title: Isabella d'Este

text: In the current catalogue raisonné of Leonardo da Vinci (2019), only Isabella d'Este is documented as a plausible alternative as the subject of Leonardo's "Mona Lisa", usually considered a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo. Lisa was the wife of a merchant in Florence and Giorgio Vasari wrote of her portrait by Leonardo, – in debate that persists about whether this is the portrait now known as the "Mona Lisa". Evidence in favor of Isabella as the subject of the famous work includes Leonardo's drawing 'Isabella d'Este' from 1499 and her letters of 1501–1506 requesting the promised painted portrait. Further arguments focus upon the mountains in the background indicating the native origin of the subject, and the armrest in the painting as a Renaissance symbol used to identify a portrait as that of a sovereign. The Louvre's reservation is that Isabella would be a "blonde", a feature that exists only in the widely circulated but uncertain representation "Isabella in Black".


title: Isabella d'Este

text: Correspondence exchanged by Isabella documents the Renaissance European tendency to perceive black African slaves as exotic. Isabella's pursuit of a black child as a servant is extensively documented. On 1 May 1491 Isabella asked Giorgio Brognolo, her agent in Venice, to procure a young black girl ('una moreta') between the ages of one-and-a-half and four, and twice in early June reminded him of the request, emphasizing that the girl should be 'as black as possible'. Isabella's household and financial records reflect that she already had a significantly older black girl in her service when she inquired after a younger black child. Records also reflect that she obtained a little black girl from a Venetian orphanage. She opened negotiations with a Venetian patrician household for the sale of a little black boy and purchased an enslaved little black girl from her sister.


title: Isabella d'Este

text: Isabella d'Este was portrayed by Belgian actress Alexandra Oppo in the television show "Borgia" (2011–2014).


title: Fallout (upcoming TV series)

text: Fallout is an upcoming post-apocalyptic television series developed by Lisa Joy and Jonathan Nolan for the streaming service Amazon Prime Video. It is based on the role-playing video game franchise of the same name created by Black Isle Studios and now owned by Bethesda Softworks.


title: Fallout (upcoming TV series)

text: The rights to produce a live-action project based on the "Fallout" games was purchased by Amazon in 2020, with the show being announced that July alongside the reveal of Kilter Films' involvement. Shortly thereafter, Lisa Joy and Jonathan Nolan boarded the series as its head writers, and Bethesda Game Studios producer Todd Howard, who had served as director on various games in the series, was signed on to executive produce alongside Joy and Nolan. The duo of Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Graham Wagner were hired as the series' showrunners in January 2022, with Walton Goggins and Ella Purnell being cast for the series in February and March, respectively.


title: Fallout (upcoming TV series)

text: The show depicts the aftermath of a nuclear war in an alternate history of a 1950s-esque retrofuturistic world.


title: Fallout (upcoming TV series)

text: It was announced in July 2020 that a television adaptation of the video game franchise had received a series commitment from Amazon Studios, with Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy announced to develop the series. In August 2021 interview Joy described the series as “a gonzo, crazy, funny, adventure, and mindfuck like none you’ve ever seen before”.


title: Fallout (upcoming TV series)

text: In 2022, production for the series was set to begin sometime that year, with Nolan directing the pilot episode and Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Graham Wagner hired as showrunners for the series. In February, Walton Goggins was cast in a lead role for the series, potentially as a Ghoul. In March, Ella Purnell joined the cast. In June, Kyle MacLachlan, Xelia Mendes-Jones and Aaron Moten were added to the cast as series regulars.


title: Fallout (upcoming TV series)

text: Filming for the series began on July 5, 2022, with production to take place between New Jersey, New York and Utah.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: Camilo Blanes Cortés (16 September 1946 – 8 September 2019), known professionally as Camilo Sesto "El Rey del Amor", was a Spanish singer, songwriter and music producer. There are various sales figures for him, ranging from 70 to 200 million records sold, and the singer himself claimed to have sold more than 175 million records. However, his official sales would represent around than 2.8 million copies worldwide, including nearly 900,000 certified.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: Sesto sang in two pop bands during the 1960s and won a contest in a Madrid television show. He played a part in the Spanish filming of Shakespeare's "Hamlet". Later, he teamed up with singer and producer Juan Pardo, but success would come on its own accord, with his own music works.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: As a composer, Sesto wrote songs for artists such as Ángela Carrasco, Miguel Bosé, Lucía Méndez, Charytín Goyco and José José, among others. He also produced and translated to Spanish the lyrics of an album by the popular Australian rock band Air Supply. Throughout his career, he remained one of the most influential pioneer artists of pop and rock in Spanish, that would inspire many newer acts in the Latin music world as well as across Europe, the Americas and Asia.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: The mid-sixties marked the beginning of Sesto's career. After producing his first record with his band Los Dayson, in 1965 they traveled to Madrid to appear on Televisión Española's "Salto a la Fama". In 1966, Sesto joined another band, Los Botines, whose music was influenced by The Beatles. In 1967, the band appeared in the film "Los chicos del Preu". At the beginning (1969) he participated in the chorus of the song "O Tren" by Andrés do Barro, produced by Juan Pardo. In 1970, he recorded various singles including: "Llegará el Verano" and "Sin Dirección", with the artistic name "Camilo Sexto". He became his own producer, as well as the producer of other artists. His solo career started in 1970, the same year he won the "Revelación" price, at the "Olés de la Canción" festival.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: After meeting producer, in 1972, he launched a solo career under the stage name Camilo Sesto. He appeared on Spanish TV's program "Buenas Noches" singing "Algo de Mí" (his first No.1 record). "Algo de Mi" reached the Number 1 slot in Spain and most of the Spanish speaking world, and it maintained that top position for a whole year in most of Latin-America. In 1973, he represented Spain with the song "Algo Más" in the second edition of the OTI Festival, which was held in the Brazilian city of Belo Horizonte. In 1974, his success as a pop singer continued with record sales escalating rapidly. His concerts took him around the world with such songs as "¿Quieres ser mi amante?", "Llueve sobre mojado", "Yo soy así", "Isabel", "Déjame participar en tu juego" and "Mienteme". "¿Quieres ser mi amante?" received a Grammy nomination for Best Latin Recording in 1976. He has received several platinum certifications.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: On 6 November 1975, Sesto starred in the role of Jesus on the Spanish version/adaptation by Jaime Azpilicueta of the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar at the Alcalá-Palace Theatre in Madrid (Spain). The production was very costly as he financed it entirely. His work was a success and received positive reviews. The public filled the theatre and shows were extended to four months. Both in terms of interpretation and musically speaking, Sesto's show was considered of great quality. Andrew Lloyd Webber admitted that this was the only production that could equal the original American version.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: After successfully starring in the Spanish version of ""Jesus Christ Superstar"" catapulted him to superstardom, Sesto continued gaining fame as a singer and composer. Notable hits from Sesto include "Vivir Así es Morir de Amor", "Jamás", "Perdóname", "Melina" (a song about Melina Mercouri), and "Donde Estes, Con Quien Estes". Sesto went through a retirement in 1987 until he returned to the music scene in 1991. That year, he released "A Voluntad del Cielo" ("Heaven Willing"). The album's lead single, "Amor Mío, ¿Qué Me Has Hecho?" ("My love, what have you done to me?"), reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States. The track was nominated for Pop Song of the Year at the Lo Nuestro Awards of 1992 and the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Latin Awards of 1993, respectively.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: He survived a liver transplant in August 2001 and released an album, "Alma", two years later. Sesto returned to the stage in 2004 at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile. Sesto won many awards at Viña del Mar in 2004. His last musical work was the singing of Bujalance's football team's hymn.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: In 2008, Camilo announced his retirement from the studio, and in September 2009 he announced that he would go on a farewell tour. He would tour the Americas (United States, Mexico, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, and other countries) for the next two years. In October 2010, he gave his last two concerts in Madrid, which were released as his first "live" (and also last) album. A live DVD called "Todo de Mí" recorded in Madrid, was released around the same time.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: In 2011, he was awarded the "Highest Hispanic Pride" medal in Las Vegas, U.S. That day was proclaimed 28 may "Camilo Sesto's Day" in Nevada.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: In 2011, there were rumours of another Sesto "farewell tour", that some news media called "La Gira del Adiós" ("The Farewell Tour"). Allegedly, tour dates were made, radio stations spoke about it, tickets were sold, etc. There were many convincing ads in local newspapers, and magazines. However, Sesto later communicated that this was nothing but a "hoax" to get people to buy fake tickets for a tour that he himself was not even aware of. Many radio stations and music media threatened to take legal action against the singer if he would not "meet with the responsibility", and Sesto was forced to once again come back into the media to try to clear his name. The courts ruled in favour of some institutions that eventually did sue.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: Sesto died on 8 September 2019 at a Madrid hospital from kidney failure, eight days shy of his 73rd birthday. He was due to release a new album on 13 September, as well as embark in a tour in the United States the following month. Spain's acting Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez wrote on Twitter: "Spain and all of Latin America mourn the loss of Camilo Sesto. His melodies will always be part of our memory."


title: Camilo Sesto

text: From the 1970s to 2000s Sesto created many hit songs, with almost everyone coming from his own inspiration, being the author, performer, composer, and producer of all his works. Camilo Sesto has the record of two presentations daily for 20 consecutive days at Madison Square Garden in the 1980s.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: València (EP). The Council of Ministers, at the proposal of the Minister of Culture and Sports, José Guirao, has approved this September 13 by Royal Decree the posthumous award of the "Medal of Merit in Fine Arts", in its category of Gold, to the singer, composer and performer Camilo Blanes Cortés, 'Camilo Sesto'.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: For his part, Father Ángel, who has welcomed this act in his Church, has described it as "privilege" to be able to count on Camilo Sesto, whom at other times they were going to see in Jesus Christ Superstar. He has also highlighted the importance of the prayer of the Our Father and has called for "bread, justice, and forgiveness for all." In addition, during the presentation, the priest has delivered the singer of the Dove of Peace.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: This inauguration will take place two years after Camilo Blanes Cortés (the real name of the artist) received the Alcoyana Gold Medal and also be proclaimed a Favorite Son of this city.


