title: Internet censorship in India

text: In May 2012, Anonymous India (AnonOpsIndia), a branch of the hacktivist group Anonymous, hacked the servers of Reliance Communications to protest the blocking of Vimeo, The Pirate Bay, Torrentz and other torrent sites. The ISP Reliance Communications stated that it simply followed a court order. The group also hacked Reliance DNS servers preventing direct access to Twitter, Facebook and many other websites in India on 26 May 2012 for allegedly blocking its Twitter handle @OpIndia_Revenge. They went on to warn the Government to restore all the blocked websites till 9 June 2012, and has planned a nationwide protests on the same date. After this hack, Anonymous also released a list of websites that had been blocked by Reliance without any orders from the government, raising questions of private and unaccountable censorship by telecom providers.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: An annulment motion against the Information Technology (Inter-mediaries Guidelines) Rules, 2011 moved by Member of Parliament (MP) P. Rajeev of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the Rajya Sabha, was the first serious attempt by internet freedom activists to get the Information Technology Act, 2000 discussed and reviewed by the country's lawmakers. Not unexpectedly, the motion (specifically against the rules governing intermediaries – clause (zg) of subsection (2) of Section 87 read with subsection (2) of Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000) was not carried. However, the discussion that preceded it at least demonstrated the concerns of parliamentarians about what internet freedom activists have termed the "draconian" provisions of the IT Act.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Save Your Voice is a movement against Internet censorship in India. It was founded by cartoonist Aseem Trivedi and journalist Alok Dixit in January 2012. The movement opposes the Information Technology Act of India and demands democratic rules for the governance of Internet. The campaign is targeted at the draconian rules framed under the Information Technology Act, 2000.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: On 15 June 2012, the Madras High Court has passed an order saying that entire websites cannot be blocked on the basis of "John Doe" orders. The High Court order reads:


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The High court provided this clarification after being approached by a consortium of Internet Service Providers. The order has been welcomed by the Indian media and net users.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Starting in July 2012 several domain hosting sites were banned. When opening these sites, a message saying that these sites have been blocked by the Department of Telecommunications or court order is displayed. Sites such as Buydomains.com, Fabulous.com, and Sedo.co.uk were blocked.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Between 18 and 21 August 2012 the Government of India ordered more than 300 specific URLs blocked. The blocked articles, accounts, groups, and videos were said to contain inflammatory content with fictitious details relating to Assam violence and supposedly promoting the North East exodus. These specific URLs include the domains of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, BlogSpot, WordPress, Google Plus, Wikipedia, Times of India, and other websites. Many of the blocked URLs are Indian right wing activism against corruption.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: This raised questions about freedom of speech in the largest democracy in the world. It also raised questions about the censorship of people and posts debunking rumors. The Economic Times called it levels of censorship "that have not so far been seen in India". Over four days from 18 August, the Government of India issued directives to Internet Service Providers to block the Twitter accounts of two Delhi-based journalists – Kanchan Gupta and Shiv Aroor – and Pravin Togadia. The government also blocked the website of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and several other right-wing websites. In addition, articles from Wikipedia, and news reports of violence in Assam on the websites of The Times of India, Firstpost, The Daily Telegraph and Al-jazeera were blocked. A petition was created to oppose Internet censorship in India by the Indian diaspora in the US.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In November 2012, Anonymous India defaced Indian Telecom Minister Kapil Sibal's constituency website in protest against an amendment to the Information Technology Act and the recent crackdown on netizens for comments posted online.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited's (BSNL) website, www.bsnl.co.in, was hacked by Anonymous India on 13 December 2012. They defaced the website with a picture stating that they protest against section 66A of the IT Act and in support of cartoonist Aseem Trivedi and Alok Dixit. The duo have gone on a hunger striker to protest against Section 66A.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In an order dated 13 June 2013, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) directed Indian Internet service providers (ISPs) to block 39 websites. The order did not specify a reason or law under which the websites were blocked. Most are web forums, where Internet users share images and URLs to pornographic files. However, some of the websites are also image and file hosts, mostly used to store and share files that are not pornographic. While watching or distributing child pornography is illegal in India, watching adult pornography is not. The blocked websites are hosted outside India and claim to operate under the U.S. rule that requires performers to be over 18 years of age.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In an order dated 23 June 2014, the Delhi High Court upon a request made by Sony Entertainment ordered 472 file sharing and file hosting websites blocked, including The Pirate Bay, Google Docs, Google Videos, and Google's URL shorterner (goo.gl). This is contrary to the 2012 Madras High Court orders which blocked only URLs referencing web pages with illegal content, rather than entire websites. However, it was reported on 7 July 2014 that an updated court order blocks just 219 sites. Included are many file storage and torrent websites, but no Google sites.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In an interim order on the petition filed by news reader Mahalaxmi, Justice Cyril Selvam blocked the entire website www.savukku.net. This order on 28 February 2014 directly contradicts an earlier order by Madras High Court on 15 April 2012 against banning entire website instead of specific URLs.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Earlier in Feb, savukku.net had exposed the tapes of conversations between DMK MP Kanimozhi and former Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) Jaffer Sait, Jaffer Sait and Kalaignar TV's former director Sharad Kumar, and DMK President M Karunanidhi's Secretary K.Shanmuganathan and Jaffer Sait.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The Department of Telecommunications ordered blocking of 32 websites including the Internet Archive, GitHub, Dailymotion and Vimeo, as they could host terror content relating to ISIS but the sites are no longer blocked as of 1 January 2015 as the order had been reversed and the unblocking process has begun on compliant websites.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: On 1 August 2015, 857 pornographic sites were blocked under section 79 3(b) of Information Technology Act, 2000, to restrict access to pornographic content. This list was given to government officials by petitioner Kamlesh Vaswani on 17 October 2014 in Supreme Court of India. The original list was generated by Suresh Kumar Shukla, founder of Filternet Foundation which makes pornography-blocking software and contained popular sites. The block was ordered by the government Department of Telecom on 31 July 2015. A copy of the order is available through media websites.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In August 2016, some Bollywood studios came up with a public education message that black money generated from pre-release of their content through offline markets are sourced for terrorism, though sources were not clear. Reports show that piracy losses are significantly high.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In September 2016, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare told a court that Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo! had agreed to censor all information on their search engines related to prenatal sex discernment in order to comply with the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In August 2017, the Madras High Court ordered that the Internet Archive be blocked in India, following complaints by film studios who alleged that the service had been used to disseminate copyright-infringing copies of its films.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In October 2018, the government directed Internet service providers to block 827 websites that host pornographic content following an order by the Uttarakhand High Court, effectively reinstating the previously rescinded 2015 porn ban. While the Uttarakhand High Court had asked to block 857 websites, the Ministry of Electronics and IT (Meity) also removed from 30 portals without any pornographic content listings. The court asked the Department of Telecom (DoT) to ban pornographic websites in India, citing an incident from Dehradun where a 10th standard girl was raped by four of her seniors. The accused later told Police that they did so after watching pornographic content on the web. As per, directions of Uttarakhand High Court and Regulations of DoT, Internet Service Providers of India banned pornographic websites across the country.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Between January to October the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (Meity) revealed that the ministry issued the blocking orders for 20 websites in a response to an RTI query filed by SFLC India a Delhi-based not-for-profit legal services organisation.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: During the same period, the ministry ordered social media platforms to take down 3433 URLs, under Section 69A of India's Information Technology Act to block users and posts across Social Media Platforms. An Indian court ordered Facebook, Twitter, and Google to remove government flagged content globally, not just in India.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In February, Indian government had proposed giving itself new powers, under the new proposed rules, Indian officials could demand Facebook, Google, Twitter, TikTok, WhatsApp and others to remove posts or videos that the officials deem unlawful or invasion of privacy and could trace a message to their original senders.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Over 130 complaints around the country from users appeared about blocked access to VPN, proxy sites. There were also reports of platforms like Telegram, Reddit and SoundCloud being inaccessible. There was no official word by the DoT for why were these platforms blocked, a common practice of the DoT which has a record of being non-transparent about the blockings.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In June 2020, in retaliation for a military clash between Indian and Chinese troops in a disputed territory along their shared border between Ladakh and western China, the Indian government banned around 60 mobile apps published by Chinese companies. This most notably included TikTok, WeChat, and mobile games such as "PUBG Mobile." The stated reason for the bans were to protect the sovereignty, integrity, and security of India, and protect its citizens from software that was "stealing and surreptitiously transmitting users’ data in an unauthorised manner to servers outside India". The New York Times said that the ban was an example of how censorship and politics were fracturing the global internet The Indian Express said while many Indian TikTok stars may feel lost with the ban, the loss of revenue may motivate them to push for a shift to rival platforms and the Times of India in an editorial praised the block on TikTok.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Around 40 websites operated by the pro-Khalistan outfit Sikh For Justice (SFJ) were blocked in response to SFJ starting registrations on its websites for Referendum 2020. India does not recognize "Right to Self Determination". There were several reports of the search engine DuckDuckGo being inaccessible for the Indian users.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In July, environmental groups leading the movement against the Indian Government's new Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 2020 Draft reported that their websites were inaccessible to users in India. Fridays for Future India, and several other environmental collectives reported that their websites were blocked/taken down, for reasons unknown to them, without any prior notice of any sorts.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: During the curfew in Jammu and Kashmir after revocation of its autonomous status on 5 August 2019, the Indian government approached Twitter to block accounts which were spreading anti-India content.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In early February, Twitter refused to comply with orders from the Indian government to ban over a thousand accounts related to farmers' protests. The government threatened Twitter employees with up to seven years of jail if the company fails to remove certain accounts that the government alleged to be spreading misinformation.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Subsequently, on 10 February 2021 the company took action on more than 500 accounts and also reduced the visibility of several hashtags that violated Twitter's rules. Twitter also said that accounts belonging to news media outlets, journalists, activists or politicians were not taken down.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Later, at the end of the month, the government issued new rules aimed at social media companies to comply with local laws. Under these rules, the social media companies are required to publish a compliance report every month detailing the complaints and the actions they took on them.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In late April, citizens were angry with the government's poor performance in handling the COVID-19 pandemic and took it to social media to express their dissatisfaction. The government has made an emergency order to Twitter to take down tweets from high-profile users that criticised its handling of the pandemic. Twitter has complied and withheld these tweets for users in India.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In May, Twitter labelled tweets as "manipulated media" from several BJP politicians including Sambit Patra, its spokesperson. In the tweet, he claimed that Congress was using a "toolkit" to derail the government's efforts of handling the pandemic. However, fact-checking has debunked the claim. The government has expressed strong objections over the labels saying Twitter acted prejudicially and asked the company to remove the labels in the interest of "fairness and equity."


