title: Area code 716

text: A 2022 analysis by the NANP Administrator determined that area code 716 will exhaust its central office prefixes in 2024. As a result, area code 624 is expected to be added to the 716 area before exhaustion; the exact date has not yet been announced.


title: Area code 716

text: Because of Olean's proximity to the 716/585 line, some Olean exchanges use area code 585, particularly those in use for Sprint Corporation cell phones.


title: C. S. Venkatakrishnan

text: Coimbatore Sundararajan Venkatakrishnan, also known as Venkat, is an American banker. He replaced Jes Staley as the group chief executive (CEO) of the British multinational bank Barclays in November 2021.


title: C. S. Venkatakrishnan

text: Venkat was born in Mysore, India in January 1966. He earned bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His 1991 thesis was entitled "Analysis and Optimization of Terminal Area Air Traffic Control Operations".


title: C. S. Venkatakrishnan

text: Venkat worked for JPMorgan Chase from 1994 to 2016, where he held senior positions in asset management, investment banking, and in risk, rising to chief investment officer for global fixed income, responsible for about US$200 billion in assets. He joined Barclays in 2016 as chief risk officer, before becoming head of global markets and co-president of BBPLC in October 2020.


title: C. S. Venkatakrishnan

text: Venkat left JPMorgan for Barclays in early 2016, and was among the first people Staley hired when he became CEO of the bank. Venkat was initially the bank's chief risk officer. Venkat had been head of global markets for Barclays, and succeeded Jes Staley with immediate effect after Barclays was notified of the preliminary results from an investigation by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority into "how Staley had characterised his relationship with Epstein to Barclays".


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: In computer science, a parsing expression grammar (PEG) is a type of analytic formal grammar, i.e. it describes a formal language in terms of a set of rules for recognizing strings in the language. The formalism was introduced by Bryan Ford in 2004 and is closely related to the family of top-down parsing languages introduced in the early 1970s.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Syntactically, PEGs also look similar to context-free grammars (CFGs), but they have a different interpretation: the choice operator selects the first match in PEG, while it is ambiguous in CFG. This is closer to how string recognition tends to be done in practice, e.g. by a recursive descent parser.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Unlike CFGs, PEGs cannot be ambiguous; a string has exactly one valid parse tree or none. It is conjectured that there exist context-free languages that cannot be recognized by a PEG, but this is not yet proven. PEGs are well-suited to parsing computer languages (and artificial human languages such as Lojban), but not natural languages where the performance of PEG algorithms is comparable to general CFG algorithms such as the Earley algorithm.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Each parsing rule in "P" has the form "A" ← "e", where "A" is a nonterminal symbol and "e" is a "parsing expression". A parsing expression is a hierarchical expression similar to a regular expression, which is constructed in the following fashion:


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The fundamental difference between context-free grammars and parsing expression grammars is that the PEG's choice operator is "ordered". If the first alternative succeeds, the second alternative is ignored. Thus ordered choice is not commutative, unlike unordered choice as in context-free grammars. Ordered choice is analogous to soft cut operators available in some logic programming languages.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The consequence is that if a CFG is transliterated directly to a PEG, any ambiguity in the former is resolved by deterministically picking one parse tree from the possible parses. By carefully choosing the order in which the grammar alternatives are specified, a programmer has a great deal of control over which parse tree is selected.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Like boolean context-free grammars, parsing expression grammars also add the and- and not- syntactic predicates. Because they can use an arbitrarily complex sub-expression to "look ahead" into the input string without actually consuming it, they provide a powerful syntactic lookahead and disambiguation facility, in particular when reordering the alternatives cannot specify the exact parse tree desired.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Each nonterminal in a parsing expression grammar essentially represents a parsing function in a recursive descent parser, and the corresponding parsing expression represents the "code" comprising the function. Each parsing function conceptually takes an input string as its argument, and yields one of the following results:


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: An atomic parsing expression consisting of a single terminal (i.e. literal) succeeds if the first character of the input string matches that terminal, and in that case consumes the input character; otherwise the expression yields a failure result. An atomic parsing expression consisting of the empty string always trivially succeeds without consuming any input.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: An atomic parsing expression consisting of a nonterminal "A" represents a recursive call to the nonterminal-function "A". A nonterminal may succeed without actually consuming any input, and this is considered an outcome distinct from failure.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The sequence operator "e" "e" first invokes "e", and if "e" succeeds, subsequently invokes "e" on the remainder of the input string left unconsumed by "e", and returns the result. If either "e" or "e" fails, then the sequence expression "e" "e" fails (consuming no input).


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The choice operator "e" / "e" first invokes "e", and if "e" succeeds, returns its result immediately. Otherwise, if "e" fails, then the choice operator backtracks to the original input position at which it invoked "e", but then calls "e" instead, returning "e"'s result.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The zero-or-more, one-or-more, and optional operators consume zero or more, one or more, or zero or one consecutive repetitions of their sub-expression "e", respectively. Unlike in context-free grammars and regular expressions, however, these operators "always" behave greedily, consuming as much input as possible and never backtracking. (Regular expression matchers may start by matching greedily, but will then backtrack and try shorter matches if they fail to match.) For example, the expression a* will always consume as many a's as are consecutively available in the input string, and the expression (a* a) will always fail because the first part (a*) will never leave any a's for the second part to match.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The and-predicate expression &"e" invokes the sub-expression "e", and then succeeds if "e" succeeds and fails if "e" fails, but in either case "never consumes any input".


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The not-predicate expression !"e" succeeds if "e" fails and fails if "e" succeeds, again consuming no input in either case.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: This is a PEG that recognizes mathematical formulas that apply the basic five operations to non-negative integers.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: In the above example, the terminal symbols are characters of text, represented by characters in single quotes, such as codice_1 and codice_2. The range codice_3 is a shortcut for the ten characters from codice_4 to codice_5. (This range syntax is the same as the syntax used by regular expressions.) The nonterminal symbols are the ones that expand to other rules: "Value", "Power", "Product", "Sum", and "Expr". Note that rules "Sum" and "Product" don't lead to desired left-associativity of these operations (they don't deal with associativity at all, and it has to be handled in post-processing step after parsing), and the "Power" rule (by referring to itself on the right) results in desired right-associativity of exponent. Also note that a rule like (with intention to achieve left-associativity) would cause infinite recursion, so it cannot be used in practice even though it can be expressed in the grammar.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The following recursive rule matches standard C-style if/then/else statements in such a way that the optional "else" clause always binds to the innermost "if", because of the implicit prioritization of the '/' operator. (In a context-free grammar, this construct yields the classic dangling else ambiguity.)


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The following recursive rule matches Pascal-style nested comment syntax, . The comment symbols appear in single quotes to distinguish them from PEG operators.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The parsing expression matches and consumes the text "foo" but only if it is followed by the text "bar". The parsing expression matches the text "foo" but only if it is "not" followed by the text "bar". The expression matches a single "a" but only if it is not part of an arbitrarily long sequence of a's followed by a b.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The parsing expression matches and consumes an arbitrary-length sequence of a's and b's. The production rule describes the simple context-free "matching language" formula_1.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Any parsing expression grammar can be converted directly into a recursive descent parser. Due to the unlimited lookahead capability that the grammar formalism provides, however, the resulting parser could exhibit exponential time performance in the worst case.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: It is possible to obtain better performance for any parsing expression grammar by converting its recursive descent parser into a "packrat parser", which always runs in linear time, at the cost of substantially greater storage space requirements. A packrat parser


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: is a form of parser similar to a recursive descent parser in construction, except that during the parsing process it memoizes the intermediate results of all invocations of the mutually recursive parsing functions, ensuring that each parsing function is only invoked at most once at a given input position. Because of this memoization, a packrat parser has the ability to parse many context-free grammars and "any" parsing expression grammar (including some that do not represent context-free languages) in linear time. Examples of memoized recursive descent parsers are known from at least as early as 1993.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: This analysis of the performance of a packrat parser assumes that enough memory is available to hold all of the memoized results; in practice, if there is not enough memory, some parsing functions might have to be invoked more than once at the same input position, and consequently the parser could take more than linear time.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: It is also possible to build LL parsers and LR parsers from parsing expression grammars, with better worst-case performance than a recursive descent parser, but the unlimited lookahead capability of the grammar formalism is then lost. Therefore, not all languages that can be expressed using parsing expression grammars can be parsed by LL or LR parsers.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Compared to pure regular expressions (i.e. without back-references), PEGs are strictly more powerful, but require significantly more memory. For example, a regular expression inherently cannot find an arbitrary number of matched pairs of parentheses, because it is not recursive, but a PEG can. However, a PEG will require an amount of memory proportional to the length of the input, while a regular expression matcher will require only a constant amount of memory.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Many CFGs contain ambiguities, even when they're intended to describe unambiguous languages. The "dangling else" problem in C, C++, and Java is one example. These problems are often resolved by applying a rule outside of the grammar. In a PEG, these ambiguities never arise, because of prioritization.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: PEG parsing is typically carried out via "packrat parsing", which uses memoization to eliminate redundant parsing steps. Packrat parsing requires storage proportional to the total input size, rather than the depth of the parse tree as with LR parsers. This is a significant difference in many domains: for example, hand-written source code has an effectively constant expression nesting depth independent of the length of the program—expressions nested beyond a certain depth tend to get refactored.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: For some grammars and some inputs, the depth of the parse tree can be proportional to the input size,


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: so both an LR parser and a packrat parser will appear to have the same worst-case asymptotic performance. A more accurate analysis would take the depth of the parse tree into account separately from the input size. This is similar to a situation which arises in graph algorithms: the Bellman–Ford algorithm and Floyd–Warshall algorithm appear to have the same running time (formula_3) if only the number of vertices is considered. However, a more precise analysis which accounts for the number of edges as a separate parameter assigns the Bellman–Ford algorithm a time of formula_4, which is quadratic for sparse graphs with formula_5.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: A PEG is called "well-formed" if it contains no "left-recursive" rules, i.e., rules that allow a nonterminal to expand to an expression in which the same nonterminal occurs as the leftmost symbol. For a left-to-right top-down parser, such rules cause infinite regress: parsing will continually expand the same nonterminal without moving forward in the string.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Therefore, to allow packrat parsing, left recursion must be eliminated. For example, in the arithmetic grammar above, it would be tempting to move some rules around so that the precedence order of products and sums could be expressed in one line:


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: In this new grammar, matching an codice_6 requires testing if a codice_7 matches while matching a codice_7 requires testing if an codice_6 matches. Because the term appears in the leftmost position, these rules make up a circular definition that cannot be resolved. (Circular definitions that can be resolved exist—such as in the original formulation from the first example—but such definitions are required not to exhibit pathological recursion.) However, left-recursive rules can always be rewritten to eliminate left-recursion. For example, the following left-recursive CFG rule:


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The process of rewriting "indirectly" left-recursive rules is complex in some packrat parsers, especially when semantic actions are involved.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: With some modification, traditional packrat parsing can support direct left recursion, but doing so results in a loss of the linear-time parsing property which is generally the justification for using PEGs and packrat parsing in the first place. Only the OMeta parsing algorithm supports full direct and indirect left recursion without additional attendant complexity (but again, at a loss of the linear time complexity), whereas all GLR parsers support left recursion.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: PEG packrat parsers cannot recognize some unambiguous nondeterministic CFG rules, such as the following:


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Neither LL(k) nor LR(k) parsing algorithms are capable of recognizing this example. However, this grammar can be used by a general CFG parser like the CYK algorithm. However, the "language" in question can be recognised by all these types of parser, since it is in fact a regular language (that of strings of an odd number of x's).


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: It is an open problem to give a concrete example of a context-free language which cannot be recognized by a parsing expression grammar. In particular, it is open whether a parsing expression grammar can recognize the language of palindromes.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: LL(k) and LR(k) parser generators will fail to complete when the input grammar is ambiguous. This is a feature in the common case that the grammar is intended to be unambiguous but is defective. A PEG parser generator will resolve unintended ambiguities earliest-match-first, which may be arbitrary and lead to surprising parses.


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: The ordering of productions in a PEG grammar affects not only the resolution of ambiguity, but also the "language matched". For example, consider the first PEG example in Ford's paper


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Ford notes that "The second alternative in the latter PEG rule will never succeed because the first choice is always taken if the input string ... begins with 'a'.".


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: Thus, adding a new option to a PEG grammar can "remove" strings from the language matched, e.g. is the addition of a rule to the single-production grammar , which contains a string not matched by .


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: This is in stark contrast to CFG's, in which the addition of a new production cannot remove strings (though, it can introduce problems in the form of ambiguity),


title: Parsing expression grammar

text: A pika parser uses dynamic programming to apply PEG rules bottom-up and right to left, which is the inverse of the normal recursive descent order of top-down, left to right. Parsing in reverse order solves the left recursion problem, allowing left-recursive rules to be used directly in the grammar without being rewritten into non-left-recursive form, and also conveys optimal error recovery capabilities upon the parser, which historically proved difficult to achieve for recursive descent parsers.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Bethanie Mattek-Sands ( Bethanie Lynn Mattek; born March 23, 1985) is an American professional tennis player. She has won nine Grand Slam titles (five in women's doubles and four in mixed doubles), and an Olympic gold medal, and is a former world No. 1 in doubles.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In women's doubles, Mattek-Sands has won 27 career titles, including five Grand Slam titles at the 2015 Australian Open, 2015 French Open, 2016 US Open, 2017 Australian Open and 2017 French Open, all partnering Lucie Šafářová. The pair also were the runners-up of the 2016 WTA Finals. Mattek-Sands became the world No. 1 in doubles on January 9, 2017, and held the top ranking for 32 consecutive weeks.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands has also found great success in mixed doubles; she won the 2012 Australian Open with and the 2015 French Open and a gold medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics. Mattek-Sands then suffered a major knee injury in 2017 that required surgery and a year away from competition to heal, but eventually came back to win the 2018 and 2019 US Open mixed doubles titles, both partnering Jamie Murray. Mattek also played World TeamTennis for the Hartford FoxForce in 2000, the Sacramento Capitals in 2006, and the New York Sportimes in 2008.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands has also won five singles and three doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. Her best results in singles on the WTA Tour are reaching the fourth round of two major events (Wimbledon in 2008 and the French Open in 2013), the semifinals of the tournaments in Cincinnati in 2005 and Birmingham in 2008, and the final of the Bell Challenge in 2008 and 2010. She reached a career-high singles ranking of No. 30 in the world on July 11, 2011.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In 2016, hacked documents from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) revealed that Mattek-Sands had twice applied for a therapeutic-use exemption for hydrocortisone and DHEA. Both times the request was granted by the International Tennis Federation before being revoked by WADA, but an application for exemption for hydrocortisone alone was eventually approved. Mattek-Sands has refused to comment on the exemption.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In 1999, Mattek played her first WTA Tour event in Philadelphia where she received a wildcard into the qualifying. She lost in the first round of qualifying to Nana Miyagi. It was the only tour match of the year for Mattek. Then in 2000, she received a wildcard into qualifying at the International Players Championships in Key Biscayne but lost in the first round to Anca Barna. Later in the year, she played in her first Grand Slam event at the US Open. She was handed a wildcard into the qualifying, but she lost in the first round to Gisela Rivera.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In 2001, Mattek again received a wildcard into the qualifying at the Miami Open in Key Biscayne, Florida, but lost in the second round of the qualifications to Sandra Cacic. Mattek received direct entry into the ITF event Boynton Beach due to a wildcard. She defeated top-seeded Elena Likhovtseva in the first round and Jennifer Hopkins in the second round, but lost in the quarterfinals against Åsa Carlsson. With these successes, she rose to world No. 343 in the rankings. Mattek received direct entry into the tournament at Amelia Island, Florida thanks to a wildcard. However, she lost to fellow American Jill Craybas in the first round. Mattek next played another ITF event in the Bronx as a wildcard, but lost in the first round to Sylvia Plischke. Mattek played her first main draw as a wildcard at a Grand Slam tournament at the US Open but lost to Australia's Alicia Molik in the first round. Mattek ended the year ranked world No. 338.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In 2008, Mattek reached a then career-high singles ranking of No. 38 on November 3, 2008, and a then career-high ranking of No. 24 in doubles. At the Grand Slam tournaments, she didn't qualify for the Australian Open, but reached the second round of the French Open and the second round of the US Open. Her best result was at Wimbledon where she reached the fourth round, claiming her first top-10 win over 2007 Wimbledon runner-up Marion Bartoli. She then lost in the round of 16 to fellow American Serena Williams.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the LA Championships, Mattek made it to the semifinals before losing to tenth-seeded Flavia Pennetta. In November, she reached her first ever WTA tournament final at the Bell Challenge in Canada, before losing to the top seeded Nadia Petrova.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In 2009, she had to pull out of the Australian Open in January with a hip injury. She later made her season debut at the Indian Wells Open and reached the second round before losing to Gisela Dulko. She also entered the doubles event with Mashona Washington, where she reached the third round. At the Wimbledon Championships, she lost in the first round to the 18th seed Samantha Stosur.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In January 2011, Mattek-Sands got the biggest win of her career by defeating world No. 7, Francesca Schiavone. Mattek-Sands later teamed with John Isner for the US and reached the Hopman Cup final, defeating the Belgian team of Justine Henin and Ruben Bemelmans.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Her good form continued into the Hobart International, where she reached her third career WTA singles final, before losing to Jarmila Groth.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the Australian Open, Mattek-Sands lost to qualifier Arantxa Rus in the first round. She reached the quarterfinals of the women's doubles with partner Meghann Shaughnessy, and made the semifinals of mixed doubles. Her next event was a Fed Cup tie against Belgium in Antwerp, where she lost to Yanina Wickmayer in the opening rubber, and later to Kim Clijsters.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the indoor tournament in Paris, she advanced to her second semifinal in her third WTA event of the season. She lost to eventual champion, Petra Kvitová. Mattek-Sands and Shaughnessy then made it to the final of the doubles event without dropping a set and defeated the team of Dushevina/Makarova to win their first doubles title as a team. It was her ninth career WTA doubles title. After her success in Paris, Mattek-Sands rushed off to Dubai, where she suffered an opening round loss to Peng Shuai.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the Indian Wells Open, she made it to the second round before losing to tenth seeded Shahar Pe'er. Pairing with Shaughnessy, the American duo made it to the doubles finals losing to Sania Mirza and Elena Vesnina. In her next tournament in Miami, Mattek-Sands lost in the second round to world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: After Miami, Mattek-Sands was off to Charleston for the start of the clay-court season, where she was beaten in the second round by Elena Vesnina. In doubles, Mattek-Sands/Shaughnessy made the finals of Charleston, but were once again defeated by the team of Vesnina/Mirza. Mattek-Sands next entered a small clay event in Estoril where she was the fifth-seeded player in singles, but was then upset in the first round by Monica Niculescu.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the Madrid Open, she caused an upset in the first round when she defeated former French Open champion Ana Ivanovic after coming back from a first-set loss at love. She eventually made it to the quarterfinals before losing to Li Na, in three sets.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands faced Italy's own Flavia Pennetta in her opening-round match in Rome. She defeated Pennetta in three sets, but lost to Jarmila Gajdošová in the second round.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands played in the French Open and made it to the third round, which was her best result at this Grand Slam in her career thus far, before losing to the higher-seeded as well as her good friend, Jelena Janković.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At Wimbledon, Mattek-Sands (then ranked 30th) was upset in the first round against then ranked 133rd Misaki Doi from Japan. Despite the loss, Mattek-Sands reached her career-high ranking of world No. 30 for the first time, on 11 July 2011.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: She then had to withdraw from her heavily scheduled U.S. hardcourt series events due to a shoulder injury. She did try to play at the US Open, but lost to Polona Hercog in the first round. In the women's doubles competition, she acquired a new partner due to the retirement of Meghann Shaughnessy. She teamed up with Jarmila Gajdošová, and they reached the third round where they lost to the team of Huber/Raymond.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands started her year representing the U.S. in the 2012 Hopman Cup with Mardy Fish. She came up short in her singles matches against Wimbledon champion, Petra Kvitová of the Czech Republic and Denmark's world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki, but beat Bulgaria's Tsvetana Pironkova in the third tie. After an early exit from the Hopman Cup, she played singles at the Hobart International, where she was a finalist, and doubles with partner Gajdošová. In singles, she lost in the second round to Sorana Cîrstea, and in doubles, she reached the semifinals, before having to retire due to a neck injury.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the Australian Open, Mattek-Sands lost to Agnieszka Radwańska in the first round. In the doubles competition, she reached the third round with Jarmila Gajdošová, before losing to the Indian/Russian pairing of Sania Mirza and Elena Vesnina. In the mixed doubles competition, she and Romanian partner, Horia Tecău finally had their breakthrough moment, defeating title favorites, Bhuphati/Mirza in the semifinals. They then went on to win the title by defeating the team of Elena Vesnina and Leander Paes in the final.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands made it through the qualifying draw at the Paris indoor tournament. In the main draw, she made it to the second round, before losing to Roberta Vinci in three sets.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands started to play on the doubles circuit with Sania Mirza, with whom she had had success in the past. In only their second tournament as a team in 2012, the Indian-American duo won the Premier-level event in Brussels, Belgium. However, they could not hold on to the good form as they were upset in the first round at Roland Garros. They made it to the third round of Wimbledon, but were eliminated by the Williams sisters.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands and Mirza were beaten in the first round of the WTA Tour event in Carlsbad, California by Chan Hao-ching and Chan Yung-jan.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: After reaching the quarterfinal in the ITF Lexington, Mattek-Sands failed to win another main-draw match in singles. However, with Mirza in doubles, she reached the quarterfinals of Montreal and the third round of the US Open, playing eventual champions Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci to three sets.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands received a wildcard to play in Kuala Lumpur, and justified it, as she reached the final ranked at No. 197. She lost to Karolína Plíšková, despite winning first set. At home event in Charleston, she brushed aside fellow American and that year's Australian Open semifinalist Sloane Stephens, before losing to Madison Keys in third round. At Premier event in Stuttgart, Bethanie reached semifinals as qualifier, stunning No. 7 Sara Errani and Sabine Lisicki in second round and quarterfinals, respectively. There she lost to Li Na.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the French Open, Mattek-Sands won against the sixth seeded Li Na in the second round, beating her in three sets. Mattek-Sands was placed 61 places lower than Li, the 2011 champion, in the WTA rankings. She subsequently reached the fourth round, where she lost to Maria Kirilenko. This was her best showing at this Grand Slam in singles in her career.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: After successful clay-court season, she didn't continue in that style, losing in first or second round at all tournaments. At Wimbledon she lost in first round to Angelique Kerber and to Ekaterina Makarova in second round of US Open.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At Sydney International, she qualified for tournament and then beat Eugenie Bouchard and No. 5, Agnieszka Radwańska. Both defeated players would go on to reach semifinals of first Grand Slam event of season, which made Bethanie's wins bigger. But in her quarterfinal match, she retired against Madison Keys in the first set due to lumbar spine injury.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At Australian Open, she wasn't happy with draw, as she was the first opponent of third seed Maria Sharapova, losing in two sets. At the Pattaya Open, Mattek-Sands lost in the first round to Karolína Plíšková. In Doha, she beat again Bouchard, before losing to Monica Niculescu.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: After losing in first round of Miami, Bethanie underwent hip surgery. She came back on court in September, when she played in Wuhan and lost in qualifying. She qualified for the China Open, but lost in first round to another qualifier Mona Barthel in three sets. Soon the season was finished, after playing two more events without success.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In 2015, Mattek-Sands won the Australian Open and French Open women's doubles alongside Lucie Šafářová.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the Australian Open,she was unable to defend her title with Lucie Šafářová because of a bacterial infection. Mattek-Sands competed with Sabine Lisicki instead, and lost in the second round.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In March, she competed in the Indian Wells Open women's doubles event. She competed with fellow American CoCo Vandeweghe. Mattek-Sands and Vandeweghe claimed the title, defeating Julia Görges and Karolína Plíšková. Next, in Miami, Mattek-Sands (partnering with Šafářová, her regular partner again) reached the final, in which she and Šafářová won against Tímea Babos and Yaroslava Shvedova. These were Mattek-Sands' second and third Premier-Mandatory/Premier-5 titles respectively.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the French Open, Mattek-Sands and Šafářová (the defending champions) lost in the first round to Kiki Bertens and Johanna Larsson.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In June, at Wimbledon, they had another first-round exit, losing to Daria Gavrilova and Daria Kasatkina.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Mattek-Sands became an Olympic gold medalist when she won the mixed-doubles title with Jack Sock against Venus Williams and Rajeev Ram in an all-American match-up.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Her success with Šafářová was reignited at the US Open, when the pair won the title against Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic, the No. 1 seeds. This was Mattek-Sands' third Grand Slam title with Šafářová, and third overall (in women's doubles).


