomorphism is a bimorphism, a bimorphism is not necessarily an isomorphism. For example, in the category of commutative rings the inclusion Z → Q is a bimorphism that is not an isomorphism. However, any morphism that is both an epimorphism and a "split" monomorphism, or both a monomorphism and a "split" epimorphism, must be an isomorphism. A category, such as a Set, in which every bimorphism is an isomorphism is known as a balanced category.


title: Morphism

text: A morphism "f": "X" → "X" (that is, a morphism with identical source and target) is an endomorphism of "X". A split endomorphism is an idempotent endomorphism "f" if "f" admits a decomposition "f" = "h" ∘ "g" with "g" ∘ "h" = id. In particular, the Karoubi envelope of a category splits every idempotent morphism.


title: Morphism

text: An automorphism is a morphism that is both an endomorphism and an isomorphism. In every category, the automorphisms of an object always form a group, called the automorphism group of the object.


title: George Brown College

text: George Brown College is a public, fully accredited college of applied arts and technology with three campuses in downtown Toronto (Ontario, Canada). Like many other colleges in Ontario, GBC was chartered in 1966 by the government of Ontario and opened the next year.


title: George Brown College

text: George Brown offers more than 160 full-time programs in art and design, business, community services, early childhood education, construction and engineering technologies, health sciences, hospitality and culinary arts, preparatory studies, as well as specialized programs and services for recent immigrants and international students.


title: George Brown College

text: The college offers diploma programs, advanced diploma programs as well as degree programs, two in conjunction with Toronto Metropolitan University. The college offers the following degrees:


title: George Brown College

text: Graduate and certificate programs, pre-college and apprentice programs round out the college's full-time offerings. As of 2022, there are 180 continuing education certificates/designations available.


title: George Brown College

text: In 2021, there were 27,128 full-time students — 29 percent international students — as well as 3,123 part-time students and 58,119 continuing education registrants.


title: George Brown College

text: George Brown has 15,000 distance education students studying in over 35 countries. One of the most popular distance education programs offered by the college is its award-winning Electronics Technician distance education program, developed by Dr. Colin Simpson.


title: George Brown College

text: In 2022, George Brown College was ranked among the top 10 research colleges in the country, ranking 8th for overall research income, and ranking 4th for both the number of paid students and for the number of completed projects. Research Infosource, which publishes annual rankings reports on research and development at institutions across Canada, released the results for the top 50 colleges in January 2022.


title: George Brown College

text: The college was established during the formation of Ontario's community college system in 1967. Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology were established on May 21, 1965. The college is named after George Brown, who was an important 19th-century politician and newspaper publisher (he founded the "Toronto Globe", forerunner to "The Globe and Mail") and was one of the Fathers of Confederation.


title: George Brown College

text: The college's predecessor, the Provincial Institute of Trades (PIT), was founded in 1951 to offer apprentice training on behalf of the provincial Department of Labour. In 1952, the PIT began operation at 21 Nassau Street in Toronto's Kensington Market and, after expanding with the construction of two additional buildings on the site, was offering programs in lathing and structural steel, barbering, diesel mechanics, jewellery arts, watchmaking and welding by 1961. In 1962 the province opened the Provincial Institute of Trades and Occupations (PITO), a sister training institute, at 555 Davenport Road near Casa Loma.


title: George Brown College

text: When George Brown College was formed in 1967, it absorbed both the PIT and PITO and opened its Kensington and Casa Loma campuses at the two institutes' former facilities. George Brown College also went on to absorb, in 1969, four former Toronto Board of Education Adult Education Centres in a third campus at 507 College Street and, in 1973, five Toronto-area Schools of Nursing in 1973, including: St. Joseph's, St. Michael's, Toronto General, Atkinson (Toronto Western) and Nightingale.


title: George Brown College

text: In 1973, a new expanded Casa Loma campus was opened. In 1976, the St. James Campus opened at 200 King Street East in buildings formerly belonging to Christie Bakery and Hallmark Cards.


title: George Brown College

text: The Hospitality building (300 Adelaide E.) opened at St. James Campus in 1987, the same year that the College Street Campus closed. Kensington Campus closed in 1994.


title: George Brown College

text: Casa Loma campus is situated on the stretch of Kendal Ave. between Davenport Rd. and MacPherson Ave. Nearby features include Casa Loma, and the City of Toronto Archives. The campus itself is a collection of five buildings.


title: George Brown College

text: In 2004, the old and mostly unused A building was torn down due to health concerns and to create a green space on campus. Students attending classes in building A were experiencing illness, thought to be due to sick building syndrome. There is a moose sculpture in the green space.


title: George Brown College

text: St. James campus consists of five buildings. The first is a large brick building at 200 King St. E. The second and third are located at 290 and 300 Adelaide St. East and are connected. They are home to Financial services, Creative Arts, Business Administration and the faculty of Centre for Hospitality and Culinary Arts. This campus is where the chef school is located.


title: George Brown College

text: In September 2012, George Brown opened the Waterfront Campus located at 51 Dockside Dr., south of Queen's Quay between Jarvis and Parliament Streets (between Corus Quay and Redpath Sugar Refinery). This campus is home to the Centre for Health Sciences. In 2019, the college expanded its Waterfront Campus to the Daniels Waterfront - City of the Arts complex at 3 Lower Jarvis St. - home to the School of Design. And the latest Waterfront Campus expansion, Limberlost Place, is set to open at 185 Queens Quay E. in the summer of 2024. The 10-storey tall-wood, mass-timber building will be the first institutional building of its kind in Ontario and will house the School of Architectural Studies and the School of Computer Technology. It will also house a research institute and a child care centre.


title: George Brown College

text: This associate campus is in the Sally Horsfall Eaton building (SHE building) at Toronto Metropolitan University. The address is 99 Gerrard St. E.


title: George Brown College

text: George Brown also has classes from the Early Childhood Education, Early Childhood Assistant and Activation Coordinator Gerontology programs at the Sally Horsfall Eaton (SHE) Building at TMU (located at the corner of Gould St and Mutual St.).


title: George Brown College

text: The Theatre School at George Brown College presents a season of productions at the Young Centre for the Performing Arts in the Distillery District in downtown Toronto.


title: George Brown College

text: It is a brand-new theatre built into 1800s-era Victorian industrial buildings, with the incorporation of additional teaching facilities.


title: George Brown College

text: The theatre arts program enjoys a partnership with the Tarragon Theatre and Soulpepper Theatre Company.


title: George Brown College

text: George Brown’s student residence, The George, opened in 2016. Located at 80 Cooperage St. E., near Cherry and Front streets, close to Toronto’s Distillery District, the building was part of the 2015 Pan Am/Para Pan Am Games Athletes Village before George Brown took ownership.


title: George Brown College

text: The building also houses the Lucie and Thornton Blackburn Conference Centre. The facility is named after a wife and husband who escaped slavery and established Toronto’s first cab company, helped found the Little Trinity Anglican Church and worked on anti-slavery initiatives. Their story is told in a student-created mural at the conference centre.


title: George Brown College

text: "The Dialog" is the student newspaper on campus and is a service provided by the Student Association of George Brown College, The Dialog is a member of CUP.


title: George Brown College

text: Each of the college libraries primarily house materials suitable for the programs taught at their respective campuses.


title: George Brown College

text: Students, faculty and staff have access to an extensive range of electronic resources including, ebooks, articles, and image databases. These are available for use in the library and remotely.


title: Meta Knight

text: Meta Knight is a mysterious but honorable knight. Due to this attitude, he has played the roles of both friend and foe in the "Kirby" series. He has received mainly positive critical reception since his introduction; his development within the series, from a nameless enemy to one of Kirby's main allies and rivals, was praised. He remains one of the most controversial characters in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", and has been banned from several tournaments due to his overwhelming dominance in competitive play.


title: Meta Knight

text: Meta Knight is an enigmatic yet honorable swordsman who follows a chivalric code, exemplified when he gives Kirby a sword to fight with before starting battle. Meta Knight himself wields a sacred, golden sword called . He is always seen wearing a silver mask, but in the event that he is unmasked, he looks identical to Kirby, albeit with a dark blue body and yellow (originally white) eyes which were originally portrayed as yellow only when he was wearing his mask, (from "" onward however he has yellow eyes even with his mask off). He also sports a navy blue mantle called the , which can change into a pair of wings and allows him to teleport. However, these wings appear directly attached to his body in "Kirby's Return to Dream Land" and "Kirby: Planet Robobot". Initially one of Kirby's enemies, he has since developed into Kirby's rival, and has been described as an antihero. However, he has benign intentions, as he will often fight alongside or assist Kirby when necessary for his survival or for the sake of the world. This attitude has led to debate about his allegiances and has earned him the label of "frenemy".


