title: Neverwinter (video game)

text: In 2016, Jason Bohn, for "Hardcore Gamer", wrote "Taking on a review of a title the size and scope of Cryptic Studio’s "Neverwinter" is a daunting process, to put it mildly. The thing is just gigantic. [...] The mission structure is reasonably varied. Being an MMORPG, there are plenty of fetch and kill quests to undertake and raids to conduct. There are other unique tasks that rear their head, but this makes up the bulk of the experience. Where this can get rote and dull in a lesser designed genre entry, Cryptic Studios worked hard to keep the encounters interesting. [...] Part of what makes the design work is the combat system. A mixture of classic MMO structure, with cool down meters and what not, and a faster action focused pace makes this so much more tenable to both genre die-hards and action fans trying the genre for the first time. [...] each class does feel different. [...] As great as this game is, there are a couple of issues that should be addressed. First, meeting up with a friend is a pain in the neck. By design, these meetings usually occur in the Protector’s Enclave early on. Each instance can only hold forty-five people. and they fill up quick. [...] The second niggling issue would be the multitudes of currency. [...] There are so many different events and shops where players can earn and spend various currencies. [...] For no cost (not even a PlayStation Plus subscription is required), players can jump in and play one of the best MMORPGs available on the market at any price point today".


title: Fee Waybill

text: John Waldo "Fee" Waybill (born September 17, 1950 in Omaha, Nebraska) is the lead singer and songwriter of San Francisco band The Tubes. Waybill has also worked with other acts, including Toto, Richard Marx, and Billy Sherwood.


title: Fee Waybill

text: Waybill moved to Scottsdale, Arizona in the 1950s and grew up in the Southwest Village area. He then attended Arizona State University, where he had planned to study oceanography. Ultimately, he discovered acting and decided to pursue that as a field of study. Waybill eventually dropped out of college and, while hanging out in the Verde Valley of Arizona, got to know his future bandmates, Roger Steen and Prairie Prince.


title: Fee Waybill

text: Waybill, along with the Tubes, appeared in Robert Greenwald's "Xanadu" (1980), and Lou Adler's "Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains" (1982). In the latter film, he played the character Lou Corpse, the washed-up frontman of a band called the Metal Corpses. In 1984, a year after the Tubes released one of their most successful albums, Waybill released his first solo album called "Read My Lips". In 1996, Waybill released another album called "Don't Be Scared By These Hands".


title: Fee Waybill

text: With the Tubes, Waybill would perform as crippled Nazi Dr. Strangekiss, country singer Hugh Heifer, glam rocker Quay Lewd, and punk parody Johnny Bugger.


title: Fee Waybill

text: During the early 1980s, Waybill appeared as himself on a short-lived television program called "Rock 'N' America", usually performing as a street reporter who annoyed pedestrians with nonsensical interviews. He also made a cameo in "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" as one of "The Three Most Important People in the World", and appeared, both acting and performing with The Tubes, in one of the "Fishin' Musician" skits on "Second City TV".


title: Fee Waybill

text: In addition to his work with the Tubes, Waybill now works as a record producer. He was the producer for a number of pop music artists including singer-songwriter Richard Marx.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: The Manchester Terrier is a breed of dog of the smooth-haired terrier type. It was first bred in the 19th century to control vermin, notably rats, at which it excelled. So efficient at the task was it that it often appeared in rat-baiting pits until that sport, which had effectively been illegal in the UK since 1835, finally died out at the beginning of the 20th century.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: The breed is generally healthy, although dogs can be affected by several inheritable genetic disorders. A crash in the number of registered Manchester Terriers following the Second World War has resulted in the Kennel Club categorising it as a vulnerable native breed, in danger of extinction.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: The Manchester Terrier was developed from the Black and Tan Terrier and the Whippet.. Writing in the early 16th century, John Caius describes a Manchester-terrier type of dog in "De Canibus Britannicis", and at the beginning of the 19th century Sydenham Edwards described what he called a Manchester Terrier in his "Cynographia Britannica".


title: Manchester Terrier

text: The Black and Tan Terrier had an almost legendary status as a rat killer, an ability that was much prized in overcrowded and rat-infested cities such as 19th-century Manchester. The sport of rat baiting, in which a terrier was thrown into an enclosure filled with rats, and timed to see how long it took the dog to kill them all, had become popular by the early 19th century along with rabbit coursing. In an effort to produce a dog that could excel at both sports, the breeder John Hulme decided to cross a Black and Tan Terrier with a Whippet. Similar dogs were bred in various other parts of England, but by 1860 Manchester had become the breed centre for these new terriers, and so they became known as Manchester Terriers. Other breeds, including the Italian Greyhound and the Dachshund, may also have been introduced into the bloodline.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: The Manchester Terrier gained the nickname of the Gentleman's Terrier in Victorian times, because of its dignified demeanour.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: By the early 19th century a closer facsimile to the current Manchester terrier had evolved. In "The Dog in Health and Disease" by J. A. Walsh, a full chapter was devoted to the black and tan, for the first time recognising it as an established breed. The description given by Walsh is still relevant: Smooth haired, long tapering nose, narrow flat skull, eyes small and bright, chest rather deep than wide, only true colour black and tan.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: Some terrier breeds have a reputation for being "stoic and dour", but such terms do not apply to the intelligent and inquisitive Manchester Terrier, who is as "feisty and affectionate" as he is "courageous and tough", and makes a "loyal, eager-to-please" companion.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: The Canadian and American Kennel Clubs recognise two varieties of Manchester Terrier, the original and a miniaturised variant, the Toy Manchester Terrier. The latter was recognised as a separate breed by the American Kennel Club in 1938, and is still considered to be a separate breed by the British Kennel Club, the English Toy Terrier (Black & Tan). Where the Manchester Terrier may have button ears, erect ears, or cropped ears, the Toy Manchester Terrier only has erect ears. Other than the size difference and ear type, the Manchester Terrier and the Toy Manchester Terrier have the same overall appearance. Since 1958 the American Kennel Club has considered both to be varieties of the same breed.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: According to the Kennel Club's Purebred Health Survey, carried out in 2004, the Manchester Terrier has a median lifespan of around 12 years 10 months. Slightly more than 31 per cent of the animals whose deaths were reported in the survey died of old age. There are some recognised health problems in the breed associated with inheritable genetic mutations.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: Glaucoma is a fairly common genetic condition in several breeds of terrier, including the Manchester Terrier. Secondary glaucoma, also known as lens luxation, is caused by excessive pressure within the eyeball forcing the lens of the eye out of alignment. The only effective treatment for this condition is surgical removal of the lens.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: Von Willebrands disease is a blood-clotting disorder that affects humans and several breeds of dog, including the Manchester Terrier. The genetic mutation occurs in both the standard and toy varieties, but is seen more commonly in the toy. In the Manchester Terrier the gene is autosomal recessive, meaning that for any offspring to be affected the faulty gene must be carried by both parents. Affected dogs are prone to nose bleeds and bleeding from the gums. DNA tests are available to check for the condition, and the Kennel Club maintains a register of the results of those tests, allowing breeders to avoid breeding from affected dogs.


title: Manchester Terrier

text: At the end of the Second World War in 1945 there were only 11 Manchester Terriers registered with the Kennel Club, but thanks to the efforts of the British Manchester Terrier Club, formed in 1937, and others, the breed was saved from extinction. The Kennel Club has nevertheless classified the Manchester Terrier as a vulnerable native breed. Between 2017 and 2021, an average of 177 births per year were registered.


title: Wichita State University football team plane crash

text: In clear and calm weather in Colorado at 1:14 p.m. MDT on Friday, October 2, 1970, a chartered Martin 4-0-4 airliner crashed into a mountain eight miles (13 km) west of Silver Plume. Operated by Golden Eagle Aviation, the twin-engined propliner carried 37 passengers and a crew of three; 29 were killed at the scene and two later died of their injuries while under medical care.


text: It was one of two aircraft carrying the 1970 Wichita State Shockers football team to Logan, Utah, for a game against Utah State; the second aircraft flew a conventional route and arrived safely in Utah. Pilot errors, including poor in-flight decisions and inadequate pre-flight planning, were officially reported as leading to the crash.


text: About three months before the crash, Wichita State contracted Golden Eagle Aviation to supply a Douglas DC-6B, to fly the team to away games for the 1970 season. The four-engined DC-6 was a large, powerful aircraft that could accommodate the entire team. Golden Eagle Aviation did not own the DC-6, but had an arrangement with the Jack Richards Aircraft Company to use it. After the agreements were made, the DC-6 was damaged in a windstorm, rendering it unavailable for use. A pair of Martin 4-0-4s, neither of which had flown since 1967, were re-certified for flight. On October 2, 1970, these were ferried from the Jack Richards Aircraft Company facilities in Oklahoma City to Wichita, instead of the DC-6.


text: Upon arrival in Wichita, the two aircraft were loaded with luggage and the passengers were boarded. They took off and headed west to a refueling stopover in Denver at Stapleton Airport; from there they would continue to Logan Airport in northern Utah.


text: The two aircraft were dubbed "Gold" and "Black" after the school colors. "Gold", the aircraft that later crashed, carried the starting players, head coach, and athletic director, as well as their wives, other administrators, boosters, and family. The designated "Black" plane transported the reserve players, assistant coaches, and other support personnel.


text: The President of Golden Eagle Aviation, 37-year-old Ronald G. Skipper, was the pilot flying "Gold." Although occupying the left seat, he was acting in the capacity of a First Officer because he did not have a type rating on the Martin 4-0-4. During the flight to Denver he visited passengers in the cabin, advising them that after refueling they would take a scenic route, near Loveland Ski Area and Mount Sniktau, the proposed alpine skiing venues for the 1976 Winter Olympics, recently awarded to Denver in May. The captain of the "gold" aircraft was 27-year-old Danny E. Crocker, who occupied the left seat. The other crew flying the "Black" aircraft adhered to the original flight plan and took a more northerly route, heading north from Denver to southern Wyoming then west, using a designated airway. Less scenic, this route allowed more time to gain altitude for the climb over the Rocky Mountains.