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands and Šafářová had an excellent finish during the Asian leg, the final leg of the WTA Tour. The pair competed at the Wuhan Open, their first Premier-Mandatory/ Premier-5 tournament since May. They ended up winning the title, defeating the doubles world No. 1 and defending champion, Sania Mirza, and Barbora Strýcová. Their winning streak continued over in Beijing, where Mattek-Sands and Šafářová claimed the title again Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic. These were their fourth and fifth Premier-Mandatory/Premier-5 titles together, respectively, and their fourth and fifth titles of 2016. These victories also allowed Mattek-Sands and Šafářová to qualify for the 2016 WTA Finals. They were the fourth team to do so.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the WTA Finals, Mattek-Sands and Šafářová defeated Tímea Babos and Yaroslava Shvedova in the quarterfinals, and their rivals Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic in the semifinals. Had the pair won in the final, Mattek-Sands would have become the WTA doubles year-end No. 1. However, the American-Czech team was defeated by Makarova and Vesnina.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands played at the Brisbane International with Sania Mirza, the defending champion, in doubles. The duo defeated Makarova and Vesnina in the final, with Mattek-Sands succeeding Mirza as the new world No. 1 in doubles.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: At the Australian Open, Mattek-Sands competed with Šafářová. The pair won their second Australian Open doubles title in three years, and their second straight Grand Slam tournament, defeating Andrea Hlaváčková and Peng Shuai in the final, in three sets.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands won the French Open women's doubles title, again with Šafářová, by beating Ashleigh Barty and Casey Dellacqua, in straight sets.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Playing Sorana Cîrstea in the second round of the Wimbledon singles, Mattek-Sands was running to the net at the beginning of the third set when she collapsed in agony, clutching at her right knee. She shouted out a large number of swear words for which she later apologized. She was treated on the court before being rushed to a local hospital with an "acute knee injury" which was later revealed to be a dislocated kneecap and ruptured patellar ligament, for which surgery was required. Mattek-Sands had suffered a torn medial collateral ligament on the same knee in September 2013.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: In September 2018, Mattek-Sands returned to compete in the US Open mixed doubles and won the title, partnering Scotsman Jamie Murray in their first entry as a pair; it was her eighth Grand Slam doubles title overall and Murray's sixth (including the same tournament the previous year). The pair defended their title at the 2019 US Open, and ended runners-up at the 2020 Australian Open.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Seeded 14th at the French Open, Mattek-Sands partnered previous year singles champion Iga Świątek. The pair, who were playing just their third event together, reached the final in which they were defeated by Czech duo Barbora Krejčíková/Kateřina Siniaková in straight sets.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek has achieved extensive publicity as a result of her eccentric fashion sense on the court. Notable outfits include leopard print outfits at the 2004 US Open and 2007 US Open, a striped cowboy hat that garnered her a fine at the 2005 US Open, a "soccer theme" at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships that included £10 football socks, chandelier earrings, a tube top worn over a strappy vest top, tiny running shorts and a headband, pink knee-high socks at the 2006 JPMorgan Chase Open, and a loosely draped beige top, with a crocheted waist and split sleeves that resembled a toga and beige knee-high socks at the 2006 US Open.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: During the 2011 pre-Wimbledon party in London, Mattek-Sands wore a fluorescent green dress, by designer Alex Noble, that featured tennis balls as components and a Mohican-style hat.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek grew up in Minnesota and Wisconsin. On November 29, 2008, she married insurance executive Justin Sands in Naples, Florida. Since then she has used the name Mattek-Sands professionally. She lives in Phoenix, Arizona.