title: Meta Knight

text: Meta Knight first appeared in the NES game "Kirby's Adventure" as an ally of King Dedede and boss of the Orange Ocean level, where he fights Kirby to stop him from taking a piece of the Star Rod and to keep it out of Nightmare's hands. He is the main antagonist of the "Revenge of Meta Knight" mode in "Kirby Super Star", in which he tries to take over Dream Land to end the inhabitants' lazy lifestyle by invading in his signature airship, the . Meta Knight is a playable character in the "Meta Knightmare" mode of "". In "Kirby & the Amazing Mirror", Dark Meta Knight—an evil, Mirror World counterpart—traps Meta Knight in the Mirror World and splits Kirby into four, differently colored copies of himself. After Kirby defeats Dark Meta Knight, Meta Knight himself helps Kirby defeat Dark Mind.


title: Meta Knight

text: In "", after the chest containing Kirby's strawberry shortcake is mixed up with the chest sealing Dark Nebula, Meta Knight appears as a boss who tries to keep the latter chest out of Kirby's hands. In "Kirby Super Star Ultra", he appears as a playable character in the "Meta Knightmare Ultra" mode. Meta Knight also appears in "Kirby's Return to Dream Land" and its 2023 remake as one of the four playable protagonists, alongside Kirby, King Dedede and Bandana Waddle Dee, and as a playable character in multi-player mode. After not appearing in "", Meta Knight made an active return to the series in "." In addition to being captured and transformed into the hostile "Mecha Knight" in the game's story mode, he is rescued by Kirby and helps him to defeat "Star Dream" by letting Kirby pilot the Halberd. He is also given his own adventure once again, as the main playable character of the "Meta Knightmare Returns" mode. Meta Knight appears as a boss and Dream Friend in "Kirby Star Allies". Meta Knight returns in "Kirby Fighters 2" alongside King Dedede as the main antagonist of the Story Mode, The Destined Rivals. He also appears as a playable character. Meta Knight appears in the collosseum in "Kirby and the Forgotten Land", but does not encounter Kirby in the main storyline.


title: Meta Knight

text: Meta Knight also appears in several spin-off games in the series. He makes brief appearances in "Kirby's Pinball Land" and "Kirby's Avalanche". In the latter, his name was revealed for the first time, where he is the penultimate challenger. He is an unlockable character in "Kirby Air Ride" and "". Meta Knight is a boss in "Kirby's Epic Yarn" and appears as a boss in two sub-games in "Kirby Mass Attack". Though he is absent from "Kirby and the Rainbow Curse"s story mode, Meta Knight appears as a collectible figurine. The game is also compatible with the Meta Knight Amiibo, which Kirby can use for a temporary increase in attack power.


title: Meta Knight

text: Meta Knight has made several appearances outside of the "Kirby" video game series, including the 1994–2006 manga "" written by Hirokazu Hikawa and published by Shogakukan in "CoroCoro Comic". He also appears in the ongoing Enterbrain's "" manga written by Noboru Matsuyama and published in "" (originally called "Famitsu DS+Cube+Advance"), and in the Asami Taniguchi manga "" published in "Bessatsu CoroCoro Comic", where he is a main character. He is also featured in the 2012 Yuki Kawakami manga by Shogakukan, "Hoshi no Kirby: Pack to Daibaku Show". In the 2001–2003 anime "" he is a main character. In the series he is the last surviving member of the Galaxy Soldier Army, made up of "Star Warriors". He also makes various appearances in the restaurant chain known as "Kirby Café", where he is featured in various food dishes.


title: Meta Knight

text: Meta Knight also appears in four installments of the "Super Smash Bros." video game series; in "Super Smash Bros. Melee", he appears in the form of a trophy, and in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", he is a playable character. However, Meta Knight was temporarily removed from some professional gaming competitions in the United States and Canada as he was considered to be too powerful. Meta Knight returned as a playable character in "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS" and "Wii U" after the series' director, Masahiro Sakurai, assured some changes to re-add him; among the changes, Meta Knight lost his ability to glide, and his unrivaled attack speed was toned down. He reappears as a playable character in "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate".


title: Meta Knight

text: Various types of merchandising have been released based on Meta Knight's character. These include amiibo, nendoroid, nanoblock, and plush.


title: Meta Knight

text: Meta Knight was received with positive reception. "IGN" described Meta Knight as "one of the most enigmatic characters" in the series, naming him one of their ten favorite sword-wielding characters in the video games. "IGN" also stated that although he was once "a mere villain" in the series, "his devilishly cool appearance set him apart from the rest." "GamesRadar" ranked Meta Knight 13th on its list of "Most Misunderstood Videogame Villains", saying that he is "the standard good-guy folderol [...], except that Meta Knight is invariably the bad guy"; it said of the Meta Knight-versus-Kirby battles that "[i]t's like if Batman picked a fight with a morbidly obese shut-in, and you were supposed to root for the shut-in." It also listed him on "The Top 7 Unlikeliest Badasses in Gaming" list, saying "Thanks to his brooding, serious attitude and his lavish taste in imposing capes, Meta Knight has created a beautiful illusion of something incredibly threatening, despite being a spherical bundle of delight." "GameDaily" ranked Meta Knight both as the eighteenth-best Nintendo character of all time, and third on their list of Nintendo characters who deserve their own game. "Complex" ranked Meta Knight eighth on its list of "25 Video Game Characters That Deserve a Spinoff", citing how he developed from "a nameless villain" in "Kirby's Adventure" into "Kirby's rival", as well as stating that his popularity has surpassed that of King Dedede, while "TheGamer" named Meta Knight as sixth in their "The 10 Best Characters In The "Kirby" Series", stating that "Meta Knight is another extremely well-known character from the series, partly due to the fact he is heavily associated with competitive "Smash Bros." matches."


title: Meta Knight

text: Meta Knight was one of the first characters to be banned from several tournaments in "Super Smash Bros." history. In "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", "Smash" pro players immediately discovered that the Meta Knight was immensely overpowered, since he had a winning matchup against every character in the game, and he was the first character to be constantly and completely banned from several tournaments. Meta Knight's inclusion in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" was also praised; he was listed among the game's top five characters of Bozon (ranked second), Peer (ranked fourth), and Richard George (ranked first) from "IGN", with all three highlighting his attack speed and Bozon saying he is "the best single-player Brawler." Jesse Schedeen from the same site said that "Meta Knight is a true powerhouse of the "SSBB" cast", and "UGO Networks" called Meta Knight "[t]he most dangerous sword-wielding, helmet-wearing, sentient balloon you're ever likely to meet." However, the balance among the "Brawl" characters was impaired, with Meta Knight "standing tall above the rest." Jeremy Parish of "Polygon" ranked 73 fighters from "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" "from garbage to glorious", praising the character and listed Meta Knight as ninth, and stated that "Meta Knight may or may not be an evil version of Kirby, but it seems pretty clear that he’s the lone sane man in Dreamland," while Gavin Jasper of "Den of Geek" ranked Meta Knight as 16th of "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" characters, praising and calling the character as an "adorable puffball with an outer shell of murder".