text: While the aircraft was refueled and serviced in Denver, First Officer Skipper purchased aeronautical sectional charts for the contemplated scenic route. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation report stated the First Officer testified that he intended to use the charts to help point out landmarks and objects of interest to the passengers. The report concluded the crew did not allow enough time for the charts to be studied properly to avoid high terrain before takeoff commenced.


text: Shortly before the crash, several witnesses described seeing an aircraft flying unusually low towards the Continental Divide. Some witnesses located on higher mountainside locations, such as Loveland Pass at , reported seeing it flying below them. Crash survivor Rick Stephens was a senior guard and stated in 2013, "...as we flew along over I-70, that there were old mines and old vehicles above us. I noticed we were quite a bit below the top of the mountains. I got up to go to the cockpit, which wasn't unusual to do, and I could tell we were in trouble, looking out the window and seeing nothing but green in front of us."


text: The overloaded aircraft, nearing Loveland Pass as it flew up Clear Creek Valley, became trapped in a box canyon and was unable to climb above the mountain ridges surrounding it on three sides, nor complete a reversal turn away from the sharply rising terrain. At 1:14 p.m. MDT, the "Gold" aircraft struck trees on the east slope of Mount Trelease, below its summit, and crashed. The NTSB report stated a belief that many on board survived the initial impact, based on the testimony of survivors and rescuers. The load of fuel on board did not explode immediately, allowing survivors to escape the wreckage, but the passenger cabin was eventually consumed by an explosion before those still alive and trapped inside could escape.


text: Of the total of 40 on board, the death count at the scene was 29, which included 27 passengers, the captain, and flight attendant. One of the deceased passengers was an off-duty flight attendant who was assisting. Two of the initial 11 survivors later died of their injuries to bring the total dead to 31, 14 of whom were Wichita State football players. First to arrive at the crash scene were construction workers from the nearby Eisenhower Tunnel project and motorists on U.S. 6 (I-70). The first officer (company president) survived; he was flying the plane from the left seat.


text: The National Transportation Safety Board report states that weather played no role in the accident, and lists the probable cause to be that the pilot made improper decisions in-flight or in planning:


text: The USU president, vice president, provost, athletic director, and athletic information officer were all unavailable in the immediate aftermath of the crash, leaving the game to be canceled by John S. Flannery, a USU Information Services employee. Utah State's football team held a memorial service at the stadium where the game was to have been played and placed a wreath on the 50-yard line. Wichita State University officials and family members of the survivors were flown to Denver on an aircraft made available by Robert Docking, the Governor of Kansas.


text: Classes at Wichita State were canceled for Monday, October 5, and a memorial service was held that evening on campus at Cessna Stadium. The remaining members of the Wichita State team, with the NCAA and Missouri Valley Conference allowing freshman players to fill out the squad, decided to continue the 1970 season; it was later designated the "Second Season."


text: Wichita State and Utah State had played in five of the previous six seasons, but never met again in football. Wichita State discontinued varsity football after the 1986 season.


text: The accident was the first of two college football charter aircraft to crash in 1970; six weeks later, Southern Airways Flight 932, carrying the Marshall University team, crashed in Huntington, West Virginia as the team returned from a game in North Carolina.


text: Wichita State University built a memorial for those who died from the crash called "Memorial '70." Every year on October 2 at 9 a.m., a wreath is placed at this memorial.


text: A roadside memorial plaque listing the names of the victims is located near the Colorado crash site, adjacent to westbound Interstate 70, at Dry Gulch at milepost 217 (), about two miles (3 km) east of the Eisenhower Tunnel. A trail to the wreck site via Dry Gulch is 0.4 miles past the memorial off exit 216.


text: Entertainers Bill Cosby and Monty Hall hosted a fundraiser for the Wichita State athletic department after the crash.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: The Sino-Soviet conflict of 1929 (, ) was an armed conflict between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang of the Republic of China over the Chinese Eastern Railway (also known as CER).


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: The conflict was the first major combat test of the reformed Soviet Red Army – one organized along the latest professional lines – and ended with the mobilization and deployment of 156,000 troops to the Manchurian border. Combining the active-duty strength of the Red Army and border guards with the call-up of the Far East reserves, approximately one-in-five Soviet soldiers was sent to the frontier, the largest Red Army combat force fielded between the Russian Civil War (1917–1922) and the Soviet Union's entry into the Second World War.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: In 1929, the Chinese Northeastern Army took over the Chinese Eastern Railway to regain solo control of the railway. The Soviet Union quickly responded with a military intervention, eventually forcing the Chinese to return the railway to the previous format of joint administration. During the conflict, the Soviet force gained full control of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island () from China, the military occupation remained on the island until the "1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement", in which Russia decided to return the western half of the island back to China in 2004.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: On 25 July 1919, the Soviet government's Assistant Commissar of Foreign Affairs, Lev Karakhan, had issued a manifesto to the Chinese government promising the return of the Chinese Eastern Railway to Chinese control with no financial cost. On 26 August, the Karakhan Manifesto was published by the Soviet press, but the document mentioned neither the return of CER to the Chinese nor the lack of financial compensation.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: Along with the original Karakhan telegram, the Chinese had the Vilenski pamphlet as evidence. The Vilenski pamphlet also shows the Chinese that the Soviets were willing to transfer the CER to the Chinese without compensation. The July 25th Karakhan telegram shows the Soviet Union's original intention, which was to return the CER back to Chinese control without compensation. The July 25th telegram was used to satisfy the diplomatic requirements for the Chinese government, while the August 26th one was published to uphold propaganda requirements inside the Soviet Union.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: The first major step in uncovering the hostile takeover of the CER by the Chinese in 1929 starts with the understanding of the Secret Protocol of March 14, 1924, and the Secret Agreement of September 20, 1924. The March 14, 1924, Secret Protocol stated that all former conventions, treaties, protocols, contracts and any other document between the Soviet and China would be annulled until a conference could convene. This made all treaties, border relations and commercial relations dependent on the upcoming conference. This, in turn, gave the Soviets time to turn to Zhang Xueliang in Manchuria, the strongest warlord there at the time. He had control of the Mukden government (today the city is known as Shenyang). The Soviets were the first to propose joint management of the CER with the Chinese, but Zhang stood in the way of this joint management. The Soviets decided to make a deal with Zhang.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: On May 31, 1924, Lev Karakhan and Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo, the Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Republic of China, signed the Sino-Soviet treaty. It included multiple articles, which played right into the Soviets' hand because in Article V it said “the employment of persons in the various departments of the railway shall be in accordance with the principle of equal representation between the nationals of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and those of the Republic of China.” The Soviets added, “In carrying out the principle of equal representation the normal course of life and activities of the Railway shall in no case be interrupted or injured, that is to say the employment of both nationalities shall be in accordance with experience, personal qualifications and fitness of applicants.”