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Subsequently, Delhi Police has visited Twitter's Delhi and Gurgaon offices to seek more information. After an hour, the police has vacated the premises as the offices were closed and no employees were present to engage with. In a statement, the Delhi Police has disputed calling the search event as "raiding." Reportedly, the police did not hold a search warrant.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Twitter expressed concerns for its employees, intimidation tactics by the police and potential threat to freedom of expression in India. It also said it was particularly concerned over the rule where the compliance officer, to be set up by social media companies with over five million users under new social media rules, is criminally liable for the content on the platform. It has requested the government a three-month extension to enforce the new requirements. In a RTI reply to the Internet Freedom Foundation the Ministry of Electronics and IT said it did not have powers to direct Twitter to not label these tweets as misleading.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In 2022, under national security grounds, new regulations were implemented by CERT-In to require the retention of customer data by VPN, web hosting, and cloud service providers for five years. Some VPN providers, such as ExpressVPN and Surfshark, announced that they would no longer use servers under Indian jurisdiction in order to preserve the privacy of their customers.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The process of blocking websites in India is quite non-transparent and the government does not maintain a public list of all the websites that have been blocked.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Over the years, the government has banned thousands of websites and URLs in the country with the help of internet service providers or under the directive of the courts. For example, in August 2015, the government banned at least 857 sites for their pornographic contents and in June 2016, the government further banned over 200 URLs for providing 'Escort Services'.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In August 2015, the Central government of India ordered TRAI and internet service providers based in India to ban domestic and international porn websites. In response, nearly 857 websites were blocked. Star India Pvt. Ltd., an entertainment company owned by 21st Century Fox have successfully gained authorization through hoodwinking the court. They can now force ISPs to block entire websites to tackle Internet piracy and sharing for their copyrighted content. This was gained through falsifying data that these sites are uploading videos when it is a user centered activity and covering up the fact each of these websites have active departments to regulate any sorts of infringement and misuse of their services. Prathiba M Singh, who had represented Star India, cited poor resources of media giants like Star India, for targeting these domains without block expiry period and their legal team termed these sites as "rogue sites" and expressed delight in their successive filing from 2014 and incognito win to violate freedom of trade on the Internet at least in India. Though some critics say this would be lifted eventually by seeing the fallacy as in similar previous cases. Many has raised there voice through social media that the proceedings being overly suspicious and was gained for an alternate means, which is aimed for profiting rather than the initial spike of alleged piracy of these copyrighted contents and strengthening an ongoing practice of bottle-necking the internet users to forced payment and culture of on-demand online access to content. This has happened in the same week were media personnel's filter-free over indulgences to manipulate ongoing cases and political statements without any guidelines were appalled by Lawyers in the country.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In 2016, India also put forwarded a new plan to control internet usage of its netizens. Accessing or pop-ups from ad services or malware infection of websites banned in India might invite 3 years of jail sentence and a fine of . Until now, URLs and websites were blocked using DNS-filtering. This means the DNS of the blocked site was added to a list maintained by the internet service provider and whenever a user tried connecting to that site, the DNS server of the service provider would block that request. Officials suspect netizens are circumventing these measures knowingly or unknowingly. The government also intends to provide broad educational information classes, provide free operating systems with utilities for malware, free access to internet, and for computerized activities of daily life as a primary method. Currently, the government is joining hands with media content providers and internet service providers like big companies Tata Communications and Airtel to manage a number of internet gateways in India. Though many legal, technical and social action groups consider this as a threatening approach. Many social action groups say that these as inappropriate time and money spend while real issues like unemployment, access to education, freedom of practicing religion, women and children safety, drug use are ever rising. Lawyers with technical background say this might be warning message and DNS filtering is a better practice for enforcing Anti-piracy laws in current India. Some of them are also wary about how will these actions get reflected in terms hostility towards human rights, implications of these fines, profiteering stakeholders agendas, is it the government's first step to a long-term plan "monitoring the whole world wide web" as China does. Many of these services are malvertising, click away access and pops ups, how does the government intend to tackle these issues and problems with the current plan that is heavily in favor of corporation's margin and doesn't cater to its users needs. Other groups express their fear and uneasiness whether these will lead to emergency era like arrests where anything that government bodies believe is an "offence under the laws of India, including but not limited to under Sections 63, 63-A, 65 and 65-A of the Copyright Act, 1957".


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Warning that allegedly created for TATA and Airtel users with threats implied beyond normal DoT remainder and block message shows as:


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Current situation that have led to this sudden moves is reported to be by influence of film studios in India and courts who have regularly issued orders in the favor for them. Often these are done with the contracted lawyers of film studios approach courts in regular intervals ahead and after a movie's release seeking preventive blocks on the URLs they compile and list. This lists in reality are unprofessionally and "poorly compiled and often block is sought on full websites just on the basis of whims and fancies". "Once this order are issued, the copies of the order along with the list of URLs to be blocked go to DoT, which then they pass an order to internet service providers to block these sites". Once a URL is blocked it remains blocked, even years after the release of the film without an expiry. Patent lawyers also suggest to make practical changes in its laws according to the current e-environment like making materials accessible within six months to one year and protecting the content from manipulation and creative infringement of the same under copyright laws to lessen the current piracy problems.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In a response to an RTI application by SFLC India, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology stated that 14221 websites/URLs were blocked between 2010 and 2018. In 2011, journalist Tanul Thakur created the Dowry Calculator, a satirical website on the dowry system. In 2018, the website was blocked by the Government of India, which was challenged by Mr. Thakur with legal assistance by the Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF) in November 2019 before the Delhi High Court, as illegal and unconstitutional. The case came up for hearing on 21 March 2022, and the Court recorded Mr. Thakur’s submissions that he was not given an opportunity to be heard before the website was blocked. It has directed the Union of India to provide the entire case record, and asked the Union of India to consider giving Mr. Thakur a post-decisional hearing, including an opportunity to take corrective measures, if necessary.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: In February 2022, the website of VideoLAN, the developers of the free and open-source media player software VLC Media Player, was blocked by most Indian ISPs. It was reported that the block may have been related to a cyberattack by a Chinese group, which had been using compromised versions of VLC as a payload for malicious software. In October 2022, VideoLAN, with assistance from the IFF, filed a legal notice seeking information on the block, which they accused of breaching the site blocking rules by not providing notice or an opportunity for a hearing. While information on the block was not published, the block was lifted in November 2022.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: India leads the world, in the list of Internet Shutdowns. In 2018, as reported by Access Now, out of 196 documented Internet Shutdowns globally, India accounted for 134 of them. The reasons for the shutdowns range from protests and political unrest to elections and exams. Internet Shutdowns have often helped the government to throttle dissent and mass-public gatherings. Aside from the socio-political impact, ICRIER estimates that between 2012 and 2017, 16,315 hours of Internet shutdown in India cost the economy approximately $3.04 billion. It was estimated that internet shutdowns caused US$2.8 billion of damage to India's economy in 2020, causing harm to businesses, teaching and healthcare. Between 2012 and 2017, the economic damage was estimated at US$3 billion. In 2021, India recorded total 317.5 hours of internet shutdown and 840 hours of Bandwidth throttling costing $582.8 million.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: This is a list of notable applications that have been banned in India pursuant to section 69-A of the "Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Blocking of Access of Information by Public) Rules", 2009.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Before revocation of autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir, the Internet services were shut down as part of curfew and complete communications blackout including cable TV, landlines and cellphones on 4 August 2019. The Internet was restored on 25 January 2020, when the government allowed people of Kashmir to access the internet on 2G with whitelisted websites. It was over a year later in February 2021 when access to high speed internet was restored across Jammu and Kashmir. This blockade and other frequent internet shutdowns in the region have been termed by a local human rights group as amounting to digital apartheid. Many students got affected because they could not study properly on online classes during lockdown because the internet speed was too slow. Broadband services were set to be restored the same day, but because of technical error BSNL could not restore it till 5 March 2020. Broadband was restored with full access whereas mobile internet at 2G. The State government shut down the Internet on 17–18 March 2014 in Jammu and Kashmir to stop separatists from addressing a United Nations Human Rights Council sideline event via video link in Geneva. Internet access was shut down again for mobile and landline broadband in July 2016 against the backdrop of protests.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The state government of Jammu and Kashmir on 26 April 2017 ordered the various Internet service providers (ISPs) operating in the valley to block access to 22 social networking websites for one month saying among other things, "endangering public life and property and causing unrest/ disharmony in the state". Pertinently, the order was passed by exercising the powers conferred under the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 which technically became obsolete circa 2008 when the Government of India decided to stop all telegraph services in the country. As a result of this censorship, people living in the valley have resorted to circumvention tactics in the form of using web proxies, VPNs among other things. The popularity of these tactics have compelled the government to block access to Android Play Store among other services for some time in a bid to prevent citizens from getting access to these services.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The banned services include widely used services like Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp but also surprisingly the list includes websites like QQ, Baidu, Qzone, which are not used outside of mainland China. Xanga, a website featured in the list, shut down in 2013. These websites mostly being in Mandarin has people concerned that the censorship has been an attempt to suppress dissent only by all means necessary, as opposed to their claim of "maintaining peace and harmony".


