title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: Automotive journalist Doug DeMuro called the eleventh-generation Thunderbird a "Retro Failure", naming it "a lot of a disappointment" and noting that its initial warm reception had faded since its introduction. DeMuro primarily criticized the Thunderbird's similarity to the LS, interior, and price. With respect to the interior, he noted the apparent cheapness of the plastic used and the sharing of many switches with Ford's other models while admiring the retro styling of the door panels. He also criticized the engine, calling it lackluster and lacking sport. In his opinion, Ford made the 11th generation Thunderbird for people who were nostalgic for the first generations, not for a discerning buyer of a modern sports or luxury car, resulting in its poor sales. He ultimately rated the Thunderbird similarly to the Lincoln Town Car of the era in his "DougScore" metric, rating both somewhat below average and calling both geriatric.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: The 2003 Thunderbird was featured in the James Bond movie "Die Another Day", driven by Halle Berry's character. In addition, a similar Thunderbird was featured in The Cat in the Hat


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: The 2004 live-action film "Thunderbirds" featured a heavily modified 11th generation Ford Thunderbird, a fully functional full-sized six-wheeled prototype called FAB 1.


title: Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)

text: Adriana La Cerva, Girlfriend and later fiancé to Christoper Moltisanti in the HBO series The Sopranos, drove a 2002 Ford Thunderbird in seasons 4 and 5


title: Arjun Patiala

text: Arjun Patiala is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language action spoof film directed by Rohit Jugraj. Produced by Bhushan Kumar, Krishan Kumar, Dinesh Vijan and Sandeep Leyzell under T-Series, Maddock Films and Bake My Cake Films, it stars Diljit Dosanjh, Kriti Sanon and Varun Sharma. The narrative revolves around a newly appointed police officer who attempts to curb crime and corruption in his town with the help of his sidekick.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: A director meets a producer, and he queries about all elements of a masala film (songs, villain, fights, comedy scenes, etc.) and approves it without even reading the script.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: The director insists on reading out the script to him, to which the producer agrees. The script is about Arjun Patiala, who wins the national Judo championship. As a reward, he is offered the post of an Inspector, and he takes charge of Ferozpur police station, where Onida Singh, a constable, becomes his sidekick. He earns the respect of his colleagues on the first day with his wit and integrity. There is a rendezvous with Baby Narula, and as the director narrates, there is a needless item song inserted for entertainment.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: Sometime later, he meets Ritu Randhawa, a journalist, and sparks fly between them. The next day DSP Amarjeet Singh Gill visits their police station and tells Arjun that crime free district is his dream. A local drug lord Baldev Singh Rana thrashes the constable from his station. Ritu expecting ignorance from the police for this incident, reaches the crime spot and berates the police for inaction. Arjun Singh also reaches the place and trashes the Baldev, and arrests him. Ritu is impressed, and they start dating.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: Arjun Singh meets her in her office and gets information on the crime scene of the district. She explains to him of rivalry between Baladev and Dilbaugh and Sakool, an emerging crime lord.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: With limited resources and legal constraints, Arjun decides to instigate a gang war amongst the gangs, which is the only way to eliminate the criminals. He gives Sakool the location of Baladev, and he kills him in the presence of roadside vendors and Arjun Singh. At media briefing, police claims there were no witnesses. Ritu believes that there have to be witnesses because the murder occurred at a busy street, she investigates and smells something fishy. She meets Arjun and expresses her concerns, and asks him to be honest with her. He lies to her that he has no role to play in this. DSP Gill introduces Arjun to MLA Makkad, who also appears to be upright and supports their action.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: One by one, all the gangsters are killed except Sakool. Ritu is suspicious of all these gang wars and finally confronts Arjun. She offers him 2 choices, either she investigates all the killings, or they separate, which leads to their break-up. She meets Sakool and tells him about her suspicions, and tries to alert him of his possible death. Sakool tries to kill her because of her intricate knowledge of the crime world & she can become a possible witness to his plan of double-crossing the Police, but somehow she manages to escape.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: While following a lead on Ritu's editor, Onida enters the home of Makkad and sees DSP Gill with the editor discussing their plans to take over the vacuum in the criminal world. Realising they are being toyed, he tries to alert Arjun. However, his cover is exposed, and he has to run for his life. The trio (MLA, DSP & editor) visit Arjun Singh, and Makkad gives him an ultimatum to kill Sakool and Onida. She further tells him that she would personally inspect their dead bodies in the morgue. Arjun calls Onida & asks him to meet near a bridge and shoots him in front of Makkad. Later in the day, he calls her to the morgue to inspect the bodies of Sakool & Onida. When she arrives at the morgue, Sakool and Onida shows up alive, and Arjun has double-crossed both Makkad and Sakool. There is a fist fight at the scene, and Arjun is able to escape with DSP Gill and Onida. Sakool and Makkad also escape in the morgue van. Sakool chases Arjun to his ancestral home, and after a long cat and mouse chase, Sakool is shot dead when his father accidentally fires Arjun's gun. Makkad is sent to jail, Arjun and Ritu reconcile, and there is a happy ending as expected of a Masala Film.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: Principal photography began in February 2018 and ended in July 2018. It was shot in Chandigarh and some areas of Punjab.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: The music is composed by Sachin–Jigar, Akash D and Guru Randhawa, with lyrics by Guru Randhawa, Priya Saraiya and Akash D.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: The film was supposed to open on 13 September 2018 but was first postponed to 3 May 2019, then to 19 July and finally to 26 July.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: Dinesh Vijan of Maddock Films has stated that the film won't be released in Pakistan due to the Pulwama Attack that happened in Kashmir, India.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: Ronak Kotecha of "The Times of India" rated the film 2/5 stars, noting that in the second half, the writing, direction, and execution seemed childish. He felt the music was average except for one number. In concluding, Kotecha wrote, "Spoof comedies can be a tricky affair, and this one is way too underwhelming to tickle your funny bone for full two hours." Jyoti Sharma Bawa of the "Hindustan Times" gave 1/5 stars and felt that Shah and Leyzell's script failed and the film was lost between 'a parody and just another run-of-the-mill film'. Bawa opined, "Spoof as a genre has rarely been tried in Hindi cinema, and someone needs to crack that egg – heaven knows there is a lot waiting to be explored; "Arjun Patiala", alas, isn’t that film." Devesh Sharma reviewing for "Filmfare" rated the film with 2.5/5 stars, praising the supporting cast of Seema Pahwa, Ronit Roy, and Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub. He wrote, "More was expected from the film, but it just doesn’t aim high enough ... the ingredients are all there, but the execution isn’t up to mark. The film kind of over-promises but under-delivers."


title: Arjun Patiala

text: "Arjun Patiala" had the opening day collection of 1.25 crore and the second day collection of 1.50 crore, whereas the third day collection was 1.75 crores, taking its total opening weekend collection to 4.50 crore. The opening week gross of the film was 9.18 crore.


title: Arjun Patiala

text: , with a gross of 7.88 crore in India and 1.38 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of 9.26 crore.


title: Ghent University

text: Established before the state of Belgium itself, the university was founded by the Dutch King William I in 1817, when the region was incorporated into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after the fall of First French Empire. In that same year, he founded two other universities for the southern provinces as well, alongside Ghent University: University of Liège and State University of Leuven.


title: Ghent University

text: After the Belgian revolution of 1830, the newly formed Belgian state began to administer Ghent University. In 1930, UGent became the first Dutch-speaking university in Belgium. Previously, French (and, even earlier, Latin) had been the standard academic language in what was Université de Gand. In 1991, it was granted major autonomy and changed its name accordingly from "State University of Ghent" (, abbreviated as "RUG") to its current designation.


title: Ghent University

text: Located in Flanders, Ghent is one of the largest Belgian universities, consisting of 44,000 students and 9,000 staff members. The university also supports the Ghent University Library (including the famous Boekentoren) and the Ghent University Hospital, which is one of the biggest hospitals in Belgium. In addition to satellite campuses elsewhere in Flanders and a Global Campus in Songdo, South Korea, Ghent University maintains many inter-university partnerships and programs both inside and outside of Europe.


title: Ghent University

text: An avowedly research-driven and socially minded university, UGent consistently rates among the top 100 universities in the world. It is one of the greatest beneficiaries of funding from the Flemish research council. It was also among the Top 30 recipients of major research grants awarded by the European Research Council under the funding framework Horizon 2020 (2014–2020).


title: Ghent University

text: The university in Ghent was opened on 9 October 1817, with JC van Rotterdam as the first rector. The foundation of universities in Ghent, Liege, and Leuven that year – by the Dutch King William I – was part of a larger policy to stimulate academic lag across the southern provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (which would later become Belgium). The original four faculties comprised Humanities (Letters), Law, Medicine, and Science, with the language of instruction being Latin. In the first year, it had 190 students and 16 professors.


title: Ghent University

text: In the wake of the Belgian Revolution, of 1830, the number of students declined, having peaked at 414. Although the faculties of humanities and science were dissolved from the university, they were restored five years later, in 1835. At this time, French also became the language of instruction, taking the place of Latin.


title: Ghent University

text: Ghent University played a role in the foundation of modern organic chemistry. Friedrich August Kekulé unraveled the structure of benzene at Ghent and Adolf von Baeyer (Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer), a student of August Kekulé, made contributions to organic chemistry.


title: Ghent University

text: In 1882, Sidonie Verhelst became the first female student at Ghent University, in science and pharmacology.


title: Ghent University

text: In 1903, the Flemish politician Lodewijk De Raet led a successful campaign to begin instruction in Dutch, and the first courses were begun in 1906.


title: Ghent University

text: During World War I, the occupying German administration conducted "Flamenpolitik" and turned Ghent University into the first Dutch-speaking university in Belgium. A Flemish Institute ("Vlaemsche Hoogeschool"), commonly known as Von Bissing University, was founded in 1916 but was disestablished after the war and French language was fully reinstated. In 1923, Cabinet Minister Pierre Nolf put forward a motion to definitively establish the university as a Dutch-speaking university, and this was realized in 1930. August Vermeylen served as the first rector of a Dutch-language university in Belgium.In the Second World War, the German administration of the university attempted to create a German orientation, removing faculty members and installing loyal activists.