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: While negotiations had been concluded with the Chinese, the Soviets turned to make a deal with Zhang Xueliang. They promised him full control of choosing which Chinese officials would be on the board in the joint Chinese-Soviet management of the CER. This would give him half control of CER. On September 20, 1924, he signed the Secret Agreement, not knowing the Chinese government had signed the Secret Protocol earlier in the year. Since the CER was originally controlled by the Soviets, the majority of the positions would be under Soviet control. Then the Soviets claimed they should keep majority control because any other solution would interrupt or injure the railway.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: The Soviets were also the puppet master of the President for the CER. The Soviet government was able to regain majority control of the CER by playing the secret protocols off each other and outmaneuvering the Chinese. The Soviets allowed the Chinese to think they were adding workers loyal to their government. However, in reality, the Soviets were creating more jobs on the railway and hiring Soviet workers. In the end, the Soviets controlled 67% of all positions on the CER.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: The Chinese entertained joint management until mid-1929. The change from Soviet control to Chinese control started when the Chinese authorities made a radical move to try to remove Soviet management. Chinese authorities stormed the Soviet Consulate in Harbin. They arrested the General Manager of the CER, his assistant and other Soviet citizens and removed them from power in the CER. The Soviets retaliated by arresting Chinese citizens inside the USSR. On July 13, 1929, the Soviets sent their formal demands to the Chinese concerning what was happening on the CER. On July 19 they discontinued their diplomatic relations with the Chinese. They suspended railway communication and demanded that all Chinese diplomats leave Soviet territory. By July 20 the Soviets were transferring their funds to New York. While in the cities of Suifenhe and Lahususa, the Soviets were terrorizing the Chinese civilians by having their warships' guns pointed at the city and having their planes make fly-bys. Many members of the Soviet leadership such as Kliment Voroshilov urged for a military intervention, but General Secretary Joseph Stalin initially hesitated, fearing a Japanese reaction to a Soviet invasion of Manchuria. However, after the Soviet consul general in Tokyo obtained information according to which Japan would stay out of the conflict as long as the Soviets limited any invasions to northern Manchuria, Stalin decided to act. On 6 August, the Soviet Union created the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army commanded by Vasily Blyukher with the assistance of Voroshilov. Around 20% of the entire Soviet Armed Forces was mobilized to participate or assist the operation. By doing so they were willing to do whatever it took to return the CER back to their control. The Chinese leadership was surprised by this turn of events, as it had not expected the Soviet Union to react this aggressively. Zhang quickly enlisted more troops, most importantly thousands of anti-Communist Russians who lived as White émigrés in Manchuria. Some of the White Russians even organized guerrilla groups to carry the war into the Soviet Union.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: Small skirmishes had broken out in July, but this would not be considered the first major military action. The first battle happened on August 17, 1929, when the Soviets attacked Chalainor. Chinese troops retreated to an entrenchment which was supported by machine guns. The Soviets suffered heavy losses in the battle, and it would be the only battle where the Soviets would incur such casualties.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: Blyukher consequently developed a plan for an offensive in two rapid operations, the first one targeting Chinese naval forces and the second destroying the Chinese ground forces through rapid encirclement operations. The naval attack began in October, as the Soviets forced their naval fleets up the Amur and Songhua rivers and captured Lahasusu. This maneuver caused the Chinese to move to a different location. On their way to Fujin, Chinese troops would kill any civilian they came across and raid any stores. The Soviets stated that they did not touch the civilian population, and encouraged Chinese civilians to fight alongside them against the Chinese army. They also denied killing civilians, and were said to only take military goods. All civilian personal items were left in place; this was strictly enforced.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: On November 17 the Soviets decided to take ten divisions and split their attack into two stages. The first stage was to go past Manzhouli and attack the region of Chalainor. After capturing the region, Soviet troops set their sights on Manzhouli. When they reached Manzhouli they found that the Chinese were not prepared for battle and that Chinese forces were looting houses, stores and stealing civilian clothes and trying to escape. The Soviet strategy was a success; on November 26 the Chinese were ready to sign a treaty with the Soviets on Soviet terms. On December 13, after much debate on the Chinese side, the Chinese signed the Khabarovsk Protocol. This restored peace and the 1924 "status quo ante", which was the Sino-Soviet treaty of 1924.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: The victory over China was an eye opener for the world. During the conflict, the Soviets used propaganda to help spread communist ideology and confuse the Chinese Army by using radio and leaflets. They did this by deceiving the Chinese command on which town was the Soviets' next target. "Its military forces combined carefully measured use of depth and variety, coordinated in the fashion of a swift action design to achieve the precise goal of ‘an annihilating offensive under complex conditions’ against enemy forces." Stalin boasted to Vyacheslav Molotov that "our fellows from the Far East Army gave [the Chinese] a good scare." The conflict brought a sense of military prestige back into the Asian region. The Soviet victory was also applauded by such western nations as the United States, France and Great Britain. It showed the west that the Soviets were able to use both diplomacy and military might to achieve its goal. However, while some might have applauded the Soviets for using this technique, others feared it. This was a legitimate concern. The western nations were frightened that this method could potentially mean the Soviet Union might one day be able to beat a western nation at its own game.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: The impact of the conflict left the Manchurian region in a power vacuum. This left the door wide open for the Japanese to take control of the region. After observing how easily Soviet forces beat the Chinese, the Japanese employed a similar technique to defeat the Chinese and occupy Manchuria following the Mukden Incident in 1931.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: When Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and also occupied the Soviet zone of influence, the Soviet Union was not strong enough yet in the East to oppose the Japanese. Stalin adopted a policy of strict neutrality and the Soviet Union sold its rights to the Chinese Eastern Railway to the Manchukuo government on 23 March 1935.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: In 1928, Arsenyev Mikhail Mikhailovich (), Staff Colonel of Red Army Headquarter, submitted a report to the Far Eastern Bureau, advising that free migration from China and Korea in the areas bordering the countries should be stopped, and that the area should be filled with migrants from Siberia and Europe instead.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: As the Sino-Soviet conflict over the Chinese Eastern Railway worsened the bilateral relation, the Soviet Government began to stop Chinese crossing the border since 1931. All Soviet diplomats in China were called back, all Chinese diplomats to Soviet Union expelled and train between China and Russia forced to be out of service.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: The Soviet Government forced the Chinese to move to Northeast China. Thousands of Chinese in Irkutsk, Chita and Ulan-Ude were arrested due to reasons including breach of local orders and tax evasion. When they were to leave Russia, any Chinese to cross the border with more than 30 rubles in cash will need to pay the surplus to the authority. 1,000 rubles in cash to cross the border would make them arrested, with all the money confiscated.


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: The Chinese were massively detained, according to Shanghai-based newspaper "Shen Bao." on 24th July 1929, the newspaper said, "around a thousand Chinese who lived in Vladivostok were detained by the Soviet authority. They were all said to be bourgeoisie." On 12th August, the newspaper stated that there were still 1,600-1,700 Chinese in jail in Vladivostok, supplied with a piece of rye bread daily and undergoing various tortures. On 26th August, the newspaper stated that those detained in Khabarovsk only had a bread soup for meal daily, among which a lot of people had hanged them due to unbearable starvation. On 14th September, the newspaper stated that another thousand of Chinese in Vladivostok were arrested, with almost no Chinese remaining in the city. On 15th September, the newspaper continued that Vladivostok had arrested more than 1,000 Chinese during the 8th and 9th of September, and that estimatedly there were more than 7,000 Chinese in jail in the city. On 21st September, the newspaper said, "the Government in Russian Far East cheated the arrested Chinese, and forced them to construct the railway between Heihe and Khabarovsk. The forced workers only had two pieces of rye bread to eat daily. If they work with any delay, they will be whipped, making them at the edge of living and dead."


title: Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)

text: Although after signing the , the Soviet Government released most arrested Chinese, considering that the Chinese had been severely tortured by the Soviet Government, that the confiscated possessions of the Chinese were not returned, difficult situations among the workers and businessmen, the high prices of goods, and the unaffordable living costs, the released Chinese all returned to China afterwards.


title: Sierra-class submarine

text: The Sierra class, Soviet designations Project 945 "Barrakuda and Project 945A "Kondor, (NATO reporting names Sierra I and Sierra II respectively), are series of nuclear-powered attack submarines intended for the Soviet Navy and currently in service with the Russian Navy.


title: Sierra-class submarine

text: The class is unique due to its light and strong titanium pressure hull which enables the submarines of the class to dive to greater depths, reduce the level of radiated noise and increase resistance to torpedo attacks. It is powered by a single OK-650 pressurized water reactor.


title: Sierra-class submarine

text: The upgraded version, the Sierra II class was specifically developed for search and destroy missions against US nuclear submarines. It has speeds and diving depth greater than its American counterparts at the time it was designed. It has also improved quieting and sonar.


title: Sierra-class submarine

text: The first submarine of the Project 945, "Carp", was laid down in July 1979 at the Gorky shipyard and was launched in August 1983 before being transferred to Severodvinsk for fitting out. It was laid up in 1997. The next hull to be built was "Kostroma", which was launched in July 1986 and was commissioned in September 1987. "K-276 Kostroma" was put into a drydock after its 11 February 1992 collision with the US submarine in the Barents Sea, off Kildin Island. The submarine was repaired on 3 June 1992 and was renamed "Krab" on 6 April 1993, but in 1996 its original name, "Kostroma" was restored and it is in active service with the Russian Northern Fleet. The Sierra I class was also fitted with a releasable escape pod for the crew. The pod is covered by a V-shaped casing on the port side of the sail.


title: Sierra-class submarine

text: The Project 945A has a considerably larger sail which is longer than the Sierra I class. The sail also has a curious flat, square leading edge. The masts are offset on the starboard side to make way for two escape pods in the sail. The starboard side also has a 10-point environment sensor fitted at right angles to the front end of the sail. Also, the Sierra II class has a much larger pod on its after fin. The pod houses the Skat 3 passive very low frequency towed sonar array.


title: Sierra-class submarine

text: In October 2012, a submarine of the Sierra II class was deployed to the North Atlantic and carried out a patrol off the US East coast. Out of the two existing submarines of this class, the "Pskov" was in overhaul between 2011-2015 according to the Russian website Deep storm, thus it's likely that the submarine present in the North Atlantic in 2012 was the other one ("Nizhniy Novgorod"). The aforementioned website acknowledges activity of "Nizhniy Novgorod" that period under the command of Captain 1st Rank Alexey Ananko (submarine was reportedly active in 2008 and 2013)


title: Sierra-class submarine

text: The sole possible submarine of the Project 945AB was laid down in March 1990 but was scrapped in November 1993 before completion.


title: Sierra-class submarine

text: In January 2013 a contract for refit and recommission of the submarines "Carp" and "Kostroma" of Project 945 was signed with the Zvezdochka Shipyard, Severodvinsk. The necessary upgrade work was expected to take three years. It was expected that the submarines would be transferred to Zvezdochka before end of April 2013 and the overhaul of the submarines would begin in summer 2013. Zvezdochka would carry out the refit, repair mechanical parts, and replace nuclear fuel and all electrical equipment of the submarines. The submarines were also expected to receive a new sonar, combat information management system (BIUS), the GLONASS navigation system and new armament consisting of the Kalibr cruise missiles. In March 2015 it was reported that the final decision on the modernization of submarines "Carp" and "Kostroma" was yet to be made due to cost issues.


title: Pat Woodell

text: Patricia Joy Woodell (July 12, 1944 – September 29, 2015) was an American actress and singer, best known for her television role as Bobbie Jo Bradley from 1963 to 1965 on "Petticoat Junction".


title: Pat Woodell

text: Woodell was born July 12, 1944, in Winthrop, Massachusetts. Initially hoping to be a singer, she made some appearances as a teenager in Catskill Mountains hotels before making her acting debut in a 1962 episode of "Cheyenne", entitled "The Vanishing Breed". She went on to appear on the shows "Hawaiian Eye" (1963), "The Gallant Men" (1963), "GE True" (1963), and "77 Sunset Strip" (1963). She also appeared in the anticommunist film "Red Nightmare" (1962).


title: Pat Woodell

text: Woodell is best remembered for being the first Bobbie Jo Bradley, one of three teenaged sisters, on the CBS sitcom, "Petticoat Junction"; which began its run in 1963. She played the book-smart character for the sitcom's first two seasons (1963–1965) before leaving the series in the spring of 1965. In several episodes, she performed musical numbers, including one called "The Ladybugs". The Ladybugs (a take-off on the Beatles) was a singing group composed of Bobbie Jo and her TV sisters Linda Kaye and Jeannine Riley, together with Sheila James. The Ladybugs also appeared on an episode of "The Ed Sullivan Show" during Woodell's run on "Petticoat Junction". Woodell also recorded a single on Colpix Records which was released with picture sleeve in May 1965: "What Good Would It Do" b/w "Somehow It Got To Be Tomorrow Today"


title: Pat Woodell

text: After leaving "Petticoat Junction", Woodell went on to have guest roles on a season-three episode of "The Hollywood Palace" in 1965, and in the last episode of "The Munsters" in 1966. She then toured as a singer, with Jack Benny, and recorded an album, but she did not achieve great popularity as a vocalist. In 1968, she voiced "Bunny" to Mel Blanc`s "Claude" in two Looney Tunes cartoons (released in 1969). In 1971, Woodell made her film debut in "The Big Doll House", followed by four more "exploitation" type films, including "The Woman Hunt" (1972), "The Twilight People" (1972), "Class of '74" (1972), and "The Roommates" (1973), but she did not break into mainstream feature films.


