title: Elections in Canada

text: Canada holds elections for legislatures or governments in several jurisdictions: for the federal (national) government, provincial and territorial governments, and municipal governments. Elections are also held for self-governing First Nations and for many other public and private organizations including corporations and trade unions. Municipal elections can also be held for both upper-tier (regional municipality or county) and lower-tier (town, village, or city) governments.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Formal elections have occurred in Canada since at least 1792, when both Upper Canada and Lower Canada had their first elections. Canada's first recorded election was held in Halifax in 1758 to elect the 1st General Assembly of Nova Scotia.


title: Elections in Canada

text: All Canadian citizens aged 18 or older who currently reside in Canada as of the polling day (or at any point in their life have resided in Canada, regardless of time away) may vote in federal elections. The most recent Canadian federal election occurred on September 20, 2021.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Elections for other levels of government may have additional residency or ownership requirements. For example, some municipalities allow both residents and non-resident landowners to vote.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Elections in Canada (Federal, Province or Territory) are organised by their respective election regulatory bodies, as follows:


title: Elections in Canada

text: The Parliament of Canada has two chambers: the House of Commons has 338 members, elected for a maximum four-year term in single-seat electoral districts, and the Senate has 105 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister. Senators are given permanent terms (up to age 75) and thus often serve much longer than the prime minister who was primarily responsible for their appointment.


title: Elections in Canada

text: National elections are governed by the "Canada Elections Act" and administered by an independent agency, Elections Canada. Using the plurality voting system, Canadians vote for their local Member of Parliament (MP), who represents one specific constituency in the House of Commons. The leader of the party most likely to hold the confidence of the House of Commons becomes the prime minister.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Most MPs are members of a political party, although candidates may stand for election as independents unaffiliated with any political party. Since the practice of listing candidates' party affiliation on ballots began with the 1972 election, the Canada Elections Act has required that all local candidates be directly approved by the leader of their affiliated party, effectively centralizing the candidate nomination process. Once candidates are elected, sitting members of parliament are permitted to "cross the floor" switching party affiliation without having to first resign and restand for office under their new affiliation. Sitting members may also be dismissed from or voluntarily leave their party and become independents. As a result, the distribution of seats by party affiliation often fluctuates in between elections.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Although several parties are typically represented in parliament, Canada has historically had two dominant political parties: the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party, which was preceded by the Progressive Conservative Party and the Conservative Party (1867–1942). Every government since Confederation has been either Liberal or Conservative with the exception of the Unionist government during World War I, which was a coalition of Conservatives and Liberals. However, in the 2011 federal election, the (NDP) New Democratic Party of Canada, came a close second, only behind by a few seats. While other parties have sometimes formed the Official Opposition, the 41st Parliament (2011-2015) was the first in which the Liberals did not form either the government or the Official Opposition.


title: Elections in Canada

text: If a government loses a confidence motion, traditionally the prime minister will ask the governor general to call an election and the governor general follows that advice. However, the viceroy's compliance is not assured; the governor general also has the right to seek out another party leader who might be able to command the confidence of the House and ask him or her to form a government. This happened in 1926 and is referred to as the "King-Byng Affair".


title: Elections in Canada

text: The five-year time limitation is strictly applied to the life of the parliament or assembly in question—this body is not deemed to have been formed until the return of the writs and ceases to exist the moment it is dissolved. It is therefore possible to run slightly longer than five years between election days, as was the case between the 1930 and 1935 elections. Although the law has allowed for a five-year gap between elections, there have in fact only been two five-year gaps in the last 50 years: between 1974 and 1979 and between 1988 and 1993, and there have in fact been six general elections since 2000.


title: Elections in Canada

text: It is also possible for a general election to be delayed should Canada be embroiled in a war or insurrection. This provision was enacted to allow Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden to delay a federal election for about a year during World War I. Since then, the provision has only been used twice, both times by provincial governments—Ontario delayed an election for a few weeks in the year following the Armistice in 1918. Saskatchewan was the only jurisdiction to delay a general election by more than a year, due to World War II, but held an election in 1944, six years after the previous vote.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Section 4 of the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" limits the term of any federal, provincial, or territorial parliament to a maximum of five years after the return of the writs of the last election. On November 6, 2006, the Parliament of Canada amended the Canada Elections Act to introduce a requirement that each federal general election must take place on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the previous poll, starting with October 19, 2009. Since then, all provinces and territories have enacted similar legislation establishing fixed election dates.


title: Elections in Canada

text: These laws, nevertheless, do not curtail the power of the governor general or a provincial lieutenant governor to dissolve a legislature prior to the fixed election date on the advice of the relevant first minister or due to a motion of no confidence.


title: Elections in Canada

text: By-elections can be held between general elections when seats become vacant through the resignation or death of a member. The date of the by-election is determined by the governor general, who must call it between 11 and 180 days after being notified of the seat vacancy by the Speaker of the House of Commons.


title: Elections in Canada

text: The federal government can also hold nationwide referendums on major issues. The last federal referendum was held in 1992, on proposed constitutional changes in the Charlottetown Accord. On occasion, one particular issue will dominate an election, and the election will in a sense be a virtual referendum. The most recent instance of this was the 1988 election, which was considered by most parties to be a referendum on free trade with the United States.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Every Canadian citizen 18 years of age or older has the right to vote, except for the Chief Electoral Officer and the Deputy Chief Electoral Officer. In the Canada Elections Act, inmates serving a sentence of at least two years were prohibited from voting, but on October 31, 2002, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in "Sauvé v. Canada" that such a law violated the section 3 of the Charter, and was rendered of no force or effect.


title: Elections in Canada

text: The federal National Register of Electors is updated to reflect various changes in the Canadian population, including address changes, reaching voting age, naturalization, and death. Every year, about 3,000,000 address changes are processed by Elections Canada from information obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency, Canada Post (via the National Change of Address service), provincial and territorial motor vehicle registrars, and provincial electoral agencies with permanent voters lists. Every year, about 400,000 Canadians reach voting age and 200,000 Canadians die, resulting in changes to the National Register of Electors based on information obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency, provincial and territorial motor vehicle registrars, and provincial electoral agencies with permanent voters lists. Additionally, over 150,000 individuals a year become naturalized Canadians, and are added to the National Register of Electors by Elections Canada based on information obtained from Citizenship and Immigration Canada.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Section Three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provides that "every citizen of Canada has the right to vote", including those residing abroad, although the voting age is set by legislation at 18 years of age. From 1993 to 2019, in practice only those citizens 18 years of age or older who reside in Canada "or" have been abroad for fewer than five years could vote in federal elections. Exemptions to the five-year limit existed for members of the Canadian Armed Forces, employees of the federal or a provincial government stationed abroad, employees of certain international organizations, and their cohabitants. The five-year limit was originally enacted as part of Bill C-114, "An Act to Amend the Canada Elections Act", in 1993; these amendments extended the special ballot to certain prisoners, and Canadians "living or travelling" abroad. In September 2005, Jean-Pierre Kingsley, then the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada for 15 years, explicitly recommended in his official report that Parliament remove the five-year limit by amendment, but no action was taken.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In May 2014, a court decision from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice invalidated the five-year limit as an unconstitutional restriction on the right to vote, in violation of Section Three, leading to a period of fourteen months during which all Canadian expatriates could apply to be on the register of electors. However, the decision was reversed 2-1 on appeal at the Court of Appeal for Ontario on July 20, 2015, in a judicial opinion citing Canada's history of using a residence-based electoral district system and a justification based on social contract theory, which held that the five-year limit was a permissible limitation of the constitutional right to vote under Section One. As of August 2015, Elections Canada has implemented changes to its registration process to comply with the latest court ruling, and will require expatriates already on the register to declare an intended date of return. The decision from the Court of Appeal was subsequently appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, which announced on April 14, 2016 that it would hear the appeal. On January 11, 2019 the Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeal's decision and ruled that non-resident citizens have the right to vote regardless of time living outside of Canada.


title: Elections in Canada

text: The length of election campaigns can vary, but under the Elections Act, the minimum length of a campaign is 36 days and the maximum length of the campaign is 50 days. Also section 5 of the "Charter" requires that the Parliament sit at least once every twelve months, and thus a campaign would have to conclude in time for returns to be completed and parliament to be called into session within twelve months of the previous sitting. The federal election date must be set on a Monday (or Tuesday if the Monday is a statutory holiday).


title: Elections in Canada

text: The 1872 election was both the second shortest and the longest campaign in history. Parliament was dissolved on July 8, 1872, while the writ was dropped on July 15, 1872. Voting occurred from July 20 to October 12. Therefore, the campaign started 12 days after dissolution of Parliament and 5 days after the writ, and was concluded 96 days (13 weeks plus 5 days) after dissolution and 89 days after the writ.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Every subsequent election has occurred on a single day. Of these elections, the longest election campaign, in terms of days from dissolution to election day, was that of 1926 election, following the King-Byng Affair, which lasted 74 days.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In terms of days from writ to election day, the longest campaign had been the 1980 election, which lasted 66 days. It was surpassed by the 2015 election, which was 78 days long from writ to election day, making it the longest campaign for a one-day election, exceeded in length only by that of 1872.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Prior to the adoption of the minimum of 36 days in law, there were six elections that lasted shorter periods of time. The last of these was the 1904 election which occurred many decades before the minimum was imposed.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In practice, the prime minister will generally keep a campaign as brief as is legal and feasible, because spending by parties is strictly limited by the Elections Act. The maximum spending by each party is increased by 1/37th of the maximum for each day that the campaign exceeds 37 days. The 1997, 2000 and 2004 elections were all of the minimum 36 days in length which has led to a common misconception that elections "must" be 36 days long. However, prior to 1997, elections averaged much longer: aside from the 47-day campaign for the 1993 election and the 51-day campaign for the 1988 Election, the shortest election period after World War II was 57 days and many were over 60 days in length.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Much speculation had surrounded how long the campaign for the 39th federal election would be in 2006, especially as it became certain the election would be called in the weeks preceding Christmas 2005. The government of Joe Clark, which fell on December 13, 1979, recommended a campaign of 66 days for the resulting election, and nothing legal barred a similarly lengthened campaign. In the end, the 2006 election was called on November 29, 2005, for January 23, 2006 — making a 55-day-long campaign.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Canada's ten provinces and Yukon use the same plurality voting system used in federal elections. Elections are monitored and organized, however, by independent provincial election commissions, and a province may legally change their electoral system should they wish to do so, without requiring permission from the federal government.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In the territories of Northwest Territories and Nunavut, elections are held on a solely non-partisan basis due to those territories' use of a consensus government model.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Since 2001, most Canadian provinces and the Northwest Territories have passed laws establishing fixed election dates, in most cases calling for elections every four years on a specific day and month.


