title: Mayberry

text: Many assume Mayberry was loosely based on Andy Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina, but actually, Griffith has indicated that nearby Pilot Mountain, also in Surry County, North Carolina, inspired him in creating the town. Pilot Mountain likely was the inspiration for the fictional town of "Mount Pilot", a nearby larger town in relation to Mayberry, often referred to and occasionally visited by the characters in "The Andy Griffith Show". The county seat of Surry County is in Dobson; thus, this is the location of the nearest courthouse to Mount Airy. One episode has a fictional nearby location - "Pierce County". Another episode has Barney Fife referring to Sheriff Taylor and himself as "the law west of Mount Pilot".


title: Mayberry

text: Other place names used in the show refer to actual places in North Carolina, such as Raleigh—which was also often called "Capital City" – Siler City, Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Chapel Hill, Stokes County, Elm City and Charlotte. One of the stars of the show, Frances Bavier (who played Aunt Bee) retired to Siler City in real life. (Betty Lynn who played Thelma Lou retired to Mount Airy.)


title: Mayberry

text: In episode 248 "A Girl For Goober", the towns of Manteo and Toast are mentioned. Andy Griffith owned a home in Manteo (on North Carolina's Atlantic coast), and Toast is about two miles outside of Mt. Airy in Surry County. Stokes County, which borders Surry County to the east, is mentioned as the location of Myers Lake in episode 140 "Andy And Helen Have Their Day".


title: Mayberry

text: In episode 62 "Cousin Virgil", the bus picks up Barney's cousin in Currituck. A Currituck County is located in eastern North Carolina.


title: Mayberry

text: In episode 17 "Alcohol And Old Lace" while looking for moonshine stills, Barney suggests looking into Fancy Gap, Virginia, a town just across the state line from Mt. Airy.


title: Mayberry

text: In episode 60 "Bookie Barber", Aunt Bee states that Floyd's Barber Shop has received phone calls from as far away as Morehead City.


title: Mayberry

text: In episode 136 "Opie's Fortune", a man from Bannertown lost $50. Bannertown is a few miles from Mt. Airy in Surry County.


title: Mayberry

text: In episode 68 "Barney Mends a Broken Heart", the towns of Harnett and Yancey are mentioned. Both a Harnett County and a Yancey County are in North Carolina. In episode 3 "The Guitar Player" played by James Best, who later played Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane on "The Dukes of Hazzard," Best's character Jim Lindsey buys his guitar picks in Winston-Salem, which is actually the nearest big city to Mount Airy (37 miles).


title: Mayberry

text: In Season 4, Episode 3 of Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., (“Corporal Carol”) Gomer tells the corporal (played by Carol Burnett) that he is from Mayberry, North Carolina, “just a little bitty town about 30 miles outside of Raleigh“.


title: Mayberry

text: Mayberry originated in an episode of "The Danny Thomas Show" and was the setting for "The Andy Griffith Show", "Mayberry RFD", and the 1986 reunion film "Return to Mayberry".


title: Mayberry

text: Mayberry is the name of a real community in Patrick County, Virginia; located 22 miles northeast of Andy Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. The Mayberry Trading Post, home of the Mayberry, Virginia post office until it closed in 1922, told local TV station WGHP-TV that Griffith and his father made many trips to the Mayberry Trading Post.


title: Mayberry

text: Due to the success and fame of the television show, "Mayberry" has been used as a term for both idyllic small-town life and for rural simplicity (for both good and ill).


title: Mayberry

text: In a song by Rascal Flatts titled "Mayberry", the town is mentioned: "Well I miss Mayberry sitting on the porch drinking ice cold Cherry Coke where everything is black and white."


title: Mayberry

text: In the Lynyrd Skynyrd song “Simple Life” (from the album “God & Guns”), there’s a line in the lyrics: “…put my feet up, watch a rerun on TV,


title: Mayberry

text: In the song called "Grandpa's Interview" on the Neil Young album "Greendale": "Shows with love and affection, Like mama used to say, A little Mayberry livin', Can go a long way."


title: Mayberry

text: Home, the second episode of the fourth season of the television show The X-Files, makes frequent references to Mayberry because of the size of the town in which the investigation takes place.


title: Mayberry

text: In the song "High-Tech Redneck" on the George Jones album of the same name, the town is mentioned: "He's a high-tech redneck, Mayberry meets Startrek."


title: Mayberry

text: In the fifth episode of the seventh season of Desperate Housewives, Doug refers to Wisteria Lane as ‘Mayberry’ due to the apparent idyllic suburbs where the show is set.


title: Lawrence Chaney

text: Lawrence Chaney (born Lawrence Maidment; 16 October 1996) is a Scottish Glasgow-based drag queen. They are best known for winning the second series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK", becoming the first Scottish drag queen to win across the franchise. Their role on the series later earned them the 2021 BAFTA Scotland Audience Award. As part of their "Drag Race" victory, Chaney was awarded their own online television series, later titled "Tartan Around", which premiered in 2022.


title: Lawrence Chaney

text: Chaney has professionally fulfilled their career as a drag performer since 2014 in Glasgow. In an interview with "Metro", Chaney said their drag surname "Chaney" was inspired by 1920s prolific silent movie star Lon Chaney and explained that, "He was known as the man of a thousand faces and I'm known as the queen of a thousand faces, because I'm good at impersonation, stupid voices and general buffoonery."


title: Lawrence Chaney

text: In December 2020, Chaney was announced as one of twelve contestants competing on the second series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK". On 18 March 2021, Chaney was announced as the winner of the series, becoming the first Scottish and first plus-size winner of a "Drag Race" season hosted by RuPaul (the first ever being "Drag Race Thailand" season 1 winner Natalia Pliacam). As part of their "Drag Race" victory, Chaney was awarded their own online television series, later titled "Tartan Around", which premiered in 2022.


title: Lawrence Chaney

text: In March 2021, Chaney, alongside their fellow "RuPaul's Drag Race UK" finalists Tayce, Bimini Bon Boulash and Ellie Diamond, was photographed and interviewed for "The Guardian" and later "British Vogue". Lawrence also embarked on a UK Tour alongside A'Whora, Bimini Bon-Boulash, and Tayce for the United Kingdolls Tour with promoter Klub Kids in July 2021, and in February 2022, Chaney embarked on "RuPaul's Drag Race UK: The Official Tour" alongside the entire cast of the second series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK", in association with World of Wonder and promoter Voss Events.


title: Lawrence Chaney

text: In April 2021, Chaney was interviewed for and featured on the cover of "Attitude's" "Tea Time Digital Special", in association with Taimi. Chaney was also a featured guest and panelist at the digital National Student Pride 2021 event.


title: Lawrence Chaney

text: In May 2021, Transworld announced they had acquired the rights to Chaney's forthcoming memoir, "Lawrence (Drag) Queen of Scots: The Dos and Don'ts of a Drag Superstar."


title: Lawrence Chaney

text: Preceding "RuPaul's Drag Race UK", Chaney has been a frequent collaborator with the BBC (especially BBC Sounds). On 21 August 2021, they presented the Saturday mid-morning slot on BBC Radio 1 from 10:30am, alongside Arielle Free and other drag queens, as part of "Drag Day".


title: Lawrence Chaney

text: Chaney grew up in both Helensburgh in Scotland and Newbury in England. Chaney currently resides within the Gorbals area of Glasgow, Scotland. They have expressed their support for Scottish independence.


title: Lawrence Chaney

text: Chaney struggles with their gender identity. In an article for the "i", Chaney wrote: "I still don’t know if I am male, female, or somewhere in between. I think the best way to describe my gender is fluid, but this isn’t finite. I see myself as ever evolving and always discovering more about myself." Chaney uses they/them as pronouns.