title: Ghent University

text: In the postwar period, Ghent University became a much larger institution, following government policy of democratizing higher education in Flanders during the 1950s and 1960s. By 1953, there were more than 3,000 students, and by 1969 more than 11,500.


title: Ghent University

text: The number of faculties increased to eleven, starting with Applied Sciences in 1957. It was followed by Economics and Veterinary Medicine in 1968, Psychology and Pedagogy, as well as Bioengineering, in 1969, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.


title: Ghent University

text: In the 1960s, there were several student demonstrations at Ghent University, notably around the Blandijn site, which houses the Faculty of Arts & Philosophy. The most severe of demonstrations took place in 1969 in the wake of May 1968.


title: Ghent University

text: In 1991, the university officially changed its name from "Rijksuniversiteit Gent" (RUG) to "Universiteit Gent" (UGent), following an increased grant of autonomy by the government of the Flemish Community. The faculty of Politics and Social Sciences is the most recent addition, in 1992.


title: Ghent University

text: Ghent University consists of eleven faculties with over 130 individual departments. In addition, the university maintains the Zwijnaarde science park and Greenbridge science park.


title: Ghent University

text: Standing on the Blandijnberg, the Boekentoren houses the Ghent University Library, which contains nearly 3 million volumes. The university library has joined the Google Books Library Project. Among other notable collections, it preserves Papyrus 30, an early manuscript of the Greek New Testament.


title: Ghent University

text: The university is also a partner in the development of De Krook, the new public library and media center in the center of Ghent, opened in 2017.


title: Ghent University

text: Ghent University consistently ranks among the top 100 universities in the world and, alongside the Catholic University of Leuven, the best in Belgium. In 2017, it was ranked, globally, 69th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (or Shanghai ranking) and 125th by "QS World University Rankings". For 2021, Ghent University has been ranked, worldwide, 85th by U.S. News & World Report and 96th by "Times Higher Education".


title: Ghent University

text: Inside Belgium, Ghent University supports the Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms and the Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie.


title: Ghent University

text: Within Europe, it is a member of the Santander Network, the Enlight (previously the U4) Network, and the 3i University Network. It also participates in the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research. In addition, the university cooperates with numerous universities for the Erasmus and Erasmus Mundus programs; within the framework of the latter, it heads the International Master of Science in Rural Development and the International Master of Science in Soils and Global Change (IMSOGLO).


title: Ghent University

text: Beyond Europe, Ghent University conducts exchange programs on all six continents. Frameworks include its campus in South Korea and its 3C Partnership.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene. Abundant and functionally important types of non-coding RNAs include transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist and HOTAIR.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: The number of non-coding RNAs within the human genome is unknown; however, recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest that there are thousands of non-coding transcripts.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: There is no consensus in the literature on how much of non-coding transcription is functional. Some researchers have argued that many ncRNAs are non-functional (sometimes referred to as "junk RNA"), spurious transcriptions.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Others, however, disagree, arguing instead that many non-coding transcripts do have functions and that those functions are being and will continue to be discovered.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Nucleic acids were first discovered in 1868 by Friedrich Miescher, and by 1939, RNA had been implicated in protein synthesis. Two decades later, Francis Crick predicted a functional RNA component which mediated translation; he reasoned that RNA is better suited to base-pair with an mRNA transcript than a pure polypeptide.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: The first non-coding RNA to be characterised was an alanine tRNA found in baker's yeast, its structure was published in 1965. To produce a purified alanine tRNA sample, Robert W. Holley "et al." used 140kg of commercial baker's yeast to give just 1g of purified tRNA for analysis. The 80 nucleotide tRNA was sequenced by first being digested with Pancreatic ribonuclease (producing fragments ending in Cytosine or Uridine) and then with takadiastase ribonuclease Tl (producing fragments which finished with Guanosine). Chromatography and identification of the 5' and 3' ends then helped arrange the fragments to establish the RNA sequence. Of the three structures originally proposed for this tRNA, the 'cloverleaf' structure was independently proposed in several following publications. The cloverleaf secondary structure was finalised following X-ray crystallography analysis performed by two independent research groups in 1974.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Ribosomal RNA was next to be discovered, followed by URNA in the early 1980s. Since then, the discovery of new non-coding RNAs has continued with snoRNAs, Xist, CRISPR and many more. Recent notable additions include riboswitches and miRNA; the discovery of the RNAi mechanism associated with the latter earned Craig C. Mello and Andrew Fire the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Noncoding RNAs belong to several groups and are involved in many cellular processes. These range from ncRNAs of central importance that are conserved across all or most cellular life through to more transient ncRNAs specific to one or a few closely related species. The more conserved ncRNAs are thought to be molecular fossils or relics from the last universal common ancestor and the RNA world, and their current roles remain mostly in regulation of information flow from DNA to protein.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Many of the conserved, essential and abundant ncRNAs are involved in translation. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles called ribosomes are the 'factories' where translation takes place in the cell. The ribosome consists of more than 60% ribosomal RNA; these are made up of 3 ncRNAs in prokaryotes and 4 ncRNAs in eukaryotes. Ribosomal RNAs catalyse the translation of nucleotide sequences to protein. Another set of ncRNAs, Transfer RNAs, form an 'adaptor molecule' between mRNA and protein. The H/ACA box and C/D box snoRNAs are ncRNAs found in archaea and eukaryotes. RNase MRP is restricted to eukaryotes. Both groups of ncRNA are involved in the maturation of rRNA. The snoRNAs guide covalent modifications of rRNA, tRNA and snRNAs; RNase MRP cleaves the internal transcribed spacer 1 between 18S and 5.8S rRNAs. The ubiquitous ncRNA, RNase P, is an evolutionary relative of RNase MRP. RNase P matures tRNA sequences by generating mature 5'-ends of tRNAs through cleaving the 5'-leader elements of precursor-tRNAs. Another ubiquitous RNP called SRP recognizes and transports specific nascent proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. In bacteria, Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is an RNP involved in rescuing stalled ribosomes, tagging incomplete polypeptides and promoting the degradation of aberrant mRNA.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: In eukaryotes, the spliceosome performs the splicing reactions essential for removing intron sequences, this process is required for the formation of mature mRNA. The spliceosome is another RNP often known as the snRNP or tri-snRNP. There are two different forms of the spliceosome, the major and minor forms. The ncRNA components of the major spliceosome are U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6. The ncRNA components of the minor spliceosome are U11, U12, U5, U4atac and U6atac.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Another group of introns can catalyse their own removal from host transcripts; these are called self-splicing RNAs. There are two main groups of self-splicing RNAs: group I catalytic intron and group II catalytic intron. These ncRNAs catalyze their own excision from mRNA, tRNA and rRNA precursors in a wide range of organisms.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: In mammals it has been found that snoRNAs can also regulate the alternative splicing of mRNA, for example snoRNA HBII-52 regulates the splicing of serotonin receptor 2C.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Y RNAs are stem loops, necessary for DNA replication through interactions with chromatin and initiation proteins (including the origin recognition complex). They are also components of the Ro60 ribonucleoprotein particle which is a target of autoimmune antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: The expression of many thousands of genes are regulated by ncRNAs. This regulation can occur in trans or in cis. There is increasing evidence that a special type of ncRNAs called enhancer RNAs, transcribed from the enhancer region of a gene, act to promote gene expression.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: In higher eukaryotes microRNAs regulate gene expression. A single miRNA can reduce the expression levels of hundreds of genes. The mechanism by which mature miRNA molecules act is through partial complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, generally in 3' UTRs. The main function of miRNAs is to down-regulate gene expression.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: The ncRNA RNase P has also been shown to influence gene expression. In the human nucleus, RNase P is required for the normal and efficient transcription of various ncRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. These include tRNA, 5S rRNA, SRP RNA, and U6 snRNA genes. RNase P exerts its role in transcription through association with Pol III and chromatin of active tRNA and 5S rRNA genes.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: It has been shown that 7SK RNA, a metazoan ncRNA, acts as a negative regulator of the RNA polymerase II elongation factor P-TEFb, and that this activity is influenced by stress response pathways.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: The bacterial ncRNA, 6S RNA, specifically associates with RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the sigma70 specificity factor. This interaction represses expression from a sigma70-dependent promoter during stationary phase.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Another bacterial ncRNA, OxyS RNA represses translation by binding to Shine-Dalgarno sequences thereby occluding ribosome binding. OxyS RNA is induced in response to oxidative stress in Escherichia coli.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: The B2 RNA is a small noncoding RNA polymerase III transcript that represses mRNA transcription in response to heat shock in mouse


title: Non-coding RNA

text: cells. B2 RNA inhibits transcription by binding to core Pol II. Through this interaction, B2 RNA assembles into preinitiation