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Internet was suspended across Rajasthan in view of the Rajasthan Administrative services exam, in October 2021.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Internet servies across Rajasthan were suspended to prevent cheating in the teachers recruitment exam, in September 2021.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Internet services were blocked in the state for days amid religious tensions in the aftermath of the murder of Kanhaiya Lal, this was done to stop the spread of the beheading video.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The State Government of Gujarat shut down the Internet in Vadodara, Gujarat from 27 September 2014 for 3 days due to communal clashes between two communities, even though only the central government has the power to shut down the Internet under the Information Technology Act, 2000 and that, in addition, under a declared state of emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution of India when freedom of speech and expression is suspended. No formal announcement was made regarding this by the city police or the Internet service providers.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: When the Patidar reservation agitation turned violent on 25 August 2015, the internet services on mobile phones and broadband were restricted as certain social media platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook were blocked for six days from 26 August 2015 to 31 August 2015 across the state.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The State Government of Nagaland shut down the Internet for the entire state, from 7 March 2015 for 48 hours due to the mob lynching of a man.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Both SMS and internet/data services were suspended in Nagaland from 30 January 2017, which were restored on 20 February 2017 after being blocked for 20 days. The block was initiated to prevent the spread of violence in the state. This situation came up when two Naga tribal bodies had served a three-day ultimatum to Zeliang to step down following the government's decision to hold local body elections with 33% reservation for women in 12 towns across the state and the death of two persons in clashes between the police and protestors at Dimapur, the commercial hub of Nagaland, on the night of 31 January 2017.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The State Government of Manipur shut down the Internet of some service providers, who provide Internet through mobile technology 2G/3G/4G in Manipur from 1 September 2015 evening, to 8 September 2015 afternoon due to agitation over the passing of three bills. Police and protesters clashed in different areas of Churachandpur district as mobs went on a rampage attacking residences of Ministers, MLAs and MPs.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The government ordered the respective Deputy Commissioner (DC) to shut down mobile data service in Imphal West and Imphal East district from 17 December 2016 till further order. On 18 December 2016, Home department of Government of Manipur was ordered to shutdown all mobile data services and SMS in Manipur from 10:00 on 18 December 2016, to 10:00 on 30 December 2016.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The government ordered all forms of telecom services, except voice calls, to be suspended for five days in Manipur with effect from Thursday night (19 July 2018) to prevent anti-national and anti-social messages on social media. Raghumani Singh, Special Secretary (Home)Manipur, in an order issued in the name of the Governor said the prohibition is imposed under Rule II of the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: For second time in 2018 the government ordered to shut down mobile data services in Manipur for five days, with effect from 21 September 2018, the prohibition was imposed under Rule II of the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017. An order issued by Special Secretary (Home) Raghumani said the step was taken to prevent spread of rumors, "which might have serious repercussion for the law and order situation in the entire state of Manipur."


title: Internet censorship in India

text: For the third time under the leadership of CM N. Biren Singh in 2019 the state government ordered to shut down mobile data services in Manipur for five days, amidst protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill which took effect from 11 February 2019 at midnight. District Magistrate for Imphal West Naorem Praveen Singh also barred cable news channels from “transmission of agitation or protest” indefinitely “until further orders”, under Section 19 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 which prohibits transmission of agitation or protests which may lead to violence.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: Internet and mobile data services were restored after an order in the name of the Governor issued by Raghumani Singh, Special Secretary (Home)Manipur, at 14:00 on 13 February 2019. The CAB was not tabled on Rajya Sabha as the law and order situation improved and come back to normalcy.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: On 16 March 2020, the Government of Manipur issued an ordered signed by H. Gyan Prakash, in the name of Governor of Manipur to suspend Internet services for 3 days in view to avoid the usage of social media networks which might lead to escalation of an incident between two communities at Chasad village of Kamjong district. Internet services were restored the next day reducing the period of suspension to one day.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: On 06 Aug 2022, the Government of Manipur issued an ordered signed by H. Gyan Prakash, in the name of Governor of Manipur to suspend Internet Mobile services for 5 days in view to avoid the usage of social media networks which might lead to escalation of tense situation and volatile law order situation in the State of Manipur. On 09 Aug 2022 the Government of Manipur issued an ordered signed by H. Gyan Prakash in view of the positive development, the suspension was relaxed.


title: Internet censorship in India

text: The State Government of Andhra Pradesh shut down the internet in Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh on 25 May 2022 due to violent protests regarding the name change of Konaseema district where Amalapuram is located.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: The Battle of Ulundi took place at the Zulu capital of Ulundi (Zulu:"oNdini") on 4 July 1879 and was the last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War. The British army broke the military power of the Zulu nation by defeating the main Zulu army and immediately afterwards capturing and burning the royal kraal of oNdini.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: After the decisive Zulu victory at the battle of Isandlwana in January over Chelmsford's main column and the consequent defeat of the first invasion of Zululand, the British launched a new invasion of Zululand. In April 1879 despite recent battles at Kambula and Gingindlovu which had resulted in serious losses for the Zulus, the British were back at their starting point. News of the defeat at Isandlwana had hit Britain hard. In response, a flood of reinforcements had arrived in Natal with which Chelmsford prepared a second invasion of Zululand. Lord Chelmsford was aware by mid June that Sir Garnet Wolseley had superseded his command of the British forces. Chelmsford was ordered by Her Majesty's Government to "...submit and subordinate your plans to his control." Chelmsford ignored this and various peace offers from Cetshwayo in order to strike while the Zulu were still recovering from their defeats and to attempt to regain his reputation before Wolseley could remove him from command of the army. Cetshwayo's translator, Cornelius Vijn, a Dutch trader he had imprisoned at the start of the war, informed Chelmsford through the peace offers of gathering Zulu forces.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: For his renewed offensive Chelmsford's overall strength was increased to 25,000. However, the very size of the force overwhelmed the supply and transport capacity of Natal and Chelmsford would have to utilize a number of troops that could be sustained in the field. In the event, for his main column, he fielded two cavalry regiments, five batteries of artillery and 12 infantry battalions, amounting to 1,000 regular cavalry, 9,000 regular infantry and a further 7,000 men with 24 guns, including the first ever British Army Gatling gun battery.The lumbering supply train consisted of 600 wagons, 8,000 oxen and 1,000 mules. The structure of the force was reorganised; Colonel Evelyn Wood's No. 4 column became the flying column, Colonel Charles Pearson was relieved of command by Major General Henry Crealock and his No.1 column became the 1st Division and Major General Newdigate was given command of the new 2nd Division, accompanied by Lord Chelmsford himself.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: All through April and May there was much to and fro manoeuvring by the British, particularly with supply and transport. Eventually, on 3 June, the main thrust of the second invasion began its slow advance on Ulundi. The 1st Division was to advance along the coast belt supporting 2nd Division, which with Wood's flying column, an independent unit, was to march on Ulundi from Rorke's Drift and Kambula. Still hoping for an end to hostilities, King Cetshwayo refrained from attacking the extended and vulnerable supply lines, consequently the British advance was unopposed. As the force advanced Cetshwayo dispatched envoys from Ulundi to the British. These envoys reached Chelmsford on 4 June with the message that Cetshwayo wished to know what terms would be acceptable to cease hostilities. Chelmsford sent a Zulu-speaking Dutch trader back with their terms in writing.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: On the evening of 6 June jittery British troops and artillery in laager at Fort Newdigate opened fire on an arriving piquet company of Royal Engineers commanded by Lieutenant John Chard of Rorke's Drift fame, killing two horses and wounding one. By the 16th the slow advance was quickened by the news that Wolseley was on his way to Natal to take command. On the 17th a depot named 'Fort Marshall' was established - not far from Isandlhwana. On 28 June Chelmsford's column was a mere 17 miles away from Ulundi and had established the supply depots of 'Fort Newdigate', 'Fort Napoleon' and 'Port Durnford' when Sir Garnet Wolseley arrived in Cape Town. Wolseley had cabled Chelmsford ordering him not to undertake any serious actions on the 23rd but the message was only received through a galloper on this day. Chelmsford had no intention of letting Wolseley stop him from making a last effort to restore his reputation and did not reply. A second message was sent on 30 June reading:


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: ""Concentrate your force immediately and keep it concentrated. Undertake no serious operations with detached bodies of troops. Acknowledge receipt of this message at once and flash back your latest moves. I am astonished at not hearing from you""