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: "Only main-draw results on WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records."


title: Bethanie Mattek-Sands

text: Mattek-Sands has played three seasons with World TeamTennis, making her debut in 2000 with the Hartford FoxForce, later playing a season with the Sacramento Capitals in 2006, and the New York Sportimes in 2008. Mattek-Sands joined the Chicago Smash for their inaugural season during the 2020 WTT season at The Greenbrier. The team advanced to the final as the second seed with a win over the Orlando Storm in the semifinals, but ultimately fell in the Championship match to the New York Empire in a Supertiebreaker. Mattek-Sands was named the 2020 WTT MVP due to her doubles play throughout the season.


title: Havas

text: Havas SA is a French multinational advertising and public relations company, headquartered in Paris, France. It operates in more than 100 countries and is one of the largest advertising and communications groups in the world. Havas consists of three main operational divisions.


title: Havas

text: The Group offers a broad range of communications services, including digital, advertising, direct marketing, media planning and buying, corporate communications, sales promotion, design, human resources, sports marketing, multimedia interactive communications, public relations and innovation consulting (Havas Blockchain).


title: Havas

text: The original Havas was the world's first news agency, created in 1835. The Agence France-Presse (AFP) news agency comes from it. Havas was acquired by Vivendi in 1998, and renamed Vivendi Universal Publishing. VUP in turn merged with Lagardere to become Editis in 2004.


title: Havas

text: The company which today bears the name Havas is itself a former subsidiary of the company which acquired the rights to the name in 2002. It is a holding company headquartered in Puteaux, Paris.


title: Havas

text: French corporate raider Vincent Bolloré, through his holding company the Bolloré Group, is the main shareholder, controlling 32.84% of the share capital as of 7 May 2012. Bolloré himself took over the chairmanship of the Havas board ("Président du conseil d'administration"). In November 2017, Havas acquired Malaysia-based agency Immerse and rebranded to Havas Immerse.


title: Havas

text: By 1968, Havas had become a diversified group which had, "inter alia", media interests. These interests were incorporated into a "société anonyme", Havas Conseil S.A., which expanded its business rapidly.


title: Havas

text: In 1975, Havas Conseil became Eurocom, holding company of a Group of subsidiaries specializing in various communications activities.


title: Havas

text: Since the 1970s, the Group grew significantly in France and internationally, both in the communications and media buying sectors, by broadening the scope of services that it offers and expanding into new communications techniques and technologies.


title: Havas

text: Havas was first listed on the Paris Bourse (now the Euronext Paris) in 1982. The principal milestones in the Group's strategic development are the following:


title: Havas

text: In 1991, Eurocom acquired the French advertising group RSCG, leading to the creation of the Euro RSCG Worldwide advertising network. RSCG had been the lead advertising agency for Peugeot. In 1996, Eurocom changed its name to Havas Advertising and created four operating divisions, Euro RSCG, Campus, Diversified Agencies, and Médiapolis. American Bob Schmetterer is named chairman and CEO of the largest division Euro RSCG, whose headquarters are moved to New York in 1997.


title: Havas

text: In 1998, Compagnie Générale des Eaux, led by Jean-Marie Messier, changed its name to "Vivendi" and acquired control of Havas (and its subsidiary Havas Advertising); it acquired a third of Havas in February 1997, and the remainder in March 1998 in a deal that valued the company at €6 billion (£4.05 billion). Vivendi later considered its advertising and communications interests no longer strategic.


title: Havas

text: Between 1998 and 2001, late in the wave of consolidation within the advertising/communications sector, Havas Advertising adopted an aggressive acquisition strategy in order not to become a takeover target following its independence from Havas. In order to become a bigger and more global player, it acquired MPG and Snyder, as well as around one hundred specialized agencies in America, Europe and the Asia Pacific region. This strategy was criticised by Maurice Levy as "reckless."


title: Havas

text: "Media Planning Group" was created in 1999 through the combination of Media Planning, S.A., a Spanish media planning and buying company controlled by Léopoldo Rodés Castañes and his family, with Médiapolis, the existing Havas media planning business. Havas initially acquired 45% of MPG, which was increased to 100% in May 2001.


title: Havas

text: On 4 April 2000, at the height of the M&A frenzy, Havas Advertising agreed to acquire Snyder Communications, Inc. (SNC) in an all-share transaction, where SNC was valued at US$2.1 billion.


title: Havas

text: SNC was a listed communications group controlled by Daniel Snyder, and their activities were mainly outsourced marketing services, such as direct marketing, database marketing, proprietary product sampling, sponsored information display in prime locations, call centres, field sales. Just prior to the takeover, the market capitalisation of SNC was just US$1.3 billion. As part of the SNC deal, Havas Advertising listed American Depositary Shares (ADSs) on the NASDAQ National Market System. The deal was completed on 25 September; the stake belonging to Vivendi was diluted to 40% following the acquisition. The sale provided Snyder with funds he used to acquire the Washington Redskins team and their stadium for $800 million in May 1999, in what was at the time a record price for a US sports franchise.


title: Havas

text: SNC's three divisions: Bounty SCA Worldwide, Arnold Communications and Brann Worldwide were respectively merged with Euro RSCG, Campus, and Diversified Agencies. Arnold Communications becomes Havas' second network, Arnold Worldwide Partners.


title: Havas

text: In 2000, Havas the parent company decided to rename itself Vivendi Universal Publishing and to divest itself of its remaining stake in the Havas Advertising business. The Havas Advertising board decided to acquire the Havas name from its parent, and the decision was approved by the annual shareholders meeting held on 23 May 2002.


title: Havas

text: In September 2003, the group reorganized itself, as agencies from the Diversified Agencies division were sold or absorbed into three core divisions:Euro RSCG Worldwide (integrated communications); MPG (Media planning and buying) and Arnold Worldwide Partners (advertising). In July 2004, after having completed its strategic reorganization, Bolloré Group started acquiring a stake in Havas. In October, the Company completed a €404 million capital increase which enabled it to reduce its overall debt levels.


title: Havas

text: By 2005, Bolloré had amassed a 22% stake, obtained 4 seats on the Havas board at the shareholders meeting, and took control of the company. Chairman and CEO Alain de Pouzilhac was deposed in a boardroom coup on 21 June 2005. Other board and management level changes followed. The board appointed independent non-executive director Richard Colker as interim CEO. On 12 July 2005, Havas named Vincent Bolloré as board chairman, and veteran banker Philippe Wahl as chief executive officer. In March 2006, Havas named Fernando Rodés Vilà, son of the founder of Media Planning S.A. Leopoldo Rodés Castañes, as its new CEO.


title: Havas

text: In March 2015, the group's main shareholder Bollore S.A sold a 22.5 percent stake in the firm for around €600 million, but announced it intended to remain a majority shareholder.


title: Havas

text: Havas is a media holding company, whose subsidiaries provide communication consulting services, through traditional advertising media (television, radio and print and display), to media buying, and various marketing services such as advertising management, direct marketing, sales promotion, corporate communications, blockchain and ICO marketing, healthcare communications, internal communications, Television sponsorship, design, human resources communications and interactive communications.


title: Havas

text: Attempting to be perceived by clients and potential clients as "more entrepreneurial and more agile", Havas adopted a new structure in late 2012. The agency network once known as Euro RSCG was rebranded 'Havas Worldwide', much like their compatriots Publicis and their network, named 'Publicis Worldwide'. Other advertising agencies owned by Havas, such as Arnold Worldwide are rebranded 'Havas Creative'; the media division remains as 'Havas Media'. Havas created an umbrella brand, Havas Digital Group, to operate across the Creative and Media divisions.


title: Havas

text: Holding 22.01% of the share capital of Havas, on 21 June 2005, Bolloré ousted CEO Alain de Pouzilhac. Havas then dismissed Hérail for gross negligence; vice-chairman Alain Cayzac and others close to de Pouzilhac were also relieved of their services. Alain de Pouzilhac took Havas to court to seek unblocking of payment for non-compete that Havas had been withholding; civil cases were also launched by both for severance pay – a total of ten cases (including appeals) involving de Pouzilhac, four involving Hérail. Payment for de Pouzilhac's non-compete clause was upheld. Hérail and former Havas executives Alain Cayzac and Agnès Audier won at the labour tribunal, where Hérail was granted damages of close to €5 million.


title: Havas

text: Since the boardroom coup, Bolloré had consolidated control by further increasing his stake, which stood at 37% as of November 2012. Havas seized the Nanterre criminal court on 15 May 2007, and again in August and November 2007 to initiate three cases against de Pouzilhac, Hérail and Cayzac, accusing them of "conspiracy, misappropriating from the company, and attempting to cover up". Havas alleged that the three directors had signed new employment contracts during the takeover that gave them generous golden parachutes in the likely event of their removal. Also, de Pouzilhac was accused of conspiring with Hérail to grant payment of €300,000 to fellow director Thierry Meyer. The preliminary inquiry into the charges under public prosecutor Philippe Courroye lasted three years, during which time the accused were given either sporadic or no access to evidence for their defence, contrary to the legal requirements.


title: Havas

text: "The Tribunal took the view that the criminal proceedings had not complied with proper procedures, nor with the European Convention on Human Rights. The Nanterre Court said that specifically, the provisions of this Convention relating in particular to access to the case file, the personal assistance of counsel during the investigation and the balance between the parties had not been met. In its decision, the Court considered that, given the weight and complexity of the case, which had 700 items – a preliminary investigation was not the most appropriate way of proceeding. Instead, the case should have been by instruction, which allows adversarial examination."


title: Havas

text: The criminal court of Nanterre dismissed the last of these cases in November 2012, citing "the lack of equity and violation of the rights of the defence". Olivier Metzner and Olivier Bluche, lawyers for Alain de Pouzilhac and Jacques Hérail, criticised Vincent Bolloré for exploiting his close connection with Philippe Courroye, public prosecutor for Nanterre, to launch the case.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Majungasaurus (; ) is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in Madagascar from 70 to 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous Period, making it one of the last known non-avian dinosaurs that went extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The genus contains a single species, Majungasaurus crenatissimus. This dinosaur is also called "Majungatholus", a name which is considered a junior synonym of "Majungasaurus".


title: Majungasaurus

text: Like other abelisaurids, "Majungasaurus" was a bipedal predator with a short snout. Although the forelimbs are not completely known, they were very short, while the hind limbs were longer and very stocky. It can be distinguished from other abelisaurids by its wider skull, the very rough texture and thickened bone on the top of its snout, and the single rounded horn on the roof of its skull, which was originally mistaken for the dome of a pachycephalosaur. It also had more teeth in both upper and lower jaws than most abelisaurids.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Known from several well-preserved skulls and abundant skeletal material, "Majungasaurus" has recently become one of the best-studied theropod dinosaurs from the Southern Hemisphere. It appears to be most closely related to abelisaurids from India rather than South America or continental Africa, a fact that has important biogeographical implications. "Majungasaurus" was the apex predator in its ecosystem, mainly preying on sauropods like "Rapetosaurus", and is also one of the few dinosaurs for which there is direct evidence of cannibalism.