title: Pat Woodell

text: Woodell retired from acting in 1973, after appearing on an episode of "The New Perry Mason", entitled "The Case of the Murdered Murderer". She soon went to work for Werner Erhard, in his est seminar organization, and subsequently cofounded a consulting firm, retiring in 2013. Woodell never returned to acting, but appeared in a few documentaries about her days on "Petticoat Junction".


title: Pat Woodell

text: Woodell was married to actor Gary Clarke. On the night of January 17, 1964, she told a newsman in Hollywood that she planned to marry Clarke in June after secretly becoming engaged to him on Christmas Day in 1963. Following their divorce, she married Vern McDade in 1978; they remained married until her death. Woodell died on September 29, 2015, at her home in Fallbrook, California. She was 71 and had lived with cancer for more than 20 years.


title: Unsolved (American TV series)

text: Unsolved (also titled Unsolved: The Murders of Tupac and the Notorious B.I.G.) is an American true crime drama anthology television miniseries. The miniseries is based on the 1996 murder of Tupac Shakur and the 1997 murder of The Notorious B.I.G. (aka Biggie Smalls). It premiered February 27, 2018 on USA Network. The 10-episode miniseries chronicles the dual police investigations of Detective Greg Kading (Josh Duhamel) and Detective Russell Poole (Jimmi Simpson) into the controversial murders of two of the rap industry's most legendary players, Tupac (Marcc Rose) and Biggie (Wavyy Jonez).


title: Unsolved (American TV series)

text: The series was ordered on May 12, 2017. Emmy winner Anthony Hemingway directed the pilot and will executive produce the series, along with Mark Taylor through their Hemingway-Taylor production company. Kyle Long wrote the pilot and will also executive produce. Greg Kading, who will also serve as co-executive producer, led multiple law-enforcement task forces investigating the murders and authored the book "Murder Rap: The Untold Story of Biggie Smalls & Tupac Shakur Murder Investigations".


title: Unsolved (American TV series)

text: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 73% based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 5.93/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Unsolved's" prestige aspirations don't always work in its procedural structure, but strong performances and an ambitious spirit to find truth in this real-world mystery create an engaging exploration of two of pop culture's most notorious influences." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 67 out of 100 based on 16 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Jahmaal Noel Fyffe (born 26 November 1990), better known by his stage name Chip (previously Chipmunk), is a British rapper and songwriter from Tottenham, North London. In the past 14 years he has collaborated with the likes of Skepta, T.I., Meek Mill, Young Adz and many others. In 2009, he released his debut album, "I Am Chipmunk", featuring four songs which peaked in the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart, including the chart-topping "Oopsy Daisy". In 2011, Chipmunk released his follow-up album, the American hip hop-influenced "Transition". It included the single "Champion" featuring Chris Brown, which peaked at #2 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Chip moved to Atlanta in 2012 and signed to TI's Grand Hustle Records label. On Christmas Day, Chip released "London Boy", featuring the likes of Meek Mill, Skepta, Movado plus more.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Following his return to London, Chip embarked on a year-long rap beef which solidified his slogan "Chip Can't Run out of Bars". Following this, he has since released six projects, with his most recent being "Insomnia," alongside Skepta and Young Adz.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Jahmaal Noel Fyffe was born on 26 November 1990 in Tottenham, and is the son of Jamaican immigrant parents. Fyffe's parents later separated. Fyffe received the nickname "Chipmunk" from a friend (who was later stabbed to death) on account of him being "short and chubby with big teeth". Fyffe began rapping after hearing Wiley and Dizzee Rascal on pirate radio when he was a child, later inspiring him to rent studios out for £20 to record music with his friends when he was just thirteen years old. Jahmaal attended Highgate Wood Secondary School in Crouch End, before transferring to Gladesmore Community School, citing that there were problems for him at Highgate Wood. After completing secondary school education, he underwent his A-Levels at Haringey Sixth Form Centre, achieving a B in Drama, C in Sociology and D in Critical Thinking.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Chip has been an Arsenal fan since childhood. Prior to a music career, Chip originally aspired to be a footballer.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Chipmunk first gained mainstream recognition when Wiley brought him to Tim Westwood's radio show in 2007 along with Ice Kid and they did a now legendary freestyle.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Chipmunk signed a record deal with Jive Records of Sony Music UK. He has successfully released eleven top-ten hits on the UK Singles Chart, of which "Oopsy Daisy" debuted at #1. He released his debut album, "I Am Chipmunk" in 2009, which charted at #2 on the UK Albums Chart. His second album, "Transition" was released on 18 April 2011.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: In 2008, Chipmunk was nominated for best newcomer at the MOBO Awards, winning two awards: Best UK Newcomer and Best Hip-Hop act. He also won Best Hip-Hop Act at the MOBO Awards 2009. He also won an award with Emeli Sandé for Best British Single for their song "Diamond Rings". The same year Chipmunk won an Mp3 Award at Mp3 Music Awards 2009 for his single, "Diamond Rings", which was published and promoted by MTV Network. On 13 January 2012, he announced via Twitter that he had permanently abbreviated his name from "Chipmunk" to "Chip". Chipmunk announced his signing to American rapper T.I.'s Grand Hustle Records in March 2012 after leaving Sony following the closing of Jive.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: At the start of 2015, Chipmunk announced his two-part "Believe & Achieve" EP project – with "EPisode 1" to be released independently on Monday 4 May via his own label Cash Motto. The EP features productions from New Machine (Plan B) and Chris Loco (Labrinth) as well as collaborations with Irish troubadour Maverick Sabre and grime legends D Double E, Jammer, Stormzy, Kano, Wretch 32 and Shalo.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Chipmunk runs a company called Cash Motto, formerly Cash Motivation, which he uses to release his music and clothing. The company has also released numerous singles by Chipmunk's friend and frequent collaborator Shalo. In 2016, he won Best Grime Act at the MOBO Awards 2016.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: In 2006, at the age of sixteen, he uploaded the song "Who Are You?" which received a lot of underground success and has reached over 3,000,000 views on YouTube. At the 2008 Mobo Awards, Chipmunk won the Best Newcomer Award while being signed to an independent label, Alwayz Recordings. Soon after, in late-2008, just before his eighteenth birthday, Chipmunk signed a high figure record deal with Columbia Records, Sony Music and began recording his debut album. On 2 March 2009, he released his first single from the album, "Chip Diddy Chip". The single charted at #21 on the UK Singles Charts and was written by himself. The music video for the track featured Tim Westwood and Dappy of N-Dubz, and was filmed at his old secondary school, Gladesmore Community School. After the release of the single, he announced his album would be titled, "I Am Chipmunk". Following the release of "Diamond Rings" which featured guest vocals from Emeli Sandé. The song became Sandé's and Chipmunk's first top 10 hit, after it charted at #6 on the UK Singles Charts. This made Chipmunk a pioneer in doing so, as he became the youngest UK rapper to ever score a top 10 charted song.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: In October 2009, Chipmunk released his biggest track to date "Oopsy Daisy" as the third official single. It featured guest vocals from singer Dayo Olatunji and was written by Talay Riley. "Oopsy Daisy" is Chipmunk's most successful single to date. The track debuted at #1 on the UK Singles Charts and later gained a certification of Gold, by the BPI. Chipmunk again made history by becoming the youngest rapper to ever score a UK #1 single. The track was Chipmunk's first single released internationally. The song was accompanied by a music video, Chipmunk's love interest was played by Red Madrell, a British actress. The song beat song candidates to the top spot, beating British girl-group, The Saturdays to number-one with their come-back single, "Forever Is Over", and spent over a month in the top 10 alone. After the release of "I Am Chipmunk" on 12 October 2009, it gained mainly positive reviews from critics. It debuted at #2 on the UK Albums Chart. However, the album charted at #1 on the UK R&B Albums Chart.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Chipmunk announced that he was going to release a platinum edition of the album with new tracks after I am Chipmunk sold over 300,000 copies. The first single released from "I Am Chipmunk" was "Until You Were Gone" which featured guest vocals from Esmée Denters. The single charted at #3 on the UK Singles Charts. "I Am Chipmunk: The Platinum Edition" was released on 3 May 2010. It contained four new songs. The album then gained a Platinum Certification by the BPI. After making a gross income of £1,550,000 the previous year, making him the highest-paid UK rapper. Chipmunk also performed at the Mobo Awards in 2009, Capital Summertime Ball in 2010 at Wembley Stadium and at the Brit Awards.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Chipmunk announced he was working on a new studio album in late-2010, and confirmed it would be titled, "Transition" which he stated it would be different from the first album, stating: "It kinda represents the growth in me as a person since my last album, so the sound has matured as well as I have and that’s the main thing for me with the record - I just wanted the sound, the sound and the feel of the album to feel… I feel like a granddad but you know, just more mature than my first album, you know life’s changed." The album features American artists Keri Hilson, Chris Brown, Trey Songz and Kalenna Harper from Diddy-Dirty Money, and British rapper Wretch 32. He released a promotional single onto iTunes on 12 November 2010. The single charted at #72 on the UK Singles Charts, with limited promotion.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: In early-2011, he confirmed that "Champion" would be released as the first mainstream single from the album, and the single would feature American R&B singer, Chris Brown. The single was written by Harmony "H-Money" Samuels, Jahmaal Fyffe, Eric Bellinger, Erika Nuri. The single charted at #2 on the UK Singles Charts, being held off the top spot by Jessie J and B.o.B with their entry with "Price Tag". However, both songs sold over 90,000 copies in their first week and Jessie J gained the top spot by 5%. The song serves as the theme for the reality competition show WWE Tough Enough. It was announced that "In the Air" would be released as the second mainstream single released from "Transition" the single would feature guest vocals from American R&B singer, Keri Hilson. The single was released on 11 March 2011. The album Transition itself attained its UK release through Sony Music's Jive label on 18 April 2011. He makes a cameo appearance in Wretch 32 and Example's video for Unorthodox.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: The third single to be released from the album is titled "Take Off" and features Trey Songz. Chipmunk also released a net video for the song "Every Gyal" featuring Mavado. In August 2011, Chipmunk performed a free concert in Dumfries, Scotland and in Wales.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: On 7 October 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records, along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Chip, and all other artists previously signed to these three labels, had the option to release their future material on the RCA Records brand. Chip chose not to do so, and certain media outlets speculated that he may be dropped from the label. However, Chip instead decided to sign with Grand Hustle, the label of fellow rapper and collaborator, T.I. In December 2011, Chipmunk announced that he would be shortening his stage name to "Chip", under the advice and instruction of T.I., and that all of his future releases would appear under his new stage name.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: In January 2012, Chip announced via his official Twitter account that he had been working with Sean Garrett and T.I. on his next project, but did not reveal the name of the project in question. He also posted a picture of himself recording in a studio in Atlanta with T.I. Shortly after the announcement, Chip revealed that throughout the year, he would be posting a series of online video blogs to keep his fans updated on what he was up to. On 10 February 2012, Chip uploaded his own freestyle version of fellow rapper Tyga's smash hit, "Rack City" to his official YouTube account. The video received over 70,000 views and 10,000 likes within the first 48 hours of release.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Chip returned to the studio to complete recording on the project during August–September 2012, before unveiling his single "Londoner", a collaboration with Wretch 32, Professor Green and Loick Essien. The track was released as the project's third underground single on 25 November 2012. On 9 October 2012, Chip was featured on the annual BET Hip Hop Awards cypher, alongside his Grand Hustle labelmates Iggy Azalea, B.o.B, T.I. and Trae tha Truth. On 10 December, Chip revealed the track listing of the mixtape, including collaborations with labelmates Iggy Azalea, Trae Tha Truth, T.I, previous collaborators Skepta, Mavado, Wretch 32 and Professor Green as well as Meek Mill and Young Jeezy. He also re-confirmed the release date of 25 December 2012, and revealed the tape would be available to download free of charge.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: On 31 October 2014, Chip dropped his "Fright Night" freestyle on YouTube, and announced to fans that his new project "Believe & Achieve" would be coming in 2015. In November 2014, Chip collaborated with hotly tipped Stormzy and Shalo on "I’m Fine" which he filmed on his twenty-fourth birthday and released shortly afterwards. A remix of "I’m Fine" featuring Frisco, Krept and Konan appeared online on 16 January 2015 via i-D Magazine. On 1 January 2015, Chip dropped the track ‘School of Grime’ via his SoundCloud page, and followed by a music video a couple weeks later. The track featured grime legends D Double E and Jammer and instantly started blowing up at specialist radio, online and across the urban world for weeks. After the success of the original song "School of Grime" featuring D Double E and Jammer, Chip released a remix blended with UK Garage classic,"The Streets - Has It Come to This" and it was accompanied by a new music video which contained footage of a live performance at student event, Rampage. [6]


