title: Stuart Dallas

text: A run of starts for Brentford since January 2015 saw Dallas called up for matches versus Scotland and Finland in late March 2015. He won his first full international cap in nearly four years against Scotland on 25 March, playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 defeat. On 31 May 2015, Dallas combined with Will Grigg to score his first ever international goal in a 1–1 draw with Qatar at Gresty Road (Crewe, England).


title: Stuart Dallas

text: On 8 October 2015, Northern Ireland qualified for UEFA Euro 2016 in France, beating Greece 3–1. It was the first time in 30 years that Northern Ireland had qualified for a major tournament, with Dallas playing a crucial role in qualifying. On 18 May 2016, Dallas was selected as part of the provisional 27-man squad for the Euro 2016 competition, and ten days later was named in the final 23-man squad. Dallas came on as a half time substitute for Paddy McNair in Northern Ireland's 1–0 loss in their opening UEFA Euro 2016 game against Poland on 12 June 2016. On 16 June, he started in their 2–0 victory over Ukraine and his parried shot fell to Niall McGinn to score Northern Ireland's second goal in the sixth minute of second-half stoppage time.


title: Stuart Dallas

text: On 10 June 2017, Dallas scored the winner for Northern Ireland in their 1–0 2018 World Cup qualifying victory against Azerbaijan. Dallas played 8 times in World Cup qualification Group C as Northern Ireland finished 2nd in the group and progressed to the second qualification round. Dallas started both legs of the two-legged tie against Switzerland as Northern Ireland lost 1–0 on aggregate and missed out on qualification to the World Cup.


title: Stuart Dallas

text: Dallas played 9 times in Euro 2020 qualifying Group C as they failed to qualify for the tournament, losing to Slovakia after extra time in the Path B play-off final.


title: Stuart Dallas

text: Dallas has been noted for his versatility, with Dallas able to play as a full-back or winger on either side of the pitch or as a central midfielder and having once played in five positions in the same match for Northern Ireland. Former Leeds manager David O'Leary stated that "the big thing about him is the way he is adaptable to so many positions and, when he has to play in all those different positions, he doesn't let the side down in any way". He has often been described as a utility player, with Darren Bent describing him as "probably the best utility man in history". Crusaders manager Stephen Baxter stated that "he could play left-wing, right-wing, centre-forward or the number 10. People have had him playing left-back and right-back but any position works for him because of his great athleticism to get around the park and his brain."


title: Stuart Dallas

text: Dallas is the younger brother of fellow footballer Marcus Dallas, who played for Loughgall. After getting engaged in 2013, Dallas married his long-term partner Juneve Lamont in June 2016, having been in a relationship with her from the age of 16 when they both attended Cookstown High School. He and his wife have three children.


title: Nonpoint

text: Nonpoint is an American rock band from Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The band currently consists of vocalist Elias Soriano, drummer Robb Rivera, lead guitarist Jaysin Zeilstra, rhythm guitarist Rasheed Thomas, and bassist Adam Woloszyn.


title: Nonpoint

text: Nonpoint was formed January 30, 1997 emerging from the popular burgeoning South Florida metal scene of the mid-to-late 1990s by drummer Robb Rivera and vocalist Elias Soriano. The name Nonpoint came from a Believer song named "Nonpoint." Soriano recalls: "I dug the name so I started using it around that time. It has no real meaning to us. It has something to do with pollution, but to us it just sounded cool." The band self-released their first album, "Separate Yourself" in late 1997. The band's first commercially released album "Struggle" was released on May 18, 1999, on the now-defunct Jugular Records.


title: Nonpoint

text: The band released their debut major label album "Statement" on October 10, 2000, via MCA Records. To promote the album, as well as the band on a nationwide scale, Nonpoint toured with such artists as Hed PE, Mudvayne, Fuel, Taproot, and Drowning Pool, with their main tour appearing on the United States leg of the 2001 Ozzfest tour. A year after its release, the album entered the "Billboard" 200 charts, where it peaked at No. 166. The first single from the album, "What a Day", peaked at No. 24 on the Mainstream Rock charts.


title: Nonpoint

text: Nonpoint's second album "Development" was released on June 25, 2002. The album entered the Billboard charts at No. 52, with the first single released from the album, "Your Signs", peaking at No. 36 on the Mainstream Rock charts. Nonpoint completed a successful second appearance at Ozzfest, during the Donington Park leg of the European tour. Other tours included Sevendust on the first Locobazooka tour, dates with Filter, Sunset Black, and Papa Roach. A second single, "Circles", was featured in NASCAR Thunder 2003, as well as the soundtrack for Hot Wheels AcceleRacers.


title: Nonpoint

text: Two years after the release of "Development", Nonpoint released their third major album "Recoil" on August 3, 2004, via their new label Lava Records. The album entered the Billboard charts at No. 115. The album's first single, "The Truth", peaked at No. 22 on the Mainstream Rock charts. Another single, "Rabia" was later released.


title: Nonpoint

text: After departing from Lava Records, Nonpoint signed with independent label Bieler Bros. Records. The label's co-owner, Jason Bieler, produced the band's previous three albums. Nonpoint re-emerged with their fourth major album "To the Pain" on November 8, 2005. The album entered the Billboard charts at No. 147, with approximately 9,000 copies sold during its first week of release. The single, "Bullet with a Name", peaked at No. 22 on the Mainstream Rock charts and was featured on the game "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007" and 2007 film "The Condemned". The album's second single, "Alive and Kicking", peaked at No. 25. The song was also featured on the game "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007". "In the Air Tonight", which was previously featured on the "Recoil" album, was the theme song for the "Miami Vice" movie. It made a belated appearance on the Mainstream Rock charts, peaking at No. 34. Beginning in late 2005, Nonpoint toured extensively with Sevendust for three months, later concluding the tour in New Hampshire. Nonpoint toured on the third annual Music as a Weapon Tour with Disturbed, Stone Sour and Flyleaf. The band also did tours with Sevendust and Buckcherry.


title: Nonpoint

text: Nonpoint released a CD and DVD set, "Live and Kicking", on November 7, 2006. The live album was recorded at the band's April 29, 2006, show in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The album sold 3,475 copies during its first week of release.


title: Nonpoint

text: On November 6, 2007, Nonpoint released their fifth major album, "Vengeance", under Bieler Bros. Records. The album sold 8,400 copies in the first week. Vengeance peaked at 129th on the Billboard charts. The first single, "March of War", was released early on the band's Myspace page, as well as a sample of the lead track "Wake Up World". For the second year in a row one of their songs was featured in the franchise of "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008". The song was a remix of "Everybody Down" from the album.


title: Nonpoint

text: They went on the first ever Great American Rampage Tour. Nonpoint headlined the What Does Not Kill You tour with 12 Stones and Anew Revolution. The band announced that in February 2009 they would embark on a tour with Mudvayne and In This Moment.


title: Nonpoint

text: On January 20, 2009, drummer Robb Rivera announced that the band had parted ways with Bieler Bros. and were seeking a new label and management. Nonpoint later signed on with Split Media LLC.


title: Nonpoint

text: Nonpoint recorded demos in Phoenix in May 2009. Nonpoint released a new acoustic EP digitally through their own label, 954 Records, on December 8. Dubbed, "Cut The Cord", the outing features acoustic renditions of "What a Day", "Circles", "Rabia", "Victim", and "Your Signs".


title: Nonpoint

text: Nonpoint streamed a cover of Pantera's "5 Minutes Alone" on their MySpace. The track is a bonus track for the "Metal Hammer" magazine tribute to "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott which was made available on December 16. The Pantera cover was later featured on their sixth studio album, "Miracle".


title: Nonpoint

text: The band started work on their sixth studio album in late 2009, with plans to release it early to mid-2010. In February 2010, they released the first single and title track off the new album, "Miracle", along with a release date of April 27. About a month later, the release was pushed back a week to May 4.


title: Nonpoint

text: At the time of its release, "Miracle" was No. 59 on the "Billboard 200", the second highest debut of the band's career, also reaching No. 5 on the Rock Albums chart in the week following the release. The second single, "Frontlines", was released in August, and was inspired by the military and their daily risk-taking to protect the United States.


title: Nonpoint

text: During late February and early March, the band performed at Soundwave in Australia. This marked the first time the band had played there in their career. They also released a free download of their cover of Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean".


title: Nonpoint

text: The "Icon" compilation—part of a series released by the label with other artists—spanned the band's earlier major label work and included a number of rarities, including an acoustic version of their song "What a Day", plus the rare songs "Across The Line" and "Pickle". The set surfaced through UMG on April 5. The song "Across the Line" made its appearance in NASCAR Thunder 2004 before appearing in the greatest hits album.


title: Nonpoint

text: The band stated that they had been writing new music and that they planned to start recording a new album at the end of the year through Razor & Tie. They released a free advanced mix of a song off the album titled "I Said It". Another track, "Left For You" was later released.


title: Nonpoint

text: It was confirmed through Nonpoint's Facebook page that they would be recording for a DVD when they play their show in their hometown on May 8.


title: Nonpoint

text: Nonpoint completed the recording process for their self-titled seventh studio album with producer Johnny K. The band released the song "I Said It", and made plans to tour with Call Me No One.


title: Nonpoint

text: The band later announced that the album would be released on September 18, 2012. It was pushed to October 9, 2012. Nonpoint released a music video for Left For You on October 1, 2012.


title: Nonpoint

text: In early January 2014, Nonpoint announced on Facebook that they were working on a new album: "Update. We are writing a new album. Really blown away with what we have done so far. If you liked the last album then you will dig this new stuff. From what I can hear we are digging deeper into our influences. Really exciting."


title: Nonpoint

text: Nonpoint signed with Metal Blade Records for areas outside of North America. They remain signed to Razor & Tie for North American releases.


title: Nonpoint

text: The band's new album titled "The Return" was released on September 30, 2014. Also Nonpoint released the song "Breaking Skin" as the album's lead single on August 12, 2014. Not long after the album's release, BC Kochmit (Eye Empire, Switched) took over Dave Lizzio's role as Nonpoint's lead guitarist.