title: Elections in Canada

text: All Canadian provinces and Yukon, have electoral systems dominated by major political parties. In most provinces the leading parties are the same parties prominent at the federal level. However, the provincial party may or may not have an official affiliation with the federal party of the same name. Thus, names of provincial parties can sometimes be misleading when associating a provincial party with a national party, although the respective ideologies are usually fairly similar.


title: Elections in Canada

text: The Conservative Party of Canada has no provincial wings and none of the current provincial Progressive Conservative Parties are formally linked with the federal party as they all predate the 2003 establishment of the federal party, which resulted in the formal disbanding of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Some provincial parties (such as Alberta) formally broke off links with the federal party prior to the merger.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In British Columbia, Alberta and Quebec the provincial Liberal parties are independent of the Liberal Party of Canada, while in the other provinces, the provincial Liberal parties are autonomous entities that retain formal links with the federal party.


title: Elections in Canada

text: All provincial wings of the New Democratic Party are fully integrated with the federal party, and members of the provincial party are automatically also members of the federal party. The Green Party has provincial counterparts that are directly affiliated but do not share membership or organizational structure and support.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In Saskatchewan and Yukon, the political parties, the Saskatchewan Party and the Yukon Party, respectively, have no federal counterpart, although they are both ideologically conservative.


title: Elections in Canada

text: The following table summarizes the results of the most recent provincial and territorial elections. A link to complete lists for each province and territory is below. The winning party is indicated in bold and by the coloured bar at the left of the table.


title: Elections in Canada

text: This table shows the party standings as a result of the most recent election, and not the current representation in legislatures; refer to the articles on the individual houses for the current state.


title: Elections in Canada

text: For lists of general elections in each province and territory, see the infobox at the bottom of the article.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Note: Nunavut does not have political parties, and political parties in the Northwest Territories were disbanded in 1905. MLAs in both territories are elected as independents and the legislatures function under a consensus government model.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Municipal elections are held in Canada for the election of local governments. Most provinces hold all of their municipal elections on the same date. Candidates are elected through either ward or at-large systems, every two, three or four years, depending on the province. Plurality block voting is used in at-large elections and where wards elect multiple members; otherwise First past the post is used. (London, Ontario did adopt Instant-runoff voting but has been banned from using that system.)


title: Elections in Canada

text: A minority of locations in Canada have local political parties or election slates, while most locations elect only independents, or where the candidate has party ties, no party identification is allowed on the ballot.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Canada is now the only major country in the world to use only First past the post in its federal and provincial elections. But in past times other systems were used or debated.


title: Elections in Canada

text: At various times in the 19th and 20th centuries, federal elections and those held in every province used multi-member districts to elect all or some of its members. The systems used included Block Voting, Single transferable voting, Limited voting and a system where each seat was filled through a separate contest.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Now federal elections—and all provincial and territorial elections—use only single-member districts, a situation that came about through electoral reform.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Eleven ridings elected multiple MPs (two at a time) at one time or another, between 1867 and 1968. These were Ottawa, West Toronto, Hamilton, Halifax (NS), Cape Breton (NS), Pictou (NS), St. John City and County (NB), Victoria and three in PEI: King's County, Queen's County and Prince County.


title: Elections in Canada

text: All the provinces and territories (except Nunavut) once used multiple-member districts. Most of the multiple-member districts elected just two, but others elected 5 to 7 or more. Ten MLAs were elected in Winnipeg from 1920 to 1949.


title: Elections in Canada

text: The provinces and territories switched to electing all their members in single-member districts elected through First past the post in these years:


title: Elections in Canada

text: Toronto's three MPPs were elected through Limited voting, where each voter could cast up to two votes.


title: Elections in Canada

text: For the 1909, 1913 and 1921 election Alberta adopted multiple-member city-wide districts in one or both of the cities of Edmonton and Calgary. Alberta's two army representatives were elected in 1917 in one contest. Also in 1921, the city of Medicine Hat was a two-seat district. Voters cast multiple votes under the Plurality block voting to elect MLAs.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In 1914, the three Winnipeg districts -- Winnipeg Centre,Winnipeg South and Winnipeg North—were each given a second member. Each seat was filled through a separate contest. The same system was used in the 1915 election.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In 1920 Winnipeg was made into a ten-member city-wide district. Manitoba began to use Single transferable voting in the new district. Later the province adopted Alternative Voting in single-member rural districts.


title: Elections in Canada

text: After the election of the United Farmers of Alberta in 1921, Alberta maintained its existing mixture of multi-member districts and single-member districts. In 1924 Alberta adopted Single transferable voting in the cities' multi-member districts and the Instant-runoff voting system in single-member rural districts. This mixed system was in use until 1956. In 1956 the province brought in consistent single-member districts and First past the post elections. Medicine Hat reverted to being a single-member district before the 1930 election.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Canadian MP William Charles Good introduced legislation in the House of Commons in June 1922 that would have seen Instant-runoff voting used in each riding where more than two candidates were competing and he also called for demonstration multi-member districts in to provide experience of proportional representation. However the bill was talked out and nothing was changed.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In 1952, BC adopted the Alternative Voting system. It retained its mixture of single-member districts and multi-member districts. In the later, it held separate contests for each seat. preferential ballots was used for the first time in a BC general election.


title: Elections in Canada

text: After 1953 election the province returned to its previous electoral system, a mixture of single-member and multi-member districts, of Block Voting and FPTP, which in turn was replaced by consistent FPTP single-member-district contests in 1990.


title: Elections in Canada

text: The Liberal government of Quebec proposed electoral reform in 2004, which was scheduled to be passed in the fall of 2006 without a referendum. The project was postponed due to divergent views on how to improve it.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In a 2005 referendum 57.7% of British Columbians voted in favour of the Single Transferable Vote system. However the government required a vote of 60% to pass the change, and the vote result was ignored.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Prince Edward Island held a referendum in 2005 regarding the adoption of mixed member proportional representation. The motion was defeated.


title: Elections in Canada

text: A referendum was held in Ontario in 2007 on the question of whether to establish a mixed member proportional representation (MMP) system for elections to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The vote was strongly in favour of the existing plurality voting or first-past-the-post (FPTP) system.


title: Elections in Canada

text: A referendum on the issue of electoral reform in New Brunswick was proposed for 2008 by the Progressive Conservative Party, but the party was defeated in the September 2006 election and the new Liberal government cancelled the vote.


title: Elections in Canada

text: A referendum for the Single transferable vote (STV) system was held in British Columbia on May 12, 2009. The adoption of STV was defeated, with 39.09% of voters preferring STV over First Past The Post (FPTP).


title: Elections in Canada

text: In the 2015 federal election, both of the main opposition parties (the federal Liberals and NDP) promised to implement electoral reform no later than the next scheduled election. The NDP has long supported Mixed Member Proportional, a hybrid system proposed by the Law Commission in which voters would cast two ballots (one for a riding representative and one for their preferred party, with member elected from a regional and open list).


title: Elections in Canada

text: By comparison, the Liberals led by Justin Trudeau promised to review numerous electoral reform options through an "all party parliamentary committee" and to implement the changes in time for the next election. Trudeau promised to make the 2015 election "Canada's last first-past-the-post election". There are divisions within the Liberal Party over which alternative system would be better (some prefer a proportional voting system, while others want a single member constituency preferential model); however, the promise by the Liberals, who won a majority in the House of Commons, created expectations that some sort of change will be introduced.


title: Elections in Canada

text: The Liberal members of the special all-committee on electoral reform urged Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to break his promise to change Canada's voting system before the next federal election in 2019. That call for inaction came as opposition members of the committee pressured Trudeau to keep the commitment. In its final report, the government-minority committee recommended the government design a new proportional system and hold a national referendum to gauge Canadians' support.


title: Elections in Canada

text: 67% of Canadians voted in 2015 for parties that promised to replace the voting system with one that doesn't distort the vote as much as first past the post. 88% of experts brought forward by the Liberal government recommending a proportional representation voting system, and 96% rejected Trudeau's preferred Instant-runoff voting system. Despite this, on February 1, 2017, the new Liberal Minister of Democratic Institutions, Karina Gould, announced that Trudeau instructed her that a change of voting system would no longer be in her mandate. She cited a lack of broad consensus among Canadians in favour of one particular type of electoral voting as the reason for the abandonment of the 2015 election promise.


title: Elections in Canada

text: During the 2015 election campaign, the Liberal Party of Canada made a promise to implement a process to review the costs of campaign platforms in future elections. It was implemented within an omnibus bill passed in 2017, with responsibility assigned to the Parliamentary Budget Office.


title: Elections in Canada

text: The 2016 Plebiscite on Democratic Renewal was a non-binding referendum held in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island between October 27 – November 7, 2016. The referendum asked which of five voting systems residents would prefer to use in electing members to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island. The referendum was conducted using Instant runoff voting, and no option was the choice of a majority in the first count. After three options were eliminated due to being un-electable, mixed member proportional representation received more than 52% support on the final count. But government ignored the result. But government ignored the result, holding another referendum in 2019.


title: Elections in Canada

text: In accordance to campaign promises, the BC NDP (In a confidence and supply agreement with the Greens) scheduled a plebiscite to be held between October 22 and November 30, 2018, with voting done through mail for those registered to vote. 61.3% of voters voted for retaining First Past The Post.