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), usually known simply as the blackcap, is a common and widespread typical warbler. It has mainly olive-grey upperparts and pale grey underparts, and differences between the five subspecies are small. Both sexes have a neat coloured cap to the head, black in the male and reddish-brown in the female. The male's typical song is a rich musical warbling, often ending in a loud high-pitched crescendo, but a simpler song is given in some isolated areas, such as valleys in the Alps. The blackcap's closest relative is the garden warbler, which looks quite different but has a similar song.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The blackcap breeds in much of Europe, western Asia and northwestern Africa, and its preferred habitat is mature deciduous woodland. The male holds a territory when breeding, which is defended against garden warblers as well as other blackcaps. The nest is a neat cup, built low in brambles or scrub, and the clutch is typically 4–6 mainly buff eggs, which hatch in about 11 days. The chicks fledge in 11–12 days, but are cared for by both adults for some time after leaving the nest. The blackcap is a partial migrant; birds from the colder areas of its range winter in scrub or trees in northwestern Europe, around the Mediterranean and in tropical Africa. Some birds from Germany and western continental Europe have adapted to spending the winter in gardens in Great Britain and Ireland. Insects are the main food in the breeding season, but, for the rest of the year, blackcaps survive primarily on small fruit. Garden birds also eat bread, fat and peanuts in winter.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Despite extensive hunting in Mediterranean countries and the natural hazards of predation and disease, the blackcap has been extending its range for several decades, and is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as least concern. Its rich and varied song has led to it being described as the "mock nightingale" and it has featured in literature, films and music. In Messiaen's opera "Saint François d'Assise", the saint is represented by themes based on the blackcap's song.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The genus "Sylvia", the typical warblers, forms part of a large family of Old World warblers, the Sylviidae. The blackcap and its nearest relative, the garden warbler, are an ancient species pair which diverged very early from the rest of the genus at between 12 and 16 million years ago. In the course of time, these two species have become sufficiently distinctive that they have been placed in separate subgenera, with the blackcap in subgenus "Sylvia" and the garden warbler in "Epilais". These sister species have a breeding range which extends farther northeast than all other "Sylvia" species except the lesser whitethroat and common whitethroat. The nearest relatives of the garden warbler outside the sister group are believed to be the African hill babbler and Dohrn's thrush-babbler, both of which should probably be placed in "Sylvia" rather than their current genera, "Pseudoalcippe" and "Horizorhinus" respectively.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The blackcap was one of the many bird species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of "Systema Naturae", as "Motacilla atricapilla". The current genus name is from Modern Latin "silvia", a woodland sprite, related to "silva", a wood. The species name, like the English name, refers to the male's black cap. "Atricapilla" is from the Latin "ater", "black", and "capillus", "hair (of the head)".


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Fossils and subfossils of the blackcap have been found in a number of European countries; the oldest, dated to 1.2–1.0 million years ago, are from the Early Pleistocene of Bulgaria. Fossils from France show that the genus "Sylvia" dates back at least 20 million years.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The differences between subspecies are small, making subspecific boundaries hard to define, and the exact distribution of "S. a. heineken" is unclear, since birds from northwest Africa may be of this form. About 2% of male blackcaps on Madeira and the Azores are melanistic, with black plumage on the whole head and upper breast. Melanistic females are rarer, and are characterised by grey-brown underparts. This dark morph has also been recorded from the Canary Islands, but not from Cape Verde. The melanistic birds were formerly sometimes considered to be a distinct subspecies, "S. a. obscura".


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The blackcap is a mainly grey warbler with distinct male and female plumages. The nominate subspecies is about long with a wing length. The weight is typically , but can be up to for birds preparing to migrate. The adult male has olive-grey upperparts, other than a paler grey nape and a neat black cap on the head. The underparts are light grey, becoming silvery white on the chin, throat and upper breast. The tail is dark grey, with an olive tint to the outer edge of each feather. The bill and long legs are grey, and the iris is reddish brown. The female resembles the male, but has a reddish-brown cap and a slightly browner tone to the grey of the upperparts. Juveniles are similar to the female, but their upperparts have a slight rufous tinge, and the breast and flanks have a more olive tone; young males have a darker brown cap than their female counterparts. This species is unmistakable; other dark-headed "Sylvia" species, such Sardinian and Orphean warblers have extensive black on the head instead of a small cap. They are also larger and have white edges on the tail.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Blackcaps have a complete moult in their breeding areas in August and September prior to migration. Some birds, typically those migrating the greatest distances, have a further partial moult between December and March. Juveniles replace their loosely structured body feathers with adult plumage, starting earlier, but taking longer to complete, than the adults. Blackcaps breeding in the north of the range have an earlier and shorter post-juvenile moult than those further south, and cross-breeding of captive birds shows that the timing is genetically controlled.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The male's song is a rich musical warbling, often ending in a loud high-pitched crescendo, which is given in bursts of up to 30 seconds. The song is repeated for about two-and-a-half minutes, with a short pause before each repetition. In some geographically isolated areas, such as islands, peninsulas and valleys in the Alps, a simplified fluting song occurs, named the "Leiern" (drawling) song by the German ornithologists who first described it. The song's introduction is like that of other blackcaps, but the final warbling part is a simple alternation between two notes, as in a great tit's call but more fluting. The main song is confusable with that of the garden warbler, but it is slightly higher pitched than in that species, more broken into discrete song segments, and less mellow. Both species have a quiet subsong, a muted version of the full song, which is even harder to separate. The blackcap occasionally mimics the song of other birds, the most frequently copied including the garden warbler and the common nightingale. The main call is a hard "tac-tac", like stones knocking together, and other vocalisations include a squeaking "sweet" alarm, and a low-pitched trill similar to that of a garden warbler.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Male blackcaps will sometimes sing even when incubating, especially with the second brood. This appears to be intended to maintain the bond with the female. Wintering birds in Africa are quiet initially, but start singing in January or February prior to their return north.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The continental breeding range of the blackcap lies between the 14–30° July isotherms, and is occupied by the nominate subspecies, the other forms being restricted to islands or fringe areas in the Caucasus and eastern Iberia. Birds on the Mediterranean and Atlantic islands and in the milder west and south of the main Eurasian distribution often winter within the nesting range, but populations elsewhere are migratory. The blackcap is a leap-frog migrant; birds from the north of the breeding range travel furthest south, whereas Mediterranean breeders move much shorter distances. The wintering areas overlap with the breeding range, but also include extensive areas in West Africa, East Africa south to Lake Malawi, and further north in Ethiopia, South Sudan and Eritrea. The large majority of birds wintering in eastern Africa are of the southwest Asian race, "S. a. dammholzi".


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: There is a migratory divide in Europe at longitude 10–11°E. Birds to the west of this line head southwest towards Iberia or West Africa, whereas populations to the east migrate to the eastern Mediterranean and on to East Africa. Cross-breeding in captivity of birds from the resident population on the Canary Islands with migratory blackcaps from Germany showed the urge to migrate is genetically controlled, the offspring showing intermediate behaviour in terms of restlessness at migration time. Similar experiments using birds from southern Germany and eastern Austria, on opposite sides of the migratory divide, demonstrated that the direction of migration is also genetically determined. Climate change appears to be affecting the migration pattern of the garden warbler and blackcap. Both are arriving in Europe earlier than previously, and blackcaps and juvenile (but not adult) garden warblers are departing nearly two weeks later than in the 1980s. Birds of both species are longer-winged and lighter than in the past, suggesting a longer migration as the breeding range expands northwards.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: In recent decades, substantial numbers of continental European birds have taken to wintering in gardens in Great Britain, and, to a lesser extent, Ireland, where the blackcap was formerly just a summer visitor. Although the British climate is sub-optimal, compensatory factors include the ready availability of food, (particularly from bird tables), a shorter migration distance, and the avoidance of the Alps and the Sahara Desert.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: It was originally thought that most of these wintering birds come from Germany, and isotope analysis (which enables the wintering location to be determined) showed that the continental birds wintering in Britain tend to mate only among themselves, and do not usually interbreed with those wintering in the Mediterranean or western Africa. This is because the British migrants arrive back on the breeding grounds earlier than blackcaps wintering around the Mediterranean, and form pairs before the southern birds arrive. Mixed pairings are also selected against because the hybrid young would migrate in an intermediate direction, which would take them into the Bay of Biscay.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: It now appears that the wintering birds in the UK come from a much wider area than previously thought. The majority come from France, and some individuals come from as far away as Spain and Poland. The steady supply of winter food in gardens gives even Spanish-breeding birds an opportunity to put on weight quicker than in their home range.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: A 2021 paper showed that blackcaps, particularly adults, wintering in Britain and Ireland showed high site fidelity and low movement between wintering sites, in contrast to blackcaps wintering in their traditional winter ranges. Adults that frequented gardens had better body condition, smaller fat stores, longer bills, and rounder wing tips. The bill and wing tip shapes reflected a more generalist diet than that of birds in traditional winter sites.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Blackcaps did not exclusively feed in gardens; visits were linked to harsher weather. Individuals generally stayed at garden sites until immediately before spring departure, and supplemental feeding may have benefits for winter survival, When preparing for migration, abundant supplemental food may allow blackcaps to attain better body condition and may facilitate earlier and more successful breeding attempts.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: In the Iberian Peninsula, migratory blackcaps (and European robins) track similar climatic conditions over the season, which sedentary individuals must cope with great variation in climate over the year. This suggests a trade-off between the cost of travelling long distances of migrants, and the flexibility required by sedentary individuals to tolerate a wide variety of environmental conditions.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The blackcap's main breeding habitat is mature deciduous woodland, with good scrub cover below the trees. Other habitats, such as parks, large gardens and overgrown hedges, are used as long as they meet the essential requirements of tall trees for songposts and an established understory. Where other "Sylvia" warblers also breed, blackcaps tend to use taller trees than their relatives, preferably those with a good canopy, such as pedunculate oak. In prime habitat, breeding densities reach 100–200 pairs per square kilometre (250–500 pairs per square mile) in northern Europe, and 500–900 pairs per square kilometre (1,250–2,250 pairs per square mile) in Italy. Densities are much lower in poorer habitats such as conifer forests. Breeding occurs in Europe at altitudes up to .