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: Wolseley, straining to assert command over Chelmsford, tried to join 1st Division, lagging along the coast behind the main advance. A final message was sent to Chelmsford explaining that he would be joining 1st Division, and that their location was where Chelmsford should retreat if he was compelled. High seas prevented Wolseley landing at Port Durnford and he had to take the road. At the very time Wolseley was riding north from Durban, Chelmsford was preparing to engage the enemy. Wolseley's efforts to reach the front had been in vain.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: On the same day the first cable was received, Cetshwayo's representatives again appeared. A previous reply to Chelmsford's demands had apparently not reached the British force, but now these envoys bore some of what the British commander had demanded – oxen, a promise of guns and a gift of elephant tusks. The peace was rejected as the terms had not been fully met and Chelmsford turned the envoys away without accepting the elephant tusks and informed them that the advance would only be delayed one day to allow the Zulus to surrender one regiment of their army. The redcoats were now visible from the Royal Kraal and a dismayed Cetshwayo was desperate to end the hostilities. With the invading enemy in sight, he knew no Zulu regiment would surrender so Cetshwayo sent a further hundred white oxen from his own herd along with Prince Napoleon's sword, which the Zulu had taken 1 June 1879 in the skirmish in which the Prince had been killed. The Zulu umCijo regiment, guarding the approaches to the White Umfolozi River where the British were camped, refused to let the oxen pass, deeming it a useless gesture, seeing as it was impossible to meet all Chelmsford's demands - fighting was inevitable. The irate telegram from Wolseley issued on 30 June now reached Chelmsford, and with only five miles between him and a redemptive victory, it was ignored.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: Accompanied by Royal Engineers, Royal Artillery, Army Service Corps, 2nd Battalion Natal Native Contingent, Army Medical Department, and Natal Native Pioneer Corps.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: On 3 July, with negotiations having broken down, Colonel Buller led a cavalry force across the river to reconnoitre the ground beyond. A party of Zulus were seen herding goats near the Mbilane stream and troopers moved to round them up. On a hunch, Buller bellowed an order for them to stop and prepare to fire from the saddle. His instinct proved right, for 3,000 Zulus rose from the long grass at that moment and fired a fusillade, before charging forth. Three troopers were shot dead and Buller ordered his men to retire. As they dashed back to the river, Baker's Horse who had been scouting further across, took up position and gave covering fire for the river crossing. Their crossing in turn was covered by the Transvaal Rangers on the opposite bank. This incident had placed the entire reconnaissance in grave danger, but Buller's alertness and leadership saved them from annihilation. Chelmsford was now convinced the Zulus wanted to fight and replied to Wolseley's third message, informing him that he would indeed retreat to 1st Division if the need arose, and that he would be attacking the Zulus the next day.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: That evening Chelmsford issued his orders. The British, having learned a bitter lesson at Isandlwana, would take no chances meeting the Zulu army in the open with their normal line of battle such as the 'Thin Red Line' like that employed at Balaclava. Their advance would begin at first light, prior to forming his infantry into a large hollow square, with mounted troops covering the sides and rear. Neither wagon laagers nor trenches would be used, to convince both the Zulus and critics that a British square could "beat them fairly in the open".


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: At 6 a.m. Buller led out an advance guard of mounted troops and South African irregulars, which after Buller had secured an upper drift (river crossing at a ford), was followed by the infantry, led by the experienced Flying Column battalions. By 7:30 a.m. the column had cleared the rough ground on the other side of the riverbank and their square (in reality a rectangular shape) was formed. At 8:45 a.m.the Zulu engaged the cavalry on the right and left which slowly retired and passed into the square. The leading face was made up of five companies of the 80th Regiment in four ranks, with two Gatling guns in the centres, two 9-pounders on the left flank and two 7-pounders on the right. The 90th Light Infantry with four companies of the 94th Regiment made up the left face with two more 7-pounders. On the right face were the 1st Battalion of the 13th Light Infantry, four companies of the 58th Regiment, two 7-pounders and two 9-pounders. The rear face was composed of two companies of the 94th Regiment, two companies of the 2nd Battalion of the 21st Regiment (Royal Scots Fusiliers). Within the square were headquarters staff, No. 5 Company of the Royal Engineers led by Lieutenant Chard, the 2nd Native Natal Contingent, fifty wagons and carts with reserve ammunition and hospital wagons. Buller's horsemen protected the front and both flanks of the square. A rearguard of two squadrons of the 17th Lancers and a troop of Natal Native Horse followed.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: Battalions with Regimental Colours now uncased them; the band of the 13th Light Infantry struck up and the 5,317-man strong 'living laager' began its measured advance across the plain. No Zulus in any numbers had been sighted by 8 a.m., so the Frontier Light Horse were sent forth to provoke the enemy. As they rode across the Mbilane stream, the entire Zulu in Gobamkhosi regiment rose out of the grass in front of them, followed by regiment after regiment rising up all around them. The Zulu Army under the command of "umNtwana" Ziwedu kaMpande - around 12,000 to 15,000 strong, now stood in a horseshoe shape encircling the north, east and southern sides of the square. A Zulu reserve force was also poised to complete the circle. The Zulu ranks stood hammering the ground with their feet and drumming their shields with their assegais. They were made up of both veterans and novices with varying degrees of confidence. The mounted troops by the stream opened fire from the saddle in an attempt to trigger a premature charge before wheeling back to gallop through the gaps made in the infantry lines for them. As the cavalry cleared their front at about 9 a.m., the four ranks of the infantry with the front two kneeling, opened fire at 2,000 yards into the advancing Zulu ranks. The pace of the advance quickened and the range closed between the British lines and the Zulus. The British were ready and the Zulu troops faced concentrated fire. Zulu regiments had to charge forward directly into massed rifle fire, non-stop fire from the Gatling guns and the artillery firing canister shot at point-blank range.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: Charges were made by the Zulus, in an attempt to get within close range, but they could not prevail against the British fire. There were a number of casualties within the square to Zulu marksmen, but the British firing did not waver and no warrior was able to get within 30 yards of the British ranks. The Zulu reserve force now rose and charged against the south-west corner of the square. Nine-pounders tore great chunks out of this body while the infantry opened fire. The speed of the charge made it seem as if the Zulu reserves would get close enough to engage in hand-to-hand combat but no warrior reached the British ranks. Chelmsford ordered the cavalry to mount, and the 17th Lancers, 1st King's Dragoon Guards, colonial cavalry, Native Horse and 2nd Natal Native Contingent charged the now fleeing Zulus. The Zulus fled towards the high ground with cavalry at their heels and shells falling ahead of them. The Lancers were checked at the Mbilane stream by the fire of a concealed party of Zulus, causing several casualties to the cavalrymen before they overcame the resistance. The pursuit continued until not a live Zulu remained on the Mahlabatini plain, with members of the Natal Native Horse, Natal Native Contingent and Wood's Irregulars killing the Zulu wounded, in revenge for similar Zulu actions at Isandlwana.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: After half an hour of concentrated fire from the artillery, the Gatling Guns and thousands of British riflemen, the Zulu military power was broken. British casualties were ten killed and eighty-seven wounded, while nearly five hundred Zulu dead were counted around the square; another 1,000 or more were wounded. Chelmsford ordered the Royal Kraal of Ulundi to be burnt – the capital of Zululand burned for days. Chelmsford turned over command to Wolseley on 15 July at the fort at St. Paul's, leaving for home on the 17th. Chelmsford had partially salvaged his reputation and received a Knight Grand Cross of Bath, largely because of Ulundi; however, he was severely criticized by the Horse Guards investigation and he would never serve in the field again.


title: Battle of Ulundi

text: Cetshwayo had been sheltered in a village since 3 July and fled upon hearing news of the defeat at Ulundi. The British forces were dispersed around Zululand in the hunt for Cetshwayo, burning numerous kraals in a vain attempt to get his Zulu subjects to surrender him over along with fighting the final small battle to defeat the remaining hostile Zulu battalions. Cetshwayo was finally captured on 28 August by soldiers under Wolseley's command at a kraal in the middle of the Ngome forest. He was exiled to Cape Town, where he would remain for three years. Wolseley, having replaced both Chelmsford and Bartle Frere, swiftly divided up Zululand into thirteen districts, the First Partition of Zululand, installing pro-British chiefs in each district. In January 1883, shortly before his death in 1884, Cetshwayo was restored to the throne of a reduced central Zululand in the Second Partition of Zululand. Cetshwayo was the last king of the Zulus to be officially recognized as such by the British. He was succeeded by his son Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo, who ruled until his surrender to the British in 1888 and exile to the island of Saint Helena, although he was still recognized by the Zulus as king until his death in 1913.


title: Yunus Emre

text: Yunus Emre () also known as Derviş Yunus (Yunus the Dervish) (1238–1328) (Old Anatolian Turkish: يونس امره)


title: Yunus Emre

text: was a Turkish folk poet and Islamic Sufi mystic who greatly influenced Turkish culture. His name, "Yunus", is the Muslim equivalent to the English name "Jonah". He wrote in Old Anatolian Turkish, an early stage of Turkish. The UNESCO General Conference unanimously passed a resolution declaring 1991, the 750th anniversary of the poet's birth, International Yunus Emre Year.


title: Yunus Emre

text: Yunus Emre has exercised immense influence on Turkish literature from his own day until the present, because Yunus Emre is, after Ahmed Yesevi and Sultan Walad, one of the first known poets to have composed works in the spoken Turkish of his own age and region rather than in Persian or Arabic. His diction remains very close to the popular speech of the people in Central and Western Anatolia. This is also the language of a number of anonymous folk-poets, folk-songs, fairy tales, riddles ("tekerlemeler"), and proverbs.