title: Elections in Canada

text: On the question "Should Prince Edward Island change its voting system to a mixed member proportional voting system?", 52 percent voted against change while only 48 percent voted in favour. But neither side took a majority of votes in 60 percent of the districts so government did not consider it a clear decision.


title: Elections in Canada

text: CAQ François Legault was elected on a promise to reform the electoral system within a year of his victory in 2018. On September 25, 2019, Minister of Justice Sonia LeBel presented Bill 39, "An Act to establish a new electoral system" which aims to replace the First-past-the-post electoral system in favour of a mixed-member proportional representation system. According to the bill, the National Assembly would have kept 125 members. Of the 125 members, 80 would have been elected by receiving a plurality of votes in single-member districts matching the 78 federal ridings with the addition of 2 unique districts: Îles-de-la-Madeleine and Ungava). The remaining 45 members would have been chosen according to their order in a regional party list. All 17 regions of Québec would have been guaranteed at least one MNA.


title: Elections in Canada

text: Bill 39 was intended to be debated in the legislature before June 2021. The bill's implementation would have been contingent on popular support expressed in a referendum held on the same day as the general election. Was this referendum successful, then the first legislature to be elected under mixed-member proportional would have been the 44th, in October 2026 at the latest. On April 28, 2021, Justice Minister LeBel informed a legislative committee hearing that the government would not move forward with a referendum on electoral reform in 2022. LeBel blamed the COVID-19 pandemic for altering the government's timeline and could not commit to providing an alternate date for the referendum, effectively ending discussions about electoral reform in Quebec.


title: Monkey hanger

text: "Monkey hanger" is a colloquial nickname by which people from the town of Hartlepool, England are sometimes known.


title: Monkey hanger

text: According to local folklore, the term originates from a likely apocryphal incident in which a monkey was hanged in the town of Hartlepool, England. During the Napoleonic Wars, a French "chasse-marée" was wrecked in a storm off the coast of Hartlepool. The only survivor from the ship was a monkey, allegedly dressed in a French Army uniform to provide amusement for the crew. On finding the monkey on the beach, a group of locals decided to hold an impromptu trial. Because the monkey was unable to answer their questions, and because they had seen neither a monkey nor a Frenchman before, they concluded that the monkey must be a French spy. Being found guilty, the animal was duly sentenced to death and summarily hanged on the beach.


title: Monkey hanger

text: An earlier and remarkably similar monkey-hanging legend, with a similar associated song, refers to the inhabitants of Boddam, Aberdeenshire. With comparable lyrics and scansion ("And the Boddamers hung the Monkey, O"), it is plausible that 19th-century Tyneside concert hall songwriter and performer, Ned Corvan, heard and adapted the song while travelling in the Scottish Lowlands with Blind Willie Purvis.


title: Monkey hanger

text: The earliest evidenced mention of the hanging is from the popular song, written and performed by 19th-century comic performer, Ned Corvan, "The Monkey Song". Given that "only after Corvan's appearances in Hartlepool is there any strong evidence for the development of the Monkey story", the song itself seems the most plausible origin for the myth.


title: Monkey hanger

text: The local football club, Hartlepool United F.C., capitalised on their "Monkey Hangers" nickname by creating a mascot called "H'Angus the Monkey" in 1999. Two of the town's six rugby union clubs use variations of the hanging monkey, Hartlepool Rovers crest being a beret wearing monkey hanging from a gibbet, while Hartlepool RFC neckties sport a rugby ball kicking monkey suspended from a rope. One wearer of the monkey suit, Stuart Drummond, unexpectedly became the first directly elected mayor of Hartlepool in 2002 while in the guise of H'Angus, but was forbidden from wearing the costume while in office. A statue of the monkey has been erected on the Headland; another at Hartlepool Marina (formerly in West Hartlepool) also serves to collect coins for a local hospice. Although some Hartlepool residents find the term "monkey hanger" insulting, a large number of residents have embraced the term and celebrate it as an important and unique characteristic of the town; as seen in the 2014 documentary "Heart of the Pools".


title: Monkey hanger

text: The French comic book "Le Singe de Hartlepool" by Wilfrid Lupano and Jérémie Moreau published in 2012 tells this story.


title: Monkey hanger

text: In 2008, a novel based on the legend called "The Hartlepool Monkey", written by Sean Longley, was published. The novel tells the story of the monkey, named Jacques LeSinge by the French doctor who discovers him, that was supposedly hanged. In the book, the monkey talks and possesses several other human characteristics.


title: Monkey hanger

text: The Hartlepool Monkey also featured prominently in the play "Bestiary", written by Jim Burke and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2003.


title: Monkey hanger

text: In 2014, a documentary was made about the Hartlepool Monkey and its long-lasting significance to the city and its inhabitants called "Heart of The Pools".


title: Monkey hanger

text: A radio play by Ian Martin, "The Hartlepool Spy", was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Christmas Day 2018, with a cast including Michael Palin, Vic Reeves, Toby Jones, Gina McKee and Monica Dolan.


title: Monkey hanger

text: The Northumbrian singer/songwriter Jez Lowe has a satirical song "The Simian Son" (originally known as "The Monkey's Revenge") that was performed first in 2012. In it, the grandson of the ill-fated monkey reveals the simian curse under which Hartlepool has been living since the hanging.


title: Monkey hanger

text: The Spanish-Portuguese co-produced short animated film "The Monkey" (2021) was based on the story of The Hartlepool Monkey. The film changes the setting from England to Ireland and from the Napoleonic Wars to the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and concerning the Spanish Armada in Ireland. The film, which stars Colm Meaney won the Goya, for best Best Animated Short Film in 2021.


title: Peter Cornell (singer)

text: Cornell was born Peter Boyle on April 19, 1961, in Seattle, Washington, where he was raised. His parents are Edward F. Boyle, a pharmacist of Irish Catholic descent, and Karen Cornell, an accountant of Jewish background and self-proclaimed psychic.


title: Peter Cornell (singer)

text: Cornell was one of six children; he had two brothers and three younger sisters. He was Chris Cornell's older brother. After his parents' divorce when he was a teenager, he and his siblings adopted their mother's maiden name, Cornell, as their surname. With his brother Chris, he listened to The Beatles, The Who, The Guess Who, Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd. "We both listened to the Beatles and Zepp I think he liked Rush more and I was a Bowie fan.""" At the age of 20 he learned to play guitar. ""I had desire to learn how to write a song [...]. I learned every Beatles song I could.""


title: Peter Cornell (singer)

text: In the 90's, he used to sing with his sisters Suzy (percussion/vocals) and Katy (flute/vocals) Cornell in a band called Inflatable Soule managed by Susan Silver (Soundgarden, Alice in Chains). In 2001 he moved to New York City. With bassist Keith Mannino, he created hard rock band Black Market Radio. """When I wrote BMR I listened to only three things; The Complete Zepp catalogue, the first Cars record, and Alice Cooper's greatest hits."


title: Peter Cornell (singer)

text: In 2014 he released his first solo album "Champion", featuring Pearl Jam's drummer Dave Abbruzzese on drums. For this bluesy rock album he "listened to a ton of Curtis Mayfield (didn't influence the sound of my record) Chris Cornell's solo records, Alain Johannes, STP, and all things Zepp [...]. I built my own studio and wrote and played everything myself (except for drums which came later)." Two songs appeared in "The Vampire Diaries": "Madman" (episode 19, season 6) and "Wash" (episode 4, season 8).


title: Peter Cornell (singer)

text: After the death of his brother Chris in 2017, Peter Cornell started a campaign to raise awareness on depression and suicide prevention.


title: Peter Cornell (singer)

text: In 2021, he co-wrote, with Kevin Martin, the single "Let Me Down Easy" and produced the acoustic version of the song "Riptide" for Candlebox's new album "Wolves". He became an entrepreneur and opened the Cornell Brothers Coffee Espresso Bar in Nolensville, Tennessee in memory of his late grandfather and three uncles.


title: Nickelodeon's Unfiltered

text: Nickelodeon's Unfiltered (also known simply as Unfiltered) is an American game show that aired on Nickelodeon from July 11, 2020 to November 11, 2021. The series is hosted by Jay Pharoah, with panelists Darci Lynne, Gabrielle Nevaeh Green, and Lex Lumpkin.


title: Nickelodeon's Unfiltered

text: Celebrities hide their true identities behind an animated filter and voice changer in the game show, while panelists are given clues and compete to identify the mystery guest.


title: Nickelodeon's Unfiltered

text: On May 6, 2020, it was announced that the show was greenlit under the title "Game Face" along with "Group Chat with Annie & Jayden" in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, necessitating remote filming. On June 26, 2020, it was announced that the show was retitled to "Unfiltered", and would premiere on July 11, 2020, with host Jay Pharoah and panelists Darci Lynne, Gabrielle Nevaeh Green, and Lex Lumpkin.


title: Nickelodeon's Unfiltered

text: On August 27, 2020, it was announced that Nickelodeon had ordered nine additional episodes for the series, that began airing on September 5. On January 7, 2021, it was announced that Nickelodeon had ordered a second season, alongside seven additional episodes of "Side Hustle", which premiered later that night.


title: Sandy Baron

text: Sandy Baron (born Sanford Irving Beresofsky; May 5, 1936 – January 21, 2001) was an American actor and comedian who performed on stage, in films, and on television.


title: Sandy Baron

text: Sanford Beresofsky was born in Brooklyn, New York, and grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood, the son of Helen Farberman, a waitress, and Max Beresofsky, a house painter, both Yiddish-speaking Russian Jewish immigrants. His father was born in Slonim, Belarus. He graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School in East New York; and while he was a student at Brooklyn College, to which he received a scholarship, he changed his name to "Sandy Baron"—taking his inspiration from the nearby Barron's Bookstore. He began his career working in the Catskill Mountains resorts with their "Borscht Belt" brand of Jewish humor, on which Baron made his mark. He then moved on to the Compass Players Improv Comedy group in the late 1950s.


title: Sandy Baron

text: Baron made his Broadway debut in "Tchin-Tchin" in 1962. He also appeared in many other Broadway plays, hits as well as flops, including "Autoro Ui", "Generations", and "Lenny" (Los Angeles production). He replaced Cliff Gorman in the lead role of Lenny Bruce on Broadway.