title: Camilo Sesto

text: Most of Sesto's works are in Spanish, but he has also recorded songs in English, Valencian, Italian, German, Japanese and Portuguese. Camilo has released at least one album in English. With a frenetic level of activity in the 1970s and 1980s, he remains one of the artists with the most number 1 hits (totaling 52). His albums had sold over 180 million copies by 2019. In 2017, Sesto was inducted into the Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: Tacking is a sailing maneuver by which a sailing vessel, whose desired course is into the wind, turns its bow toward and through the wind so that the direction from which the wind blows changes from one side of the boat to the other, allowing progress in the desired direction. The opposite maneuver to tacking is called 'jibe', or 'wearing' on square-rigged ships, that is, turning the stern through the wind. No sailing vessel can move directly upwind, though that may be the desired direction, making this an essential maneuver of a sailing ship. A series of tacking moves, in a zig-zag fashion, is called beating, and allows sailing in the desired direction.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: This maneuver is used for different effects in races, where one ship is not only sailing in a desired direction, but also concerned with slowing the progress of competitors.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: Sailing ships cannot proceed directly into the wind, but often need to go in that direction. Movement is achieved by tacking. If a vessel is sailing on a starboard tack with the wind blowing from the right side and tacks, it will end up on a port tack with the wind blowing from the left side. See the accompanying image; the red arrow indicates the wind direction. This maneuver is frequently used when the desired direction is (nearly) directly into the wind.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: In practice, the sails are set at an angle of 45° to the wind for modern sailing yachts. Rotor ships can tack much closer to the wind, 20 to 30°.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: The opposite maneuver, i.e. turning the stern through the wind, is called 'jibing' (or 'wearing' on square-rigged ships). Tacking more than 180° to avoid a jibe (mostly in harsh conditions) is sometimes referred to as a 'chicken jibe'.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: Tacking is sometimes confused with 'beating to windward', which is a process of beating a course upwind and generally implies (but does not require) actually coming about. In the accompanying figure, the boat is seen to tack three times while beating to windward.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: When used without a modifier, the term "tacking" is always synonymous with "coming about"; however, some find it acceptable to say "tack downwind"; i.e., change tack by jibing rather than coming about. Racers often use this maneuver because most modern sailboats (especially larger boats with spinnakers and a variety of staysails) sail substantially faster on a broad reach than when running "dead" downwind. The extra speed gained by zig-zagging downwind can more than make up for the extra distance that must be covered. Cruising boats also often tack downwind when the swells are also coming from dead astern (i.e., there is a "following sea"), because of the more stable motion of the hull.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: 'To go about' is defined as: "To change the course of a ship by tacking. Ready about, or boutship, is the order to prepare for tacking."


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: 'Beating'; the procedure by which a ship moves on a zig-zag course to make progress directly into the wind (upwind). No sailing vessel can move directly upwind (though that may be the desired direction). Beating allows the vessel to advance indirectly upwind.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: A ship that is beating will sail as close to the wind as possible; this position is known as close hauled. In general, the closest angle to the wind that a ship can sail is usually around 35 to 45 degrees, and it depends on the exact boat, the exact sails, the exact wind strength, and the state of the sea. Most sailboats can sail at an angle closer to the wind as the wind gets stronger. Some modern yachts can sail very near to the wind, while older ships, especially square-rigged ships, are much worse at it.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: Thus when a ship is tacking, it is moving both upwind and across the wind. Crosswind movement is not desired, and may be very much undesirable, if for instance the ship is moving along a narrow channel.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: Therefore, the ship changes tack periodically, reversing the direction of cross-wind movement while continuing the upwind movement. The interval between tacks depends (in part) on the lateral space available: in a small navigable channel, tacks may be required every few minutes, while in the open ocean days may pass between tacks, provided that the wind continues to come from the same general direction.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: In older vessels that could not sail close to the wind, beating could be an lengthy process that required sailing a total distance several times the distance actually traveled upwind.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: When beating to windward, often your desired destination although still in the no sail zone, is not aligned directly upwind - to the eye of the wind. In this case one tack becomes more favorable than the other - it angles more closely in the direction you wish to travel than the other tack does. One of the most common reasons a certain tack may become favorable is a fan puff. The best strategy in this position is to stay on this favorable tack as much as possible, and shorten the time you need to sail on the unfavorable tack. This will result in a faster passage with less wasted effort. Your overall course then is not an equal zig-zag as in the diagrams above, but more of a saw tooth pattern. If while on this tack the wind shifts in your favor, called a "lift," and allows you to point up even more, so much the better, then this tack is even more favorable. But if the wind shifts against you and makes you fall off, called a "header," then the opposite tack may become the more favorable course.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: Roll tacking, usually while racing sailing dinghies, involves aggressive heeling of the sailboat, as the skipper and crew move towards the windward side during the first half of the tack when the boat crosses into irons. The skipper and crew then roll the boat back to an even keel following the completion of the tack, allowing the sails to immediately resume their optimum shape on the new tack. The form of the boat in the water, not the rudder, is the primary mechanism for changing course from one tack to the other. Some keel boats may also be roll tacked.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: Since conditions are always changing somewhat, a sailor must keep evaluating which tack, port or starboard is actually the most favorable. So with these concepts in mind, when the desired destination is exactly to windward, the most efficient strategy is given by the old racing adage to "Tack on a header." This is true because if before the wind changed both tacks were exactly equal – neither one was more favorable, then since a header on one tack is automatically a lift on the other, the opposite tack has just become the more favorable one and the helmsman should tack and change course for the most efficient passage.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: Sailing courses laid out for racing purposes always have one leg directly to windward. This is where the highest sailing skills often form the essence of the race. Sail trim and keeping the boat moving most efficiently are of the utmost importance. In these circumstances tacking duels will often develop.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: Any boat in clear air to windward has an aerodynamic advantage over other boats. To keep this advantage the lead boat will often try to "blanket" the trailing boat(s) by maneuvering to keep them in the disturbed foul air she is creating to her lee. This involves constant anticipation and balancing many different dynamic factors. Conversely the trailing boats will try to overtake or otherwise escape the bad air blanket created by the lead boat and head for clear air without losing too much speed or momentum.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: A tacking duel develops when two or more boats execute multiple usually excessive course changes (tacking) in very close quarters. A duel may lead to bending, or breaking, the safety right-of-way-rules, and intentionally creating dangerous and threatening conditions between the dueling boats. Each skipper is trying to gain the lead and the advantage of clear air. This can sometimes become counter-productive as some speed and time is always lost in each tack.


title: Tacking (sailing)

text: The method of tacking of sailing craft differs, depending on whether they are fore-and aft, square-rigged, a windsurfer, a kitesurfer, or a proa.


title: Trinity Blood

text: "Trinity Blood" has been adapted into both manga and anime series, with continuity differences between the three versions. His friend Yasui aided in completing the manga, with illustrations by Kiyo Kujō. The anime series, spanning 24 episodes, was produced by Gonzo and originally aired on Wowow network.


title: Trinity Blood

text: When Earth's population drastically increased, humanity, led by the United Nations, attempted to colonize Mars. During the colonization, they discovered two alien technologies: the Bacillus virus and the Crusnik nanomachines. The colonists injected the Bacillus in their bodies which transformed them into a vampiric race known as "Methuselah". They installed the Crusnik in the bodies of four test tube babies: Seth, Cain, Abel and Lilith whose enhanced bodies were the only ones able to survive the procedure. Continuing wars on Earth eventually led to Armageddon, the apocalyptic event that happened 900 years before the start of the story, and the colonists returned to Earth to help with rebuilding. However, when the colonists returned to Earth, a war broke out between the Methuselah and the humans who had remained on Earth. Abel, Cain, and Seth sided with the Methuselah—while Lilith supported the Vatican, which guarded humanity. During the war, Cain went insane and killed Lilith. In grief, Abel took her body to the Vatican where she was buried. Abel remained at her side, weeping for her, for 900 years.


title: Trinity Blood

text: At the start of the story, the Methuselah, still a major political and military force, continue to wage war on the "Terrans", as they call the human inhabitants of Earth. The Roman Catholic Church is a major military power determined to protect humans from the Methuselah, with its seat of power based in the Vatican. The Methuselah have their capital in Byzantium, which is surrounded by a field of particles to filter out UV radiation, protecting the Methuselah population. Both groups use "lost technologies", such as airships, missiles, and computers, to engage in a cold war with one another. A third great power, Albion also plays a role in the war with its superior arsenal of lost technology and weapons and higher level of manufacturing ability versus the Vatican. The independent monarchy of Albion is a primarily human country, however the secret of their expertise in lost technology is found in the Ghetto, an underground city of enslaved Methuselah. It is these Methuselah who operate and manufacture the lost technology, but with the death of the Albion Queen, some of the enslaved vampires begin a rebellion for the freedom of all of the Ghetto residents.


title: Trinity Blood

text: While the novels, manga, and anime series all cover the same basic story and feature many of the same characters, they do have some minor and major differences. Each has its own unique variation on the major story arcs, and in general the novels give the most detail concerning the political elements and background information on the stories. There are a few minor name changes and many details found in the novels are not given in the anime or manga.


title: Trinity Blood

text: The artwork also differs from all three versions, as the character designs were each created by different artists. There are similarities, however, as Shibamoto is responsible for the novel illustrations, while Kiyo Kujō based his work in the manga on Shibamoto's original designs. In the anime series, Dietrich von Lohengrin's cold, evil nature is reflected in his appearance, while in the manga he has a softer, bishōnen design that is incongruous with his actual nature. Similarly, Endre is described as looking like a boy of around 10–12 years old, while in the anime he is given an adult appearance. In additions to variants in appearances, there are differences in personalities relationships between the versions, and there are some characters that are unique to each adaptation. Sister Noelle, whose death devastates Abel in the anime series and in the novels, does not exist in the manga series. Alternatively, the anime does not mention Father Tres' two "brothers".


title: Trinity Blood

text: Depending on the adaptation, some events occur at varying points in the story, while other events are unique to a single adaptation. The anime series' introductory-style episodes are based on the novel segments with the same names, but they are told in a different story. For example, in the novels, "From the Empire", the chapter in which Abel meets is the third chapter, following Flight Night and Witch Hunt, However, in the anime, "From the Empire" is the eleventh episode, coming after the Star of Sorrow arc and the Silent Noise incident. Conversely, the manga starts right with the Star of Sorrow arc and Abel meeting Esther and Dietrich. The Neumann brothers and their related story elements are found only in the novels. In the novels, it was Abel who interrupted the Cardinal's gathering, rather than Caterina or Leon, and the only people available to investigate the Silent Noise incident in Rome are Abel, Tres, and Leon.