title: Yunus Emre

text: Like the Oghuz "Book of Dede Korkut", an older and anonymous Central Asian epic, the Turkish folklore that inspired Yunus Emre in his occasional use of "tekerlemeler" as a poetic device had been handed down orally to him and his contemporaries. This strictly oral tradition continued for a long while. Following the Mongolian invasion of Anatolia, facilitated by the Sultanate of Rûm's defeat at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ, Islamic mystic literature thrived in Anatolia; Yunus Emre became one of its most distinguished poets. The poetry of Yunus Emre — despite being fairly simple on the surface — evidences his skill in describing quite abstruse mystical concepts in a clear way. He remains a popular figure in a number of countries, stretching from Azerbaijan to the Balkans, with seven different and widely dispersed localities disputing the privilege of having his tomb within their boundaries. Yunus Emre's most important book is "Risaletu’n Nushiyye".


title: Yunus Emre

text: His poems, written in the tradition of Anatolian folk poetry, mainly concern divine love as well as human destiny:


title: Yunus Emre

text: Yunus Emre was the focus of "", a two-season 44-episode fictional drama based on the his life, premiering in 2015 on Turkish National Television (TRT), created by Mehmet Bozdağ, and starring Gökhan Atalay as Yunus Emre. Yunus Emre has also been the focus of a film and a song; his representations in popular culture include:


title: Linden, California

text: Linden is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Joaquin County, California, United States. The population was 1,784 at the 2010 census, up from 1,103 at the 2000 census. The city is host of the Linden Cherry Festival each spring.


title: Linden, California

text: Linden is located at (38.019989, -121.091450), along California Highway 26 and is approx 13 miles ENE of Stockton.


title: Linden, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , 99.30% of it land and 0.70% of it water.


title: Linden, California

text: At the 2010 census Linden had a population of 1,784. The population density was . The racial makeup of Linden was 1,541 (86.4%) White, 6 (0.3%) African American, 10 (0.6%) Native American, 25 (1.4%) Asian, 1 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 127 (7.1%) from other races, and 74 (4.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 385 people (21.6%).


title: Linden, California

text: The census reported that 1,784 people (100% of the population) lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and no one was institutionalized.


title: Linden, California

text: There were 631 households, 275 (43.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 389 (61.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 76 (12.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 36 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 32 (5.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 4 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 106 households (16.8%) were one person and 41 (6.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.83. There were 501 families (79.4% of households); the average family size was 3.18.


title: Linden, California

text: The age distribution was 516 people (28.9%) under the age of 18, 118 people (6.6%) aged 18 to 24, 468 people (26.2%) aged 25 to 44, 461 people (25.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 221 people (12.4%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 36.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there were 99.4 men.


title: Linden, California

text: There were 673 housing units at an average density of 90.2 per square mile, of the occupied units 490 (77.7%) were owner-occupied and 141 (22.3%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.0%. 1,339 people (75.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 445 people (24.9%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Linden, California

text: At the 2000 census there were 1,103 people, 384 households, and 316 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 400 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.03% White, 0.27% African American, 1.63% Native American, 0.82% Asian, 5.62% from other races, and 3.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.05%.


title: Linden, California

text: Of the 384 households 42.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% were non-families. Of all households 15.4% were one person and 8.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.21.


title: Linden, California

text: The age distribution was 30.8% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.


title: Linden, California

text: The median household income was $51,250 and the median family income was $57,813. Males had a median income of $56,164 versus $39,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,094. About 9.5% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.5% of those under age 18 and 16.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Linden, California

text: Pavement, a band hailing from nearby Stockton, immortalizes the town in "Feed 'Em to the (Linden) Lions", song three on their 1992 EP, "Watery, Domestic".


title: Linden, California

text: Ervin Zádor, gold medalist at 1956 Summer Olympics in water polo and famous for being brutally punched in the Blood in the Water match, spent the last years of his life in Linden.


title: Linden, California

text: Aaron Judge, a professional baseball player and the 2017 AL Rookie of the Year and 2022 AL Most Valuable Player, is from Linden.


title: Nikhil Dwivedi

text: Nikhil Dwivedi is an Indian actor and producer who works in Hindi cinema. He is best known for his role in television series "Scam 1992" (2020). His other acting roles include "My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves" (2008), "Raavan" (2010), "Shor in the City" (2011), "Ankahi Kahaniya" (2021). As a producer, he has produced films like "Veere Di Wedding" (2018) and "Dabangg 3" (2019).


title: Nikhil Dwivedi

text: Nikhil Dwivedi was born in a middle-class family in Kanpur. He worked for American Express Bank and before moving on to work for a consumer electronics shop. However, he gave up all of this to pursue acting in films.


title: Nikhil Dwivedi

text: His first major role was as the title role in "My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves" in 2008, which was directed by E. Niwas and co-produced by Shahrukh Khan's Red Chillies production house. He went on to secure the role of Lakshman in Mani Ratnam's Raavan that also starred Abhishek Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. His third film was "Shor in the City", where he played the role of Ramesh alongside Tusshar Kapoor in the Balaji Telefilms production. Dwivedi's fourth venture "Hate Story" directed by Vivek Agnihotri has been hailed as a flop. His fifth film was"Tamanchey" in which he co-starred with Richa Chadha.


title: Nikhil Dwivedi

text: In 2018, he co produced his first film "Veere Di Wedding" with Ekta Kapoor, Anil Kapoor, Rhea Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor. It was followed by "Dabangg 3" (2019) which was co produced by Salman Khan. In 2019, he also produced television serial named "Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran" on Colors TV, which stars Rajneesh Duggal and Shiny Doshi in lead.


title: Nikhil Dwivedi

text: In 2020, he made his comeback as an actor after a six-year hiatus, he appeared in Sony LIV original series "Scam 1992" directed by Hansal Mehta.


title: Nikhil Dwivedi

text: Dwivedi married model and actress Gaurie Pandit in early 2011 at a small ceremony. The couple has a son, Shivaan.


title: North Carolina's 13th congressional district

text: The thirteenth congressional district of North Carolina was re-established in 2002 after the state gained population in the 2000 United States census. Previously, the state had 13 districts from the first election following the 1810 census until the reapportionment following the 1840 census.


text: From 2003 to 2013, the district included all of Person and Caswell Counties; as well as parts of Alamance, Granville, Guilford, Rockingham, and Wake Counties. However, reapportionment after the 2010 census shifted the district more to the south and east. As a result, it lost its share of Alamance, Caswell, Guilford, Person, and Rockingham Counties. In the place of those five counties, portions of Durham, Edgecombe, Franklin, Nash, Vance, Wayne, and Wilson Counties were added. Less of Granville County and more of Wake County were also included. While Barack Obama carried the old 13th with 59 percent of the vote in 2008, John McCain would have won it with 54 percent of the vote had it existed under the new lines.


text: As a result, Democratic Congressman Brad Miller, who represented the district from its creation in 2003, announced he would not seek re-election to office in 2012. From 2013 to 2017, the district was represented by Republican George Holding.


text: After mid-decade redistricting, most of the old 13th district was essentially merged with the old 2nd district. A new 13th district was created, stretching from the northern suburbs of Charlotte to Greensboro. Republican Ted Budd became the first congressman from this new district.


text: In 2021, a new 13th district was created that included counties west of Charlotte. While North Carolina Speaker of the House Tim Moore was expected to run for the seat, he said he would not after Madison Cawthorn announced his candidacy.


text: In 2022, the North Carolina Supreme Court rejected the redrawn districts, later approving a new map in which the 13th district included Johnston County and parts of Harnett, Wake, and Wayne Counties in the Raleigh area.


title: The Real World: Paris

text: The Real World: Paris is the thirteenth season of MTV's reality television series "The Real World", which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season, as cameras follow their lives and interpersonal relationships. It is the only season to be filmed in France.


title: The Real World: Paris

text: The season featured seven people living in a four-story château and is the second of four seasons of "The Real World" to be filmed entirely outside of the United States after "" in 1995, and before "" in 2007, and "" in 2009.


title: The Real World: Paris

text: The season was filmed over 120 days from January 19 to May 18, 2003. The season premiered on June 3 of that year and consisted of 25 episodes.


title: The Real World: Paris

text: Almost every season of "The Real World", beginning with its , has included the assignment of a season-long group job or task to the housemates, continued participation in which has been mandatory to remain part of the cast since the tenth season. The Paris cast was assigned to write reviews for "Frommer's", reviewing various Paris bars, clubs and other attractions. A weekly bonus would be given to the housemates if they all completed their weekly assignments, which they rarely did. In fact, two of the castmates, Chris "C.T." Tamburello and Leah Gillingwater, were caught submitting fake reviews.


title: The Real World: Paris

text: The four-story Château was built in 1869, and is located in Le Vésinet, a commune of France in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris. Le Vésinet is one of the wealthiest suburbs of Paris, known for its wooded avenues and bourgeois mansions built around boating lakes and English-Style gardens. In some of the rooms of the Château, fake walls were built to protect 18 carat gilding on the original surfaces. The Château includes a wine cellar.


title: The Real World: Paris

text: Six months after the cast left the "Real World" house, six of them, except for Simon, who was there via telephone, appeared to discuss their experiences both during and since their time on the show, "French Kissing and Telling: The Real World Paris Reunion" which premiered on November 11, 2003, and was hosted by La La Vazquez.


title: The Real World: Paris

text: At the 2008 "The Real World Awards Bash", Mallory was nominated in the "Hottest Female" category, CT in the "Hottest Male" one, and Adam for "Best Dance-Off".


title: The Real World: Paris

text: Mallory Snyder later became a "Sports Illustrated" swimsuit model. She posed for the 2005 and 2006 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Editions, and has also modeled for Abercrombie & Fitch and J. Crew.