title: Sandy Baron

text: In 1964, he established a reputation as part of the weekly television program "That Was The Week That Was", and as the opening act for Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme at the Copacabana in New York City. In the 1966–1967 season, Baron co-starred with Will Hutchins in the NBC sitcom "Hey, Landlord", about a brownstone apartment in Manhattan. In the 1970s, he made regular appearances on talk shows such as "The Mike Douglas Show" and "The Merv Griffin Show", and multiple guest appearances on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". Sandy was also co-host of "The Della Reese Show" and hosted a number of television talk shows including "A.M. New York" and "Mid-Morning LA". In addition, he was the host of the pilot for "Hollywood Squares" and often appeared as a celebrity contestant on this and other games shows.


title: Sandy Baron

text: He acted in many television programs, including a recurring role in "Seinfeld" as Jack Klompus, with the episode "The Pen" featuring dialogue between Baron's character and Jerry that, as a critic wrote, "[was] one of many reasons "Seinfeld" has been compared to the plays of Samuel Beckett." He starred in "Law & Order" and took the role of Grandpa in a 1996 TV-movie revival of "The Munsters", titled "The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas". His appearances in feature films included "Sweet November" (1968), "Targets" (1968), "If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium" (1969), "The Out-of-Towners" (1970), and "Birdy" (1984). Along with several of his contemporaries, Baron played himself in Woody Allen's "Broadway Danny Rose" (1984), and narrated the film.


title: Sandy Baron

text: Baron also wrote music, starting out in 1961 in the Brill Building in New York City with songs such as "Flying Blue Angels" and Adam Wade's "The Writing on The Wall." In 1971 he co-wrote Lou Rawls' hit "A Natural Man" with Bobby Hebb ("Sunny"). Sandy wrote and recorded a number of comedy albums, including "The Race Race" and "God Save the Queens" co-written with Reverend James R. McGraw, editor/writer of Dick Gregory's books.


title: Sandy Baron

text: Throughout his career, he opened for Neil Diamond, Frank Sinatra, The Fifth Dimension, Bobby Vinton, Anthony Newley and Diana Ross among others.


title: Sandy Baron

text: He was married to model/actress Geraldine Baron, writer/activist Mary Jo Webster Baron, and writer/screenwriter Stephanie Ericsson; all ending in divorce. He had no children. Baron died on January 21, 2001 of emphysema in Van Nuys, California, at the age of 64.


title: PNC Arena

text: PNC Arena (originally Raleigh Entertainment & Sports Arena and formerly the RBC Center) is an indoor arena located in Raleigh, North Carolina. The arena seats 18,680 for ice hockey and 19,722 for basketball, including 61 suites, 13 loge boxes and 2,000 club seats. The building has three concourses and a 300-seat restaurant.


title: PNC Arena

text: PNC Arena is home to the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League and the NC State Wolfpack men's basketball team of NCAA Division I. The arena neighbors Carter–Finley Stadium, home of Wolfpack Football; the North Carolina State Fairgrounds and Dorton Arena (on the Fairgrounds). The arena also hosted the Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League from 2000 to 2002. It is the fourth-largest arena in the ACC (after the JMA Wireless Dome, KFC Yum! Center and the Dean Smith Center) and the eighth-largest arena in the NCAA.


title: PNC Arena

text: The idea of a new basketball arena to replace the Wolfpack's longtime home, Reynolds Coliseum, first emerged in the 1980s under the vision of then-Wolfpack coach Jim Valvano. In 1989, the NCSU Trustees approved plans to build a 23,000-seat arena. The Centennial Authority was created by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1995 as the governing entity of the arena, then financed by state appropriation, local contributions, and university fundraising. The Centennial Authority refocused the project into a multi-use arena, leading to the 1997 relocation agreement of the then-Hartford Whalers, who would become the Carolina Hurricanes. Construction began that year and was completed in 1999 with an estimated cost of $158 million, which was largely publicly financed by a hotel and restaurant tax. The Hurricanes agreed to pay $60 million of the cost, and the state of North Carolina paid $18 million. As part of the deal, the Hurricanes assumed operational control of the arena.


title: PNC Arena

text: Known as the Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena (ESA) from 1999 to 2002, it was renamed the RBC Center after an extended search for a corporate sponsor. RBC Bank, the US division of the Royal Bank of Canada, acquired 20-year naming rights for a reported $80 million. On June 19, 2011, it was announced that PNC Financial Services bought US assets of RBC Bank and acquired the naming rights to the arena pending approval by the regulatory agencies. On December 15, 2011, the Centennial Authority, the landlord of the arena, approved a name change for the facility to PNC Arena. The name change officially took place on March 15, 2012. On a normal hockey day, PNC Arena has more than 400 people on duty for security and concessions.


title: PNC Arena

text: The arena has also seen use in fictional media, as a season four episode of The CW series "One Tree Hill" saw the Tree Hill High School Ravens playing a NCHSAA championship game in the venue. The arena has also seen use for game shows in a " Jeopardy!" episode in 2005.


title: PNC Arena

text: Raleigh experienced its first NHL game on October 29, 1999, when the Hurricanes hosted the New Jersey Devils on the building's opening night. The first playoff series at the Entertainment and Sports Arena were held in 2001 when the Hurricanes hosted the Devils in games 3, 4, and 6, of the 2001 Stanley Cup Playoffs, but the Hurricanes lost in 6. The ESA (by then the renamed RBC Center) hosted games of both the 2002 Stanley Cup Playoffs and Finals; however, the Hurricanes lost in the Finals. On June 19, 2006, the Hurricanes were on home ice for a decisive game seven of the Stanley Cup Final, defeating the Edmonton Oilers 3–1 to bring the franchise its first Stanley Cup and North Carolina its first and only major professional sports championship. The arena hosted the playoffs again in 2009, with the Hurricanes losing in the Eastern Conference Finals. In 2019, the arena hosted playoff hockey for the first time in 10 years, with fans setting a single-game record attendance of 19,495 in game 4 of the second round versus the Islanders. This record would be further extended on May 14, 2022, when the Hurricanes defeated the Boston Bruins 3-2 in game 7 of the first round, to advance to the Second Round, in front of 19,513 fans.


title: PNC Arena

text: Attendance numbers come from press numbers from ESPN, the PNC Arena, the Raleigh "News and Observer", as well as Hockey Reference.com. Numbers in italics represent playoff games.


title: PNC Arena

text: In 2003, a ribbon board which encircles the arena bowl was installed. In 2008, the arena renovated its sound system. Clair Brothers Systems installed a combination of JBL line arrays to provide improved audio coverage for all events. In June 2009, video crews installed a new Daktronics HD scoreboard. It replaced the ten-year-old scoreboard that had been in the arena since its opening in 1999. The scoreboard was full LED and four-sided with full video displays, whereas the previous scoreboard was eight-sided; four of those sides featured alternating static dot-matrix displays (very much outdated for today's standards). In addition, the scoreboard featured an octagonal top section with full video capability, along with two rings above and below the main video screens; they were similar to the ribbon board encircling the arena.


title: PNC Arena

text: In October 2015, architects met with the Centennial Authority to discuss a potential arena renovation. Their proposal includes all-new entrances, a new rooftop restaurant and bar, covered tailgating sections, and moving the administrative offices elsewhere in the arena as a result. The plans also call for new office spaces, additional meeting spaces, removing stairwells and aisles, adding wider seats, and perhaps building lounges on the mezzanine levels below the main concourse level. Project costs have not yet been decided, as the architects were given until May/June 2016 to come up with estimates. The estimated cost could be almost $200 million. The Centennial Authority would have to approve the estimates before official voting could begin. If the funds are approved the renovation start time would be 2020 and at the earliest, it could be completed by 2022.


title: PNC Arena

text: During mid-2016, the ribbon boards were upgraded and a second ribbon board was added to the upper level fascia. Static advertising signs inside the lower bowl of the arena were replaced with LED video boards. In 2018, they renovated the NHL home locker rooms and replaced the seating in the upper bowl as well as an ice/court projection system that was first used December 23 at a Hurricanes game against the Boston Bruins.


title: PNC Arena

text: In April 2019, it was announced that the arena would receive a new Daktronics video board later that year. The board would be nearly three times as large as the then-current board. The new video board would feature a full 360 degree display, two underbelly screens and two underbelly static advertising signs. It will also be the first of its kind and one of only a few 360 degree video boards in the NHL. The board would cost $4.7 million, would stretch blue line to blue line, and would be . Original plans called for a 2018 installation, but the project was postponed due to structural/roof issues. The old video board was taken down on June 1, 2019. The new board debuted on September 18, 2019.


title: PNC Arena

text: In November 2019, Raleigh approved funding for the arena at $9 million a year for 25 years for arena enhancements, putting the grand total to $200 million. Some concessions in the arena were updated in 2019 in addition to the LED upgrade. These included a new marketplace in the upper concourse as well as other concessions renovated and a new color changing lighting system on the exterior of the South End. The Centennial Authority (operating group) and the Hurricanes are also meeting to further discuss the future renovations and the future of the Hurricanes at PNC Arena. Most offices were expected to move out before the 2020–21 NHL season and renovations were to start. Plans for renovations are currently on hold.


title: PNC Arena

text: In April 2022, it was announced that Invisalign would become an official arena partner, extending their partnership with the Carolina Hurricanes. Following this announcement, the East and West arena entrances were respectively renamed to become the “Invisalign East Entrance” and “Invisalign West Entrance.”


title: PNC Arena

text: After being put on hold during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Centennial Authority met with local officials, the Carolina Hurricanes, and National Hockey League Commissioner Gary Bettman in May 2022. After a discussion, the Centennial Authority approved the continuation of the project, while also inviting CAA ICON to design the project. Plans call for renovations inside the arena, as well as on surrounding land to become “one of the top entertainment venues in the Southeast.” Additionally, there are plans for a new outdoor concert venue on site.


title: PNC Arena

text: In June 2022, the arena board approved a $25.8 million budget for the fiscal year (begins July 2022), that would be utilized on 17 different enhancement projects, including a $7.8 million replacement of the arena roof.


title: PNC Arena

text: In addition to hockey and college basketball, PNC Arena hosts a wide array of concerts, family shows, and other events each year. Past performers include Prince, Bruce Springsteen, Cher, Eric Clapton, Taylor Swift, Billy Joel, Justin Timberlake, Big Time Rush, Elton John, Lady Gaga, One Direction, Celine Dion, George Strait, Bon Jovi, Journey, Def Leppard, Keith Urban, and many other artists. Family shows have included Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, Sesame Street Live, Disney On Ice, and the Harlem Globetrotters. The arena has also hosted several college hockey games between NC State and North Carolina.