title: Non-coding RNA

text: A recent study has shown that just the act of transcription of ncRNA sequence can have an influence on gene expression. RNA polymerase II transcription of ncRNAs is required for chromatin remodelling in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Chromatin is progressively converted to an open configuration, as several species of ncRNAs are transcribed.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: A number of ncRNAs are embedded in the 5' UTRs (Untranslated Regions) of protein coding genes and influence their expression in various ways. For example, a riboswitch can directly bind a small target molecule; the binding of the target affects the gene's activity.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: RNA leader sequences are found upstream of the first gene of amino acid biosynthetic operons. These RNA elements form one of two possible structures in regions encoding very short peptide sequences that are rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. A terminator structure forms when there is an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure forms. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon. Known RNA leaders are Histidine operon leader, Leucine operon leader, Threonine operon leader and the Tryptophan operon leader.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Iron response elements (IRE) are bound by iron response proteins (IRP). The IRE is found in UTRs of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism. When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the ferritin mRNA IRE leading to translation repression.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) are RNA structures that allow for translation initiation in the middle of a mRNA sequence as part of the process of protein synthesis.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: mammalian testes and somatic cells form RNA-protein complexes with Piwi proteins. These piRNA complexes (piRCs) have been linked to transcriptional gene silencing of retrotransposons and other genetic elements in germ line cells, particularly those in spermatogenesis.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are repeats found in the DNA of many bacteria and archaea. The repeats are separated by spacers of similar length. It has been demonstrated that these spacers can be derived from phage and subsequently help protect the cell from infection.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Telomerase is an RNP enzyme that adds specific DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in vertebrates) to telomeric regions, which are found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. The telomeres contain condensed DNA material, giving stability to the chromosomes. The enzyme is a reverse transcriptase that carries Telomerase RNA, which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres, which are shortened after each replication cycle.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Xist (X-inactive-specific transcript) is a long ncRNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as major effector of the X chromosome inactivation process forming Barr bodies. An antisense RNA, Tsix, is a negative regulator of Xist. X chromosomes lacking Tsix expression (and thus having high levels of Xist transcription) are inactivated more frequently than normal chromosomes. In drosophilids, which also use an XY sex-determination system, the roX (RNA on the X) RNAs are involved in dosage compensation. Both Xist and roX operate by epigenetic regulation of transcription through the recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: "Bifunctional RNAs", or "dual-function RNAs", are RNAs that have two distinct functions. The majority of the known bifunctional RNAs are mRNAs that encode both a protein and ncRNAs. However, a growing number of ncRNAs fall into two different ncRNA categories; e.g., H/ACA box snoRNA and miRNA.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Two well known examples of bifunctional RNAs are SgrS RNA and RNAIII. However, a handful of other bifunctional RNAs are known to exist (e.g., steroid receptor activator/SRA, VegT RNA,


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Oskar RNA, ENOD40, p53 RNA and SR1 RNA. Bifunctional RNAs have recently been the subject of a special issue of Biochimie.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: There is an important link between certain non-coding RNAs and the control of hormone-regulated pathways. In "Drosophila", hormones such as ecdysone and juvenile hormone can promote the expression of certain miRNAs. Furthermore, this regulation occurs at distinct temporal points within "Caenorhabditis elegans" development. In mammals, miR-206 is a crucial regulator of estrogen-receptor-alpha.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Non-coding RNAs are crucial in the development of several endocrine organs, as well as in endocrine diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Specifically in the MCF-7 cell line, addition of 17β-estradiol increased global transcription of the noncoding RNAs called lncRNAs near estrogen-activated coding genes.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: "C. elegans" was shown to learn and inherit pathogenic avoidance after exposure to a single non-coding RNA of a bacterial pathogen.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: As with proteins, mutations or imbalances in the ncRNA repertoire within the body can cause a variety of diseases.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Many ncRNAs show abnormal expression patterns in cancerous tissues. These include miRNAs, long mRNA-like ncRNAs, GAS5, SNORD50, telomerase RNA and Y RNAs. The miRNAs are involved in the large scale regulation of many protein coding genes, the Y RNAs are important for the initiation of DNA replication, telomerase RNA that serves as a primer for telomerase, an RNP that extends telomeric regions at chromosome ends (see telomeres and disease for more information). The direct function of the long mRNA-like ncRNAs is less clear.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Germ-line mutations in miR-16-1 and miR-15 primary precursors have been shown to be much more frequent in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared to control populations.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: It has been suggested that a rare SNP (rs11614913) that overlaps hsa-mir-196a-2 has been found to be associated with non-small cell lung carcinoma. Likewise, a screen of 17 miRNAs that have been predicted to regulate a number of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs miR-17 and miR-30c-1of patients; these patients were noncarriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, lending the possibility that familial breast cancer may be caused by variation in these miRNAs.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: The p53 tumor suppressor is arguably the most important agent in preventing tumor formation and progression. The p53 protein functions as a transcription factor with a crucial role in orchestrating the cellular stress response. In addition to its crucial role in cancer, p53 has been implicated in other diseases including diabetes, cell death after ischemia, and various neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington, Parkinson, and Alzheimer. Studies have suggested that p53 expression is subject to regulation by non-coding RNA.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Another example of non-coding RNA dysregulated in cancer cells is the long non-coding RNA Linc00707. Linc00707 is upregulated and sponges miRNAs in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, in hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer or breast cancer, and thus promotes osteogenesis, contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression, promotes proliferation and metastasis, or indirectly regulates expression of proteins involved in cancer aggressiveness, respectively.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: The deletion of the 48 copies of the C/D box snoRNA SNORD116 has been shown to be the primary cause of Prader–Willi syndrome. Prader–Willi is a developmental disorder associated with over-eating and learning difficulties. SNORD116 has potential target sites within a number of protein-coding genes, and could have a role in regulating alternative splicing.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: The chromosomal locus containing the small nucleolar RNA SNORD115 gene cluster has been duplicated in approximately 5% of individuals with autistic traits. A mouse model engineered to have a duplication of the SNORD115 cluster displays autistic-like behaviour. A recent small study of post-mortem brain tissue demonstrated altered expression of long non-coding RNAs in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum of autistic brains as compared to controls.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Mutations within RNase MRP have been shown to cause cartilage–hair hypoplasia, a disease associated with an array of symptoms such as short stature, sparse hair, skeletal abnormalities and a suppressed immune system that is frequent among Amish and Finnish. The best characterised variant is an A-to-G transition at nucleotide 70 that is in a loop region two bases 5' of a conserved pseudoknot. However, many other mutations within RNase MRP also cause CHH.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: The antisense RNA, BACE1-AS is transcribed from the opposite strand to BACE1 and is upregulated in patients with Alzheimer's disease. BACE1-AS regulates the expression of BACE1 by increasing BACE1 mRNA stability and generating additional BACE1 through a post-transcriptional feed-forward mechanism. By the same mechanism it also raises concentrations of beta amyloid, the main constituent of senile plaques. BACE1-AS concentrations are elevated in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Variation within the seed region of mature miR-96 has been associated with autosomal dominant, progressive hearing loss in humans and mice. The homozygous mutant mice were profoundly deaf, showing no cochlear responses. Heterozygous mice and humans progressively lose the ability to hear.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: A number of mutations within mitochondrial tRNAs have been linked to diseases such as MELAS syndrome, MERRF syndrome, and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.


title: Non-coding RNA

text: Scientists have started to distinguish "functional RNA" ("fRNA") from ncRNA, to describe regions functional at the RNA level that may or may not be stand-alone RNA transcripts. This implies that fRNA (such as riboswitches, SECIS elements, and other cis-regulatory regions) is not ncRNA. Yet fRNA could also include mRNA, as this is RNA coding for protein, and hence is functional. Additionally artificially evolved RNAs also fall under the fRNA umbrella term. Some publications state that "ncRNA" and "fRNA" are nearly synonymous, however others have pointed out that a large proportion of annotated ncRNAs likely have no function. It also has been suggested to simply use the term "RNA", since the distinction from a protein coding RNA (messenger RNA) is already given by the qualifier "mRNA". This eliminates the ambiguity when addressing a gene "encoding a non-coding" RNA. Besides, there may be a number of ncRNAs that are misannoted in published literature and datasets.


title: Sivakumarin Sabadham

text: Sivakumarin Sabadham () is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language musical comedy drama film written and directed by Aadhi of Hiphop Tamizha. It is his second film as writer and director after Meesaya Murukku and he co-produced the film with Sathya Jyothi Films in the banner Indie Rebels. Aadhi also stars as the lead alongside Prankster Rahul in his debut and Madhuri Jain. The film was released on 30 September 2021 to mixed reviews and did average collections.


title: Sivakumarin Sabadham

text: A young man from a weaving family vows to restore it to its past glory by taking on a textile magnate.


title: Sivakumarin Sabadham

text: Principal photography began in October 2020, and wrapped in December that year within 65 working days.


title: Sivakumarin Sabadham

text: The film's soundtrack was composed by Hiphop Tamizha, while lyrics written by Hiphop Tamizha, Rokesh and Ko Sesha.


title: Sivakumarin Sabadham

text: The film received mixed reviews, praising the soundtrack and the performances but criticized the story and screenplay. The film became an average hit.


title: Sivakumarin Sabadham

text: Satellite rights were acquired by Star Vijay while Disney+ Hotstar acquired digital rights of this film.


title: Scorched rice

text: Scorched rice, also known as crunchy rice, is a thin crust of slightly browned rice at the bottom of the cooking pot. It is produced during the cooking of rice over direct heat from a flame.


title: Scorched rice

text: In Cape Verdean Creole, the burned, scorched, or otherwise crunchy rice at the bottom of the pot is referred to as "kokorota". It is traditionally cooked outside, or in a semi-enclosed cooking space in a three-legged metal pot over burning firewood. In modern times, butane-powered stoves and store-bought pots are more commonly used in Cape Verde; however, the three-legged pots are still frequently used in the rural areas and when making food for parties, festivals or any occasion where large quantities of food are required.


title: Scorched rice

text: "Guōbā" (), sometimes known as "mi guoba" (, ) is a Chinese food ingredient consisting of scorched rice. Traditionally "guōbā" forms during the boiling of rice over direct heat from a flame. This results in the formation of a crust of scorched rice on the bottom of the wok or cooking vessel. This scorched rice has a firm and crunchy texture with a slight toasted flavour, and is sometimes eaten as a snack.


title: Scorched rice

text: "Guōbā" is also used as an ingredient in many Chinese dishes with thick sauces, since the bland taste of the scorched rice takes on the flavour of the sauces. "Guōbā" is also served in soups and stews and prominently featured in Sichuan cuisine. Since demand for "guōbā" outstrips traditional production and modern ways of cooking rice (in electric rice cookers) do not produce it, "guōbā" has been commercially manufactured since the late 20th century.


title: Scorched rice

text: In Colombia, the burned, scorched, or otherwise crunchy rice at the bottom of the pot is referred to as "la pega" (the glue).


title: Scorched rice

text: Scorched rice is referred to as "kanzo" or "ɛmo ase" (bottom of rice) in Twi. It is made by mistake or by chance since it happens when the rice burns while cooking. Some people choose to discard it but it's liked by a lot of people as it adds a crunch to the rice dish.