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The preferred winter habitat around the Mediterranean is scrub and olive orchards, where densities approach the levels found in the best breeding areas. The British wintering population is atypical, with 95% found in gardens, mostly in towns at altitudes below . In Africa, habitats include cultivated land, acacia scrub, mangroves and forest, and these warblers are found at altitudes up to in the east of the continent. Wintering birds wander in search of good fruit supplies, but often stay in good feeding areas, and return in subsequent winters. Migrants may occur in a wide variety of habitats, such as reed bed and fen, but show a preference for shrubland.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: When male blackcaps return to their breeding areas, they establish a territory. Adults that have previously bred return to the site they have used in previous summers, whereas inexperienced birds either wander until they find a suitable area, or establish a very large initial territory which contracts under pressure from neighbours. Territorial boundaries are established initially by loud singing, performed while the male displays with his crown raised, tail fanned and slow wingbeats. This display is followed, if necessary, by a chase, often leading to a fight. The typical territory size in a French study was , but in insect-rich tall maquis in Gibraltar, the average was only . Females feed within a home range which may overlap other blackcap territories, and covers up to six times the area of the defended zone.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: "Sylvia" warblers are unusual in that they vigorously defend their territories against other members of their genus as well as conspecifics. Blackcaps and garden warblers use identical habits in the same wood, yet aggressive interactions mean that their territories never overlap. Similar songs are a feature of the "Sylvia" warblers as a group, and it has been suggested that this promotes interspecific competition and helps to segregate territories between related species. It appears more likely from later studies that segregation of sympatric species, other than the blackcap and garden warbler, is due to subtle habitat preferences rather than interspecies aggression.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Blackcaps first breed when they are one year old, and are mainly monogamous, although both sexes may sometimes deviate from this. A male attracts a female to his territory through song and a display involving raising the black crown feathers, fluffing the tail, slow wingbeats, and a short flapping flight. He also builds one or more simple nests (cock nests), usually near his songpost. The final nest, which may be one of the cock nests or built from scratch, is a neat cup of roots, stems and grasses lined with fine material such as hair. The nest is typically deep and across, and is built in the cover of bramble, scrubs or trees. It is constructed mainly by the female, and may be up to above the ground, although lower than is more typical. The clutch is typically 4–6 eggs (range 2–7), which are usually buff with grey and brown blotches and a few dark brown spots. The average size of the egg is .


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The eggs are incubated for an average of 11 days (range 10–16). Both adults incubate, although only the female stays on the nest at night. The chicks are altricial, hatching naked and with closed eyes, and are fed by both parents. They fledge about 11–12 days after hatching, leaving the nest shortly before they are able to fly. They are assisted with feeding for a further two or three weeks. If the nest is threatened, the non-incubating bird gives an alarm call so that the sitting parent and chicks stay still and quiet. A male blackcap may mob a potential predator, or try to lure it away with disjointed runs and flaps on the ground. The blackcap normally raises just one brood, but second nestings are sometimes recorded, particularly in the milder climate of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic islands; triple brooding has been observed once, the female laying a total of 23 eggs in the season.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Of eggs laid, 65–93% hatch successfully, and 75–92% of the chicks go on to fledge. The productivity (young fledged per nest) varies with location, level of predation and quality of habitat, but the national figure for the UK was 2.5. The adult annual survival rate is 43% (males 46%, females 29%), and 36% of juveniles live through their first year. The typical life expectancy is two years, but the record is 13 years and 10 months for a bird in the Czech Republic.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The blackcap feeds mainly on insects during the breeding season, then switches to fruit in late summer, the change being triggered by an internal biological rhythm. When migrants arrive on their territories they initially take berries, pollen and nectar if there are insufficient insects available, then soon switch to their preferred diet. They mainly pick prey off foliage and twigs, but may occasionally hover, flycatch or feed on the ground. Blackcaps eat a wide range of invertebrate prey, although aphids are particularly important early in the season, and flies, beetles and caterpillars are also taken in large numbers. Small snails are swallowed whole, since the shell is a source of calcium for the bird's eggs. Chicks are mainly fed soft-bodied insects, fruit only if invertebrates are scarce.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: In July, the diet switches increasingly to fruit. The protein needed for egg-laying and for the chicks to grow is replaced by fruit sugar which helps the birds to fatten for migration. Aphids are still taken while they are available, since they often contain sugars from the plant sap on which they feed. Blackcaps eat a wide range of small fruit, and squeeze out any seeds on a branch before consuming the pulp. This technique makes them an important propagator of mistletoe. The mistle thrush, which also favours that plant, is less beneficial since it tends to crush the seeds. Although any suitable fruit may be eaten, some have seasonal or local importance; elder makes up a large proportion of the diet of northern birds preparing for migration, and energy-rich olives and lentisc are favoured by blackcaps wintering in the Mediterranean.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The continental birds wintering in British gardens rely on provided food, and the major items are bread and fat, each making up around 20% of the diet; one bird survived the whole winter eating only Christmas cake. Fruit is also eaten, notably cotoneaster (41% of the fruit consumed), ivy and honeysuckle, and apple if available. Some birds have learned to take peanuts from feeders. Blackcaps defend good winter food sources in the wild, and at garden feeding stations they repel competitors as large as starlings and blackbirds. Birds occasionally become tame enough to feed from the hand.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Blackcaps are caught by Eurasian sparrowhawks in the breeding range, and by Eleonora's falcons on migration. Eurasian jays and Eurasian magpies take eggs and young, as do mammals such as stoats, weasels and squirrels. Domestic cats are the most important predator, possibly killing up to 10% of blackcaps. Blackcaps are occasionally hosts of the common cuckoo, a brood parasite. The level of parasitism is low because the cuckoo's eggs are often rejected. Blackcaps have evolved adaptations which make it difficult for the parasitic species to succeed, despite the cuckoo's tendency to lay eggs which resemble those of their host. Blackcaps are good at spotting alien eggs, and their own eggs are very alike within a clutch, making it easier to spot the intruder. There is, however, considerable variation between different clutches, making it harder for the cuckoo to convincingly mimic a blackcap egg. The open habitat and cup nest of the warbler make it a potential target for the cuckoo; it may have experienced much higher levels of parasitism in the past, and countermeasures would have spread rapidly once they evolved.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The only blood parasites found in a study of blackcaps trapped on migration were protozoans from the genera "Haemoproteus" and "Plasmodium". The study concluded that 45.5% of the males and 22.7% of the females were affected, but the number of parasites was small, and the ability to store fat for the migration flight was unimpaired. Seventeen strains of "H. parabelopolskyi" are found only in the blackcap, and form a monophyletic group; three further members of that group are found only in the garden warbler, and another three occur in the African hill babbler, supporting the shared ancestry of the three bird species. The protozoan "Isospora ashmoonensis" was first identified in a blackcap in Egypt. Blackcaps may carry parasitic worms that sometimes kill their hosts. External parasites include chewing lice and feather mites. The latter do little damage, although heavy infestations cause individual tail feathers to develop asymmetrically.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Aristotle, in his "History of Animals", considered that the garden warbler eventually metamorphosed into a blackcap. The blackcap's song has led to it being described as the "mock nightingale" or "country nightingale", and John Clare, in "The March Nightingale" describes the listener as believing that the rarer species has arrived prematurely. "He stops his own and thinks the nightingale/Hath of her monthly reckoning counted wrong". The song is also the topic of Italian poet Giovanni Pascoli's "La Capinera" [The Blackcap].