title: Lawrence Chaney

text: In June 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Chaney revealed that they had tested positive for COVID-19.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Hudson Yards is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan, bounded roughly by 30th Street in the south, 41st Street in the north, the West Side Highway in the west, and Eighth Avenue in the east. The area is the site of a large-scale redevelopment program that is being planned, funded, and constructed under a set of agreements among the State of New York, City of New York, and Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), with the aim of expanding the Midtown Manhattan business district westward to the Hudson River. The program includes a major rezoning of the Far West Side, an extension of the New York City Subway's to a new subway station at 34th Street and 11th Avenue, a renovation and expansion of the Javits Center, and a financing plan to fund the various components. The various components are being planned by New York City Department of City Planning and New York City Economic Development Corporation.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The largest of the projects made possible by the rezoning is the multiuse Hudson Yards real estate development by Related Companies and Oxford Properties, which is being built over the West Side Rail Yard. Construction began in 2012 with the groundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards, and is projected to be completed by 2024. According to its master plan, created by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, the Hudson Yards development would include 16 skyscrapers to be constructed in two phases. Architects including Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Thomas Heatherwick, Roche-Dinkeloo, and Diller Scofidio + Renfro contributed designs for individual structures. Major office tenants include or will include fashion company Tapestry, gym chain Equinox Fitness, and financial company BlackRock.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The area includes other major development projects. One such project is Manhattan West, developed by Brookfield Property Partners over the rail yard west of Ninth Avenue between 31st and 33rd streets. Other structures being developed in the Hudson Yards Zoning District include 3 Hudson Boulevard and the Spiral. The special district also includes Pennsylvania Station, the subject of a major overhaul.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Hudson Yards is part of Manhattan Community District 4 and its primary ZIP Codes are 10001 and 10018. It is patrolled by the 10th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: "Hudson Yards" takes its name from the MTA rail yard along the Hudson River between 30th Street and 33rd Street, part of a Penn Central rail yard that once extended to 39th Street. The portion of the MTA yard between the river and Eleventh Avenue is called the Western Rail Yard, and the portion between Eleventh Avenue and Tenth Avenue is called the Eastern Rail Yard. The Hudson Yards area includes parts of the Garment Center, the Javits Convention Center, Madison Square Garden, the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the Farley Post Office, and the Lincoln Tunnel. Most of the Hudson Yards redevelopment area is also known as Hell's Kitchen South. The special purpose district covering the area, the Special Hudson Yards District, includes a "Hell's Kitchen subdistrict", encompassing the core residential area existing prior to redevelopment of the surrounding area. The subdistrict extends between 30th Street to the south and 41st Street to the north.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: There has been a long series of proposals to develop the rail yard air rights, including for a major expansion of Midtown Manhattan by William Zeckendorf in the 1950s and for a housing development considered by U.S. Steel in the 1960s. The idea of building housing on air rights over the rail yard, with commercial development between 34th Street and 42nd Street, was included in a plan announced by Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. in 1963 that would have included projects covering a swath of Manhattan from its southern tip up to 72nd Street.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The administration of John Lindsay maintained the goal of the 1963 plan—a westward expansion of Midtown—but shifted their focus to the blocks north of 42nd Street, home to 35,000 residents of the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood. As a first step, the City approved a convention center on 44th Street. But after the defeat of a bond issue that would have funded a 48th Street "people mover," the City abandoned it and the rest of the master plan. At the same time the local Hell's Kitchen community proposed that midtown expansion take place south of 42nd Street instead. A community-proposed convention center site—between Eleventh and Twelfth avenues from 34th to 39th streets—was later promoted by Donald Trump, who had obtained an option on the rail yard from the bankrupt Penn Central in 1975. Facing political opposition and the severe fiscal crisis of the 1970s, the City and State eventually chose the rail yard site when the 44th Street site proved to be too expensive. However Trump's offer to build the convention center was rejected. In 1987 the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) converted the remainder of the rail yard into a storage facility for commuter trains; the new West Side Yard was designed with space left between the tracks for columns to support development in air rights above the tracks.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Despite the completion of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in 1986, no further development took place. One impediment to development was a lack of mass transit in the area, which is far from Penn Station, and none of the proposals for a link to Penn Station were pursued successfully (for example, the ill-fated West Side Transitway). No changes to the zoning happened until 1990, when the city rezoned a small segment of 11th Avenue across the street from the Javits Center. However, as most of the area was still zoned for manufacturing and low-rise apartment buildings, the rezoning did not spur development.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The Hell's Kitchen community's 1973 proposal for major office and residential development south of 42nd Street was finally realized when all impediments to development were addressed. In 2003, the New York City Department of City Planning issued a master plan that envisioned the creation of of commercial and residential development, two corridors of open space – one between Eleventh Avenue and Tenth Avenue, and another network of open space between Ninth Avenue and Tenth Avenue to create a park system from West 39th Street to West 34th Street, portions of which would be located along the Dyer Avenue/Lincoln Tunnel Expressway corridors. Dubbed the Hudson Yards Master Plan, the area covered is bordered on the east by Seventh and Eighth Avenues, on the south by West 28th and 30th Streets, on the north by West 43rd Street, and on the west by Hudson River Park and the Hudson River. The city's plan was similar to a neighborhood plan produced by architect Meta Brunzema and environmental planner Daniel Gutman for the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association (HKNA). The main concept of the HKNA plan was to allow major new development while protecting the existing residential core area between Ninth and Tenth avenues.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: To help facilitate development, the city's plan called for extending the IRT Flushing Line to a 34th Street subway station under Eleventh Avenue at the rail yard, and next to the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, which would be expanded by the State. To fund the subway and a park and boulevard and other infrastructure, the City proposed a novel tax-increment financing scheme within a Hudson Yards financing district to collect both residential property taxes and commercial payments-in-lieu-of-taxes (PILOTS) and sell transferable development rights to prospective developers. A Hudson Yards Infrastructure Corporation would issue bonds against expected revenues.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: In January 2005, the New York City Council approved the 60-block rezoning, including the eastern portion of the West Side Yard. The newly rezoned Hudson Yards area was to have of Class A office space, 20,000 housing units, of hotel space, a 750-seat public school, of retail and more than of public open space.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The rezoning and financing district did not include the western portion of the rail yard; this was reserved for the proposed West Side Stadium, which would have been built as part of the New York City bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. At the conclusion of the Olympics, the stadium would have been used by the New York Jets. When not in use for football, the covered stadium would be a venue for conventions at the Javits Center, and so proposers dubbed the structure the "New York Sports and Convention Center." This effort, led by Deputy Mayor Daniel Doctoroff, was unpopular with both the public and politicians. Consequently, the City Council insisted that financing for the city's broader rezoning plans not be used to subsidize the rail yard stadium. In June 2005, the stadium proposal was defeated, and after the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2012 Olympics to London, the stadium proposal was permanently scrapped. The city government subsequently rezoned the western rail yard for residential and commercial development and added it to the financing district. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) then sought to develop the yard, and in conjunction with the city government, the MTA issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) for a mixed-use development to be built on platforms over the rail yard, which would remain in use throughout.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Five developers responded to the RFP: Extell, Tishman Speyer, Brookfield, Vornado, and the Related Companies. Tishman Speyer won the bid in March 2008. Tishman Speyer entered into a 99-year lease with the MTA, paying $1 billion for the air rights. It would also spend another $2 billion for development over the rail yards, including for the two platforms over the yards to support of public spaces, four office buildings, and ten high-rise residential towers.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: However, just two months later, the deal broke down due to the late-2000s financial crisis. Subsequently, the MTA chose the Related Companies and Goldman Sachs to develop Hudson Yards under the same conditions. In December 2009, the New York City Council approved Related Companies' revised plan for Hudson Yards, and the western portion of the West Side Yard was rezoned. Following the rail yards' successful rezoning, the MTA signed another 99-year lease to the air rights over the rail yard in May 2010. The air rights were signed over to a joint venture of Related Companies and Oxford Properties Group, which invested $400 million to build a platform above both the eastern and western portions of the yard on which to construct the buildings. Groundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards, the first building, occurred on December 4, 2012.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: In April 2013, the Related/Oxford joint venture obtained a $475 million construction loan from parties including Barry Sternlicht's Starwood Capital Group and luxury retailer Coach. The financing deal was unique in several aspects, including the fact that it included a construction mezzanine loan, that Coach was a lender on both the debt and equity sides, and that the MTA reused a "severable lease" structure (previously used by Battery Park City) that allowed for the loans. A portion of the project was also financed by the EB-5 investment program, which provides a path for immigrants to become green card holders after investing capital in project which employs American workers.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The serve 34th Street, and the serve 42nd Street. The was introduced to improve transit on the far west side, including Hudson Yards, in 2014.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: After the Hudson Yards project was approved in 2005, the MTA received proceeds from the initial 2006 bond offering to pay for the 7 Subway Extension to 34th Street–Hudson Yards station. With funding assured, the MTA proceeded quickly to construct the extension. The first construction contracts were awarded in October 2007. After a series of delays related to the construction of the 34th Street station, the subway extension opened on September 13, 2015. The station connects to nearby buildings and developments, including 30 Hudson Yards and Hudson Park and Boulevard. The 34th Street station's main entrance, escalators and an elevator on the west side of Hudson Park and Boulevard between 33rd and 34th Streets, is at the foot of 55 Hudson Yards and is just half a block away from the rail yard's northern edge. Another station, planned for Tenth Avenue and 41st Street, was not built.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The platform atop which the Related development was built includes a public square. In the middle of the square is "Vessel", a 16-story structure of freestanding, connected staircases designed by Thomas Heatherwick.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Hudson Park and Boulevard, a four-acre system of parks and roads, is located north of the rail yard site, extending from 33rd Street to 39th Street, mid-block between Tenth Avenue and Eleventh Avenue. The boulevard is divided into a Hudson Boulevard East and a Hudson Boulevard West, with the park between the two. The first phase, between 33rd and 36th Streets, was completed in August 2015. Proposed parks between Ninth and Tenth avenues in the original plan were later dropped.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The High Line, an elevated park using the former right-of-way of the southern portion of the West Side railroad line, runs along Hudson Yards' southern and western edges before continuing south to Gansevoort Street in the Meatpacking District; its northern terminus is at 11th Avenue and 34th Street on the north side of Hudson Yards. In 2012, the city government acquired the northernmost section of the High Line from CSX Transportation. In late 2014, the final phase of the High Line opened. It enters the Hudson Yards site and curves along 30th Street, Twelfth Avenue and 34th Street, with a spur along 30th Street to Tenth Avenue. The High Line is integrated with the Related Development's buildings; for example, 10 Hudson Yards cantilevers over the Spur. Dubbed "High Line at the Rail Yards", the section was built in three phases. The right-of-way from 30th Street was extended into the Hudson Yards site, running parallel to 30th Street past Eleventh Avenue, and developed in a manner similar to the previous sections of the park. The Spur along 30th Street received an amphitheater, restrooms, trees and grasses above Tenth Avenue. Finally, the curved section around the western part of Hudson Yards was originally developed as an "interim walkway", with further construction occurring in 2015. There are entrances to the High Line from within the rail-yard development.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The Hudson Yards development is being built by Related Companies on top of a large platform bordered by 10th and 12th Avenues and by 30th and 33rd Streets. Construction on the platform began in 2014. The platform was to be constructed over the existing at-grade West Side Yard, allowing LIRR trains to continue to be stored during midday hours. The land parcel is bordered by 30th Street and Chelsea on the south, Twelfth Avenue on the west, 33rd Street and Hell's Kitchen on the north, and Tenth Avenue on the east. Eleventh Avenue runs through the site, and splits the redevelopment project into two phases. Before Phase 2 was built, an underground concrete casing was built for Amtrak's future Gateway Project under the Hudson River. Construction started in December 2014 and was nearing completion , though funding disputes stalled the tunnel box's completion.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Phase 1, the eastern phase, contains two office towers on Tenth Avenue, plus a retail podium between them. The southern tower is the 52-story, 10 Hudson Yards, which opened in 2016. The other tower on Tenth Avenue is the 80-story, 30 Hudson Yards, which is the city's third-tallest building; it is expected to be completed in early 2019. Bordering Eleventh Avenue are two mixed-use buildings, 15 Hudson Yards and 35 Hudson Yards. 15 Hudson Yards, the more southerly of the two towers, is connected to a semi-permanent structure, a performance and arts space known as The Shed. The mixed-use 15 Hudson Yards was topped out in February 2018. 35 Hudson Yards, a mixed-use skyscraper located to the north of 15 Hudson Yards, was topped out in June 2018. Phase 1 also includes a 7-story mall called Shops & Restaurants of Hudson Yards. Phase 1 opened on March 15, 2019.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The western portion of the yard is bordered by 30th Street and 33rd Street in the north and south, and Eleventh and Twelfth avenues in the east and west. Plans for the western phase of the project originally called for up to seven residential towers, an office building at 33rd Street and Eleventh Avenue tentatively known as "West Tower", and a school serving Pre-K to eighth grade students. Reporting in September 2022 by "The New York Times" and Bloomberg indicate that Related may build a casino and resort in partnership with Wynn Resorts instead of the originally proposed mixed-use complex. The third phase of the High Line will traverse Phase 2 of the project. Work on the platform to cover the second half of the tracks was originally scheduled to begin in 2018, and reporting in 2014 indicated the entire project, including Phase 2, could be completed by 2024, though work has not begun on the western yard as of late 2022.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The development received mostly negative press when it opened to the public for its failure to integrate into the broader city and its architecture. The complex also suffered due to decreased traffic from commuters and visitors during the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2020, the "Financial Times" noted the development had become a "ghost town".