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: Sowilo (*"sōwilō"), meaning "sun", is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic language name of the "s"-rune (ᛊ, ᛋ).


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: The letter is a direct adoption of Old Italic (Etruscan or Latin) "s" (𐌔), ultimately from Greek sigma (Σ). It is present in the earliest inscriptions of the 2nd to 3rd century (Vimose, Kovel).


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: The Germanic words for "Sun" have the peculiarity of alternating between "-l-" and "-n-" stems, Proto-Germanic "*sunnon" (Old English "sunne", Old Norse, Old Saxon and Old High German "sunna") vs. *"sōwilō" or *"sōwulō" (Old Norse "sól", Gothic "sauil", also Old High German forms such as "suhil").


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: This continues a Proto-Indo-European alternation "*suwen-" vs. "*sewol-" (Avestan "xweng" vs. Latin "sōl", Greek "helios", Sanskrit "surya", Welsh "haul", Breton "heol", Old Irish "suil" "eye"), a remnant of an archaic, so-called "heteroclitic", declension pattern that remained productive only in the Anatolian languages.


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: The Old English name of the rune, written "sigel" (pronounced ) is most often explained as a remnant of an otherwise extinct "l-"stem variant of the word for "Sun" (meaning that the spelling with "g" is unetymological), but alternative suggestions have been put forward, such as deriving it from Latin "sigillum" (assuming that the "y" is the unetymological element instead).


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: The Elder Futhark "s" rune is attested in main two variants, a "Σ shape" (four strokes), more prevalent in earlier (3rd to 5th century) inscriptions (e.g. Kylver stone), and an "S shape" (three strokes), more prevalent in later (5th to 7th century) inscriptions (e.g. Golden horns of Gallehus, Seeland-II-C).


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: The Younger Futhark "Sol" and the Anglo-Saxon futhorc "Sigel" runes are identical in shape, a rotated version of the later Elder Futhark rune, with the middle stroke slanting upwards, and the initial and final strokes vertical.


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: The Anglo-Saxon runes developed a variant shape (), called the "bookhand" "s" rune because it is probably inspired by the long s (ſ) in Insular script. This variant form is used in the "futhorc" given on the Seax of Beagnoth.


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: The "sig" rune in Guido von List's Armanen Futharkh corresponds to the Younger Futhark "sigel", thus changing the concept associated with it from "sun" to "victory" (German "").


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: It was adapted into the emblem of the SS in 1933 by Walter Heck, an SS functionary who worked as a graphic designer for the firm of Ferdinand Hofstätter, a producer of emblems and insignia in Bonn.


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: Heck's design consisted of two "sig" runes drawn side by side like lightning bolts, and was soon adopted by all branches of the SS, although Heck himself received only a token payment of 2.5 s for his work.


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: Yenne (2010) suggests a double meaning for the device, suggestive of "a rallying cry" of "Victory, Victory!" (see also "Sieg Heil"). Thus, during the Nazi era, the conventional spelling of "Siegrune" was adopted, a regular nominal compound translating to "victory rune".


title: Sowilō (rune)

text: The symbol became so ubiquitous that it was frequently typeset using runes rather than letters; during the Nazi period, an extra key was added to German typewriters to enable them to type the double-"sig" logo with a single keystroke.


title: UB City

text: UB City is a luxury business district in Bengaluru, India. It consists of 6 blocks, UB Tower, Kingfisher Plaza, Concorde, Canberra, Comet, and Kingfisher Towers, with a total built up area of over 16 lakh sq ft. Pioneered by the UB Group in Joint Venture with Prestige Group, it is built on of land and hosts of high-end commercial, retail and service apartment space.


title: UB City

text: Centrally located in the Bengaluru CBD (Central Business District), on the corner of Kasturba road and Vittal Mallya Road, it is just from M.G. Road - Brigade road junction and right opposite Cubbon Park now officially renamed Sri Chamarajendra Park.


title: UB City

text: UB City has four towers namely, UB Tower (20 Floors), Comet (11 Floors), Canberra (18 Floors), and Concorde (20 Floors). The latter three towers are all named after aircraft. UB City houses the offices of many corporates under one roof - UB Tower. Concorde & Canberra all have retail space on the lower floors and office space in the higher levels, while Comet will has serviced apartments. The multifamily property houses commercial offices, banks, high-end retail stores, Prestige Oakwood serviced apartments, curated fine-dining restaurants, spa / health clubs, cafes to hang out at, etc. Multi-level parking areas offer parking of 4 wheelers up to 1600 units. Also there is a functional an amphitheatre with food courts and landscaped gardens. It is very breezy sometimes. The property also has a beautiful Art Gallery and holds the annual cultural event - Art Bengaluru.


title: UB City

text: An elevated roof top helipad provides a five-minute aerial commute to the Kempegowda International Airport.


title: UB City

text: UB City The Collection houses the most luxurious 'global' brands from many business houses across India including Reliance Group, Aditya Birla Group, et al.


title: UB City

text: The project now also houses the Kingfisher Towers in the same piece of land. Palatial condos here house many HNI's of India.


title: Golden (Harry Styles song)

text: "Golden" is a song by English singer Harry Styles from his second studio album "Fine Line" (2019). The song was written by Styles alongside Mitch Rowland, Tyler Johnson and Kid Harpoon, with Johnson and Harpoon handling the production and co-production, respectively.


title: Golden (Harry Styles song)

text: The song was serviced to contemporary hit radio formats in the United Kingdom on 23 October 2020 as the album's fifth single. In the US, the song was serviced to adult contemporary and contemporary hit radio formats on 26 and 27 October 2020 respectively. This song peaked at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart and at number 57 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Golden (Harry Styles song)

text: "Golden" is an indie pop and soft rock song, with a 1970s and Southern California sound. The song is composed in time and the key of D major, with a moderately fast tempo of 140 beats per minute and a chord progression of C–Em/Bm–D. It incorporates clusters of background harmonies and is filled with twinkling glockenspiel tinkles. Styles' vocals range from D to B.


title: Golden (Harry Styles song)

text: The music video for "Golden" was directed by Ben Turner and Gabe Turner, and premiered on 26 October 2020. In the music video, Styles is shown running, swimming, and driving a car along the Amalfi Coast in Italy.


title: Richard Sammel

text: Richard Sammel (born 13 October 1960) is a German actor. He is best known for his role as Thomas Eichhorst on the FX television series "The Strain" (2014–2017).


title: Richard Sammel

text: Sammel speaks five languages: his native German, and English, French, Italian, and Spanish, all of which he is fluent in ('fairly fluent' in Spanish).


title: For All Debts Public and Private

text: "For All Debts Public and Private" is the 40th episode of the HBO television series "The Sopranos" and the first episode of the show's fourth season. Written by David Chase and directed by Allen Coulter, it originally aired on September 15, 2002.


title: For All Debts Public and Private

text: Concerned about money, Junior meets with Tony at his doctor's office, asking for more help for his medical and legal expenses. However, Tony angrily tells Junior to manage his affairs better, concerned with his own affairs. Later, Junior promotes Bobby Baccalieri. Assemblyman Ron Zellman tells Tony that Junior owns a property in a special development district in Newark which is going to rise in value, and Tony buys the property, under the guise of doing his uncle a favor. Afterwards, he calls a meeting with the family's "capos" in which he criticizes the lack of growth in their businesses.


title: For All Debts Public and Private

text: Carmela begins to worry about her finances after seeing Angie Bonpensiero working at a supermarket. Tony insists that she and the children will be provided for if anything happens to him, and also claims he is no longer hiding money in their house, but later hides packets of money in a tub of duck feed.


title: For All Debts Public and Private

text: Paulie is arrested in Youngstown, Ohio, on a gun charge, and is upset at Tony's apparent indifference. In prison, he calls Johnny Sack, who cultivates his dissatisfaction.


title: For All Debts Public and Private

text: Ralphie and Janice are growing closer. Ralphie comes to a Sunday dinner at Tony and Carmela's home with Rosalie Aprile, but Janice later joins him in the bathroom for cocaine and sex.


title: For All Debts Public and Private

text: Christopher, believing that Tony is treating him harshly because he questioned his action against Jackie Aprile, Jr., begins using heroin again. He complains about the constant presence of Adriana's close friend Danielle, unaware she is actually undercover FBI Agent Ciccerone. Meanwhile, Junior learns that there was an undercover agent in his doctor's office, and he believes it was the nurse he was flirting with and is mortified that he failed to suspect her.


title: For All Debts Public and Private

text: Speaking to Dr. Melfi about business with unusual frankness, Tony discusses his plans to use Christopher as a proxy in order to avoid jail time or death. In an attempt to bond with Christopher, Tony gives him the name and home address of a recently retired policeman who Tony claims killed Christopher's father. Christopher goes to the man's home and kills him.


title: Reed–Sternberg cell

text: Reed–Sternberg cells (also known as lacunar histiocytes for certain types) are distinctive, giant cells found with light microscopy in biopsies from individuals with Hodgkin lymphoma. They are usually derived from B lymphocytes, classically considered crippled germinal center B cells. In the vast majority of cases, the immunoglobulin genes of Reed–Sternberg cells have undergone both V(D)J recombination and somatic hypermutation, establishing an origin from a germinal center or postgerminal center B cell. Despite having the genetic signature of a B cell, the Reed–Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma fail to express most B-cell–specific genes, including the immunoglobulin genes. The cause of this wholesale reprogramming of gene expression has yet to be fully explained. It presumably is the result of widespread epigenetic changes of uncertain etiology, but is partly a consequence of so-called "crippling" mutations acquired during somatic hypermutation. Seen against a sea of B cells, they give the tissue a moth-eaten appearance.


