title: LGA 1156

text: All LGA 1156 processors and motherboards made to date are interoperable, making it possible to switch between a Celeron, Pentium, Core i3 or Core i5 with integrated graphics and a Core i5 or Core i7 without graphics. However, using a chip with integrated graphics on a P55 motherboard will (in addition to likely requiring a BIOS update) not allow use of the on-board graphics processor, and likewise, using a chip without integrated graphics on a H55, H57 or Q57 motherboard will not allow use of the motherboard's graphics ports.


title: LGA 1156

text: The Desktop chipsets that officially support LGA 1156 are Intel's H55, H57, P55, and Q57. Server chipsets supporting the socket are Intel's 3400, 3420 and 3450.


title: LGA 1156

text: Some small Chinese manufacturers are producing LGA 1156 motherboards based on H61 chipset, and ASRock, for very short time, produced LGA 1156 motherboard based on P67 chipset, the P67 Transformer. It exclusively supports Lynnfield processors and was discontinued after B2 revision of 6 series chipsets was recalled, not receiving a version with B3 revision of P67 chipset.


title: Pizza Pizza

text: Pizza Pizza Ltd. is a franchised Canadian pizza quick-service restaurant with its headquarters in Toronto, Ontario. Its restaurants are mainly in the province of Ontario while others are located in Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and western Canada. Franchises in western Canada are mostly run through Alberta-based subsidiary Pizza 73. It has over 500 locations, including over 150 non-traditional locations.


title: Pizza Pizza

text: The chain was founded by Michael Overs, who opened the first location on December 31, 1967, at the corner of Wellesley and Parliament Streets in Toronto. He owned the chain until his death in 2010. It expanded throughout the Toronto area in the 1970s, and throughout the rest of Ontario throughout the 1980s and 1990s.


title: Pizza Pizza

text: The chain opened its first locations in Quebec in the mid-1980s, but withdrew after a few years. It returned to the province, in Gatineau, in March 2007. Locations were opened in the Montreal area in late 2007 in the boroughs of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and Pierrefonds-Roxboro.


title: Pizza Pizza

text: Pizza Pizza began to expand significantly outside Ontario during the 2000s. In its 2005 initial public offering filings, the chain announced it would consider expansion in western Canada, potentially including purchasing existing local chains. This led to a June 2007 agreement to purchase Alberta-based Pizza 73. As well, in October 2006, the company announced it would expand in the Quebec market, beginning with sponsorship of the Montreal Canadiens. The chain expanded to the British Columbia Lower Mainland in 2009, however all locations closed (Pizza 73 already had a location in Prince George in the B.C. Interior), and soon after added locations in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The chain returned to Vancouver in 2018. Pizza Pizza opened its first store in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in June 2010. The first New Brunswick location, situated in Dieppe, opened late 2021.


title: Pizza Pizza

text: Pizza Pizza is known for the chain's phone number, XXX–1111. The company claims that its early adoption of the centralized single-number ordering system, and its subsequent use and heavy promotion of this rhyming phone number, helped the chain to expand throughout Ontario.


title: Pizza Pizza

text: A central local number is used for all locations until it becomes a long-distance call. In other cities, local numbers are requested with the "11-11" suffix to match the standard jingle in the chain's radio advertisements. Pizza Pizza has registered "967–1111" and variants as trademarks.


title: Pizza Pizza

text: Unaffiliated American pizza chain Little Caesars is forbidden from using its "Pizza! Pizza!" slogan in Canada due to Pizza Pizza's slogan registered as a trademark from JAD Productions Corporation. Instead, Little Caesars uses "Two Pizzas!", "Hot 'N ready!" or "Delivery! Delivery!", "Quality! Quality!" and other two-word combinations.


title: Dariusz Wolski

text: Dariusz Adam Wolski (born 7 May 1956 in Warsaw) is a Polish film and music video cinematographer. He is known for his work as the cinematographer on the "Pirates of the Caribbean" film series and on Alex Proyas' cult classics "The Crow" and "Dark City". Many of his collaborations include working with film directors like Ridley Scott, Rob Marshall, Tony Scott, Gore Verbinski and Tim Burton. He has been a member of the American Society of Cinematographers since 1996 and a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 2004. Wolski has worked on several music videos with artists such as Elton John, Eminem, David Bowie, Sting, Aerosmith, and Neil Young.


title: Dariusz Wolski

text: Wolski was born on May 7, 1956. He attended film school in Łódź, Poland and moved to the United States in 1979 at age 23. Soon after, he began working as a camera assistant on low-budget films in New York City and Los Angeles, which eventually led him to work as a cinematographer on films such as "Pirates of the Caribbean", "Prometheus", "The Martian" and others.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: Big Brother Australia 14, also known as Big Brother Australia 2022, is the fourteenth season of the Australian reality television series "Big Brother". The season was filmed from 12 October through 13 December 2021, and premiered on Seven Network on 9 May 2022. Hosted by Sonia Kruger, the season saw new housemates compete against returning housemates deemed as "Big Brother Royalty".


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: In the series, the Housemates will live in a house together with no communication with the outside world as they competed for $250,000. They were constantly filmed during their time in the house and were not permitted to communicate with those filming them. Over the course of the competition, housemates will compete in challenges for power and safety before voting each other out of the house. When three housemates remained, the Australian public decided which finalist would win the grand prize of $250,000.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: The series was won by season 3 winner Reggie Sorensen, who defeated Johnson Ashak and Taras Hrubyj-Piper in the final public vote. With her win, Sorensen became the first person to win the Australian adaptation of the show twice, and the fifth worldwide. The season finale was aired on 12 July 2022, with 363 thousand viewers tuning in.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: In October 2021, Seven Network released a promotional teaser for the season with the slogan "Back to the Future," revealing that former housemates from previous seasons of "Big Brother" would return to compete against new housemates. The season was filmed at the White Pavilion in Sydney Olympic Park, the same location as "Big Brother VIP", making it the first civilian season to be filmed in the new location, following the demolition of the previous house in January 2021.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: The finale was broadcast live from the Hordern Pavilion with all housemates in attendance - which will be the first time since moving to Seven that the show has reunited the full cast due to previous seasons having issues with COVID-19 restrictions in Sydney.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: The season is being broadcast in New Zealand via TVNZ Ondemand the day after the episode first airs in Australia, and is then being broadcast on one of TVNZ's linear channels the day after that. The season was originally being broadcast on TVNZ 2, but following poor ratings it was moved to TVNZ Duke airing at mid-day from May 25.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: "Big Brother 14" airs three nights a week from Monday to Wednesday. Each week, two Housemates will typically be Evicted. For the first time since the 2020 revival, significant additions were made to the "Big Brother" game structure.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: Each episode will showcase highlights from the house and house tasks (to determine the shopping budget for the week as well as to award various luxuries) and the Nomination and Eviction process. Regarding the nomination and eviction process, each night features a different episode format. While some episodes modify the format slightly, the typical episode structure is as follows:


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: Following the final eviction, the remaining three housemates will face Australia's vote to determine the winner. This vote is conducted on the show's website, with voters voting for a winner with the finalist with the most votes winning.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: Introduced in Week 2 was the title of "Head of House". The house will elect an HoH, who will be given total immunity for the week and access to the HOH Suite along with two/three housemates of their choice. They were also granted a unique game power to use during their reign. No Housemate can be Head of House in back to back weeks.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: Twenty-one Housemates competed in the series. The first five new housemates and the eight returning housemates were announced on 7 April 2022, with the remaining 6 of the initial cast being revealed ahead of the launch. The identities of the intruders (new housemates), were revealed on 26 May, ahead of their entrance on Episode 11.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 14)

text: Ratings data is from OzTAM and represents the viewership from the 5 largest Australian metropolitan centres (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide). Total audience based on Metro and Regional ratings, 7 day time shifts and BVOD ratings.


title: Deaimon

text: The series is set in a Kyoto wagashi store. The protagonist is an only son, Nagomu Irino, who has dreams of becoming a member of a band, and ran away from home to live in Tokyo ten years ago. He receives a letter from home stating his father is in the hospital and asking him to take over the family shop, so he gives up on his dream and returns home.


title: Deaimon

text: While he's been gone, however, a ten-year-old girl named Itsuka Yukihira has started working in the shop. Nagomu's mom, having become a foster mom to Itsuka during the time that Nagomu was seeking his dream as a band member, declares that there will be a contest between Itsuka and Nagomu to see who will take over the family shop.


title: Deaimon

text: "Deaimon" is written and illustrated by Rin Asano. It began serialization in Kadokawa Shoten's "seinen" manga magazine "Young Ace" in May 2016 and has been collected in thirteen "tankōbon" volumes from Kadokawa Comics Ace as of April 2022.


title: Deaimon

text: An anime adaptation of the manga was announced on April 20, 2021. It was later confirmed to be a television series produced by Encourage Films and directed by Fumitoshi Oizaki, with Reiko Yoshida overseeing the series' scripts, Sakae Shibuya designing the characters and serving as chief animation director, and Ren Takada composing the music. It aired from April 6 to June 22, 2022, on AT-X and other networks. The opening theme song is "Sumire" by Maaya Sakamoto, while the ending theme song is "Koko ni Aru Yakusoku" by the special unit Deaimon. Crunchyroll has licensed the series.


title: Dance Deewane

text: Dance Deewane "()" is an Indian dance reality show that airs on Colors TV. The show features dance performers, including solo acts, Duo and groups representing any style of dance, competing for a grand prize.