title: Trinity Blood

text: The humans once attempted to colonize Mars after a massive population explosion. While on Mars, they discovered the Bacillus and Crusnik nanomachines. When the Bacillus virus was embedded in humans, they were infected with a virus that changed them into vampires who had to feed on blood to survive. While this was happening on Mars, on Earth, continuing wars resulted in Armageddon, the apocalyptic war that nearly destroyed humanity. The vampires—who now call themselves Methuselahs—and the humans ended up in a war against each other when the Methuselah returned to Earth. Nine hundred years later the surviving humans are still trying to recover from the war's devastating effects while trying to find ways to co-exist with the Methuselah despite the distrust and hatred still evident on both sides. The Vatican serves as the primary leader for the people in the ongoing struggle for peace with the Methuselah, and in dealing with rogue factions from both sides that would like the war to continue. The Methuselah refer to humans as "Terrans", or the "Short-Lived Race".


title: Trinity Blood

text: The Methuselah, or "Long-Lived Race", are vampire-like creatures that feed on human blood and have supernatural strength. Their name is likely derived from the biblical figure Methuselah, who was reported to have lived 969 years. Methuselah have a prolonged lifespan, superior strength, and enhanced speed. They also have healing and regeneration abilities.


title: Trinity Blood

text: In addition to their athleticism and stamina, Methuselah also possess varying individual powers. Most frequently, this power manifests itself in the form of a blade that comes out of the arms, claws, or even as sharp, prehensile hair. Some Methuselah have displayed an ability to control some elemental powers such as fire and ice. When being born, a Methuselah behaves as any normal human. He or she is able to wake during daytime and lacks the supernatural life and shortcomings of the race.


title: Trinity Blood

text: Crusniks are vampires who feed on the blood of other vampires. They possess immense power and destructive potential and are nearly invincible. Whereas the Methuselahs are either born or infected, the Crusniks are unique beings created as a result of an experiment during the Mars Colonization Project. The three Crusniks, Seth, Abel, and Lilith, were test tube babies created for the Mars Colonization Project by the UNASF with genetically enhanced bodies. They were infused with the Crusnik nanomachines that were found on Mars as their enhanced bodies were the only ones capable of surviving the procedure. The exact circumstances behind the infusions of Seth, Abel, and Lilith are unknown, while Cain's infusion was done by Seth to save his life after a fatal accident.


title: Trinity Blood

text: Crusniks possess unique attributes that separate them from Methuselahs. For instance, both Abel and Cain sport angelic wings and can fly quite easily. Crusniks can transmute their blood into weapons and often possess psychokinetic powers. Abel can generate powerful bio-electric fields while Cain can use psychokinetic waves to pulverize objects and enemies and to generate barriers. Seth can reduce people and objects to dust using sound waves.


title: Trinity Blood

text: In order to activate his Crusnik powers, Abel usually issues a verbal or mental command to the nanomachines in his body. The exact wording and method of activation varies among the novels, the manga, and anime, and between the original Japanese and the English translations. For example, in the anime he says "Nanomachines: Crusnik 02 - Power Output __% Activate" while in the manga he silently activates Crusnik mode and receives a confirmation from the nanomachines of "Crusnik 02 Loading. Limitation at __%... Acknowledged". In the anime, neither Cain nor Seth demonstrated a need to do this in order to activate their powers, and there are several times when Abel activates his powers without saying his usual command, so it appears to just be a literary device; the only exception to this is in the third novel where Sister Paula Souwauski, who is in combat with him, prevents the change by not letting him finish the statement, as it would flip the playing field as Abel in his human form is ranked as having a B− fighting ability while his 40% Crusnik is described as an S+.


title: Trinity Blood

text: Written by Sunao Yoshida and illustrated by Thores Shibamoto, "Trinity Blood" consists of two six-volume sub-series. The first series is subtitled "Rage Against the Moons" (RAM), while the second series, which continues where the first leaves off, is subtitled "Reborn on the Mars" (ROM). The novels were first serialized in "The Sneaker" and published in their completed form by Kadokawa Shoten in 2001. Following the novels, a book containing backstory, world information and unreleased stories entitled "Canon Summa Theologica", was released May 1, 2005.


title: Trinity Blood

text: In North America, the novels have been licensed for an English language release by Tokyopop. The series are on a four-month release schedule that alternates between "Rage Against the Moons" and "Reborn on the Mars". "Trinity Blood" is being translated by Anastasia Moreno with adaptation by Jai Nitz. TimunMas translated and released the novels in Spanish in Spain. Canon has yet to receive a North American licensee, however it has a Taiwanese licensee for Chinese translation.


title: Trinity Blood

text: was released in Japan on May 1, 2005 (-C0193) by Kadokawa Shoten and features four stories not in the original novels ("Gunmetal Hound", "Human Factor", "ROM VII - Aurora's Fang", and "Stories Untold"). A Traditional Chinese translation of the book, "Trinity Blood Canon 聖魔之血 神學大全" (), was released on February 10, 2010 by Taiwan Kadokawa, and is available in Taiwan and Hong Kong.


title: Trinity Blood

text: The chapters of the "Trinity Blood" manga series are illustrated by Kiyo Kujō and are based on the original light novel series written by Sunao Yoshida and illustrated by Thores Shibamoto. The series premiered in the "shōjo" manga anthology "Monthly Asuka" in 2004, and finished in April 2018. Individual chapters are called "Acts", and the chapter titles are based on film titles, except for chapter 22, the title of which comes from "the lyrics of the theme song of a certain pioneering kendo anime". The individual chapters are collected and published in "tankōbon" volumes by Kadokawa Shoten, with the first released on March 17, 2004; as of June 23, 2018, 21 volumes were released.


title: Trinity Blood

text: The series was licensed for English-language release in North America by Tokyopop. Viz Media re-licensed the manga for digital-only release in 2014. In Australia and New Zealand, both the Chuang Yi and Tokyopop volumes are being released by Madman Entertainment through an importation agreement.


title: Trinity Blood

text: The "Trinity Blood" anime television series premiered on the satellite network Wowow on April 28, 2005 and ran through October 6, 2005, spanning a total of 24 episodes. Directed by Tomohiro Hirata, it featured character designs by Atsuko Nakajima and music by Takahito Eguchi. The satellite channel Animax also aired the series in English across its networks in Southeast Asia, South Asia and South Africa, and in Spanish and Portuguese across its networks throughout Latin America, respectively. The series also aired in Malaysia on ntv7, in Australia on the Australian Cartoon Network's Adult Swim, and in Spain on Buzz Channel.


title: Trinity Blood

text: Funimation, which owns the Region 1 license for the series, gave "Trinity Blood" a 90-minute US theatrical release to promote the series. The film was made by combining the first four episodes of the series. Named "Trinity Blood: Genesis," the movie was released May 5, 2006 in conjunction with Anime Central in Chicago, IL, followed by a limited run in select theaters and at other anime conventions. The series was released on DVD in six volumes with English and Japanese audio and English subtitles. Each volume is available in a regular edition, a limited edition, and as part of the value priced Viridian Collection. They have also released the complete series as a complete series box set.


title: Trinity Blood

text: The Funimation English dub of the series first premiered on Canadian television on the Razer network on July 6, 2006 and later in the United States as part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block on September 10, 2006. These dubbed episodes have also been made available on Netflix and for purchasing through iTunes, with the option to buy individual episodes or the entire series.


title: Trinity Blood

text: The first volume of the "Trinity Blood" manga reached the 30th spot on the Top 100 Graphic Novel sales for November 2006. Subsequent volumes have also all appeared in the top 100 spots in March, July, and November 2007.


title: Trinity Blood

text: The "Trinity Blood" anime series enjoyed strong television ratings when it originally aired in Japan. Its North American debut was also considered successful. The series is one of four FUNimation properties credited with helping the company achieve a 47.8% sales gain in 2006.


title: Trinity Blood

text: Anime News Network's Carl Kimlinger finds the series "shiny, attractive, and—on the whole—entertaining". But he adds that "given the premise (and skill of the writers) it really should have shot for pulpy thrills instead of stately political intrigue." Theron Martin says "for the series as a whole to be worth watching, though, the storytelling and character development need to improve". Melissa Harper adds it is a "slick, well animated show" but "disjointed story makes it difficult to know or care what is going on". "Hyper"'s Daniel Wilks comments that the anime is "for most part rather formulaic but the series does really pick up when it comes to the action scenes which are fast, frenetic, highly creative and beautifully animated".


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: The 2003 Vengeance was the third annual Vengeance professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's SmackDown! brand division. The event took place on July 27, 2003, at the Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: Eight professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event's card. The main event was a Triple Threat match for the WWE Championship, in which Kurt Angle defeated WWE Champion Brock Lesnar and Big Show to win the championship. Two featured bouts were scheduled on the undercard where WWE Chairman Vince McMahon defeated Zach Gowen and The Undertaker defeated John Cena.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: Vengeance had an attendance of approximately 9,500 and received about 322,000 pay-per-view buys. This event helped WWE increase its pay-per-view revenue by $6.2 million from the previous year.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: Vengeance was an annual pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) since 2001. While the 2002 event had featured wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown! brands, the 2003 event, however, was promoted as a SmackDown!-exclusive PPV, only featuring wrestlers from that brand. The 2003 event was the third event in the Vengeance chronology and was held on July 27 at the Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: The event featured nine professional wrestling matches with outcomes predetermined by WWE script writers. The matches featured wrestlers portraying their characters in planned storylines that took place before, during and after the event. All wrestlers were from the SmackDown! brand - a storyline division in which WWE assigned its employees, with storylines produced on the brand's weekly television show, "SmackDown!".