title: Nonpoint

text: While playing a show at Amos Southend in Charlotte, North Carolina on the Crack the Sky tour with 10 Years, the band revealed they had begun work on their ninth studio album and that they would enter begin recording in February 2016. It was announced on October 15, 2015, that the band had signed with Spinefarm Records. In early May the band announced the 14-track album and the first song, "Generation Idiot" via their official Facebook page. "The Poison Red" was released on July 8, 2016. Nonpoint revealed plans to take a hiatus from touring in 2018.


title: Nonpoint

text: The band's tenth album, "X", was released on August 24, 2018. The band released a lyric video for the song "Dodge Your Destiny" on June 22 while simultaneously releasing "Chaos and Earthquakes" as the first radio single, with an official video for the latter premiering on the band's YouTube channel on August 16.


title: Nonpoint

text: In April 2021, Nonpoint announced that they had created their own independent record label called 361 Degrees Records.


title: Nonpoint

text: Nonpoint have been described as groove metal, hard rock, heavy metal, rap metal, nu metal, and alternative metal. When asked if he viewed Nonpoint as a metal band or a rock band, vocalist Elias Soriano stated "Both, I think. A heavy rock band. Yeah, we're definitely both. We don't try to pigeonhole ourselves."


title: Nonpoint

text: Originally playing an aggressive style, Nonpoint moved to more melodic sounds with their 2002 album "Development", due to pressure from their record label MCA. The 2004 album "Recoil" marked a return to the band's heavier roots. In a 2000 interview, Soriano reflected on the band's musical influences, stating "We all have a lot of separate influences. My drummer comes from a more metal/hardcore background. My bass player is from the straight edge hardcore, Earth Crisis, Hatebreed, stuff like that. My guitar player is really into Stevie Ray Vaughan and blues and a lot of industrial stuff like Nine Inch Nails. Me personally, I grew up on a lot of R&B, a lot of rap. I'm into that smooth, soulful sound."


title: Nonpoint

text: Nonpoint frequently use frog symbolism (specifically that of the coquí, a group of several species native to Puerto Rico) on their album covers, as well as in vocal samples in "Development".


title: Old Tom Parr

text: Thomas "Old Tom" Parr ( (reputedly) – 13 November 1635) was an Englishman who was said to have lived for 152 years. A portrait of Parr hangs at Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery, with an inscription which reads "Thomas Parr died at the age of 152 years 19 days ["sic"]" "The old very old man or Thomas Parr, son of John Parr of Winnington in the Parish of Alberbury who was born in the year 1483 in Rayne of King Edward IV being 152 years old in the year 1635." The portrait was once in the collection of the Leighton family of Loton Park, which is in Alberbury.


title: Old Tom Parr

text: Records vary, but Parr was allegedly born around 1482 or 1483, although he may have been born as recently as c. 1565, in the parish of Alberbury; he lived in the small hamlet of Winnington in what is called now Old Parr's Cottage Shropshire. He existed and even thrived on a diet of "subrancid cheese and milk in every form, coarse and hard bread and small drink, generally sour whey," as the physician William Harvey wrote. "On this sorry fare, but living in his home, free from care, did this poor man attain to such length of days." He married Jane Taylor at the claimed age of 80 and had two children, both of whom died in infancy.


title: Old Tom Parr

text: Tom Parr purportedly had an affair when he was more than 100 years old, and fathered a child born out of wedlock, for which he had to do public penance in the church porch. After the death of his first wife at the alleged age of 110, he married Jane Lloyd, a widow, at the alleged age of 122. They lived together for twelve years, with Jane commenting that he never showed any signs of age or infirmity. As news of his reported age spread, 'Old Parr' became a national celebrity and was painted by Rubens and Van Dyck.


title: Old Tom Parr

text: In 1635, Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, visited Parr and took him to London to meet King Charles I, presented as a "curious piece of nature". The Earl arranged for Parr's daughter-in-law to accompany him on the southward trip, as well as an entertainer known as Jack the Fool, to amuse Parr on the journey. The carriage and escort attracted large crowds as it travelled towards London, with people stifling the old man in an attempt to touch him and hear him speak. By the time he finally arrived in the capital, Parr was reportedly blind and feeble. King Charles I was reported to have asked Parr: "Master Parr, you have lived longer than other men. What have you done more than other men?" He replied that he had performed penance for an affair with Catherine Milton, a village maiden. The King was stern, stating: "Fie, fie old man. Can you remember nothing but your vices?"


title: Old Tom Parr

text: Parr was treated as a spectacle in London, but the food and environment caused him to die within only a few weeks, on 13 November 1635. The King arranged for him to be buried in Westminster Abbey on . The inscription of his gravestone reads:


title: Old Tom Parr

text: William Harvey (1578–1657), the physician who discovered the circulation of the blood, performed an autopsy on Parr's body. The results were published in the book "De ortu et natura sanguinis" by John Betts as an attachment. Harvey examined Parr's body and found all his internal organs to be in a perfect state. No apparent cause of death could be determined, and it was assumed that Parr had simply died of overexposure because he had been too well fed. A modern interpretation of the results of the autopsy suggests that Parr was probably less than 70 years of age.