title: Reed–Sternberg cell

text: Reed–Sternberg cells are large (30–50 microns) and are either multinucleated or have a bilobed nucleus with prominent eosinophilic inclusion-like nucleoli (thus resembling an "owl's eye" appearance). Reed–Sternberg cells are CD30 and CD15 positive except in the lymphocyte predominance type where they are negative, but are usually positive for CD20 and CD45. The presence of these cells is necessary in the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma – the absence of Reed–Sternberg cells has very high negative predictive value. The presence of these cells is confirmed mainly by use of biomarkers in immunohistochemistry. They can also be found in reactive lymphadenopathy (such as infectious mononucleosis immunoblasts which are RS like in appearance, carbamazepine associated lymphadenopathy) and very rarely in other types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma may show RS-like cells as well.


title: Reed–Sternberg cell

text: They are named after Dorothy Reed Mendenhall and Carl Sternberg, who provided the first definitive microscopic descriptions of Hodgkin's disease.


title: Reed–Sternberg cell

text: A special type of Reed–Sternberg cell (RSC) is the "lacunar histiocyte", whose cytoplasm retracts when fixed in formalin, so the nuclei give the appearance of cells that lie with empty spaces (called "lacunae") between them. These are characteristic of the nodular sclerosis subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma.


title: Reed–Sternberg cell

text: Mummified RSCs (compact nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm, no nucleolus) are also associated with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma while popcorn cells (small cell with hyper-lobulated nucleus and small nucleoli) are lymphohistiocytic (L-H) variant of Reed Sternberg cells and are associated with nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL).


title: Reed–Sternberg cell

text: RSCs and one RSC cell line (L1236 cells) but not other RSC cell lines express very high levels of ALOX15 (i.e., 15-lipoxygenase-1) or possibly ALOX15B (i.e. 15-lipoxygenase-2), enzymes that metabolize arachidonic acid and various other polyunsaturated fatty acids to a wide array of bioactive products including in particular those of the 15-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid family of arachidonic acid metabolites. This is unusual in that lymphocytes typically express little or no ALOX15. It is suggested that ALOX15 and/or ALOX15B, perhaps operating through one of its arachidonic acid-derived products, the eoxins, contributes to the development and/or morphology of Hodgkin lymphoma.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: Ronan John Ross O'Gara (; born 7 March 1977) is an Irish former rugby union player and current coach. O'Gara played as a fly-half and is Ireland's second most-capped player and highest ever points scorer. He is currently head coach of La Rochelle in the French Top 14.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara won 128 caps for Ireland, winning three Triple Crowns and the Grand Slam in 2009. He also played on three British & Irish Lions tours, winning two caps. He played for sixteen seasons with Munster, with whom he won two Heineken Cups.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara is the ninth most-capped and is the fifth highest points scorer in the history of test rugby. He is also Munster's all-time leading scorer, and holds the Heineken Cup record for points and caps. O'Gara scored several match-winning drop goals for Ireland, including in the 78th minute of the Wales vs Ireland match in the 2009 Six Nations Championship, in which Ireland won the Grand Slam.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: Since his retirement from playing, O'Gara has undertaken a coaching career. O'Gara began coaching in 2013 with French club Racing 92 as the club's defence coach before becoming the assistant defence coach of the New Zealand club Crusaders in 2018. The Crusaders would win two Super Rugby titles while O'Gara was a member of their coaching team. O'Gara took up his first head coach role in 2019 when he returned to France and was announced as the new coach of Stade Rochelais. Since taking over as head coach, O'Gara has guided La Rochelle to two European Cup finals, the second of which in the 2022 final they beat Leinster to claim the club's first ever major silverware.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara was born in San Diego, California, where his father, Fergal, was working as a post–doctoral fellow in microbiology. His father had also played wing for the UCG club in Connacht. His family moved back to Ireland when he was six months old.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara attended Scoil an Spioraid Naoimh primary school, before moving to Bishopstown Community School where his mother was a teacher. His mother is originally from County Mayo. After a year, his parents sent him to Presentation Brothers College, Cork, where he won a Junior Cup medal in 1992 and a Senior Cup medal in 1995. It was at Pres where O'Gara first came into contact with Declan Kidney, who was head of rugby at the school. Kidney would later go on to coach O'Gara with both Munster and Ireland.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara attended University College Cork and won an All-Ireland Under-20 medal in 1996. He graduated with a B.A. and a master's degree in Business Economics in 1999.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara made his Munster debut alongside longtime Munster and Ireland teammate David Wallace against Connacht in August 1997, scoring 19 points. O'Gara's Heineken Cup debut came against Harlequins in September 1997 in the 1997–98 Heineken Cup. O'Gara kicked 15 points, but Munster lost the game 48–40. He started for Munster in the 2000 Heineken Cup Final, which Northampton Saints won 8–9, and again in the 2002 Heineken Cup Final, which Leicester Tigers won 15–9.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara's last minute conversion against Gloucester on 18 January 2003 helped Munster to a 27-point victory which took them through to the Heineken Cup quarter final; this match has come to be known in Munster folklore as the "Miracle Match". He was part of the Munster team that won the 2002–03 Celtic League, starting and scoring 12 points as Munster beat Neath 37–17 in the Millennium Stadium. O'Gara turned down the chance to join NFL side Miami Dolphins in March 2003. He started when Munster beat Llanelli Scarlets to win the Celtic Cup in May 2005, scoring 17 points in the game.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara played a key part in Munster's Heineken Cup winning team of 2006. O'Gara had an important role in Munster's semi-final victory over rivals Leinster by scoring 20 points, including a 77th minute try. On 20 May 2006, O'Gara kicked 13 points in Munster's first Heineken Cup Final victory over Biarritz at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 22 October 2006, O'Gara kicked a last minute penalty from inside his own half to win Munster a 21–19 victory over Leicester Tigers in the first round of the pool stages at Welford Road. O'Gara scored 15 points during Munster's win in the 2006–07 Heineken Cup pool game against French side Bourgoin on 14 January 2007. He kicked 5 points in Munster's quarter-final defeat to Scarlets on 30 March 2007.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 19 January 2008, O'Gara captained Munster to victory against Wasps in their final pool match of the 2007–08 Heineken Cup, knocking the incumbent champions out and making it through to quarter finals of the cup for the tenth consecutive season. On 24 May 2008, O'Gara won his second Heineken Cup medal as Munster beat Toulouse 16–13 in the 2008 Heineken Cup Final, with O'Gara scoring 11 points.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara scored a penalty with three minutes left to beat Montauban in the first game of the 2008–09 Heineken Cup and the first Heineken Cup game in the new Thomond Park. On 13 December 2008, O'Gara became the first player to score 1,000 points in the Heineken Cup, when he scored a last minute conversion against Clermont.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 16 May 2010, O'Gara was awarded the ERC European Player Award, crediting him as the player who had made the greatest contribution to European Rugby during the first 15 years of the Heineken Cup. The selection panel consisted of Sir Ian McGeechan, Lawrence Dallaglio, Ieuan Evans, Fabien Galthié, Donal Lenihan, Michael Lynagh, Stuart Barnes, Stephen Jones and Jacques Verdier.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara crossed the 2,000-point mark for Munster against Ospreys in a Celtic League game on 18 September 2010. In November 2010, he extended his contract with Munster and the IRFU until 2013. He became the fourth Munster player to win 200 caps in a Celtic League game against Ospreys on 23 April 2011. In May 2011, O'Gara was part of the Munster team that beat arch-rivals and newly crowned Heineken Cup champions Leinster 19–9 in the 2011 Magners League Grand Final at Thomond Park.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 12 November 2011, O'Gara scored an 84th minute drop-goal after 41 phases of play to secure victory for Munster in their opening 2011–12 Heineken Cup Pool One game against Northampton Saints. A week later, in Munster's second Pool One game away to Castres Olympique, O'Gara again scored a match-winning drop-goal, this time in the 81st minute.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 10 December 2011, O'Gara became only the second player, the first being his Munster colleague John Hayes, to win 100 caps in the Heineken Cup. He achieved the feat in Munster's third pool game, away to Scarlets, which Munster won 14–17, with O'Gara contributing 12 points with his boot. The following week, O'Gara scored 14 points in the home tie against Scarlets, helping Munster to a 19–13 victory. He became the most capped Heineken Cup player ever on 14 January 2012, when Munster played Castres in Round 5 of the 2011–12 Heineken Cup, scoring 16 points along the way in a 26–10 win for Munster. In Munster's final pool game against Northampton Saints, O'Gara scored 24 points as Munster won 51–36. O'Gara announced in March 2012 that he planned to continue playing rugby until he was 38, quashing rumours of his retirement.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 13 October 2012, O'Gara scored a penalty and conversion before going off injured in the 34th minute in Munster's 22–17 defeat against Racing Métro 92 in their 2012–13 Heineken Cup opener. As a result, O'Gara missed Munster's bonus-point victory against Edinburgh in Round 2, but he returned and scored 15 points in Munster's next pool game against Saracens, which saw Munster scrape a win. He became Munster's most capped player ever on 5 January 2013, when he won his 233rd cap against Cardiff Blues. O'Gara was cited and banned for one week after kicking Edinburgh's Sean Cox in the Heineken Cup Round 4 fixture between the two sides, which ruled him out of Munsters 29–6 victory over Racing Metro which secured qualification from the group stages. He kicked all of Munster's points in their 12–18 Heineken Cup quarter-final victory over Harlequins on 7 April 2013. O'Gara kicked five points for Munster in their 16–10 Heineken Cup semi-final defeat to Clermont Auvergne on 27 April 2013.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara won a cap for Ireland A on 9 April 1999, against Italy A during a friendly. He was selected in Ireland's preliminary training squad for the 1999 Rugby World Cup, but was not chosen for the tournament, with the Irish management deciding to take two fly-halves and an extra prop instead of three fly-halves. O'Gara was in the Munster team that beat Ireland in a warm-up for the tournament.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara won his first international cap for Ireland against Scotland on 19 February 2000 during the 2000 Six Nations Championship. O'Gara scored all of Ireland's points in their 18–9 win over Australia at Lansdowne Road in the Autumn Tests of 2002. He was a member of Ireland's 2003 Rugby World Cup squad, and played in all four Pool matches against Romania, Namibia, Argentina and Australia, and in the quarter-final loss to France. In total, O'Gara scored 30 points during his first Rugby World Cup.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara scored all of Ireland's points in a 17–12 win over South Africa at Lansdowne Road on 13 November 2004. Two weeks later, on 27 November, O'Gara kicked a last-minute drop goal to give Ireland a 21–19 victory over Argentina. O'Gara won the Man of the Match awards against both South Africa and Argentina. In 2004, he was named RTÉ Sports Person of the Year. In 2006, he overtook David Humphreys as Ireland's highest points scorer. In the same season, he won the Triple Crown with Ireland in the 2006 Six Nations Championship.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 11 February 2007, O'Gara scored the first Irish international try at Croke Park in the 2007 Six Nations Championship loss to France. On 10 March 2007, O'Gara once again scored all of Ireland's points to win the Triple Crown at Murrayfield, beating Scotland 19–18. On 24 August 2007, in Ireland's final 2007 Rugby World Cup warm-up against Italy at Ravenhill in Belfast, O'Gara scored and converted a controversial try nine minutes into stoppage time, winning the match 23–20 after Italy had taken the lead with their own stoppage-time try. O'Gara finished the match with 18 points.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara was a member of Ireland's 2007 Rugby World Cup squad. He started all four of Ireland's pool games, against Namibia, Georgia, France and Argentina, scoring 19 points in total. Ireland failed to make the quarter finals of the tournament. During the tournament, rumours of a breakdown in his marriage and large gambling debts, both denied by O'Gara, were reported by the French media.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 11 March 2008, O'Gara was named as Ireland team captain for the first time in his career, leading the side in the Six Nations match against England at Twickenham.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 14 March 2009, O'Gara overtook Jonny Wilkinson to become the top Six Nations point scorer ever. On 20 March 2009, he scored a late drop goal in the 78th minute to beat Wales and secure for Ireland their first Grand Slam for 61 years. O'Gara started against Australia in the first match of Ireland's 2009 November Series, scoring 10 points. He then lost his place in the starting line-up to Johnny Sexton and did not play against Fiji or South Africa.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara regained the fly-half spot in Ireland's opening 2010 Six Nations Championship games against Italy and France, but was back on the bench for the remaining three games. He had a 100% kicking record for the 2010 Six Nations. O'Gara was selected in Ireland's squad for their 2010 Summer Tour to New Zealand and Australia, and started against New Zealand, converting 3 tries, but was on the bench for the Australia test. O'Gara became the third Irishman to win 100 caps when he came off the bench during Ireland's first 2010 Autumn Series test against South Africa. He started against Samoa and scored 15 points, including a try. He came off the bench against New Zealand and Argentina.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara came off the bench against Italy and France in the 2011 Six Nations Championship, and started against Scotland, winning the title of Man of the Match. He started against Wales and became the first Irishman to score over 1,000 points in international matches. He came off the bench against England, as Ireland prevented them from winning a Grand Slam.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara was selected in Ireland's squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. He played in all of Ireland's pool games, coming of the bench against the United States and Australia, and starting against Russia. In the Russia game, he became Ireland's highest points scorer in World Cup matches. He was selected ahead of Johnny Sexton for Ireland's crunch Pool C game against Italy, and scored 16 points as Ireland won 36–6. He retained the fly-half jersey for Ireland's quarter-final against Wales, scoring a penalty and a conversion as Ireland lost 22–10.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: In an interview after Ireland's 15–6 World Cup victory over Australia on 17 September 2011, O'Gara hinted at his possible retirement from international rugby after the conclusion of the World Cup, but subsequently said that his words had been misinterpreted.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: In the 2012 Six Nations Championship, O'Gara joined Brian O'Driscoll as Ireland's all-time caps leader (with 117) when he came on against Wales on 5 February 2012, during Ireland's opening 2012 Six Nations match. He also became the most capped player in Five/Six Nations history in this game, overtaking fellow Irishman Mike Gibson's record of 56. O'Gara became Ireland's most capped player against Italy on 25 February 2012, overtaking O'Driscoll's record. O'Gara made substitution appearances in all 5 of Ireland's 2012 Six Nations fixtures, a tournament he described as 'gut-wrenching'.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara came on as a replacement in all three of Ireland's tests against New Zealand in the 2012 tour. O'Gara won his 125th cap for Ireland on 10 November 2012, as a replacement against South Africa.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: In the 2013 Six Nations Championship, O'Gara made his first appearance on 10 February 2013, coming on as a replacement against England. He came off the bench against Scotland in round 3, having lost out on the 10 jersey to Paddy Jackson after Johnny Sexton's injury against England. This was his last appearance for Ireland. O'Gara was dropped from the Ireland squad for the game against France, and was also left out of the squad for Ireland's final game against Italy, which Ireland lost 22–15, their only ever defeat to Italy in the Six Nations. O'Gara announced his retirement from all rugby on 18 May 2013.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara received his first Lions selection for the tour to Australia in 2001. He played in four tour games, against Western Australia, NSW Waratahs, NSW Country Districts and ACT Brumbies, scoring 26 points overall. O'Gara was a substitute in the team that played Australia A. In the game against NSW Waratahs, O'Gara was repeatedly punched by Duncan McRae, which resulted in O'Gara needing eight stitches around his eye and McRae being sent off and later banned for seven weeks. After the game, then Lions coach Graham Henry called the match 'a bad day for rugby'.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara earned his second Lions call-up for the tour to New Zealand in 2005 On the tour, he played in 6 tour games, against Bay of Plenty, New Zealand Maori, Otago, Southland, Manawatu and Auckland. O'Gara also earned his first Lions test cap, coming on in the third test defeat as a replacement.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara was named in the Lions squad for the 2009 tour to South Africa. On 30 May he scored 22 points, including a try, in the opening match of the tour against the Royal XV, in a 37–25 win. On 10 June, he played against , scoring 12 points as the tourists won 39–3. On 16 June, O'Gara was in the Lions team that defeated Southern Kings 20–8. On 23 June, he captained the midweek side in a 13–13 draw against the Emerging Springboks