title: Dance Deewane

text: Various talented dancers are divided into three age groups, called "generations". The first generation is the youngest while the third generation is the oldest. In the end, the best performing dancers from each generation compete against each other in the finale. The dancers usually perform alongside choreographers.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is the county seat of and largest city in Bradley County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 47,356 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Cleveland metropolitan area, Tennessee (consisting of Bradley and neighboring Polk County), which is included in the Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton, TN–GA–AL Combined Statistical Area.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is the sixteenth-largest city in Tennessee and has the fifth-largest industrial economy, having thirteen Fortune 500 manufacturers.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: For thousands of years before European encounter, this area was occupied by succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples. Peoples of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture, beginning about 900-1000 CE, established numerous villages along the river valleys and tributaries. In the more influential villages, they built a single, large earthen platform mound, sometimes surmounted by a temple or elite residence, which was an expression of their religious and political system.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: This area was later part of a large territory occupied by the Cherokee Nation, an Iroquoian-speaking people believed to have migrated south from the Great Lakes area, where other Iroquoian tribes arose. Their public architecture was known as the townhouse, a large structure designed for the community to gather together. In some cases, these were built on top of existing mounds; in others the townhouse would front on a broad plaza. Their territory encompassed areas of Western North Carolina, western South Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, northeastern Georgia, and northern Alabama.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The first Europeans to reach the area now occupied by Cleveland and Bradley County were most likely a 1540 expedition through the interior led by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto. Based on their chronicles, they are believed to have camped along Candies Creek in the western part of present-day Cleveland on June 2, 1540. They encountered some chiefdoms of the Mississippian culture in other areas of South and North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. Some writers have suggested that the de Soto expedition was preceded by a party of Welshmen, but there is no supporting evidence and historians consider this unlikely.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: During and after the American Revolutionary War, more European Americans entered this area seeking land. They came into increasing conflict with the Cherokee, who occupied this territory. The Cherokee had tolerated traders but resisted settlers who tried to take over their territory and competed for resources.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Because of being defeated in repeated attacks by Americans, in 1819 the Cherokee ceded the land directly north of present-day Bradley County (and north of the Hiwassee River) to the U.S. government in the Calhoun Treaty. In 1821 the Cherokee Agency— the official liaison between the U.S. government and the Cherokee Nation— was moved to the south bank of the Hiwassee River in present-day Charleston, a few miles north of what is now Cleveland. The Indian agent was Colonel Return J. Meigs.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: By the 1830s, white settlers had begun to move rapidly into this area in anticipation of a forced relocation of the Cherokee and other Southeast tribes. Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, under President Andrew Jackson's direction. In 1832, the Cherokee moved the seat of their government to the Red Clay Council Grounds in southern Bradley County. Some Cherokee had already moved to the West, where they were known as Old Settlers until reunification of the Nation. It operated there until the Cherokee removal in 1838, part of the larger forced migration of Cherokee to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). This became known as the Trail of Tears. The former Cherokee seat is now preserved within Red Clay State Park.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The removal was initiated by the Treaty of New Echota on December 29, 1835, although the majority of Cherokee leaders had not approved it. In the Spring of 1838, removal operations by the US military began. Headquarters for the removal were established at Fort Cass in Charleston. In preparation, thousands of Cherokees were rounded up and held in internment camps located between Cleveland and Charleston. Two of the largest were at Rattlesnake Springs. Blythe Ferry, about northwest of Cleveland in Meigs County, was also an important site during the Cherokee removal.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The legislative act on February 10, 1836 that created Bradley County, which was named for Colonel Edward Bradley of Shelby County, Tennessee, authorized the establishment of a county seat. It was to be named "Cleveland" after Colonel Benjamin Cleveland, a commander at the Battle of Kings Mountain during the American Revolution. The legislative body appointed to govern the county was required to meet in nearby Chatata Valley until a site was chosen for the county seat.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: By a one-vote majority on May 2, 1836, the commissioners chose "Taylor's Place," the home of Andrew Taylor, as the county seat, due largely to the site's excellent water sources. Taylor, who had married a Cherokee woman and constructed a log cabin on the site next to a spring, had been given a reservation at the site. A permanent settlement had been established there in 1835, and became a favored stopping place for travelers. The other proposed location for the city was a site a few miles to the east, owned by a wealthy Cherokee named Deer-In-The-Water.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland was formally established as the county seat by the state legislature on January 20, 1838. That year the city was reported to have a population of 400; it was home to two churches (one Presbyterian, the other Methodist), and a private school for boys, the Oak Grove Academy. The city was incorporated on February 4, 1842, and elections for mayor and aldermen were held shortly afterward on April 4 that year.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: While the overwhelming majority of early inhabitants of Cleveland earned their living in agriculture, by 1850 the city also had a sizeable number of skilled craftsmen and professional people. On September 5, 1851 the railroad was completed through Cleveland. After copper mining began in the Copper Basin in neighboring Polk County in the 1840s, headquarters for mining operations were established in Cleveland by Julius Eckhardt Raht, a German-born businessman and engineer. Copper was delivered from the basin to Cleveland by wagon, where it was loaded onto trains. The city's first bank, the Ocoee Bank, was established in 1854.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: While bitterly divided over the issue of secession on the eve of the Civil War, Cleveland, like Bradley County and most of East Tennessee, voted against Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession in June 1861. The results of the countywide vote were 1,382 to 507 in favor of remaining in the Union. Bradley County was represented by Richard M. Edwards and J.G. Brown at the 1861 East Tennessee Convention in Greeneville, an unsuccessful attempt to allow East Tennessee to split from the state and remain part of the Union. Cleveland and Bradley County were occupied by the Confederate Army from June 1861 until the fall of 1863. Despite this occupation, locals remained loyal to the Union, and placed a Union flag in the courthouse square in April 1861, where it remained until June 1862, when it was removed by Confederate forces from Mississippi. Confederate forces also seized control of the copper mines in the Ducktown basin and the rolling mill in Cleveland owned by Raht. Throughout the war both Union and Confederate troops would pass through Cleveland en route to other locations, which led to many brief skirmishes in the area. The most deadly event in Bradley County during the Civil War was a train wreck near the Black Fox community, a few miles south of Cleveland, that killed 270 Confederate soldiers.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Some significant Civil War locations in Bradley County include the Henegar House in Charleston, in which both Union and Confederate generals, including William Tecumseh Sherman, used as brief headquarters; the Charleston Cumberland Presbyterian Church, also in Charleston, which was used by Confederate forces as a hospital; and the Blue Springs Encampments and Fortifications in southern Bradley County, where Union troops under the command of General Sherman camped on numerous occasions between October 1863 and the end of the war. Troops under the command of Sherman also reportedly camped in 1863 near Tasso, a few miles northeast of Cleveland, on multiple occasions.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: No large-scale battles took place in and around Cleveland, but the city was considered militarily important due to the railroads. On June 30, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln sent a telegram to General Henry W. Halleck, which read, "To take and hold the railroad at or east of Cleveland, Tennessee, I think is as fully as important as the taking and holding of Richmond." The railroad bridge over the Hiwassee River to the north was among those destroyed by the East Tennessee bridge-burning conspiracy in November 1861.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: On November 25, 1863, during the Battle of Missionary Ridge in Chattanooga, a group of 1,500 Union cavalrymen led by Col. Eli Long arrived in Cleveland. Over the next two days they destroyed twelve miles of railroad in the area, burned the railroad bridge over the Hiwassee a second time, and destroyed the copper rolling mill, which Confederate forces had been using to manufacture artillery shells, percussion caps, and other weaponry. This would prove to be a major blow to the entire Confederate army, as approximately 90% of their copper came from the Ducktown mines. The next day Long's troops were attacked by a group of about 500 Confederate cavalrymen led by Col. John H. Kelly, and quickly retreated to Chattanooga.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The defeat of Confederate forces in Chattanooga resulted in Union troops regaining control of Cleveland and Bradley County by January 1864, and they retained control for the remainder of the war. Within a few days of the Battle of Missionary Ridge and Long's raid, several Union units, including members of the 9th Indiana Infantry Regiment, arrived in Cleveland. Additional Union troops arrived in the area in the summer of 1864, and between May and October 1864 a Union artillery unit was stationed downtown, with headquarters established at the home of Julius Eckhardt Raht. During this time as many as 20,000 Union troops at a time camped in the fields surrounding the house in preparation for Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. Union troops also established two forts, Fort McPherson and Fort Sedgewick, located at Hillcrest Memorial Gardens and Fort Hill Cemetery, respectively, on the highest points of the ridge south of downtown. They successfully repelled an attempted raid by Confederate Gen. Joseph Wheeler on August 17, 1864.