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: 50 and 55 Hudson Yards are located just north of the West Side Yard on the block bounded by 33rd Street to the south, 10th Avenue to the east, 34th Street to the north, and 11th Avenue to the west. 50 Hudson Yards and 55 Hudson Yards are respectively located on the east and west side of the block. Work on the foundation of the 50 Hudson Yards began in May 2018. The 55 Hudson Yards started construction on January 22, 2015, and topped out in August 2017.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Brookfield, a Canadian asset manager, developed the second-largest project in Hudson Yards. Dubbed "Manhattan West" the complex includes six buildings, two of which are pre-existing structures undergoing substantial renovations. These buildings include three office buildings, two residential buildings, and one hotel. The two principal office buildings and a public green space, open year-round, were built on a platform over covered tracks that lead from the West Side Yard to Penn Station. To facilitate construction Brookfield announced in 2014 that it would use prefabricated parts to build the platform. Despite its considerable scale, Manhattan West has been referred to as "somewhat eclipsed" and "overshadowed" by the larger Hudson Yards.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The project was mostly completed by 2021, and Brookfield held its grand opening on September 28, 2021. The second of the two office buildings, Two Manhattan West, topped out in 2022. Two Manhattan West is scheduled for completion in 2023.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: In early 2014, real estate firm Massey Knakal announced a conceptual supertall with a capacity and 108 stories that would soar over 1,800 feet on the north side of 34th Street between Hudson Boulevard and Tenth Avenue in order to show the potential of a site that it intended to sell. Dubbed Hudson Spire and designed by MJM+A architects, it would be the tallest tower in the Western Hemisphere if completed. The site was later purchased by Tishman Speyer on April 30, 2014, along with two adjacent properties for a total space of .


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The plans for The Spire were later replaced with plans designed by Bjarke Ingels Group, dubbed The Spiral. The building started construction in June 2018, and topped-out in January 2021. As of June 2022, work on the façade was nearing completion. Tishman has secured pharmaceutical company Pfizer as an anchor tenant.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Among the neighboring projects are 3 Hudson Boulevard (formerly the GiraSole), located on 34th Street and Eleventh Avenue. 3 Hudson Boulevard is under construction, although it lacks an anchor tenant.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Construction was supposed to begin in mid-2014 or 2015, with the building's completion planned for 2017. Completion was rescheduled for 2022. The building, directly across Eleventh Avenue from the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, would abut the secondary entrance to the new 34th Street – Hudson Yards subway station, built as part of the New York City Subway's 7 Subway Extension project. Consequently, the foundation is being built by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, because the subway station is directly underneath; the rest of the building is being built by Moinian Group. The foundation works started May 2016. A groundbreaking ceremony was held November 3, 2017.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: On June 26, 2014, Joseph Moinian secured a loan for the construction of the building. The firm began "speculative" construction of the project in 2022.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Even before the opening of any of the rail yard buildings, many businesses in the area have seen increased profits due to the project's construction. The Hudson Yards redevelopment program catalyzed plans to build new buildings along the future Hudson Boulevard. There has also been a development boom in the vicinity of the rail yard development.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: In February 2015, the Chetrit Group, headed by Meyer and Joseph Chetrit, announced that it wanted to spend to expand one Hudson Yards development site to . It would add about of space to a site between 11th Avenue, 37th and 38th Streets, and Hudson Boulevard that previously allowed of retail space. A buyer would be able to split the space between two buildings.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: In June 2015, Tishman Speyer bought another lot between West 36th and 37th Streets on 11th Avenue; the lot was zoned for a residential and hotel property. It is next to a lot—zoned for a planned residential tower—that was bought in 2012 by Lalezarian Properties for $46.5 million, Tishman Speyer's land is also close to a lot owned by former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer, who bought the lot in 2013 and plans at least of new development space.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Two other new Related buildings, One Hudson Yards and Abington House, are adjacent the Phase 1 buildings, but are unrelated to the Hudson Yards project. Another Related development also on the West Side, originally dubbed "Hudson Residences" is under construction at the same time as Hudson Yards. The project ultimately took the shape of two unrelated buildings: Lantern House, designed by Thomas Heatherwick, and The Cortland, designed by RAMSA. Related is also developing several buildings with Spitzer Enterprises at sites including 451 10th Avenue, 511 West 35th Street, 506 West 36th Street, and 512 West 36th Street.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: New York state issued a request for proposals for a site across the streets from the Javits Center at 418 11th Avenue in 2021. The New York Convention Center Development Corporation, a subsidiary of the Empire State Development Corporation, owns the lot, known as "Site K". A proposal for the site by developer Don Peebles, designed by David Adjaye, received attention in 2021 for its design and scope. The request for proposals was withdrawn in late 2021.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The Related development Hudson Yards, within the broader Hudson Yards area, has received negative attention for its inability to blend into the city and its architectural character. The Related development has been cited in opposition to other, similar projects.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Justin Davidson, in an article about the Manhattan West's opening for "New York", compared the Brookfield development favorably to Related's Hudson Yards, writing that Manhattan West "[...] feels like a corner of New York conceived with actual human beings in mind" while Hudson Yards has "[...] has aged from a shiny new space station to a disconsolate one".


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: In a review of the restaurant offerings at Related's Hudson Yards development written in anticipation of the complex opening to the public, Ryan Sutton criticized Related and Oxford for including only two establishments run by women. Further, Sutton criticized Related and Oxford for failing to provide opportunities for small, local operators to open in Hudson Yards, instead leasing to established restaurateurs and organizations which had already experienced "great success". Sutton also criticized the lack of "vibrancy" at the Hudson Yards development, caused by a lack of street-level restaurants. Sutton noted the presence of several chain establishments, such as Sweetgreen and Think Coffee, at street-level in and near the complex, but wrote that "Fast casual isn't known for fostering communal dinnertime bonhomie". In his review, Sutton did express positive anticipation of Mercado Little Spain, a restaurant and food court which had not yet opened in 10 Hudson Yards at the time the piece was published by "Eater".