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Giovanni Verga's 1871 novel "Storia di una capinera", according to its author, was inspired by a story of a blackcap trapped and caged by children. The bird, silent and pining for its lost freedom, eventually dies. In the book, a nun evacuated from her convent by cholera falls in love with a family friend, only to have to return to her confinement when the disease wanes. The novel was adapted as films of the same name in 1917, 1943 and 1993. The last version was directed by Franco Zeffirelli, and its English-language version was retitled as "Sparrow". In "Saint François d'Assise", an opera by Messiaen, the orchestration is based on bird song. St Francis himself is represented by the blackcap.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Folk names for the blackcap often refer to its most obvious plumage feature (black-headed peggy, King Harry black cap and coal hoodie) or to its song, as in the "nightingale" names above. Other old names are based on its choice of nesting material (Jack Straw, hay bird, hay chat and hay Jack). There is a tradition of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm bases being named for birds. A former base near Stretton in Cheshire was called HMS "Blackcap".


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: The blackcap has a very large range, and its population in Europe is estimated at 41–65 million breeding pairs. Allowing for birds breeding in Africa and Asia, the total population estimate is between 101 and 161 million individuals. It is therefore classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of least concern.


title: Eurasian blackcap

text: Blackcaps and other small birds are illegally trapped and hunted in large numbers in Mediterranean countries, particularly in Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Malta, Libya, Egypt and Cyprus, where they are considered as a delicacy. Despite hunting and natural hazards, the European population of the blackcap has been rising for several decades as the range extends northwards, for example to Scotland and Denmark. There are occasional nesting records from outside the main range, such as in northern Israel and the Faroes, and wandering birds may appear further afield in Iceland or on the islands of Arctic Russia. In the Baltic, the spread of the blackcap appears to have been helped by the availability of territories formerly occupied by the declining barred warbler.


title: Billy Jack Haynes

text: William Albert Haynes III (born July 10, 1953) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Billy Jack Haynes.


title: Billy Jack Haynes

text: Haynes started wrestling in 1982 at the age of 28. He trained in Stu Hart's Dungeon pro wrestling school and briefly wrestled in Hart's Stampede Wrestling under his given name, forming a tag team with Bruce Hart. He started wrestling as "Billy Jack" in the Pacific Northwest territory but had to change his name when Tom Laughlin (who starred in the movie "Billy Jack") threatened to sue him. He added his real last name to the gimmick and continued to work as a babyface. It is rumored that Haynes served time for manslaughter before becoming a pro wrestler.


title: Billy Jack Haynes

text: He feuded heavily with Rip Oliver until 1984, when he had a run in Championship Wrestling from Florida where he feuded with Kendo Nagasaki for the NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship winning the title from him. They then had a brief run in World Class Championship Wrestling in 1985, managed by Sunshine. Due to internal conflict between Fritz Von Erich and Billy, he was written out of the organization, jobbing to Rip Oliver in a storyline where Rip bloodies and injured Billy. He rarely stayed put in any federation that he went to. During that time he faced off against the debuting Shawn Michaels. He started splitting his time between Portland Wrestling and CWF and wrestled with partner Wahoo McDaniel and won the NWA Florida United States Tag Team Championship and in Jim Crockett Promotions where they feuded with Ole and Arn Anderson. He had just begun a feud with The Barbarian over who was the strongest man in the territory when he abruptly left the company after a confrontation with Jim Crockett in his office which became physical.


title: Billy Jack Haynes

text: In June 1986, Haynes went to the World Wrestling Federation and feuded with Randy Savage over the Intercontinental Championship and then with Hercules Hernandez over who was stronger, more muscular, and who had a better version of the full nelson (their mutual finishing maneuver). Their feud in the WWF peaked with what was dubbed "The Battle of the Full Nelsons" at WrestleMania III, where the two men battled to a double count-out. After the bell, Hercules' manager Bobby Heenan kneed Haynes in the back while he had Hercules in a full nelson out on the floor. Haynes chased Heenan into the ring where Hercules blindsided him with his trademark chain, hitting Haynes multiple times and (Kayfabe) cutting his forehead (in reality, Haynes had bladed himself with a small razor hidden in the tapes around his wrists after the first hit. He was actually seen on camera taking the razor out of his wrist tapes while chasing Heenan around the ring).


title: Billy Jack Haynes

text: In the months to follow, the two had a series of "chain matches," where they were attached at the wrist by a foot long chain which could also be used as a weapon during the match. Haynes later teamed with fellow Oregon native Ken Patera who had returned to the WWF. Haynes saved Patera from a beating at the hands of Hercules and Harley Race after Patera's return match. The pair would later feud with Demolition after a television match where Demolition left Haynes, Patera, and Brady Boone (who played Haynes' cousin) beaten and lying in the ring. Haynes' departure from the WWF in January 1988 has been a subject of controversy considering dramatic changes in the story as Haynes repeated it. In one version, he says he quit the WWF after refusing to do a job in his hometown of Portland, Oregon. Another account of the same incident reported that he actually wrestled the match with the finish reworked and then was fired afterwards.


title: Billy Jack Haynes

text: Haynes returned to Oregon in 1988 and wrestled in their independents, including forming his own promotion, Oregon Wrestling Federation. In the summer of 1989, he returned to Portland and immediately feuded with The Grappler. By the end of the year, he would form an alliance with former rival Rip Oliver and his son Larry. On April 14, 1990, he turned on the Olivers during a match with The Grappler, The Equalizer, and Brian Adams, turning heel for the first time in his career. As a heel, he feuded with the Olivers, Scott Norton, and Scotty the Body. In October 1990, he did several shows for Herb Abrams' Universal Wrestling Federation, where they built up another strongman feud between Haynes and Ken Patera. In May 1991, Haynes returned to the major promotions when he appeared under a mask in World Championship Wrestling as Black Blood in Kevin Sullivan's stable. Soon after The Great American Bash, he was fired in July 1991, due to a pay dispute. At the time he was fired, he suffered a severe knee injury. Instead of recuperating, he went back to Portland, where he feuded with top babyface Steve Doll and Demolition Crush. After PNW shut down in 1992, Haynes took time off to recover from his knee injury he suffered in WCW, which took eighteen months to fully recover from. His first matches back was in June 1994, where he wrestled shows that were co-promoted by PNW's successor Championship Wrestling USA and Mexico's Asistencia Asesoría y Administración in Vancouver, Washington. He showed up next in the United States Wrestling Association in 1995 and retired in early 1996.


title: Billy Jack Haynes

text: On March 16, 2013, Haynes was hospitalized because he was suffering from an aortic aneurysm, and liver and kidney issues.


title: Billy Jack Haynes

text: In October 2014, the "Portland Tribune" reported that Haynes filed a lawsuit in federal court against WWE, alleging "egregious mistreatment of its wrestlers for its own benefit, as well as its concealment and denial of medical research and evidence concerning traumatic brain injuries suffered by WWE wrestlers." This litigation was taken after research into chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which was attributed to causing the deaths of Chris Benoit in 2007 and Andrew Martin in 2009. Haynes also sought for the court to grant class action status for hundreds of former wrestlers and to force WWE to establish a medical trust fund to pay for wrestlers who suffer from injuries that took place in a WWE ring. Former WWE stars Vito Lograsso and Adam Mercer filed a class action lawsuit against WWE in January 2015 while being represented by the same lawyer as Haynes, Konstantine Kyros. In March 2016, the suit was dismissed by Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant. At the time of dismissal, dozens of former WWE wrestlers had joined a class action lawsuit under Kyros's counsel.


title: Test functions for optimization

text: In applied mathematics, test functions, known as artificial landscapes, are useful to evaluate characteristics of optimization algorithms, such as:


title: Test functions for optimization

text: Here some test functions are presented with the aim of giving an idea about the different situations that optimization algorithms have to face when coping with these kinds of problems. In the first part, some objective functions for single-objective optimization cases are presented. In the second part, test functions with their respective Pareto fronts for multi-objective optimization problems (MOP) are given.