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Most of the Union troops stationed in Bradley County left in the summer of 1864 as part of the Atlanta campaign. From this point, Confederate sympathizers conducted guerrilla attacks against Unionist families in Cleveland and surrounding areas, continuing until after the war was over. Members of the Army of Tennessee attempted to destroy a passing Union train near Tasso in the spring of 1864, which instead resulted in the destruction of a Confederate train. The Civil War resulted in much damage to Cleveland and Bradley County, and much of the area was left in ruins.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Despite the devastation of the Civil War, Cleveland recovered quickly and much more rapidly than many cities in the South. During the 1870s, Cleveland had a growth spurt, and became one of the first cities in Tennessee to begin to develop industry. Raht, who had fled to Cincinnati, Ohio during the Civil War, returned to Cleveland in 1866 and reopened the copper mines. By 1878 it produced a total of 24 million pounds of copper. Numerous factories were also established, including the Hardwick Stove Company in 1879, the Cleveland Woolen Mills in 1880, and the Cleveland Chair Company in 1884. By 1890, this industrialization helped the city support nine physicians, twelve attorneys, eleven general stores, fourteen grocery stores, three drug stores, three hardware stores, six butcher shops, two hatmakers, two hotels, a shoe store, and seven saloons.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Reflecting industrial prosperity, the city's iconic Craigmiles Hall was constructed in 1878 as an opera house and meeting hall. It is regarded as the city’s most famous landmark and is one of Tennessee’s most photographed buildings. Behind Craigmiles Hall is a reconstructed bandstand, first built in 1920. The reconstruction was built in 2005 by the Allan Jones Foundation, based on the 1920 blueprints.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The city failed to renew its charter in 1879, with the result that it disincorporated on January 1, 1880. Residents worked to reincorporate the city, and on March 15, 1882, they voted overwhelmingly in favor of recharter. The first city elections under the new charter took place on May 20, 1882. Public amenities were developed in the late 19th century: A mule-drawn trolley system was founded in 1886, and the city received telephone service in 1888. In 1895 the city received electricity and public water. During this period, Cleveland's population more than doubled, from 1,812 in 1880 to 3,643 in 1900. Many of the buildings in today's downtown area, now designated as the Cleveland Commercial Historic District, as well as those in the nearby Ocoee Street and Centenary Avenue historic districts, were constructed between 1880 and 1915.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: In 1911 the local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy erected a monument at the intersection of Ocoee, Broad, and 8th streets. This monument was reportedly the first of its kind in East Tennessee. In 1914, the Grand Army of the Republic placed a monument in honor of Union soldiers from Bradley County in Fort Hill Cemetery.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: In 1918, the Church of God, a Christian denomination headquartered in Cleveland, established a Bible school that would develop as Lee University. Cleveland's Chamber of Commerce was established in 1925. On March 21, 1931, the city's form of government was changed from mayor-aldermen to city commission.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Bob Jones College, a non-denominational Christian college, relocated to Cleveland in 1933 from Panama City, Florida, where it remained until 1947, when it moved to Greenville, South Carolina. The Reverend Billy Graham attended Bob Jones College in Cleveland for one year beginning in 1936.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Following World War II, several major industries located to the area, and the city entered a period of rapid industrial and economic growth as part of the Post–World War II economic expansion. Major factories constructed in the city during this time included American Uniform Company in 1949, Peerless Woolen Mills in 1955, Mallory Battery in 1961, Olin Corporation near Charleston in 1962, and Bendix Corporation in 1964, as well as a Bowater paper mill in nearby Calhoun in 1954. Despite this massive growth in employment, many African American residents of Cleveland and Bradley County moved away as part of the Second Great Migration, and the number of blacks in Cleveland actually declined between 1940 and 1970, while the city's overall population nearly doubled during this time. During this time and afterwards, Cleveland became one of the largest manufacturing hubs in the Southeastern United States, and this economic expansion continued into the 21st century, with additional major factories locating to the area in the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: In 1966 the Church of God of Prophecy, based in Cleveland, established Tomlinson College north of town, which remained in operation until 1992, when it closed. That same year Cleveland High School was established and schools in Cleveland and Bradley County were integrated. Cleveland State Community College was established in 1967.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, the city gained a national reputation for the crime of odometer fraud after 40 people in Bradley County, including multiple owners of car dealerships, were sent to federal prison for the crime. Cleveland was the subject of a November 1983 "60 Minutes" episode about this crime. The city came to be known as the "Odometer Rollback Capital of the World" to some.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Beginning in the 1950s, the city began to gradually expand to the north as a result of most residential and industrial growth taking place there, but prior to 1987, the city limits of Cleveland did not extend west of Candies Creek Ridge. In 1988, the city began annexing large numbers of adjacent neighborhoods and industrial areas north, northeast, and northwest of the city. These major annexations continued until the late 1990s, and led to the city's land area increasing in size from approximately 18 square miles in 1989 to about 29.5 square miles in 2000. As a result of this growth, the downtown business district is now geographically located in the southern part of the city.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: In 1993, Cleveland voters approved a referendum changing the city's form of government from a city commission to a council-manager government.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland officially adopted the nickname "The City with Spirit" in 2012. In 2018 voters approved a referendum allowing for package liquor stores to be located within the city. In 2020, the city completed construction of a public park at the site of Taylor Spring, where the first settlement that became Cleveland was founded.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is located in southeast Tennessee in the center of Bradley County in the Great Appalachian Valley, situated among a series of low hills and ridges roughly west of the Blue Ridge Mountains and east of the Chickamauga Lake impoundment of the Tennessee River. The Hiwassee River, which flows down out of the mountains and forms the northern boundary of Bradley County, empties into the Tennessee a few miles northwest of Cleveland. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total land area of in 2010.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The area's terrain is made up of parallel ridges, including Candies Creek Ridge (also called Clingan Ridge), Mouse Creek/Lead Mine Ridge, and Blue Springs Ridge, which are extensions of the Appalachian Mountains (specifically part of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians) that run approximately north-northeast through the area. Mouse Creek and Blue Springs Ridge have significantly lower elevations within the city of Cleveland than elsewhere in Bradley County, which historically made the area easier to settle. Several streams run in the valleys between the ridges including Candies Creek, located west of Clingan Ridge, and South Mouse Creek, between Mouse Creek and Lead Mine Ridge. Elevations in the city range from just under to nearly . The Tennessee Valley Divide, the boundary of the Tennessee Valley and Mobile River drainage basins, is located on the southern and eastern fringes of the city, and has prevented the city limits from expanding beyond this point in most locations.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Downtown Cleveland, which roughly coexists with the Cleveland Commercial Historic District, encompasses the business district and consists of private businesses and government office buildings including the Bradley County Courthouse and Courthouse Annex, Cleveland Municipal Building, Cleveland Police and Fire department headquarters, and various other government buildings, primarily the offices of city and county departments. The surrounding residential areas, including the Stuart Heights, Ocoee Street, Centenary Avenue, and Annadale neighborhoods, are sometimes considered part of downtown Cleveland. Northern Cleveland has developed as the location for most of the city's retail shops and private interests. In addition, it is a major residential division, made up of Burlington Heights, Fairview, and Sequoia Grove neighborhoods, and a few major industries. A large industrial area is also located in the northeastern part of the city. The western part of the city is almost entirely residential. Much of it is an extension of the city limits westward to encompass populous middle to upper-class neighborhoods including Hopewell Estates and Rolling Hills. East and South Cleveland consist of lower class residential and industrial areas. People living in East Cleveland tend to be less privileged.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Since 1908, 28 tornadoes have been documented in the Cleveland area, seven of which struck on April 27, 2011.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is the principal city of the Cleveland Metropolitan Statistical Area, a metropolitan area that covers Bradley and Polk counties and had a combined population of 115,788 at the 2010 census.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 37,192 people, 15,037 households, and 9,518 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,490.9 people per square mile (575.5/km). There were 16,431 housing units at an average density of 658.7 per square mile (254.3/km). The racial makeup of the city was 89.00% White, 7.01% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.97% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.29% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.87% of the population.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: There were 15,037 households, out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.90.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 15.4% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The median income for a household in the city was $30,098, and the median income for a family was $40,150. Males had a median income of $30,763 versus $21,480 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,316. About 11.3% of families and 16.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.5% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 41,285 people, 16,107 households, and 10,063 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,535.3 people per square mile (575.5/km). There were 17,841 housing units at an average density of 663.5 per square mile (254.3/km). The racial makeup of the city was 87.10% White, 7.39% African American, 0.40% Native American, 1.53% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, and 1.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.52% of the population.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: There were 16,107 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.0% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.97.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.83% under the age of 18, 63.35% ages 18 to 64, and 14.83% over the age of 65. The gender makeup was 52.4% female and 47.6% male. The median female age was 36.5 and the median male age was 32.9