title: Old Tom Parr

text: It is possible that Parr's birth records were confused with those of his grandfather. Parr did not claim to be able to remember specific events from the 15th century.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: Ghassan Kanafani (, 8 April 1936 – 8 July 1972) was a Palestinian author and a leading member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). On 8 July 1972, he was assassinated by Mossad as a response to the Lod airport massacre.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: Ghassan Fayiz Kanafani was born in 1936 into a middle-class Palestinian Sunni family with a Kurdish background in the city of Acre (Akka) under the British Mandate for Palestine. He was the third child of Muhammad Fayiz Abd al Razzag, a lawyer who was active in the national movement that opposed the British occupation and its encouragement of Jewish immigration, and who had been imprisoned on several occasions by the British when Ghassan was still a child. Ghassan received his early education in a French Catholic missionary school in Jaffa.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: In May, when the outbreak of hostilities in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War spilled over into Acre, Kanafani and his family were forced into exile, joining the Palestinian exodus. In a letter to his own son written decades later, he recalled the intense shame he felt on observing, aged 10, the men of his family surrendering their weapons to become refugees. After fleeing some north to neighbouring Lebanon, they settled in Damascus, Syria, as Palestinian refugees. They were relatively poor; the father set up a small lawyer's practice, with the family income being supplemented by the boys' part-time work. There, Kanafani completed his secondary education, receiving a United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) teaching certificate in 1952. He was first employed as an art teacher for some 1,200 displaced Palestinian children in a refugee camp, where he began writing short stories in order to help his students contextualize their situation.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: In 1952, he also enrolled in the Department of Arabic Literature at the University of Damascus. The following year, he met George Habash, who introduced him to politics and was to exercise an important influence on his early work. In 1955, before he could complete his degree, with a thesis on "Race and Religion in Zionist Literature", which was to form the basis for his 1967 study "On Zionist Literature", Kanafani was expelled from the university for his political affiliations with the Movement of Arab Nationalists (MAN) to which Habash had recruited him. Kanafani moved to Kuwait in 1956, following his sister Fayzah Kanafani the brother who had preceded him there, to take up a teaching position. He spent much of his free time absorbed in Russian literature. In the following year he became editor of Jordanian "Al Ra'i" ("The Opinion"), which was an MAN-affiliated newspaper.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: In 1960, he relocated again, this time to Beirut, on the advice of Habash, where he began editing the MAN mouthpiece "al-Hurriya" and took up an interest in Marxist philosophy and politics. In 1961, he met Anni Høver, a Danish educationalist and children's rights activist, with whom he had two children. In 1962, Kanafani was forced to briefly go underground since he, as a stateless person, lacked proper identification papers. He reappeared in Beirut later the same year, and took up editorship of the Nasserist newspaper "Al Muharrir" ("The Liberator"), editing its weekly supplement "Filastin" (Palestine). He went on to become an editor of another Nasserist newspaper, "Al Anwar" ("The Illumination"), in 1967, writing essays under the pseudonym of Faris Faris. He was also editor of "Assayad" magazine which was the sister publication of "Al Anwar". In the same year he also joined The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and in 1969, resigned from "Al Anwar" to edit the PFLP's weekly magazine, "Al Hadaf" ("The Goal"), while drafting a PFLP program in which the movement officially took up Marxism-Leninism. This marked a departure from pan-Arab nationalism towards revolutionary Palestinian struggle. Kanafani was also one of the contributors of "Lotus", a magazine launched in 1968 and financed by Egypt and the Soviet Union. At the time of his assassination, he held extensive contacts with foreign journalists and many Scandinavian anti-Zionist Jews. His political writings and journalism are thought to have made a major impact on Arab thought and strategy at the time.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: Though prominent as a political thinker, militant, and journalist, Kanafani is on record as stating that literature was the shaping spirit behind his politics. Kanafani's literary style has been described as "lucid and straightforward"; his modernist narrative technnique—using flashback effects and a wide range of narrative voices—represents a distinct advance in Arabic fiction. Ihab Shalback and Faisal Darraj sees a trajectory in Kanafani's writings from the simplistic dualism depicting an evil Zionist aggressor to a good Palestinian victim, to a moral affirmation of the justness of the Palestinian cause where however good and evil are not absolutes, until, dissatisfied by both, he began to appreciate that self-knowledge required understanding of the Other, and that only by unifying both distinct narratives could one grasp the deeper dynamics of the conflict.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: In many of his fictions, he portrays the complex dilemmas Palestinians of various backgrounds must face. Kanafani was the first to deploy the notion of "resistance literature" ("adab al-muqawama") with regard to Palestinian writing; in two works, published respectively in 1966 and 1968, one critic, Orit Bashkin, has noted that his novels repeat a certain fetishistic worship of arms, and that he appears to depict military means as the only way to resolve the Palestinian tragedy.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: Ghassan Kanafani began writing short stories when he was working in the refugee camps. Often told as seen through the eyes of children, the stories manifested out of his political views and belief that his students' education had to relate to their immediate surroundings. While in Kuwait, he spent much time reading Russian literature and socialist theory, refining many of the short stories he wrote, winning a Kuwaiti prize.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: In 1962, his novel, "Men in the Sun" ("Rijal fi-a-shams"), reputed to be "one of the most admired and quoted works in modern Arabic fiction," was published to great critical acclaim. Rashid Khalidi considers it "prescient". The story is an allegory of Palestinian calamity in the wake of the nakba in its description of the defeatist despair, passivity, and political corruption infesting the lives of Palestinians in refugee camps. The central character is an embittered ex-soldier, Abul Khaizuran, disfigured and rendered impotent by his wounds, whose cynical pursuit of money often damages his fellow countrymen. Three Palestinians, the elderly Abu Qais, Assad, and the youth Marwan, hide in the empty water tank of a lorry in order to cross the border into Kuwait. They have managed to get through as Basra and drew up to the last checkpoint. Abul Khaizuran, the truck driver, tries to be brisk but is dragged into defending his honor as the Iraqi checkpoint officer teases him by suggesting he had been dallying with prostitutes. The intensity of heat within the water carrier is such that no one could survive more than several minutes, and indeed they expire inside as Khaizuran is drawn into trading anecdotes that play up a non-existent virility—they address him as though he were effeminized, with the garrulous Abu Baqir outside in an office. Their deaths are to be blamed, not on the effect of the stifling effect of the sun's heat, but on their maintaining silence as they suffer. The ending has often been read as a trope for the futility of Palestinian attempts to try an build a new identity far away from their native Palestine, and the figure of Abul Khaizuran a symbol of the impotence of the Palestinian leadership. Amy Zalman has detected a covert leitmotif embedded in the tale, in which Palestine is figured as the beloved female body, while the male figures are castrated from being productive in their attempts to seek another country. In this reading, a real national identity for Palestinians can only be reconstituted by marrying awareness of gender to aspirations to return. A film based on the story, "Al-Makhdu'un" ("The Betrayed" or "The Dupes"), was produced by Tewfik Saleh in 1972.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: "All That's Left to You" ("Ma Tabaqqah Lakum") (1966) is set in a refugee camp in the Gaza Strip. It deals with a woman, Maryam, and her brother, Hamid, both orphaned in the 1948 war, their father dying in combat—his last words being a demand that they abstain from marriage until the national cause has been won—and their mother separated from them in the flight from Jaffa. She turns up in Jordan, they end up with an aunt in Gaza, and live united in a set of Oedipal displacements; Hamid seeks a mother-substitute in his sister, while Maryam entertains a quasi incestuous love for her brother. Maryam eventually breaks the paternal prohibition to marry a two-time traitor, Zakaria, since he is bigamous, and because he gave the Israelis information to capture an underground fighter, resulting in the latter's death. Hamid, outraged, tramps off through the Negev, aspiring to reach their mother in Jordan. The two episodes of Hamid in the desert, and Maryam in the throes of her relationship with Zakaria, are interwoven into a simultaneous cross-narrative: the young man encounters a wandering Israeli soldier who has lost contact with his unit, and wrestles his armaments from him, and ends up undergoing a kind of rebirth as he struggles with the desert. Maryam, challenged by her husband to abort their child, whom she will call Hamid, decides to save the child by killing Zakaria. This story won the Lebanese Literary prize in that year.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: In "Umm Sa'ad" (1969), the impact of his new revolutionary outlook is explicit as he creates the portrait of a mother who encourages her son to take up arms as a resistance fedayeen in full awareness that the choice of life might eventuate in his death.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: "Return to Haifa" ("A'id lla Hayfa") (1970) is the story of a Palestinian couple, Sa'id and his wife Safiyya, who have been living for nearly two decades in the Palestinian town of Ramallah, which was under Jordanian administration until it and the rest of the West Bank were conquered in the Six-Day War. The couple must learn to face the fact that their five-month-old child, a son they were forced to leave behind in their home in Haifa in 1948, has been raised as an Israeli Jew, an echo of the Solomonic judgement. The father searches for the real Palestine through the rubble of memory, only to find more rubble. The Israeli occupation means that they have finally an opportunity to go back and visit Haifa in Israel. The journey to his home in the district of Halisa on the al-jalil mountain evokes the past as he once knew it. The dissonance between the remembered Palestinian past and the remade Israeli present of Haifa and its environs creates a continuous diasporic anachronism. The novel deals with two decisive days, one 21 April 1948, the other 30 June 1967; the earlier date relates to the period when the Haganah launched its assault on the city and Palestinians who were not killed in resistance actions fled. Sa'id and his wife were ferried out on British boats to Acre. A Polish Jew and Holocaust survivor, Evrat Kushan, and his wife, Miriam, find their son Khaldun in their home, and take over the property and raise the toddler as a Jew, with the new name "Dov". When they visit the home, Kushen's wife greets them with the words: "I've been expecting you for the a long time." Kushen's recall of the events of April 1948 confirms Sa'id's own impression, that the fall of the town was coordinated by the British forces and the Haganah. Their other son, Khalid, with them in Ramallah, had joined the fedayeen with his father's blessing. When Dov returns, he is wearing an IDF uniform, and vindictively resentful of the fact they abandoned him. Compelled by the scene to leave the home, the father reflects that only military action can settle the dispute, realizing however that, in such an eventuality, it may well be that Dov/Khaldun will confront his brother Khalid in battle. The novel conveys nonetheless a criticism of Palestinians for the act of abandonment, and betrays a certain admiration for the less than easy, stubborn insistence of Zionists, whose sincerity and determination must be the model for Palestinians in their future struggle. Ariel Bloch indeed argues that Dov functions, when he rails against his father's weakness, as a mouthpiece for Kanafani himself. Sa'id symbolizes irresolute Palestinians who have buried the memory of their flight and betrayal of their homeland. At the same time, the homeland can no longer be based on a nostalgic filiation with the past as a foundation, but rather an affiliation which defies religious and ethnic distinctions. Notwithstanding the indictment of Palestinians, and a tacit empathy with the Israeli enemy's dogged nation-building, the novel's surface rhetoric remains keyed to national liberation through armed struggle. An imagined aftermath to the story has been written by Israeli novelist Sami Michael, a native Arabic-speaking Israeli Jew, in his "Yonim be-Trafalgar" (Pigeons in Trafalgar Square).


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: His article on Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, published in the PLO's Research Centre Magazine, "Shu'un Filistiniyya" (Palestinian Affairs), was influential in diffusing the image of the former as a forerunner of the Palestinian armed struggle, and, according to Rashid Khalidi, consolidated the Palestinian narrative that tends to depict failure as a triumph.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: On 8 July 1972, Kanafani, age 36 at the time, was assassinated in Beirut when he turned on the ignition of his Austin 1100, detonating a grenade which in turn detonated a 3 kilo plastic bomb planted behind the bumper bar. Kanafani was incinerated, together with his seventeen-year-old niece, Lamees Najim. Mossad eventually claimed responsibility.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: The assassination was undertaken in response to the Lod airport massacre, which was carried out by three members of the Japanese Red Army. At the time, Kanafani was the spokesperson of the PFLP, and the group claimed responsibility for the attack. According to Mark Ensalaco, Kanafani had justified tactics used by the attackers in July. Kameel Nasr states that Kanafani, together with his deputy, Bassam Abu Sharif, had demanded in press conferences dealing with Palestinian hijackings common at the time, that Israel release prisoners; however, Nasr states, Kanafani and Abu Sharif had mellowed and had started speaking against indiscriminate violence. Several days after the Lod massacre, a picture of Kanafani together with one of the Japanese terrorists was circulated. Rumours circulated suggesting Lebanese Security forces had been complicit. Bassam Abu Sharif, who survived an attempt on his life two weeks later, suspected that the attempts on Kanafani and later himself were ordered by Israel but had employed an Arab intermediary, perhaps Abu Ahmed Yunis; Yunis was executed by the PFLP in 1981.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: Kanafani's obituary in Lebanon's "The Daily Star" wrote that: "He was a commando who never fired a gun, whose weapon was a ball-point pen, and his arena the newspaper pages."


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: On his death, several uncompleted novels were found among his Nachlass, one dating back as early as 1966.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: A collection of Palestinian Resistance poems, "The Palestinian Wedding," which took its title from the eponymous poem by Mahmoud Darwish, was published in his honor. He was the posthumous recipient of the Afro-Asia Writers' Conference 's Lotus Prize for Literature in 1975. Ghassan Kanafani's memory was upheld through the creation of the Ghassan Kanafani Cultural Foundation, which has since established eight kindergartens for the children of Palestinian refugees. His legacy lives on among the Palestinians, and he is considered one of the greatest modern Arabic authors.


title: Ghassan Kanafani

text: 2013 New edition of Ghassan Kanafani's complete works (Arabic Edition), published by Rimal Publications (Cyprus):