title: Test functions for optimization

text: The artificial landscapes presented herein for single-objective optimization problems are taken from Bäck, Haupt et al. and from Rody Oldenhuis software. Given the number of problems (55 in total), just a few are presented here.


title: Test functions for optimization

text: The test functions used to evaluate the algorithms for MOP were taken from Deb, Binh et al. and Binh. The software developed by Deb can be downloaded, which implements the NSGA-II procedure with GAs, or the program posted on Internet, which implements the NSGA-II procedure with ES.


title: Test functions for optimization

text: Just a general form of the equation, a plot of the objective function, boundaries of the object variables and the coordinates of global minima are given herein.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: María Cecilia Suárez de Garay, known professionally as Cecilia Suárez (; born November 22, 1971), is a Mexican actress and a prominent activist working with the United Nations and European Union campaigning against femicide and violence against women. She has starred in film, television, and theater across the United States, Mexico, and Spain.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: She has had popular and award-winning roles in works including "Sex, Shame and Tears", "Capadocia", "Nos vemos, papá", and "The House of Flowers". She has been honored with three lifetime achievement awards; she was the first woman to receive Mexico's lifetime achievement award in cinema. She was also the first Spanish-speaking actress to be nominated for an Emmy.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Beyond campaigning against femicide, Suárez is also an activist for human rights and women's rights in Mexico and in Mexican media. Ignacio Sánchez Prado, an historian of Mexican cinema, writes that she has an "iconic status as an actress in Mexico's most successful movies".


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Suárez was born and raised in Tampico, a small coastal area in the northern Mexican state of Tamaulipas. She says that there was no theater there, and that her parents shielded her from too much play-acting as a child because "childhood was something to prolong and respect". She has three sisters, including the director Mafer Suárez; her father was Engino "Ben" and her mother is M Elena. Suárez also has family from Asturias, Spain, and holds Spanish dual nationality from her grandfather, an Asturian who emigrated to Mexico.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Suárez has said she never dreamed of being an actor. She moved to the United States in 1991 for university, attending Illinois State University; having intended to study law, she instead moved into theater, inspired by her older sister Mafer. She graduated as valedictorian of the theater program in 1995, receiving the Jean Scharfenberg Scholarship. As she left college, she also received the Steppenwolf Theatre Acting Fellowship Award, and her debut was at Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre. With ties to the city, she is still a member of the Chicago-based Theater with a View/Teatro Vista group. While in Illinois, Suárez performed the lead role in several classical plays, and took part in the Illinois Shakespeare Festival. In the late 1990s she starred in "Sex, Shame and Tears", the second film of the Nuevo Cine Mexicano, which was "her first triumph". When asked about her experience making "Sex, Shame and Tears", she responded that she remembers it very positively, because it is how she "became a part of the story of the cinema of [her] country".


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Around this time, Suárez met future filmmaker Manolo Caro, when he was 14 years old. She went to a recital at his school in Guadalajara; her cousin was Caro's teacher and introduced the pair. Caro then studied architecture, but they became friends when he moved to Mexico City to pursue filmmaking. Suárez is described as Caro's muse, and she has starred in all but one of his works; she did not have a role in "Amor de mis amores" because Caro "did not want to force it".


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: After the success of "Sex, Shame and Tears", Suárez worked largely in major motion pictures in the early 2000s, including in Hollywood films "Spanglish", "The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada", and "The Air I Breathe". This was complemented with work across Mexican film and television. Suárez worked alongside actor Gael García Bernal on multiple occasions in both mediums, as well as with the director Ernesto Contreras, having acclaimed roles in two of his films. She also continued successfully working in theater, having roles alongside Juan Manuel Bernal on the stage as well as in film and television during this period. During the 2000s she was nominated for her first Ariel Award, among other accolades. She began starring in the HBO series "Capadocia" in 2008, first playing female prisoner La Bambi and then returning to the show as a prison psychologist after Bambi died. As the show dealt with more intense topics and was one of the first shows based around different personalities in a women's prison, Suárez spent time researching and then mentally preparing for both roles. In 2009, she was nominated for an Emmy Award for playing La Bambi, being the first Spanish-speaking actress to receive such a nomination.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: In the 2010s, Caro began his career as a successful director and screenwriter. Suárez starred in his works, as well as the works of her sister, among other projects. After her son was born in 2010 she chose to stay in Mexico City for work. Despite many of her films from this period being attached to Caro, Suárez says she does not feel boxed-in as an actress, nor like she is playing it safe, as she works with Caro on projects that she knows he has put a lot of care into and that are challenging.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Suárez starred in the film "Nos vemos, papá", which focuses on how grief is expressed, exploring this through her character's response to the death of her father. The film was released shortly after Suárez's own father died at the end of 2012. Suárez said that though it was "a remarkable coincidence" to her family, she believed it was "no accident", and that her role in the film had happened to help her deal with her own grief.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Following her second Ariel nomination in 2015, Suárez took roles in 2016 in the Netflix original series "Sense8" and the Netflix-distributed film "Macho", as well as the comedy film "Cuando los hijos regresan" with Carmen Maura. In 2017 she joined Netflix again, signing on to play a role in another original created by Caro, "The House of Flowers", also beginning work on the American film "Overboard". Gaining international recognition for her role as Paulina de la Mora in "The House of Flowers", Suárez remained with the streaming network to star in more works created by Caro and voice a role in the Spanish-language version of Netflix's first animated feature film.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Alejandro Mancilla, profiling the actress in 2018, wrote that although Suárez does not like working in telenovelas and only did a few at the start of her career, "the essence of Suárez is in her work in movies and series whose content and setting is eminently Mexican". She primarily works in the Spanish language and in Mexico on Mexican productions, not being supportive of "American culture's version" of Mexican narratives and disliking being offered only stereotypical roles. However, she has explained that she has no objection to working in Hollywood when the role is right, having only taken a break from international productions to settle down when her son was born – she also took a four-year break from theater after becoming pregnant. Her first Hollywood film was 2004's "Spanglish"; she says she took the role because she wanted to work with its director, James L. Brooks. She has said that she enjoys playing diverse roles and performing in different genres.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: In 2015, Suárez directed a short play, saying she would consider more directing, but only in theater; she says theater is her "greatest passion" and "refuge". She also has a program called TNT + Film, where she presents interviews, facts, and news about Mexican cinema. In 2009 she wrote the chapter "Una habitación propia" ("A room of one's own") for the book "Gritos y susurros II: experiencias intempestivas de otras 39 mujeres".


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Suárez is known to combat injustices in Mexico by using her platform to speak out on issues; Caro has said that she has faced backlash because people in Mexico are not used to such direct speech. She runs a project within Mexican public hospitals, with support from the Department of Health, to promote safe childbirth, and has spoken out against the culture of machismo; she is on the Mexican government's advisory board analyzing the representation of machismo and violence against women in media. She is also vocal about sexism within the Mexican film industry and has supported the Me Too movement.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: For many years Suárez was a partner and activist with Greenpeace, after beginning a campaign with them for the protection of Mexican maize in 2006. In 2018, Suárez reflected on her work with Greenpeace, saying that the organization taught her about the world of activism.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Suárez began working with the United Nations (UN) in 2011 to create a UN Human Rights Initiative in Latin America after the Mexican government began cracking down on organized crime to the point of suppressing human rights activists. The campaign is called "Declárate", which she remains a spokeswoman of.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: In 2018, Suárez was named a Spotlight Initiative Champion to the UN campaign against femicide, and she gave a lecture to the UN assembly in New York City titled "Enough" in September that year. She was one of five representatives to give a speech when opening the UN and European Union's 2019 €50 million Spotlight Initiative campaign to end femicide in Latin America.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: In 2001, Suárez was in a relationship with García Bernal, and the two were still being linked after starring in 2002's "Fidel" together. She then dated actor Osvaldo de León between 2009 and 2010. With de León, Suárez has a son, Teo. He was born in April 2010, and his godfather is Caro.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Suárez met de León in 2009, and they began improvising flirtatious lines when starring together in the play "Othello" before starting a relationship. They split in August 2010, shortly after their son was born. Suárez retained custody of Teo and, in 2015, took out a restraining order against de León on behalf of the child, claiming that he had been both physically and psychologically violent to Teo and was not making child support payments. De León refuted the allegations, though the order was ruled in Suárez's favor. In November 2019, de León spoke about their relationship for the first time since the order, saying that "everything is fine" between the pair, though his other children have not met Teo.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Suárez has twice been nominated for the Ariel Award. She received a nomination for an International Emmy in the Best Performance by an Actress category in 2009, for her role of La Bambi in the TV series "Capadocia"; she became the first native Spanish speaker and first Mexican to be nominated for this award. In 2013, she won the Best Actress award at the Guadalajara International Film Festival for her role in "Tercera llamada". In 2004 and 2005 she was nominated for the Mexican MTV Movie Award, for roles in "Sin ton ni sonia" and "Puños Rosas".


