title: Aharonov–Bohm effect

text: The monodromy of the flat connection only depends on the topological type of the loop in the field free region (in fact on the loops homology class). The holonomy description is general, however, and works inside as well as outside the superconductor. Outside of the conducting tube containing the magnetic field, the field strength formula_37. In other words, outside the tube the connection is flat, and the monodromy of the loop contained in the field-free region depends only on the winding number around the tube. The monodromy of the connection for a loop going round once (winding number 1) is the phase difference of a particle interfering by propagating left and right of the superconducting tube containing the magnetic field.


title: Aharonov–Bohm effect

text: If one wants to ignore the physics inside the superconductor and only describe the physics in the outside region, it becomes natural and mathematically convenient to describe the quantum electron by a section in a complex line bundle with an "external" flat connection formula_28 with monodromy


title: Aharonov–Bohm effect

text: rather than an external EM field formula_41. The Schrödinger equation readily generalizes to this situation by using the Laplacian of the connection for the (free) Hamiltonian


title: Aharonov–Bohm effect

text: Equivalently, one can work in two simply connected regions with cuts that pass from the tube towards or away from the detection screen. In each of these regions the ordinary free Schrödinger equations would have to be solved, but in passing from one region to the other, in only one of the two connected components of the intersection (effectively in only one of the slits) a monodromy factor formula_43 is picked up, which results in the shift in the interference pattern as one changes the flux.


title: Aharonov–Bohm effect

text: Effects with similar mathematical interpretation can be found in other fields. For example, in classical statistical physics, quantization of a molecular motor motion in a stochastic environment can be interpreted as an Aharonov–Bohm effect induced by a gauge field acting in the space of control parameters.


Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl: Galactic Battles (advertised as Pokémon: DP Galactic Battles) is the twelfth season of the "Pokémon" animated series and the third season of Pokémon the Series: Diamond and Pearl, known in Japan as . It originally aired in Japan from December 4, 2008, to December 24, 2009, on TV Tokyo, and in the United States from May 9, 2009, to May 15, 2010, on Cartoon Network, covering the continuing adventures of series protagonist Ash Ketchum as he continues to travel Sinnoh with Dawn, Pikachu, and Brock.


title: Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl: Galactic Battles

text: The Japanese opening songs are "High Touch!" (ハイタッチ！, Hai Tatchi!) for 29 episodes, and "High Touch! 2009" (ハイタッチ！ 2009, Hai Tatchi! 2009) for 24 episodes by Rika Matsumoto and Megumi Toyoguchi. The ending songs are "Surely Tomorrow" (あしたはきっと, Ashita wa Kitto) by Kanako Yoshii for 16 episodea, "Get Fired Up, Spiky-eared Pichu!" (もえよギザみみピチュー！, Moe yo Giza Mimi Pichū!) by Shoko Nakagawa for 24 episodes, "Which One ~ Is It?" (ドッチ〜ニョ？, Dotchi~Nyo?) by MooMoo Milk and Araki-san for 13 episodes, and the English opening song is "Battle Cry - (Stand Up!)" by Erin Bowman. Its instrumental version served as the ending credit song.


text: Viz Media and Warner Home Video have released the series in the United States in four 2-disc boxsets, or eight individual single-disc volume sets.


text: The first boxset was released on March 15, 2011, and contains 15 episodes altogether (7 on Disc 1, and 8 on Disc 2). The second was released on May 10, 2011, and contains 12 episodes altogether (6 per disc). The third boxset was released on August 30, 2011, and also contains 12 episodes altogether (6 per disc). The fourth boxset was released on November 22, 2011, and contained 13 episodes altogether (6 on Disc 1, and 7 on Disc 2).


text: Viz Media and Warner Home Video later released the complete series on a 7-disc DVD boxset on August 18, 2020.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Thomas Earl Emmer Jr. (born March 3, 1961) is an American attorney and politician who has been the U.S. representative for since 2015. The district includes most of the Twin Cities' far northern suburbs and the surrounding cities and rural areas of Benton, Carver, Sherburne, Stearns, Wright, Anoka, and Washington Counties.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Before his election to Congress, Emmer served as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 2005 to 2011. In one of the closest elections in the history of the state of Minnesota, Emmer lost the 2010 Minnesota gubernatorial election to Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party nominee Mark Dayton by less than half of a percentage point.