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The median income for a household in the city was $36,270, and the median income for a family was $47,104. The per capita income for the city was $21,576. About 15.0% of families and 21.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.5% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 47,356 people, 16,669 households, and 10,005 families residing in the city.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is located in a region of the Southern United States known as the Bible Belt. Numerous Protestant Christian denominations are represented in the city, including several Pentecostal groups for which Cleveland serves as the international headquarters. Denominations based in Cleveland include:


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: There are approximately 200 Protestant churches and one Roman Catholic church in Bradley County. An estimated 39.6 percent of residents have no religious affiliation.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Several churches in Downtown Cleveland are of notable architecture, including the Romanesque Revival Broad Street United Methodist Church, the First Presbyterian Church on Ocoee Street, and St. Luke's Episcopal Church, which was built in the Gothic Revival style by architect Peter Williamson. All three are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is home to the famous Craigmiles Mausoleum, located at 320 Broad Street NW, behind St. Luke's Episcopal Church. The mausoleum contains the body of Nina Craigmiles, a seven-year-old who died on October 18, 1871, when a horse buggy in which she was riding was struck by a train. Her father, John Craigmiles, constructed the church and mausoleum in Nina's memory. He named the church St. Luke's because the girl died on St. Luke's Day. Shortly after Nina's body was placed inside the mausoleum, red stains appeared on the marble. Over the years the stained marble has been replaced, but the stains inevitably reappear. Craigmiles commissioned a statue of Nina, which was to be shipped from Europe. It was being transported via the RMS "Titanic" and sank with the ship.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is considered to be one of the largest industrial and manufacturing hubs in the state of Tennessee, with the number of manufacturers reportedly ranking fifth highest in the state. Goods produced include household cooking equipment, foodstuff, textiles, furniture, storage batteries, pharmaceuticals, industrial cleaning products, photographic processing, industrial and domestic chemicals, and automotive parts. Top employers include Whirlpool, Johnston Coca-Cola, Mars, Inc., Procter & Gamble, Duracell, Peyton's Southeastern, Arch Chemicals, Advanced Photographic Solutions, Renfro Foods, Flowers Bakery, Olin Corporation, Georgia Pacific, Rubbermaid, Exel, Inc., Jackson Furniture, Cleveland Chair Company, Eaton Corporation, Beiersdorf, Lonza, Wacker, Mueller Company, and Polartec. In total, Cleveland contains more than 150 manufacturing firms and thirteen Fortune 500 Companies.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is the location for the corporate headquarters of Life Care Centers of America, the largest privately held nursing facility company in the US, founded and owned by Forrest Preston. Check Into Cash Inc., the largest privately held payday loan company in the US, was founded in Cleveland in 1993 by businessman Allan Jones. Hardwick Clothes, the oldest tailor-made clothing maker in America, was founded in 1880 and has been headquartered in Cleveland for its entire history. In addition to corporate businesses, Cleveland has a thriving retail sector, located mostly in the northern part of the city. Bradley Square Mall is a shopping mall with more than 50 tenants.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Tourism is a major part of Cleveland's income. Visitors come from all over the country. The Cherokee National Forest in Polk County supports many recreational outdoor activities. The Ocoee and Hiwassee rivers both flow through the forest. Thousands of people raft these rivers annually. The Ocoee River was the site of the canoe slalom events for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Red Clay State Park is a historical site just north of the Georgia state line. The Cherokee held council here after being driven out of Georgia. The Museum Center at Five Points is a history museum and cultural center that features exhibits on the Ocoee Region and surrounding areas. The Ocoee Regional Nature Center is a state-certified arboretum. It houses over 100 types of trees, plants, flowers, and shrubs.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The MainStreet Cleveland Halloween Block Party draws more than 20,000 people to the city every year. The event began in 1988 as a candy handout at the Cleveland Police Department and Centenary Avenue, and has grown to one of the largest events in Cleveland. It features live music, food stands, and a costume contest. In 2015 Cleveland's mayor, Tom Rowland, dubbed the city as the "Halloween capital of the world."


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is known for Tall Betsy, the official "Halloween goblin of Bradley County". For years, Tall Betsy's Halloween night appearance drew large crowds to Cleveland's Centenary Avenue. The growing crowds inspired MainStreet Cleveland to organize the Halloween Block Party around the event. Local businessman Allan Jones created the modern legend from tales of the Tall Betsy goblin that his grandmother told him as a child. The original legend dates to the 19th century, with print references in the "Cleveland Daily Herald" as early as 1892. In 1998, Tall Betsy retired after drawing a crowd of over 25,000 people. She returned in 2005 to celebrate her 25th anniversary.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The Cleveland Apple Festival, begun in 2002, is an annual family event held on the third weekend of October. This festival offers a juried art and craft show, live bluegrass music, food booths, pony and a hayride, entertainment, contests and children's activities. Unlike many festivals of its kind in the U.S., the Cleveland Apple Festival does not charge for children to participate in activities provided in the children's area. The festival is operated as a 501(c)(3) public charity.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The city song is "The Diplomat", composed by John Philip Sousa. It debuted as conducted by Sousa in a performance in 1906 at the Craigmiles Opera House. In November 2017, the city celebrated its 175th anniversary.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland currently has no professional sports teams, but has had two minor league baseball teams: the Cleveland Counts from 1911 to 1913 and the Cleveland Manufacturers from 1921 to 1922. Both of these teams were part of the Appalachian League.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland High School has one of the most successful football programs in Tennessee. It has the second-longest winning streak in Tennessee high school football history, with 54 consecutive wins between 1993 and 1996. The Blue Raiders have also won state championships in 1968, 1993, 1994 and 1995.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The Cleveland High and Bradley Central wrestling teams traditionally dominate the state wrestling championships. Since 1994, the Bradley Central Bears have won a total of 27 state championships Traditional category and 14 state championships in the Dual category, winning a state championship every year in the Traditional category between 1993 and 2017. The Cleveland Blue Raiders, based at the state-of-the-art Jones Wrestling Center, have won a total of 26 traditional championships, most recently in 2020. The Blue Raiders have accomplished three-peats twice, from 2011 to 2013 and then again from 2018 to 2021.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: In 2013, the Cleveland City Council presented a resolution honoring the Cleveland High School wrestling team, and declared February 25 as "Blue Raider Wrestling Day." The Blue Raiders were state champions for the second time in three years after winning the 2013 TSSAA Division I Traditional State Championships and the State Duals Finals. The team was runner-up in both the Duals and State Tournaments in 2012, after claiming the Traditional title in 2011.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Several public recreational parks are located within or near Cleveland. They are all maintained by the Cleveland Parks and Recreation department. They allow a variety of activities, and some organized sports teams compete at them. The Cleveland/Bradley County Greenway is an approximately 4.4 mile long greenway path which follows South Mouse Creek from downtown to neighborhoods in the northern part of the city. Other facilities include the Bradley County Park, Kenneth L. Tinsley Park, Greenway Park, Mosby Park, Deer Park, College Hill Recreation Center, Johnston Park, Leonard Fletcher Park, Taylor Spring Park, Cleveland Family YMCA, and the South Cleveland Community Center.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The city of Cleveland operates under a council/manager form of government with an elected mayor and seven council members. Five are elected from single-member districts, and two are elected at-large, as is the mayor. The city council chooses a fellow council member to serve as vice mayor. The city council hires a professional city manager to carry out daily operations. The mayor is Kevin Brooks, who has held that position since September 2018, and the vice mayor is at-large councilman Avery Johnson. The city manager is Joe Fivas, who has held that position since June 2016. Elections are nonpartisan and take place in August of every even year, along with the state primary.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Most of Cleveland is in the 4th congressional district of Tennessee for the U.S. House of Representatives, represented by Republican Scott DesJarlais. A small amount of the city, including East Cleveland and northeast Cleveland, are in the 3rd congressional district, represented by Republican Chuck Fleischmann. Most of Cleveland is part of District 24 of the Tennessee House of Representatives, represented by Mark Hall. A small part of the city is in District 22, represented by Republican Dan Howell. Most of Cleveland is part of District 9 for the Tennessee Senate, represented by Republican Mike Bell. A small portion of the city is in District 10, represented by Republican Todd Gardenhire.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland and Bradley County have historically been majority-Republican since the Civil War, as has most of East Tennessee. Through much of the 20th century, Middle and West Tennessee were majority Democrat, which Democrats were made up of conservative whites. As a whole, Tennessee was considered part of the Solid South. Both areas had been slave societies, and West Tennessee was dominated by large cotton plantations, whereas East Tennessee was based in yeoman farmers and little slaveholding. Since the Republican Party's founding, only two Democratic presidential candidates have won Bradley County; Southerner Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1936, during the Great Depression.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland High School, Bradley Central High School and Walker Valley High School are the three public high schools in Bradley County. Cleveland Middle, Ocoee Middle and Lake Forest are the three middle schools. Cleveland City Schools is a school system for students living within the city limits. Several elementary schools serve students within different sub-district divisions. Some schools maintained by Bradley County Schools are also in the city. Tennessee Christian Preparatory School is a Christian college preparatory school located in Cleveland.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The city is also home to Cleveland State Community College, a unit of the Tennessee Board of Regents, as well as Lee University, the second-largest private, four-year university in the state.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The "Cleveland Daily Banner" is the town's newspaper. The paper was first published in 1854. Additionally, the "Chattanooga Times Free Press", a paper based in Chattanooga, also serves as a primary source of news for Bradley County residents.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Several radio stations located within Chattanooga and neighboring cities serve Cleveland, along with others licensed to Cleveland, which are listed below:


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is served by several TV stations licensed both in the city and neighboring cities. Stations licensed in Cleveland include:


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Hardwick Field, also known as Cleveland Municipal Airport, was the principal airport from 1955 to 2013. Cleveland Regional Jetport, located approximately two miles east of Hardwick Field opened on January 25, 2013, replacing Hardwick Field. It consists of a runway.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland is served by the Norfolk Southern Railway, which forks in the city and provides logistics for industries.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Into the late 1960s the Southern Railway operated daily passenger trains through Cleveland: the "Birmingham Special" (New York - Birmingham), "Pelican" (New York - New Orleans) and "Tennessean" (Washington - Memphis). The last train serving the station was the an unnamed remnant of the "Birmingham Special" on August 11, 1970.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The center of Cleveland is at the intersection of U.S. Route 11 and U.S. Route 64. U.S. 11 connects the area with Chattanooga to the south and Athens to the north. The U.S. 11 Bypass (Keith Street) serves as a bypass route for US 11 around downtown, passing approximately west of the central business district. U.S. Route 64 connects Cleveland with Murphy, North Carolina, to the east and the Chattanooga area to the southwest. State Route 60 (25th Street) connects Cleveland with Dayton to the northwest and Dalton, Georgia, to the southeast, where the road becomes State Route 71. State Route 74 connects the city to Chatsworth, Georgia to the south. APD-40, made up of the U.S. 64 Bypass and a section of S.R. 60, is part of the Appalachian Development Highway System from where it takes its name, and serves as a beltway around the business district. Parts of this beltway are controlled access. Paul Huff Parkway serves as a major thoroughfare on the northern end of the city. Interstate 75 passes through western Cleveland, connecting the area with Knoxville to the north and Chattanooga to the south. I-75 has three exits in the city.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The Cleveland Urban Area Transit System (CUATS) is a bus service operated by the Southeast Tennessee Human Resource Agency (SETHRA) that operates within the city limits of Cleveland and select parts of Bradley County. The city operates on five fixed routes. A Greyhound bus station is located on Paul Huff Parkway just off of I-75 exit 27.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The Cleveland Fire Department is an all-paid professional department. It currently consists of more than 90 highly trained personnel and 6 stations, and serves an estimated 67,000 people. The current chief is Robert Gaylor. The Cleveland Police department currently has more than 90 Certified Police Officers, two Codes Enforcement Officers and 11 full-time civilian employees, along with one part-time civilian employee, 13 School Crossing Guards and eight Animal Control employees. They also maintain a Volunteer Program consisting of a 15-member Public Service Unit and a nine-member Chaplain Unit. The Chief of Police is Mark Gibson.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland's two hospitals are Bradley Memorial Hospital and Cleveland Community Hospital. Since 2015, both have been operated by Tennova Healthcare. Bradley Healthcare & Rehabilitation Center is a nursing home that serves the county. Bradley County Emergency Medical Services is an emergency medical service (EMS) agency of the county government established in 1972 and consists of three stations, eleven ambulances, and six ancillary vehicles, along with more than 60 full-time employees and more than 25 part-time employees.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Cleveland Utilities is a corporate agency owned by the city which provides electric, water, and sewage services to residents of Cleveland and surrounding areas. Cleveland Utilities receives water from the Hiwassee and Tennessee Rivers and a spring in Waterville just southeast of the city, and purchases electricity from the Tennessee Valley Authority, which is delivered via two subtransmission substations in the city. Wastewater is pumped to a treatment facility on the Hiwassee River in northern Bradley County. Natural gas is provided by Chattanooga Gas, a subsidiary of Southern Company. Other local providers include the Hiwassee Utilities Commission, Ocoee Utility District, and Volunteer Electric Cooperative.


title: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: The Public Works Department performs the most varied actions of all the city departments. It has approximately 51 employees. The department is responsible for the city's fleet operation, sign maintenance and design, and street markings. The current director is Tommy Myers.


title: Psalm 27

text: Psalm 27 is the 27th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "The LORD is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear?". The Book of Psalms is part of the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 26. In Latin, it is known as "Dominus illuminatio mea".


title: Psalm 27

text: The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and Nonconformist Protestant liturgies. It has been set to music by Marc-Antoine Charpentier and Frances Allitsen among others.


title: Psalm 27

text: The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).


title: Psalm 27

text: Tradition attributes Psalm 27 to King David. Some commentators claim that it is a composite work by at least two authors brought together by an editor. Protestant Christians have traditionally thought of it as written early in David's life, during his flight from King Saul, with Charles Spurgeon suggesting specifically the incident with Doeg the Edomite (1 Samuel 21–22).


title: Psalm 27

text: Traditionally this Psalm is divided into two sections, verses 1–6 and 7–14. The first section declares the power of God and a boundless hope that God will bring rescue and protection from all enemies. The second portion has a clear shift in tone with the declaration "I believe". The New American Bible, Revised Edition, describes each part as "complete in itself". Some scholarship contends that it may have originally been two separate psalms.


title: Psalm 27

text: In Hebrew the first three verses increase numerically: Two parallel phrases of five words each, then six, then seven, (hinting at completion in Jewish numerology).


title: Psalm 27

text: The Psalm is a cry for help, and ultimately a declaration of belief in the greatness of God and trust in the protection God provides. It may be a sequel to the preceding psalm.


title: Psalm 27

text: In the Roman Rite liturgy, this Psalm is recited, divided into its two parts, at Vespers on Wednesday of the first week of the four-week cycle, as well as being used often as a responsorial psalm at Mass.


title: Psalm 27

text: "A New Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture" says the first poem of which Psalm 27 is composed is an expression of confidence that God will bring help and of devotion to the Temple, and the second is a cry for help. Mary Kathleen Glavich's "The Catholic Companion to the Psalms" recounts how a woman wrote the first verses of Psalm 27 (boundless hope that God will bring rescue) on the wall of the brothel room where she was confined against her will. Pope John Paul II also spoke of the first part of the psalm as "marked by a deep tranquillity, based on trust in God on the dark day of the evildoers' assault". In the second part too, he said, "the decisive element is the trust of the person of prayer in the Lord", whose face the person seeks, an expression of "the mystical need of divine intimacy through prayer", an intimacy made possible even in this life through Christ.


title: Psalm 27

text: Matthew Henry similarly saw the Psalm as a metaphor for the Christian life, that "whatever the Christian is as to this life, he considers the favour and service of God as the one thing needful..." while Spurgeon sees the Psalm as at once the language of David, but also descriptive of the Church, and Jesus. Calvin saw it more as a prayer of thankfulness and composure.


title: Psalm 27

text: The late Dr Helen Roseveare, a medical missionary to the Congo, doctor and author, used Psalm 27:3 and seeking the beauty of God among her exhortation to persevere as part of her advice: "Here's one thing you should know, one thing you should do and one thing we should ask for to keep on keeping on" and considered it akin to , "Seek first the kingdom of heaven and his righteousness".


title: Psalm 27

text: In the Church of England's "Book of Common Prayer", this psalm, entitled "Dominus illuminatio", is appointed to be read on the evening of the fifth day of the month.


title: Psalm 27

text: Heinrich Schütz wrote a setting of a metric paraphrase of Psalm 27 in German, "Mein Licht und Heil ist Gott der Herr", SWV 124, for the "Becker Psalter", published first in 1628. Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed ""Dominus illuminatio mea"", H.229 in 1699 for soloists, chorus, strings and continuo.


title: Psalm 27

text: Frances Allitsen composed a musical setting based on Psalm 27 for voice and piano called "The Lord is My Light," published in 1897.


title: Psalm 27

text: Alan Hovhaness set portions of this psalm and Psalm 117 for his 1935 work "The God of Glory Thundereth".


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Mark Robson (4 December 1913 – 20 June 1978) was a Canadian-American film director, producer, and editor. Robson began his 45-year career in Hollywood as a film editor. He later began working as a director and producer. He directed 34 films during his career, including "Champion" (1949), "Bright Victory" (1951), "The Bridges at Toko-Ri" (1954), "Peyton Place" (1957), "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness" (1958), "Von Ryan's Express" (1965), "Valley of the Dolls" (1967), and "Earthquake" (1974).


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Robson was twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director – for "Peyton Place" and "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness" – as well as four nominations for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing in Feature Films. Two of his films were nominated for the Cannes Film Festival's Palme d'Or. In 1960, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture industry.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Born in Montreal, he attended Roslyn Elementary School and Westmount High School in Montreal. He later studied at the University of California, Los Angeles and Pacific Coast University School of Law. Robson then found work in the prop department at 20th Century Fox studios. He eventually went to work at RKO Pictures where he began training as a film editor.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: In 1940, he worked as an assistant to Robert Wise on the editing of "Citizen Kane", the film debut of Orson Welles. He and Wise also edited Welles' next movie, "The Magnificent Ambersons" (1942), and made drastic cuts to the ending of the film, which Welles disagreed with.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Robson was promoted to editor for "The Falcon's Brother" (1942), an RKO B picture. He then edited "Journey into Fear" (1943), made by Orson Welles' company. The editing was again done without Welles' involvement.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Both Robson and Wise benefited from producer and screenwriter Val Lewton, who was supervising a series of low budget horror films at RKO that have since become legendary. The first was "Cat People" (1942), directed by Jacques Tourneur. Robson edited Lewton's next two films, both directed by Tourneur, "I Walked with a Zombie" (1943) and "The Leopard Man" (1943).


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Lewton was so impressed with Robson's work that he promoted him to director for "The Seventh Victim" (1943). Lewton liked the result, so Robson directed "The Ghost Ship" (1943). Lewton also gave Robert Wise his first directing job, on "The Curse of the Cat People" (1944).


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Lewton wanted to make non-horror films and RKO allowed him to make "Youth Runs Wild" (1944), a juvenile delinquency story; Robson directed, but the film was not a commercial success. More popular was "Isle of the Dead" (1945) starring Boris Karloff. Lewton, Karloff and Robson reunited on "Bedlam" (1946), which lost money at the box office and turned out to be the last horror movie produced by Lewton.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Robson's success at RKO led to work on major film projects, and in 1949 he was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures for his work on the film noir "Champion", produced by Stanley Kramer. Robson directed another film for Kramer, "Home of the Brave" (1949), one of the first films to deal with the issue of racism.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Next Robson directed "Roughshod" (1949), a Western, for RKO, and "My Foolish Heart" (also 1949), a melodrama for producer Sam Goldwyn. Goldwyn then used Robson for "Edge of Doom" (1950) and "I Want You" (1951). At Universal Robson made "Bright Victory" (1951).