title: Scorched rice

text: In Indonesia, especially Central Java, scorched rice is called "intip". It is a specialty of the Wonogiri Regency area and served as a cracker. The rice cracker is made from the hardened semi-burnt rice that sticks to the inner bottom of rice-cooking vessels. These cooking vessels are filled with water to loosen up the stuck rice. After it is separated from the cooking vessel, the stuck rice is sun-dried until it loses all of its liquid contents. The dried sticky rice is later deep-fried to create a crispy rice cracker.


title: Scorched rice

text: In Indonesia there is a similar rice cracker called "rengginang". Unlike "intip", however, it is not made from scorched rice salvaged from the bottom of a rice cooking vessel, but created separately from steamed sticky rice, boiled, seasoned, made into a flat and rounded shape, and sun-dried prior to deep-frying.


title: Scorched rice

text: In Iran, scorched rice or tahdig is a necessary part of every kind of rice cooking and is prepared in 8 different ways.


title: Scorched rice

text: Rice, bread or potato crust or some vegetables from the bottom of the pot is called "tahdig" in Iran. "Tahdig" (, "tah" "bottom" + "dīg" "pot") is a specialty of Iranian cuisine consisting of crisp, caramelized rice taken from the bottom of the pot in which the rice ("chelow") is cooked. It is traditionally served to guests at a meal. Ingredients commonly added to "tahdig" include yogurt and saffron, bread, potato, tomato, and fruits such as sour cherry.


title: Scorched rice

text: Variations of "tahdig" include placing thin bread or vegetable slices at the bottom of the pot, so they crisp up instead of the rice; these vegetables include potato, carrots, and lettuce. Iranians almost always apply this cooking method to spaghetti as well, providing a hardened base.


title: Scorched rice

text: Iraqi rice cooking is a multi-step process intended to produce tender, fluffy grains of rice. A prominent aspect of Iraqi rice cooking is the "hikakeh", a crisp bottom crust. The "hikakeh" contains some loose rice as well. Before serving, the "hikakeh" is broken into pieces so that everyone is provided with some along with the fluffy rice.


title: Scorched rice

text: Until electric rice cookers came into common use in the 20th century, rice in Japan was cooked in a "kamado", a traditional stove heated by wood or charcoal. Because regulating the heat of a wood or charcoal fire is more difficult, a layer of rice at the bottom of the pot would often be slightly burned during cooking; this layer, called "okoge", was not discarded, but was eaten with vegetables or moistened with water, soup, or tea.


title: Scorched rice

text: "Okoge" is still eaten in Japanese cuisine, and is an important part of the "kaiseki" meal served at tea ceremonies, where it is typically served with hot water and pickles as the final course. It has a crispy texture and a nutty flavour.


title: Scorched rice

text: Because the cooking temperature of modern electric rice cookers is precisely controlled, "okoge" does not usually form naturally during the cooking process. However, there are rice cookers on the market in Japan that have an "okoge" setting. "Okoge" can also be made by scorching cooked rice in a frying pan.


title: Scorched rice

text: "Nurungji" () is eaten as a snack, infused in hot water to make "sungnyung" (scorched rice tea), or reboiled in water to make "nureun bap".


title: Scorched rice

text: "Nurungji" (hangul: 누룽지) or scorched rice is a traditional Korean food made of scorched rice. After boiling and serving rice, a thin crust of scorched rice will usually be left in the bottom of the cooking pot. This yellowed scorched state is described as "nureun" (눌은) in Korean; "nurungji" derives from this adjective.


title: Scorched rice

text: "Nurungji" can be eaten in its crisp state as a snack or as an after meal rice tea by adding hot water, or reboiled with water to make "nureun bap" (눌은밥) or "nurungji bap" (누룽지밥). "Nurungji" in its broad sense also refers to the crisp crust that forms at the bottom of the pots and pans when cooking various rice dishes such as "dolsot bibimbap" (돌솥 비빔밥) and "bokkeumbap".


title: Scorched rice

text: "Nurungji" is traditionally known for its medicinal attributes. According to records in the 17th century medical book "Dongui Bogam", "nurungji" was called "chwigunban" (취건반, 炊乾飯) and considered as a remedy "when food does not swallow easily, upsets the stomach and induces vomiting". It is also lauded as a well-being food in South Korea.


title: Scorched rice

text: South Korean companies made "nurungji" available in various pre-packaged forms around the mid-2000s. Besides sweet fried "nurungji" snacks and instant "nurungji" to make "nureunbap", many "nurungji"-flavored products were also developed such as candies and tea. "Nurungi" is also used as an ingredient in a variety of new dishes like "nurungji" "baeksuk" and "nurungji" pizza.


title: Scorched rice

text: Mentions of "nurungji" in folklore are common, the most famous being a folk song recognizing the difficulties of memorizing the Thousand Character Classic. The lines are changed from the original chant to a clever rhyme that loosely translates into "sky "cheon" (天), earth "ji" (地), "nurungji" in the "gamasot" (cauldron pot)". (Korean: "하늘 천, 땅 지, 가마 솥에 누룽지").


title: Scorched rice

text: Scorched rice is known as "cucayo", "pegao", "cocolón" (Ecuador), "concolón", "raspa", "raspado", "graten" (Haiti), "bunbun" (Jamaica) and "concón" (Dominican Republic) in the Caribbean. In Colombian cuisine, scorched rice is called "cucayo", "pega" or "pego". It is often consumed with vegetable toppings as a cracker, or served in soups. It is also eaten alone or used to make leftovers. In Dominican cuisine, scorched rice is called "concón", though this word can refer to the crunchy, toasted underside of other food types, as well. In Puerto Rican cuisine, scorched rice is called "pegao" (shortened "pegado", "stuck"). In Ecuador, "kukayu" "(cucayo)" is the name given to food items that are meant for travel, derived from "kukayu" (Quechua for a ration of coca). In Trinidad and Tobago cuisine and other English speaking Caribbean countries, scorched rice at the bottom of the pot is called "bun bun".


title: Scorched rice

text: In the Burmese language, scorched rice is called "htamin gyo" (). It is commonly found in "hsi htamin", glutinous rice cooked with turmeric and oil.


title: Scorched rice

text: "Tutong" (Tagalog) or "dukót" (Cebuano, "to stick") is used for a wide variety of dishes in Philippine cuisine, even as flavouring for ice cream. Some people may consider it a poverty food, but others eat it because they enjoy the taste.


title: Scorched rice

text: "Socarrat" (in Valencian and Catalan Spanish language) refers to the crust that forms on the bottom of the pan when cooking paella. It is also known as "Churruscado" in Castilian Spanish.


title: Scorched rice

text: In Vietnamese cuisine, it is called "cơm cháy" (literally "scorched rice"). It is typically fried in oil until golden brown, then topped with "chà bông" (pork floss) or "tôm khô" (dried shrimp), "mỡ hành" (chopped scallions cooked by pouring boiling oil over them to release their aroma), and chili paste to produce a popular dish called "cơm cháy chà bông" or "cơm cháy tôm khô" (although both the pork and shrimp may be used, in which case the dish is called "cơm cháy chà bông tôm khô" or "cơm cháy tôm khô chà bông"). "Cơm cháy" may be made from the crust of rice left over from cooking rice in an iron pot, or, more commonly since the advent of electric rice cookers in the late 20th century, from leftover rice that is fried in oil over high heat to acquire a crispy texture.


title: Peste Noire

text: Peste Noire are a French black metal band from La Chaise-Dieu, France. The band was formed by "La sale Famine de Valfunde" (Ludovic Faure), also known simply as "Famine", in 2000. Their music uses standard black metal elements mixed with traditional Gallic instrumentation, and influences from genres like punk and electronic music. The band is sometimes referred to as P.N. or K.P.N (Kommando Peste Noire).


title: Peste Noire

text: The band is frequently grouped together with the French National Socialist black metal (NSBM) scene though Famine prefers to characterize himself and his project's ideology as fascism rather than Nazism.


title: Peste Noire

text: Peste Noire was created by La sale Famine de Valfunde (i.e. "The filthy Famine of Valfunde") in Avignon in 2000, initially under the name Dor Daedeloth. Neige (Alcest), who played in the band's first eight years of existence, joined him on drums. Together they crafted four demos and one split demo tape. Argoth, a bass player also member of early Alcest fame, helped up to the 2002 "Mémoire Païenne" split with fellow French NSBM band Sombre Chemin. The band was supposed to release an album entitled "Les Salisseurs de Lumière" around 2005 and early 2006 through Drakkar Productions, but Famine was not satisfied with the production and decided to cancel the release.


title: Peste Noire

text: In 2006, Famine hired new members Winterhalter (drums) and Indria (bass) to assist with "La Sanie des siècles – Panégyrique de la dégénérescence", produced by French label De profundis éditions in August 2006. The music on their first effort was mostly melodic and sorrowful, turning at times towards a more aggressive and chaotic sound within lengthy and elaborate song structures. With hymns such as "Dueil Angoisseus", "Spleen", or "Le Mort Joyeux", the record caused a stir in the underground black metal scene. It helped establish the band on an international level.


title: Peste Noire

text: De profundis éditions produced Peste Noire's second album "Folkfuck Folie", released in June 2007. The lyrics can seem autobiographical and deal with apocalyptic themes, the triumph of the body over the mind, barbarism and wartime poetry, the spreading of sexually transmitted diseases, and mental disorder and feature a deliberately poor production quality, and the music was much more chaotic, morose and dissonant so as to, as Famine described; "scare off trendies" who praised the band's debut album.


title: Peste Noire

text: In March 2009, Peste Noire released their third album "Ballade cuntre lo Anemi francor" ("Ballad against the enemies of France") with a new line-up. The production was kept lo-fi and raw on purpose and features elements of post-punk, folk and traditional militant hymns and ballads, and it was also the band's first album with overtly nationalistic lyrics, featuring a French military march derived from "Warszawianka" (1905) called "Les hussards de Bercheny" and the band's interpretation of a 1909 chant called "La France Bouge" written for the Camelots du Roi, the violent youth organization of the French Far-right and Monarchist counter-revolutionary movement Action Française.