title: Majungasaurus

text: French paleontologist Charles Depéret described the first theropod remains from northwestern Madagascar in 1896. These included two teeth, a claw, and some vertebrae discovered along the Betsiboka River by a French army officer and deposited in the collection of what is now the Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1. Depéret referred these fossils to the genus "Megalosaurus", which at the time was a wastebasket taxon containing any number of unrelated large theropods, as the new species "M. crenatissimus". This name is derived from the Latin word "crenatus" ("notched") and the suffix "-issimus" ("most"), in reference to the numerous serrations on both front and rear edges of the teeth. Depéret later reassigned the species to the North American genus "Dryptosaurus", another poorly known taxon.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Numerous fragmentary remains from Mahajanga Province in northwestern Madagascar were recovered by French collectors over the next 100 years, many of which were deposited in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. In 1955, René Lavocat described a theropod dentary (MNHN.MAJ 1) with teeth from the Maevarano Formation in the same region where the original material was found. The teeth matched those first described by Depéret, but the strongly curved jaw bone was very different from both "Megalosaurus" and "Dryptosaurus". Based on this dentary, Lavocat created the new genus "Majungasaurus", using an older spelling of Mahajanga as well as the Greek word (meaning "lizard"). Hans-Dieter Sues and Philippe Taquet described a dome-shaped skull fragment (MNHN.MAJ 4) as a new genus of pachycephalosaur ("Majungatholus atopus") in 1979. This was the first report of a pachycephalosaur in the Southern Hemisphere.


title: Majungasaurus

text: In 1993, scientists from the State University of New York at Stony Brook and the University of Antananarivo began the Mahajanga Basin Project, a series of expeditions to examine the fossils and geology of the Late Cretaceous sediments near the village of Berivotra, in Mahajanga Province. Among these scientists was paleontologist David W. Krause of Stony Brook. The first expedition turned up hundreds of theropod teeth identical to those of "Majungasaurus", some of which were attached to an isolated premaxilla that was described in 1996. The following seven expeditions would turn up tens of thousands of fossils, many of which belonged to species new to science. The Mahajanga Basin Project claims credit for quintupling the known diversity of fossil taxa in the region.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Fieldwork in 1996 turned up a spectacularly complete theropod skull preserved in exquisite detail (FMNH PR 2100). On top of this skull was a dome-shaped swelling nearly identical to the one described by Sues and Taquet as "Majungatholus atopus". "Majungatholus" was redescribed as an abelisaurid rather than a pachycephalosaur in 1998. Although the name "Majungasaurus crenatissimus" was older than "Majungatholus atopus", the authors judged the type dentary of "Majungasaurus" too fragmentary to confidently assign to the same species as the skull. Further fieldwork over the next decade turned up a series of less complete skulls, as well as dozens of partial skeletons of individuals ranging from juveniles to adults. Project members also collected hundreds of isolated bones and thousands of shed "Majungasaurus" teeth. Taken together, these remains represent nearly all the bones of the skeleton, although most of the forelimbs, most of the pelvis and the tip of the tail are still unknown. This fieldwork culminated in a 2007 monograph consisting of seven scientific papers on all aspects of the animal's biology, published in the "Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoirs". The papers are in English, although each has an abstract written in Malagasy. In this volume, the dentary described by Lavocat was re-evaluated and determined to be diagnostic for this species. Therefore, the name "Majungatholus" was replaced by the older name "Majungasaurus". Although the monograph is comprehensive, the editors noted that it describes only material recovered from 1993 through 2001. A significant quantity of specimens, some very complete, were excavated in 2003 and 2005 and await preparation and description in future publications. The dentary was made the neotype specimen after a 2009 petition to the ICZN.


title: Majungasaurus

text: "Majungasaurus" was a medium-sized theropod that typically reached in length and weighed . Fragmentary remains of larger individuals indicate that some adults could have been similar in size to its relative "Carnotaurus", possibly exceeding in length.


title: Majungasaurus

text: The skull of "Majungasaurus" is exceptionally well-known compared to most theropods and generally similar to that of other abelisaurids. Like other abelisaurid skulls, its length was proportionally short for its height, although not as short as in "Carnotaurus". The skulls of large individuals measured long. The tall premaxilla (frontmost upper jaw bone), which made the tip of the snout very blunt, was also typical of the family. However, the skull of "Majungasaurus" was markedly wider than in other abelisaurids. All abelisaurids had a rough, sculptured texture on the outside faces of the skull bones, and "Majungasaurus" was no exception. This was carried to an extreme on the nasal bones of "Majungasaurus", which were extremely thick and fused together, with a low central ridge running along the half of the bone closest to the nostrils. A distinctive dome-like horn protruded from the fused frontal bones on top of the skull as well. In life, these structures would have been covered with some sort of integument, possibly made of keratin. Computed tomography (CT scanning) of the skull shows that both the nasal structure and the frontal horn contained hollow sinus cavities, perhaps to reduce weight. The teeth were typical of abelisaurids in having short crowns, although "Majungasaurus" bore seventeen teeth in both the maxilla of the upper jaw and the dentary of the lower jaw, more than in any other abelisaurid except "Rugops".


title: Majungasaurus

text: The postcranial skeleton of "Majungasaurus" closely resembles those of "Carnotaurus" and "Aucasaurus", the only other abelisaurid genera for which complete skeletal material is known. "Majungasaurus" was bipedal, with a long tail to balance out the head and torso, putting the center of gravity over the hips. Although the cervical (neck) vertebrae had numerous cavities and excavations (pleurocoels) to reduce their weight, they were robust, with exaggerated muscle attachment sites and ribs that interlocked for strength. Ossified tendons attached to the cervical ribs, giving them a forked appearance, as seen in "Carnotaurus". All of these features resulted in a very strong and muscular neck. Uniquely, the cervical ribs of "Majungasaurus" had long depressions along the sides for weight reduction. The humerus (upper arm bone) was short and curved, closely resembling those of "Aucasaurus" and "Carnotaurus". Also like related dinosaurs, "Majungasaurus" had very short forelimbs with four extremely reduced digits, first reported with only two very short external fingers and no claws. The hand and finger bones of "Majungasaurus", like other majungasaurines, lacked the characteristic pits and grooves where claws and tendons would normally attach, and its finger bones were fused together, indicating that the hand was immobile. In 2012, a better specimen was described, showing that the lower arm was robust, though short, and that the hand contained four metatarsals and four, probably inflexible and very reduced, fingers, possibly with no claws. The minimum phalanx formula was 1-2-1-1.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Like other abelisaurids, the hindlimbs were stocky and short compared to body length. The tibia (lower leg bone) of "Majungasaurus" was even stockier than that of its relative "Carnotaurus", with a prominent crest on the knee. The astragalus and calcaneum (ankle bones) were fused together, and the feet bore three functional digits, with a smaller first digit that did not contact the ground.


title: Majungasaurus

text: "Majungasaurus" is classified as a member of the theropod clade Abelisauridae, which is considered a family in Linnaean taxonomy. Along with the family Noasauridae, abelisaurids are included in the superfamily Abelisauroidea, which is in turn a subdivision of the infraorder Ceratosauria. Abelisaurids are known for their tall skulls with blunt snouts, extensive sculpturing on the outer surfaces of the facial bones (convergent with carcharodontosaurids), very reduced (atrophied) forelimbs (convergent with tyrannosaurids), and stocky hindlimb proportions, among other features.


title: Majungasaurus

text: As with many dinosaur families, the systematics (evolutionary relationships) within the family Abelisauridae are confused. Several cladistic studies have indicated that "Majungasaurus" shares a close relationship with "Carnotaurus" from South America, while others were unable to firmly place it in the phylogeny. The most recent analysis, using the most complete information, instead recovered "Majungasaurus" in a clade with "Rajasaurus" and "Indosaurus" from India, but excluding South American genera like "Carnotaurus", "Ilokelesia", "Ekrixinatosaurus", "Aucasaurus" and "Abelisaurus", as well as "Rugops" from mainland Africa. This leaves open the possibility of separate clades of abelisaurids in western and eastern Gondwana.


title: Majungasaurus

text: A cladogram by Tortosa "et al." 2013 places "Majungasaurus" in a new subfamily, Majungasaurinae. A simplified version showing the taxa within the group is shown below.


title: Majungasaurus

text: "Majungasaurus" is perhaps most distinctive for its skull ornamentation, including the swollen and fused nasals and the frontal horn. Other ceratosaurs, including "Carnotaurus", "Rajasaurus", and "Ceratosaurus" itself bore crests on the head. These structures are likely to have played a role in intraspecific competition, although their exact function within that context is unknown. The hollow cavity inside the frontal horn of "Majungasaurus" would have weakened the structure and probably precluded its use in direct physical combat, although the horn may have served a display purpose. While there is variation in the ornamentation of "Majungasaurus" individuals, there is no evidence for sexual dimorphism.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Scientists have suggested that the unique skull shape of "Majungasaurus" and other abelisaurids indicate different predatory habits than other theropods. Whereas most theropods were characterized by long, low skulls of narrow width, abelisaurid skulls were taller and wider, and often shorter in length as well. The narrow skulls of other theropods were well equipped to withstand the vertical stress of a powerful bite, but not as good at withstanding torsion (twisting). In comparison to modern mammalian predators, most theropods may have used a strategy similar in some ways to that of long- and narrow-snouted canids, with the delivery of many bites weakening the prey animal.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Abelisaurids, especially "Majungasaurus", may instead have been adapted for a feeding strategy more similar to modern felids, with short and broad snouts, that bite once and hold on until the prey is subdued. "Majungasaurus" had an even broader snout than other abelisaurids, and other aspects of its anatomy may also support the bite-and-hold hypothesis. The neck was strengthened, with robust vertebrae, interlocking ribs and ossified tendons, as well as reinforced muscle attachment sites on the vertebrae and the back of the skull. These muscles would have been able to hold the head steady despite the struggles of its prey. Abelisaurid skulls were also strengthened in many areas by bone mineralized out of the skin, creating the characteristic rough texture of the bones. This is particularly true of "Majungasaurus", where the nasal bones were fused and thickened for strength. On the other hand, the lower jaw of "Majungasaurus" sported a large fenestra (opening) on each side, as seen in other ceratosaurs, as well as synovial joints between certain bones that allowed a high degree of flexibility in the lower jaw, although not to the extent seen in snakes. This may have been an adaptation to prevent the fracture of the lower jaw when holding onto a struggling prey animal. The front teeth of the upper jaw were more robust than the rest, to provide an anchor point for the bite, while the low crown height of "Majungasaurus" teeth prevented them from breaking off during a struggle. Finally, unlike the teeth of "Allosaurus" and most other theropods, which were curved on both the front and back, abelisaurids like "Majungasaurus" had teeth curved on the front edge but straighter on the back (cutting) edge. This structure may have served to prevent slicing, and instead holding the teeth in place when biting. Examination of the teeth of "Majungasaurus" indicates that the theropod replaced its teeth anywhere from 2-13 times faster than other theropods, replacing the entire set within a span of two months. Gnawing on bone may have been a significant reason for such rapid tooth replacement.