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Robson briefly brought Val Lewton and Robert Wise into a partnership for film and television production, only to drop the ailing Lewton without explanation a few months later. Robson and Wise produced "Return to Paradise" (1953), starring Gary Cooper. For Warwick Films, Robson directed Alan Ladd in "Hell Below Zero" (1954). He made a comedy at Columbia, "Phffft" (1954), then had one of the biggest hits in his career with "The Bridges at Toko-Ri" (1954). This film won him another DGA nomination. Warwick Films used him again for "A Prize of Gold" (1955). He went to MGM to make "Trial" (1955). His boxing film, "The Harder They Fall" (1956), was based on a novel by Budd Schulberg.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: "The Little Hut" (1957), for MGM, was a huge hit. Even bigger was "Peyton Place" (1957), for 20th Century Fox. Robson was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director. He was nominated again the following year for directing Ingrid Bergman in "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness". For these films, he also received his third and fourth Directors Guild of America nominations.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Robson produced and directed "From the Terrace" (1960) starring Paul Newman. He produced "The Inspector" (1962) and "Nine Hours to Rama" (1963), the latter of which he also directed. After completing that film, Robson left Fox after a five-year association.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Robson and Newman reunited on "The Prize" (1963) for MGM. It was a hit, as was "Von Ryan's Express" (1965), starring Frank Sinatra, back at Fox.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Robson produced and directed "Lost Command" (1966), a tale of the French Foreign Legion, and directed 1967's "Valley of the Dolls", a film panned by the critics, but a success at the box office.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Robson made a series of films that were commercially disappointing: "Daddy's Gone A-Hunting" (1969), "Happy Birthday, Wanda June" (1971), and "Limbo" (1972). In 1974, he directed "Earthquake", the film that introduced "Sensurround".


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: Robson was married to Sarah Naomi Riskind from 1936 until his death on 20 June 1978, from a heart attack in London after completing "Avalanche Express". The film was released a year after his death. The couple had three children.


title: Mark Robson (film director)

text: For his contribution to the motion picture industry, he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1722 Vine Street.


title: Stanchion

text: A stanchion () is a sturdy upright fixture that provides support for some other object. It can be a permanent fixture.


title: Stanchion

text: In architecture stanchions are the upright iron bars in windows that pass through the eyes of the saddle bars or horizontal irons to steady the leadlight. The French call the latter "traverses", the stanchions "montants", and the whole arrangement "armature". Stanchions frequently finish with ornamental heads forged out of the iron.


title: Stanchion

text: Stanchions are also the metal supporting members of lighting mounted from a lower elevation. This includes the metal inclined member for mounting a streetlight to a telephone or power pole, and the dedicated metal vertical support of a self-supporting or bottom-fed streetlight. In this case, the stanchion pole may double as the raceway for the electrical feed to the lighting.


title: Stanchion

text: In industrial installations, walkway lighting may be mounted with a stanchion that is secured to a hand-rail. Stanchion lights are typically spaced 50' along walkways, such as conveyor platforms.


title: Stanchion

text: Stanchions (balusters or bollards) are also the upright posts inserted into the ground or floor to protect the corner of a wall.


title: Stanchion

text: In event management a stanchion is an upright bar or post that includes retractable belts, velvet ropes, or plastic chains, sometimes in conjunction with wall-mounted barrier devices, barricades, and printed signage and often used for crowd control and engineering people flow and construction site safety.


title: Stanchion

text: Stanchions are used for many different purposes, including crowd control and waiting lines. Many different places use stanchions, including banks, stores, hotels, museums, restaurants, concert venues, trade shows, and other events.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: Rocco DiSpirito (born November 19, 1966) is an American chef and reality television personality based in New York City, known for starring in the program "The Restaurant".


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: DiSpirito was born in Queens, New York. He graduated in 1986 from the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York, and in 1990 from Boston University with a bachelor's degree in business .


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: DiSpirito is best known as a celebrity chef and a cookbook author. He is known for his involvement in Union Pacific, a restaurant he opened in 1997 in the Gramercy Park section of Manhattan. A year later, "New York Times" reviewer Ruth Reichl, in a three-star review, reported that a woman at the next table was moaning in ecstasy as she ate, but it was impossible to determine what had provoked that reaction, since so many dishes were worthy of such a reaction. DiSpirito departed Union Pacific in 2004.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: From 2003 to 2004, DiSpirito starred in the NBC reality television show "The Restaurant", which followed the launch and operation of a new Manhattan restaurant called Rocco's on 22nd. The show was canceled and DiSpirito was successfully sued by the restaurant's financier Jeffrey Chodorow to have the restaurant shut down and DiSpirito banned from entering the premises.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: DiSpirito succeeded Arthur Schwartz as host of "Food Talk", an hour-long morning talk show on New York Radio WOR (AM), from October 2004 through December 2005, and then hosted 12 episodes of the TV show "Rocco Gets Real" on A&E (October 4 through December 27, 2008).


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: He was featured in a Lincoln MKX commercial and the ABC sitcom "The Knights of Prosperity", and was a guest judge on Bravo's "Top Chef". DiSpirito returned in the "Top Chef" season three finale ("Top Chef: Miami") — in which three celebrity chefs were brought to work as sous chefs to the contestants, with DiSpirito assisting Hung Huynh — and was a guest judge on the March 14, 2008 "Top Chef" season four premiere ("Top Chef: Chicago"). He appeared on NBC's "" (season 5) in an episode that aired on February 5, 2008 (episode 506), in which contestants were challenged to prepare three healthy courses based on DiSpirito's recipes; DiSpirito judged the food and determined the winning team. The following season he appeared on the second episode (airing September 23, 2008) of "", taking the "worst" cook of each pair shopping and teaching them to prepare healthy recipes.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: DiSpirito was a contestant on season seven of "Dancing With The Stars" and was paired with professional ballroom dancer Karina Smirnoff. He was eliminated on the October 14, 2008, episode and placed ninth overall.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: In 2006, DiSpirito performed a public service announcement for Do Something to promote food drives for schools.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: On May 3, 2010, DiSpirito appeared as himself on the ABC television series "Castle" in the episode "Food to Die For".


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: On June 15, 2011, DiSpirito debuted as host of a weekly reality TV cooking competition, titled "Rocco's Dinner Party", on Bravo TV.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: DiSpirito appeared as a celebrity contestant on the June 21, 2012, episode of the Fox dating game show "The Choice".


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: DiSpirito hosted the syndicated television program "Now Eat This! with Rocco Dispirito", which debuted on September 15, 2012.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: In 2013, DiSpirito hosted the Food Network reality show "Restaurant Divided", in which he went to struggling restaurants where the owners had two differing visions and then picked which concept would save the restaurant.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: On August 20, 2017, DiSpirito appeared on celebrity chef Guy Fieri's "Guy's Grocery Games - Superstar Tournament Part 1", competing against other celebrity chefs for a $40,000 first prize donated to their chosen charity. DiSpirito made it to the finale, and beat out previous tournament winner Iron Chef Alex Guarnaschelli.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: DiSpirito often appears as a judge on "Guy's Grocery Games", and occasionally competes on the show. He has also appeared on "Tournament of Champions", which is also hosted by his friend Guy Fieri.


title: Rocco DiSpirito

text: After a lengthy hiatus as a restaurateur, DiSpirito returned to the kitchen in 2019 as the chef at the Standard Grill in New York City's Meatpacking District. In October 2019 it was announced that DiSpirito was no longer with the restaurant.


title: Gabrielle Glaister

text: Gabrielle Glaister is an English actress, best known for her role as Patricia Farnham in British soap opera "Brookside" and Trish Wallace in "Family Affairs". She is notable also for her portrayal of Bob/Kate/Bobbie Parkhurst in several episodes of “Blackadder”.


title: Gabrielle Glaister

text: Glaister attended Chichester College where she studied English and Drama, then trained at the National Youth Theatre, before appearing on Broadway.


title: Gabrielle Glaister

text: Glaister appeared in the title role in a stage production of "Oliver Twist", alongside Ben Elton as the Artful Dodger. In 1983, she returned to the stage in Denise Deegan's comedy play "Daisy Pulls It Off", based on Winifred Norling's 1939 novel "The Testing of Tansy".


title: Gabrielle Glaister

text: Glaister's first television roles were in 1983 in "Jury" and "Jane Eyre". Her first notable television roles were three appearances as "Bob" in the 1980s "Blackadder" series and the part of Patricia Farnham, the long-suffering partner of Max Farnham (Steven Pinder), in "Brookside" from 1990 until 1997.


title: Gabrielle Glaister

text: Glaister returned to soap acting in 2000 when she appeared in "Coronation Street" as Debs Brownlow, the sister of Natalie Horrocks, played by Denise Welch. Her next soap role was in Channel 5 soap "Family Affairs" from September 2004 playing Trish Wallace until September 2005. In 2019, Glaister took the role of Hilary Benshaw in "Emmerdale", playing rival to Nicola King as they both vied to be elected as a local councillor.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon is used for various purposes. It may be worn on a person, placed on a vehicle, around a tree, or for a neck tie.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The song/poem ""She wore a yellow ribbon"" has appeared in various forms for at least four centuries. It is based upon the same general theme: A woman of destiny is under some sort of test or trial as she waits for her beloved to return. Will she be true to him? This seems to be the lingering question and the basis for a great unfolding drama.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The song appears to have been brought to America from Europe by English settlers. The origin of the yellow ribbons seems likely to have come from out of the Puritan heritage. It was during the English Civil War that the Puritan Army of English Parliament wore yellow ribbons and yellow sashes onto the battlefield.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: Yellow is the official color of the armor branch of the U.S. Army, used in insignia, etc., and depicted in Hollywood movies by the yellow neckerchief adorning latter-half 19th century, horse-mounted U.S. Cavalry soldiers. However, a review of the U.S. War Department's "Regulations for the Uniform and Dress of the Army of the United States" (1872, 1898) reveals that a neckerchief, of any color, was not an item required by dress code. Despite this, neckerchiefs were a popular accessory employed by cavalrymen to cope with the frequently dusty environs. The specific association of the yellow neckerchief with the U.S. Cavalry may have arisen from a work of popular American West artist Frederic Remington—"Lieutenant Powhatan H. Clarke, Tenth Cavalry" (1888).