title: Peste Noire

text: Having relocated to Auvergne, Famine created his own label, La mesnie Herlequin, in May 2011 to release the band's fourth release "L'Ordure à l'état Pur" ("The pure essence of garbage"). The album booklet contains anti-semitic, anti-feminist and anti-immigration caricatures and symbolism. It has stylistic influences from several genres, both old and modern mixed with the band's signature style of black metal, including Eurobeat, traditional Gallic music, French folk, Burlesque and Cabaret music, Electro-industrial and Hardcore punk, as well as featuring samples of news reports, BDSM orgies and riots. The album was widely praised for being so musically dynamic and eccentric.


title: Peste Noire

text: A Canadian division of La mesnie Herlequin called "LMH Amérique" was created by Transcendental Creations in association with the band, it was active in 2011 but the association was ended by Famine in 2013 due to wholesale overpricing on LMH Amérique's part, as well as withholding owed royalties. All Peste Noire material and merchandise produced by Transcendental Creations is now considered bootleg by the band.


title: Peste Noire

text: The band's fifth album, self-titled as "Peste Noire", was released in June 2013 on their own label. It was entirely composed, recorded and mixed by Famine and new drummer Ardraos. The album theme is anti-urban and inspired by local history, folklore and legends, and contains Oi! influences. The album featured guest vocals by Roman Saenko of Drudkh and Hate Forest fame, Ravenlord and Melkor of the controversial Swedish band Woods of Infinity, and Lord Arawn from Sacrificia Mortuorum


title: Peste Noire

text: "La Chaise-Dyable", the band's sixth album, was recorded at La mesnie Herlequin and released in 2015, musically the album sees the band continue the style and influences featured in the previous self-titled album and the lyrics, according to Famine deal with countryside boredom and monotony, anarchism and the region of La Chaise-Dieu. In a first for the group, the second version of the song "Dans ma nuit" was the subject of a professional music video directed by "Anaon Productions", who also produced a documentary for the band mainly about the album's production but also about the band's concept and views. It was around this time that Famine began openly showing his support to the Azov battalion in Ukraine. Another music video was made in 2017 for the song "Le dernier putsch", it featured М8Л8ТХ founder and frontman Alexey Levkin who also helped co-produce the video with his label Militant Zone, as well as organize a private release screening of the video for both bands, their fans and invited guests like Finnish NSBM band Goatmoon.


title: Peste Noire

text: The band signed with the Ukrainian NSBM label Militant Zone in 2015 after the release of "La Chaise-Dyable". The band released their seventh studio album "Peste Noire – Split – Peste Noire" in 2018, through Militant Zone and in collaboration with their own label La mesnie Herlequin. The album was panned for its overtly racist cover and lyrics, as well as for featuring Trap music and Hardcore rap.


title: Peste Noire

text: In October 2016, Peste Noire was taken off of the concert schedule of Drohende Schatten's Sinister Howling V Festival in Speyer, Germany. Norwegian band One Tail One Head replaced them. Peste Noire was forced off the black metal festival by officials of the city of Speyer. This would have been Peste Noire's first festival performance in ten years. German politician Katrin Werner wrote an open letter to , Mayor of Speyer, warning that Peste Noire was planning to perform somewhere nearby, but one day earlier. Werner pointed out the connections between Peste Noire and neo-Nazi symbols or music, describing the logo of Peste Noire as the same skull and crossbones as the American white supremacist group White Aryan Resistance, and she said that the label Northern Heritage had published a collaboration between Peste Noire and the Finnish band Horna which has been connected to neo-Nazi black metal bands through their record label. Werner said that Famine has been photographed in front of Nazi backgrounds, and that Famine has used the Nazi salute.


title: Peste Noire

text: On May 15, 2021, Famine announced that a new Peste Noire album titled "Le retour des pastoureaux" would be released on September on vinyl and CD exclusively through La mesnie Herlequin, a live acoustic 12-inch EP recorded in Kiev during Asgardsrei 2018, was also announced and released on November, again exclusively through the band's label. "Le retour des pastoureaux" was also uploaded by Famine on the official La mesnie Herlequin YouTube account on September 3. On May 25, 2021, Famine was found guilty for the July 12, 2018, assault of a man inside a bar, the plaintiff was hospitalized due to a broken jaw and was reportedly suffering from PTSD. Famine fled to Ukraine afterwards where he stayed with his associates from Militant Zone until September 2020, upon his return to France he was subsequently arrested. He received a six months suspended prison sentence, which will be effective for 5 years, plus a fine of 3000 euros pending further adjustment for the victim's expenses, another man from the same incident also filed an assault complaint against Famine for a broken nose, though Famine denies having hit him.


title: Peste Noire

text: In April 2007 the Finnish label Northern Heritage, owned by controversial Black Metal and right wing-associated artist Mikko Aspa, released PN's "Lorraine Rehearsal" 12-inch EP. The EP featured "rehearsal" songs recorded in Lorraine from August 2006. A limited tape edition was also released on Roman Saenko (Hate Forest, Drudkh)'s label Night Birds Records in 2009.


title: Peste Noire

text: At the same period, Famine, under his own name Valfunde, released a split 7-inch EP with Amesoeurs produced by De profundis éditions in November 2007, containing unreleased songs, recorded in low quality on purpose. Famine quickly dropped the idea of Valfunde as a side-project. Instead, Famine used the post-punk ideas he had for Valfunde on Peste Noire's third album "Ballade cuntre lo Anemi francor" (2009).


title: Peste Noire

text: A self-released double protape box "Mors orbis terrarum" containing all tracks from the early, sold out, demo tapes was released in 2007, and later re-released in a vinyl edition. A split 7-inch EP with controversial Finnish band Horna was also released in 2007 through Debemur Morti Productions.


title: Peste Noire

text: "La Sanie des siècles" was repressed by De profundis éditions and Transcendental Creations on CD in August 2008. A vinyl version of the album was co-produced by De profundis éditions and Finnish label Ahdistuksen Aihio Productions in August 2009. The tape version was produced in 2013 by Night Birds Records in collaboration with Todestrieb records.


title: Peste Noire

text: A tape version of "Ballade cuntre lo Anemi francor" was released in March 2009 by the label Tour de Garde from Quebec.


title: Peste Noire

text: A limited vinyl version of "Folkfuck Folie" co-produced by Northern Heritage and De profundis éditions was released in April 2010. A limited tape edition of "Folkfuck Folie" was also released on Roman Saenko's Night Birds Records at the same time.


title: Peste Noire

text: On that same year Famine wrote the lyrics of one song for Canadian black metal band Akitsa's fourth album "Au crépuscule de l'espérance".


title: Peste Noire

text: Famine also collaborated with fellow French black metal band Sale Freux twice; doing guest vocals for their albums "La mélancolie des pennes"; released in December 2011, and "L'exil"; released in May 2012 by Famine's own label La mesnie Herlequin.


title: Peste Noire

text: In April 2012, La mesnie Herlequin released "Les démos", a double CD boxset containing all the Peste Noire demos (all the songs recorded between 2001 and 2005), including the Valfunde tracks.


title: Peste Noire

text: In August 2012, La mesnie Herlequin repressed Peste Noire's third album "Ballade cuntre lo Anemi francor" on CD with new artwork. The first pressing had been released by De profundis éditions in March 2009.


title: Peste Noire

text: In September 2013, Famine was featured on Swedish band Shining's "8 ½ – Feberdrömmar I Vaket Tillstånd" album. He sang on "Terres des Anonymes", a rerecording of "Fields of Faceless" (from "III – Angst – Självdestruktivitetens emissarie") with French lyrics.


title: Peste Noire

text: In July 2014 a collaborative split 12-inch LP was recorded with Parisian group Diapsiquir, titled "Rats des Villes VS Rats des Champs", released by La mesnie Herlequin. Peste Noire took the famous poem "Le rat de ville et le rat des champs" by Jean de La Fontaine as its main inspiration behind the split's title. in December of the same year, Famine appeared as a guest vocalist for then Peste Noire drummer Ardraos' band Sühnopfer second album "Offertoire".


title: Peste Noire

text: In 2015 Famine and Sün of NSBM band Aktion Totenkopf formed Vouïvre after a trip to Paris. The band also features former Peste Noire drummer Ardraos and keyboardist HGH also of Aktion Totenkopf and Elitism (also a NSBM band). They recorded the 12-inch EP "Au gouffre" which was released on 26 September 2017 through La mesnie Herlequin. It features guest vocals by Anthony Mignoni aka Xaphan of Seigneur Voland, another well known band from the French NSBM scene. Ardraos and Famine left Vouïvre after the release of the EP.


title: Peste Noire

text: Famine was featured as a guest vocalist for 2 songs on the fourth М8Л8ТХ album "Reconquista", which was released on 14 December 2018 by Militant Zone.


title: Peste Noire

text: In the band's early days, Famine described his beliefs and the band's ideology as a fusion of nationalism and satanism, or; "Pan-European Satanism" as he called it, and the band's lyrics focused primarily on French nationalism and the works of famed French poets like Charles Baudelaire and Antonin Artaud. However, in later years the band began focusing on themes of urban and modern decadence, French countrysides and hedonism while maintaining their Nationalist and Anarchist ideology along with progressively explicit racist lyrics, and overt white power and ethnonationalist themes.


title: Peste Noire

text: Peste Noire has become closely associated with the Ukrainian National Socialist scene and Famine is openly supportive of the Far-right group the Azov Battalion, Famine has also been involved with Social Bastion and shown support to groups like GUD and CasaPound.


title: Peste Noire

text: Peste Noire lays claim to its underground status by choice, not by accident. The group has always signed with small independent labels which exist on the periphery of the commercial mainstream circuit; a circuit which is incompatible with the ideology of black metal, according to Famine. In 2011 Famine pushed this approach even further by creating his own label and studio, La mesnie Herlequin, located in La Chaise-Dieu, in order to have complete control over the production, recording and distribution of his work, and to dispense with all the middlemen that stood between its creation and sale.