title: Majungasaurus

text: "Majungasaurus" was the largest predator in its environment, while the only known large herbivores at the time were sauropods like "Rapetosaurus". Scientists have suggested that "Majungasaurus", and perhaps other abelisaurids, specialized on hunting sauropods. Adaptations to strengthen the head and neck for a bite-and-hold type of attack might have been very useful against sauropods, which would have been tremendously powerful animals. This hypothesis may also be supported by the hindlegs of "Majungasaurus", which were short and stocky, as opposed to the longer and more slender legs of most other theropods. While "Majungasaurus" would not have moved as fast as other similar-sized theropods, it would have had no trouble keeping up with slow-moving sauropods. The robust hindlimb bones suggest very powerful legs, and their shorter length would have lowered the animal's center of gravity. Thus "Majungasaurus" may have sacrificed speed for power. "Majungasaurus" tooth marks on "Rapetosaurus" bones confirm that it at least fed on these sauropods, whether or not it actually killed them.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Although sauropods may have been the prey of choice for "Majungasaurus", discoveries published in 2007 detail finds in Madagascar that indicate the presence of other "Majungasaurus" in their diet. Numerous bones of "Majungasaurus" have been discovered bearing tooth marks identical to those found on sauropod bones from the same localities. These marks have the same spacing as teeth in "Majungasaurus" jaws, are of the same size as "Majungasaurus" teeth, and contain smaller notches consistent with the serrations on those teeth. As "Majungasaurus" is the only large theropod known from the area, the simplest explanation is that it was feeding on other members of its own species. Suggestions that the Triassic "Coelophysis" was a cannibal have been recently disproven, leaving "Majungasaurus" as the only non-avian theropod with confirmed cannibalistic tendencies, although there is some evidence that cannibalism may have occurred in other species as well.


title: Majungasaurus

text: It is unknown if "Majungasaurus" actively hunted their own kind or only scavenged their carcasses. However, some researchers have noted that modern Komodo monitors sometimes kill each other when competing for access to carcasses. The lizards will then proceed to cannibalize the remains of their rivals, which may suggest similar behavior in "Majungasaurus" and other theropods.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Scientists have reconstructed the respiratory system of "Majungasaurus" based on a superbly preserved series of vertebrae (UA 8678) recovered from the Maevarano Formation. Most of these vertebrae and some of the ribs contained cavities (pneumatic foramina) that may have resulted from the infiltration of avian-style lungs and air sacs. In birds, the neck vertebrae and ribs are hollowed out by the cervical air sac, the upper back vertebrae by the lung, and the lower back and sacral (hip) vertebrae by the abdominal air sac. Similar features in "Majungasaurus" vertebrae imply the presence of these air sacs. These air sacs may have allowed for a basic form of avian-style 'flow-through ventilation,' where air flow through the lungs is one-way, so that oxygen-rich air inhaled from outside the body is never mixed with exhaled air laden with carbon dioxide. This method of respiration, while complicated, is highly efficient.


title: Majungasaurus

text: The recognition of pneumatic foramina in "Majungasaurus", besides providing an understanding of its respiratory biology, also has larger-scale implications for evolutionary biology. The split between the ceratosaur line, which led to "Majungasaurus", and the tetanuran line, to which birds belong, occurred very early in the history of theropods. The avian respiratory system, present in both lines, must therefore have evolved before the split, and well before the evolution of birds themselves. This provides further evidence of the dinosaurian origin of birds.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Computed tomography, also known as CT scanning, of a complete "Majungasaurus" skull (FMNH PR 2100) allowed a rough reconstruction of its brain and inner ear structure. Overall, the brain was very small relative to body size, but otherwise similar to many other non-coelurosaurian theropods, with a very conservative form closer to modern crocodilians than to birds. One difference between "Majungasaurus" and other theropods was its smaller flocculus, a region of the cerebellum that helps to coordinate movements of the eye with movements of the head. This suggests that "Majungasaurus" and other abelisaurids like "Indosaurus", which also had a small flocculus, did not rely on quick head movements to sight and capture prey.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Inferences about behavior can also be drawn from examination of the inner ear. The semicircular canals within the inner ear aid in balance, and the lateral semicircular canal is usually parallel to the ground when the animal holds its head in an alert posture. When the skull of "Majungasaurus" is rotated so that its lateral canal is parallel to the ground, the entire skull is nearly horizontal. This contrasts with many other theropods, where the head was more strongly downturned when in the alert position. The lateral canal is also significantly longer in "Majungasaurus" than in its more basal relative "Ceratosaurus", indicating a greater sensitivity to side-to-side motions of the head.


title: Majungasaurus

text: A 2007 report described pathologies in the bones of "Majungasaurus". Scientists examined the remains of at least 21 individuals and discovered four with noticeable pathologies. While pathology had been studied in large tetanuran theropods like allosaurids and tyrannosaurids, this was the first time an abelisauroid had been examined in this manner. No wounds were found on any skull elements, in contrast to tyrannosaurids where sometimes gruesome facial bites were common. One of the specimens was a phalanx (toe bone) of the foot, which had apparently been broken and subsequently healed.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Most of the pathologies occurred on the vertebrae. For example, a dorsal (back) vertebra from a juvenile animal showed an exostosis (bony growth) on its underside. The growth probably resulted from the conversion of cartilage or a ligament to bone during development, but the cause of the ossification was not determined. Hypervitaminosis A and bone spurs were ruled out, and an osteoma (benign bone tumor) was deemed unlikely. Another specimen, a small caudal (tail) vertebra, was also found to have an abnormal growth, this time on the top of its neural spine, which projects upwards from the vertebrae, allowing muscle attachment. Similar growths from the neural spine have been found in specimens of "Allosaurus" and "Masiakasaurus", probably resulting from the ossification of a ligament running either between the neural spines (interspinal ligament) or along their tops (supraspinal ligament).


title: Majungasaurus

text: The most serious pathology discovered was in a series of five large tail vertebrae. The first two vertebrae showed only minor abnormalities with the exception of a large groove that extended along the left side of both bones. However, the next three vertebrae were completely fused together at many different points, forming a solid bony mass. There is no sign of any other vertebrae after the fifth in the series, indicating that the tail ended there prematurely. From the size of the last vertebrae, scientists judged that about ten vertebrae were lost. One explanation for this pathology is severe physical trauma resulting in the loss of the tail tip, followed by osteomyelitis (infection) of the last remaining vertebrae. Alternatively, the infection may have come first and led to the end of the tail becoming necrotic and falling off. This is the first example of tail truncation known in a non-avian theropod dinosaur.


title: Majungasaurus

text: The small number of specimens preserved with pathologies in "Majungasaurus" suggest that the multitude of injuries that occurred were obtained over the course of the lives of the individuals studied. Furthermore, the small number of injured "Majungasaurus" specimens observed amongst those recovered indicates most well preserved individuals generally lack observable pathologies, while a few select individuals were shown to have possessed multiple pathologies, a general pattern also noted in other large, nonavian theropods. Such patterns may be the result of a snowball effect where one injury or an infection increased the likelihood of additional maladies and injuries due to functional impairment or compromised immune systems in individuals once an initial injury had occurred.


title: Majungasaurus

text: "Majungasaurus", being known from many well-preserved specimens of different ages, is well studied in regards to its growth and development. Throughout ontogeny, the skull of "Majungasaurus" (more specifically, the jugal, postorbital, and quadratojugal) seems to have become taller and more robust; additionally, the skull bones became more fused and the eye sockets became proportionally smaller. This indicates a shift in dietary preferences between juveniles and adults.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Research by Michael D'Emic "et al" indicates that it was among the slowest-growing theropods. Based on studies of the lines of arrested growth in several bones, it was found that "Majungasaurus" took twenty years to reach maturity, which may have been a result of the harsh environment in which it lived. However, other abelisaurids have also been found to have comparably slow growth rates.


title: Majungasaurus

text: All specimens of "Majungasaurus" have been recovered from the Maevarano Formation in the Mahajanga Province in northwestern Madagascar. Most of these, including all of the most complete material, came from the Anembalemba Member, although "Majungasaurus" teeth have also been found in the underlying Masorobe Member and the overlying Miadana Member. While these sediments have not been dated radiometrically, evidence from biostratigraphy and paleomagnetism suggest that they were deposited during the Maastrichtian stage, which lasted from 70 to 66 Ma (million years ago). "Majungasaurus" teeth are found up until the very end of the Maastrichtian, when all non-avian dinosaurs became extinct.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Then as now, Madagascar was an island, having separated from the Indian subcontinent less than 20 million years earlier. It was drifting northwards but still 10–15° more southerly in latitude than it is today. The prevailing climate of the time was semi-arid, with pronounced seasonality in temperature and rainfall. "Majungasaurus" inhabited a coastal flood plain cut by many sandy river channels. Strong geological evidence suggests the occurrence of periodic debris flows through these channels at the beginning of the wet season, burying the carcasses of organisms killed during the preceding dry season and providing for their exceptional preservation as fossils. Sea levels in the area were rising throughout the Maastrichtian, and would continue to do so into the Paleocene Epoch, so "Majungasaurus" may have roamed coastal environments like tidal flats as well. The neighboring Berivotra Formation represents the contemporaneous marine environment.