title: Tom Emmer

text: During the 2014 United States House of Representatives elections, he won the 6th congressional district seat being vacated by Michele Bachmann’s retirement. He became chair of the National Republican Congressional Committee in 2019. Following the 2022 United States House of Representatives elections, he won the race for House Majority Whip.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer was born in South Bend, Indiana; his family later moved to Edina, Minnesota. He attended St. Thomas Academy, an all-male, Catholic, military, college-preparatory high school in Mendota Heights, near Saint Paul.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer attended Boston College and the University of Alaska Fairbanks, graduating in 1984 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science. He played hockey for both schools. In 1988 Emmer received a Juris Doctor from William Mitchell College of Law in Saint Paul, Minnesota.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer began his legal career representing cities and counties through the League of Minnesota Cities Insurance Trust and the League of Minnesota Counties Insurance Trust, handling lawsuits against police officers. He also represented volunteer firefighters and city and county inspectors, and handled a variety of land use issues. He was licensed to practice law in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Wisconsin.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In 2004 incumbent Republican State Representative Dick Borrell of Minnesota's House District 19B decided to retire. District 19B includes portions of Wright and Hennepin Counties and the cities of Otsego, Albertville, St. Michael, Rockford, Delano, Montrose, and Waverly. Emmer, the Republican candidate, defeated Democrat Lori M. Schmidt, an attorney, 60%–40%, in the November 2004 general election.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In 2006 Emmer won reelection to a second term with 61% of the vote. In 2008 he was reelected to a third term with 61% of the vote. In 2010 he chose to run for governor of Minnesota rather than seek reelection.


title: Tom Emmer

text: During legislative sessions, Emmer regularly rode the bus to the Minnesota State Capitol. Emmer served on the Finance Committee, the Health Care and Human Services Policy and Oversight Committee, and the State and Local Government Operations Reform, Technology and Elections Committee. He was also a member of the Finance Subcommittee for the Health Care and Human Services Finance Division, and of the Health Care and Human Services Policy and Oversight Subcommittee for the Licensing Division.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer officially announced his candidacy for governor of the State of Minnesota in July 2009. In January 2010, Emmer came in second to Marty Seifert in a non-binding straw poll of Republican Party caucus participants. In April 2010, Emmer announced that his running mate would be Metropolitan Council member Annette Meeks. Emmer received the endorsements of former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, Governor Tim Pawlenty, and Lieutenant Governor Carol Molnau. On April 30, 2010, the Republican Party of Minnesota officially endorsed Emmer as its candidate for governor at the state convention in Minneapolis. His main opponent, Marty Seifert, withdrew from the race and endorsed Emmer when it became apparent that Emmer was nearing the threshold for party endorsement. On August 10, 2010, Emmer won the Republican primary with 82% of the vote, a 75-point margin over Bob Carney.


title: Tom Emmer

text: The race attracted national attention as the "first case in this election cycle of a company hit by national protests over a campaign donation". Minnesota-based Target Corporation donated $150,000 to Minnesota Forward, a new political action committee paying for advertising that supported Emmer's gubernatorial election. Emmer said he viewed Target's donation as an exercise in free speech and wanted to keep his campaign focused on economic issues. Best Buy also donated $100,000 to Minnesota Forward.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer trailed his Democratic opponent Mark Dayton by 9,000 votes in the initial general election results, a margin small enough to trigger an automatic recount. Most analysts felt it was unlikely that the Emmer campaign could overcome such a deficit in a recount. After the recount made little difference in the results, Emmer conceded the election on December 8, 2010.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer was a registered lobbyist in Minnesota, and co-hosted a morning talk radio program with Bob Davis on KTLK in Minneapolis.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In early 2011, he ran for an open Minnesota seat on the Republican National Committee, but lost that election to Hennepin County Commissioner Jeff Johnson.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer hosted a 2011 event promoting the launch of Representative Ron Paul's presidential campaign in Minnesota.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Upon the surprise retirement of U.S. Representative Michele Bachmann, Emmer was considered a possible candidate for the Sixth Congressional District seat; his state house district included a large slice of the congressional district's western portion. On June 5, 2013, Emmer officially announced he would seek the Republican nomination for the seat. On February 4, 2014, Emmer received 67.9% of the vote in a 6th district straw poll. On April 12 he received the Republican Party endorsement for the nomination on the first ballot with 76%, but he still faced a primary challenge from his two competitors, Anoka County Board Chairwoman Rhonda Sivarajah and former state representative Phil Krinkie. Emmer was endorsed by the Tea Party Express, Young Americans for Liberty's Liberty Action Fund, and many Minnesota legislators. He won the primary with 73% of the vote, and easily prevailed in the November general election.


title: Tom Emmer

text: According to the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University, Emmer held a Bipartisan Index Score of -0.0 in the 116th United States Congress for 2019, which placed him 192nd out of 435 members. Based on FiveThirtyEight's congressional vote tracker at ABC News, Emmer voted with Donald Trump's stated public policy positions 91.5% of the time, which ranked him average in the 116th United States Congress when predictive scoring (district partisanship and voting record) is used.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In October 2020, after it was determined that Emmer had interacted with individuals who tested positive for coronavirus in Washington D.C., such as Donald Trump, Emmer flew on a Delta flight in violation of Delta's rules, potentially exposing the other passengers to the virus.