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: Niomi Arleen McLean-Daley (born 26 April 1981), better known as Ms. Dynamite, is a British singer and rapper. She is the recipient of the Mercury Music Prize, two Brit Awards and three MOBO Awards.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: She was born Niomi Arleen McLean-Daley and raised in Kentish Town, North London to a Jamaican father and a Scottish mother. She is the older sister of the rapper Akala.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: Ms. Dynamite (originally Lady Dynamite) was first known for her vocals on the UK garage underground track "Booo!", which was regularly played on London pirate radio stations and was later released as a single. While working at the radio station RAW FM, Ms. Dynamite was discovered by Richard Forbes ("DJ Sticky") at a West End club. Interest grew from all major British labels and eventually she was signed via her management Bigga Beats to Polydor Records, where she met producer Salaam Remi, who cultivated her talent.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: She released her debut album, "A Little Deeper", in 2002, which featured hit songs "It Takes More" and "Dy-Na-Mi-Tee". In 2003, the album was released in the United States to critical acclaim. In 2002, Dynamite won the prestigious Mercury Music Prize, for "A Little Deeper". She donated the £20,000 prize to the NSPCC.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: She performed at the closing ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games at the City of Manchester Stadium. On 2 July 2005, she performed at the Live 8 concert in Hyde Park, London. Among the songs performed was "Redemption Song" written by Bob Marley, which she performed alongside her brother, Akala.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: On 11 September 2005, she returned to the limelight (having taken time off to have her son, Shavaar) with a new album titled "Judgement Days". Featuring more social commentary, in songs such as the first double A-side single, "Judgement Day"/"Father" and the Tony Blair critique, "Mr Prime Minister," reviews of the album were not as favourable as those of her debut. However, "Judgement Day" reached No. 25 in the UK Singles Chart.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: In 2006, she was convicted of assaulting a police officer and was sentenced to 60 hours community service.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: After taking a break from the music scene, Dynamite guest-hosted BBC Radio 1Xtra, and stated she would be releasing a third album, "Democracy", in 2009, with the first single from the new album being "Bad Gyal". However, this was later pushed back as she concentrated on other projects and motherhood. Meanwhile, she appeared on "Hell's Kitchen" on ITV1 in 2009, finishing fourth, and later as an expert adviser on "Goldie's Band: By Royal Appointment" on BBC Two.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: Since then, she has appeared on several collaborations, notably Katy B's second single, "Lights On", which peaked at number 4 in the UK Singles Chart in 2010, and the Magnetic Man track "Fire", which appeared on their debut album.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: A single, "Neva Soft" (produced by Labrinth), was released in 2011, although the promised album did not appear. Since then she has been the featured vocalist on the DJ Fresh Versus Jay Fray track "Dibby Dibby Sound" (February 2013) and a David Guetta and Showtek song for the former's 2014 album "Listen", "No Money No Love" along with Elliphant.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: In 2020 Ms. Dynamite appeared on Drum n Bass artist, CLIPZ (Redlight (musician)), single "Again" which also featured Ms Banks along with JayKae.


title: Ms. Dynamite

text: Ms. Dynamite was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to music.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: Isaiah McKenzie (born April 9, 1995) is an American football wide receiver and return specialist for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Georgia, and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the fifth round of the 2017 NFL Draft.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: McKenzie plays primarily at wide receiver and punt returner but has also seen playing time at the NFL level as a running back and cornerback.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: McKenzie's first two years with the Georgia Bulldogs saw him accumulate 190 receiving yards and 195 rushing yards, as he was primarily used as a kick returner. After Kirby Smart replaced Mark Richt as head coach, McKenzie was more prominently featured in the Georgia passing game. He caught 44 receptions for 633 yards and 7 touchdowns as a junior, becoming the Bulldogs' top receiver. Leading into the 2017 NFL Draft, draft analyst Mel Kiper Jr. compared McKenzie to Antonio Brown due to similarities in their kick-return abilities and athleticism.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: On September 11, 2017, in the season opener against the Los Angeles Chargers on "Monday Night Football", McKenzie returned three punt returns for 48 net yards in his NFL debut. On September 24, against the Buffalo Bills, McKenzie recorded his first career rushing attempt, a four-yard carry. He totaled four receptions for 29 yards on the season.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: On September 10, 2018, McKenzie was waived by the Broncos and was re-signed to the practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on October 25, 2018. He was waived again on November 2, 2018.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: McKenzie was used as the primary kick returner, but also saw significant time on offense. He scored his first NFL touchdown, rushing 6 yards on a jet sweep, against the Jacksonville Jaguars on November 25. Against the New York Jets, he was used in the run game after LeSean McCoy and Chris Ivory suffered injuries, rushing for 22 yards on four carries with another touchdown to go with 47 receiving yards in the 27–23 loss. He had 18 receptions for 179 receiving yards to go along with 66 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns on the season.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: McKenzie's kick return role decreased after the Bills added free agent kick returner Andre Roberts, but he still found decent playing time on special teams and as a gadget player on offense. He caught 27 passes for 254 yards and a touchdown, in addition to rushing 8 times for 49 yards. McKenzie played a big role in helping the Bills defeat the Tennessee Titans in week 5, as his 46-yard reception helped set up the game-winning touchdown.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: For the Bills' final game of the 2019 season, against the Jets, he was pressed into service as a reserve cornerback, as the Bills were resting the starters and the backups suffered injuries.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: On November 15, 2020, in a Week 10 game against the Arizona Cardinals, McKenzie threw a 12-yard touchdown pass to quarterback Josh Allen on a trick play during the 32–30 loss. This was McKenzie's first career touchdown pass. In the Bills' final game of the 2020 season against the Miami Dolphins, McKenzie had arguably his best game as a professional, catching six passes for 65 yards and two touchdowns. He also returned a punt 84 yards for a touchdown, his first career special teams score on his only punt return of the season.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: In the AFC Championship against the Kansas City Chiefs, McKenzie recorded one catch for a six-yard touchdown during the 38–24 loss.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: McKenzie became the primary kick returner in 2021, but was benched after fumbling a kickoff in a loss to the Indianapolis Colts. Due to starting slot receiver Cole Beasley being diagnosed with COVID-19, McKenzie was utilized more in a week 16 game against the New England Patriots. He caught 11 passes for 125 yards and a touchdown as the Bills beat the Patriots 33–21.


title: Isaiah McKenzie

text: In 2020, McKenzie and his friends Mel Rodriguez and Chase McKenzie opened LaTraila Barbecue, a restaurant in Miami Lakes, Florida.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: Jason Matthew Patrick Moran (22 September 1967 – 21 June 2003) was an Australian criminal from Melbourne, and one of the leaders of the Moran family, notable for its involvement in the Melbourne gangland killings. He sported a 12 cm scar on the side of his face.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: Moran was the son of Lewis Moran and Judy Moran. Mark Moran was his half-brother. Moran attended Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School. He met his future wife, Trisha Kane, at 15 years of age. She is the daughter of Les Kane, a Melbourne painter and docker and reputed criminal who was murdered in his family home on 19 October 1978.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: During the 1990s Moran emerged as one of Melbourne's main dealers in "party" drugs. During this time he had a team of up-and-coming western suburbs gangsters led by Bluey Watkins who has been missing since 1995.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: Moran was reported to have shot Carl Williams in the stomach during an argument in Gladstone Park on 13 October 1999, giving rise to lengthy violent turf wars known as the Melbourne gangland killings.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: Alphonse Gangitano and Moran, along with associate Mark John McNamara, were charged over an attack in the Sports Bar nightclub in King Street, Melbourne, on 19 December 1995, for which Moran received a term of imprisonment.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: Moran was considered by many to be a "dead man walking" and when paroled from prison in September 2001 was allowed to leave Australia due to fears for his life. He later returned to give evidence in the inquest into the death of Gangitano on 20 November which began on 14 January 2002. Moran was suspected in Gangitano's murder. Gangitano was found dead in the laundry of his Templestowe house by his wife in 1998.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: According to former Moran associate Bertie Wrout, however, it was Kinniburgh who killed Gangitano and it was Mark—not Jason—Moran who was his accomplice.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: Pasquale Barbaro and Moran were gunned down on 21 June 2003 at Cross Keys Reserve in Essendon, where they had been watching Moran's young children play football. On returning to their motor vehicle they were shot dead by a lone gunman. Security footage from a neighbouring hotel showed the van they had driven to the football grounds and a figure running away from the vehicle. Police feared that the murders would lead to further violence in the Melbourne underworld war. Father Joe Giaccobe, a friend of the Moran family officiated at Moran's funeral.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: Moran's father, Lewis Moran, was unable to attend the service due to incarceration at Port Phillip Correctional Centre. Authorities refused his request, for security reasons, to be released from prison to attend the service. Lewis Moran was later murdered while drinking in a Brunswick bar.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: On 28 February 2007, Carl Williams pleaded guilty in the Supreme Court of Victoria to the murder of Moran (but not of Barbaro). The actual shooting was done by a killer often known as the "Runner" with Williams having organised the killing. Williams was sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum of 35 years, on 7 May 2007. He was later murdered while incarcerated at Barwon prison on 19 April 2010.


title: Jason Moran (criminal)

text: In the drama series "Underbelly" Jason Moran was played by Les Hill. Hill later reprised that role in the 2014 series "Fat Tony & Co.".


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, also known as the Wagner Act, is a foundational statute of United States labor law that guarantees the right of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take collective action such as strikes. Central to the act was a ban on company unions. The act was written by Senator Robert F. Wagner, passed by the 74th United States Congress, and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: The National Labor Relations Act seeks to correct the "inequality of bargaining power" between employers and employees by promoting collective bargaining between trade unions and employers. The law established the National Labor Relations Board to prosecute violations of labor law and to oversee the process by which employees decide whether to be represented by a labor organization. It also established various rules concerning collective bargaining and defined a series of banned unfair labor practices, including interference with the formation or organization of labor unions by employers. The act does not apply to certain workers, including supervisors, agricultural employees, domestic workers, government employees, and independent contractors.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: The NLRA was strongly opposed by conservatives and members of the Republican Party, but it was upheld in the Supreme Court case of "NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp." The 1947 Taft–Hartley Act amended the NLRA, establishing a series of labor practices for unions and granting states the power to pass right-to-work laws.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: The act's origins may be traced to the bloody Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike of 1914. Colorado Fuel was a subsidiary of Standard Oil, and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. sought expert advice from the new field of public relations to prolong the settlement of the strike. He also recruited the former Canadian Labour Secretary (and future Prime Minister) MacKenzie King to the Rockefeller Foundation to broker a solution to the prolonged strike. The settlement resulted in the establishment of a Management-Labor conciliation board, which evolved into a company union and template for settling labor disputes. Although a step forward in labor relations, the company union was effectively a public relations ploy that had the opposite impact of thwarting the organization of trade unions in the great organizing drives of the period.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Under section 1 () of the Act, the key principles and policy findings on which the Act was based are explained. The Act aims to correct the "inequality of bargaining power between employees who, according to the Act's proponents, do not possess full freedom of association or actual liberty of contract and employers who are organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association". To achieve this, the central idea is the promotion of collective bargaining between independent trade unions, on behalf of the workforce, and the employer.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Various definitions are explained in section 2, () including 2(5) defining "labor organization" and 2(9) defining "labor dispute". The Act aims to protect employees as a group, and so is not based on a formal or legal relationship between an employer and employee.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which was established in NLRA 1935 sections 3 to 6 (), is the primary enforcer of the Act. Employees and unions may act themselves in support of their rights, however because of collective action problems and the costs of litigation, the National Labor Relations Board is designed to assist and bear some of the costs. Under section 3, () the NLRB has two basic functions: overseeing the process by which employees decide whether to be represented by a labor organization and prosecuting violations. Those processes are initiated in the regional offices of the NLRB. The General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board give legal advice. Sections 4 () and 5 () set out provisions on the officers of the Board and their expenses. Section 6 () empowers the Board to issue rules interpreting the labor legislation. This will generally be binding, unless a court deems it to have acted outside its authority.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Under section 10 () the NLRB is empowered to prevent unfair labor practices, which may ultimately be reviewed by the courts. Under section 11 it can lead investigations, collect evidence, issue subpoenas, and require witnesses to give evidence. Under section 12 () it is an offense for people to unduly interfere with the Board's conduct.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: In practice, the act was often ignored when it suited political powers, most notably by Walt Disney in 1940 who formed a company union in violation of the law in order to prevent the Cartoon Unionists Guild, a Trade Union, from gaining a foothold in Disney Studios.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Section 7 () sets out the general principle that employees have the right to join a trade union and engage in collective bargaining.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Under section 8 () the law defines a set of prohibited actions by employers, employees, and unions, known as an unfair labor practice. The first five unfair labor practices aimed at employers are in section 8(a). These are,