title: Majungasaurus

text: Besides "Majungasaurus", fossil taxa recovered from the Maevarano include fish, frogs, lizards, snakes, seven distinct species of crocodylomorphs, five or six species of mammals, "Vorona" and several other birds, the possibly flighted dromaeosaurid "Rahonavis", the noasaurid "Masiakasaurus" and two titanosaurian sauropods, including "Rapetosaurus". "Majungasaurus" was by far the largest carnivore and probably the dominant predator on land, although large crocodylomorphs like "Mahajangasuchus" and "Trematochampsa" might have competed with it closer to water.


title: Bernard Hepton

text: Francis Bernard Heptonstall (19 October 1925 – 27 July 2018) better known by the stage name Bernard Hepton, was an English theatre director and actor. Best known for his stage work and television roles in teleplays and series, he also appeared briefly on radio and in film.


title: Bernard Hepton

text: Hepton was born in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire and said he was born in the same street as J.B. Priestley, thirty years earlier. His father, Bernard senior, was an electrician, while his mother Hilda (née Berrington) was from a mill-working family. Brought up as a Catholic (which he remained as an adult), he attended St Bede's Grammar School in the city. His short-sight meant he was unable to serve in the army during the Second World War, but he trained as an aircraft engineer and draughtsman while undertaking firewatching duties.


title: Bernard Hepton

text: Hepton trained at the Bradford Civic Playhouse under director Esme Church. He had extensive stage experience as an actor in repertory, especially in Scarborough and York. In 1952, he joined Birmingham Rep under Barry Jackson, later himself becoming the theatre's artistic director in 1957. Later, for a brief period from 1963, he was director of the Liverpool Playhouse, but resigned during his first season. Productions of the Max Frisch play "The Fire Raisers" and John Osborne's "Luther" featured in his effort to move the theatre’s repertoire beyond its standard fare. He was responsible for orchestrating the fight sequences in Laurence Olivier's film version of "Richard III" (1955) and an Old Vic production of "Hamlet" with lead Richard Burton in 1953.


title: Bernard Hepton

text: On television, he played Caiaphas in the 1969 Dennis Potter play "Son of Man". He was cast as the Kommandant in "Colditz" (1972–74) and later appeared for the same production team as Albert Foiret in three series of "Secret Army" (1977–79). Before that he made a guest appearance in an episode of the first series of "Catweazle" (1970) where he played a naturalist. Other notable performances included Thomas Cranmer in both "The Six Wives of Henry VIII" (1970) and "Elizabeth R" (1971). He reprised the role in the film adaptation of the former, "Henry VIII and His Six Wives" (1972). Hepton acted in adaptations of John le Carré's novels, as Toby Esterhase in the BBC Television versions of "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" and "Smiley's People", and George Smiley in the radio adaptations. He appeared in "I, Claudius" (1976) as Pallas and in the comedy series "The Squirrels" (1974–77).


title: Bernard Hepton

text: Having played Inspector Goole in "An Inspector Calls" (1982) and Sir Thomas Bertram in "Mansfield Park" (1983), he appeared as Sam Toovey in the 1989 television adaptation of Susan Hill's ghost story "The Woman in Black" (1989).


title: Bernard Hepton

text: On radio, Hepton played the role of Albert, in "Stranger in the Home" by Alan Dapre, also the role of "The Old Man in the Corner", the amateur, and mostly sedentary, sleuth in the BBC Radio 4 dramatic adaption called "The Teahouse Detective" (1998–2000) by Baroness Orczy. He also starred in Robert Barr's quirky detective radio series "Galbraith" as Inspector Bill Galbraith on BBC radio.


title: Bernard Hepton

text: Hepton's appearances in feature films were less frequent, he made his debut in 1949. He made a brief appearance as Thorpey, a gangster, in the classic British film "Get Carter" (1971), and another small role, as Milton Goldsmith, in "Voyage of the Damned" (1976).


title: Bernard Hepton

text: Hepton was married to actress Nancie Jackson from 1957 until she died in 1977. Jackson played his wife Alice in the TV movie "A Man for All Seasons"; Hepton and she settled in Barnes, south-west London. Hepton married Hilary Liddell in 1979; she died in 2013. Hepton died on 27 July 2018, aged 92. He was survived by a niece and nephew.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: Ryke Geerd Hamer (17 May 1935 – 2 July 2017) was a German ex-physician and the originator of Germanic New Medicine (GNM), also formerly known as German New Medicine and New Medicine, a system of pseudo-medicine that purports to be able to cure cancer. The Swiss Cancer League described Hamer's approach as "dangerous, especially as it lulls the patients into a false sense of security, so that they are deprived of other effective treatments."


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: Hamer held a licence to practice medicine from 1963 until 1986, when it was revoked for malpractice. His system came to public attention in 1995, when the parents of a child suffering from cancer refused medical treatment (chemical therapy or chemotherapy) in favour of Hamer's methods. Hamer was charged with malpractice and imprisoned in several European countries.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: Hamer claimed that his method was a "Germanic" alternative to mainstream clinical medicine, which he claimed is part of a Jewish conspiracy to decimate non-Jews.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: Ryke Geerd Hamer was born in Mettmann, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in 1935. He received his high school diploma at age 18 and started medical and theological studies in Tübingen, where he met Sigrid Oldenburg, a medical student who later became his wife. At age 20, Hamer passed the preliminary examination in medicine, and in April 1962 passed his medical state examination in Marburg, Hesse. He was granted a professional license as a doctor of medicine in 1963. After spending several years at the University Clinics of Tübingen and Heidelberg, Hamer completed his specialization in internal medicine in 1972. He also worked in several practices with his wife and patented several inventions.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: Hamer's license to practice medicine was revoked in 1986 by a court judgment, which was reconfirmed in 2003. As he continued to practice, Hamer was investigated several times over allegations of malpractice and causing the deaths of patients. He was jailed for twelve months in Germany from 1997 to 1998, and served a prison term from September 2004 to February 2006 in Fleury-Mérogis, France, on counts of fraud and unlicensed practice of medicine.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: Hamer's habilitation thesis about the GNM at the University of Tübingen was rejected after multiple examinations by several members of the medical faculty, who concluded that his work lacked scientific methods and reproductibility and his arguments did not support his theories. Hamer claimed that his system was verifiable and that the University of Trnava in Slovakia had already confirmed some of his theories. In fact, the University of Trnava has no real medical faculty and the documents which allegedly confirmed his view are not available and registered at the university. That university also rejected his habilitation thesis.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: Hamer lived in voluntary exile in Spain until March 2007, when Spanish medical authorities held him responsible for dozens of preventable deaths. By 1997, Hamer owned clinics in Germany, Belgium, Italy, Austria, and the Netherlands, and resided in Norway until his death from a stroke on 2 July 2017, age 82.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: On 8 August 1978, Hamer's son, Dirk, was shot by the son of the last king of Italy, Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, while asleep on a yacht off Cavallo and died on 7 December of that year. Sometime after Dirk's death, Hamer developed testicular cancer and thought there was a link between the two events, so he began to develop Germanic New Medicine (GNM), which can be summarized in its "five biological laws":


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: Therefore, according to Hamer, no real diseases exist; rather, what established medicine calls a "disease" is actually a "special meaningful program of nature" ("sinnvolles biologisches Sonderprogramm") to which bacteria, viruses and fungi belong. Hamer's GNM claims to explain every disease and treatment according to those premises, and to thereby obviate traditional medicine. The cure is always the resolving of the conflict. Some treatments like chemotherapy or pain relieving drugs like morphine are deadly according to Hamer. These "laws" are dogmas of GNM, not laws of nature or medicine, and are at odds with scientific understanding of human physiology.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: In 1995, Hamer was associated with the case of Olivia Pilhar, a six-year-old Austrian girl who suffered from a Wilms' tumor. Pilhar's parents were members of Fiat Lux, a new religious movement whose leader Uriella referred them to Hamer. He diagnosed the girl as having several "conflicts" rather than cancer. When the parents refused conventional medical therapy for Pilhar, the Austrian government removed their rights of care and control. The parents fled with their daughter to Spain, which was Hamer's place of residence at the time.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: After negotiations, including the intervention of the Austrian President Thomas Klestil, the parents were persuaded to return to Austria. By then, Pilhar's health had deteriorated. The tumor had grown very large, weighing four kilograms, filling most of her abdominal cavity and was pressing against her lungs. The lack of treatment had reduced the estimate of survival probability from 90% to 10%. After a court ordered conventional cancer treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, Pilhar recovered completely and was still alive in 2010. Her parents received an eight-month suspended jail sentence in Austria.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: Hamer purported that his method is a "Germanic" alternative to mainstream clinical medicine, which he claimed is part of a Jewish conspiracy to decimate non-Jews. In this, Hamer repeated the antisemitic claims of Nazi physician Gerhard Wagner. More precisely, Hamer asserted that chemotherapy and morphine are used to "mass murder" Western civilisation, while such treatment is not used in Israel. Hamer promoted the idea that most German oncologists are Jewish and that "no Jew is treated with chemotherapy in Germany." According to him, hypodermic needles are used during chemotherapy to implant "chips" containing "chambers of poison" that can be activated by satellite to specifically kill patients. He proposed that the swine flu vaccination campaign of 2009 was also used to mark people with those "chips" and denied the existence of HIV. Hamer also believed that the denial of recognition of his theories and the revocation of his practitioner's licence is due to a Jewish conspiracy.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: In 2008, Hamer presented a document where one "Chief Rabbi" "Esra" Iwan Götz confirmed the existence of a conspiracy among Jewish oncologists to use the "torture" of chemotherapy on all non-Jewish patients, while Jewish patients were to receive the "correct" treatment of GNM. Götz, a German holocaust denier active in the German Reich revivalism scene, has been repeatedly convicted by German courts for fraud, defamation, misuse of academic titles (the title "Chief Rabbi" is not legally protected in Germany), and the falsification of documents, among others.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: The Swiss Cancer League of the Swiss Society for Oncology, Swiss Society for Medical Oncology, and Swiss Institute for Applied Cancer Research say that no case of a cancer cure by Hamer has been published in the medical literature, nor any studies in specialised journals. Reports in his books "lack the additional data that are essential for medical assessment" and the presentations of his investigations, at medical conferences "are scientifically unconvincing." Additionally, the German Cancer Research Center, the German Cancer Society, the German Medical Association and German Consumer Councils strongly disagree with Hamer.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: Proponents of alternative cancer treatments also regard Hamer's theory skeptically and argue for supportive evidence and proven patient cases.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: The Hamer foci that Hamer saw in the brain CTs are identified by radiologists as common ring artifacts.