title: Tom Emmer

text: On May 19, 2021, Emmer and the other seven Republican House leaders voted against establishing a national commission to investigate the January 6, 2021 attack on the United States Capitol Complex. Thirty-five House Republicans and all 217 Democrats present voted to establish such a commission.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In August 2021, Emmer released a statement about the resignation of Minnesota Republican Party chair Jennifer Carnahan after her ties with donor, strategist, and alleged sex trafficker Anton Lazzaro became a national news story. Emmer had previously received a $15,600 donation from Lazzaro, which Emmer said he would donate to charity.


title: Tom Emmer

text: On November 15, 2022, after Republicans gained the House majority, Emmer was elected majority whip. He won what was reportedly the conference's closest race, beating Drew Ferguson on the first ballot and Jim Banks on the second by a 115-106 vote.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In 2009, Emmer voted against legislation to prohibit sales of any children's product containing Bisphenol-A (except for used children's products). He said he voted against the law because of fear of "increased costs." As well-intentioned as people may be, he said, "they don't think about what this vote means five steps down the line".


title: Tom Emmer

text: During an October 9, 2010, televised debate, Emmer said he would oppose legislation to combat school bullying against gay and lesbian young people. Emmer, who voted against anti-bullying legislation as a state lawmaker, said that teachers are most responsible for halting bullies, but suggested that the threat of lawsuits keeps them from doing so. "I don't think we need more laws; I think we need more understanding," he said.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer supports two copper nickel mines in the Superior National Forest planned by Polymet, which is owned by Switzerland-based mining giant Glencore, and Twin Metals, which is owned by Antofagasta, a Chilean mining company controlled by the Luksics, one of Chile's wealthiest families.


title: Tom Emmer

text: When the Department of Interior did not list copper or nickel as two of 35 "critical minerals" essential to national security, Emmer released a press release of a letter he wrote to Department of Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke requesting that copper and nickel be included.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer and Representative Pete Stauber both stood beside Assistant Secretary of the Interior Joseph Balash as he signed leases permitting Twin Metals to explore a large area of national forest land nine miles southeast of Ely for copper-nickel reserves on May 15, 2019. The Obama administration had mothballed the lease renewal pending an environmental review, but Twin Metals is now in possession of a 10-year lease to explore the area, with a view toward opening a mine there.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In 2009, Emmer sponsored a bill that would shorten the period of license revocation for driving under the influence and for refusing to take a sobriety test. Additionally, though "suspected drunken drivers [currently] face revocation before they go to court," Emmer's bill would have delayed revocations until after conviction. Supporters of Emmer's bill said "it's needed because pre-conviction revocations penalize drivers before proving they're guilty." Mothers Against Drunk Driving and the head of the Minnesota DWI task force opposed the legislation because it would allow arrested drivers to continue to drive during the time between their arrest and hearing.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer's own history became an issue in relation to his bill. At age 20, Emmer received a driving under the influence-related ticket. In 1991 he pleaded guilty to careless driving while two charges for DWI and a license-plate violation were dropped. Emmer denied that his own drunk driving and legal consequences played a part in the bill, stating, "We all come to the Legislature with life experiences, but it has nothing to do with this bill." Emmer also said that his sentence in 1981 should have been harsher, because in that case he "probably wouldn't have taken the second chance" that led to his subsequent arrests and guilty plea in 1991.


title: Tom Emmer

text: On May 13, 2010, Emmer was one of three legislators not to vote on a bill that would have provided such tougher penalties for drunk drivers. He said he missed the vote when a previously scheduled lunch ran long, and that he had "no idea" how he would have voted on the bill, but that he "assume[d]" he would have supported it.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In an October 2022 CBS News television interview, Emmer was challenged for posting a video on Twitter that showed him firing a fully automatic machine gun with the caption "#FIREPELOSI". As chair of the National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC), Emmer led 2022 election efforts to win a majority and replace House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. The post occurred just days before the home invasion and attack on Pelosi's husband in California.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer favors repealing the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). After supporting the March 2017 version of the American Health Care Act (a bill to repeal the ACA), he voted for it on May 4, 2017, before it had been scored by the Congressional Budget Office to determine its economic impact.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In 2005, as a state representative, Emmer introduced an amendment that would have eliminated Minnesota's minimum wage law.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer supported President Donald Trump's 2017 executive order to temporarily curtail immigration from seven predominantly Muslim countries until better screening methods are devised, saying, "Everybody needs to take a deep breath. There is no litmus test based on religion. The administration and I understand it has — takes the seven countries identified by the Obama administration, not this administration, as the most dangerous countries when it comes to potential terrorists."


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer has supported "conscience clause" legislation that would allow pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraception on the basis of "ethical, moral or legal grounds as long as the pharmacist notifies their employer in advance and the employer can ensure a patient has timely access to the drug or device".