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: In addition, added by the Taft–Hartley Act, there are seven unfair labor practices aimed at unions and employees.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Under section 9 () the people elected by a majority of the workforce have the right to become the exclusive representatives of workers in collective bargaining with the employer.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: The NLRA 1935 does not cover two main groups of employees: those working for the government and in the railway or airline industries. Section 2(2) (29 USC §152(2)) states that the Act does not apply to employees of the "United States or any wholly owned Government corporation, or any Federal Reserve Bank, or any State or political subdivision thereof, or any person subject to the Railway Labor Act". Under section 19 (), people who have religious convictions against joining a trade union are entitled to not associate or financially support it.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: The NLRA 1935 also does not include additional measures to protect the rights of racial minorities in the workplace. At the time, unions like the American Federation of Labor did not grant membership to black laborers while other unions like the CIO engaged in internal discrimination, providing more preferable jobs and seniority to its white members. Employers also engaged in discrimination against black union members by restricting their ability to organize and collectively barging with white laborers. The NAACP urged Senator Robert Wagner to add a non-discrimination provision to the bill to protect against union and employee race discrimination. Despite pushes from the NAACP and National Urban League to correct discriminatory practices, the law was written without the inclusion of an anti-discrimination clause.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: The act also excludes independent contractors, domestic workers, and farm workers. In recent years, advocacy organizations like the National Domestic Workers' Alliance have worked on the state level to pass a Domestic Workers' Bill of Rights, to extend to domestic workers the protections granted under the NLRA. Similar advocacy efforts are taking place on behalf of farm workers.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: The Social Security Act of 1935 excluded from coverage about half the workers in the American economy. Among the excluded groups were agricultural and domestic workers—a large percentage of whom were African Americans.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: The act was bitterly opposed by the Republican Party and business groups. The American Liberty League viewed the act as a threat to freedom and engaged in a campaign of opposition in order to repeal these "socialist" efforts. This included encouraging employers to refuse to comply with the NLRB and supporting the nationwide filing of injunctions to keep the NLRB from functioning. This campaign continued until the NLRA was found constitutional by the Supreme Court in "National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation" (1937).


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Labor groups, while overwhelmingly supportive, expressed a set of reservations. The American Federation of Labor and some employers accused the NLRB of favoring the Congress of Industrial Organizations, particularly when determining whether to hold union elections in plant-wide, or wall-to-wall, units, which the CIO usually sought, or to hold separate elections in separate craft units, which the craft unions in the AFL favored. While the NLRB initially favored plant-wide units, which tacitly favored the CIO's industrial unionism, it retreated to a compromise position several years later under pressure from Congress that allowed craft unions to seek separate representation of smaller groups of workers at the same time that another union was seeking a wall-to-wall unit.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Employers and their allies in Congress also criticized the NLRA for its expansive definition of "employee" and for allowing supervisors and plant guards to form unions, sometimes affiliated with the unions that represented the employees whom they were supposed to supervise or police. Many accused the NLRB of a general pro-union and anti-employer bias, pointing to the Board's controversial decisions in such areas as employer free speech and "mixed motive" cases, in which the NLRB held that an employer violated the Act by using misconduct that ordinarily would not result in termination to fire an employee who was engaged in pro-union activity. In addition, employers campaigned over the years to outlaw a number of union practices such as closed shops, secondary boycotts, jurisdictional strikes, mass picketing, strikes in violation of contractual no-strike clauses, pension and health and welfare plans sponsored by unions and multi-employer bargaining.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Many of these criticisms included provisions that employers and their allies were unable to have included in the NLRA. Others developed in reaction to NLRB decisions. Over all, they wanted the NLRB to be neutral as to bargaining power, but the NLRA's policy section takes a decidedly pro-employee position:


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: It is declared to be the policy of the United States to eliminate the causes of certain substantial obstructions to the free flow of commerce and to mitigate and eliminate these obstructions when they have occurred "by encouraging the practice and procedure of collective bargaining and by protecting the exercise by workers of full freedom of association, self-organization, and designation of representatives of their own choosing, for the purpose of negotiating the terms and conditions of their employment or other mutual aid or protection".


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Over time, the U.S. Supreme Court has gradually undone the efficacy of the NLRA by inhibiting the law from applying to shifting circumstances.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Opponents of the Wagner Act introduced several hundred bills to amend or repeal the law in the decade after its passage. All of them failed or were vetoed until the passage of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, or the Taft–Hartley Act, in 1947.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: More recent unsuccessful efforts included attempts in 1978 to permit triple backpay awards and union collective bargaining certification based on signed union authorization cards, a provision that is similar to one of the proposed amendments in the Employee Free Choice Act. Under the NLRA, unions can become the representative based on signed union authorization cards only if the employer voluntarily recognizes the union. If the employer refuses to recognize the union, the union can be certified through a secret-ballot election conducted by the NLRB.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: In the last decade, Democrats have sought to narrow the Act's provisions for allowing workers to be hired as independent contractors, thus bringing them under the jurisdiction of the Act. Legislators have introduced a standard for independent contracting termed the "ABC test", after its three criteria A, B and C.


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Independent contractors and employers have objected to B, the limitation on working in the employer's usual business. Objections are based on the inconveniences and costs of meeting the criterion. For instance, it prevents small venues from hiring performers, even for one-night stands, unless they are hired as employees. As a result, in the California phase of the campaign, numerous occupations of independent contractors were exempted from the test in California Assembly Bill 5 (2019).


title: National Labor Relations Act of 1935

text: Along with other factors, the act contributed to tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions, especially in the mass-production sector. The total number of labor union members grew from three million in 1933 to eight million at the end of the 1930s, with the vast majority of union members living outside of the Southern United States.


Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport (commonly known as Winnipeg International Airport or Winnipeg Airport) is a Transport Canada designated international airport located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It is the seventh busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic, serving 4,484,343 passengers in 2018, and the 11th busiest airport by aircraft movements. It is a hub for passenger airlines Calm Air, Perimeter Airlines, Flair Airlines, and cargo airline Cargojet. It is also a focus city for WestJet. The airport is co-located with Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg.


title: Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport

text: An important transportation hub for the province of Manitoba, Winnipeg International Airport is the only commercial international airport within the province as the other airports of entry serve domestic flights and general aviation only. The airport is operated by Winnipeg Airports Authority as part of Transport Canada's National Airports System and is one of eight Canadian airports that has U.S. Border Pre-clearance facilities.


text: Winnipeg's distance to other major population centres makes Winnipeg International Airport the primary airport for a large area including parts of neighbouring provinces and territories (Saskatchewan, Nunavut, etc.). Daily non-stop flights are operated from Winnipeg International Airport to destinations across Canada as well as to the United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. In addition, regularly scheduled flights to numerous small remote communities in Northern Manitoba, Northwestern Ontario, and Nunavut, are also served from the airport.


text: The airport opened in 1928 as Stevenson Aerodrome in honour of the noted Manitoba aviator and pioneer bush pilot, Captain Fred J. Stevenson. Stevenson Aerodrome, also known as Stevenson Field, was Canada's first international airport with Northwest Airways (which became Northwest Airlines) inaugurating a passenger and mail service between Winnipeg and Pembina, North Dakota on February 2, 1931.


text: By 1935, Northwest Airlines was operating daily service from the airport with Hamilton H-47 prop aircraft on a routing of Winnipeg – Pembina, ND – Grand Forks – Fargo – Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN – Milwaukee, WI – Chicago, IL.


text: The City of Winnipeg and the Rural Municipality of St. James agreed to develop Stevenson Field as a modern municipal airport in 1936. In 1938 the Manitoba Legislative Assembly passed the "St. James–Winnipeg Airport Commission Act" creating a commission of the same name with full control over the operation of the airport. In 1940, during the Second World War, the Government of Canada placed the airport under the direction of the Minister of Transport and the Royal Canadian Air Force where it remained until 1997.


text: Also in 1940, Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) was operating daily round trip transcontinental service across Canada via the airport with a routing of Montreal – Ottawa – North Bay – Kapuskasing – Wagaming – Winnipeg – Regina – Lethbridge – Vancouver flown with Lockheed Model 10 Electra twin prop aircraft with connecting service to and from Toronto being offered via North Bay.


text: In 1962, Stevenson Field was officially renamed Winnipeg International Airport, followed in 1997 by the airport's transfer to the control of the Winnipeg Airports Authority.