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In the United States military, the symbol of the yellow ribbon is used in a popular marching song. The first version copyrighted was the 1917 version by George A. Norton, which he titled ""Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon"" "(For Her Lover Who Is Far, Far Away)". While he tells in the song about the love between Susie Simpkins and her soldier lover Silas Hubbard, his chorus goes:


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The lyrics were altered and the song was titled "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon" by Russ Morgan for the 1949 movie of the same name. This was performed by several popular musicians of the 1940s, including Mitch Miller and The Andrews Sisters. The Tanner Sisters recorded their version in London on December 30, 1949. It was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 9873.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: Thomas S. Monson, prophet and former president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, quoted, in a 1991 speech, prison warden Kenyon J. Scudder from a 1961 "Reader's Digest" article, to tell a story of a man whose family uses the white ribbon as a sign of forgiveness, and cites the story as the precursor to the tradition of the yellow ribbon for a welcome home and forgiveness:


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The symbol became widely known in civilian life in the 1970s. It was the central theme of the popular song "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree", Written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and recorded by Tony Orlando and Dawn (among many others), as the sign a released prisoner requested from his wife or lover to indicate that she would welcome him home. He would be able to see it from the bus driving by their house and would stay on the bus in the absence of the ribbon. He turned out to be very welcome: There were a hundred yellow ribbons.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: One factor that may have influenced Hamill's decision to do so was that, in May 1973, "Tie A Yellow Ribbon" sold 3 million records in three weeks. When the dust settled, BMI calculated that radio stations had played it 3 million times, or seventeen continuous years of airplay. Hamill dropped his suit after folklorists working for Levine and Brown turned up archival versions of the story that had been collected before "Going Home" had been written.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon was the original symbol for AIDS awareness, before the red ribbon became used for HIV/AIDS from 1991 onwards.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon is the emblem for endometriosis awareness, especially during March for endometriosis awareness month. Yellow ribbons are worn by endometriosis patients and supporters, and is a common color for fundraising products. This was established by the Endometriosis Foundation of America in the 1980s, using the color yellow for its awareness brochure.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon is used to represent microcephaly, a medical condition in which the head does not develop fully. Microcephaly Awareness Day is on September 30.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon is an emblem for suicide prevention awareness, particularly for young people, and is used for suicide prevention awareness in many countries including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom and Ireland.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In the United States, the Yellow Ribbon Suicide Prevention Program is a community-based program primarily developed to address youth/teen/young adult suicides (ages 10–25) through public awareness campaigns, education and training and by helping communities build capacity. The program began in September 1994 after the suicide of 17-year-old Mike Emme.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In Australia, the Save Albert Park group has utilized the yellow ribbon as a symbol of protest. The group is a coalition protesting the reclamation of public space in Albert Park, Melbourne for the annual Australian Grand Prix. When the race moved to Melbourne in 1996, yellow ribbons were tied around the trees in the park which were designated for removal. Although the group was unsuccessful in protecting the designated trees, they and their supporters still tie ribbons around the trees each year at the time of the race.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In 2009, the yellow ribbon was used during the appeal for those affected by the 2009 Victorian bushfires.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: A yellow ribbon, for any symbolic purpose, was uncommon in Canada until the Great War when it was used by mothers and wives of soldiers who were fighting. The ribbon represented a commitment, belief, and hope in the Canadian soldiers.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: World War II created a more powerful nationalism and national pride when Canada entered the war. The yellow ribbon began to represent the close ties and strong relationship it had with France and Great Britain, forgiving the countries of all past wrongs and fighting for their brothers and sisters. As the war progressed and an allied defeat seemed imminent, the ribbon represented the close ties the soldiers had back home and for their country, Canada.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: On September 11, 2001, three planes were hijacked and were deliberately crashed into World Trade Center 1, World Trade Center 2 and The Pentagon. A fourth plane was hijacked but failed to crash into its intended target, the White House. Nearly 3,000 Americans died. The Canadian Government enacted Operation Yellow Ribbon, to land hundreds of flights bound for the United States and all flights out of the United States. The ICAO announced at 9:40 am EDT that all U.S bound flights, whether over Canada or having had just departed, were to land in Canada anyway for security and protection purposes. Operation Yellow Ribbon represented Canada's connection and ties to America and Canada's commitment to give the American people who were stranded, food, healthcare, and shelter until all was safe and they could go home.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: Cuba utilized the yellow ribbon to spread awareness of, and show ones support for freeing the Cuban Five imprisoned in the United States. On 12 September 2013, the fifteen year anniversary of the arrest of the Cuban Five, Cubans marked the day with a massive display of yellow ribbons. The symbol of the yellow ribbon to welcome loved ones home is an image Cubans hoped would resonate with the American people.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In Denmark, the yellow ribbon has become the more or less official (though not directly officially endorsed by the countries' armed forces) symbol for support of troops in missions. In Sweden, Swedish Veteran Federation and Stiftelsen Jesper Lindbloms Minne is promoting it as a troop-supporting symbol, for both military and non-military personnel on peacekeeping missions. In Sweden the yellow ribbon is also associated with testicular cancer awareness, maybe more so than a symbol for support of troops in missions.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In Estonia the yellow ribbon was taken into use on 13 May 2011 after the President of Estonia, Toomas Hendrik Ilves made the following announcement on Facebook: "The families of the seven Estonian citizens taken hostage in Lebanon need all of our support. Not intrusive nosiness but rather quiet and committed support that says: your concern is our concern, we hope and believe together with you. Today, to show this, I put a yellow ribbon on my lapel."


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The seven Estonian citizens referred to by the President, were taken hostage on 23 March 2011 in eastern Lebanon during a cycling trip. On 14 July 2011 it was announced that the hostages had been freed.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon was worn in person, but also virtually on Facebook. For that, a specialised Facebook App was created for people to automatically be able to add a yellow ribbon to their profile pictures. As of 14 July 2011, 12,671 people had added the yellow ribbon to their profile picture.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon is used as a symbol for Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement and their demands for universal suffrage, as it has long been the official colour of many suffrage organisations, stemming from the women's suffrage campaign in the US in the 1860. The yellow ribbon was first used by pro-democracy camp legislators in a press conference after the December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong, and was later adopted as a symbol among protestors during the 2014 Hong Kong protests.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon is used in many ways, in particular on social media, for demonstrating solidarity with the pro-democracy protestors, and it became more widely used after Hong Kong police fired tear gas and used pepper spray (capsaicin) to dissipate the students and protesters who were occupying Harcourt Road in Admiralty on 28 September 2014, in the 2014 Hong Kong protests. The meaning of yellow ribbon in Hong Kong has also extended to symbolise discountenance of the abuse of violence by the Hong Kong Police against pro-democracy protestors in the 2014 protests.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, yellow ribbon is symbolised as supporting pro-democracy protestors again, which is opposed to blue ribbon, and derives "Yellow economic circle".


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In Indonesia, yellow ribbon is used as a symbol to show solidarity and sympathy for the victims of the riots and chaos in Indonesia May 13–15, 1998, who were mostly Indonesian Chinese.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: Starting in August 2008, in the northern Israeli region of Galilee, yellow ribbons were tied to the left side mirrors of civilian cars as a symbol of the hope of the Israelis to free Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit who was imprisoned in the Gaza Strip by Hamas. Shalit was born and raised in the small village of Mitzpe Hila in the area. He has since been released and returned to Israel.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In Italy, the yellow ribbon is worn to support the prisoners of war (POWs). It has been used to support the two Italian marines during the diplomatic crisis between Italy and India.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: Japan's Medal of Honor uses a yellow ribbon to acknowledge professionals who have become public role models.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In Kuwait the yellow ribbon is worn to support the prisoners of war (POWs) missing from Kuwait, during the period from the Iraqi invasion in 1990 until the fall of Baghdad on April 9, 2003. The fall of Baghdad marked the end of the era of Saddam Hussein; afterwards, some Kuwaiti graves were found. On the fourth of July, in speech in Kuwait, the United States ambassador James Larauca pointed out that one of the most priceless reminders of the values of freedom is the yellow ribbon that was held by former U.S. President George W. Bush in reference to the suffering of the families of prisoners of Kuwait in Iraqi prisons.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: It is also being used as a symbol of solidarity and remembrance for the Pike River miners trapped and killed after the explosion in the mine on 19 November 2010.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In the Philippines, the yellow ribbon first gained prominence in the 1980s during the Martial Law era as a symbol of support for opposition leader Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. Inspired by the song Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree (with the song's lyrics serving as an allegory of Aquino's homecoming after a long period of incarceration and subsequent exile due to his criticism of the Marcos regime), supporters tied yellow ribbons along the streets of Metro Manila to welcome him home from his self-exile in the United States. Aquino never saw the ribbons as he was assassinated while disembarking at the Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983. His death led to a series of events that culminated in the 1986 People Power Revolution that overthrew President Ferdinand Marcos. The color yellow was symbolic of the anti-Marcos movement, and eventually became associated with the new President, Aquino's widow Corazón Aquino.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon regained popularity in 2009 as a show of support for an ailing Corazón Aquino. After her death on 1 August 2009, people wore yellow shirts, tied yellow ribbons along the street and added yellow ribbons on photos in social networking sites in mourning. Soon after, it was used by those pushing for Aquino's only son, Benigno Aquino III, to run in the May 2010 elections; it was eventually co-opted by his campaign.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In September 2010, wearing a yellow band of electrical tape around the index finger signified support of the "We Are One Filipino Movement", a Filipino-American rally for Benigno Aquino III at the Plaza de César Chavez in San Jose, California.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In Singapore, the government has initiated an annual Yellow Ribbon Campaign, through the Yellow Ribbon Project, to promote giving ex-convicts a second chance in society. Typically, a person shows his support for ex-convicts by pinning a yellow ribbon on his shirt during the annual campaign held in September. This was probably influenced by its use as a symbol of acceptance in the song "Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree" as stated above.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In South Korea, the yellow ribbon is a symbol in memory of the victims and families of deceased of the 2014 MV "Sewol" disaster, in which 304 ferry passengers perished.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The first well-known reference for the use of yellow cockades or ribbons in Spain is in 1704, when the viceroy of Catalonia Francisco Antonio Fernández de Velasco and Tovar, count of Melgar, banned its partisan use during the War of the Spanish Succession, to stating the side that used may be "creating disagreements within families".