title: Peste Noire

text: The band became infamous for their chaotic and wild concerts in their homeland of France and various underground events throughout Europe, one particular concert in Canada stirred conflict between the local Antifas and Far-right sympathizers of the band. However, Peste Noire's live activities became less frequent, primarily because of boycotts, bans and cancellations; most notably the band was dropped from the 2017 edition of Blasfest in Bergen, Norway amidst protest from Norwegian Antifascist groups, one of their last and most noteworthy live performance in a major festival was on Steelfest 2017 in Finland.


title: Peste Noire

text: Recently, Peste Noire has mostly played live on the neo-Nazi Asgardsrei festival, having performed three years in a row, from 2016 to 2018, there. P. N. have strong connections and projects with Militant Zone, the organizers of the festival.


title: Flyback converter

text: The flyback converter is used in both AC/DC, and DC/DC conversion with galvanic isolation between the input and any outputs. The flyback converter is a buck-boost converter with the inductor split to form a transformer, so that the voltage ratios are multiplied with an additional advantage of isolation. When driving, for example, a plasma lamp or a voltage multiplier, the rectifying diode of the boost converter is left out and the device is called a flyback transformer.


title: Flyback converter

text: The schematic of a flyback converter can be seen in Fig. 1. It is equivalent to that of a buck-boost converter, with the inductor split to form a transformer. Therefore, the operating principle of both converters is very similar:


title: Flyback converter

text: The operation of storing energy in the transformer before transferring to the output of the converter allows the topology to easily generate multiple outputs with little additional circuitry, although the output voltages have to be able to match each other through the turns ratio. Also there is a need for a controlling rail which has to be loaded before load is applied to the uncontrolled rails, this is to allow the PWM to open up and supply enough energy to the transformer.


title: Flyback converter

text: The flyback converter is an isolated power converter. The two prevailing control schemes are voltage mode control and current mode control. In the majority of cases current mode control needs to be dominant for stability during operation. Both modes require a signal related to the output voltage. There are three common ways to generate this voltage:


title: Flyback converter

text: 3. Sample the voltage amplitude on the primary side, during the discharge, referenced to the standing primary DC voltage.


title: Flyback converter

text: The first technique, involving an optocoupler, has been used to obtain tight voltage and current regulation, whereas the second approach has been developed for cost-sensitive applications where the output does not need to be as tightly controlled, but many components including the optocoupler can be eliminated from the overall design. Also, in applications where reliability is critical, optocouplers can be detrimental to the system's MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure). The third technique, primary-side sensing, can be as accurate as the first and more economical than the second, yet requires a minimum load so that the discharge-event keeps occurring, providing the opportunities to sample the 1:N secondary voltage at the primary winding (during Tdischarge, as per Fig 3).


title: Flyback converter

text: A variation in primary-side sensing technology is where the output voltage and current are regulated by monitoring the waveforms in the auxiliary winding used to power the control IC itself, which have improved the accuracy of both voltage and current regulation. The auxiliary primary winding is used in the same discharge phase as the remaining secondaries, but it builds a rectified voltage referenced commonly with the primary DC, hence considered on the primary side.


title: Flyback converter

text: Previously, a measurement was taken across the whole of the flyback waveform which led to error, but it was realized that measurements at the so-called "knee point" (when the secondary current is zero, see Fig. 3) allow for a much more accurate measurement of the secondary side behavior. This topology is now replacing ringing choke converters (RCCs) in applications such as mobile phone chargers.


title: Tin foil

text: Tin foil, also spelled tinfoil, is a thin foil made of tin. Tin foil was superseded after World War II by cheaper and more durable aluminium foil, which is still referred to as "tin foil" in many regions (an example of a misnomer).


title: Tin foil

text: Foil made from a thin leaf of tin was commercially available before its aluminium counterpart. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, tin foil was in common use, and some people continue to refer to the new product by the name of the old one. Tin foil is stiffer than aluminium foil. It tends to give a slight tin taste to food wrapped in it, which is a major reason it has largely been replaced by aluminium and other materials for wrapping food.


title: Tin foil

text: Because of its corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, availability, low cost, low toxicity, and slight malleability, tin foil was used as a filling for tooth cavities prior to the 20th century.


title: M b v (album)

text: m b v is the third studio album by Anglo-Irish rock band My Bloody Valentine, self-released on 2 February 2013. Produced by the band's vocalist and guitarist Kevin Shields, "m b v" was the band's first full-length release of original material since "Loveless" (1991), over two decades earlier.


title: M b v (album)

text: Recording for "m b v" began prior to My Bloody Valentine's breakup in 1997. Shields resumed recording in 2006 at the time when the band was reunited, with further recording occurring after 2011. The album received critical acclaim and was named among the best albums of 2013 by numerous publications, including "Pitchfork", "Uncut", and "The Wire".


title: M b v (album)

text: Following their departure from Creation Records after the release of their second studio album "Loveless" (1991), My Bloody Valentine signed with Island Records in October 1992 for a reported £250,000. The band's advance went towards the construction of a home studio in Streatham, South London, which was completed in April 1993. Several technical problems with the studio sent the band into "semi-meltdown", according to vocalist and guitarist Kevin Shields, who was rumoured to have been suffering from writer's block. Between 1993 and 1996, the band recorded and released two covers: "We Have All the Time in the World" by Louis Armstrong for "Peace Together," and "Map Ref. 41°N 93°W" by Wire for the tribute album "Whore: Tribute to Wire".


title: M b v (album)

text: Rumours spread that several albums worth of material had been recorded and shelved prior to the band's 1997 breakup. In 1999, it was reported that Shields had delivered 60 hours of material to Island Records, and vocalist and guitarist Bilinda Butcher confirmed that there existed "probably enough songs to fill two albums". Shields confirmed that at least one full album of "half-finished" material was abandoned: "It was worth dumping. It was dead. It hadn't got that spirit, that life in it."


title: M b v (album)

text: Recording sessions for "m b v" began in 1996, after bassist Debbie Googe and drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig had left the band. Shields began recording guitar riffs to tape, laying the foundations for several songs. He said that when the sessions concluded in 1997 the album was "half-finished". Shields recorded most of the instrumentation. In an interview with "Drowned in Sound," Googe said that the drum parts had "been added then taken off at least once", with Shields' brother Jimi Shields recording beats for sampling and Ó Cíosóig recording final live tracks.


title: M b v (album)

text: In 2006, Shields resumed recording at the time when the band was reunited, combining recordings from the 1996 and 1997 sessions with additional instrumentation. Final vocal, bass and drum tracks and overdubs were recorded in 2011 and 2012. "She Found Now" was the only song recorded "completely from scratch" in 2012. The album was recorded and mixed on analogue equipment, as with My Bloody Valentine's earlier albums. It was recorded on 2-inch 24-track tape and mixed on half-inch tape.


title: M b v (album)

text: Mastering was completed on 21 December 2012, after four months of mixing and editing in late 2012. The post-production process involved no digital processing, according to the band. The band recorded additional material at Grouse Lodge in Westmeath, Republic of Ireland during January 2013.


title: M b v (album)

text: In an interview with "The Quietus" prior to "m b v"s release, Shields said it was "not going to sound like "Loveless" where it's like looking into another world ... more like "Isn't Anything", where it seems to be of this world, but with one foot in another world ... the songs on "Loveless" had more in common with folk-blues music to me, just a verse and an instrumental passage, circular" and described the new material as "more elongated" and "raw". The Beach Boys' unfinished album "Smile" was an influence on the composition. According to Shields, he "wanted to see what would happen if I worked in a more impressionistic way, so that it only comes together at the end." He later expanded on his comments, stating that he was "purposefully not trying to write songs with a beginning, middle, and end."


title: M b v (album)

text: Shields mentioned drum and bass as an influence on one of the album's songs, and jungle music had influenced some of the original material recorded in 1996. Commenting on unreleased songs from "m b v"s recording sessions Shields said "there's probably about three more [songs] that will come out sometime."


title: M b v (album)

text: In 2007, describing the imminent release of a new record, Shields said "It sounds like what we sounded like—different but not radically different" and revealed the album was composed from "[the] '96/'97 record half-finished record finished, and then a compilation of stuff we did before that in 1993–94, and a little bit of new stuff."


title: M b v (album)

text: My Bloody Valentine confirmed "m b v"s release through the band's Facebook page on 2 February 2013. The band's website was relaunched at 11:58 GMT on 2 February, where "m b v" was released on mbv Records. It was made available for purchase on the website as a download (MP3 or WAV), a CD and download package, or a 180g LP, CD and download package. The website crashed within minutes of "m b v"s release, due to web traffic, and the album was later made available for stream on YouTube. Physical copies of the album were released on 22 February. Asked about the sales, Shields said: "If we [had] put it out on a major label, we would've had to sell 1.5 million copies to do as well as we will have done by the end of the year."


title: M b v (album)

text: Prior to "m b v"s release, My Bloody Valentine announced live dates in South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Australia during February 2013. The tour began on 3 February in Seoul and concluded on 22 February in Melbourne. A three-date tour of the United Kingdom was later announced, with the band performing from 8 to 12 March at Barrowlands in Glasgow, O2 Apollo in Manchester and Hammersmith Apollo in London. Due to demand, a second performance at Hammersmith Apollo on 13 March was added. The band performed a warm-up show at Electric Brixton in London on 27 January 2013, performing a new song entitled "Rough Song", which was later titled "New You" on "m b v". The band undertook North American and Japanese dates in summer and fall of 2013.


title: M b v (album)

text: "m b v" received universal acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 87, based on 46 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". AllMusic rated "m b v" four out of five stars. Writing for "The A.V. Club", Jason Heller said the album "stands as something potentially timeless—and immediately breathtaking". Heller drew comparisons between the first half of the album and "Loveless", and stated that the latter half "relinquishes the familiar and swims far beyond the sight of shore", in his A− review. BBC Music reviewer Ian Wade gave "m b v" a favourable review, describing "the lack of a dramatic shift in direction" as "comforting". He referred to the album as "a perfect follow-up to "Loveless" and noted it "represents an astounding return". Greg Kot of the "Chicago Tribune" awarded the album two and a half stars out of four and described "m b v" as being in thirds, saying "the opening trio of songs offers a paler version of the revolutionary "Loveless" sound", "the album takes a turn in its middle third with 'Is This and Yes,' essentially a long palette cleanser devoid of guitars" and "the album's final three songs serve as the antidote".