title: Chip (rapper)

text: On Saturday 24 January, Chip appeared for the second time on Charlie Sloth's trademark show "Fire In The Booth" on 1Xtra, which had a huge listenership and was trending on Twitter. In Chip's freestyle, he opened up some questions about the UK rap scene and caused controversy by calling out Tinie Tempah for his current lack of commitment to music. The YouTube video from "Fire In The Booth" instantly went viral with 100k views in just a few days, and was followed by a 1Xtra debate which also trended on Twitter. Chip also took part in ITV's new entertainment show "Get Your Act Together" on 25 January, having been invited by the Shaolin Monks to learn Kung Fu martial arts. The performance culminated in him balancing on two spear points to widespread audience acclaim. He competed against three other celebrity teams and won the round. Chip performed with the Shaolin Monks in the final of the show on 22 February 2015


title: Chip (rapper)

text: A remix freestyle of ‘School of Grime’ was organically conceived by Chip, D Double E and Jammer in the back of a cab after the official video shoot. Using The Streets ‘Has It Come To This’ as the beat, a freestyle was filmed in one take by a camera phone was shot and then uploaded to YouTube. The track was then recorded properly in the studio and premiered via Pigeons and Planes on 21 February A week later, a visual for the remix was made by legendary Risky Roadz and hosted on SBTV channel.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: On 20 March 2015, Chip released a freestyle ‘Pepper Riddim’ hitting back at 5 Rappers who had dissed him since his "Fire In The Booth."


title: Chip (rapper)

text: ‘The End’ was then filmed in one take and released to put an end to the negativity coming from fellow artists in the grime scene, and to look forward to the next chapter of Chip with a positive outlook.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: On Christmas Day 2015, Chip released his tenth mixtape, "Rap vs. Grime", for free download. The project, which features a guest appearance from Stormzy, consists of remixes of hit songs from 2015 such as "My Way" and "Classic Man" (the "rap" songs) and diss tracks aimed at Tinie Tempah and Bugzy Malone (the "grime" songs). Also on Christmas Day 2015, Chip released "Hear Dis" featuring Stormzy.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Afters six years since the release of his last album, Chip released his third album; and his first independent album, "League of My Own II". This album charted at #12 in the UK album charts which is his third Top 20 album.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Chip's fourth studio album "Ten10" was released on 21 September 2018 through his independent record label Cash Motto. It featured singles CRB Check ft Not3s, Right Now ft JME & Frisco & the lead single My Girl ft Red Rat.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: In March 2020 Chip announced a surprise album with fellow rappers Skepta and Young Adz. "Insomnia" debuted in at number 3 in the official UK charts with 2 top 40 singles.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: In light of the cannabis culture, Chip released a tribute for longtime friend and collaborator Black the Ripper who died on 4 April 2020. The single titled "0420" was released on 20 April 2020 and sampled Black the Ripper's single "Missing You".


title: Chip (rapper)

text: In 2015, Chip appeared on Charlie Sloth's radio show where he called out fellow London based rapper Tinie Tempah over the latter's interests and perceived exploitation of their relationship for personal benefit. On 9 October 2015 he released "96 Bars of Revenge" in which he dissed both Tempah and Bugzy Malone. He then followed this up with "Coward", which was aimed directly at Tempah.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Bugzy Malone released his "Fire in the Booth", a freestyle session hosted by BBC 1Xtra presenter Charlie Sloth, on 14 March 2015, mentioning Chip. Chip replied to Malone's critics including him on his war dub "Pepper Riddim". This started the feud and drew attention to the grime scene early on in 2015. Malone released a war dub for Chip entitled "Relegation Riddim", travelling to Chip's hometown of Tottenham to film the video for the song.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Five months later, Chip released a number of tracks in his defence starting with "Light Work" on 11 September 2015. He then went on to release "Run Out Riddim" and "Hat Trick" in the same week. Around a month later on 9 October 2015 he released "96 Bars of Revenge" in which he dissed both Malone and Tinie Tempah. The rivalry continued as Malone then replied back with "Wasteman", Chip replied within 7 hours with "Dickhead", Malone then released the pre-recorded track "Zombie Riddim" via his Twitter account straight after "Dickhead" was uploaded. Malone stated that he would clash with Chip on Lord of the Mics, a battle rap show hosted by Boy Better Know member Jammer, for the right amount of money, and Chip has also stated that he would be willing as long as he would be clashing against both Malone and Tempah.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: This feud started when Chip mentioned Yungen in "96 Bars of Revenge". Yungen replied the following year on his track "Comfy", which sparked the feud further. On 19 February 2016, Chip released "One Take" (freestyle) on his YouTube channel, dissing Yungen. Yungen released a pre-recorded track one hour later titled "Punk (Shitmunk Diss)" which was a warning to Chip to take his freestyle down. Chip replied in 24 hours with "Michelle Riddim", a diss track towards Yungen and Tinie Tempah. Yungen responded quickly with "Oopsy Daisy Riddim", and Chip has since responded once again with "L (Lil' Clive Diss 2)".


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Recently the 'Oopsy Daisy Riddim (Shitmunk Diss) was taken down from YouTube after it contained a sample of Chipmunk's single "Oopsy Daisy", it was then re-loaded, this time with the copyrighted audio removed. After Yungen was filmed running from a man who gripped the rapper's arms, dropping his Nando's meal in the process, he released the track "Away Games". In response to a couple of slights from the track, Chip released his track "Peri Peri Sauce", aimed at the South London rapper.


title: Chip (rapper)

text: Chip became embroiled in a feud with fellow musician Stormzy, releasing diss tracks 'Killer MC' and 'Flowers' in October 2020. This was in response to an incident in June, where Stormzy had entered his apartment block, argued with his family and refused to leave. In January 2021, artist Ghetts released a track called "Skengman" featuring Stormzy where Stormzy referenced Chip on a number of lines. Soon after, Chip released a track called "10 Commandments", addressing Stormzy. July 2021 fellow artist Dave released a track called "Clash" featuring Stormzy where Stormzy briefly addressed the previous incident. Hours later Chip released an audio track entitled "Clash?" where he responded mainly to Stormzy but also referenced Dave in the response.


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: Clerks (retronym: Clerks: The Animated Series) is an American adult animated sitcom that was first broadcast on ABC in 2000. Based on Kevin Smith's 1994 comedy film of the same name, it was developed for television by Smith, Smith's producing partner Scott Mosier and former "Seinfeld" writer David Mandel with character designs by Stephen Silver, known for character designs in Disney's "Kim Possible" and Nickelodeon's "Danny Phantom". It is the first television show to be set in Smith's View Askewniverse.


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: Six episodes of the show were produced; only two episodes aired before the show was cancelled by ABC.


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: "Clerks: The Animated Series" was produced by Miramax and View Askew Productions in association with Touchstone Television. In addition to being Disney's second adult animated series after fellow Touchstone Television production "The PJs", it was also the first (and so far) only adult animated series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, which ultimately went uncredited.