title: The Real World: Paris

text: Chris Tamburello's first child, Christopher Junior, was born in 2016 and also appeared in an episode of "". In 2018, Tamburello married Lilianet Solares and their wedding aired on MTV as a two-week special. That same year, he appeared on "Fear Factor" alongside Cara Maria Sorbello from "". He also starred in the movie "Habitual" directed by Johnny Hickey, which was released on November 13, 2020 and also featured Emilee Fitzpatrick from "" and Sabrina Kennedy from "".


title: The Real World: Paris

text: Simon Sherry-Wood appeared as a member of the Scruff Pit Crew during season 6 of "RuPaul's Drag Race".


title: The Real World: Paris

text: Note: CT made an appearance on "Cutthroat" for an elimination, and "Battle of the Bloodlines" for a challenge and an elimination.


title: Dostana (1980 film)

text: Dostana () is a 1980 Indian Hindi action drama film, written by Salim–Javed, produced by Yash Johar, and directed by Raj Khosla. The film stars Amitabh Bachchan, Shatrughan Sinha, Zeenat Aman in lead roles and Prem Chopra, Amrish Puri, Helen, Pran in supporting roles. The film was a huge hit at the box-office and became the fourth highest-grosser of 1980, behind "Qurbani", "Asha" and "Ram Balram". "Dostana" was one of the last successful films directed by Raj Khosla. The film was remade in Tamil as "Sattam" with Kamal Haasan.


title: Dostana (1980 film)

text: Vijay (Amitabh Bachchan) and Ravi (Shatrughan Sinha) are best friends who do not question each other about their careers. Vijay is a police officer and Ravi is a lawyer. While Vijay catches criminals (with the help of an informant named Tony (Pran (actor))), Ravi bails those criminals out and is employed by Daaga (Prem Chopra). One day both Vijay and Ravi meet Sheetal (Zeenat Aman) at different places and times, and both fall in love with her. While Vijay’s love is more vocal and is reciprocated by Sheetal. Ravi has one-sided crush on Sheetal who only sees him as a friend.


title: Dostana (1980 film)

text: Ravi admits his love for Sheetal to Vijay who is devastated but decides to sacrifice his love for Ravi's sake. He writes a letter to her saying that they have to give up their relationship for Ravi which accidentally reaches Ravi first, but he doesn't read it. Daaga finds out about Vijay and Sheetal's relationship through a photograph and decides to stir up Vijay and Ravi's friendship by revealing Vijay and Sheetal's relationship to Ravi. Vijay and Ravi become rivals for the first time and Ravi takes Daaga's side in return for making Vijay's life hell. One day, Tony tells Vijay his story: he was in charge of the checkpoints that check trucks. He was threatened by an unknown criminal (apparently Daaga) to let a certain truck through without checking, but he refuses and tips the police off to the truck. In retaliation, Daaga sends a truck to run over him and his family, killing his wife and disabling his son Johnny in the legs. Later, Daaga frames Vijay for killing a criminal he was interrogating for info on Daaga. Ravi defends him on the condition that Sheetal sleeps with him for one night. On the night, he finds and reads the letter that Vijay wrote to Sheetal and repents and rekindles his friendship with Vijay.


title: Dostana (1980 film)

text: Just then, Daaga captures them. Vijay comes to the rescue, but is also captured. Daaga's moll Sylvia (Helen (actress)), who is really a spy, and Tony's wife's sister, that gives Tony his info, saves them. Daaga fatally shots Tony, who dies in Vijay's arms with the final wish that Vijay takes care of Johnny, and escapes with Balwant Singh in a plane, but is forced to land by Ravi and Vijay, who are using a jeep and helicopter. Balwant Singh was shot by Daaga because he couldn't run due to ankle sprain while jumping off the charter plane. Daaga attempts to escape , but is caught by Vijay. He tried to shoot Vijay with a pocket gun and got shot dead in return by Vijay instead.


title: Dostana (1980 film)

text: In a scene from the film, Amitabh Bachchan beats Sajjan in the prison, who is later killed by another prisoner. This scene was lifted by Raj Khosla from his previous directorial "C.I.D." (1956), where the same circumstances were faced by Dev Anand.


title: Dostana (1980 film)

text: The music for "Dostana" was composed by the duo Laxmikant–Pyarelal and the lyrics were written by Anand Bakshi.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Clarence Ray Allen (January 16, 1930 – January 17, 2006) was an American criminal who was executed in 2006 at the age of 76 by lethal injection at San Quentin State Prison in California for the murders of three people. Allen was the second-oldest inmate at the time to be executed in the United States since 1976.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Allen was already serving a life sentence for one murder when he was convicted of organizing the killing of three more people from prison, including a witness who had testified against him.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: His lawyers declared that "he presents absolutely no danger at this point, as incapacitated as he is. There's no legitimate state purpose served by executing him. It would be gratuitous punishment." They argued that his execution would constitute cruel and unusual punishment and requested that he be granted clemency by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, which was refused.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Clarence Ray Allen was born in 1930 in Blair in southwest Oklahoma. He claimed to be of Choctaw heritage.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: In 1974, Allen plotted the burglary of Fran's Market, a Fresno-area supermarket owned by Ray and Fran Schletewitz, whom Allen had known for years. The plot involved his son, Roger Allen, as well as Ed Savala, Carl Mayfield, and Charles Jones. Mayfield and Jones worked for Allen in his security guard business as well as part of a burglary enterprise allegedly operated by Allen.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Allen arranged for someone to steal a set of door and alarm keys from the market owner's son, Bryon Schletewitz, while Schletewitz was swimming in Allen's pool. Allen then arranged a date between Schletewitz and Mary Sue Kitts (his son Roger's 17-year-old girlfriend) for the evening, during which time the burglary took place. The burglary netted $500 in cash and $10,000 in money orders from the store's safe.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Following the commission of the burglary, Kitts told Bryon Schletewitz that Allen had committed the crime, which she knew as she had helped Allen cash money orders that had been stolen from the store.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Schletewitz confronted Roger Allen and informed him that he had been told of the crime by Kitts. Roger Allen told his father, Clarence, who said that Schletewitz and Kitts would have to be "dealt with." He enlisted three employees of his security firm, Charles Jones, Carl Mayfield and Eugene "Lee" Furrow. According to an opinion filed on May 6, 2004, in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals:


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Allen ordered Lee Furrow to murder Kitts. After an unsuccessful attempt to poison her with cyanide capsules, Allen called Furrow to learn if he had killed Kitts. Furrow told Allen he was in the process of strangling her and Allen replied, "do it." After killing Kitts, Furrow threw her body into the Friant-Kern Canal. The body has never been found.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Years later, Furrow was arrested and confessed to the murder, implicating Allen. Allen was tried for first-degree murder, convicted and received a life sentence. Furrow, who said Clarence threatened to kill him as well if he didn't murder Mary, pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of second-degree murder.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Allen conspired with fellow inmate Billy Ray Hamilton while in Folsom Prison to murder the various witnesses who had testified against him, including Bryon Schletewitz. Allen intended to obtain a new trial, where there would be no witnesses to testify to his acts. After Hamilton was paroled from Folsom Prison, he carried out Allen's orders.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: On September 5, 1980, Hamilton and his girlfriend, Connie Barbo, went to Fran's Market while Bryon Schletewitz, who testified against Allen, was working. There, Hamilton murdered Schletewitz and fellow employees Josephine Rocha, 17, and Douglas White, 18, with a sawed-off shotgun and wounded two other people, Joe Rios and Jack Abbott.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Rios raised his arm as Hamilton fired on him and this action undoubtedly saved his life. The other wounded survivor, Abbott, was a neighbor who heard the shotgun blasts, came to the market to investigate, and was also shot by Hamilton. Abbott returned fire and wounded Hamilton, who escaped from the scene.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Five days after the events at Fran's Market, Hamilton was arrested while attempting to rob a liquor store. On his person was found a "hit list" with the names and addresses of the witnesses who testified against Allen at his trial for Kitts' murder; Bryon Schletewitz was on the list.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: A jury convicted Hamilton of three counts of murder, one count of attempted robbery and two counts of assault with a deadly weapon. As special circumstances making Hamilton eligible for the death penalty, the jury found that Hamilton had committed murder-robbery, and multiple murders predicated on the killing of other victims. The jury returned a unanimous verdict of death, and the Contra Costa County Superior Court sentenced Hamilton on March 2, 1981.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: In 1980, the California Attorney General filed charges against Allen and prosecuted the trial in Glenn County, California, due to a change of venue. The trial took place in 1982 and lasted 23 days, and 58 witnesses were called to testify. Ultimately, the jury convicted Allen of triple murder and conspiracy to murder eight witnesses.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: As special circumstances making Allen eligible for the death penalty, the jury also found that Allen had previously been convicted of murder, had committed multiple murders, and had murdered witnesses in retaliation for their prior testimony and to prevent future testimony. During a seven-day penalty phase, the Attorney General introduced evidence of Allen's career orchestrating violent robberies in the Central Valley, including ten violent crimes and six prior felony convictions. Allen was convicted of three counts of first-degree murder with special circumstances and was received onto California’s death row at San Quentin State Prison on December 2, 1982.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: In 1983, Douglas and Peggy Ryen, their 10-year-old daughter and an 11-year-old neighbor were all murdered in an attack in Chino Hills. Clarence Allen previously had a disagreement with the family over a horse he had purchased from them. Kevin Cooper was convicted of the murders, but a girlfriend of Eugene "Lee" Furrow, convicted of murder in the Kitts case and on parole at the time of the attacks, claimed Furrow had been the killer. Furrow denied involvement and provided a DNA sample


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: In 2018, outgoing California Governor Brown ordered new DNA testing in the Cooper case. Results from DNA testing were still pending as of 2020.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: In 1987, the California Supreme Court affirmed Allen's death sentence. Associate Justice Joseph Grodin's opinion referred to Allen's crimes as "sordid events" with an "extraordinarily massive amount" of aggravating evidence. In a dissenting opinion, California Supreme Court Justice Broussard stated that the prosecutor influenced the jury by telling them that "if you conclude that aggravating evidence outweighs the mitigating evidence, you shall return a death sentence," while the law does not mandate a death sentence in such a situation. According to Justice Broussard, this led to a lack of freedom for the jury to make a "normative decision."