title: M b v (album)

text: Ludovic Hunter-Tilney of the "Financial Times" rated the album four out of five stars and said that "m b v"s opening track "leads us to expect a "Loveless" 2.0; as though Shields, pushing 50, has finally accepted that he has painted himself into a corner. However, as the album unfolds it transforms itself into a remarkable act of renewal", later concluding there was "a wild, undisciplined feel to the music". Writing for "The Guardian", Alexis Petridis compared the album favourably to "Loveless" and stated that "m b v" was "more melodically complex, intriguing and often pleasing than anything My Bloody Valentine has written before" in his full five-star review.


title: M b v (album)

text: Both "Hot Press" and "The Irish Times" published favourable reviews of "m b v"—Eamon Sweeney of "Hot Press" said My Bloody Valentine "have delivered nine tracks and 46 minutes of beautiful madness to luxuriate and get completely lost in" and Jim Carroll praised the album, referring to it as "damn good" and adding "but this is [My Bloody Valentine] and that third album comes with so many expectations that it's nigh on impossible for it to live up to what we expect." "Los Angeles Times" music critic Randall Roberts awarded "m b v" three and a half stars out of four. He described the album as opening with "a syrupy, drunken vessel of deep tremolo guitar" and ending on "a whirlwind of rhythm", adding "the record blossoms 20 minutes in, and over its length presents the sound of a group living in the here and now: rhythms of the moment, and staticky love-anthems like 'If I Am' as beautiful as anything the band has ever done." "Spin" rated "m b v" eight out of ten, with reviewer Michael Robbins referring to it as a "logical next step" and "utterly contemporary" with "a few songs betray[ing] their long, frustrating gestation in a studio vacuum."


title: M b v (album)

text: The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die", although it was removed in later versions.


title: 1968 in film

text: The year 1968 in film involved some significant events, with the release of Stanley Kubrick's "", as well as two highly successful musical films, "Funny Girl" and "Oliver!", the former earning Barbra Streisand the Academy Award for Best Actress (an honour she shared with Katharine Hepburn for her role in "The Lion in Winter") and the latter winning both the Best Picture and Best Director awards.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: Vidyasagar Setu, also known as the Second Hooghly Bridge, is a toll bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India, linking the cities of Kolkata and Howrah.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: Opened in 1992, with a total length of , Vidyasagar Setu is the first and longest cable-stayed bridge in India. It was the second bridge to be built across the Hooghly River; the first, the Howrah Bridge (also known as Rabindra Setu) to the north, was completed in 1943. Named after the education reformer Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, it cost to build. The project was a joint effort between the public and private sectors, under the control of the Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners (HRBC).


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: The importance of the bridge has increased manifold since 2013, as the West Bengal State Secretariat had shifted its office to Nabanna, located adjacent to the bridge on the Howrah side.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: Initially, under the toll collection regime of the HRBC, daily traffic was recorded to be a minimum of 28,000 vehicles and a maximum of 39,000 vehicles in 2000, but fell to a maximum of around 30,000 vehicles by December 2002, when the management of the toll plaza was handed over to a private firm. Subsequently, the daily traffic reached a minimum of 45,000 vehicles and a maximum of 61,000 vehicles by early 2008, against a maximum capacity of 85,000 vehicles per day. The original management of the toll revenue collection by HRBC was consequently criticized for corruption and significant loss of revenue.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: Population and commercial activity grew rapidly after India gained independence in August 1947. The only link across the Hooghly River, the Howrah Bridge between Howrah and Kolkata, was subject to much traffic congestion, with over 85,000 vehicles every day. This necessitated planning for a new bridge across the river so that it could connect to the major cities of Mumbai (Bombay), Delhi and Chennai (Madras) through the national highways located close to the bridge.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: The foundation stone for the bridge was laid by Indira Gandhi on 20 May 1972. The bridge took 20 years to complete and cost , but during seven of those years there was no construction activity. The bridge is named after the 19th-century Bengali education reformer Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. Work on the cable-stayed bridge started with the construction of the well curb on the Kolkata bank on 3 July 1979.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: There are three other bridges on the Hooghly River connecting Kolkata with Howrah district: Vivekananda Setu built in 1930, (road-cum-rail bridge) the first to be commissioned, and which had become old and needed repairs; Howrah Bridge, a cantilever bridge commissioned in 1943, now renamed as Rabindra Setu (since 1965 in honour of the Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore); and Nivedita Setu (named after Sister Nivedita), also known as the Second Vivekananda Setu, which is downstream from the old Vivekananda Setu and was commissioned on 4 June 2007. Kona Expressway and Vidyasagar Setu experienced an exponential rise in the volume of traffic over a couple of years. Over 100,000 vehicles take the expressway to reach Kolkata via Vidyasagar Setu.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: The bridge was designed by Schlaich Bergermann & Partner, and checked by Freeman Fox & Partners and Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Limited. Construction was carried out by the consortium of "The Braithwaite Burn and Jessop Construction Company Limited" (BBJ). The Hooghly River Bridge Commission (HRBC) was responsible for the commissioning operations of the bridge. Construction began on 3 July 1979, and the bridge was commissioned on 10 October 1992 by the Hooghly River Bridge Commission.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: Vidyasagar Setu is a cable-stayed bridge, with 121 cables in a fan arrangement, built using steel pylons high. With a total length of , Vidyasagar Setu is the longest cable-stayed bridge in India (the longer 3rd Narmada Bridge in Gujarat is an extradosed bridge). The deck is made of composite steel-reinforced concrete with two carriageways. The total width of the bridge is , with 3 lanes in each direction and a -wide footpath on each side. The deck over the main span is long. The two side spans are supported by parallel wire cables and are long. Vidyasagar Setu is a toll bridge. It has capacity to handle more than 85,000 vehicles in a day.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: The design of the bridge differs slightly from other bridges, which are of live load composite construction. The difference is in the dead load design concept adopted for this bridge and concreting of the side spans done with support provided by the intermediate trestle. The deck is designed with a grid structure of girders. One set of girders are at the end and another set in the middle, which are braced by girders spaced on an average at centre to centre.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: A deck crane was used for the construction of the main span of the bridge. A specially designed crane of 45 tonne capacity was used to erect the pylons of the bridge. The structural steel used in the bridge weighs about 13,200 tonnes. The pylons, which are in height, are designed as free standing portals. They are provided with two cross portal members, one at the bottom and another at the top, below the pylon head. The deck is connected to the end piers by bolts embedded in the chambers of the piers. Pylons made of steel boxes of riveted construction were raised on the two side spans of the bridge; one set is on the Kolkata side and the other is on the Howrah side. The six pylons on the Kolkata side of the bridge were installed using 75 MT and 50 MT cranes, while on the Howrah end, a single 50 MT crane was used. Anchorage of the pylon with the base of piers was effected through tie rods anchored in the piers. Cables were erected from the four pylon heads with the help of 32 hoist frames. The hoist frames were mounted on top of each pylon. Sheave blocks, winches and snatch blocks were used to facilitate the lifting, and cables inside the pylons were stressed with jacks. Pressure grouting was performed to fill the voids between the wire and the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tubes. A two tonne tower crane, fixed inside the pylons, lifted the cables into position.The bridge has been subject to prototype wind tunnel tests at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. Bearings are used in vertical and horizontal directions, with grouted collars in four segments at the two end piers and horizontal bearings at the two middle piers to achieve stability against lateral movement. Maurer Söhne expansion joints were provided to allow for horizontal expansion at the free ends. fixed-end slab seal type expansion joints were used for horizontal expansion of the joints. Other essential components provided in the bridge structure are the handrails, lightning arresters, crash barriers, gas service support structures, telephone and electric lines, lifts in the pylons, and a maintenance gantry.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: Over the years, several accidents have occurred on the bridge resulting in traffic congestion, and sometimes closure of the bridge for a few hours at a time. To relieve the heavy traffic congestion at the entry to the bridge, the Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners (HRBC) plan to build two one-way exit and entry ramps. These are planned with a semi-circular layout in the form of side wings, which will facilitate easier flow of traffic before the toll plaza on roads leading to the Howrah railway station. There are also plans to improve the lighting on the bridge by installing LED lamps and searchlights covering the four pylons, the bridge spans, cables and under-deck. An electronic toll collection system was scheduled to be introduced by 2014, to help improve the flow of traffic across the bridge.


title: Vidyasagar Setu

text: The traffic projections for the bridge at the planning stage have not been reached. A traffic survey carried out during one week in June 2012 recorded traffic of 29,000 vehicles over the bridge in comparison to a projected 85,000. A survey conducted during the same period in June 2012 indicated a figure of 31,865 vehicles, though it is reported by the concerned traffic and transportation engineer that the rate of increase in traffic has been one percent per year on the basis of traffic surveys carried out from the time of commissioning of the bridge. The reason for the fall in traffic during 2012 is attributed to the peak monsoon effect during the survey period.


title: Cabinet of Yemen

text: The Cabinet of Yemen refers to the governing body of the internationally recognized Yemen government led by the Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council Rashad al-Alimi who replaced former President of Yemen Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi on 7 April 2022 as the new President of Yemen. He then selected new cabinet members of the Yemeni Government.


title: Cabinet of Yemen

text: As part of the 2015 Yemeni Civil War, the cabinet authority is contested by the Houthis, who took over the capital Sanaa in an armed rebellion against the government and formed the Supreme Revolutionary Committee and Supreme Political Council in 2015. President Hadi then declared Aden as the temporary capital. The United Nation Security Council resolution 2201 deplored the unilateral action of the Houthis while resolution 2216 reaffirmed the legitimacy of Hadi as the president of Yemen.


title: Cabinet of Yemen

text: In 2012, after Saleh stepped down as a result of the Yemeni Revolution, part of the wider Arab Spring protests, in a political transition plan backed by Gulf states, Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi became the interim president and oversaw a national dialogue to draft a more inclusive, federal constitution. In 2014 the Houthis rapidly advanced south from Saada and seize Sanaa on 21 September with help from Saleh. In 2015, Hadi tried to announce a new federal constitution. The Houthis, who opposed the constitution, arrested him and forced him to resign. He escaped to Aden and declared it as the interim capital. He also asked the international community to intervene, triggering the Saudi led Arab military coalition intervention.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: The GLAAD Media Award is an accolade bestowed by GLAAD to recognize and honor various branches of the media for their outstanding representations of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community and the issues that affect their lives. In addition to film and television, the Awards also recognize achievements in other branches of the media and arts, including theatre, music, journalism and advertising.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: Honorees are selected by a process involving over 700 GLAAD Media Award voters and volunteers and are evaluated using four criteria: "Fair, Accurate and Inclusive Representations" of the LGBT community, "Boldness and Originality" of the project, significant "Cultural Impact" on mainstream culture, and "Overall Quality" of the project. Results are then certified by a "Review Panel" who determine the final list of recipients based on voting results and their own "expert opinions".