title: Ryke Geerd Hamer

text: The medical establishment in Germany and the European Union warns of the threat posed to patients by Hamer's therapies. If effective treatment is neglected, the applying of Hamer's theories is punishable in some countries as malpractice.


title: Slip knot

text: The slip knot is a stopper knot which is easily undone by pulling the tail (working end). The slip knot is related to the running knot, which will release when the standing end is pulled. Both knots are identical and are composed of a slipped overhand knot, where a bight allows the knot to be released by pulling on an end; the working end for a slip knot, and the standing end for a running knot. The slip knot is used as a starting point for crochet and knitting.


title: Slip knot

text: The slip knot is formed by first creating a loop in the shape of a "p". Place a hand or hook through the loophole and grab a bight on the working end. Draw this bight through the first loop. Seat the knot and pull the bight until a small loop is created.


title: Sivachandran

text: Narayanan, better known by his stage name Sivachandran, is an Indian actor, director, and writer who was active in Tamil cinema mostly in the 1980s.


title: Sivachandran

text: Sivachandran was originally offered to act in "Kizhakke Pogum Rail" (1978), but declined. He made his film debut in "Pattina Pravesam" (1977) as one of the lead actors. He later starred in "Annapoorani" (1978) with R. Muthuraman in a negative role. He went on to star in notable films include "Aval Appadithan" (1978) and "Polladhavan" (1980). He made his directorial debut with "En Uyir Kannamma" (1988) and went on to direct several films with Prabhu.


title: Sivachandran

text: Sivachandran was born as Narayanan, in Valparai, in Coimbatore district. He changed his name to Sivachandran and started his acting career. The stage name is a portmanteau of "Siva" from Sivaji Ganesan and "Chandran" from M. G. Ramachandran.


title: Sivachandran

text: Sivachandran fell in love with actress Lakshmi on the sets of the film "En Uyir Kannamma". Both of them got married in 1987. He collaborated with Lakshmi again in "Raththa Dhanam" (1988) and "Jodi Sendhachu" (1992), which was directed by Lakshmi herself. Sivachandran and Lakshmi adopted a girl, Samyuktha, in 2000.


title: Ford Windstar

text: The Ford Windstar (later the Ford Freestar and Mercury Monterey) is a minivan that was produced and sold by Ford. The replacement for the Ford Aerostar, the Windstar adopted the front-wheel drive configuration of the Chrysler minivans. From the 1995 to 2007 model years, three generations of the model line were sold, with the final generation renamed as the Ford Freestar.


title: Ford Windstar

text: Unrelated to the Nissan-developed Mercury Villager, the Windstar was marketed without a Lincoln-Mercury counterpart. As part of the 2004 launch of the Ford Freestar, Mercury introduced its first Ford-produced minivan in a revival of the Mercury Monterey nameplate.


title: Ford Windstar

text: Following a decline in sales across the minivan segment in the mid-2000s, the Freestar and Monterey were discontinued after the 2007 model year with no direct replacement. In North America, the model line was functionally matched by the 7-passenger 2008 Ford Taurus X wagon/CUV; in Mexico, the Freestar was replaced by the Ford Transit/Tourneo. In 2014, Ford reentered the segment as the Ford Transit Connect compact MPV gained 7-passenger seating in North America.


title: Ford Windstar

text: During its production the Ford Windstar/Freestar and the Mercury Monterey were sourced from Oakville Assembly (Oakville, Ontario). In total, 1,984,232 were produced (1,704,786 Windstars, 246,493 Freestars, and 32,953 Montereys).


title: Ford Windstar

text: In 1985, Ford launched the Aerostar minivan with some degree of success; while it outsold the Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari, Volkswagen Vanagon, and its Japanese competition, it consistently remained in second place in terms of sales in the minivan segment. To better compete with Chrysler, Ford decided its next minivan would adopt the same front-wheel drive layout popularized by Chrysler.


title: Ford Windstar

text: Codenamed ""WIN88"", development of the front-wheel drive minivan commenced in 1988 with a projected 1993 introduction (for the 1994 model year). By 1989, design work was well underway, with a concept design theme being settled on by December 1989. In 1990, the WIN88 exterior design by Camilo Pardo was frozen for scheduled 1993 production, with prototypes being tested from early 1991. Trademarks were filed for the Windstar name at the USPTO on April 13, 1992, with development ending in 1993.


title: Ford Windstar

text: While developed by the Ford truck division (the designers of the Aerostar and Econoline/Club Wagon), the Windstar was designed predominantly by a women-led engineering and design team. Intended nearly exclusively for family use, the design team considered design scenarios from the perspective of pregnant women, women wearing skirts and high heels, and adopted family-friendly design features (reconfigurable cupholders, auxiliary stereo controls).


title: Ford Windstar

text: The Ford Windstar was released in March 1994 as a 1995 model, preceding the launch of the third-generation Chrysler minivans by over a year, enabling Ford to cut into Chrysler minivan sales significantly. While the competing model lines roughly benchmarked each other, the Windstar was sold only as an equivalent to the long-wheelbase "Grand" Chrysler vans, with Lincoln-Mercury selling the smaller, unrelated Mercury Villager (jointly developed with Nissan).


title: Ford Windstar

text: From the 1995 to 1997 model years, the Windstar was sold concurrently with its Ford Aerostar predecessor; initially slated for discontinuation following the 1994 model year, continued consumer and dealer demand for the Aerostar led Ford to market both vehicles. For its first year on the market, the Windstar was priced above both the Aerostar and the Mercury Villager. By 1997, however, the Villager's base price had surpassed the Windstar's by several hundred dollars, and top-of-the-line Villager "Nautica" models were priced some $6,000 USD higher.


title: Ford Windstar

text: In what would later become a design faux pas, this generation of the model line was marketed without a driver-side sliding door, a feature popularized by the introduction of third-generation Chrysler minivans. During its development, Ford claimed its focus groups did not identify it as an important feature; previously, vans (of all sizes) with a driver-side sliding door had sold poorly in the United States.


title: Ford Windstar

text: The Windstar was the first North American-built van to be exported to Europe and sold through the official Ford Europe sales channel. It was slotted above the Ford Galaxy in size and equipment level. The sole powertrain was the 3.0 L V6 engine and automatic transmission, with no diesel engine nor manual transmission available. As it wasn't available in right-hand-drive form and with left-side sliding door, it was not sold in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and other left-hand rule of road countries.


title: Ford Windstar

text: The first generation Ford Windstar is codenamed WIN88, sharing the front-wheel drive DN5 platform with the first-generation Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable. Using a 120.7-inch wheelbase (nearly 15 inches longer than the Taurus), the Windstar replaced the integrated frame-rail design of the Aerostar with full unibody construction. The front suspension used MacPherson struts, while the rear suspension was a beam axle using coil springs; air suspension was an option.


title: Ford Windstar

text: Front brakes were discs, with rear drum brakes; anti-lock braking was standard. In 1996, four-wheel disc brakes were introduced as an option (when ordered with traction control or the towing package). In contrast to the Aerostar, 15-inch wheels were fitted to the first-generation Windstar (except the 1998 Limited).


title: Ford Windstar

text: The Windstar shared its powertrains with the Ford Taurus/Mercury Sable. For its 1995 launch, the 3.8L V6 was the sole engine in GL and LX Models, producing 155 hp; a 150 hp 3.0L V6 was introduced as the standard engine in October 1995 for base and lower GL models. For 1996, the 3.8L V6 saw its output increased to 200 hp.


title: Ford Windstar

text: To compete more closely with the Chrysler minivans, Ford designers shifted from a "one-box" design to a "two-box" configuration; influenced somewhat by the Mercury Villager, the Windstar had a distinct hoodline and passenger compartment. Benchmarked in size against the long-wheelbase "Grand" Chrysler minivans, the Windstar was given a longer wheelbase than the Aerostar and both the second and third-generation Chrysler minivans; only a long-wheelbase version was marketed.


title: Ford Windstar

text: In what would be a preview of the 1996 Ford Taurus, the Windstar was designed with an oval rear window, though adopting several design elements of the Mercury Villager/Nissan Quest. While far more vertically-oriented, the curved dashboard of the Windstar shares influences of the multi-tiered design used by the Lincoln Mark VIII.


title: Ford Windstar

text: The GL did however get the option of Quad Command Bucket Seats which was coupled with alloy wheels and a premium audio system. Most dealers marketed it as a "GLX" model. The Quad Command Seating changed the seats from the high back buckets in the front to the low back bucket seats.


title: Ford Windstar

text: The first-generation Windstar underwent few revisions during its production. After a shortened 1997 model year (lasting from October 1996 to January 1997), the 1998 Windstar was introduced. Coinciding with a mid-cycle revision, to compete with the introduction of driver-side sliding doors, Ford widened the driver-side door and added an optional tilting/sliding driver seat.