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: The main event at Vengeance featured WWE Champion Brock Lesnar defending the title against Big Show and Kurt Angle in a Triple Threat match. The buildup to the match began four months prior at WrestleMania XIX, where Lesnar defeated Angle and won the WWE Championship, as Angle underwent neck surgery afterwards. Two months later at Judgment Day, Lesnar defeated Big Show in a stretcher match to retain the title. On the May 29 episode of "SmackDown!", Big Show teamed up with Chuck Palumbo and Johnny Stamboli and defeated The Undertaker and Brock Lesnar. On the June 5 episode of " SmackDown!", Angle returned and Big Show attacked him, but Lesnar came to save him and challenge Big Show to a title match. On the June 12 episode of "SmackDown!", during the match between Lesnar and Big Show, the ring collapsed, causing the match to end in a no contest. On the June 19 episode of "SmackDown!", the two had a rematch but The World's Greatest Tag Team (Shelton Benjamin and Charlie Haas) attacked Lesnar, making Angle and Mr. America to run for the save, only for Big Show to chokeslam all of them. On the June 26 episode of "SmackDown!", the six men fought in a tag match where Big Show pinned Mr. America to win the match for his team. On the July 3 episode of "SmackDown!", Lesnar and Angle cost Big Show a handicap match against Stephanie McMahon and Zach Gowen. On the July 10 episode of "SmackDown!", Big Show chokeslammed Angle and teamed up with The World's Greatest Tag Team to defeat Lesnar. On the July 17 episode of "SmackDown!", Angle defeated The World's Greatest Tag Team and Big Show by help from Zach Gowen. On the July 24 episode of "SmackDown!", Gowen teamed with both Lesnar and Angle against Big Show and The World's Greatest Tag Team, and Big Show won for his team by chokeslamming both Lesnar and Angle.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: One of the featured preliminary matches was Zach Gowen versus Vince McMahon in a singles match. The hype to this match began on the May 22 episode of " SmackDown!", where Gowen, whose left leg was amputated when he was eight years old due to cancer, said that he wanted to wrestle for the WWE. McMahon, however, ordered police to arrest him. On the June 5 episode of "SmackDown!", McMahon challenged Gowen to get a WWE contract by beating him in an Arm Wrestling contest. On the June 12 episode of "SmackDown!", McMahon kicked Gowen's leg in order to win the contest. On the June 26 episode of "SmackDown!", McMahon agreed to give Gowen a contract, but only if Gowen joined McMahon's "Kiss My Ass" club. Gowen low blowed McMahon. McMahon attacked Gowen and booked him and Stephanie McMahon against Big Show, with Gowen getting a WWE contract if they won. On the July 3 episode of "SmackDown!", Brock Lesnar and Kurt Angle helped Gowen and Stephanie win the match and earn his contract. On the July 10 episode of "SmackDown!", while Gowen signed his contract, McMahon made a match between Gowen and himself for Vengeance. On the July 24 episode of "SmackDown!", McMahon attacked Gowen during his match with Lesnar and Angle against Big Show and The World's Greatest Tag Team.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: The other featured preliminary match was The Undertaker versus John Cena in a singles match. The buildup to the match began on the June 26 episode of "SmackDown!", where Cena celebrated a year in the WWE. He fought Orlando Jordan and defeated him, but attacked him after the match, making Undertaker run down for the save. On the July 3 episode of "SmackDown!", Undertaker cost Cena his match against Billy Gunn in the WWE United States Championship tournament. On the July 17 episode of " SmackDown!", Cena and Undertaker brawled in the ring. On the July 24 episode of "SmackDown!", Cena taunted Undertaker, rapping about him in a cemetery.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: Before the event aired live on pay-per-view, Último Dragón faced Kanyon on "Sunday Night Heat", one of WWE's secondary TV programs. Dragon won after a standing shiranui on Kanyon.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: As the pay-per-view event began, Eddie Guerrero faced Chris Benoit for the vacant United States Championship. The match was contested evenly between both men, with both of them performing a variety of offensive maneuvers. Guerrero eventually gained the upper hand when Rhyno interfered in the match while the referee was unconscious, performing a Gore on Benoit. After this, Guerrero performed a Frog splash on Benoit to win the title.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: In the next match, Billy Gunn (with Torrie Wilson) faced Jamie Noble (with Nidia). If Noble won, he'd get to sleep with Torrie. During the match, Noble performed a DDT from the top turnbuckle on Gunn and went for a cover, but Nidia interfered and placed Gunn's foot on the rope. Noble then angrily confronted Nidia. Torrie attempted to slap him, but he instead kissed her. After this, Nidia and Torrie both slapped Noble. Noble returned to the inside of the ring, only to be tripped by Torrie. While confronting her, Gunn attempted a Gunnslinger but Noble pushed him into Torrie. Noble then rolled-up on Gunn to win.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: In the third match, Bradshaw, Faarooq, Shannon Moore, Doink the Clown, Brother Love, Nunzio, Matt Hardy, Kanyon, Danny Basham, Doug Basham, the Easter Bunny, Sean O'Haire, John Hennigan, Orlando Jordan, Funaki, Los Conquistadores (Rob Conway and Johnny Jeter), the Brooklyn Brawler, Johnny Stamboli, Chuck Palumbo, Matt Cappotelli, and Spanky fought in the APA Invitational Bar Room Brawl. During the match, Spanky was put through a table, Sean O'Haire used a pool cue and Brother Love threw Shannon Moore through a mirror. After knocking down Brother Love, Bradshaw won the match.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: In the next match, The World's Greatest Tag Team (Shelton Benjamin and Charlie Haas) faced Rey Mysterio and Billy Kidman for the WWE Tag Team Championship. Throughout the match, both teams performed many offensive maneuvers. The World's Greatest Tag Team won after a combination of a powerbomb by Haas and a diving lariat to retain the titles.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: In the fifth match Sable faced SmackDown! General Manager Stephanie McMahon in a No Countout Match. Stephanie attacked Sable while she was on the way to the ring, while Sable utilized kicks to take the advantage. Stephanie beat on Sable on the outside before trying to hit her with a steel chair, but the referee stopped her. The match ended when Stephanie tore away at Sable's top, and while Sable was attempting to get referee Brian Hebner to help her, A-Train attacked Stephanie. Hebner then gave Sable his shirt to cover her, and she covered Stephanie for the win.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: In the next match, The Undertaker faced John Cena. The Undertaker controlled the start of the match, but Cena took advantage by drinking water and spraying it in the Undertaker's face. The Undertaker regained control by chokeslamming Cena, before an attempt at a Last Ride. Cena reversed into a DDT, however. The Undertaker was thrown into an exposed turnbuckle and Cena attacked his midsection, bloodying him from the mouth, selling internal injuries, or making them appear realistic. The Undertaker later attempted to perform a Tombstone Piledriver but couldn't due to the (kayfabe) injuries he had received. Cena punched him with a chain wrapped around his fist and delivered an FU. Cena then covered the Undertaker, but he kicked out of the attempt. Cena then scaled the turnbuckle to attack the Undertaker in the corner, but the Undertaker performed the Last Ride on him and pinned Cena for the win.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: In the next match, WWE Chairman Vince McMahon faced Zach Gowen. McMahon controlled much of the match, attacking Gowen's leg primarily, as Gowen only has one leg. However, Gowen retaliated with such offensive maneuvers as one-legged dropkicks and springboard backflips. Late in the match, McMahon held a steel chair with the intent of hitting Gowen with it. Gowen, however, countered by using a spinning heel kick to kick the chair into McMahon's face, bloodying him. Gowen then went for a Corkscrew Moonsault, but missed and landed on the mat. McMahon then covered Gowen for the win, but after the match, the crowd gave Gowen a standing ovation for his performance.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: In the main event, Brock Lesnar, Kurt Angle and Big Show fought in a Triple Threat Match for the WWE Championship. The match began with Angle and Lesnar facing each other, before attacking the Big Show. Big Show threw Angle outside the ring and chokeslammed Lesnar. He covered Lesnar but didn't score a pinfall. The Big Show controlled the match early on before Lesnar shoulder blocked and went for an F5 but Big Show countered. Angle returned to the ring with trash can lids and both he and Lesnar used them against Big Show. The Big Show tried to chokeslam both men simultaneously, but Angle and Lesnar teamed up to chokeslam Big Show. Later in the match, Angle began to bleed. Big Show placed Lesnar on the top turnbuckle and climbed up to punch Lesnar, but Angle distracted both men and went down to the mat, with Big Show still above him, allowing Lesnar to powerbomb and cover Big Show. Angle broke the cover by hitting Lesnar with a chair to the back, following with a chair shot to the head, bloodying Lesnar, too. Angle and Big Show proceeded to fight outside the ring, and Angle Angle Slammed Big Show on the Spanish announcers' table. Afterward, Lesnar and Angle fought each other back inside the ring, and Lesnar threw Angle to the outside again. The Big Show returned to the ring and chokeslammed Lesnar and Angle simultaneously, and covered both men but couldn't score a pinfall. Angle then placed Lesnar in an ankle lock, but Big Show broke the hold. Angle performed an Angle Slam on Big Show again, and then delivered an Angle Slam to Lesnar, covering him for a pinfall and winning the WWE Title.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: The Pepsi Center has a maximum capacity of 19,000, but that was reduced for Vengeance 2003. The event had an attendance of 9,500. The event resulted in 322,000 pay-per-view buys. The promotion's pay-per-view revenue was $24.7 million. "Canadian Online Explorer"s professional wrestling section rated the entire event an 8.5 out of 10 stars. The No Disqualification Triple Threat main event match was rated a 10 out of 10 stars. The event was released on DVD on August 26, 2003 by Sony Music Entertainment.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: While the 2003 Vengeance was a SmackDown!-exclusive PPV, the event became Raw-exclusive the following year. It continued to be promoted as a Raw-exclusive event in 2005 and 2006.


title: Vengeance (2003)

text: The tournament for the vacant WWE United States Championship was held between June 19 and July 27, 2003. The tournament brackets were:


title: Old Saxon

text: Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, was a Germanic language and the earliest recorded form of Low German (spoken nowadays in Northern Germany, the northeastern Netherlands, southern Denmark, the Americas and parts of Eastern Europe). It is a West Germanic language, closely related to the Anglo-Frisian languages. It is documented from the 8th century until the 12th century, when it gradually evolved into Middle Low German. It was spoken throughout modern northwestern Germany, primarily in the coastal regions and in the eastern Netherlands by Saxons, a Germanic tribe that inhabited the region of Saxony. It partially shares Anglo-Frisian's (Old Frisian, Old English) Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law which sets it apart from Low Franconian and Irminonic languages, such as Dutch, Luxembourgish and German.