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer supported a state constitutional amendment banning civil recognition of same-sex marriage or its legal equivalent, stating, "I believe marriage is the union between one man and one woman." In March 2007, Emmer introduced HF 1847, a proposed amendment to the Minnesota Constitution "recognizing as marriage or its legal equivalent only a union between one man and one woman." Voters later rejected this proposal.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer was among 47 Republican Representatives who voted in favor of the Respect for Marriage Act, which would codify the right to same-sex marriage in federal law.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In 2019, Emmer sent a fundraising letter that critics alleged included antisemitic tropes. The letter claimed that "left-wing radicals essentially BOUGHT control of Congress for the Democrats" and that three Jewish billionaires (Michael Bloomberg, Tom Steyer and George Soros) "bought" control of Congress for Democrats.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer vigorously rejected the allegations, and numerous Republicans pushed back against them, including Matt Brooks of the Republican Jewish Coalition, who argued, "Firstly, Tom Steyer isn’t even Jewish; he’s a practicing Episcopalian. Secondly, people can’t simply be shielded from criticism because they’re Jewish, not when otherwise similar people are criticized for the same exact actions. If it’s fair to criticize the Kochs, like leading Democrat presidential candidates have done, then its fair to criticize the top Democratic funders."


title: Tom Emmer

text: In 2010 Emmer sponsored an amendment to the Minnesota Constitution that would allow the state to nullify federal laws.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer strongly opposes tax increases. He has also proposed gradually reducing the state corporate tax, with the eventual goal of repealing it altogether.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In December 2020, Emmer was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of "Texas v. Pennsylvania", a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state.


title: Tom Emmer

text: House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of "election subversion." She also reprimanded Emmer and the other House members who supported the lawsuit: "The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House. Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution, they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions."


title: Tom Emmer

text: On July 5, 2010, after visiting a restaurant in St. Paul, Emmer was asked during a press conference if he supported a tip credit, the policy of allowing businesses to subtract tips from a server's hourly wage. His response was "Yes... if you didn't have a minimum wage law", adding, "somebody could be taking home well over one hundred thousand dollars as a server" while the restaurant owner could be making much less.


title: Tom Emmer

text: One week after that press conference, Emmer announced a proposal that would exempt the first $20,000 a server makes in tips from state taxes. At the same press conference a protester dumped $20 in pennies in Emmer's lap.


title: Tom Emmer

text: In 1910 Emmer's great-grandfather and his two brothers founded Emmer Brothers Lumber. It is now called Viking Forest Products and is employee-owned.


title: Tom Emmer

text: Emmer has seven children with his wife, Jacqueline, whom he married in 1986. He is a hockey player and coach.


title: Sagar, Madhya Pradesh

text: Sagar is a city, municipal corporation and administrative headquarter in Sagar district of the state of Madhya Pradesh in central India. Situated on a spur of the Vindhya Range, above sea-level. The city is around northeast of state capital, Bhopal.


title: Sagar, Madhya Pradesh

text: Sagar has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission and listed top safest city of India 2018.


title: Sagar, Madhya Pradesh

text: The ancient Indian kingdom of Chedi had its capital at Suktimati, which was located at Sagar during contemporary times. The history of Sagar District before 1022 A.D. is generally unknown; after that, records are available. Sagar was under the rule of Ahir Rajas and their capital was at Garhpehra. In 1660, Udenshah, founded the present town of Sagar.


title: Sagar, Madhya Pradesh

text: After 1735, the city came under the rule of the Peshwas. When Chhatrasal gave a region (subha) to Bajirao, he appointed Govindpant Kher (later Bundele) as an administrator. Govindpant founded the city of Sagar next to the Sagar Lake and made the city as his capital. In 1818, a large part of the Sagar district was ceded by Peshwa Baji Rao II to the British East India Company. Administratively, the position of Sagar and the neighboring territories underwent frequent changes.


title: Sagar, Madhya Pradesh

text: The Saugor territory was first placed under the superintendent of Political Affairs of Bundelkhand. Later, in 1820, this area, called the 'Saugor and Nerbudda Territories,' was placed under the administration of an agent to the governor-general. The region fell under the North-Western Province, following its constitution in 1835. In 1842 occurred the Bundela rising, the quelling of which demanded more direct attention by the Governor-General. But the order was restored in the following year, and the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were again placed under the political control of an Agent named to the Governor-General. The arrangement, however, was not found to be satisfactory, and these territories were once again restored to the North-Western Provinces in 1853. After that in 1861, the Saugor and Nerbudda territories and the Nagpur state formed a Commissioner's Province called Central Provinces.


title: Sagar, Madhya Pradesh

text: Sagar has humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification "Cwa") with hot summers, a somewhat cooler monsoon season and cool winters. Very heavy rainfalls in the monsoon season from June to September.


title: Sagar, Madhya Pradesh

text: As per 2011 Indian Census, Sagar municipal corporation limit had a total population of 274,556, of which 143,425 were males and 131,131 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 32,610. The total number of literates in Sagar was 216,422, which constituted 78.8% of the population with male literacy of 82.6% and female literacy of 74.6%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Sagar was 89.5%, of which male literacy rate was 93.7% and the female literacy rate was 84.8%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 54,432 and 3,052 respectively. Sagar had 52833 households in 2011.