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In Catalonia, the yellow ribbon started being used in late October 2017 as a symbol of solidarity with the leaders of the two biggest pro-independence organizations, ANC and Òmnium Cultural (Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart respectively), arrested by the Spanish judiciary during the Operation Anubis on accusations of rioting, sedition and rebellion.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In November 2017, the meaning of the ribbon broadened to include the members of the Catalan regional government and the president of the Catalan Parliament, who were arrested by the Supreme Court of Justice for their alleged role in organizing referendum on Catalan independence, that was declared illegal by the Constitutional Court of Spain.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon is also used to show support for former Catalan leaders in self-imposed exile, or flight from justice, depending on the point of view, including the former Catalan president Carles Puigdemont and four other regional Ministers, who had fled to Belgium and Scotland to avoid arrest and to seek broader European support for their cause that never arrived, due to the lack of constitutional consistency of their proposals ; as well as Marta Rovira (leader of ERC) and Anna Gabriel (leader of CUP) who fled to Switzerland despite both not being required to appear in court.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: FC Barcelona ex-player and coach, and current Manchester City manager, Pep Guardiola, is one of the most notable figures who has been wearing it.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: Sometimes, the yellow ribbon is also used to show support for other individuals that push for the Catalan independence and have faced legal consequences because of it. That includes Tamara Carrasco, Adrià Carrasco and other members of the Committees for the Defense of the Republic.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The Spanish electoral commission (Junta Electoral Central) has taken the position that the yellow ribbon is a political symbol and has sometimes banned its display on public buildings when an election is upcoming; in 2019, the Catalan government changed a yellow ribbon on a banner on its headquarters building in Barcelona to a white ribbon in response to such a ban. Fifty percent of Catalans are against the use of public buildings to carry out political propaganda for the pro-independence parties, and are deprived of their right to political neutrality of the institutions by the regional pro-independence government. Blue ribbons have also been used in this way.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The song has particular resonance as Arsenal's away colours are often yellow and blue. The song is also used by Manchester United, with the word 'yellow' replaced by 'scarlet', referencing their signature home colour.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: A British charity named the Yellow Ribbon Foundation was founded in 2003 to support military veterans.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: During the Iran hostage crisis, the yellow ribbon was used as a symbol of support for the hostages held at the United States embassy in Tehran. In November 1979, a committee headed by Suzan E. Garrett of the Jaycees ladies service organization in Leitchfield, Kentucky organized a campaign to "Tie A Yellow Ribbon" around public trees as well as encouraging people to wear tied ribbons on lapels in support of the U.S. hostages being held in Iran. She was interviewed on ABC-TV by Ted Koppel on the newly created "Nightline" late-night news program and later by Peter Jennings for ABC's "World News Tonight".


title: Yellow ribbon

text: This symbolism continued and gained further recognition in December 1979, when Penelope Laingen, wife of Bruce Laingen who was the most senior foreign service officer being held hostage, tied a yellow ribbon around a tree on the lawn of her Maryland home. The ribbon primarily symbolized the resolve of the American people to win the hostages' safe release. Yellow ribbons featured prominently in the celebrations of their return home in January 1981.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon saw renewed popularity in the United States during the Gulf War in the early 1990s. It appeared along with the slogan "support our troops", in the form of yellow ribbons tied to trees, and countless other contexts. It often had the implied meaning of "bring our troops home" from the Desert Shield and Desert Storm troop deployments. It appeared again during the 2003 invasion of Iraq with similar meanings, most prominently in the form of a yellow ribbon printed on magnetized material and displayed on the outside of automobiles.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program (YRRP) uses the yellow ribbon in its logo. YRRP is a Department of Defense-wide effort to promote the well-being of National Guard and Reserve members, their families and communities, by connecting them with resources throughout the deployment cycle. An American charity named the Yellow Ribbon Foundation was founded in 2001 to support military veterans.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: The yellow ribbon is also the scholastic symbol adopted by universities and institutions which provide student veteran support through the "Yellow Ribbon Program" and represents a matched financial contribution between that establishment and the U.S. Government to cover tuition costs that the normal Post Montgomery or Post 9/11 GI Bill would not normally cover.


title: Yellow ribbon

text: In May 2014, the American Veterinary Medical Association released a series of videos about preventing dog bites. One of the videos explained the practice of tying a yellow ribbon to a dog's leash to indicate the dog did not like strangers.


title: San Lorenzo, Florence

text: The Basilica di San Lorenzo (Basilica of St. Lawrence) is one of the largest churches of Florence, Italy, situated at the centre of the main market district of the city, and it is the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family from Cosimo il Vecchio to Cosimo III. It is one of several churches that claim to be the oldest in Florence, having been consecrated in 393 AD, at which time it stood outside the city walls. For three hundred years it was the city's cathedral, before the official seat of the bishop was transferred to Santa Reparata.


title: San Lorenzo, Florence

text: San Lorenzo was the parish church of the Medici family. In 1419, Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici offered to finance a new church to replace an eleventh-century Romanesque rebuilding. Filippo Brunelleschi, the leading Renaissance architect of the first half of the fifteenth century, was commissioned to design it, but the building, with alterations, was not completed until after his death. The church is part of a larger monastic complex that contains other important architectural and artistic works: the Old Sacristy by Brunelleschi and having interior decoration and sculpture by Donatello; the Laurentian Library by Michelangelo; the New Sacristy based on Michelangelo's designs; and the Medici Chapels by Matteo Nigetti.


title: San Lorenzo, Florence

text: The Basilica of San Lorenzo is considered a milestone in the development of Renaissance architecture. The basilica has a complicated building history. The project was begun around 1419, under the direction of Filippo Brunelleschi. Lack of funds slowed the construction and forced changes to the original design. By the early 1440s, only its sacristy (now called the Old Sacristy) had been worked on because that was being paid for by the Medici. In 1442, the Medici stepped in to take over financial responsibility of the church as well. After Brunelleschi's death in 1446, the job was handed either to Antonio Manetti or Michelozzo; scholars are uncertain which. Although the building was largely completed by 1459 in time for a visit to Florence by Pius II, the chapels along the right-hand aisles were still under construction during the 1480s and 1490s.


title: San Lorenzo, Florence

text: By the time the building was completed, aspects of its layout and detailing no longer corresponded to the original plan. The principal difference is that Brunelleschi had envisioned the chapels along the side aisles to be deeper than those built and he intended them to resemble the chapels in the transept, the only part of the building that is known to have been completed as Brunelleschi designed it.


title: San Lorenzo, Florence

text: The Basilica of San Lorenzo demonstrates many innovative features of the developing style of Renaissance architecture,


title: San Lorenzo, Florence

text: According to one scholar, features such as the interior's Corinthian arcades and ceiling's flat panels mark "a departure from the Gothic and a return to the Romanesque Proto-Renaissance."


title: San Lorenzo, Florence

text: At times, the design of San Lorenzo has met with criticism, particularly when compared with Santo Spirito, also in Florence and which is considered to have been constructed more or less in conformity with Brunelleschi's ideas, even though he died before most of it was built. By the sixteenth century, Giorgio Vasari commented that along the nave, the columns should have been elevated on plinths. The steps along the aisles, supporting the pilasters, also have been considered to deviate from Classical ideals.


title: San Lorenzo, Florence

text: The Medici Pope Leo X gave Michelangelo the commission to design an outer façade of the basilica in white Carrara marble in 1518. Michelangelo made a large wooden model that shows how he adjusted the classical proportions of the facade, drawn to scale, after the ideal proportions of the human body, to the greater height of the nave.


title: San Lorenzo, Florence

text: Although the outer facade of the basilica remained unbuilt, Michelangelo's large wooden model of it remains.


title: San Lorenzo, Florence

text: Michelangelo did design and build the internal facade of the basilica that is seen from the nave looking back toward the entrances. It comprises three doors between two pilasters with garlands of oak and laurel and a balcony on two Corinthian columns.