title: Old Saxon

text: The grammar of Old Saxon was fully inflected with five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three grammatical numbers (singular, plural, and dual), and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). The dual forms occurred in the first and second persons only and referred to groups of two.


title: Old Saxon

text: In the early Middle Ages, a dialect continuum existed between Old Dutch and Old Saxon, a continuum which has since been interrupted by the simultaneous dissemination of standard languages within each nation and the dissolution of folk dialects. Although they share some features, a number of differences separate Old Saxon, Old English, and Old Dutch. One such difference is the Old Dutch utilization of "-a" as its plural a-stem noun ending, while Old Saxon and Old English employ "-as" or "-os". However, it seems that Middle Dutch took the Old Saxon a-stem ending from some Middle Low German dialects, as modern Dutch includes the plural ending "-s" added to certain words. Another difference is the so-called "unified plural": Old Saxon, like Old Frisian and Old English, has one verb form for all three persons in the plural, whereas Old Dutch retained three distinct forms (reduced to two in Middle Dutch).


title: Old Saxon

text: Old Saxon (or Old Low German) probably evolved primarily from Ingvaeonic dialects in the West Germanic branch of Proto-Germanic in the 5th century. However, Old Saxon, even considered as an Ingvaeonic language, is not a pure Ingvaeonic dialect like Old Frisian and Old English, the latter two sharing some other Ingvaeonic characteristics, which Old Saxon lacked.


title: Old Saxon

text: Old Saxon naturally evolved into Middle Low German over the course of the 11th and 12th centuries, with a great shift from Latin to Low German writing happening around 1150, so that the development of the language can be traced from that period.


title: Old Saxon

text: The most striking difference between Middle Low German and Old Saxon is in a feature of speech known as vowel reduction, which took place in most other West Germanic languages and some Scandinavian dialects such as Danish, reducing all unstressed vowels to schwa. Thus, such Old Saxon words like "gisprekan" (spoken) or "dagō" (days' – gen. pl.) became "gesprēken "and "dāge".


title: Old Saxon

text: Old Saxon did not participate in the High German consonant shift, and thus preserves stop consonants "p", "t", "k" that have been shifted in Old High German to various fricatives and affricates. The Germanic diphthongs "ai", "au" consistently develop into long vowels "ē", "ō", whereas in Old High German they appear either as "ei", "ou" or "ē", "ō" depending on the following consonant.


title: Old Saxon

text: Old Saxon, alone of the West Germanic languages except for Frisian, consistently preserves Germanic /j/ after a consonant, e.g. "savior" (, , but ). Germanic umlaut, when it occurs with short "a", is inconsistent, e.g. or "to have" (). This feature was carried over into the descendant-language of Old Saxon, Middle Low German, where e.g. the adjective "krank" (sick, ill) had the comparative forms "krenker" and "kranker". Apart from the "e", however, the umlaut is not marked in writing.


title: Old Saxon

text: The table below lists the consonants of Old Saxon. Phonemes written in parentheses represent allophones and are not independent phonemes.


title: Old Saxon

text: Unlike modern English, Old Saxon was an inflected language rich in morphological diversity. It kept five out of the six distinct cases of Proto-Germanic: the nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and (Vestigially in the oldest texts) instrumental.


title: Old Saxon

text: Old Saxon also had three grammatical numbers (singular, and dual, and plural) and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). The dual forms occurred in the first and second persons only and referred to groups of exactly two.


title: Old Saxon

text: Old Saxon nouns were inflected in very different ways following their classes. Here are the endings for "dag", "day" an a-stem masculine noun:


title: Old Saxon

text: At the end of the Old Saxon period, distinctions between noun classes began to disappear, and endings from one were often transferred to the other declension, and vice versa. This happened to be a large process, and the most common noun classes started to cause the least represented to disappear. As a result, in Middle Low German, only the former weak n-stem and strong a-stem classes remained. These two noun inflection classes started being added to words not only following the historical belonging of this word, but also following the root of the word.


title: Old Saxon

text: The Old Saxon verb inflection system reflects an intermediate stage between Old English and Old Dutch, and further Old High German. Unlike Old High German and Old Dutch, but similarly to Old English, it did not preserve the three different verb endings in the plural, all featured as "-ad" (also "-iad" or "-iod" following the different verb inflection classes). Like Old Dutch, it had only two classes of weak verb, with only a few relic verbs of the third weak class (namely four verbs: libbian, seggian, huggian and hebbian).


title: Old Saxon

text: It should be noticed that the third weak verb class includes only four verbs (namely libbian, seggian, huggian and hebbian); it is a remnant of an older and larger class that was kept in Old High German.


title: Old Saxon

text: Old Saxon syntax is mostly different from that of modern English. Some were simply consequences of the greater level of nominal and verbal inflection – e.g., word order was generally freer. In addition:


title: Old Saxon

text: Old Saxon comes down in a number of different manuscripts whose spelling systems sometimes differ markedly. In this section, only the letters used in normalized versions of the Heliand will be kept, and the sounds modern scholars have traditionally assigned to these letters. Where spelling deviations in other texts may point to significant pronunciation variants, this will be indicated.


title: Old Saxon

text: In general, the spelling of Old Saxon corresponds quite well to that of the other ancient Germanic languages, such as Old High German or Gothic.


title: Old Saxon

text: Only a few texts survive, predominantly baptismal vows the Saxons were required to perform at the behest of Charlemagne. The only literary texts preserved are "Heliand" and fragments of the Old Saxon Genesis. There is also:


title: Old Saxon

text: A poetic version of the Lord's Prayer in the form of the traditional Germanic alliterative verse is given in Old Saxon below as it appears in the "Heliand".


title: West Philippine Sea

text: West Philippine Sea (; abbreviated as WPS) is the official designation by the government of the Philippines to the parts of the South China Sea that are included in the country's exclusive economic zone. The term is also sometimes incorrectly used to refer to the entire South China Sea.


title: West Philippine Sea

text: The first use of the term "West Philippine Sea" by the Philippine national government was as early as 2011, during the administration of President Benigno Aquino III. The naming was intended for purposes of the national mapping system and to symbolize disagreement with China's sovereignty claim over the whole South China Sea.


title: West Philippine Sea

text: In the House of Representatives, Akbayan representative Walden Bello filed a resolution in June 2011 urging the government to look into the process of changing the name of the South China Sea to "Western Philippine Sea". The proposal to have a different naming for the sea has received support from the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which has been using "West Philippine Sea" since the mid-2000s That was codified by administrative order in September 2012, and its application clarified as limited to waters within the Philippine Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which mandated use of that term by departments, subdivisions, agencies and instrumentalities of the Philippine government. The Philippine government then announced that it would start using the name to refer to waters west of the Philippines as "West Philippine Sea" in government maps, other forms of communication and documents.


title: West Philippine Sea

text: In September 2012, the Philippine government announced that it would start using the name to refer to waters west of the Philippines as "West Philippine Sea" in government maps, other forms of communication and documents.


title: West Philippine Sea

text: On July 12, 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the Philippines in a case not involving naming. It clarified that "[T]he Tribunal has not been asked to, and does not purport to, delimit any maritime boundary between the


title: West Philippine Sea

text: Parties or involving any other State bordering on the South China Sea". The tribunal also ruled that China has "no historical rights" based on the "nine-dash line" map.


title: West Philippine Sea

text: There is no exact demarcation of boundaries for the area in the South China Sea which forms the West Philippine Sea. The Administrative order which officially named the area defined it as follows:


title: West Philippine Sea

text: In Philippine law, the West Philippine Sea refers only to the portions of the South China Sea which the Philippine government claims to be part of the country's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The naming of the area became official through Administrative Order No. 29 issued by then-President Benigno Aquino III on September 5, 2012. The order also cites Presidential Decree No. 1599 which was issued in 1978 during the tenure of then President Ferdinand Marcos which established the Philippine EEZ as well as the Republic Act No. 9522 or the Baselines Law which was enacted into law in 2009 during the administration of then-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo which delineated the baselines of the Philippine archipelago.


title: West Philippine Sea

text: The administrative order asserts the Philippine claim over its EEZ in the South China Sea which conveys the Philippine government's position that it has sovereign rights under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over the West Philippine Sea area and "inherent power and right to designate its maritime areas with appropriate nomenclature for purposes of the national mapping system".


title: West Philippine Sea

text: Under the Administrative Order No. 29, the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority is mandated to use the designation West Philippine Sea in maps produced and published by the government agency. Other government agencies are also required to use the term to popularize the use of the name domestically and internationally.


title: West Philippine Sea

text: Prior to the issuance of the order, the Philippines' weather bureau, PAGASA, adopted the name in 2011 to refer to waters west of the country while remained using "Philippine Sea" to refer waters east of the archipelago.


title: West Philippine Sea

text: The term "West Philippine Sea" has sometimes been incorrectly used to refer to whole South China Sea.


title: Rubella virus

text: Rubella virus (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, transmitted only between humans via the respiratory route, and is the main cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy.


title: Rubella virus

text: Rubella virus, scientific name "Rubivirus rubellae", is a member of the genus "Rubivirus" and belongs to the family of "Matonaviridae", whose members commonly have a genome of single-stranded RNA of positive polarity which is enclosed by an icosahedral capsid.


title: Rubella virus

text: Until 2018, Rubiviruses were classified as part of the family "Togaviridae", but have since been changed to be the sole genus of the family "Matonaviridae". This family is named after George de Maton, who in 1814 first distinguished rubella from measles and scarlet fever. The change was made by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the central governing body for viral classification. "Matonaviridae" remains part of the realm that it was already in as "Togaviridae", "Riboviria", because of its RNA genome and RNA dependent RNA polymerase"."


title: Rubella virus

text: In 2020, Ruhugu virus and Rustrela virus joined Rubella virus as second and third of only three members of the genus "Rubivirus". Neither of them are known to infect people.


title: Rubella virus

text: While alphavirus virions are spherical and contain an icosahedral nucleocapsid, RuV virions are pleiomorphic and do not contain icosahedral nucleocapsids.


title: Rubella virus

text: ICTV analyzed the sequence of RuV and compared its phylogeny to that of togaviruses. They concluded:Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of alphaviruses, rubella virus and other positive-sense RNA viruses shows the two genera within the "Togaviridae" are not monophyletic. In particular, rubella virus groups more closely with members of the families "Benyviridae", "Hepeviridae" and "Alphatetraviridae", along with several unclassified viruses, than it does with members of the family "Togaviridae" belonging to the genus "Alphavirus".