title: Maz Kanata

text: Maz Kanata is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise. Introduced in the 2015 film "", she is a computer-generated imagery character voiced and performed through motion capture by Lupita Nyong'o. Maz, a former pirate and smuggler, is more than 1,000 years old and manages an interstellar tavern in a castle on the fictional planet Takodana. While Maz's small role in the trilogy has been criticized, Nyong'o's performance and the technical aspects of the character have been praised by critics. For her performance in "The Force Awakens", Nyong'o was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Maz Kanata

text: "The Force Awakens" writer/director J. J. Abrams told "Entertainment Weekly" in November 2015, "I wanted to do [Maz] as a puppet originally, but once we figured out the things that she was required to do, it felt like performance capture was the way to go." With most of the other creatures in her scenes being practical effects, Abrams noted:


title: Maz Kanata

text: Abrams said, "I had some specific ideas about how she would work and what she would do. I had this pitch about these goggles that she wore. Her eyes are an important aspect of her character, and you'll see how it plays out." Abrams told his home town newspaper, the "Palisadian-Post", that he based Maz on his late Palisades Charter High School English teacher Rose Gilbert. He said:


title: Maz Kanata

text: Nyong'o's meeting with Abrams about an undisclosed role was reported in March 2014, and her casting in the film was first announced on April 29, 2014. Nyong'o was revealed to be playing a performance capture-CGI character, pirate Maz Kanata, in a May 2015 "Vanity Fair" photo shoot by Annie Leibovitz. The character was first heard in the official TV spot for "The Force Awakens", released in November 2015. Days later Abrams confirmed fan speculation that Maz was pictured on the film's theatrical poster, which had been previously released in October 2015, as a diminutive alien wearing large goggles. In December 2015, the orange-skinned character appeared briefly in a video for the Disney XD channel, featuring a scene in which John Boyega's character Finn draws his lightsaber.


title: Maz Kanata

text: Of Abrams' emphasis on the character's eyes, Nyong'o commented, "As an actor for films, your eyes are a lot of the way you communicate anyway. So it was definitely a gift to have that be the means to her magic as a motion-capture character." Nyong'o was also coached on performance-capture work by her "The Force Awakens" costar Andy Serkis, who portrays CGI character Supreme Leader Snoke and had previously portrayed numerous other motion-capture roles in other films. She said, "The biggest advice he gave me, that was so important to hold on to, is a motion-capture character you develop the same way as any other. You have to understand who the character is and what makes them who they are."


title: Maz Kanata

text: Maz is a diminutive, humanoid alien with orange-tinted skin who wears large goggles. A former pirate and smuggler, she runs an interstellar tavern in a castle on the planet Takodana. Abrams said of her backstory:


title: Maz Kanata

text: Abrams added that "her eyes are an important aspect of her character". "Entertainment Weekly" Anthony Breznican noted, "Maz is this movie's wise, ancient alien with connections to the mystical side of the galaxy." Of the character's alien species and planetary origins, Abrams said that though "The Force Awakens" does not answer these questions, more information about Maz is forthcoming "in other venues".


title: Maz Kanata

text: In the film, Han Solo visits his old friend Maz at her tavern, seeking her aid in returning the wayward astromech droid BB-8 to the Resistance. Maz, who has a crush on Han's copilot, the Wookiee Chewbacca, is intrigued by Han's companions, the renegade Stormtrooper Finn (FN2187) and the scavenger Rey. First Order stormtroopers, led by Kylo Ren, attack Maz's castle in search of BB-8, who has been entrusted with an important map. Maz tries to give Luke Skywalker's long-missing lightsaber to the Force-sensitive Rey, but she refuses it after experiencing a disturbing vision from touching it. Maz then entrusts the lightsaber to Finn, who uses it multiple times before it is eventually claimed by Rey. It is still unknown how Maz found the lightsaber after it was supposedly lost forever in "Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back".


title: Maz Kanata

text: One trailer for the film included a shot of Maz handing Luke's lightsaber to General Leia Organa, though the corresponding scene was not included in the final cut of the film. Abrams explained the removal, saying "Maz used to continue along with the characters back to the Resistance base, but we realized that she really had nothing to do there of value, except to be sitting around."


title: Maz Kanata

text: In December 2015, producer Kathleen Kennedy confirmed that Nyong'o was among those who would reprise their roles in the forthcoming sequel to "The Force Awakens", "".


title: Maz Kanata

text: In the film, Maz appears in one brief scene via hologram, aiding Poe Dameron, Finn and Rose Tico by instructing them to find the Master Codebreaker in Canto Bight. She is shown in the midst of a firefight, which she calls "a union dispute".