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: When Mercado Little Spain ultimately opened in 2019, "Eater" published a mixed review of its offerings written by Robert Sietsema. In a separate review by Sutton of the opened complex, published in 2019, the critic referred to Hudson Yards as "the worst place to eat fancy food in New York". In the 2019 review, which served as an introduction to "Eater"s individual reviews of restaurants in Hudson Yards, Sutton panned TAK Room, a restaurant by Thomas Keller, but offered praise for Korean restaurant Kawi and Milos Wine Bar. In his full review of TAK Room, Sutton criticized its prices and the discrepancy between the cost of eating at the restaurant and his perception of the quality of the food and service. Pete Wells, in his review of the restaurant, echoed Sutton's criticisms. TAK Room closed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The Equinox Hotel in Related's development received a positive review from "Vanity Fair". Samantha Lewis praised the hotel for its emphasis on providing guests with "blissful slumber". The hotel's restaurant, Electric Lemon, has received an "underwhelming" review from Pete Wells.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: In Manhattan West, restaurants including Ci Siamo and Zou Zou's, were given positive reviews by Adam Platt and Ryan Sutton, respectively. Italian Restaurant Legacy Records, located in a new apartment building on West 38th Street, was reviewed favorably by Pete Wells.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Hudson Yards as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called Hudson Yards-Chelsea-Flat Iron-Union Square. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Hudson Yards-Chelsea-Flat Iron-Union Square was 70,150, a change of 14,311 (20.4%) from the 55,839 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 65.1% (45,661) White, 5.7% (4,017) African American, 0.1% (93) Native American, 11.8% (8,267) Asian, 0% (21) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (261) from other races, and 2.3% (1,587) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.6% (10,243) of the population.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Hudson Yards is patrolled by the 10th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 230 West 20th Street. The 10th Precinct ranked 61st safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The 10th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 74.8% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 1 murder, 19 rapes, 81 robberies, 103 felony assaults, 78 burglaries, 744 grand larcenies, and 26 grand larcenies auto in 2018.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: The Hudson Yards neighborhood is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 34/Ladder Co. 21 at 440 West 38th Street. However, there are no firehouses in or near the Hudson Yards real-estate development.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Hudson Yards is located within two primary ZIP Codes. The area south of 34th Street is in 10001 and the area north of 34th Street is in 10018. The United States Postal Service operates the RCU Annex Station post office at 340 West 42nd Street. In addition, the James A. Farley Station, the main post office for New York City, is located at 421 8th Avenue.


title: Hudson Yards, Manhattan

text: Below is a list of buildings constructed, planned, or proposed for the broader Hudson Yards neighborhood (from Northwest to Southeast) from 2000 to present:


title: Škoda Karoq

text: The Škoda Karoq is a compact crossover SUV (C-segment) designed and built by the Czech car manufacturer Škoda Auto. Introduced in 2017, the vehicle is based on the Volkswagen Group MQB platform, and replaced the Škoda Yeti. The car slots between the smaller Kamiq and the larger Kodiaq.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: The name Karoq is derived from Aleutian language, spoken by the native inhabitants of Alaskan island Kodiak. It is a combination of Aleutian words "kaa'raq" and "ruq", a car and an arrow, which are the elements of the Škoda logo. It is the second Škoda model to have a name inspired by the Aleuts, after the Kodiaq.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: The car was officially introduced at a special event on 18 May 2017 in Stockholm, Sweden. The car began to be produced at the turn of June and July 2017 in Kvasiny. The sales started in the autumn of 2017. It is a sister model to the SEAT Ateca, sharing its chassis, roof stamping and side doors, although Volkswagen Group adopted extra measures to maximally differentiate their design by applying each brand's design language.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: Compared to its predecessor, the Škoda Yeti, the Karoq is significantly larger. It is 160 mm longer, 35 mm wider and 40 mm lower than the Yeti, and the wheelbase is 60 mm longer. It is not being marketed as the second generation Yeti to have a naming consistency with the Kamiq and Kodiaq. The new Karoq name is also adopted to boost the car's global appeal, since in China, one of the large market for the Karoq, the yeti association is seen as a negative and "polarized", as referred by Škoda board member for sales and marketing Werner Eichhorn.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: The Karoq is available in two and four-wheel-drive configurations. Higher trim levels will come with a Driving Mode Select system with five modes, while an Off-Road mode featuring traction control and electronic differential lock is an option on four-wheel-drive models. The Karoq's suspension features a MacPherson-designed front axle with triangular wishbones, and a four-link rear axle. A Dynamic Chassis Control system on the 1.5-litre TSI and 2.0-litre TDI engines will offer three chassis modes which are Comfort, Standard and Sport with electrically operated valves adjusting based on road conditions.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: It is Škoda’s best-selling model in 2019, with global deliveries already exceeding 137,700 units in the first 11 months of the year. In 2018, the automaker delivered 115,700 units to customers worldwide, with the total number of units built since the model’s launch in October 2017 reaching the 250,000 mark in mid-September 2019.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: The Karoq for the Chinese market is produced by SAIC-Volkswagen, which is the sole manufacturer of Škoda vehicles in China. The vehicle made its domestic debut at the 2017 Guangzhou Auto Show with the Chinese name . Compared to the European model, the car is longer by and the wheelbase is increased by . It went on sale in January 2018.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: The Karoq entered production on 12 December 2019 at Volkswagen Group’s Nizhny Novgorod plant in Russia through CKD kits. It went on sale in Russia from February 2020. The standard engine choice is a 1.6-litre MPI naturally aspirated four-cylinder petrol engine, while a 1.4-litre TSI petrol is available for higher trims. The base engine comes with a 5-speed manual or 6-speed automatic transmission and front-wheel drive, while the TSI is mated to either an 8-speed automatic and FWD or a 6-speed DSG transmission with AWD.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: The Škoda Karoq is available with several engines for different markets ranging from 1.0 to 2.0-litres, and a choice of front or all-wheel drive.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: The facelifted Karoq was unveiled in December 2021. It features a completely restyled front and rear end, and received a few new comfort-related features on the inside. It offers a new 10,25" digital gauge cluster, three-zone automatic AC, adaptive suspension DCC (Dynamic Chassis Control) and electric sliding panoramic sunroof for higher trim levels. The new Karoq is first offered in Czech Republic, Slovakia and Switzerland with pre-orders starting December 2021 and delivery to customers is expected in spring of 2022. It is sold in three trim levels: Active (Slovakia and Czech Republic only), Ambition and Style, as well as a sporty Karoq Sportline. Detailed technical specifications were published in February 2022.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: In the German reading poll "Autonis 2017", "Auto motor und sport" readers voted Karoq the most beautiful car in the class of compact SUV. The German car magazines "Auto Bild" and "Bild am Sonntag" have awarded Karoq with the "Golden Steering Wheel 2017". The Škoda Karoq won the title "Car of the Year" 2018 in the Czech Republic in January 2018.


title: Škoda Karoq

text: Strong demand for the Karoq forced Volkswagen Group to assemble the car in two additional plants, in Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic and in Volkswagen plant in Osnabrück, Germany in 2018-2019. In April 2018, Škoda CEO Bernhard Maier said during Škoda's annual results conference that customers in several markets had to wait for up to 10 months for their car to be delivered. It was also manufactured in Bratislava, Slovakia from October 2020.


title: Teresa Graves

text: Terresa M. Graves (January 10, 1948October 10, 2002), credited as Teresa Graves, was an American actress and singer best known for her starring role as undercover police detective Christie Love in the ABC crime-drama television series "Get Christie Love!" (1974–1975). Graves was the second African-American woman to star in her own hour–long television series and the first for a drama television series.


title: Teresa Graves

text: Graves was born on January 10, 1948, the middle of three children in Houston, Texas to Marshall (1921–1967) and Willie Graves (1920–2005). After graduating from high school in 1966, Graves began the early portion of her career as a singer with The Doodletown Pipers. She also recorded a self-titled album in 1970.


title: Teresa Graves

text: She soon turned to acting and became a regular in the two variety shows: "Our Place" (1967) and the infamous single episode of "Turn-On" (1969). In 1969, Graves toured with Bob Hope's USO tour in Southeast Asia. Graves later landed more acting roles, becoming a regular on "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In" during its third season. Graves appeared in several films. In the 1973 film "That Man Bolt", in which she played Samantha Nightingale, Graves' character is shot to death when she is in bed during a love scene with Fred Williamson, who plays the leading role of Jefferson Bolt.


title: Teresa Graves

text: Graves pivotal role in the 1974 ABC crime drama television movie and later series "Get Christie Love!" featured Charles Cioffi and Jack Kelly as Lieutenants Reardon and Ryan, respectively, Love's supervisors. At the time of the series creation, Graves' was noted as the second African-American woman to star in her own hour–long television series, after Diahann Carroll in "Julia" which aired six years prior. An article in the November 1974 issue of "Jet" magazine described Graves as "television's most delightful detective, the epitome of a tough lady cop with more feminine features than Venus". In 1983, Graves retired from show business to devote her time to her faith.


title: Teresa Graves

text: On June 25, 1977, Graves married William D. Reddick in Los Angeles, California. The marriage later ended in divorce by 1983. Graves was baptized as a Jehovah's Witness in 1974, and almost immediately began using her celebrity to bring international awareness to the persecution of Witnesses in Malawi under then-leader Hastings Kamuzu Banda's "one-party rule".