title: Rubella virus

text: The spherical virus particles (virions) of Matonaviridae have a diameter of 50 to 70 nm and are covered by a lipid membrane (viral envelope), derived from the host cell membrane. There are prominent "spikes" (projections) of 6 nm composed of the viral envelope proteins E1 and E2 embedded in the membrane.


title: Rubella virus

text: The E1 glycoprotein is considered immunodominant in the humoral response induced against the structural proteins and contains both neutralizing and hemagglutinating determinants.


title: Rubella virus

text: Inside the lipid envelope is a capsid of 40 nm in diameter. The capsid protein (CP) has different functions. Its main tasks are the formation of homooligomeres to form the capsid, and the binding of the genomic RNA. Further is it responsible for the aggregation of RNA in the capsid, it interacts with the membrane proteins E1 and E2 and binds the human host-protein p32 which is important for replication of the virus in the host.


title: Rubella virus

text: As opposed to alphaviruses the capsid does not undergo autoproteolysis, rather is it cut off from the rest of the polyprotein by the signal-peptidase. Production of the capsid happens at the surface of intracellular membranes simultaneously with the budding of the virus.


title: Rubella virus

text: The genome has 9,762 nucleotides and encodes 2 nonstructural polypeptides (p150 and p90) within its 5′-terminal two-thirds and 3 structural polypeptides (C, E2, and E1) within its 3′-terminal one-third.


title: Rubella virus

text: There are three sites that are highly conserved in Matonaviruses: a stem-and-loop structure at the 5' end of the genome, a 51-nucleotide conserved sequence near the 5' end of the genome and a 20-nucleotide conserved sequence at the subgenomic RNA start site. Homologous sequences are present in the rubella genome.


title: Rubella virus

text: The genome encodes several non-coding RNA structures; among them is the rubella virus 3' cis-acting element, which contains multiple stem-loops, one of which has been found to be essential for viral replication.


title: Rubella virus

text: The only significant region of homology between rubella and the alphaviruses is located at the NH2 terminus of non structural protein 3. This sequence has helicase and replicase activity. In the rubella genome these occur in the opposite orientation to that found in the alphaviruses indicating that a genome rearrangement has occurred.


title: Rubella virus

text: The genome has the highest G+C content of any currently known single stranded RNA virus (~70%). Despite this high GC content its codon use is similar to that of its human host.


title: Rubella virus

text: The viruses attach to the cell surface via specific receptors and are taken up by an endosome being formed. At the neutral pH outside of the cell the E2 envelope protein covers the E1 protein. The dropping pH inside the endosome frees the outer domain of E1 and causes the fusion of the viral envelope with the endosomal membrane. Thus, the capsid reaches the cytosol, decays and releases the genome


title: Rubella virus

text: The (+)ssRNA (positive, single-stranded RNA) at first only acts as a template for the translation of the non-structural proteins, which are synthesized as a large polyprotein and are then cut into single proteins. The sequences for the structural proteins are first replicated by the viral RNA polymerase (Replicase) via a complementary (-)ssRNA as a template and translated as a separate short mRNA. This short subgenomic RNA is additionally packed in a virion.


title: Rubella virus

text: Translation of the structural proteins produces a large polypeptide (110 Dalton). This is then endoproteolytically cut into E1, E2 and the capsid protein. E1 and E2 are type I transmembrane proteins which are transported into the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) with the help of an N-terminal signal sequence. From the ER the heterodimeric E1·E2-complex reaches the Golgi apparatus, where the budding of new virions occurs (unlike alpha viruses, where budding occurs at the plasma membrane.


title: Rubella virus

text: The capsid proteins on the other hand stay in the cytoplasm and interact with the genomic RNA, together forming the capsid.


title: Rubella virus

text: On the basis of differences in the sequence of the E1 protein, two genotypes have been described which differ by 8 - 10%. These have been subdivided into 13 recognised genotypes - 1a, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 1G, 1h, 1i, 1j, 2A, 2B and 2C.


title: Hyper (2016 film)

text: Hyper is a 2016 Indian Telugu-language action-comedy drama film directed by Santosh Srinivas and produced by 14 Reels Entertainment. The film features Ram Pothineni, Raashi Khanna, and Sathyaraj in the lead roles, while Rao Ramesh, Murali Sharma, Naresh, Thulasi Shivamani, Sayaji Shinde, Posani Krishna Murali, and Brahmaji play supporting roles. The songs featured in the film are composed by Ghibran, while the background score is composed by Mani Sharma. The film was released worldwide on 30 September 2016.


title: Hyper (2016 film)

text: Narayana Murthy (Sathyaraj) is an honest government employee. His son Suryanarayana Murthy "Suri" (Ram Pothineni) loves him in such a way that he is ready to die or kill anyone. One day when he was about to meet with an accident, Gaja (Murali Sharma) a gangster protects him. The two becomes friends. One day Rajappa (Rao Ramesh) blackmails Narayana Murthy to get approval for a building which was illegally constructed. Rajappa orders Gaja, his right-hand man, to kill Narayana Murthy's family. The rest of the story follows Surya as he tries to protect his family from Rajappa.


title: Hyper (2016 film)

text: The music for the songs is composed by M. Ghibran and released on Lahari Music company. Mani Sharma composed the background score of the film.


title: Hyper (2016 film)

text: A critic from "The Hindu" wrote that "Sathyaraj and Rao Ramesh, who steals the show yet again, are the film’s saving grace". Pranitha Jonnalagedda of "The Times of India" said that "The film is predictable at places and endearing at times. But on the whole, it feels like watching paint dry. Here’s a film which has its heart in the right place but the beats aren’t quite right". Jeevi of "Idlebrain.com" opined that "On a whole, "Hyper" is a film made for the masses". A critic from "123telugu" said that "On the whole, "Hyper" is a typical masala entertainer which has some entertaining moments".


title: Trans-Air Service Flight 671

text: Trans-Air Service Flight 671 was a cargo flight from Luxembourg Airport to Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport in Kano, Nigeria. While flying over France on March 31, 1992, the Boeing 707 operating the flight experienced an in-flight separation of two engines on its right wing. Despite the damage to the aircraft, the pilots were able to perform an emergency landing at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base in Istres, France. All five occupants of the aircraft survived; however, the aircraft was damaged beyond repair due to a fire on the right wing.


title: Trans-Air Service Flight 671

text: The aircraft was a 28-year-old Boeing 707-321C, serial number 18718. It had been manufactured in April 1964 and was first delivered to Pan Am at end of the month. It had accumulated 60,985 flight hours over 17,907 flights. It was powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT3D-3B engines. During its history, the aircraft's owner and registration had changed multiple times; at the time of the accident, it was registered 5N-MAS and operated for Nigerian operator Trans-Air Service.


title: Trans-Air Service Flight 671

text: The captain was 57-year-old Swedish national Ingemar Berglund; he had a total of approximately 26,000 hours of flying experience, including 7,100 on the Boeing 707. The first officer was 44-year-old British national Martin Emery; he had approximately 14,000 hours of flying experience, including 4,500 on the Boeing 707. The flight engineer was 55-year-old British national Terry Boone; he had approximately 18,000 hours of flying experience, all on the Boeing 707. A mechanic and a cargo supervisor were also on board the flight. The mechanic was 36-year-old Nigerian national Ike Nwabudike, and the cargo supervisor was 27-year-old Icelandic national Ingebar Einarssen.


title: Trans-Air Service Flight 671

text: The flight departed Luxembourg Airport at 07:14 UTC on March 31, 1992; it was carrying 38 tonnes of freight and was destined for Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport near Kano, Nigeria. At approximately 08:11, while the aircraft was climbing through over the Drôme department in southeastern France, the crew noticed severe turbulence and heard a loud "double bang"; the aircraft subsequently began to roll to the right. Captain Berglund then disengaged the autopilot and used control column and rudder inputs to regain control of the aircraft. In addition, the fire warning was continuously audible and could not be switched off by the flight engineer. First Officer Emery subsequently observed that the number 4 engine (the right-most of the aircraft's four engines) had detached from the wing and sent out a mayday call. Emery subsequently noticed that the number 3 engine (the inner engine on the right wing) had also detached from the wing. Captain Berglund subsequently started descending towards Marseille while Flight Engineer Boone began dumping fuel in preparation for an emergency landing.


title: Trans-Air Service Flight 671

text: During the descent, the crew noticed an airfield ahead; this was Istres-Le Tubé Air Base in Istres, France. The crew subsequently decided to land on runway 15 at Istres; this required a left hand circuit prior to landing. This left turn proved to be very challenging for Captain Berglund given the damage to the aircraft's flight controls; the cockpit voice recorder showed that First Officer Emery was encouraging Berglund by repeating the words "left turn" six times. Shortly before landing, the air traffic controller observed a fire on the aircraft.


title: Trans-Air Service Flight 671

text: The aircraft made an emergency landing at Istres at 08:35, approximately 24 minutes after the initial engine separation. During the landing roll, the aircraft ran off the left side of the runway. After the aircraft came to a stop, the crew noticed that there was a fire on the aircraft's right wing. All five occupants of the aircraft survived without any injuries; however, there was considerable fire damage to the right wing. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.


title: Trans-Air Service Flight 671

text: Investigators found that metal fatigue had caused a crack to develop in the pylon that held the number 3 engine (the right inboard engine) to the wing. This weakened the pylon such that it broke on the accident flight, leading to separation of the number 3 engine. The separated number 3 engine then struck the number 4 engine, causing it to separate as well. In addition, an airworthiness directive that required periodic inspections of the pylons was found to be ineffective in detecting such fatigue cracks.


title: Trans-Air Service Flight 671

text: In response to the accident, the French BEA (Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety) recommended that inspection procedures for engine pylons be modified so that fatigue cracks can be detected more easily. The BEA also recommended that air traffic controllers receive regular training for emergency situations by theoretical study and by performing practical exercises.


title: Trans-Air Service Flight 671

text: The year after the incident, the crew received the "Hugh Gordon-Burge Memorial Award" from the Honourable Company of Air Pilots.


title: Trans-Air Service Flight 671

text: Trans-Air Service Flight 671 was featured in the 4th episode of season 22 of the show "Mayday", titled "Double Trouble".