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: According to the commentary for the series premiere episode, Smith and Mosier first had the idea of the animated series in 1995. In that same commentary, Mosier claimed that they pitched the series to "every" network, including HBO, Fox, The WB, and several others. They were given a thirteen-episode order from UPN, but turned down the offer in order to be on a bigger channel like ABC, having been told that UPN would be off the air within a year.


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: On a DVD bonus feature, Smith revealed that they initially cast Alan Rickman as the voice of Leonardo Leonardo, so they decided to design the character after Hans Gruber from the film "Die Hard" (1988). Rickman disapproved of the design because he did not want to play the character again. ABC eventually turned him down anyway for budgetary reasons and recast the role with Alec Baldwin.


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: Only two episodes were broadcast on ABC in the year 2000 before the series was canceled. Several factors contributed to the cancellation, including low ratings, the show's not fitting in with ABC's other programming, unsuccessful test-screening to older audiences, and ABC's decision to air the shows out of order. ABC aired the fourth episode first, as opposed to the intended first episode, and then aired the second episode despite the fact that the second episode is the 'flashback' episode, and derives much of its humor from the fact that it flashes back to the first episode (as well as the beginning of that very episode) rather frequently. Additionally, the second episode aired without the scene from "Flintstone's List", the fictional RST Video rental that spoofed "Schindler's List".


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: All six episodes were released on DVD in 2001, marking one of the first occasions in which a short-lived TV series found success in this format. The DVD commentary features cast and crew who frequently cite their disagreements with the network over the show's development. The entire series was eventually aired on Comedy Central, with the unaired episodes airing for the first time on television on December 14, 2002. In 2006, digital Freeview channel ITV 4 in the UK, began broadcasting episodes late on Monday nights. Starting November 14, 2008, Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block aired the series on Friday nights. It also aired on the El Rey Network during their "Jay and Silent Bob Takeover Marathon."


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: Several scenes filmed for, but cut from, the film "Jay & Silent Bob Strike Back" (but included on the film's DVD release) contain metafictional moments when Randal makes references to the animated series, as well as its cancellation. On his DVD commentary for the film, Smith said the intent was to make the quick cancellation of the series a running gag.


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: For several years following the series' cancellation, Smith announced plans to make an animated film. He revealed in a commentary on Episode 6 that it would go theatrical (with the hopes of winning the newly launched Academy Award for Best Animated Feature), but later made plans to go direct-to-video. The basic plot involved Dante and Randal making a movie about their lives at the Quick Stop, a reference to the production of the original film. In an interview, Smith expanded on the delays surrounding the film. Apparently, when the Weinsteins left Miramax, owned at the time by Disney, the split was not completely amicable. The rights to the "Clerks" television show were still owned by the Disney company, who as a result were reluctant to work with The Weinstein Company, throwing the future of "Clerks: Sell Out" into question. At the 2007 Cornell Q&A, Smith said due to the Miramax/Weinstein argument "you will see a Jay and Silent Bob cartoon before "Clerks: Sell Out"."


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: However, when Miramax was purchased by Filmyard Holdings in 2011, Smith revealed on Twitter that Miramax had contacted him for new projects, and the possibility of reviving the series came up. In October 2019, Smith announced that a repurposed version of the script for "Sell Out" would serve as the basis for the live-action "Clerks III". In 2020, as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Smith teased about bringing the show back on Hulu.


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: "Clerks: The Animated Series" was named the 98th best animated series by IGN, comparing it to "Firefly" due to its partial, out of sequence airing. They specifically praised the second episode for its parody of the old television staple of clip shows, by showing clips of the previous episode as well as clips from the episode itself.


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: In 2011, "Complex" included it on their list of "The 25 Most Underrated Animated TV Shows Of All Time".


title: Clerks: The Animated Series

text: The series was released in a two-disc collector's edition DVD set called "Clerks Uncensored". The "Uncensored" refers to the restoration of a second episode segment cut from broadcast, as well as an uncensored episode, introduced by Mewes and Smith, in character as Jay and Silent Bob. The DVD was given an R-rating by the Motion Picture Association of America for "some sexual humor".


title: Twee pop

text: Twee pop is a subgenre of indie pop that originates from the 1986 "NME" compilation "C86". Characterised by its simplicity and perceived innocence, some of its defining features are boy–girl harmonies, catchy melodies, and lyrics about love. For many years, prominent independent record labels associated with twee pop were Sarah Records (in the UK) and K Records (in the US).


title: Twee pop

text: The definition of twee is something "excessively or affectedly quaint, pretty, or sentimental", supposedly born from a childish mispronunciation of the word sweet. A retrospective fascination with the genre in the US saw Americans eagerly defining themselves as twee. According to "The A.V. Club"s Paula Mejia:


title: Twee pop

text: AllMusic says that twee pop is "perhaps best likened to bubblegum indie rock – it's music with a spirit of D.I.Y. defiance in the grand tradition of punk, but with a simplicity and innocence not seen or heard since the earliest days of rock & roll". The author Marc Spitz suggests that the roots of twee stem from post-war 1950s music. While the culture categorized itself under the moniker of "indie" (short for independent), many major twee powerhouses gained mainstream critical acclaim for their contributions to the twee movement.


title: Twee pop

text: Cuddlecore is a movement that emerged as a consequence of twee pop that was briefly prominent in the mid-1990s. This label described a style marked by harmony vocals and pop melodies atop a punk-style musical backing. Cuddlecore bands were usually, although not always, all female and essentially represented a more pop-oriented variation on the contemporaneous riot grrrl scene.


title: Taylor Rooks

text: Taylor Rooks (born May 22, 1992) is an American sports journalist and broadcaster. She currently appears on Thursday Night Football, Bleacher Report and Turner Sports. Before joining the Turner networks, she was a host, reporter, and correspondent at SportsNet New York. Prior to the New York Market, she worked for the Big Ten Network. She appeared on BTN Live, BTN Football Pregame, and Women's Sports Report. She was a sideline reporter for CBS Sports Network for the 2016-2017 football season. Prior to SNY, CBS, and BTN, Rooks was a football and basketball recruiting reporter for scout.com. She has an on-air presence for major events, such as the Big Ten Football Championship.


title: Taylor Rooks

text: Rooks decided to follow in her parents' footsteps by attending the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where she majored in broadcast journalism. During her time at the University of Illinois, Rooks covered and broke national football/basketball recruiting stories while working with Scout.com. She appeared on CBS Sports Network reporting on the WBB Pre-NIT Championship at 19 years old. Throughout college, she interned with the PGA Tour, Comcast SportsNet Chicago, and Fox Sports/Scout.com. She received numerous scholarships in her time in Champaign, and helped expand women's interest in broadcasting. Rooks modeled briefly, but turned her focus to sports journalism.


title: Taylor Rooks

text: Rooks comes from a family of athletes. She is the daughter of Thomas Rooks, top rushing leader for the Illinois Fighting Illini; the niece of St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Famer, Lou Brock; and the niece of former Pittsburgh Steelers and New Orleans Saints NFL player, Marv Woodson. Also the sister of Ryan Rooks, a graduate of the University of Georgia, and a former swimmer and cheerleader.


title: Taylor Rooks

text: From August 2012 to May 2014, Rooks worked with scout.com covering Illinois football and basketball. She made national news with her stories and perspective on the game - specifically in recruiting. Rooks broke multiple stories regarding Cliff Alexander, Jalen Brunson, Quentin Snider, Aaron Jordan, Charles Matthews, and Jayson Tatum.


title: Taylor Rooks

text: In August 2014—two months out of college—Rooks became an on-air host, reporter, and correspondent for the Big Ten Network.


title: Taylor Rooks

text: She appeared nightly on the popular sports television show, BTN Live, alongside Dave Revsine, Mike Hall, and Rick Pizzo, and analysts such as Jim Jackson, Chuck Long, and Glen Mason. One of her roles is to interact with fans and bring their social media topics onto the screen. Rooks regularly reports on Big Ten Games throughout the season, and travels frequently for television shows. She hosts the Women's Sports Report, alongside Lisa Byington, covering all women's sports in the Big Ten.


title: Taylor Rooks

text: In August 2016, Rooks became the newest host, reporter, and anchor for SportsNet New York. Rooks is also a sideline reporter for CBS Sports Network for the 2016-2017 college football season.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: HMS "Coventry" was a Type 42 ("Sheffield"-class) destroyer of the Royal Navy. Laid down by Cammell Laird and Company, Limited, at Birkenhead on 29 January 1973, she was launched on 21 June 1974 and accepted into service on 20 October 1978 at a cost of £37,900,000.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: The principal role of these ships was to provide the fleet with mid-range anti-air warfare capability with secondary roles of anti-surface and anti-submarine. A total of fourteen Type 42s were built for the Royal Navy between 1972 and 1985, in three tranches, with "Coventry" the last of the first tranche to be commissioned. To cut costs, the first two tranches had 47 feet removed from the bow and the beam-to-length ratio reduced. These early Type 42s performed poorly during trials and were notoriously poor sea-keepers.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: Type 42 destroyers were fitted with the Sea Dart surface-to-air missiles designed in the 1960s to counter threats from manned aircraft. Sea Dart was constrained by limitations on its firing capacity and reaction time, but did prove itself during the Falklands War with seven kills, three of these attributed to "Coventry".