title: Maz Kanata

text: Maz appears in a minor role in "", with Nyong'o reprising the role. She is shown being a part of the Resistance, helping them prepare for war. She is present in most scenes with Leia, who appeared using unused footage from "The Force Awakens;" Maz's main purpose in the film is to explain Leia's actions and mourn her upon her death. In the celebrations at the end of the film, Maz gives Chewbacca Han's old medal, a callback to the final scene of "A New Hope" in which Luke and Han received awards and Chewbacca did not.


title: Maz Kanata

text: Maz appears in the short form computer animated series "" in the 2016 episode "Hunting for Han". The character also appeared in the "" episode "The Test".


title: Maz Kanata

text: Maz is a playable character in "". Her role in the game is basically the same as in the film, although she has a prominent role during the battle of Takodana (in Chapter 6).


title: Maz Kanata

text: Maz also appears in "Star Wars: Battlefront 2", being in the campaign. She helps Han Solo by giving him information.


title: Maz Kanata

text: Maz is featured in a Lego "Star Wars" playset called Battle on Takodana, and Hasbro's "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" Takodana Encounter action figure set. The character also appears in the of "The Force Awakens" by Alan Dean Foster.


title: Maz Kanata

text: "Time" Stephanie Zacharek described Maz as "a delightful minor character ... who looks like the love child of E.T. and Lena Horne". Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" named Maz one of the film's "miraculous creatures", and James Robins of the "New Zealand Listener" deemed the character "a charmingly rendered alien". Writing for "Forbes", Scott Mendelson called the scenes at Maz's castle "the film’s best sequence".


title: Maz Kanata

text: Conversely, Matt Goldberg of "Collider" described the character as "the bar-owner/Yoda stand-in/exposition mouthpiece" and wrote, "What could have been a strong addition to the franchise instead reeks of the film’s attempt to mimic what works well in the previous movies."


title: Maz Kanata

text: "The Force Awakens" received seven Visual Effects Society Award nominations, including one for Outstanding Animated Performance in a Photoreal Feature for Maz Kanata. Nyong'o was nominated for a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal.


title: Padma River

text: The Padma ( "Pôdma") is a major river in Bangladesh. It is the main distributary of the Ganges, flowing generally southeast for to its confluence with the Meghna River near the Bay of Bengal. The city of Rajshahi is situated on the banks of the river. Since 1966, over of land has been lost due to erosion of the Padma.


title: Padma River

text: The Padma, Sanskrit for lotus flower, is a mentioned in Hindu mythology as a byname for the Goddess Lakshmi.


title: Padma River

text: The name "Padma" is given to the lower part of the course of the Ganges (Ganga) below the point of the off-take of the Bhagirathi River (India), another Ganges River distributary also known as the Hooghly River. Padma had, most probably, flowed through a number of channels at different times. Some authors contend that each distributary of the Ganges in its deltaic part is a remnant of an old principal channel, and that starting from the westernmost one, the Bhagirathi (in West Bengal, India), each distributary to the east marks a position of a newer channel than the one to the west of it.


title: Padma River

text: Eighteenth-century geographer James Rennell referred to a former course of the Ganges north of its present channel, as follows:


title: Padma River

text: The places mentioned by Rennell proceeding from west to east are Rampur Boali, the headquarters of Rajshahi district, Puthia and Natore in the same district and Jaffarganj in the district of Dhaka. The place last named were shown in a map of the Mymensingh district dated 1861, as a subdistrict (thana) headquarters, about south-east of Bera Upazila police station. It is now known as Payla Jaffarganj and is close to Elachipur opposite Goalunda. According to Rennell's theory, therefore, the probable former course of the Ganges would correspond with that of the present channel of the Baral River.


title: Padma River

text: Authorities agree that the Ganges has changed its course and that at different times, each of the distributaries might have been the carrier of its main stream.


title: Padma River

text: The bed of the Padma is wide, and the river is split up into several channels flowing between constantly shifting sand banks and islands. During the rains the current is very strong and even steamers may find difficulty in making headway against it. It is navigable at all seasons of the year by steamers and country boats of all sizes and until recently ranked as one of the most frequented waterways in the world. It is spanned near Paksey by the great Hardinge Bridge over which runs one of the main lines of the Bangladesh Railway.


title: Padma River

text: The Padma enters Bangladesh from India near Nawabganj and meets the Jamuna ( "Jomuna") near Aricha and retains its name, but finally meets with the Meghna () near Chandpur and adopts the name "Meghna" before flowing into the Bay of Bengal.


title: Padma River

text: The Ganges originates in the Gangotri Glacier of the Himalaya, and runs through India and Bangladesh to the Bay of Bengal. The Padma enters Bangladesh at Shibganj in the district of Chapai Nababganj. The Ganges branches into two distributaries, the Hooghly and the Padma at Giria in Murshidabad district of India . The Hooghly River, which continues southwards in India is also known as the Ganga (traditionally) and Bhagirathi.