title: ID3 algorithm

text: In decision tree learning, ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) is an algorithm invented by Ross Quinlan used to generate a decision tree from a dataset. ID3 is the precursor to the C4.5 algorithm, and is typically used in the machine learning and natural language processing domains.


title: ID3 algorithm

text: The ID3 algorithm begins with the original set formula_1 as the root node. On each iteration of the algorithm, it iterates through every unused attribute of the set formula_1 and calculates the entropy formula_3 or the information gain formula_4 of that attribute. It then selects the attribute which has the smallest entropy (or largest information gain) value. The set formula_1 is then split or partitioned by the selected attribute to produce subsets of the data. (For example, a node can be split into child nodes based upon the subsets of the population whose ages are less than 50, between 50 and 100, and greater than 100.) The algorithm continues to recurse on each subset, considering only attributes never selected before.


title: ID3 algorithm

text: Throughout the algorithm, the decision tree is constructed with each non-terminal node (internal node) representing the selected attribute on which the data was split, and terminal nodes (leaf nodes) representing the class label of the final subset of this branch.


title: ID3 algorithm

text: ID3 does not guarantee an optimal solution. It can converge upon local optima. It uses a greedy strategy by selecting the locally best attribute to split the dataset on each iteration. The algorithm's optimality can be improved by using backtracking during the search for the optimal decision tree at the cost of possibly taking longer.


title: ID3 algorithm

text: ID3 can overfit the training data. To avoid overfitting, smaller decision trees should be preferred over larger ones. This algorithm usually produces small trees, but it does not always produce the smallest possible decision tree.


title: ID3 algorithm

text: ID3 is harder to use on continuous data than on factored data (factored data has a discrete number of possible values, thus reducing the possible branch points). If the values of any given attribute are continuous, then there are many more places to split the data on this attribute, and searching for the best value to split by can be time-consuming.


title: ID3 algorithm

text: The ID3 algorithm is used by training on a data set formula_1 to produce a decision tree which is stored in memory. At runtime, this decision tree is used to classify new test cases (feature vectors) by traversing the decision tree using the features of the datum to arrive at a leaf node.


title: ID3 algorithm

text: Entropy formula_3 is a measure of the amount of uncertainty in the (data) set formula_1 (i.e. entropy characterizes the (data) set formula_1).


title: ID3 algorithm

text: When formula_20, the set formula_1 is perfectly classified (i.e. all elements in formula_1 are of the same class).


title: ID3 algorithm

text: In ID3, entropy is calculated for each remaining attribute. The attribute with the smallest entropy is used to split the set formula_1 on this iteration. Entropy in information theory measures how much information is expected to be gained upon measuring a random variable; as such, it can also be used to quantify the amount to which the distribution of the quantity's values is unknown. A constant quantity has zero entropy, as its distribution is perfectly known. In contrast, a uniformly distributed random variable (discretely or continuously uniform) maximizes entropy. Therefore, the greater the entropy at a node, the less information is known about the classification of data at this stage of the tree; and therefore, the greater the potential to improve the classification here.


title: ID3 algorithm

text: As such, ID3 is a greedy heuristic performing a best-first search for locally optimal entropy values. Its accuracy can be improved by preprocessing the data.


title: ID3 algorithm

text: Information gain formula_24 is the measure of the difference in entropy from before to after the set formula_1 is split on an attribute formula_26. In other words, how much uncertainty in formula_1 was reduced after splitting set formula_1 on attribute formula_26.


title: ID3 algorithm

text: In ID3, information gain can be calculated (instead of entropy) for each remaining attribute. The attribute with the largest information gain is used to split the set formula_1 on this iteration.


title: Paul Ricca

text: Paul De Lucia (born Felice De Lucia, ; November 14, 1897 – October 11, 1972), known as Paul Ricca (, ), was an Italian-American mobster who served as the nominal or "de facto" leader of the Chicago Outfit for 40 years. In 1958, he was named by a Senate crime investigating subcommittee "the country's most important criminal". Ricca died on October 11, 1972.


title: Paul Ricca

text: Ricca was born Felice De Lucia on November 14, 1897, in Naples, Campania to Antonio and Maria Annunziata De Lucia. He had four younger sisters: Emilia Beatrice, Anna Clementina, Celementina Eleonora, and Luisa Maria. By age 17, he was working for organized crime in Naples (Camorra). In 1915, he stabbed Emilio Parrillo to death on Mafia orders. Ricca later claimed that he killed Parillo for breaking an engagement to his sister. In 1917, Ricca was convicted of murder, serving two years in prison. Once released from prison, Ricca killed Vincenzo Capasso, who had testified against him in the Parillo trial, by slitting his throat.


title: Paul Ricca

text: After killing Capasso, Ricca assumed the name Paul Maglio and fled to the United States by way of Cuba. On August 10, 1920, Ricca arrived in New York City.


title: Paul Ricca

text: In January 1927, Ricca married Nancy Emily Gigante, who was also from Naples, and had three children: Mary Anna, Anthony Paul, and Paul Richard. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928, and legally changed his name to Paul De Lucia.


title: Paul Ricca

text: In January 24, 1927, Ricca was arrested for carrying a concealed weapon, which was when his mugshot of him was taken. Though he got arrested a couple of times within his early years in the mob, he was never seriously convicted on any charges up until the 1940s, and before becoming a recognized figure in the Outfit in the 1930s, Ricca's record would be so clean that even his mob associates would convey some envy over his minor police record early on in his career in the Outfit.


title: Paul Ricca

text: While in Cuba, Ricca had met Joseph "Diamond Joe" Esposito, a Chicago bootlegger and restaurant owner. After Ricca arrived in New York, Esposito brought him to Chicago. Esposito put Ricca to work smuggling whiskey from Cuba and moonshine liquor from Kentucky to Chicago. Sensing Ricca's potential, Esposito appointed him as maitre d' at the Bella Napoli, Esposito's Chicago restaurant, earning the nickname "the Waiter". The Bella Napoli was popular with many Chicago gangsters, including the leader of the South Side Gang (the precursor to the Chicago Outfit), Al Capone. Sharing several mutual friends among Neapolitan gangsters who had returned to Italy, Ricca soon gave up his restaurant job and joined the South Side Gang.


title: Paul Ricca

text: Ricca rose very quickly in the gang ranks, frequently serving as Capone's emissary to the East Coast gangs. An early factor that contributed to his rise was an event that took place outside of Capone’s Hawthorne Hotel in Cicero, Illinois on September 20, 1926. While Capone was eating in the restaurant next to the hotel, Ricca was about to enter the same restaurant to meet with him when several vehicles being driven by North Side gangsters, Capone’s rivals, began firing several Thompson submachine gun rounds into the air and at the hotel. Ricca, recognizing the oncoming danger, quickly ran to where Capone was sitting and warned him just in time for Capone to get down, saving him from getting shot. Ricca suffered a gunshot wound to his left shoulder and, when questioned by the police of his identity, identified himself as an alias—Louis Barko. Capone recognized and praised Ricca’s actions from that event by becoming close to him and letting him move up the ranks within the Outfit.


title: Paul Ricca

text: The two soon became good friends; in 1927, Capone served as the best man at Ricca's wedding. In 1929, Capone and Ricca attended the Atlantic City Conference in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the first meeting of all the major criminal gangs in the United States. In 1930, Capone sent Ricca to New York City to serve as his emissary in peace talks aimed at ending the Castellammarese War between the New York Italian-American gangs. With the establishment of the National Crime Syndicate in 1931, Ricca's prestige and visibility continued to rise.


title: Paul Ricca

text: In 1931, Capone was convicted of tax evasion and sentenced to 11 years in prison. Capone's nominal successor was Frank "the Enforcer" Nitti, with Ricca as front boss. However, according to crime historian Carl Sifakis, Ricca held the actual power in the Outfit. Ricca frequently overruled Nitti's orders by saying, "We'll do it this way. Now let's hear no more about it!". In addition, the leaders of the emerging Syndicate, including Lucky Luciano, dealt only with Ricca, not Nitti. In fact, in April 1932, Luciano and Meyer Lansky, another top leader in the Crime Syndicate, were in the company of Ricca and other Chicago and New York gangsters when they were arrested by the police outside the Congress Hotel in Chicago. All of the men arrested were freed since the police had no reason to keep them contained, not before taking a picture of the gangsters in front of a police line-up however. The fact that the East Coast leaders met with Ricca personally in Chicago demonstrates the New York mob's trust toward him as the leader and voice of the Chicago mob.


title: Paul Ricca

text: In the early 1940s, Nitti convinced Ricca and the rest of the Outfit leadership to participate in a labor racketeering and extortion scheme aimed at the movie studios in Los Angeles, California. Chicago mobster John "Handsome Johnny" Roselli gained control of the Projectors Union and threatened the studios with strikes and other labor problems. To avoid labor unrest, RKO, Paramount, MGM and 20th Century Fox paid several hundred thousand dollars to the Outfit. However, two Outfit men were arrested for extortion and agreed to testify against the Outfit leadership. In March 1943, Ricca, Nitti, and other mob leaders were indicted for extortion.


title: Paul Ricca

text: On March 18, 1943, Ricca and the Outfit leadership met with Nitti. Since the movie studio racket was Nitti's idea, Ricca and the Outfit leaders demanded that Nitti plead guilty to extortion charges to save them from prison. Terrified at the prospect of prison due to his severe claustrophobia, Nitti shot himself to death the next day. Ricca now became the official boss of the Outfit with enforcement chief Tony Accardo as underboss. Ricca and Accardo would run the Outfit for the next 30 years.


title: Paul Ricca

text: Ricca was fairly soft-spoken, but was as ruthless as any crime boss. As opposed to the flamboyance and media attention-seeking behaviors that both his former bosses, Esposito and Capone, exhibited that had brought about their downfalls, Ricca, along with Accardo, preferred to be more low profile in order to avoid attention from the media and law enforcement. Whenever he wanted someone rubbed out, he said, "Make-a him go away." Crime historian Joe Sifakis described him as one of the most stereotypical gangsters ever produced by the Chicago Outfit.