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 27 June, O'Gara came off the bench in the second test match, winning his second Lions cap. He conceded a seventy-ninth-minute penalty when the score was tied, when he collided with South African scrum-half Fourie du Preez in the air. Morné Steyn scored the penalty, and won the match and the series for the Springboks. O'Gara played 5 games in total on the 2009 tour, scoring 49 points.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: After weeks of speculation following Munster's semi-final defeat to ASM Clermont Auvergne in the 2012–13 Heineken Cup, O'Gara's retirement was confirmed on 18 May 2013.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara explained his decision to retire: "I have ambitions in the years ahead to coach at a high level and, with this in mind, I can confirm now that I will be joining Racing Métro's coaching staff in July. I am trusting my instinct and it is telling me now is the appropriate time to stop (playing). Had I already decided to retire before the (Heineken Cup semi-final) loss in Montpellier last month? I kind of knew. My lads are gone. My boys in the team are gone." Munster Rugby Chief Executive Garrett Fitzgerald also paid tribute to O'Gara: "In wishing Ronan the very best in the future, I’d like to acknowledge the immense contribution he has made to Munster Rugby and indeed rugby in general in Ireland over the course of what has been a fabulous career."


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara had been offered a one-year contract extension by Munster, but instead decided to take a coaching role with French club Racing 92. Starting in July 2013, O'Gara worked primarily as a defence coach with Racing. In 2016 he agreed a contract extension with Racing 92 until 2019. Amongst others, O'Gara coached former Ireland teammate Johnny Sexton, who expressed his delight at being able to work alongside his former Ireland rival. In June 2017, O'Gara joined the Ireland squad for their one-off test match against the United States as a skills coach.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: In November 2017, Racing 92 agreed to release O'Gara early from his contract, so he could join the Crusaders coaching team in New Zealand. He began as assistant backs coach with the Crusaders on 1 January 2018, and extended his contract for the 2019 Super Rugby season in June 2018. O'Gara experienced success in his first season in Christchurch, with the Crusaders winning an 9th Super Rugby title, and they defended the title in the 2019 Super Rugby season, securing a record 10th title with a 19–3 win against Argentinian side Jaguares in O'Gara's final match as part of the Crusaders coaching staff.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara joined French Top 14 club La Rochelle to replace Xavier Garbajosa as their new head coach upon the conclusion of his duties with the Crusaders 2019 Super Rugby season, in time for the 2019–20 Top 14 season. Jono Gibbes, former Leinster forwards coach and Ulster head coach, was director of rugby at the club at the time.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: Following La Rochelle's 27–16 away win against Gloucester in the last 16 of the 2020–21 Challenge Cup on 2 April 2021, O'Gara was interviewed post-match by BT Sport and explained how his rugby philosophy had developed whilst coaching in France and New Zealand, describing how KBA - "Keep Ball Alive" - had become intrinsic to his style of play and mindset as a coach. The interview was widely shared and praised by the rugby media. La Rochelle have also been praised for their astute game management and effective defence during O'Gara's tenure at the club.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara signed a new three-year contract with La Rochelle in April 2021, which will see O'Gara remain with the French club until the end of the 2023–24 season. With the news that director of rugby Jono Gibbes had joined rival club Clermont as their new head coach, O'Gara will oversee the full spectrum of rugby operations at La Rochelle, whilst also continuing his head coach responsibilities.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara faced an LNR disciplinary hearing in November 2021 after he failed to properly register his position on La Rochelle's teamsheet for their fixture against Toulon, which meant O'Gara was not allowed to be present pitch-side during the game, leading to a disagreement, albeit polite, between O'Gara and the fourth official.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: Having lost to rivals Toulouse in the 2020–21 European Rugby Champions Cup final, O'Gara coached La Rochelle to their first major silverware when they defeated Leinster 24–21 in the 2021–22 Champions Cup final on 28 May 2022.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara was banned for six weeks for disrespecting a match official after La Rochelle's fixture against Lyon in September 2022, and he faced another LNR disciplinary hearing in November 2022 after being cited for alleged comments made towards a match official; O'Gara was subsequently banned for ten weeks and fined €20,000, €5,000 of which was suspended.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: O'Gara reunited with his former Crusaders boss Scott Robertson to coach the Barbarians in their fixture against an All Blacks XV on 13 November 2022, which the Barbarians won 35–31. La Rochelle confirmed in December 2022 that O'Gara had extended his contract with the club until 2027; this followed weeks of speculation that O'Gara was being considered for the England head coach position.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: Upon his retirement from playing, O'Gara held a number of honours and achievements at both club and international level. At the time, he had played for Ireland more times than any other player in history and had won nine trophies with Munster.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: In May 2016, O'Gara was inducted into the IRUPA Hall of Fame. In September 2018, O'Gara was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame, becoming the 12th Irish inductee and inductee number 139 overall.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 6 July 2006, O'Gara married his longtime girlfriend Jessica Daly. They have five children – twins, a boy and a girl named Rua and Molly, born in 2008, and three more sons – JJ, born in 2010, Zak, born in 2012 and Max, born in 2014.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 9 October 2008, he published "Ronan O'Gara: My Autobiography", co-written by Denis Walsh, chief sports-writer with the Irish edition of "The Sunday Times". An updated version of his autobiography was released in 2009, after Ireland's Grand Slam success. O'Gara released a second autobiography in November 2013, titled "Ronan O'Gara: Unguarded". On 2 January 2014, a new behind-the-scenes documentary called "ROG – The Ronan O’Gara Documentary" aired on RTÉ One.