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: In 2005, the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found that Allen's trial counsel had been inadequate, and the evidence against him was largely the testimony of Allen's several accomplices, who painted him as the mastermind who forced them by threats and scare tactics to commit robberies and murders. However the court denied rehearing in Allen's case. In her opinion for the panel, Judge Kim McLane Wardlaw concluded:


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: On January 13, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger refused to grant Allen clemency, stating that "his conduct did not result from youth or inexperience, but instead resulted from the hardened and calculating decisions of a mature man." Schwarzenegger also cited a poem in which Allen glorified his actions, where Allen wrote, "We rob and steal and for those who squeal are usually found dying or dead."


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: On January 15, 2006, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied Allen's claim that executing an aged or infirm person was cruel and unusual punishment, observing that his mental acuity was unimpaired and that he had been fifty years of age when he arranged the murders from prison. Judge Kim Wardlaw writing for the panel of judges Susan Graber, Richard Clifton, and herself:


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case, albeit over the dissent of Justice Stephen Breyer, who stated: "I believe that in the circumstances he raises a significant question as to whether his execution would constitute 'cruel and unusual punishment.'"


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Correctional officers familiar with Allen later stated that while he was on death row, he often walked without assistance and alleged that he was not blind, as he was able to read his mail.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Allen was executed by lethal injection on January 17, 2006, the day after his 76th birthday, at California's San Quentin State Prison. He became the second-oldest inmate to be executed in the United States since 1976 (John B. Nixon of Mississippi was executed in 2005 at age 77). He was the most recently executed inmate in California as of March 2019 when the imposition of the death penalty was suspended in the state by Governor Gavin Newsom.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Allen was assisted in the death chamber by four correctional officers, though a media observer stated that he was clearly moving under his own power. To the surprise of everyone present, the warden indicated that he needed an additional injection of the lethal potassium in order to stop his surprisingly healthy heart. Allen wrote in his final statement, which Warden Steven Ornoski read immediately following the execution, "My last words will be "'Hoka Hey", it's a good day to die.' Thank you very much. I love you all. Goodbye."


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Allen died with an eagle feather on his chest. He was wearing a medicine bag around his neck, and a beaded headband. He was visited shortly before the execution by two Native American spiritual advisers.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: Allen died at 12:38 a.m. Approximately 250 death penalty opponents gathered for a candlelight vigil outside the walls of San Quentin. His last meal consisted of Buffalo steak and frybread (both are traditional Native American dishes) as well as a bucket of KFC white-meat-only chicken, sugar-free pecan pie, sugar-free walnut ice cream, and whole milk.


title: Clarence Ray Allen

text: While in the Fresno County Jail on June 27, 1981, Allen called a “death penalty” vote for an inmate and directed an attack in which inmates scalded the target inmate with two gallons of hot water, tied him to the cell bars and beat him, shot him with a zip gun, a type of improvised firearm, and threw razor blades and excrement at him.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: A synovial sarcoma (also known as malignant synovioma) is a rare form of cancer which occurs primarily in the extremities of the arms or legs, often in proximity to joint capsules and tendon sheaths. It is a type of soft-tissue sarcoma.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: The name "synovial sarcoma" was coined early in the 20th century, as some researchers thought that the microscopic similarity of some tumors to synovium, and its propensity to arise adjacent to joints, indicated a synovial origin; however, the actual cells from which the tumor develops are unknown and not necessarily synovial.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: Primary synovial sarcomas are most common in the soft tissue near the large joints of the arm and leg but have been documented in most human tissues and organs, including the brain, prostate, and heart.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: Synovial sarcoma occurs in about 1–2 per 1,000,000 people a year. They occur most commonly in the third decade of life, with males being affected more often than females (ratio around 1.2:1).


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: Synovial sarcoma usually presents with an otherwise asymptomatic swelling or mass, although general symptoms related to malignancies can be reported such as fatigue.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: The diagnosis of synovial sarcoma is typically made based on histology and is confirmed by the presence of t(X;18) chromosomal translocation.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: Two cell types can be seen microscopically in synovial sarcoma. One fibrous type, known as a spindle or sarcomatous cell, is relatively small and uniform, and found in sheets. The other is epithelial in appearance. Classical synovial sarcoma has a biphasic appearance with both types present. Synovial sarcoma can also appear to be poorly differentiated or to be monophasic fibrous, consisting only of sheets of spindle cells. Some authorities state that, extremely rarely, there can be a monophasic epithelial form which causes difficulty in differential diagnosis. Depending on the site, there is similarity to biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma, although the genetic findings are distinctive.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: Like other soft tissue sarcomas, there is no universal grading system for reporting histopathology results. In Europe, the Trojani or French system is gaining in popularity while the NCI grading system is more common in the United States. The Trojani system scores the sample, depending on tumour differentiation, mitotic index, and tumour necrosis, between 0 and 6 and then converts this into a grade of between 1 and 3, with 1 representing a less aggressive tumour. The NCI system is also a three-grade one, but takes a number of other factors into account.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: Immunohistochemistry (IHC): SS18-fusion specific antibody and SSX-CT antibody are highly sensitive and specific for synovial sarcoma and when used together may obviate the need for molecular testing in most cases. Cytokeratin is typically expressed, at least focally. TLE1, BCL2 and CD99 may be positive but lack specificity.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: Most, and perhaps all, cases of synovial sarcoma are associated with a reciprocal translocation t(x;18)(p11.2;q11.2). There is some debate about whether the molecular observation itself is definitive of synovial sarcoma.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: The diagnosis of synovial sarcoma is typically made based on histology and is confirmed by the presence of t(X;18). This translocation event between the SS18 gene on chromosome 18 and one of 3 SSX genes (SSX1, SSX2 and SSX4) on chromosome X causes the presence of an SS18-SSX fusion gene. The resulting fusion protein brings together the transcriptional activating domain of SS18 and the transcriptional repressor domains of SSX. It also incorporates into the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, a well known tumor suppressor. SS18-SSX is thought to underlie synovial sarcoma pathogenesis through dysregulation of gene expression.


title: Synovial sarcoma

text: There is some association between the SS18-SSX1 or SS18-SSX2 fusion type and both tumour morphology and five-year survival.


title: Shinjitai

text: "Shinjitai" were created by reducing the number of strokes in "kyūjitai" ("old character form") or , which is unsimplified kanji (usually similar to Traditional Chinese characters). This simplification was achieved through a process (similar to that of simplified Chinese) of either replacing the "onpu" (, "sound mark") indicating the "On" reading with another "onpu" of the same "On" reading with fewer strokes, or replacing a complex component of a character with a simpler one.


title: Shinjitai

text: There have been a few stages of simplifications made since the 1950s, but the only changes that became official were the changes in the Jōyō Kanji List in 1981 and 2010.


title: Shinjitai

text: The following forms were established as a result of the post-war character reforms. However, they were not completely created anew, as many were based on widely used handwritten abbreviations ("ryakuji", ) from the prewar era. Due to the complexity of kanji, many abbreviations were used in handwriting, whose status rose to become official characters in the post-war reforms. Attention was paid to the aesthetic balance of the characters in their new form.


title: Shinjitai

text: In almost all cases, characters in the new standard have fewer strokes than old forms, though in a few cases they have the same number, and in a few other cases they have one more stroke. The most drastic simplification was 廳→庁, removing 20 strokes. A complete list by stroke count reduction can be found at:


title: Shinjitai

text: The simplification in shinjitai were only officially applied to characters in the Tōyō and Jōyō Kanji Lists, with the kyūjitai forms remaining the official forms of . For example, the character ("KYO", "agaru", "ageru"; raise [an example]) was simplified as , but the character ("keyaki"; zelkova tree) which also contained , remained unsimplified due to its status as a Hyōgaiji.


title: Shinjitai

text: Despite this, simplified forms of hyōgaiji do exist in Japanese character sets, and are referred to as . However, they are to be seen as unofficial, a position reiterated in the National Language Council's 2000 report on Characters Not Listed in the Jōyō Kanji Table.


title: Shinjitai

text: The "Asahi Shimbun" newspaper is thorough in its simplification of hyōgaiji, and its in-house simplifications are called Asahi characters.


title: Shinjitai

text: For example, ("KEIREN"; cramp, spasm, convulsion) is simplified following the model of and . This is also said to have been done because in the age of typewriter-based printing, more complicated kanji could not be clearly printed.


title: Shinjitai

text: The Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) contain numerous simplified forms of Kanji following the model of the shinjitai simplifications, such as (the simplified form of ); many of these are included in Unicode, but are not present in most kanji character sets.


title: Shinjitai

text: Ryakuji for handwriting use, such as the abbreviations for (in simplified Chinese, this abbreviation, , has become official) and (which exists in Unicode as 㐧 ) are not a part of the shinjitai reforms and therefore do not carry official status.