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: The 1st GLAAD Media Awards ceremony honoring the 1989 season was held in 1990, and recognized 34 nominees in 7 competitive categories.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: The first GLAAD Media Awards were presented by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation in 1990 to honor the 1989 season, and were envisioned as a way to recognize various branches of the media for their fair, accurate and inclusive representations of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community and the issues that affect their lives.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: The 1st Annual Awards ceremony recognized 34 nominees in 7 competitive categories and was a relatively "small" affair. At the 20th Annual Awards ceremony presented in 2009, GLAAD Award Honoree, Phil Donahue said of the first Annual ceremony: “It’s unbelievable to think about the power and the warp speed of this revolution. Twenty years ago when I proudly accepted the first GLAAD Media Award…it was a very small crowd. There are more photographers here tonight than there were people then".


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: For the first six years, winners were announced prior to the ceremony. Beginning with the 7th Annual Awards held in 1996, the change was made to its current format, announcing the winners in competitive categories at the ceremony. The 15th Annual Awards held in 2004 marked the first year nominations were expanded to recognize media in Spanish-language categories. The 16th Annual Awards held in 2005 marked the first year that the ceremonies were televised, first airing on the LGBT-themed Logo channel on July 24, 2005.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: The original GLAAD Media Award stood approximately 6-inches (15 cm) tall, consisting of a flat, 5-inch (13 cm) square-shaped crystal sculpture with a design of five concentric circles on a "newsprint" background. The sculpture was traditionally etched with the year it was presented followed by the words "GLAAD Media Award" and was mounted perpendicular to its flat, quadrant shaped base.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: The award remained unchanged until 2009, when an all new statuette designed by David Moritz of Society Awards was unveiled for the 20th annual GLAAD Media Awards ceremonies. The current statuette stands 12-inches (30.5 cm) tall, consisting of a 9-inch (23 cm) die-cast zinc sculpture, hand finished with a satin texture, plated with a nickel and rhodium finish, and mounted on a 3-inch (7.6 cm) tall, black-stained ash, trapezoidal shaped base.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: Nominees are selected by GLAAD "Nominating Juries" consisting of over 90 volunteers with interest and expertise in the particular category they are judging. Nominating Juries may select up to five nominees in each category. If no projects are deemed worthy of nomination in a particular category, the jury may choose to not award that category. At the end of the year, the Nominating Juries submit their list of recommended nominees to GLAAD's staff and Board of Directors for approval.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: In addition to media monitoring by the juries, GLAAD issues a "Call for Entries", inviting media outlets to submit their work for consideration, however, GLAAD may nominate a mainstream media project even if it is not submitted as part of the call for entries. GLAAD does not monitor media created by and for the LGBT community for defamation, therefore, media outlets created by and for an LGBT audience must submit in order to be considered for nomination.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: Candidates considered for nomination are evaluated using four criteria: "Fair, Accurate and Inclusive Representations", meaning that the diversity of the LGBT community is represented, "Boldness and Originality", meaning the project breaks new ground by exploring LGBT subject matter in non-traditional ways, "Cultural Impact", meaning the project impacts an audience that may not regularly be exposed to LGBT issues, and "Overall Quality", meaning a project of extremely high quality which adds impact and significance to the images and issues portrayed.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: Over 600 GLAAD Media Award voters participate in the selection of Honorees from the pool of Nominees in each category via online balloting. Voters are made up of three groups: GLAAD staff and board, GLAAD Alliance and Media Circle members, and GLAAD volunteers & allies (which include former Honorees, media industry allies, volunteers from the "Nominating Juries" and "Event Production Teams").


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: These results are then reviewed for certification by a "Review Panel" which consists of the GLAAD Board co-chairs, senior GLAAD program and communications staff, and media industry experts. Members of the Review Panel are expected to view all of the nominees in each category, and the final list of award recipients is determined by the Review Panel based on the results of the online balloting and their own "expert opinions".


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: The first Annual Awards recognized Honorees in just 7 competitive categories, all for television. Over the years, the competitive categories have been expanded to recognize various other branches of the media including, film, theatre, music, print media, digital media, and advertising, as well as establishing additional categories recognizing Spanish-language media and a "Special Recognition" category for media representations that may not meet the criteria of pre-existing categories.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: While many of the categories have been expanded over time, several early categories have been "merged" or phased out altogether. One notable example being the omission of the "Outstanding Daytime Drama" category in 2011, reflecting the steady decline in popularity of English-language daytime soaps. As of 2018, GLAAD considers nominations in a total of 27 English-language categories and 12 Spanish-language categories, however, If no projects within a category are deemed worthy of recognition, GLAAD may choose to not award the category that year. As of 2018, these 38 competitive categories are:


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: In addition to the GLAAD Media Awards' competitive categories, special non-competitive "Honorary Awards" have also been presented since the first Awards ceremony. Beginning with just one Honorary Award, then known as the "Special Honoree Award" presented at the first annual GLAAD Media Awards, the Honorary Awards have also been expanded to recognize the diversity of contributions of respective Honorees. The most notable of these Special Honorary Awards are:


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: Award recipients are announced at the annual GLAAD Media Awards banquet ceremonies usually held in New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco to honor achievements from January 1 to December 31 of the previous calendar year. Over the years, ceremonies have also been held in Washington, D.C. and Miami. Each year's hosts and presenters are usually selected from former Honorees, celebrities and/or prominent public figures known for their contributions to the LGBT community.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: The announcement of award recipients in all competitive categories is withheld until the ceremonies. Although presented annually in three cities, time constraints dictate that not all of the awards are presented onstage. Categories presented onstage in their respective cities are chosen to reflect the range of GLAAD's work with the media, representing a mix of entertainment, news, and Spanish-language awards. Recipients who are not announced onstage are instead announced by a listing in the ceremony's program book.


title: GLAAD Media Award

text: The 16th Annual Awards held in 2005 were the first year that the ceremonies were televised, first airing on the Logo channel on July 24, 2005. Logo continued to air the telecast annually, editing together each city's respective ceremonies for each year into one annual show, as well as airing a retrospective special in 2005 titled "The Best of the GLAAD Media Awards" which documented the history of the first 15 years of the Awards. Logo ceased to televise the ceremony in 2008 when the Bravo network acquired exclusive broadcast rights to air the 19th Annual Awards telecast.


title: Adepero Oduye

text: Adepero Oduye ( ) (born January 11, 1978) is an American actress, director, singer, and writer. She is known for "Pariah" (2011), "12 Years a Slave" (2013), "The Big Short" (2015), and "Widows" (2018).


title: Adepero Oduye

text: Adepero Oduye was born in Brooklyn, New York, one of seven children of Nigerian parents. Although she graduated pre-med from Cornell University, she decided to pursue her passion for acting upon graduation.


title: Adepero Oduye

text: Oduye's breakout role came in 2011 when she starred in Dee Rees' critically acclaimed and award-winning independent film "Pariah", for which she received several awards and a nomination for Best Female Lead at the Independent Spirit Awards. During her Golden Globe acceptance speech for "The Iron Lady", Meryl Streep mentioned some of her favorite performances of the year, highlighting Oduye in "Pariah". The following year, she joined an all-star cast in the "Steel Magnolias" television remake as Annelle Dupuy-Desoto, a role originated by Daryl Hannah.


title: Adepero Oduye

text: In 2013, Oduye co-starred alongside Chiwetel Ejiofor in Steve McQueen's historical drama "12 Years a Slave", winner of the 2014 Academy Award for Best Picture. She also appeared in Ava DuVernay's short film "The Door" part of Miu Miu's ad campaign known as "The Women's Tales". In 2014, she made her directorial debut with "Breaking In", a short film about a young black man's first time being stopped and frisked by the NYPD, based on her brother's early experience. The film has garnered several film festival acknowledgments and awards.


title: Adepero Oduye

text: After several lead roles in regional theater productions, including "Eclipsed" and "The Bluest Eye", Oduye made her Broadway debut opposite Cicely Tyson in Horton Foote's "The Trip To Bountiful".


title: Adepero Oduye

text: In 2015, Oduye co-starred with Steve Carell in Adam McKay's comedy-drama "The Big Short", which won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. In 2017, she co-starred in the drama thriller "The Dinner", with Richard Gere. In 2018, she appeared in films "Geostorm" and "Widows". In 2019, she played activist Nomsa Brath in the Ava DuVernay's miniseries "When They See Us".


title: History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent

text: Indian agriculture began by 9000 BCE on north-west India with the early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops and animals. Indian subcontinent agriculture was the largest producer of wheat and grain. They settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture. Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year. Indian products soon reached the world via existing trading networks and foreign crops were introduced to India. Plants and animals—considered essential to their survival by the Indians—came to be worshiped and venerated.


text: The Middle Ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication in India and Indian crops affecting the economies of other regions of the world. Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth. Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural programme.