title: Teresa Graves

text: For the rest of her life, Graves resided at 3437 West 78th Place in the Hyde Park neighborhood in Los Angeles, California where she cared for her mother. On October 10, 2002, Graves' home caught fire due to a space heater. Graves was found unconscious in a bedroom before being rushed to the hospital where she later died. She was 54 years old.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5 or Global Goal 5) concerns gender equality and is fifth of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by United Nations in 2015. The 17 SDGs recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability. A system thinking approach is the base for global sustainability.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: SDG 5 has nine targets and 14 indicators. Six of the targets are "outcome-oriented": ending all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere; ending violence and exploitation of women and girls; eliminating harmful practices such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation; increasing value of unpaid care and promoting shared domestic responsibilities; ensuring full participation of women in leadership and decision-making; and ensuring access to universal reproductive rights and health. The three "means of achieving" targets are: fostering equal rights to economic resources, property ownership and financial services for women; promoting empowerment of women through technology; and adopting, strengthening policies and enforcing legislation for gender equality.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Through the pledge to "Leave No One Behind", countries have committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind, first. SDG 5 aims to grant women and girls equal rights, opportunities to live free without discrimination including workplace discrimination or any violence. This is to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected women as they are more vulnerable and have reduced access to treatment. Evidence shows there has been an increase in violence against women during the pandemic.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The Sustainable Development Goals are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations. The broad goals are linked yet each has its own targets to achieve. The SDGs cover a broad range of social and economic development issues. These include poverty, hunger, health, education, climate change, gender equality, water supply, sanitation, energy, urbanization, environment and social justice.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The SDGs replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Outcome Document of the UN Summit on the 2030 Agenda is the document called "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". It includes an emphasis on the importance of achieving progress on peaceful and inclusive societies, access to justice and rule of law, and effective, accountable and inclusive institutions.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large. There are 9 targets and 14 Indicators for SDG 5.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Gender equality by 2030 requires urgent action to eliminate many root causes of discrimination that curtail women's rights in private and public spheres. Eliminating gender-based violence and rape is a priority, given that it is a human rights violation. The commitment to advancing gender equality has brought improvements in some areas, but the promise of a world in which every woman and girl enjoys full gender equality and all legal, social and economic barriers to their empowerment, including digital empowerment is still wanting.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Providing women and girls with equal access to education, technology, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will nurture sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large. Achieving gender equality will require enforceable legislation that promotes empowerment of all women and girls and requires secondary education for all girls. The targets call for an end to gender discrimination and for empowering women and girls through technology. There is a direct relationship between technology advancement and women empowerment.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The targets and indicators for SDG 5 are extensive and provide equal opportunity for females (women and girls). Targets cover a broad crosscutting gender issues including ending all forms of discrimination against all females everywhere (Target 5.1), violence and exploitation of females (Target 5.2), eliminate practices such as female genital mutilation and forced marriages (Target 5.3), increase value of unpaid care and promote shared domestic responsibilities (Target 5.4), ensure full participation of women in leadership and decision-making (Target 5.5), ensuring access to universal reproductive rights and health (Target 5.6), fostering equal rights to economic resources, property ownership and financial services for women (Target 5.7), promoting empowerment of women through technology (Target 5.8) and adopting, strengthening policies and enforcing legislation for gender equality (Target 5.9).


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: By strengthening the commitment towards a more gender equal world, the targets help in making the goals more specific. Indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these targets are achieved.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The first target of SDG 5 is Target 5.1: "End all forms of discrimination against all females everywhere."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: This target has one indicator. Indicator 5.1.1: Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: This means the indicator works towards the legal frameworks which can be applied to promote and enforce non-discrimination on the basis of sex across various measures including hiring, equal pay, marital rape and property rights, among others.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Discrimination against women (or sexism) can be measured with a range of indicators such as early marriage, gender-based violence and women's property rights.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Child marriage has declined over the past decades yet there is no region that is currently on track to eliminate the practice and reach SDG targets by 2030. If current trends continue, between 2017 and 2030, 150 million girls will be married before they turn 18. Though child marriages are four times higher among the poorest than the wealthiest in the world, most countries need to accelerate progress among both groups in order to reach the SDG Goal 5 target to eliminate child marriage by 2030. Cultural belief of child marriage is the foundation in many cases of child marriage that need to be changed. Child marriage is directly related with maternal mortality and pregnancy related complications.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: A record of 143 countries guaranteed equality between men and women in their constitutions as of 2014. However, another 52 had not taken this step. In many nations, gender discrimination is still woven into the fabric of legal systems and social norms.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The full title of Target 5.2 is: "Eliminate all forms of violence against all females in the public and private spheres including trafficking, sexual and other types of exploitation."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The rate of constant intentional abuse against females is a widespread form of human rights offense worldwide. Globally, around 7% of women have been sexually abused by someone other than an intimate partner. Another concern is that many of the sex abuse cases are unreported and so data are sub optimal in many countries related to sexual violence.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The full title of Target 5.3 is: "Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM)". evidence shows that there is no health benefit in the case of female genital mutilation


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Eliminating harmful practices is a way of ensuring that girls are able to live their live full potential lives without any harm. Reducing these risk allows for girls pursue their education, own their bodily autonomy and eventually become productive members of the social, economic and political processes. Educating women has a direct proportional relation with the development of the community.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: In 2019, one in five young women 20 to 24 years of age throughout the world was married in childhood, down from one in four in 2004 and with the highest figure in sub-Saharan Africa, with more than one in three young women.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: At least 200 million girls and women have been subjected to female genital mutilation, according to recent data from the 31 countries where the practice is concentrated. The harmful practice is becoming less common, but progress is not fast enough to meet the global target of its elimination by 2030.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The full title of Target 5.4: "Recognise and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate"


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: This target has one Indicator: Indicator 5.4.1 is the "Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Unpaid care and domestic work includes cooking and cleaning, fetching water and firewood or taking care of children and the elderly. Women carry out at least two and a half times more unpaid household and care work than men. As a result, women have less time to engage in paid labor, work longer hours, combining paid and unpaid labor.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Women's unpaid work subsidizes the cost of care that sustains families, supports economies and often fills in for the lack of social services. Yet, it is rarely recognized as "work". Taking cue from countries like Australia, Italy, Fiji, policies should be put in place to promote equal distribution of paid and unpaid work in households to reduce these gender gaps.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The full title of Target 5.5 is: "Ensure women's full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Advancing global norms and national practices to further women's leadership in politics and public institutions is important for gender equality.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: As at 1 January 2020, representation by women in single or lower houses of national parliament reached 25 per cent, up slightly from 22 per cent in 2015. Women have better access to decision-making positions at the local level, holding 36 per cent of elected seats in local deliberative bodies, based on data from 133 countries and areas.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: In 2019, 28 per cent of managerial positions in the world were occupied by women, a small increase from 25 per cent in 2000, while women represented 39 per cent of the world's workers and half of the world's working-age population.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The full title of Target 5.6 is: "Ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Program-me of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Based on data from 57 countries for the period 2007–2018, only 55 per cent of married or in-union women 15 to 49 years of age made their own decisions regarding sexual and reproductive health and rights, ranging from less than 40 per cent in Central and Western Africa to nearly 80 per cent in some countries in Europe, South- Eastern Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: In 2019, in the 75 countries with data, on average, 73 per cent of the laws and regulations needed to guarantee full and equal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights were in place. The findings are particularly encouraging with regard to HIV: on average, countries achieved 87 per cent of enabling laws and regulations for HIV counseling and test services, 91 per cent for HIV treatment and care services and 96 per cent for HIV confidentiality.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The full title of Target 5.7 is: "Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The full title of Target 5.8 is: "Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: This target has one indicator: Indicator 5.8.1 is the "Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Technology is an important tool for learning, sharing and engaging that should include more gender specific policies that enhance equality.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Empowering women with mobile telephones has been shown to accelerate social and economic development. However, in the 66 countries with data for the 2016–2018 period, the rate of mobile telephone ownership among men was on average 6.8 percentage points higher than the rate among women.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: There are wide gender gaps in internet access and use. Men are 21% more likely to have internet access than women, rising to 52% in the world's least developed countries. The majority of those offline are women in developing countries, reinforcing gender inequalities. Between 2013 and 2019, the gender gap in online use rose from 11% to 17%. In least-developed countries over the same period, the gap rose from 30% to 43%.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The full title of Target 5.9 is: "Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: This target has one indicator: Indicator 5.9.1 is the "Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women's empowerment".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Countries should work towards progressive gender equality policies that recognize how structures can enable progress towards women and girls empowerment.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: An annual report is prepared by the Secretary-General of the United Nations evaluating the progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The SDGs face challenges if more attention is not given to addressing governance challenges crucial to their implementation. This involves considering how government, business, non-governmental organizations, civil society and researchers will work together. High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General, a recent one is the UN's High Level Political Forum thematic review of SDG 5.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 also poses a challenge in achieving gender equality. The impact of COVID-19 on women has been:


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: All of these impacts are made worse in contexts where countries have fragile and non-cohesive structures that are able to protect women and girls. The lack of strong institutional and systemic social cohesion continues to undermine the capacity and services needed to progressively achieve gender equality.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The pandemic has affected national statistical systems as data collection operation is now a major workload for statistical agencies in countries with limited resources thereby pushing gender data way down the priority ladder.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Even though SDG 5 is a stand-alone goal, other SDGs can only be achieved if the needs of women receive the same attention as the needs of men. Issues unique to women and girls include traditional practices such as female genital mutilation. Gender equity experts state that without progress on Goal 5, the other goals and targets cannot be achieved. The link between SDG 5 and the other SDGs has been extensively analysed by UN Women's report on gender equality in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: For example, access to decent work and regular income for women directly contributes not only to poverty reduction (SDG 1) but also support better education (SDG 4), zero hunger (SDG 2), good health and wellbeing (SDG 3) outcomes. Eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls (Target 5.2) is not only an essential component of SDG 5 but also critical to ensuring healthy lives and well-being for people of all ages (SDG 3). Women subjected to sexual or physical intimate partner violence are 1.5 times as likely to become infected with HIV (Target 3.3). Environmental degradation (SDG 13) has effects on food production, food safety and economic security of societies that depend on agriculture where women are. Eliminating these and other gender-specific constraints and other forms of discrimination is thus a critical agenda for SDG 5.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Several global organizations have vowed to achieve progress towards SDG 5 in various ways. For example:


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: In the US there are over thirteen thousand tax-exempt organizations working on issues related to UN SDG 5, according to data filed with the Internal Revenue Service –IRS and aggregated by X4Impact. X4Impact, with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, Hewlett Foundation, and Giving Tech Labs, created a free online interactive tool Gender Equality in the US. This online tool enables users to see gender equality related indicators nationally and by state, as well as relevant information for over thirteen thousand tax-exempt organizations in the US working on issues related to UN SDG 5. The nonprofit data in the tool is updated every 15 days while the indicators are updated annually.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: The World Pensions Council (WPC) has insisted on the transformational role gender-diverse boards can play in that regard, predicting that 2018 could be a pivotal year, as "more than ever before, many UK and European Union pension trustees speak enthusiastically about flexing their fiduciary muscles for the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, including SDG 5, and to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 5

text: Some have advocated for "listening to girls". The assertion is that the SDGs can deliver transformative change for girls only if girls are consulted. Their priorities and needs must be taken into account. Girls should be viewed not as beneficiaries of change, but as agents of change. Engaging women and girls in the implementation of the SDGs is crucial.


title: Tiger Management

text: Tiger Management Corp., also known as "The Tiger Fund", is an American hedge fund and family office founded by Julian Robertson. The fund began investing in 1980 and closed in March 2000/01. It continues to operate today in direct public equity investments and seeding new investment funds.


title: Tiger Management

text: Julian Robertson, a stockbroker and former United States Navy officer, started Tiger Management in 1980 with $8 million in capital. By 1996, the fund’s assets had increased to $7.2 billion in value.


title: Tiger Management

text: On April 1, 1996 "BusinessWeek" carried a cover story written by reporter Gary Weiss, called "Fall of the Wizard", that was critical of Robertson's performance and behavior as founder and manager of Tiger Management. Robertson subsequently sued Weiss and "BusinessWeek" for $1 billion for defamation. The suit was settled with no money changing hands and "BusinessWeek" standing by the substance of its reporting.


title: Tiger Management

text: With $10.5 billion of assets under management in 1997, it was the second largest hedge fund in the world at the time. Its holdings climbed to $22 billion in 1998.


title: Tiger Management

text: Tiger's largest equity holding at that time was U.S. Airways, whose troubles dragged down the value of his holdings. Such missteps ultimately led him to close his investment company in March 2000 and return all outside capital to investors. Tiger earlier made $2 billion in gains, but gave most of them back during a huge one-day move in the yen in 1998. In September 2001, Robertson distributed 24.8 million greatly devalued U.S. Airways shares over to former investors in Tiger. Robertson declared his intent to keep the stock. U.S. Airways declared bankruptcy in 2002, and shareholders in the airline were wiped out.


title: Tiger Management

text: After closing his Tiger Fund in 2000, Robertson started to use his own capital, experience, and infrastructure to support and finance ("seed") upcoming hedge fund managers. As of September 2009, Robertson had helped launch 38 hedge funds ("Tiger Seeds") in return for a stake in their fund management companies. Apart from those Tiger Seeds, a considerable number of analysts and managers Robertson employed and mentored at Tiger Management went out on their own and are now running some of the best-known hedge fund firms, called "Tiger Cubs", run by Tiger alumni such as Ole Andreas Halvorsen, Chris Shumway, Lee Ainslie, Stephen Mandel, John Griffin, Philippe Laffont, Dan Morehead, David Gerstenhaber, David Goel, Chase Coleman, Martin Hughes, Bill Hwang and Paul Touradji.


title: Tiger Management

text: "The modern-day emergence of hedge funds can be attributed to a 1986 article in the "Institutional Investor" highlighting the extraordinary returns of the Tiger Fund. The article spurred investor interest and financing; since that time, hedge funds have increasingly attracted investment and human capital."


title: Tiger Management

text: The "Wall Street Journal" reported in June 2010 that Robertson was considering reopening his firm to outside investors. John Townsend, a former partner at Goldman Sachs, was hired as the chief operating officer, and Robertson's son Alex joined the firm. The new hires were part of a potential expansion that could involve creating a "seeding" fund or a fund of hedge funds for outside investors. According to "Institutional Investor" magazine, that year many of the Tiger-seeded funds were struggling.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Frances "Fanny" Brawne Lindon (9 August 1800 – 4 December 1865) is best known as the fiancée and muse to English Romantic poet John Keats. As Fanny Brawne, she met Keats, who was her neighbour in Hampstead, at the beginning of his brief period of intense creative activity in 1818. Although his first written impressions of Brawne were quite critical, his imagination seems to have turned her into the goddess-figure he needed to worship, as expressed in "Endymion", and scholars have acknowledged her as his muse.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: They became secretly engaged in October 1819, but Keats soon discovered that he was suffering from tuberculosis. His condition limited their opportunities to meet, but their correspondence revealed passionate devotion. In September 1820, he left for the warmer climate of Rome, and her mother agreed to their marrying on his projected return, but he died there in February 1821, aged twenty-five.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Brawne drew consolation from her continuing friendship with Keats' younger sister, who was also called Fanny. Brawne later married and bore three children, whom she entrusted with the intimate letters Keats had written to her. When these were published in 1878, it was the first time the public had heard of Brawne, and they aroused interest among literary scholars. But they attracted much venom from the press, which declared her to have been unworthy of such a distinguished figure. By contrast, the later publication of Keats' letters to Brawne showed her in a more favourable light, greatly improving her reputation.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Frances (known as Fanny) Brawne was born 9 August 1800 to Samuel and Frances at the Brawnes’ farm near the hamlet of West End, close to Hampstead, England. She was the eldest of three surviving children; her brother Samuel was born July 1804, and her sister Margaret was born April 1809 (John and Jane, two other siblings, died in infancy). By 1810, her family was in Kentish Town, and on 11 April of that year her father died, at age thirty-five, of consumption. Subsequently, Mrs. Brawne moved the family to Hampstead Heath.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: It was in 1818 that the Brawnes went to Wentworth Place—“a block of two houses, white-stuccoed and semi-detached, built three years before by Charles Armitage Brown and Charles Wentworth Dilke”—for the summer, occupying Brown's half of the property. Fanny was introduced to a society which was “varied and attractive; young officers from the Peninsular Wars, perhaps from Waterloo... exotic French and Spanish "émigrés" ...from their lodgings round Oriel House in Church Row and the chapel in Holly Place.” After living at Wentworth Place for a brief time the Brawnes became friends with the Dilkes.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: At eighteen, Fanny Brawne “was small, her eyes were blue and often enhanced by blue ribbons in her brown hair; her mouth expressed determination and a sense of humour and her smile was disarming. She was not conventionally beautiful: her nose was a little too aquiline, her face too pale and thin (some called it sallow). But she knew the value of elegance; velvet hats and muslin bonnets, crêpe hats with argus feathers, straw hats embellished with grapes and tartan ribbons: Fanny noticed them all as they came from Paris. She could answer, at a moment’s notice, any question on historical costume. ... Fanny enjoyed music. ... She was an eager politician, fiery in discussion; she was a voluminous reader. ... Indeed, books were her favourite topic of conversation”.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: It was through the Dilkes that Fanny Brawne met John Keats in November 1818 at Wentworth Place. Their initial meeting was cordial and expected—the Dilkes were fond of Keats and spoke of him to the Brawnes often. Fanny enjoyed his company, recalling that “his conversation was in the highest degree interesting and his spirits good, excepting at moments when anxiety regarding his brother’s health dejected them”; On 1 December 1818, Keats's younger brother Tom died of tuberculosis, at age nineteen. Keats's grief was deep, as “Some years before, Keats had written that his love for his brothers was “an affection ‘passing the Love of Women’” ... Fanny showed him the depth of her understanding. She gave him invigorating sympathy, keeping his mind from the past and from introspection; she encouraged his love of life by her obvious interest in him, and by her vivacity. Remarkably soon his own gaiety returned.”


title: Fanny Brawne

text: In a letter begun 16 December 1818 to his brother George, in America, Keats mentions Fanny in two separate passages. The first: "Mrs. Brawn who took Brown's house for the summer still resides in Hampstead. She is a very nice woman and her daughter senior is I think beautiful, elegant, graceful, silly, fashionable and strange. We have a little tiff now and then—and she behaves a little better, or I must have sheered off" ; the second: "—Shall I give you Miss Brawn[e]? She is about my height—with a fine style of countenance of the lengthen'd sort—she wants sentiment in every feature—she manages to make her hair look well—her nostrills are fine—though a little painful—he[r] mouth is bad and good—he[r] Profil is better than her full-face which indeed is not full [b]ut pale and thin without showing any bone—Her shape is very graceful and so are her movements—her Arms are good her hands badish—her feet tolerable—she is not seventeen—but she is ignorant—monstrous in her behaviour flying out in all directions, calling people such names—that I was forced lately to make use of the term "Minx"—this is I think no[t] from any innate vice but from a penchant she has for acting stylishly. I am however tired of such style and shall decline any more of it"