title: Paul Ricca

text: On December 30, 1943 Ricca and his associates were convicted of extortion and sentenced to ten years each in federal prison. Ricca began his sentence at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, but was soon lobbying to a transfer to Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas. The Atlanta warden, reportedly prejudiced against Italians, had severely beaten Outfit mobster Phil D'Andrea, making Ricca and the others fearful for their lives. After a series of contacts, St. Louis, Missouri lawyer Paul Dillon allegedly offered the head of the federal parole board payment to approve a transfer to Leavenworth for the Outfit mobster.


title: Paul Ricca

text: In May, 1945, against the recommendations of both wardens, Ricca and the other mobsters were moved to Leavenworth. During this period, the US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) accepted a cash settlement from Ricca for back taxes. On August 13, 1947, after a one-week deliberation, the parole board released Ricca and his co-defendants from prison on parole. However, as a condition of his parole, Ricca could have no contact with mobsters. Accardo replaced Ricca as boss. It was generally acknowledged, though, that Accardo shared power with Ricca, who stayed in the background as a senior consultant. No major transactions, and certainly no hits, took place without Ricca's knowledge. It was one of the few known instances of a power-sharing arrangement in organized crime.


title: Paul Ricca

text: As the 1950s began, Ricca started passing more of the day-to-day operation of the Outfit to Accardo. However, in 1957 Ricca suddenly told Accardo that he wanted Sam Giancana, a Ricca protégé, to take Accardo's position. Accardo was facing tax evasion charges and Ricca allegedly wanted him to disappear from public view. Although unhappy about the demotion, Accardo accepted it, joining Ricca in semi-retirement. However, it was understood that Giancana had to get Accardo and Ricca's approval for all major transactions, particularly hits. By staying in the background, Ricca and Accardo avoided further imprisonment far longer than Capone had.


title: Paul Ricca

text: As Ricca aged, Accardo began to make more of the high level decisions, ultimately pushing Giancana out in favor of Sam Battaglia in 1966.


title: Paul Ricca

text: In 1957, the Federal government of the United States charged Ricca with illegally entering the United States under the alias Paul Maglio, and his citizenship was revoked. Three years earlier, the government had located the real Paul Maglio in Chicago and now brought him to testify against Ricca. Although the government won a deportation order, it was later overturned.


title: Paul Ricca

text: In 1959, Ricca was convicted of tax evasion and sentenced to nine years in federal prison. After serving 27 months of his sentence, Ricca was released. In 1965, Ricca was again indicted for tax evasion. In court, Ricca maintained that his total income for 1963, $80,159, was earned at the race track. Ricca was eventually acquitted.


title: Paul Ricca

text: Ricca died of a heart attack on October 11, 1972 at St. Luke's Hospital in Chicago. He is buried at Queen of Heaven Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.


title: Jenn Colella

text: Jenn Colella (born Jennifer Lin Colella; September 22, 1974) is an American actress and singer. She began her career as a comedian and then branched out into musical theater. In her New York debut in "Urban Cowboy", she earned a 2003 Outer Critics Circle Award nomination. More recently, she landed a Tony Award nomination, and won the Drama Desk Award, Outer Critics Circle Award, and three regional theater awards for her portrayal of Annette/Beverley Bass in "Come from Away". She received a Grammy Award in January 2018 for her role for the "Dear Evan Hansen" original cast album. See: Awards and nominations


title: Jenn Colella

text: Along with "Come from Away" in 2017, she has been cast in the original Broadway productions of "Urban Cowboy", "High Fidelity" (2006), "Chaplin: The Musical" (2012), and "If/Then" (2014), and Off-Broadway original productions of "Slut" (2005) and "Lucky Guy" (2011). Further Off-Broadway work included the title character in the "Beebo Brinker Chronicles" (2008), "Closer Than Ever" (2012), and a staged reading of "Twelve Angry Men" (2018) with an all-female cast.


title: Jenn Colella

text: In 2008 Colella performed in abridged versions of "Girl Crazy" and "Side Show", two of the parts of "" at the Kennedy Center. The production celebrated the reopening of the renovated Eisenhower Theater. She also appeared in "The Full Monty" (2009) for the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey, which included Elaine Stritch as Jeanette, and the American premiere of "Take Flight" (2010), her first pilot role, for the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey.


title: Jenn Colella

text: She has performed in over a half-dozen world premieres from Wisconsin to Florida and Massachusetts to California, including three at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego. From 2001 to 2019, there were four "Peter Pans". Additionally, she has been cast multiple times at the New York Musical Theatre Festival. On television, she has made over a dozen appearances, starting in 2003 on the game show "Can You Tell?" through "An Evening with Lerner and Loewe", the initial Broadway in Concert Series installment on PBS in 2022. Her film credits include the live capture of "Come from Away"s Broadway production.


title: Jenn Colella

text: Colella was born in Charleston, South Carolina, on September 22, 1974, to Lindy Crawford and Mick Colella, and grew up in Summerville, South Carolina Starting at eight, she sang in church and school concert and show choirs, which were where she learned to harmonize. In church, she also played handbells. She refers to herself as a choir nerd. Her mother has said of the eight year old, singing as an auctioneer in a school play, "She took the microphone in her hand, looked right at the audience, and this voice came out." People wondered where all the sound came from.


title: Jenn Colella

text: A local woman gave theatre lessons in her garage, and to earn money to take the classes, Colella did odd jobs about the woman's house, including painting the exterior. Her first role was Gertie in "Oklahoma!". In seventh grade, she had a hunter education class, which she says helped make it comfortable to handle guns when she performed in "Annie Get Your Gun". When, as part of a school group, she saw "Phantom of the Opera" in New York, she decided that she was going to be on stage.


title: Jenn Colella

text: While an undergraduate at Columbia College, she played basketball, tennis and flag football. During her senior year, she quarterbacked. She graduated in 1996 with a dual degree in speech and drama. Her family had moved to Hilton Head Island and had a golf store there. While working at the shop one summer during college, she taught herself to juggle. She stayed in the area for three years and worked at an insurance company call center. In April 1997, she attended a Comet Carnival in Aiken, SC to observe Comet Hale–Bopp through a telescope. From 1997 to 1999 she was a member of The Sol Divers (initially The Gib Cats) rock 'n' roll band.


title: Jenn Colella

text: Colella served as a company member of the Trustus Theatre beginning in her senior year. At Trustus, starting in the fall of 1995 and running through the spring of 1999, she played Kitty in "Taking Steps", The Angel in "Angels in America" (both parts), the title role in "Sylvia" (twice), Launcelot Gobbo in "The Merchant of Venice", Amy in "Company", Marta in "Kiss of the Spider Woman", Teenage Greek Chorus in "How I Learned to Drive", and Vivian in "Free Will and Wanton Lust".


title: Jenn Colella

text: Colella went on to attend the University of California, Irvine, where she earned a Master of Fine Arts in Acting in 2002. While at UCI, she played Miss Jane in "Floyd Collins", Puck in "A Midsummer Night's Dream", Caterpillar in "Alice in Wonderland", Princess Ninetta in "The Love of Three Oranges", and Victoria Grant in "Victor/Victoria" at the Barclay Theatre. In 2000 and 2001, she did summer stock at the Santa Rosa Summer Repertory Theatre, playing Dorothy in "The Wizard of Oz", Peter in "Peter Pan", and Val in "A Chorus Line".


title: Jenn Colella

text: As a UCI graduate, Colella participated in a showcase in New York, along with NYU and Yale, and auditioned for a part. After going back to California for a few months, she got a call to come back to New York to audition for Sissy in the original production of Urban Cowboy, and was cast in her Broadway debut role. She had not yet gotten her Equity card. The world premiere was at the Coconut Grove Playhouse, in Miami, Florida. Then it moved to the Broadhurst Theatre for its seven and one half weeks New York run. When the show closed, she returned to California and co-hosted a game show.


title: Jenn Colella

text: Among other original Broadway productions, her longest run, starting in March 2017, was two and one half years in "Come from Away". In the summer of 2015 Colella originated the role of Annette/Beverley Bass in the La Jolla Playhouse's world premiere production, which transferred later in the year to the Seattle Repertory Theatre. It then played Washington D.C. at Ford's Theatre, a concert presentation in Gander, Newfoundland, and at the Royal Alex in Toronto in 2016 before transferring to Broadway at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre. The show received positive reviews and she was nominated for a Tony Award, along with winning both a Drama Desk Award and an Outer Critics Circle Award for her performance. After three years of performing the role over a year span, she left the production on November 10, 2019. During the summer of 2022, she returned as a replacement for seven weeks and played her final performance in the Broadway production on August 7, 2022.


title: Jenn Colella

text: After the December 2013 world premiere run at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C., in March 2014, she started a year-long appearance in "If/Then" at the Richard Rodgers Theatre. Colella played Anne, a woman in a same-sex relationship with Kate. She had worked with the Kate role through development, but it was decided to cast LaChanze for the part. The role of Anne was then written in for her.


title: Jenn Colella

text: In Fall 2010, she also originated the role of Hedda Hopper in the world premiere of "Limelight: The Story of Charlie Chaplin" at the La Jolla Playhouse. It was renamed "Chaplin: The Musical" and she performed the role on Broadway from September 2012 to January 2013. An additional role was as Laura in "High Fidelity". Colella played the world premiere in Boston in October 2006, and the original Broadway production in December of that year.


title: Jenn Colella

text: Her Off-Broadway original cast credits were a six-week run as Delia in "Slut" in 2005, two weeks in 2011 as Chicky Lay in "Lucky Guy" at the Little Shubert Theater, and a seven week long engagement in the 2022 world premiere of "Suffs" at the Public Theater. Colella's Off-Broadway work also included the butch title character in the "Beebo Brinker Chronicles" for seven weeks in early 2008, a four-week review, "Closer Than Ever", during the summer of 2012, and a single performance, all-female cast staged reading of "Twelve Angry Men" in September 2018.


title: Jenn Colella

text: After being in the original staged reading in Connecticut in 2006, she appeared in "Kiki Baby", as an "utterly believable" four year old singer "you will fall in love with," who becomes a celebrity—and a spoiled brat. This titular characterization won Colella a 2011 NYMF Award for Outstanding Individual Performance. Other New York Musical Theatre Festival appearances include "The Great American Trailer Park Musical" in 2004 and 2009's "All Fall Down." In 2006 she starred in the world premiere of Twyla Tharp's "The Times They Are A-Changin'" at the Old Globe Theatre.