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: In 2018, Suárez became the first woman to receive the Premio Cuervo Tradicional, Mexico's lifetime achievement award in film and television. That same year, she received the Bazaar Actitud 43/Actitud Expresiva award, a lifetime achievement award in Spain that was presented to her by Maura, and the Mexican National Theatre lifetime achievement award. This was presented to her during a performance of "A Doll's House, Part 2", where she played the lead. In November 2012, Suárez and García Bernal were named "distinguished guests" of the city of Morelia, the location of the Morelia International Film Festival, one of Mexico's largest film festivals, for their contributions to cinema.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: In 2019, Suárez co-hosted the 6th Platino Awards, where she also won for playing Paulina de la Mora in "The House of Flowers", in the Best Actress (TV) category. She won this again for the same role in 2020.


title: Cecilia Suárez

text: Suárez has had over 60 film and television roles, and over 30 theatrical ones, with over 20 combined awards and nominations for her performances.


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: "You Never Can Tell", also known as "C'est La Vie" or "Teenage Wedding", is a song written by Chuck Berry. It was composed in the early 1960s while Berry was in federal prison for violating the Mann Act. Released in 1964 on the album "St. Louis to Liverpool" and the follow-up single to Berry's final Top Ten hit of the 1960s: "No Particular Place to Go", "You Never Can Tell" reached number 14, becoming Berry's final Top 40 hit until "My Ding-a-Ling", a number 1 in October 1972. The song performed slightly better in Canada, and also reached the Top 40 in the United Kingdom.


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: Berry's recording features an iconic piano hook played by Johnnie Johnson. A 1977 Top Ten C&W hit for Emmylou Harris, the song has also been recorded or performed by Chely Wright, John Prine, New Riders of the Purple Sage, the Jerry Garcia Band, Bruce Springsteen, the Mavericks, Buster Shuffle and Bob Seger.


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: The song tells of the wedding of two teenagers and their lifestyle afterward. Living in a modest apartment furnished with items bought on sale at Sears, Roebuck and Co., including a Coolerator brand refrigerator, the young man finds work and they begin to enjoy relative prosperity. Eventually they purchase a "souped-up jitney" (an automobile modified for high performance) and travel to New Orleans, where their wedding had taken place, to celebrate their anniversary. Each verse ends with the refrain, C'est la vie,' say the old folks, 'it goes to show you never can tell. The piano melody was influenced by Mitchell Torok's 1953 hit "Caribbean".


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: "Cash Box" described it as "a rock-a-rhythmic South of the Border-flavored item [Berry] dishes up in a beautiful manner."


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: The song became popular again after the 1994 release of the film "Pulp Fiction", directed and co-written by Quentin Tarantino. The music was played for a "Twist contest" in which Vincent Vega (John Travolta) and Mia Wallace (Uma Thurman) competed (and were the only contestants shown in the film). The music added an evocative element of sound to the narrative and Tarantino said that the song's lyrics of "Pierre" and "Mademoiselle" gave the scene a "uniquely '50s French New Wave dance sequence feel".


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: The song was also going to be part of the tracklist for dance video game "Just Dance 2015", but was removed for an unknown reason. It later returned on its sequel "Just Dance 2016" instead.


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: In a season 10 episode of "The Big Bang Theory", Leonard dances to the song in his underwear after he and Penny have their apartment to themselves for the first time when Sheldon moves out.


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: Emmylou Harris' recording of "You Never Can Tell" - entitled "(You Never Can Tell) C'est La Vie" - was the lead single from her 1977 Warner Bros. Records album "Luxury Liner".


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: Harris had sung Chuck Berry songs as a member of a DC-based folk trio early in her career. Her decision to record "...C'est La Vie" was the result of her listening extensively to rock-&-roll oldies while on the road. The track, which features a prominent Cajun fiddle contribution by Ricky Skaggs, was recorded in an August 10, 1976 session recorded in the Enactron Truck, the mobile studio owned and operated by Harris' producer Brian Ahern. The same session yielded "Hello Stranger" which would serve as the B-side of the single release.


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: Released February 2, 1977, "...C'est La Vie" rose as high as #6 on C&W chart in "Billboard" that April. The track also rose to #4 and #5, respectively in the Netherlands and also the Flemish Region of Belgium. It also charted in Germany at #41.


title: You Never Can Tell (song)

text: In a 2013 interview Harris said: C’est la Vie' was a wonderful song to do, and I might [perform] it for nostalgic reasons, but it just lost its appeal for me after a while. I didn’t feel that I was bringing anything to it, I guess."


title: Short Dick Man

text: "Short Dick Man" is a song by American hip house group 20 Fingers featuring rapper Gillette. It was released in August 1994 on Zoo Entertainment and SOS Records as their debut single from their album, "On the Attack and More". It also appears on 20 Fingers' second self-titled studio album and on Gillette's debut solo album, "On the Attack". The tune was a global success, particularly in Brazil, France and Italy. In France and Italy, this was a number-one hit. It also reached number three in Germany, number four in Australia, number six in Austria and the Wallonia region of Belgium, and number seven in the Netherlands and New Zealand.


title: Short Dick Man

text: This single, which involves women mocking the size of a man's penis, was also released in a toned down version replacing the word "dick" with "short", along with rearranged lyrics (this version was also released under the censored title "Short Short Man"). Co-writer Manfred Mohr told the "Los Angeles Times" that the point of the song was to attract attention. "We figured there were all these songs by men bashing women and treating women like sex objects. So we decided a song that turned the tables on men might attract some attention." According to the vocalist Sandra Gillette, the point of the song is to "strike back at all the women-bashing songs in pop, especially in rap." Some radio stations refused to play the song as it was deemed controversial.


title: Short Dick Man

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" described the song as a "goofy dance novelty single", adding that "comical female rants on the shortcomings of a lover are woven into a rigid groove. 'Clean' version has daintily been retitled 'Short short Man', bleeping out all blunt penis references." "BuzzFeed" ranked it at number 54 in their list of "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs Of the '90s" in 2017. David Browne from "Entertainment Weekly" commented, "'Short Short Man' (also known as 'Short D — – Man'), with a hard, thumping beat and, er, a harder message: 'You need some tweezers to put that little thing away?' Gillette taunts. Ouch! If those jibes don't hurt enough, they're followed by synthesizer bleeps of mocking laughter."


title: Short Dick Man

text: Robbie Daw from "Idolator" said it "became a dance-crossover sensation — due, largely, to attention-grabbing lyrics like these: 'That has got to be the smallest dick I have ever seen in my whole life / Get the fuck outta here! He added, "In many ways, the song played at the time like the female response to hits by male artists that objectified women, such as 'Rump Shaker' and 'Bump N' Grind' — and the music-buying masses, er, grabbed on tightly, thanks to slightly-edited (read: cleaned up) version, 'Short short Man', being put into heavy rotation." Andy Beevers from "Music Week" rated it three out of five, adding that "this house track features a fiercely funny verbal assault that leaves little to imagination." He also concluded: "The track is not likely to get any radio play, but has been making up for it with plenty of club exposure."


title: Short Dick Man

text: James Hamilton from their "RM" Dance Update described it as a "hilarious bitchy comments prodded sparse bouncily jolting" song. Wendi Cermak from "The Network Forty" wrote that "a throbbing base line that's not bogged down by over-production complements the eloquent - and slightly politically incorrect - vocals." Also Pete Stanton from "Smash Hits" gave it three out of five, saying, "Annoying beat, strange quirky noises, and the dodgiest lyrics in town. Let's just say it's about some girl complaining about some fella's tidgy widger."