title: Fanny Brawne

text: It was not long before Keats fell completely in love with Fanny. “He had transfigured Fanny in his imagination, his passion creating in her the beauty which for him became the truth; and so she had come to be... the fulfilment of "Endymion", the very symbol of beauty, the reconciliation between real life and his poetic quest.” On 18 October 1819, Keats proposed to Fanny Brawne, who accepted. Though a significant event in their lives, they did their best to keep it secret. Fanny's mother would not be so welcoming of the engagement: Keats had given up a career in medicine to pursue poetry, which, at this point in his life, did not seem to have great prospects. His family had been stricken with illness, and he was unable to sustain himself financially. Her mother did not outright forbid the marriage, but she withheld her legal consent until such time as there was financial stability to match the couple's emotional bond.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Keats, by February, was at Wentworth Place, where Fanny visited him frequently and occasionally met his friends, one of whom was Joseph Severn. However, “as Keats could not dance and was too unwell to take her out himself, she went to parties with army officers. Through the Dilkes and her mother’s wide circle of friends she received many invitations,” which caused Keats significant anxiety. This constant presence—which he did not dislike—distracted him from poetry; and although he had in May what is regarded as some of the most productive time of his poetic life, he left for the Isle of Wight in June. Over the next months Fanny and Keats carried on an emotional, anxious, and somewhat jealous correspondence; he wrote of love and death, and in between letters he wrote and revised poems. He returned to Wentworth Place in 1819, physically and emotionally unwell.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: In early February 1820, Keats went to London and “returned late, cold and feverish. He staggered so badly that Brown thought him drunk. As he got into bed he coughed slightly, and seeing a single drop of blood upon the sheet said to Brown, ‘I know the colour of that blood;—it is arterial blood ... that drop of blood is my death warrant.’ Later that night, a large lung haemorrhage followed that almost suffocated him. All he could think of was Fanny.” Fanny seldom visited Keats in person over the next month for fear of his delicate health giving out, but occasionally would pass by his window after walks, and the two often wrote notes to each other.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: In May 1820 Keats decided to leave for Kentish Town; and, over the next months, the two continued an emotional correspondence. Doctors had urged him to relocate to Italy for recovery, as another English winter would most likely prove deadly. He returned, for the last time, to Wentworth Place on 10 August 1820.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Even the imminence of his leaving for Italy (which was to happen in a month’s time) did not move Fanny’s mother to grant her consent to their marriage. She did, however, promise that “when Keats returned he should marry Fanny and live with them.” On 11 September 1820, Fanny wrote Keats's farewell to his sister, also named Frances; and “with [Fanny’s] consent he destroyed the letters she had sent him.” Before leaving, they exchanged gifts: “perhaps at parting, he offered her his copy of "The Cenci" and the treasured facsimile of the folio Shakespeare in which he had written his comments and the sonnet on "King Lear". He gave her an Etruscan lamp and his miniature, the perfect likeness which Severn had painted of him... Fanny gave him a new pocket-book, a paper-knife, and a lock of her hair, taking one of his own in exchange. She lined his travelling cap with silk, keeping some material in remembrance. She gave him, too, a final token, an oval white cornelian.” Stanley Plumly writes that this good-bye, on 13 September 1820, was “the most problematic... the equivalent, in Keats’s mind, of leaving life and entering what he will now call, in earnest, his posthumous existence.”


title: Fanny Brawne

text: On 1 December 1820 Brown received a letter from Keats, which he read to the Brawnes, "skipping & adding, without the slightest suspicion on their part," telling Fanny that if Keats's spirit improved, Severn expected an early recovery”; this illusion was sustained, and all of the worst news was kept from Fanny. On 17 February John Taylor, one of Keats's social circle, received a letter from Severn detailing Keats's suffering; “The doctor said that he should never have left England, for even then he had been incurable; the journey had shortened his life and increased his pain. ... Severn had tried to comfort him with thoughts of spring. It was the season Keats loved best, and he would not know it again. Bitterly he wept. “He kept continually in his hand a polished, oval, white cornelian, the gift of his widowing love, and at times it seemed his only consolation, the only thing left him in this world clearly tangible.”” Fanny wrote to Frances Keats on 26 February, “All I do is to persuade myself, I shall never see him again.” “Late on Saturday, March 17, the news reached Wentworth Place. On Friday, February 23, a little before midnight, Keats had died in Severn's arms” in Rome.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Fanny Brawne cut her hair short, donned black clothing, and wore the ring Keats had given her. “A letter from Severn to Taylor reached Hampstead about April 16, and Fanny learned how the Italian health authorities had burned the furniture in Keats's room, scraped the walls and made new windows and doors and floor. She read of the post mortem and the funeral near the monument of Caius Cestius and how Dr. Clark had made the men plant daisies on the grave, saying that Keats would have wished it. Unknown to her family, slowly and with great pain she copied the account of his last days; she did not seal it because his sister might want to read it but she could not read it again.” Fanny felt that the only person with whom she could fully share her grief was Frances Keats and the two carried on correspondence that lasted quite some time. In autumn 1821 Fanny visited the young Keats in Walthamstow, where she was in the care of the Abbeys and the two revelled in each other's company. Their constant communication allowed them to develop a close friendship. Eventually Fanny shared with “Keats’s sister a little of the literary companionship which she had once known with him.”


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Two years after the death of Keats, Fanny began learning Italian and translating short stories from the German, eventually publishing them in various magazines. Frances Keats, having come of age around this time, left the Abbeys and went to live with the Brawnes, where she was warmly welcomed.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Fanny came out of mourning in 1827, six years after Keats's death. She rejoined society and donned brighter, gayer clothing again. This post-mourning period was to be short-lived; her younger brother Samuel, age twenty-three, had been showing signs of “consumption” (as tuberculosis was then often called). Samuel grew increasingly ill, and on 28 March 1828 he died. Fanny's mother, who never fully recovered from Samuel's death, made her will in October 1829. On 23 November 1829, Mrs. Brawne died, some days after her dress caught fire as she led a guest across their garden by candlelight.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Around 1833, the Brawnes went to reside with a family (the Bakers) in Boulogne. It was here that Fanny met Louis Lindo; and, on 15 June 1833, more than twelve years after Keats's death, they married. On 26 July 1834, Fanny's first son, Edmund, was born; and on 22 May 1838 her second son Herbert was born. On 10 August 1844, her only daughter Margaret was born, in Heidelberg, where they had gone to live. It was there, she met Thomas Medwin, who was a cousin and biographer of Percy Bysshe Shelley and the writer of a controversial recollection of Lord Byron. Fanny collaborated with him to correct the impression, provided by Mary Shelley in her "Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments" (1840), that Keats had gone insane in his final days. Lindo showed letters to Medwin that suggested otherwise, and Medwin used this new knowledge in his "Life of Shelley" (1847), where he published extracts from these letters by Keats himself and his friend Joseph Severn.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: In 1859, after many years abroad, the Lindons (as they had started calling themselves) returned to England. Financial troubles towards the end of her life led Fanny to sell her miniature of Keats to Charles Dilke. In the autumn of 1865, Fanny told her children about her time with Keats and entrusted to them the relics from that romance, including the letters Keats had written to her, which she said would “someday be considered of value.”


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Following the death of their father on 21 October 1872, Fanny's children Herbert and Margaret Lindon set about looking for potential buyers of their mother's relics. After negotiations with the Dilke family and R. M. Milnes, Herbert decided to publish the letters in book form and auction them some time after. “In February 1878 appeared a slim, elegantly designed volume of under two hundred pages. Edited with an introduction by another of the day’s prominent literary men, Harry Buxton Forman, it was entitled simply "Letters of John Keats to Fanny Brawne."” This move proved shrewd as the publication of the letters caused much interest in England and America. The letters were sold in March 1885 for £543 17s.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: The publication and subsequent auction of Keats's letters led to more than just interest in the affair—Fanny Brawne was attacked as unfit to be the object of Keats's affection. Sir Charles Dilke, in a review of the collection of letters in the "Athenaeum", “calls the book “the greatest impeachment of a woman’s sense of womanly delicacy to be found in the history of literature.”” Louise Imogen Guiney remarked in 1890 that “Fanny “was vain and shallow, she was almost a child; the gods denied her the ‘seeing eye,’ and made her unaware.” Seventy years after the poet’s death, “most of us are soberly thankful that he escaped betimes from his own heart’s desire, and his worst impending peril, Mrs. Keats.”” Richard Le Gallienne wrote that “it is certainly a particularly ironical paradox that the lady irritatingly associated with (Keats’s) name should be the least congruous of all the many commonplace women transfigured by the genius they could not understand, and the love of which they were not worthy... Fame, that loves to humour its poets, has consented to glorify the names of many unimportant poor relations of genius, but there has never been a more significant name upon its lips than the name of Fanny Brawne... One writes so, remembering... the tortures to which she subjected a noble spirit with her dancing-class coquetries.”


title: Fanny Brawne

text: In 1934, a collector of Keats donated his collection to the Keats Memorial House, Hampstead, on the condition that he should remain anonymous. Included in the donation were the letters that Fanny Brawne had written to Frances (Fanny) Keats between September 1820 and June 1824. In 1937, Oxford University Press published "Letters of Fanny Brawne to Fanny Keats"; and Fred Edgcumbe, editor of the volume and curator of the Keats Memorial House, commented in his introduction that “Those who believed in Fanny Brawne’s devotion to Keats have the satisfaction of knowing that their faith has at last been justified.” It did not take long for this idea to take general hold. “A leading critic, to then an archfoe of Fanny’s, almost gladly announced his capitulation. “I have seized the opportunity,” explained John Middleton Murry, “of considering anew the character of Fanny Brawne and the nature of her influence on Keats.” After reviewing what he’d written about her twenty-five years before, he says, “I have had the deep satisfaction of being able completely to recant the harsh judgment I then passed upon her."” This sentiment has remained strong, as “in 1993 appeared a book discussing Keats’s “Poetics, Letters, and Life.” It ends with a chapter on the notorious love-letters... Fanny is approved as a paragon among women, “unsentimental, clear-sighted, frank, inquisitive, animated, kind, and invigorating. Her beauty resonated with the grace that comes of insight and deep abiding affection.””