text: The airport was briefly served by Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) during the mid-1950s on the world's first regular Polar route, which linked Copenhagen and Los Angeles with Douglas DC-6B propliner flights via Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland and Winnipeg. By 1962, Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA, now Air Canada) was operating weekly nonstop service between Winnipeg and London Heathrow Airport with Douglas DC-8 jetliners. In 1963, Northwest Airlines was serving the airport with Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprops operated on multi-stop routings of Winnipeg - Grand Forks, ND - Fargo, ND - Minneapolis/St. Paul - Milwaukee - New York City Idlewild Airport (now JFK Airport) and also Miami - Fort Lauderdale - St. Petersburg, FL - Atlanta - Chicago O'Hare Airport - Minneapolis/St. Paul - Fargo, ND - Grand Forks, ND - Winnipeg. By 1970, Air Canada was operating twice weekly nonstop service to Glasgow, Scotland, with both flights continuing on to London Heathrow, a weekly nonstop flight to London Heathrow, a twice weekly nonstop to Copenhagen with both flights continuing on to Frankfurt and a weekly nonstop to Frankfurt with this flight continuing on to Zurich with all of these services being operated with Douglas DC-8 jets as part of Air Canada's "Western Arrow" international flights at the time. Also in 1970, CP Air was operating direct, no change of plane Boeing 737-200 service to San Francisco via stops in Calgary and Vancouver.


text: The original main terminal building was built in 1964, and was designed by the architectural firm of Green Blankstein Russell and Associates (subsequently GBR Associates and Stantec Limited). It was expanded and renovated in 1984 by the architectural firm of IKOY, and a hotel was built across from the terminal in 1998. The original main terminal building was closed on Sunday October 30, 2011 and has since been demolished.


text: Two airlines operating jet aircraft in passenger service were previously based at the airport: Transair (Canada) and Greyhound Air. During the mid-1970s, Transair was operating Boeing 737-200 and Fokker F28 Fellowship jets in addition to NAMC YS-11 and de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter turboprops on scheduled flights in Manitoba and Ontario provinces as well as the Northwest Territories and the Yukon with service as far west as Whitehorse and as far east as Toronto from its Winnipeg hub in addition to operating charter services from the airport with Boeing 707 jetliners with charter flights to Europe, the Caribbean and Mexico as well as to Florida, Hawaii and other destinations in the U.S. The August 1, 1996 Greyhound Air timetable lists nonstop domestic flights operated with Boeing 727-200 jetliners from the airport to Calgary, Edmonton, Hamilton, Kelowna, Ottawa, Toronto and Vancouver with Winnipeg serving as the connecting hub for the airline.


text: According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), six airlines were serving the airport with scheduled passenger flights in the spring of 1975: Air Canada operating Lockheed L-1011 TriStar wide body jetliners as well as Douglas DC-8 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jets, CP Air flying Boeing 727-100 and Boeing 737-200 jets, the original Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) with Boeing 737-200 jets, Midwest Airlines operating de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter commuter turboprops, Northwest Airlines flying Boeing 727-100 and Boeing 727-200 jets as well as McDonnell Douglas DC-10 wide body jetliners and locally based Transair (Canada) with Boeing 737-200 and Fokker F28 Fellowship jets as well as NAMC YS-11 turboprops. In 1976, the OAG listed direct, no change of plane 737 jet service from both Denver and Las Vegas operated by Frontier with twice daily service from Denver and ten flights a week from Las Vegas, daily nonstop service from New York JFK Airport operated by Air Canada with DC-9-30 jets, daily nonstop 727-200 jet service from Chicago O'Hare Airport flown by Northwest, daily direct wide body DC-10 jet service operated by Northwest from Fort Lauderdale via stops at Chicago O'Hare and Minneapolis/St. Paul, twice daily direct 737 jet service from San Francisco flown by CP Air and a combined total of eight daily nonstop flights from Toronto flown by Air Canada and CP Air including twice daily wide body L-1011 jetliner service operated by Air Canada. Two years later in 1978, CP Air was operating weekly nonstop Boeing 747 jumbo jet service to Honolulu as well as weekly nonstop Super Douglas DC-8-63 jet service to Amsterdam and by 1981 was operating McDonnell Douglas DC-10 wide body jetliner service from the airport. Other airlines serving Winnipeg in the spring of 1981 besides Air Canada, CP Air, Frontier and Northwest included Nordair and Pacific Western Airlines both operating Boeing 737-200 jets (with the latter air carrier having taken over Transair), locally based Perimeter Aviation with Beechcraft and Swearingen Metroliner commuter turboprops and Republic Airlines (1979-1986) flying McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jets.


text: Cross-border service from the U.S. in 1981 included an Air Canada nonstop flight from Chicago O'Hare Airport, Frontier nonstop service from Bismarck, ND and Minot, ND with these flights originating in Denver, Northwest nonstop service from Chicago O'Hare Airport, Grand Forks, ND and Minneapolis/St. Paul (with the latter route featuring wide body DC-10 service with this flight originating in Tampa) and Republic nonstop service from Duluth with this flight originating in Minneapolis/St. Paul. In 1983, Air Canada was flying weekly nonstop service to London Heathrow Airport with Lockheed L-1011 TriStar series 500 long range wide body jetliners. By 1985, Air Canada was operating direct one stop Boeing 727-200 service to Los Angeles via Calgary as well as direct one stop Boeing 727-200 service to LaGuardia Airport in New York City via Toronto and was also continuing to operate nonstop DC-9-30 flights to Chicago O'Hare Airport. Also in 1985, Pacific Western was operating Boeing 767-200 wide body jetliners into the airport nonstop from Regina and Saskatoon as well as direct from Calgary and Vancouver in addition to operating Boeing 737-200 service while Northwest Territorial Airways (NWT Air) was operating Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprops configured for passenger/freight combi aircraft operations on nonstop flights between the airport and Rankin Inlet and Yellowknife. In early 2000, CanJet was flying nonstop to Toronto with direct, no change of plane service to Montreal, Ottawa, Halifax and St. John's operated with Boeing 737-200 jets. During the summer of 2003, Jetsgo, a start up air carrier which flew Fokker 100 and McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jets, was operating daily nonstop service to Toronto.


text: On December 10, 2006, the Minister of Transport, Lawrence Cannon, announced Winnipeg International Airport was to be renamed Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport in honour of the influential businessman and pioneer of Canadian commercial aviation from Winnipeg.


text: Winnipeg's main airport terminal was designed by Argentine architect Cesar Pelli and Stantec. The terminal's design was inspired by the City of Winnipeg's distinctive landscape and the province of Manitoba's vast prairies and sky. It was the first airport terminal in Canada to be LEED-certified for its environmentally friendly concept, design, construction and operation. The terminal was constructed in two phases, with construction beginning in 2007 and ending on October 30, 2011, when it was officially opened to the public. Prior to the opening of the current main terminal building, a multi-level access road and four-level, 1,559 stall parkade were both opened in November 2006. All airlines serving Winnipeg International Airport operate at the main terminal building, with the exception of Perimeter Aviation.


text: Air Canada operates a Maple Leaf Lounge located in the domestic/international departures area,</ref> and a "pay-in" lounge, operated by Plaza Premium Lounge (temporarily closed due to COVID-19), is also located in the domestic/international departures area. Free Wi-Fi is provided by the Winnipeg Airports Authority throughout the entire main terminal building.


text: Perimeter Aviation is a regional airline that operates its own small, exclusive terminal building at Winnipeg International Airport to facilitate its passenger, cargo and charter services. Perimeter Aviation does not use the main terminal building due to its varied operations to small remote communities throughout Northern Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario using small propeller aircraft, with which regular airport terminal services (jet bridge, catering, etc.) are unnecessary and can actually be a hindrance to day-to-day operations.


text: A large Canada Post mail processing facility was opened at the airport site on June 4, 2010. The facility is located east of the main terminal building, just north of Wellington Avenue. It is responsible for processing all mail and parcels for Manitoba, and some parts of Ontario and Northern Canada.


text: Richardson International Airport is included in a new dry port created by provincial legislation—"CentrePort Canada Act", C.C.S.M. c. C44—that will offer investment opportunities for distribution centres, warehousing and manufacturing. CentrePort Canada will allow companies to take advantage of the cargo capabilities of Richardson International Airport, as well as serviced land, a mid-continent location and highway and rail transport.


text: On April 14, 2009, Prime Minister Stephen Harper with Premier Gary Doer announced at James Richardson that both the Federal and Provincial governments will contribute towards a divided four-lane expressway called CentrePort Canada Way. It is now complete, and links Inkster Boulevard to the Perimeter Highway on the north side of the CP Rail Glenboro subdivision parallel to Saskatchewan Avenue to attract new transportation logistics associated development to the city area west and Rosser Municipality northwest of the airport.


text: Winnipeg International Airport is located at 2000 Wellington Avenue in the City of Winnipeg. Several short and long term parkades are located on site, as well as a curb-side valet parking service.


text: Winnipeg Transit operates two bus routes that service the airport. A charging port has been added in October 2014 for Winnipeg transit's electric bus program. The Winnipeg Bus Terminal is a passenger and cargo bus terminal for intercity bus lines. Since Greyhound's exit from Western Canada, very few intercity bus routes, if any, have been serving the terminal. It is located beside the main terminal building. The Brandon Air Shuttle provides shuttle transportation between Winnipeg International Airport and Manitoba's second largest city, Brandon.


title: Skeletal formula

text: The skeletal formula, or line-angle formula or shorthand formula, of an organic compound is a type of molecular structural formula that serves as a shorthand representation of a molecule's bonding and some details of its molecular geometry. A skeletal formula shows the skeletal structure or skeleton of a molecule, which is composed of the skeletal atoms that make up the molecule. It is represented in two dimensions, as on a piece of paper. It employs certain conventions to represent carbon and hydrogen atoms, which are the most common in organic chemistry.


title: Skeletal formula

text: An early form of this representation was first developed by organic chemist August Kekulé, while the modern form is closely related to and influenced by the Lewis structure of molecules and their valence electrons. Hence they are sometimes termed Kekulé structures or Lewis–Kekulé structures. Skeletal formulae have become ubiquitous in organic chemistry, partly because they are relatively quick and simple to draw, and also because the curved arrow notation used for discussions of reaction mechanisms and electron delocalization can be readily superimposed.