title: Padma River

text: Further downstream, in Goalando, from the source, the Padma is joined by the Jamuna (Lower Brahmaputra) and the resulting combination flows with the name Padma further east, to Chandpur. Here, the widest river in Bangladesh, the Meghna joins the Padma, continuing as the Meghna almost in a straight line to the south, ending in the Bay of Bengal.


title: Padma River

text: The Jalangi River is thrown off at the point where the mighty Padma touches the district at its most northernly corner, and flows along the northern border in a direction slightly southeast, until it leaves the district several kilometres to the east of Kushtia. It carries immense volumes of water and is very wide at places, constantly shifting its main channel, eroding vast areas on one bank, throwing chars on the other, giving rise to many disputes as to the possession of the chars and islands which are thrown up.


title: Padma River

text: Murshidabad District situated on the western bank of The Padma. It flows dividing the Rajshahi and Murshidabad District of West Bengal and created a natural river border between India and Bangladesh. Jalangi area of the district was seriously affected by River bank erosion of Padma.


title: Padma River

text: Rajshahi is the largest city among the cities which is situated on the bank of Padma river. It is the third largest city in Bangladesh. It is a major city in the north Bengal. Rajshahi has a decorated embankment of Padma. Rajshahi Collegiate School is one of the oldest schools in Indian Subcontinent, situated on Padma river bank. The school was endangered three times by the disintegration of the Padma river. Padma Food Garden, A.H.M. Kamaruzzaman Central Park and Zoo, Barokuthi Nandan Park, Muktamancha, and 'T' shaped embankment (Bengali: টি বাঁধ) are best tourist spot in Rajshahi which are situated on the bank of Padma river.


title: Padma River

text: After the construction of the Farakka Barrage on the Ganges River in West Bengal, the maximum flows in the Padma River were reduced significantly. The flow reduction caused many problems in Bangladesh, including the loss of fish species, the drying of Padma's distributaries, increased saltwater intrusion from the Bay of Bengal, and damage to the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.


title: Padma River

text: The Padma Bridge is the Bangladesh's largest, estimated at US$3 billion to finish. The bridge was inaugurated on 25 June 2022. It was supposed to be open to the public in 2013. However, the future of the project became uncertain when in June 2012 the World Bank cancelled its $1.2 billion loan over corruption allegations. In June 2014, the government of Bangladesh, proceeding without the loan, hired a Chinese firm to construct the main part of the bridge; in October 2014, it hired a South Korean firm to supervise construction, with the aim of finishing the project by 2018. The final (41st) span of the bridge was installed on 10 December 2020. The last road slab was installed on the span that linked the pillars 12 and 13 of the Padma bridge on 24 August 2021.