title: Fanny Brawne

text: According to Amy Leal, Jane Campion’s film about Keats’s and Brawne’s relationship “reflects the critical transformations in Brawne scholarship in recent years,” painting her as “the steadfast “Bright Star” of Keats's sonnet, and it is Keats who is fickle, torn between his vocation and Fanny... she is La Belle Dame without the nightmare thralldom, witty and chic but also deeply kind and maternal, an aspect of her character that is often missed in readings of her.”


title: Fanny Brawne

text: John Evangelist Walsh presents a more moderate approach to Fanny. He remarks that the letters, rather than completely doing away with what had been implied in Keats’s letters to her, “briefly illuminate another side of the girl’s character, those quieter personal qualities which had helped attract Keats in the first place but which were not always uppermost. Certainly the letters show her to have been, as Edgcumbe said, intelligent, observant, perceptive, though not unusually so, not to the “remarkable” extent perceived by their well-disposed editor.”


title: Fanny Brawne

text: There is a letter Fanny wrote to Charles Brown in 1829, granting him permission to reproduce for biographical purposes some letters and poems of Keats's concerning his relationship with her without using her name, which has caused scholars attempting to fit it into her life considerable difficulty—so much so, that the letter is virtually ignored in some major Keats biographies and written off as unimportant in others.


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Of this letter, there are two passages in particular on which critics tend to focus. In the first, which is crossed out in the original manuscript, Fanny tells Brown: “I was more generous ten years ago, I should not now endure the odium of being connected with one who was working up his way against poverty and every sort of abuse.” The second, which is not crossed out, reads: “I should be glad if you could disprove I was a very poor judge of character ten years ago and probably overrated every good quality he had but surely they go too far on the other side.”


title: Fanny Brawne

text: Joanna Richardson writes of the first remark: “One sentence, removed from its context and published by Dilke’s grandson in 1875, was to rouse the indignation of half-informed critics for more than sixty years”; and that “it suggests the prolonged strain which she had felt during her engagement, and the emotional disturbance caused by her mother's recent death, but it is no evidence of a final change of heart.” Walsh interprets the second remark to say just the opposite of what Richardson had argued: “Fanny is saying that, looking back, she finds her former high opinion of Keats as a man is no longer warranted: she had “overrated” him. As to why she changed her mind, there exists no direct hint (though it at least deserves recording that in the meantime she had become a fairly wealthy woman, inheriting from her brother who died in 1828, and from her mother). There are only her remarks about being “more generous” ten years before, and about not liking to recall how she once gave her heart to a little-known young poet struggling to find his way”.


title: John Clay Walker

text: John Clay Walker (October 5, 1948 – January 30, 1985) was an American journalist and aspiring novelist who was abducted, tortured and murdered in Mexico by members of the Guadalajara Cartel under orders of their leader Rafael Caro Quintero. Caro Quintero suspected Walker of working as an undercover U.S. Drug Enforcement Agent (DEA) while he lived in Guadalajara, Jalisco.


title: John Clay Walker

text: John Clay Walker was born in Washington D.C. at Walter Reed Hospital. In 1968, Walker enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. He was honorably discharged after being wounded twice in Vietnam, for which he received two Purple Hearts. Taking advantage of the G.I. Bill, Walker attended the University of Minnesota and earned a B.A. in Journalism in 1976. Throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, Walker worked as a reporter and photographer at small papers in Minnesota and Iowa. In 1983, Walker and his family relocated to Guadalajara, Mexico for a sabbatical year so that Walker could pursue a career as a novelist full-time.


title: John Clay Walker

text: On January 30, 1985, John Walker and his friend Albert Radelat were planning on going to dinner at a Guadalajara restaurant when they accidentally walked into one of Rafael Caro Quintero's private parties. The two Americans were mistaken for DEA agents and taken to a store room. There they were interrogated and tortured with ice picks. Walker died on the scene from blunt force trauma to the head. Radelat was still alive when the men were wrapped in table cloths and taken to the San Isidro Mazatepec Park in Zapopan and buried. The bodies of the men were found six months later. The authorities believe that Caro Quintero had mistaken Walker and Radelat for U.S. undercover agents.


title: John Clay Walker

text: Walker is survived by his wife and two daughters. He is buried at Ft. Snelling National Cemetery in Minneapolis, Minnesota.


title: John Clay Walker

text: Walker was portrayed in the series "" by Brian Buckley. His murder is depicted in the 7th episode, "Jefe de Jefes".


title: Massless particle

text: In particle physics, a massless particle is an elementary particle whose invariant mass is zero. There are two known gauge boson massless particles: the photon (carrier of electromagnetism) and the gluon (carrier of the strong force). However, gluons are never observed as free particles, since they are confined within hadrons. In addition the Weyl semimetal or Weyl fermion discovered in 2015 is also massless.


title: Massless particle

text: Neutrinos were originally thought to be massless. However, because neutrinos change flavor as they travel, at least two of the types of neutrinos must have mass. The discovery of this phenomenon, known as neutrino oscillation, led to Canadian scientist Arthur B. McDonald and Japanese scientist Takaaki Kajita sharing the 2015 Nobel prize in physics.


title: Jared Gilman

text: Jared T. Raynor Gilman (born December 28, 1998) is an American actor best known for his role as Sam Shakusky in the 2012 Wes Anderson film "Moonrise Kingdom", which earned him a 2013 Young Artist Award nomination as Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film.


title: Jared Gilman

text: A resident of South Orange, New Jersey, Gilman has attended Chatham Day School and Newark Academy in Livingston, New Jersey. He was on his school's golf club. He currently attends Tisch School of the Arts at New York University.


title: Jared Gilman

text: Gilman got his first professional acting role as Sam Shakusky in "Moonrise Kingdom" at age 12. In preparation for the film, Gilman studied canoeing, cooking over an open fire, and Clint Eastwood's character in "Escape from Alcatraz". In 2016 he appeared in "Paterson", once again alongside Kara Hayward.


title: Richie Cunningham

text: Richard J. Cunningham is a fictional character played by Ron Howard in the 1970s TV sitcom "Happy Days". He is the second son of Howard and Marion Cunningham, brother of Joanie Cunningham and Chuck Cunningham, and a friend of Fonzie, Ralph Malph, and Potsie Weber. Richie was the original lead character, but was supplanted by Fonzie when that character's popularity came to dwarf that of Richie and the other characters (however, Ron Howard and Henry Winkler (Fonzie) continued to share top billing in the opening credits of the show).


title: Richie Cunningham

text: Richie Cunningham's personality was that of the quintessential All-American, 1950s teenager. With his red hair and freckles, he bore more than a passing resemblance to Howdy Doody (as noted in the episode "The Howdy Doody Show"). Occasionally he got into trouble, usually in some scheme designed to attract women, but he was never portrayed as malicious; instead, he was shown as wholesome and caring.


title: Richie Cunningham

text: Many of the episodes revolved around Richie's attempts to pick up women. Despite his demeanor as a clean-cut teenager, he was not above scheming to get a date. Examples of his previous attempts include buying a new car and joining a local gang. Whenever he was feeling particularly lucky—especially when he spotted a prospective girlfriend—he would sing Fats Domino's "I found my thrill...on Blueberry Hill". When he became angry or annoyed, he would call any nemesis "bucko", even going as far as calling Fonzie this on several occasions. He even called his father, Howard, "bucko" once, in anger, though he quickly apologized for it.


title: Richie Cunningham

text: Richie also harbored an enormous ambition as a writer. He first wrote for the "Jefferson High Bugle", and then later became a cub reporter for the "Milwaukee Journal", although in the first-season episode "Because She's There" he told his blind date, Phyllis, that he wanted to eventually go to law school and become a lawyer.


title: Richie Cunningham

text: Throughout the series' run, Richie remained best friends with Fonzie, Ralph Malph, and Potsie Weber. He was always ready to help any of these friends if they got into trouble. He also looked after his younger sister Joanie as she grew up. In the first season, it was revealed that he and Potsie were best friends and grew up together since childhood; this was alluded to again in the seventh-season episode, "A Potsie Is Born."


title: Richie Cunningham

text: After high school, Richie went to the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and soon met his girlfriend and future wife Lori Beth Allen in a library. Richie studied journalism at the university and always remained alert for any opportunity to further his writing career.


title: Richie Cunningham

text: After graduating from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee; he, along with Ralph, served a short stint in the U.S. Army and was stationed in Greenland. While overseas, he married Lori Beth by telephone, with Fonzie standing in as proxy for the absent Richie. Lori Beth visited Richie in Greenland long enough to get pregnant. Their son was named Richie Jr.


title: Richie Cunningham

text: In the final season of the series, Richie (with Lori Beth and Richie Jr.) and Ralph returned home from the Army. Howard had got Richie a job as a reporter for the Milwaukee Journal, something Richie had always wanted, but Richie had a new dream of becoming a screenwriter. Richie moved to Hollywood with Lori Beth and his child to find work as a screenwriter. They later returned in the series finale for Joanie and Chachi's wedding.


title: Richie Cunningham

text: In the TV series "True Story with Ed & Randall", Gastor describes the police officer who pulls him over as Richie Cunningham (in the sixth episode).


title: Tom Everett

text: Tom Everett (born October 21, 1948) is an American actor known for his performances in political films such as "Air Force One" and "Thirteen Days".