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: "Coventry" was commissioned on 10 November 1978 under the command of Captain C. P. O. Burne at Portsmouth. Following post-commissioning trials, the ship was used to trial the operation of the new Westland Lynx helicopter from the Type 42 platform, to test the combination's safe operating limits.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: The ship's first major deployment came in 1980 when she was sent to the Far East; in September of that year, alongside and , she became the first British warship to visit the People's Republic of China in 30 years. En route back to the UK, "Coventry" was diverted to the Persian Gulf following the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War, where the ship remained on patrol for six weeks until relieved by the start of the permanent Armilla patrol consisting of and . Throughout 1981 and into 1982, "Coventry" took part in various exercises in home waters, culminating in her deployment as part of Exercise Springtrain '82 in March 1982. Once Springtrain '82 was complete, "Coventry" was scheduled to return to the UK prior to a deployment on an intelligence-gathering mission against Soviet naval forces in the Barents Sea, for which the ship had been fitted with special communications monitoring equipment.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: "Coventry" was taking part in the Exercise Springtrain 82 near the British base of Gibraltar, during March 1982. Along with other vessels involved in the exercise she was detailed for service in the Falklands War. She had a Union Flag painted on the roof of her bridge and a black line painted through her funnel to her waterline to aid recognition, as the Argentines also operated two Type 42 destroyers. On 27 April, "Coventry", in company with , , and , entered the Total Exclusion Zone, a 200-mile cordon around the Falkland Islands. Alongside "Sheffield" and "Glasgow", "Coventry" would form the air defence vanguard for the aircraft carriers following behind.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: "Coventry"s contribution to the Falklands War was considerable. Her helicopter was the first to fire Sea Skua air-to-surface anti-ship missiles in action. Her Westland Lynx HAS.Mk.2 fired two Sea Skua missiles on 3 May at , the former . One missile missed and the other hit a small boat, knocking out the radio aerials and slightly injuring a crewman manning a 20 mm gun. "Glasgow"s Lynx fired two more Sea Skua, and the vessel retreated, with eight crew killed, eight wounded and heavy damage. Her damaged bridge is now on display at the Naval Museum in Tigre, Argentina. The vessel remained in service in the Argentine Navy until 2018.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: "Coventry" was the first warship to fire Sea Dart surface-to-air missiles in anger when the ship fired three on 9 May at two Learjets of Escuadrón Fénix, just missing the aircraft. reported that her radar tracked the missiles merging with the pair of contacts (call signs Litro and Pepe), but they missed the aircraft.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: "Coventry"s captain, David Hart Dyke, claimed that two A-4C Skyhawks of Grupo 4 were shot down by Sea Darts (C-303 and C-313). However, both were actually lost to bad weather, and both wrecks were found on South Jason Island, one on the northwest side of the cliffs, the other in shallow waters on the southwest. Lt Casco and Lt Farias were both killed.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: The first confirmed kill made by "Coventry" was an Aérospatiale Puma helicopter of 601 Assault Helicopter Battalion, shot down by a Sea Dart over Choiseul Sound, killing its three-man crew.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: "Coventry" had been one of three Type 42 destroyers providing anti-aircraft cover for the fleet. With the loss of "Sheffield" and damage to "Glasgow" on 12 May, forcing her to return to the UK, "Coventry" was left to carry out the role alone, until other ships could arrive from the UK.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: Following the loss of "Sheffield", a new air defence tactic was devised to try to maximise the task group's remaining assets. This saw the two remaining Type 42s paired with the two Type 22 frigates (a pairing unofficially termed "Type 64") and deployed much further ahead of the main force in an effort to draw attacking aircraft away from the carriers. The idea was that in the event of Sea Dart being unable to function, the short range Sea Wolf advanced point defence missile fitted to the frigates could be used. In this, "Coventry" was paired with .


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: On 25 May 1982, "Coventry" and "Broadsword" were ordered to take up position to the north-west of Falkland Sound. There she would act as a decoy to draw Argentinian aircraft away from other ships at San Carlos Bay. In this position, close to land, with not enough open sea between her and the coast, her Sea Dart missiles would be less effective. "Broadsword" was armed with the Sea Wolf missile, which is for short range anti-aircraft and anti-missile use.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: At first, the trap worked, with FAA A-4B Skyhawk C-244 of "Grupo" 5 shot down north of Pebble Island by a Sea Dart. Pilot "Capitán" Hugo Ángel del Valle Palaver was killed. Later a FAA A-4C Skyhawk coded C-304 of "Grupo" 4 de Caza deployed to San Julian was shot down north east of Pebble Island by another Sea Dart while returning from a mission to San Carlos Water. Capitán Jorge Osvaldo García successfully ejected but was not recovered from the water. His body was washed ashore in a dinghy at Golding Island in 1983. Garcia's wingman, Lieutenant Ricardo Lucero, was also shot down by the combined San Carlos air defences. Teniente Lucero ejected, and was recovered by .


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: The two ships then came under attack by two waves of two Argentine Douglas A-4 Skyhawks. The first wave carried one 1,000 lb free-fall bomb each while the aircraft of the second carried 3 x 250 kg bombs. The four Skyhawks flew so low that "Coventry"s targeting radar could not distinguish between them and the land and failed to lock on. "Broadsword" attempted to target the first pair of attackers (Captain Pablo Carballo and Lieutenant Carlos Rinke) with her Sea Wolf missile system, but her own tracking system locked down during the attack and could not be reset before the aircraft released their bombs.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: Of the bombs released, one bounced off the sea and struck "Broadsword"s flight deck and, though it failed to explode, wrecked the ship's Westland Lynx helicopter. "Coventry" claimed to have hit the second Skyhawk (Captain P. Marcos Carballo) in the tail with small arms fire, although the aircraft returned safely to Argentina. Carballo's plane was hit under the right wing by a piece of shrapnel, on his way in, which pierced his aircraft's right fuel tank.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: The second pair of Skyhawks (First Lieutenant Mariano A. Velasco and Alférez Leonardo Barrionuevo), headed for "Coventry" 90 seconds later at a 20-degree angle to her port bow. Still unable to gain a missile lock, "Coventry" launched a Sea Dart missile in an attempt to distract them and turned hard to starboard to reduce her profile. On "Broadsword" the Sea Wolf system had been reset and successfully acquired the attacking aircraft, but was unable to fire as "Coventry"s turn took her directly into the line of fire.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: "Coventry" used her 4.5-inch gun and small arms against the attacking aircraft. The port Oerlikon 20 mm cannon jammed, leaving the ship with only rifles and machine guns to defend herself. "Coventry" was struck by three bombs just above the water line on the port side. One of the bombs exploded beneath the computer room, destroying it and the nearby operations room, incapacitating almost all senior officers. The other entered the forward engine room, exploding beneath the junior ratings dining room where the first aid party was stationed, and the ship immediately began listing to port. The latter hit caused critical damage as it breached the bulkhead between the forward and aft engine rooms, exposing the largest open space in the ship to uncontrollable flooding. Given the design of the ship, with multiple watertight compartments, two hits virtually anywhere else might have been just survivable. The third bomb did not explode.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: Within 20 minutes "Coventry" had been abandoned and had completely capsized. "Coventry" sank shortly after. Nineteen of her crew were killed and a further 30 injured. One of the wounded, Paul Mills, suffered complications from a skull fracture sustained in the sinking of the ship and later died on 29 March 1983; he is buried in his home town of Swavesey, Cambridgeshire. After the ship was struck, her crew, waiting to be rescued, sang "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" from "Monty Python's Life of Brian".


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: No member of "Coventry" received an award for bravery. CPO Aircrewman M J Tupper of No.846 NAS was awarded a Distinguished Service Medal for his part in the rescue. After the war, a cross to commemorate crew members who lost their lives was erected on Pebble Island.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: David Hart Dyke, "Coventry"s commanding officer during the Falklands War, wrote about the ship's tale in his book "Four Weeks in May: The Loss of HMS Coventry". This was adapted by the BBC into a documentary "Sea of Fire", with dramatised sequences and shown in June 2007. In 2011 it was announced that a feature-length film would be produced based on "Four Weeks in May", to be written and directed by Tom Shankland. The documentary television series "Seconds from Disaster" featured the attack on the Coventry in the episode "Sinking the Coventry" in December 2012.


title: HMS Coventry (D118)

text: The wreck site is a controlled site under the Protection of Military Remains Act. Five months after "Coventry" sank, a RN Fleet Diving Team conducted an underwater survey of the wreck, which they found lying on her port side in approximately of water. This survey was the beginning of "Operation Blackleg", a series of dives to recover classified documentation and equipment and to make the remaining weapons safe by means of explosive demolition. The dive team recovered several personal items belonging to Hart Dyke and other officers along with the ship's battle ensign, later presented to the next , a Type 22 frigate. The divers also recovered the Cross of Nails, originally presented to the ship by Coventry Cathedral. This too was loaned to the new "Coventry", until her decommissioning in 2002, when it returned to the cathedral. The Cross is now carried on board , a Type 45 destroyer.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: The Bardoli Satyagraha, in the state of bardoli, India during the British Raj, was a major phase of civil disobedience and revolt in the Indian Independence Movement on 12 June 1928. The movement was eventually led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and its success gave rise to Patel becoming one of the main leaders of the independence movement.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: In 1925, the taluka of Bardoli in Gujarat suffered financial troubles. However, the government of the Bombay Presidency had raised the tax rate by 30% that year, and despite petitions from civic groups, it refused to cancel the raise in the face of the calamities. The situation for the farmers was grave enough that they barely had enough property and crops to pay off the tax, let alone feed themselves afterwards.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: The Gujarati activists Narhari Parikh, Ravi Shankar Vyas, and Mohanlal Pandya talked to village chieftains and farmers and solicited the help of Gujarat's most prominent freedom fighter, Vallabhbhai Patel. Patel had guided Gujarat's farmers during the Kheda struggle, and had served recently as Ahmedabad's municipal president. He was widely respected by common Gujaratis across the state.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: Patel told a delegation of farmers frankly that if they should realise fully what a revolt would imply. He would not lead them unless he had the understanding and agreement of all the villages involved. Refusing to pay the taxes could lead to their property being confiscated, including their lands, and many would go to jail. They could face complete decimation. The villagers replied that they were prepared for the worst but definitely could not accept the government's injustice.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: Patel then asked Gandhi to consider the matter, but Gandhi merely asked what Patel thought, and when the latter replied with confidence about the prospects, he gave his blessing. However, Gandhi and Patel agreed that neither the Congress nor Gandhi would directly involve themselves, and the struggle left entirely to the people of Bardoli taluka.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: Patel first wrote to the Governor of Bombay, asking him to reduce the taxes for the year in phase of the calamities. But the Governor ignored the letter, and reciprocated by announcing the date of collection.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: Patel then instructed all the farmers of Bardoli taluka to refuse payment of their taxes. Aided by Narhari Parikh, Ravi Shankar Vyas and Mohanlal Pandya, he divided Bardoli into several zones, each with a leader and volunteers specifically assigned. Patel also placed some activists close to the government, to act as informers on the movements of government officials.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: Above all, Patel instructed the farmers to remain completely nonviolent and not to respond physically to any incitements or aggressive actions from officials. He reassured them that the struggle would not end until all taxes had been cancelled for the year and all seized property and lands had been returned to their rightful owners.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: The farmers received complete support from their compatriots in Gujarat. Many hid their most precious belongings with relatives in other parts, and the protestors received financial support and essential supplies from supporters in other parts. However, Patel refused permission to enthusiastic supporters in Gujarat and other parts of India to go on in sympathetic protest.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: The government declared that it would crush the revolt. Along with tax inspectors, bands of Pathans were gathered from northwest India to seize the property of the villagers and terrorize them. The Pathans and the men of the collectors forced themselves into the houses and took all property, including cattle (resisters had begun keeping their cattle inside their locked homes when the collectors were about to prevent them from seizing the animals from the fields).