title: Shinjitai

text: Cursive script (also known as grass script) and semi-cursive script forms of kanji were adopted as shinjitai. Examples include:


title: Shinjitai

text: Characters in which there were two or more variants were standardized under one form. The character ("TŌ", "shima"; island) also had the variant forms (still seen in proper names) and , but only the form became standard. The 辶 radical was previously printed with two dots (as in the hyōgaiji ) but was written with one (as in ), so the written form with one dot became standard. The upper 丷 portion of the characters and was previously printed as 八 and written 丷 (as in the aforementioned examples), but the old printed form is still seen in the hyōgaiji characters and . The character ("SEI", "SHŌ", "ao"; blue) was once printed as but written as , so the written form became standard; the old printed form is still found in the standard form in hyōgaiji characters such as and , but is used in some fonts.


title: Shinjitai

text: Characters of the "keisei moji" () group each contain a semantic component and a phonetic component. A choice was made to replace the phonetic parts with homophones which had fewer strokes. For example, was changed to , because and were homophones.


title: Shinjitai

text: Other simplifications of this method include . There are also colloquial handwritten simplifications (otherwise known as ryakuji) based on this model, in which various non-kanji symbols are used as onpu, for example ("MA"; demon) [simplification: ⿸广マ, 广+マ {Katakana "ma"}], ("KEI"; jubilation) [⿸广K, 广+K], ("TŌ", "fuji"; wisteria) [⿱艹ト, 艹+ト {Katakana "to"}], and ("KI"; machine, opportunity) [⿰木キ, 木+キ {Katakana "ki"}].


title: Shinjitai

text: In some cases a standard character was replaced by a variant character that neither is a graphical variant nor shares an On reading, but had a historical basis for standardisation. Examples include and , replacing and respectively. In both cases the variant character had a different meaning and reading but was adopted due to its lower stroke count anyway.


title: Shinjitai

text: In five basic cases and six derivations for a total of eleven cases, kanji were modified by adding a stroke, thereby rendering the composition more regular:


title: Shinjitai

text: Simplification was not carried out uniformly. Firstly, only a select group of characters (the common jōyō kanji) was simplified, with characters outside this group (the hyōgaiji) generally retaining their earlier form. For example, and (with the right-side element in the latter two not being identical, but merely graphically similar) were simplified as , and , respectively, but the hyōgaiji and which contain the same element (), were kept in use in their unsimplified variants.


title: Shinjitai

text: Secondly, even when a simplification was done in some characters within this group, the analogous simplification was not applied to all characters. For instance, the character , meaning "dragon", was simplified in isolation and in some compound characters, but not others. The character itself was simplified to , as was the compound character ("waterfall") → ; however, it was "not" simplified in the characters ("attack") and ("basket"), although an extended shinjitai variant, , exists for the latter, and is used in practice rather often over the official variant, for instance in vs. ("gauntlet").


title: Shinjitai

text: Conversely, the character ("pierce") was not simplified, nor was the compound character ("accustomed"), but in the other compound character it was simplified, resulting in ("truth").


title: Shinjitai

text: Similarly, ("graduate") has been kept unsimplified in isolation, but in compounds has been simplified to , such as to "drunk"; has been simplified to in some characters, such as to ("transmit"), and to ("revolve"), but only to ("exclusive") in isolation. The latter may at first glance appear in common jōyō kanji such as ("thin") or ("doctor"), but the component in those is actually , which is not used in isolation in Japanese.


title: Shinjitai

text: The latest 2010 jōyō kanji reform has added additional inconsistencies in this regard as in some instances radicals that were previously uniformly simplified across the jōyō set now first appeared in their traditional variants in some of the new jōyō characters; contrary to prior practice no new simplifications of characters have been carried out, likely in consideration of established JIS character set use spanning decades at this point. Compare → ("drink") to 2010 jōyō ("fodder, bait"), or → ("coin") to 2010 jōyō ("label"). For the latter an analogically simplified character does exist, but was likely ignored due to having no history of use in Japanese character sets. On the other hand, former extended shinjitai ("luster") has been added in favor of .


title: Shinjitai

text: Nevertheless, the guidelines published by the Japanese government explicitly permit simplification in handwriting, and do not object to use of alternate characters in electronic text.


title: Shinjitai

text: In the 2,136 Jōyō Kanji, there are 364 pairs of simplified and traditional characters. Note that the kanji 弁 is used to simplify three different traditional kanji (辨, 瓣, and 辯). Of these 364 traditional characters, 212 are still used as Jinmeiyō Kanji in names. The Jinmeiyō Kanji List also includes 631 kanji that are not elements of the Jōyō Kanji List; 18 of them have a variant.


title: Shinjitai

text: Some of the traditional kanji are not included in the Japanese font of Windows XP/2000, and only rectangles are shown. Downloading the Meiryo font from the Microsoft website (VistaFont_JPN.EXE) and installing it will solve this problem.


title: Shinjitai

text: Note that within the Jōyō Kanji there are 62 characters whose old forms may cause problems displaying:


title: Shinjitai

text: These characters are Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs for which the old form (kyūjitai) and the new form (shinjitai) have been unified under the Unicode standard. Although the old and new forms are distinguished under the JIS X 0213 standard, the old forms map to Unicode CJK Compatibility Ideographs which are considered by Unicode to be canonically equivalent to the new forms and may not be distinguished by user agents. Therefore, depending on the user environment, it may not be possible to see the distinction between old and new forms of the characters. In particular, all Unicode normalization methods merge the old characters with the new ones.


title: Shinjitai

text: Like one of the controversial aspects of simplified Chinese, some shinjitai were originally separate characters with different meanings. For example, the kanji ("GEI"; performance, accomplishment) was simplified to , but was originally a separate character read with the On reading "UN". Many of the original characters which have become merged are no longer used in modern Japanese: for example, ("YO, arakaji(me)"; in advance) and ("YO, ama(ri)"; excess) were merged with and , respectively, both archaic kanji for the first person pronoun "I". However, poses a problem, in that Japan's first public library, Untei () (built during the Nara Period) uses this character. This character also has significance in classical Japanese literature, and Japanese history books have had to distinguish between the two by writing "UN" using the old form of the 艹 radical, (艸).


title: Shinjitai

text: Mainland China, Singapore, Malaysia and Japan simplified their writing systems independently from each other. After World War II, poor relations prevented cooperation between the two nations. Traditional Chinese characters are still officially used in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, South Korea (as a supplement to Hangul, but they are no longer used in North Korea), and by many overseas Chinese.


title: Shinjitai

text: In Chinese, many more characters were simplified than in Japanese; some characters were simplified only in the one language, but not in the other; other characters were simplified in the same way in both languages, others in different ways. This means that those who want to learn the writing systems of both Chinese and Japanese must sometimes learn three different variations of one character: traditional Chinese, simplified Chinese, and modern Japanese (e.g. for "dragon").


title: State Great Khural

text: The State Great Khural is the unicameral parliament of Mongolia. It is located in the Government Palace.


title: State Great Khural

text: Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren became the chairman of the State Great Khural in February 1914, and served until his death in April 1919.


title: State Great Khural

text: The first "Ulsyn Ikh Khural" was called to session in November 1924. This body was the legislature of the Mongolian People's Republic. It delegated much of its powers to an executive committee, the "Ulsyn Baga Khural" (Little Khural). The Great Khural held nine sessions between November 1924 and February 1949. Following electoral reforms in 1951, the numbering of its sessions began again. The first was held in July 1951 and the third in July 1957.


title: State Great Khural

text: In 1960 a new constitution was adopted and the body was renamed the "People's Great Khural" (, "Ardyn Ikh Khural"), but the sessions were not renumbered. The fourth took place in July 1960 and the last in September 1992. In Russian and Mongolian historiography, the term "People's Great Khural" is frequently extended back to refer to the 1924–60 Khural to distinguish it from the post-1992 State Great Khural.


title: State Great Khural

text: The State Great Khural had 10 standing committees (reduced to 6 in 1995). The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (70), The Democratic Union Coalition of the Mongolian Democratic Party, The Mongolian National Progressive Party and the Green Party (4), The Mongolian Social Democratic Party (1) and one independent politician won seats. The elected chairman was Natsag Bagabandi, and the Chairman of the Secretariat was Namsrai Rechnindorj. The State Great Khural adopted 137 laws, made amendments to 142 laws, and repealed 46 laws. The parliament also ratified 40 international treaties and conventions during its term.


title: State Great Khural

text: The State Great Khural had 5 standing committees in 1996–1997. This increased to 7 standing committees in 1997–2000. The Democratic Union Coalition (50), The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (25), The Mongolian Conservative United Party (1) won seats in the parliament. The elected chairman was Radnaasümbereliyn Gonchigdorj (for the second time), and the Chairman of the Secretariat was Log Tsog until 1999. The next Chairman of the Secretariat was Baasanganobo Enebish. The State Great Khural adopted 173 new laws, made amendments to 255 laws and repealed 32 laws. The parliament also ratified 71 international treaties and conventions.


title: State Great Khural

text: The State Great Khural had 7 standing committees. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (72), The Democratic Union Coalition (1), The Civil Will Party – The Mongolian Green Party (1), The Motherland – The Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party (1), one independent won a seat in the parliament. The elected chairman was Lhamsürem Enebish till 2001, and the Chairman of the Secretariat was Baasanganobo Enebish till 2001. The next chairman was Sanjbegz Tömör-Ochir, and the next Chairman of the Secretariat was Dagdankhuu Batbaatar until 2003. The third and final Chairman of the Secretariat during this term was Namsraijav Luvsanjav. The State Great Khural adopted 140 new laws, made amendments to 443 laws, and repealed 51 laws. The parliament also ratified 110 international treaties and conventions.