title: Ronan O'Gara

text: On 24 October 2013, a testimonial dinner to honour O'Gara was held at Cork's City Hall, with around 850 guests paying €300 per ticket to charity. On 11 May 2017, at a ceremony held in Cork City Hall, O'Gara was awarded the Freedom of Cork City.


The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret is a black comedy television series starring David Cross, Sharon Horgan, Blake Harrison, Will Arnett, Spike Jonze, Sara Pascoe and Amber Tamblyn. The series is produced by IFC and RDF Television and premiered on October 1, 2010, on IFC.


title: The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret

text: The first two seasons of the series tell a single story—that of American office temp worker Todd Margaret (David Cross). After overhearing Todd recite jargon from a self-help CD and confusing it for him being on a call with a customer, ultra-aggressive executive Brent Wilts (Will Arnett) promotes Todd on the spot.


text: Todd is put in charge of Thunder Muscle, a new energy drink his company is seeking to sell in the United Kingdom. Todd's company has only one employee, an Englishman named Dave (Blake Harrison), who offers his full assistance in helping Todd promote and sell the product in Britain.


text: Most of the humor in season 1 and season 2 focuses on Todd Margaret's not being familiar with British culture and customs. His situation is compounded by the fact that Todd is a habitual liar, as well as by Dave's truly nasty pranks and manipulation of Todd.


text: In every episode of the first two seasons, Todd lies to cover up his ignorance and his lack of experience running a company. And Dave provides Todd with false information about British culture in order to constantly humiliate and sabotage him.


text: Todd has an infatuation with a local cafe owner Alice Bell (Sharon Horgan). Several of Todd's most damning lies are motivated by his desire to impress Alice and to manipulate her into a relationship with him.


text: During season 1, a cold open at the start of each episode depicts Todd before a British court as various charges against him are read out. A subplot involves Todd's supervisor Doug Whitney (Spike Jonze). Upset at having been fired by Brent, Doug learns that Brent Wilts is not really a company executive. Doug then investigates Brent for fraud.


text: For the bulk of season 1, Brent is shown as a foul-mouthed, abusive superior towards Todd, constantly demanding unrealistic results in terms of timetables for getting Thunder Muscle onto the British marketplace. Brent also demands that profits from the drink be delivered to him personally, so as to pay for his hookers and his gambling losses.


text: By the end of season 1, it is revealed that Brent is, in truth, a mild-mannered pushover like Todd, and that he has been promoted by the owner of his and Todd's company, a mysterious individual known as Mountford. Brent has been ordered by Mountford to promote Todd and to push him with unachievable expectations that Todd has no hope of meeting, thereby dooming Todd to failure.


text: Season 2 features Todd being reunited with his father, who offers to try to help his son avoid prison. Meanwhile, Alice, Brent, and Doug try to find out the truth about Mountford.


text: Todd gives Alice a fraudulent liquor license for her cafe in an attempt to buy her love, resulting in her cafe being shut down and a warrant put out on her arrest because of said fake liquor license. Alice investigates the situation and finds damning evidence that might free Todd and incriminate Dave. But she is killed when Todd unwittingly detonates a truck bomb while she is on her way to the court to reveal Dave's actions.


text: In the end, Brent attempts (and fails) to defend Todd in court as Doug discovers that Mountford is Dave, the son of a rich and powerful Lord. Several months prior, while visiting the U.S., Dave was at a bar, and a nervous Brent spilled drinks on him. Dave finds that his date at the bar has been stolen by Todd, who, exploiting Dave's brief absence to go get drinks, lured Dave's intoxicated date back to his home for sex. Humiliated and desiring revenge, Dave paid the bartender for information about the two men, then set about formulating a complicated revenge scheme to punish and humiliate both of them.


text: Todd is found guilty; but Dave's father, a high-ranking member of the House of Lords, arranges for the whole mess to get resolved, having grown tired both of the atrocious behavior of his son as well as of the scandal that Dave's and Todd's mishaps had caused England.


text: The elder Mountford arranges a pardon for Todd, on the condition that he leave England. Mountford, Sr. also reveals that Todd's American citizenship has been revoked on account of his actions, and the only countries that are willing to take him are the Turks and Caicos Islands and North Korea. Todd chooses North Korea due to his associating Turks and Caicos with the Turks who had been using him to plan a terrorist bombing.


text: When Todd arrives in North Korea, he is manipulated by the North Korean dictatorship to launch their first-ever nuclear weapon (a discussion at the launch control panel being the source of the cold openings for a second season). Todd pushes the button, bringing about a nuclear holocaust that seemingly destroys the rest of the world as well as all of the other characters, with the notable exception of the lone survivor, a Turkish terrorist who wanted to blow himself up in an act of terrorism during the course of the series—as he notes in the final line of the season, "There is a certain irony to [it]."


text: Season three of the series is a continuation that reframes the first two seasons as a dream due to the apocalyptic nature of the season two finale. David Cross returns, playing a new version of his character. Jack McBrayer joins the cast.


text: Over the course of the third season, a radically different Todd Margaret (closer to the brash, abrasive Brent from the first two seasons) encounters different versions of characters from the earlier episodes, all while a prophecy of a "catalyst" destined to destroy the world is worshipped by a mysterious cult.


text: Gradually, the new Todd becomes aware of the events from previous seasons and tries to make changes to prevent his destiny to destroy the world with North Korean red button. These prove to be increasingly disastrous, resulting in Todd immediately throwing his trust to the new version of Alice (who is revealed to be a white supremacist in this reality) and alienating his new assistant Dave (who in this reality is completely innocent of any wrongdoings but forms a legitimate hatred for Todd).


text: It quickly becomes clear that every decision to prevent the end of the world is the poor decision and the universe itself conspires to force Todd to press the red button.


text: Finally Todd accepts the inevitable and presses the red button, only for the "North Korean army" to be part of an elaborate game show.


text: Reality immediately collapses and Todd awakens from a dream back in season one, implying that the vast majority of the three seasons were possibly a surreal nightmare or that Todd himself is permanently trapped in different versions of reality where he is doomed to failure.


text: The series originated as an episode of Channel 4's Comedy Showcase in November 2009. This backdoor pilot follows the same narrative arc as the season one premiere episode. The Dave Mountford character is played by Russell Tovey. Tovey's obligations to the show "Being Human" conflicted with the subsequent sitcom. The role was recast with Blake Harrison and Tovey's scenes were reshot. Additionally, the pilot episode length was 24 minutes rather than the series 22 minute length.


text: The show was created by David Cross and written by Cross and Shaun Pye. The first season premiered October 1, 2010, on IFC in the U.S.; and on More4 in the UK on November 14, 2010. The second season was broadcast on Fox in the UK from March 5, 2013. David Cross announced that season 2 would be the final season, despite the network's wish for a third season.


text: The pilot was aired in the UK as an episode of the Channel 4 series "Comedy Showcase". Scenes from the first episode were re-shot after the Channel 4 airing when the part of Margaret's assistant, Dave, was recast with Blake Harrison. Russell Tovey, who played the character in the original pilot, was no longer available when the series went into production.


text: The show reunites Cross with "Arrested Development" co-star Will Arnett; the two also appear together on the Fox sitcom "Running Wilde", which premiered before, but was produced after, "Todd Margaret".


text: Though no official announcement has been given yet, Cross indicated in an August 2016 interview with The A.V. Club that the show is done, and there will not be any more seasons.


title: The Tales of Beedle the Bard

text: The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a book of children's stories by the author J. K. Rowling. There is a storybook of the same name mentioned in "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", the last book of the "Harry Potter" series.


title: The Tales of Beedle the Bard

text: The book was originally produced in a limited edition of only seven copies, each handwritten and illustrated by J. K. Rowling. One of them was offered for auction through Sotheby's in late 2007 and was expected to sell for £50,000 (US$77,000, €69,000); ultimately it was bought for £1.95 million ($3 million, €2.7 million) by Amazon, making the selling price the highest achieved at auction for a modern literary manuscript. The money earned at the auction of the book was donated to The Children's Voice charity campaign.


title: The Tales of Beedle the Bard

text: The book was published for the general public on 4 December 2008, with the proceeds going to the Children's High Level Group (renamed Lumos in 2010).