title: Short Dick Man

text: "Short Dick Man" proved to be successful on the charts all over the world, peaking at number two on the "RPM" Dance/Urban chart in Canada and number three on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart in the United States. In Europe, the single went to number-one


title: Short Dick Man

text: in both France and Italy. It made it to the top 10 also in Austria, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100, where it peaked at number seven. Additionally, "Short Dick Man" was a top 20 hit in Scotland and the United Kingdom. In the latter, it peaked at number eleven in its second run at the UK Singles Chart, on September 24, 1995. But on the UK Dance Chart, it was a even bigger hit, reaching number three. In Oceania, the single charted at number four and seven in Australia and New Zealand. On the US "Billboard" Hot 100, it reached number 14, while on the Canadian "The Record" singles chart, it reached number six. It earned a gold record in Germany and the US, with a sale of 250,000 and 500,000 singles, and a silver record


title: Short Dick Man

text: A music video was made for "Short Dick Man", directed by Daniel Zirilli. It was later published on YouTube in June 2013. By October 2022, the video had more than 20.6 million views.


title: Short Dick Man

text: In 1995, the song was covered by Machito Ponce and Diamanda Turbin as "Short Dick Man (¡Ponte A Brincar!)". In 2007, the song was covered by Laurent Wolf, featuring Marilyn David. This 3:35 version is available on several compilations, such as "Été 2007" and "Contact Play & Dance vol. 4".


title: Bum Phillips

text: Oail Andrew "Bum" Phillips Jr. (September 29, 1923 – October 18, 2013) was an American football coach at the high school, college and professional levels. He served as head coach in the National Football League (NFL) for the Houston Oilers from 1975 to 1980 and the New Orleans Saints from 1981 to 1985.


title: Bum Phillips

text: Phillips played football at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas, but enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. He became one of the elite Marine Raiders.


title: Bum Phillips

text: After he returned from the war, Phillips completed the remaining year on his degree at Lamar (a junior college at the time), and enrolled at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas, lettering in football in 1948 and 1949 and graduating with a degree in education in 1949.


title: Bum Phillips

text: During the 1950s and 1960s, Phillips coached high school football in various Texas cities including: Nederland, Jacksonville, Amarillo High School, and Port Neches–Groves (1963–1964).


title: Bum Phillips

text: His college coaching stints included serving as an assistant coach at Texas A&M University (for Bear Bryant), the University of Houston (for Bill Yeoman), Southern Methodist University (for Hayden Fry), and Oklahoma State University with Jim Stanley. He was the head coach at the University of Texas at El Paso (then known as Texas Western University) for one season in 1962.


title: Bum Phillips

text: In the late 1960s, Phillips was hired by Sid Gillman to serve as a defensive assistant coach for the San Diego Chargers. In 1973, Gillman became head coach of the Houston Oilers, and he brought Phillips with him as his defensive coordinator.


title: Bum Phillips

text: In 1975, Phillips was named head coach and general manager of the Oilers, and he served in that capacity through 1980. As coach of the Oilers, he presided over the team's most successful era since its days in the American Football League. Under Phillips, the Oilers reached the AFC Championship Game in two consecutive seasons, losing to the Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers 34–5 in 1978 and 27–13 in 1979. Both teams were members of the competitive AFC Central Division and thus played three times in both 1978 and 1979, fueling an intense rivalry. During this period of league-wide AFC dominance, some commentators considered the Oilers and Steelers to be the two best teams in the NFL. Phillips remarked at the time, "The road to the Super Bowl goes through Pittsburgh."


title: Bum Phillips

text: Phillips was fired on New Year's Eve 1980 by Oilers owner Bud Adams. Phillips was fired because he failed to report a player's in season recreational drug use to Adams until after the season ended. His 59 wins would be the most in franchise history until Jeff Fisher passed him in 2001 (by then, the team had become the Tennessee Titans). Soon afterward, he was hired by New Orleans Saints owner John Mecom Jr. as head coach and general manager of the Saints, serving from 1981 through the first 12 games of the 1985 season. As in his coaching tenure with the Oilers, Phillips took off his trademark Stetson inside the Louisiana Superdome. In 1983, his Saints went into the final week needing one more win to secure the first winning season and playoff berth in franchise history. The Rams beat the Saints for the final playoff spot in week 16, 26–24 on Mike Lansford's 42-yard field goal with 00:02 to play.


title: Bum Phillips

text: Phillips offered to resign prior to the 1985 season after Tom Benson purchased the Saints for $70 million from Mecom, but Benson asked him to stay on to help his transition into NFL ownership.


title: Bum Phillips

text: Phillips resigned as Saints coach on November 25, 1985, one day after a 30–23 victory over the Minnesota Vikings, 12 games into the season. His son, Wade, would take over the coaching reins on an interim basis for the remaining four games of the 1985 season. The Saints defeated the Rams 29–3 in Wade Phillips' first game at the helm, but finished with losses to the Cardinals, 49ers and Falcons.


title: Bum Phillips

text: Phillips later worked as a football color analyst for television and Oilers radio broadcasts. He subsequently retired to his horse ranch in Goliad, Texas.


title: Bum Phillips

text: His son, Wade Phillips, has also held assistant and head coaching jobs in the NFL and was the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys from February 2007 to November 2010. Wade was hired by the Houston Texans on January 5, 2011, as their new defensive coordinator almost exactly 30 years after his father was terminated by Oilers owner Bud Adams on December 28, 1980, after the Oilers failed to advance past the first round of the playoffs. Wade won a Super Bowl title at Super Bowl 50 with the Denver Broncos as defensive coordinator, and was the defensive coordinator of the Los Angeles Rams who advanced to Super Bowl LIII and later parted ways with the Rams following the 2019 season.


title: Bum Phillips

text: Phillips died at his ranch in Goliad, Texas, on October 18, 2013, at the age of 90. He was survived by his second wife, Debbie, and six children from his first marriage along with almost two dozen grandchildren.


title: Bum Phillips

text: In honor of Bum Phillips coaching both Nederland and Port Neches-Groves High Schools, the rivalry game between his two favorite schools is named the Bum Phillips Bowl.


title: Bum Phillips

text: Phillips was known for his trademark Stetson cowboy hat on the sidelines, except when the Oilers played in the Astrodome or other domed stadiums. He stated that his mother taught him not to wear a hat indoors; his former boss Bear Bryant similarly refused to wear his trademark houndstooth hat during indoor games. Phillips wore his cowboy hat with blue jeans and a button down shirt, in contrast to Dallas Cowboys head coach Tom Landry who wore a suit and tie with his trademark fedora.


title: Bum Phillips

text: Besides his trademark cowboy hat, Phillips is also known for his colorful quotes, such that "Sports Illustrated" noted that Wikipedia had a whole section of his page dedicated to these quips. In the week leading up to Super Bowl LIII, his son Wade was quoted as saying “Unfortunately, I get older but Tom Brady doesn’t,” while sporting the elder Phillip's sheepskin coat and cowboy hat as the Los Angeles Rams arrived in Atlanta.


title: Folinic acid

text: Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, is a medication used to decrease the toxic effects of methotrexate and pyrimethamine. It is also used in combination with 5-fluorouracil to treat colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer, may be used to treat folate deficiency that results in anemia, and methanol poisoning. It is taken by mouth, injection into a muscle, or injection into a vein.


title: Folinic acid

text: Side effects may include trouble sleeping, allergic reactions, or fever. Use in pregnancy or breastfeeding is generally regarded as safe. When used for anemia it is recommended that pernicious anemia as a cause be ruled out first. Folinic acid is a form of folic acid that does not require activation by dihydrofolate reductase to be useful to the body.


title: Folinic acid

text: Folinic acid was first made in 1945. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.


title: Folinic acid

text: Folinic acid is given following methotrexate as part of a total chemotherapeutic plan, where it may protect against bone marrow suppression or gastrointestinal mucosa inflammation. No apparent effect is seen on pre-existing methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. Folinic acid can be taken as a pill (orally) or injected into a vein (intravenously) or muscle (intramuscularly).


title: Folinic acid

text: While not specifically an antidote for methotrexate, folinic acid may also be useful in the treatment of acute methotrexate overdose. Different dosing protocols are used, but folinic acid should be redosed until the methotrexate level is less than 5 x 10 M.


title: Folinic acid

text: Additionally, folinic acid is sometimes used to reduce the side effects of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients. This includes reductions in nausea, abdominal pain, abnormal liver blood tests, and mouth sores.