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: The government began to auction the houses and the lands, but not a single person from Gujarat or anywhere else in India came forward to buy them. Patel had appointed volunteers in every village to keep watch. As soon as he sighted the officials who were coming to auction the property, the volunteer would sound his bugle. The farmers would leave the village and hide in the jungles. The officials would find the entire village empty. They could never find out who owned a particular house.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: However, some rich people from Bombay came to buy some lands. There was also one village recorded that paid the tax. A complete social boycott was organized against them, and relatives broke their ties to families in the village. Other ways that the social boycott was enforced against landowners who broke with the tax strike or purchased seized land were to refuse to rent their fields or to work as labourers for them.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: Members of the legislative councils of Bombay and across India were angered by the terrible treatment of the protesting farmers. Indian members resigned their offices and expressed open support of the farmers. The government was heavily criticised, even by many in the Raj's offices.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: In 1928, an agreement was finally brokered by a Parsi member of the Bombay government. It agreed to restore the confiscated lands and properties, to cancel revenue payment for the year and to cancel the 22% raise until after the succeeding year. The government had appointed the Maxwell-Broomfield Commission to look in to the matter. After a rigorous survey, the raise in taxes was decided to be just 6.03%. However, the basic problems of the peasants were left unsolved, and bonded labour continued.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: The farmers celebrated their victory, but Patel continued to work to ensure that all lands and properties were returned to every farmer and that no one was left out. When the government refused to ask the people who had bought some of the lands to return them, wealthy sympathisers from Bombay bought them out and returned the lands to the rightful owners.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: The momentum from the Bardoli victory aided in the resurrection of the freedom struggle nationwide. In 1930, the Congress would declare Indian independence, and the Salt Satyagraha would be launched by Gandhi.


title: Bardoli Satyagraha

text: Patel credited Gandhi's teachings and the farmers' undying resolve, and people across the nation recognised his vital leadership. It was women of bardoli who bestowed the title "Sardar" for the first time, which in Gujarati and most other Indian languages means "Chief" or "Leader". It was after Bardoli that "Sardar Patel" became one of India's most important leaders.


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: Black Sunday () is a 1960 Italian gothic horror film directed by Mario Bava in his official directorial debut, and starring Barbara Steele, John Richardson, Andrea Checchi, Ivo Garrani, Arturo Dominici and Enrico Oliveri. Loosely based on Nikolai Gogol's short story "Viy", the film takes place in Moldavia and tells the story of a witch who is put to death by her brother, only to return two centuries later to seek revenge upon his descendants.


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: Having provided cinematography on "Hercules" (1958) and "Hercules Unchained" (1959) for the production company Galatea and helping finish two of their other films, "Caltiki – The Immortal Monster" (1959) and "The Giant of Marathon" (1959), Bava was permitted by the company's president, Lionello Santi, to make a film for foreign markets; he chose to make a horror film to capitalize on the recent success of Terence Fisher's version of "Dracula" (1958) for Hammer Film Productions. After he developed a four-page outline faithfully based on Gogol's story, several other screenwriters, both credited and uncredited, worked on the script. Former Rank Organisation contract players Steele and Richardson were cast as Bava felt that British leads would allow the film to compare favorably to "Dracula". Filming took place in the studios of Scalera Film in Rome and on location at Castle Massimo in Arsoli; shooting was complicated by Bava's frequent reworking of the script and Steele's conflicts with the crew.


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: "Black Sunday" had limited financial success upon its initial Italian release. It was acquired for distribution in the United States by Samuel Z. Arkoff and James H. Nicholson of American International Pictures (AIP), who oversaw numerous alterations to the film prior to its American release, including the removal of some scenes of violence and sexuality, redubbing the dialogue, and replacing Roberto Nicolosi's musical score with one by Les Baxter. The film found greater success upon its American release in 1961 when it became the highest-grossing film to be released by AIP in its first five years of existence. The film was banned for several years in the United Kingdom and did not receive a wide release there until July 1968, when it was released by Border Films as "Revenge of the Vampire".


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: The film received generally negative reviews in Italy but garnered far more positive reviews abroad in France and the United States, where it received favorable notices in "Cahiers du Cinéma", "New York Daily News", "Time", and "Variety". Retrospective reception of "Black Sunday" remains positive: it was placed at number 84 on a "Time Out" poll of the best horror films, while critic James Marriott praised the film as the "crowning achievement of Italian gothic horror". The film is now considered to be a pioneering work that set the standards for Italian horror films due to its juxtaposition of beautiful and horrific elements, with strong depictions of eroticism and graphic violence. These elements would be found in later Italian genres, such as the Spaghetti Western and the "giallo". The film turned Steele into a movie star in Italy, and led to her appearing in several horror film productions throughout the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: In 1630s Moldavia, Asa Vajda, a vampiric witch, and her paramour, Javutich, are sentenced to death for sorcery by Asa's brother Griabi. Asa vows revenge and puts a curse on Griabi's descendants. Bronze masks with sharp spikes on the inside are placed over Asa and Javutich's faces and hammered into their flesh, but a sudden storm prevents the villagers from burning them at the stake.


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: Two centuries later, Dr. Choma Kruvajan and his assistant, Dr. Andrej Gorobec, are traveling through Moldavia en route to a medical conference when one wheel on their carriage breaks. While waiting for their coachman to fix it, the two wander into a nearby ancient crypt and discover Asa's tomb. Observing her death mask through a glass panel, Kruvajan breaks the panel (and the cross above it) by accident while striking a bat. He removes Asa's death mask, revealing a partially preserved corpse. He cuts his hand on the broken glass, and some of his blood drips onto Asa.


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: Returning outside, Kruvajan and Gorobec meet Katia Vajda. She tells them she lives with her father and brother Constantine in a nearby castle that the villagers believe is haunted. Struck by her haunting beauty and sadness, Gorobec becomes smitten with Katia. The two men leave her and drive to an inn. Meanwhile, Kruvajan's blood brings Asa back to life. She contacts Javutich telepathically. He rises from his grave and goes to Prince Vajda's castle, where Vajda holds up a crucifix to ward off the reanimated corpse. However, Vajda is so terrified by the visit he becomes paralyzed with fear. Constantine sends a servant to fetch Dr. Kruvajan, but the servant is killed before he can reach the inn. Javutich brings Kruvajan to the castle under the pretext that his services are needed. Javutich leads Kruvajan to Asa's crypt. The witch hypnotizes Kruvajan and says she needs the rest of his blood. Asa then kisses him, turning him into her servant. By Asa's command, Kruvajan follows up on the request to tend to Vajda. He orders the crucifix removed from the room, ostensibly so it will not upset Vajda; this allows Javutich to return later and murder him.


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: Asa's plan is to revive herself by draining Katia of her life since Katia is physically Asa reincarnated. Puzzled to hear that Kruvajan abandoned his patient shortly before he died, Gorobec questions Sonya, a little girl who saw Javutich take Kruvajan to the castle. She identifies Kruvajan's escort with a painting of Javutich. A priest and Gorobec go to Javutich's grave and find Kruvajan's body inside the coffin. Realizing he is now one of the undead, they kill him by driving a nail through his eye.


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: Javutich throws Constantine into a death pit and takes Katia to Asa. Asa drains Katia of her youth. When the witch goes to take her blood, the crucifix around Katia's neck thwarts her. Gorobec enters the crypt to save Katia, but Javutich attacks him and pushes him to the edge of the death pit. Constantine uses the last of his strength to pull Javutich into the pit and push Gorobec to safety. Gorobec finds Asa and Katia. Asa pretends to be Katia and tells Gorobec that Katia is the witch. Accordingly, he goes to kill Katia but notices the crucifix she is wearing has no effect on her. He turns to Asa and opens her robe, revealing a fleshless skeletal frame. The priest then arrives with many torch-carrying villagers, and they burn Asa to death. Katia awakens from her stupor, her life and beauty restored, and is reunited with Gorobec.


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: Credits adapted from "Mario Bava - All the Colors of the Dark" and "Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1957-1969".


title: Black Sunday (1960 film)

text: From the late 1950s to the early 1960s, the Italy-based production company Galatea was among the most active producers of genre films. They had initiated the sword-and-sandal phenomenon of the time with their productions "Hercules" (1958) and "Hercules Unchained" (1959), which were both successful at the American box office. The company made films in other genres, such as the science fiction film "Caltiki – The Immortal Monster" (1959), which enjoyed less financial success. Following the success of the two "Hercules" films, American distributors were willing to pay in advance for genre films from Italy, even if they were not popular there. Aside from working on both of the "Hercules" films, cinematographer Mario Bava had partially directed other films without credit, including "Caltiki – The Immortal Monster" and "The Giant of Marathon" (1959). This led to Galatea's president, Lionello Santi, offering him the opportunity to make a film for foreign markets.