title: Skeletal formula

text: Several other ways of depicting chemical structures are also commonly used in organic chemistry (though less frequently than skeletal formulae). For example, conformational structures look similar to skeletal formulae and are used to depict the approximate positions of atoms in 3D space, as a perspective drawing. Other types of representation, such as Newman projection, Haworth projection or Fischer projection, also look somewhat similar to skeletal formulae. However, there are slight differences in the conventions used, and the reader needs to be aware of them in order to understand the structural details encoded in the depiction. While skeletal and conformational structures are also used in organometallic and inorganic chemistry, the conventions employed also differ somewhat.


title: Skeletal formula

text: The skeletal structure of an organic compound is the series of atoms bonded together that form the essential structure of the compound. The skeleton can consist of chains, branches and/or rings of bonded atoms. Skeletal atoms other than carbon or hydrogen are called heteroatoms.


title: Skeletal formula

text: The skeleton has hydrogen and/or various substituents bonded to its atoms. Hydrogen is the most common non-carbon atom that is bonded to carbon and, for simplicity, is not explicitly drawn. In addition, carbon atoms are not generally labelled as such directly (i.e. with "C"), whereas heteroatoms are always explicitly noted as such ("N" for nitrogen, "O" for oxygen, etc.)


title: Skeletal formula

text: Heteroatoms and other groups of atoms that give rise to relatively high rates of chemical reactivity, or introduce specific and interesting characteristics in the spectra of compounds are called functional groups, as they give the molecule a function. Heteroatoms and functional groups are collectively called "substituents", as they are considered to be a substitute for the hydrogen atom that would be present in the parent hydrocarbon of the organic compound.


title: Skeletal formula

text: As in Lewis structures, covalent bonds are indicated by line segments, with a doubled or tripled line segment indicating double or triple bonding, respectively. Likewise, skeletal formulae indicate formal charges associated with each atom (although lone pairs are usually optional, "see below"). In fact, skeletal formulae can be thought of as abbreviated Lewis structures that observe the following simplifications:


title: Skeletal formula

text: In the standard depiction of a molecule, the canonical form (resonance structure) with the greatest contribution is drawn. However, the skeletal formula is understood to represent the "real molecule" that is, the weighted average of all contributing canonical forms. Thus, in cases where two or more canonical forms contribute with equal weight (e.g., in benzene, or a carboxylate anion) and one of the canonical forms is selected arbitrarily, the skeletal formula is understood to depict the true structure, containing equivalent bonds of fractional order, even though the delocalized bonds are depicted as nonequivalent single and double bonds.


title: Skeletal formula

text: Since skeletal structures were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century, their appearance has undergone considerable evolution. The graphical conventions in use today date to the 1980s. Thanks to the adoption of the ChemDraw software package as a "de facto" industry standard (by American Chemical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry, and Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker publications, for instance), these conventions have been nearly universal in the chemical literature since the late 1990s. A few minor conventional variations, especially with respect to the use of stereobonds, continue to exist as a result of differing US, UK and European practice, or as a matter of personal preference. As another minor variation between authors, formal charges can be shown with the plus or minus sign in a circle (⊕, ⊖) or without the circle. The set of conventions that are followed by most authors is given below, along with illustrative examples.


title: Skeletal formula

text: For example, the skeletal formula of hexane (top) is shown below. The carbon atom labeled C appears to have only one bond, so there must also be three hydrogens bonded to it, in order to make its total number of bonds four. The carbon atom labelled C has two bonds to other carbons and is therefore bonded to two hydrogen atoms as well. A Lewis structure (middle) and ball-and-stick model (bottom) of the actual molecular structure of hexane, as determined by X-ray crystallography, are shown for comparison.


title: Skeletal formula

text: It does not matter which end of the chain one starts numbering from, as long as consistency is maintained when drawing diagrams. The condensed formula or the IUPAC name will confirm the orientation. Some molecules will become familiar regardless of the orientation.


title: Skeletal formula

text: All atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen are signified by their chemical symbol, for instance Cl for chlorine, O for oxygen, Na for sodium, and so forth. In the context of organic chemistry, these atoms are commonly known as heteroatoms (the prefix "hetero-" comes from Greek "ἕτερος" héteros, meaning "other").


title: Skeletal formula

text: Any hydrogen atoms bonded to heteroatoms "are" drawn explicitly. In ethanol, CHOH, for instance, the hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen is denoted by the symbol H, whereas the hydrogen atoms which are bonded to carbon atoms are not shown directly.


title: Skeletal formula

text: Lines representing heteroatom-hydrogen bonds are usually omitted for clarity and compactness, so a functional group like the hydroxyl group is most often written −OH instead of −O−H. These bonds are sometimes drawn out in full in order to accentuate their presence when they participate in reaction mechanisms.


title: Skeletal formula

text: Shown below for comparison are a skeletal formula (top), its Lewis structure (middle) and its ball-and-stick model (bottom) of the actual 3D structure of the ethanol molecule in the gas phase, as determined by microwave spectroscopy.


title: Skeletal formula

text: There are also symbols that appear to be chemical element symbols, but represent certain very common substituents or indicate an unspecified member of a group of elements. These are called pseudoelement symbols or organic elements and are treated like univalent "elements" in skeletal formulae. A list of common pseudoelement symbols:


title: Skeletal formula

text: Sulfonate esters are often leaving groups in nucleophilic substitution reactions. "See the articles on sulfonyl and sulfonate groups for further information."


title: Skeletal formula

text: A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction, facilitating multistep organic synthesis.


title: Skeletal formula

text: Two atoms can be bonded by sharing more than one pair of electrons. The common bonds to carbon are single, double and triple bonds. Single bonds are most common and are represented by a single, solid line between two atoms in a skeletal formula. Double bonds are denoted by two parallel lines, and triple bonds are shown by three parallel lines.


title: Skeletal formula

text: In more advanced theories of bonding, non-integer values of bond order exist. In these cases, a combination of solid and dashed lines indicate the integer and non-integer parts of the bond order, respectively.


title: Skeletal formula

text: In recent years, benzene is generally depicted as a hexagon with alternating single and double bonds, much like the structure Kekulé originally proposed in 1872. As mentioned above, the alternating single and double bonds of "1,3,5-cyclohexatriene" are understood to be a drawing of one of the two equivalent canonical forms of benzene (the 1,3,5- and 2,4,6-isomers), in which all carbon–carbon bonds are of equivalent length and have a bond order of exactly 1.5. For aryl rings in general, the two analogous canonical forms are almost always the primary contributors to the structure, but they are nonequivalent, so one structure may make a slightly greater contribution than the other, and bond orders may differ somewhat from 1.5.


title: Skeletal formula

text: An alternate representation that emphasizes this delocalization uses a circle, drawn inside the hexagon of single bonds, to represent the delocalized pi orbital. This style, based on one proposed by Johannes Thiele, used to be very common in introductory organic chemistry textbooks and is still frequently used in informal settings. However, because this depiction does not keep track of electron pairs and is unable to show the precise movement of electrons, it has largely been superseded by the Kekuléan depiction in pedagogical and formal academic contexts.


title: Skeletal formula

text: An early use of this notation can be traced back to Richard Kuhn who in 1932 used solid thick lines and dotted lines in a publication. The modern solid and hashed wedges were introduced in the 1940s by Giulio Natta to represent the structure of high polymers, and extensively popularised in the 1959 textbook "Organic Chemistry" by Donald J. Cram and George S. Hammond.


title: Skeletal formula

text: Skeletal formulae can depict "cis" and "trans" isomers of alkenes. Wavy single bonds are the standard way to represent unknown or unspecified stereochemistry or a mixture of isomers (as with tetrahedral stereocenters). A crossed double-bond has been used sometimes; is no longer considered an acceptable style for general use, but may still be required by computer software.


title: Skeletal formula

text: Hydrogen bonds are generally denoted by dotted or dashed lines. In other contexts, dashed lines may also represent partially formed or broken bonds in a transition state.


title: Marques Bolden

text: Marques "Joyo" Terrell Bolden (born April 17, 1998) is an American-born Indonesian professional basketball player for the Salt Lake City Stars of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils.


title: Marques Bolden

text: At DeSoto High School, Bolden supplied per-game averages of 23.4 points, 10.2 rebounds and 2.6 blocked shots as a senior, helping his team win the Texas Class 6A state title, while earning Texas Mr. Basketball and TABC 6A Player of the Year honors. He had eight points and five rebounds in the 2016 Jordan Brand Classic and tallied 13 points as well as seven boards at the McDonald's All-American Game the same year.


title: Marques Bolden

text: Ranked 8th overall in the 2016 high school class by Scout.com, 11th overall by Rivals and 16th overall by ESPN, Bolden committed to Duke in May 2016.


title: Marques Bolden

text: Bolden had to sit out the first eight games of the 2016–17 season due to a leg injury, before making his debut against Maine on December 3, 2016, scoring seven points and five rebounds. He missed the NCAA Tournament due to illness and averaged 1.5 points and 1.1 rebounds (24 games) as a freshman.


title: Marques Bolden

text: As a sophomore, Bolden averaged 3.9 points and 3.6 rebounds per game, playing behind Wendell Carter Jr. and Marvin Bagley III. On June 25, 2018, coach Mike Krzyzewski said he thought he would be one of the best big men in the upcoming season. As a junior in 2018–19, he saw action in 35 games (21 starts) with the Blue Devils, averaging 5.3 points, 4.5 rebounds and 1.7 blocks in 19.1 minutes per game. In April 2019, Bolden announced his participation in the 2019 NBA draft.


title: Marques Bolden

text: After going undrafted in the 2019 NBA Draft, Bolden joined the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2019 NBA Summer League. On October 19, 2019, the Cavaliers released Bolden, later to add him to the roster of their NBA G League affiliate, the Canton Charge.


title: Marques Bolden

text: On January 30, 2020, the Cleveland Cavaliers announced that they had signed Bolden to a 10-day contract. Bolden was reported to have returned to the Canton Charge after the contract expired.


title: Marques Bolden

text: On November 30, 2020, the Cleveland Cavaliers announced that they had added Bolden, and the contract was converted to a two-way contract on December 19. On February 24, 2021, the Cavaliers waived Bolden, and two days later on February 26, he was re-acquired by the Charge.


title: Marques Bolden

text: On September 28, 2021, Bolden signed with the Utah Jazz. He was waived prior to the start of the season and added to the roster of their G League affiliate, the Salt Lake City Stars.


title: Marques Bolden

text: On September 22, 2022, Bolden signed an Exhibit 10 contract with Milwaukee Bucks. He was waived on October 16 prior to the start of the regular season.


title: Marques Bolden

text: Playing at the 2016 Nike Hoop Summit, Bolden scored three points and pulled down two rebounds in 13 minutes of action for Team USA. He attended a training camp of the 2017 USA Basketball Men's U19 World Cup Team but was cut before the start of the tournament.


title: Marques Bolden

text: In July 2021, Bolden was naturalized into an Indonesian citizen. He helped the national team win its first ever Southeast Asian Games gold medal in 2022. In 2022 FIBA Asia Cup, he brought Indonesia for the qualification to quarter finals and he recorded statistical averages of highest minutes per game (38.0), highest efficiency per game (28.5), highest blocks per game (2.8), second highest points per game (21.8), third highest double-doubles (3), and fourth highest rebounds per game (11.3) among all participated players during the tournament.


title: Daikokuten

text: Daikokuten (大黒天) is a syncretic Japanese deity of fortune and wealth. Daikokuten originated from Mahākāla, the buddhist version of the Hindu deity Shiva, conflated with the native Shinto god Ōkuninushi.


title: Daikokuten

text: The Sanskrit term 'Mahākāla' ("Great Black [One]", "Great Time" or "Great Death") was originally one of the epithets of the Hindu god Shiva in his aspect as time ("kāla"), the ultimate destroyer of all things. This title and aspect of Shiva was eventually adopted by Buddhism, where Mahākāla became reinterpreted as a "dharmapāla" or a protector of the Buddhist dharma but also as a terrifying deity who roams the forests at night with hordes of ghouls and demons in his train.


title: Daikokuten

text: Mahākāla is mentioned in many Chinese Buddhist texts, although iconographic depictions of him in China were rare during the Tang and Song periods. He eventually became the center of a flourishing cult after the 9th century in the kingdoms of Nanzhao and Dali in what is now the province of Yunnan, a region bordering Tibet, where his cult was also widespread. Due to Tibetan influence, his importance further increased during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, with his likeness being displayed in the imperial palace and in Buddhist temples inside and outside the capital (though most of these images are now no longer extant). The deity's name was both transcribed into Chinese characters as (; Middle Chinese (Baxter): "mwa xa kæ la") and translated as (, with "kāla" being understood to mean 'black'; M. C. (Baxter): "dɑ xok then"). These were eventually adopted into Japanese as "Makakara" (or "Makakyara") and "Daikokuten", respectively.


title: Daikokuten

text: In some texts, Mahākāla is described as a fearsome god, a "demon who steals the vital essence (of people)" and who feeds on flesh and blood, though he is also said to only devour those who committed sins against the Three Jewels of Buddhism. One story found in the Tang-era monk Yi Xing's commentary on the "Mahāvairocana Tantra" portrays Mahākāla as a manifestation of the buddha Vairocana who subjugated the ḍākinīs, a race of flesh-eating female demons, by swallowing them. Mahākāla released them on the condition that they no longer kill humans, decreeing that they could only eat the heart - believed to contain the vital essence of humans known as 'human yellow' (, , Japanese: "jin'ō") - of those who were near death. A tale found in Amoghavajra's translation of the "Humane King Sūtra" relates how a heterodox (i.e. non-Buddhist) master instructed Prince Kalmāṣapāda (斑足王) to offer the heads of a thousand kings to Mahākāla, the "great black god of the graveyard" (), if he wished to ascend the throne of his kingdom.


title: Daikokuten

text: As time went by, Mahākāla also became seen as a guardian of Buddhist monasteries, especially its kitchens. The monk Yijing, who traveled to Srivijaya and India during the late 7th century, claimed that images of Mahākāla were to be found in the kitchens and porches of Indian Buddhist monasteries, before which offerings of food were made:


title: Daikokuten

text: Yijing then relates an anecdote about how the deity once miraculously provided food for five hundred monks who came to visit the monastery of Makuṭabandhana in Kushinagar after one of the female servants prayed and made offerings before his image. This idea of Mahākāla as one who brought prosperity to monasteries and granted wishes may have contributed to the identification of the deity as a god of wealth and fortune in Japan.


title: Daikokuten

text: In China, the god was also associated with fertility and sexuality: during the Qixi Festival (a.k.a. the Double Seventh Festival) held on the 7th day of the 7th month of the Chinese calendar, married women traditionally bought dolls or figurines called 'Móhéluó' () or 'Móhóuluó' () - the term probably deriving from 'Mahākāla' - in the hopes of giving birth to a child. Ritual texts also prescribe the worship of Mahākāla to women looking for a male partner or to pregnant women.


title: Daikokuten

text: Upon being introduced to Japan via the esoteric Tendai and Shingon sects, Mahākāla (as 'Daikokuten') gradually transformed into a jovial, beneficent figure as his positive qualities (such as being the purveyor of wealth and fertility) increasingly came to the fore - mostly at the expense of his darker traits. Whereas earlier images of Daikokuten showed him as wrathful (or at least stern-faced), later artworks consistently came to portray him as smiling.


title: Daikokuten

text: Saichō, the founder of the Tendai school, is credited with bringing the cult of Mahākāla-Daikokuten to Japan. Legend claims that when he first climbed Mount Hiei (located northeast of Kyoto), Mahākāla appeared to him in the form of an old man and offered to become the guardian of the monastic community envisioned by Saichō, what would become known as Enryaku-ji.


title: Daikokuten

text: By the medieval period, when Buddhism and native Japanese beliefs (Shinto) were becoming syncretized, Daikokuten became conflated with the native "kami" Ōkuninushi (大国主), as the first two characters of the latter's name (大国) can also be read as 'Daikoku'. Daikokuten's status as patron of Enryaku-ji also influenced this connection: he was identified with , the deity enshrined in Hiyoshi Taisha at the eastern foot of Mount Hiei, who in turn was identified with Ōkuninushi or Ōmononushi (Miwa Myōjin, the god of Mount Miwa in Nara Prefecture who is also interpreted as Ōkuninushi under another name or an aspect of his).


title: Daikokuten

text: The sack or bag Daikokuten carries (already attested in Yijing's description of portrayals of Mahākāla in India) served to further associate the god with Ōkuninushi: in the story of the Hare of Inaba (found in the "Kojiki"), the young Ōkuninushi is said to have originally been treated by his wicked elder brothers as their luggage carrier. Besides the sack, Daikokuten began to acquire other attributes such as the golden mallet called "uchide no kozuchi" (lit. "tap-appear little mallet", i.e. a mallet that strikes out anything the user desires) and two big bales of rice. He was also considered a god of fertility, and was thus also portrayed making the obscene fig sign, carrying a suggestively bifurcated daikon (sometimes called the "bride of Daikoku"), sporting a huge erect penis, or being entirely represented himself by a wooden phallus.


title: Daikokuten

text: Mice and rats also became a part of Daikokuten's iconography, due to Mahākāla's association with Vaiśravaṇa ("Bishamonten" in Japanese), the Buddhist analogue to the Hindu Kubera, and Pañcika, Vaiśravaṇa's general and consort of the yakshini goddess Hārītī (known in Japan as "Kishimojin"), who were both associated with the northern direction - which corresponds to the sign of the Rat in the Chinese zodiac. (One of the twelve dikpālas or guardians of the directions in Buddhism is Īśāna, the guardian of the northeast who, like Mahākāla, is a Buddhicized form of Shiva.) This also contributed to the conflation of Daikokuten with Ōkuninushi, as mice also figured in the latter's mythology.


title: Daikokuten

text: Medieval exegetes interpreted Mahākāla-Daikokuten in both a positive and a negative way: on the one hand he was seen as a symbol of fundamental ignorance (expressed by the name 'Daikoku', which can be interpreted as "great darkness"), but on the other hand he also represented the nonduality of ignorance (symbolized by the character 黒, 'black(ness) / dark(ness)') and enlightenment (designated by the character 大, 'great'). He was identified with (Ekākṣaroṣṇīṣacakra, a manifestation of both the cosmic buddha Vairocana - specifically, Vairocana's head knob or "uṣṇīṣa" - and the sacred syllable "bhrūṃ") and thus a symbol of ultimate reality, but also with the directional deity Īśāna (who as noted earlier was another deity derived from Shiva), who is also considered to be a god of obstacles. Indeed, because of the stigma related to his origins, he was identified in some texts as a "jissha" (実者, lit. "true/real one", also known as 実類, "jitsurui"), a 'real' god considered inferior to deities who are provisional manifestations of enlightened buddhas and bodhisattvas ("gongen"). However, medieval esoteric Buddhism also posited the existence of a 'higher' Daikokuten, the conventional Daikokuten being but one of the various guises he takes. While the latter represented ignorance, the former was seen as transmuting ignorance into awakening.


title: Daikokuten

text: Daikokuten was also linked or identified with other deities such as Ugajin, Benzaiten (the Buddhist version of Sarasvatī), Vaiśravana-Bishamonten, the earth god (derived from the Indian earth goddess Pṛthivī, though the deity is also portrayed in Japan as male), or the wisdom king Acala ("Fudō Myōō" in Japanese). Indeed, Acala, like Mahākāla-Daikokuten, is credited in some sources with defeating and converting the ḍākinīs and is also considered to be a wrathful avatar of Vairocana. (Likewise, Acala is also thought by some scholars to be derived in one way or another from Shiva.)


title: Daikokuten

text: In popular belief, Daikokuten is also commonly paired with the folk deity Ebisu. Just as Daikokuten was conflated with Ōkuninushi, Ebisu was sometimes identified with Ōkuninushi's son Kotoshironushi or the dwarf god Sukunabikona, who assisted Ōkuninushi in developing the land of Japan. In homes, the two deities were enshrined in the kitchen or oven, while merchants worshiped them as patron deities of commercial success. Farmers meanwhile revered them as gods of the rice paddy ("ta-no-kami").