title: Padma River

text: In 2009, government plans also included rail lines on both sides of the Padma with a connection via the new bridge.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: I Wanna Hold Your Hand is a 1978 American historical comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis (his feature film debut), written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale, and starring Nancy Allen, Bobby Di Cicco, Marc McClure, Susan Kendall Newman, Theresa Saldana, Eddie Deezen and Wendie Jo Sperber. Its storyline follows a disparate group of teenagers over the course of one day in New York City as they attempt to gain entry to the Beatles' first live appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on February 9, 1964. The film also examines the mass hysteria surrounding the event, dubbed "Beatlemania" for the fervency of the group's fans. The film's title is derived from the Beatles' 1963 song of the same name.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: The film marked Zemeckis's feature film directorial debut, and was also the first film to be executive-produced by Steven Spielberg. Even though it was modestly budgeted, in order to convince Universal to bankroll it, Spielberg had to promise studio executives that, if Zemeckis was seen to be doing a markedly poor job, he would step in and direct the film himself.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: Despite positive previews and critical response, the film was not a financial success and was considered a flop, unable to recoup its rather modest $2.8 million budget.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: In February 1964, Ed Sullivan prepares for the Beatles' debut performance on his television show, which broadcasts from CBS Studio 50 in New York.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: In Maplewood, New Jersey, Rosie and Pam visit their local record shop. Janis, a folk music devotee whose dad owns the shop, detests the Beatles. Grace wants to rent a limousine so they can pull up to the Beatles' hotel and get exclusive photos of the band. The girls recruit Larry DuBois, a shy teen whose father has access to limos. They leave for New York City and are joined en route by the brash and streetwise Tony who, like Janis, also hates the Beatles, preferring American pop music instead.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: At daybreak on the morning of February 9, the six teenagers arrive in New York. When they pull up at the hotel, which is already surrounded by screaming teenagers, Grace, Rosie, and Pam sneak inside, while Tony and Janis remain in the limo as Larry pulls the limo around to the side of the hotel.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: Once inside the hotel, Grace and Rosie sneak into a service elevator, while Pam, who initially is not interested in seeing the Beatles, hides in a basement storage closet during which time she sees the group leaving the hotel to rehearse in the Sullivan theater. Grace gets off on the 11th floor, but Rosie goes up to the Beatles' rooms on the 12th floor; she is briefly caught but escapes and runs into Richard Klaus, a fellow Beatles fan who is hiding out in another room. They are both soon caught and tossed from the hotel, after which the two quarrel and go their separate ways. To avoid being caught, Pam hides in a food cart, which is taken to the Beatles’ room. When she finds their clothes and instruments, she revels in a moment of quiet euphoria. When the Beatles return to the room, Pam hides under John’s bed.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: Grace is caught and thrown out of the hotel, so she goes to the theater, where a guard tells her that for fifty dollars he can let her in backstage. Larry asks Grace to the Valentine’s Day dance at school, but Grace, her mind fixated on getting the pictures, ignores him. To get the money, she decides to take the place of a prostitute who has a john waiting at the hotel. Once in his room, Grace hides and takes photos of the john with the hooker in an attempt to blackmail him for the money. He attacks her, but Larry, who has been getting progressively tipsy in the hotel bar, appears just in time to knock out the man and rescue Grace.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: In front of the hotel, Janis befriends Peter, a boy with a Beatles hairstyle who is determined to see the show. He tells her that his dad has three tickets to get in, but refuses to give them to Peter unless he gets a haircut. Realizing that the Beatles themselves are providing the type of social cause that she believes in, Janis recruits Tony to steal Peter's dad’s wallet. He carries out the plan and gets the tickets, one each for Peter, Janis and Tony. While Janis wants simply to help Peter see the show and be himself, Tony plans to find a way to stop the TV broadcast.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: Throughout the film, Rosie tries to win tickets from a radio disc jockey giving them out as prizes to listeners who can correctly answer trivia questions about the Beatles. After several failed attempts, Rosie makes it to a phone, calls in with the right answer, and finally wins two tickets. Pam gets caught, but she is treated kindly by the Beatles' staff and even interviewed by the press. Eddie, her fiancé, arrives to pick her up, but now realizing that she's not ready to get married, she leaves him behind and runs to the theater, using the ticket that the Beatles' road manager Neil Aspinall gave her to see the show.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: Richard and Rosie get to the show, running into Pam in front of the theater. Right before the Beatles go onstage, Tony grabs a fire axe from a doorway and goes to the roof of the theater, climbing the TV transmitter to sabotage the broadcast. Janis follows and tries to stop him, but Tony is dead set in his plan until lightning from a gathering storm strikes and knocks Tony from the transmitter.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: Larry parks the limo in the alley behind the theater and Grace makes her way to the back door, but a policeman catches him and prepares to arrest him for improper parking and driving without a license. But Grace runs back and uses the $50 to bribe the cop into letting Larry go. Now without the money to get backstage, Grace is temporarily disconsolate, but soon accepts Larry's offer to go to the dance.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: While leaving the theater, the Beatles take a wrong turn and end up in Larry’s limo. As a mob of fans approaches, Larry drives off with the Beatles still in the back seat, and Grace gets to snap her photos.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: "I Wanna Hold Your Hand" holds a rating of 90% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 29 reviews with an average rating of 6.8/10. The consensus states: "Its slapstick humor and familiar plot don't break any new ground, but "I Wanna Hold Your Hand" succeeds at recapturing the excitement of a pivotal cultural moment."


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote, "The gimmick behind 'I Wanna Hold Your Hand' is the fact that you never actually see the Beatles; the genius of the film is that you never miss them ... the sneakiness with which the neophyte director Robert Zemeckis skirts the issue is positively dazzling. The Beatles are both there and not there, and the paradox hardly even matters. This movie is about the fans and their hysteria, and so it's the shouts that count." "Variety" wrote that "the film's early development is too slow and the humor initially too broad. But it develops into a lively entertainment with many memorable lines and scenes. The film's biggest problem, the fact that The Beatles can't be shown, is turned into its greatest asset through Zemeckis' creativity." Gene Siskel gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and called it "nonstop good fun" and "the perfect summer film." (Years later, while giving a moderately positive review of Tom Hanks' 1996 directorial effort "That Thing You Do" on his TV review program with Roger Ebert, Siskel would cite "I Wanna Hold Your Hand" as a better treatment of the same kind of story than Hanks' film.)


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" described it as "exceedingly broad and boisterous," with "a clever premise, sturdy enough to aspire to 'American Graffiti's' perceptive nostalgia, but the film zeroes in relentlessly at the widest, least discriminating audience possible. The byproduct of aiming so low so steadfastly is a dose of sheer crassness that frequently overpowers the film's buoyant energy and sense of fun." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" called the film "Inconsistent but zestful," adding that "Zemeckis begins building up a head of steam and never entirely loses it, although the episodic script is an up-and-down, hit-and-miss proposition." Scott Meek of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote that "certain scenes are successful and amusing ... but the film rushes so desperately from one joke to the next that it never has more to offer than occasional moments of somewhat lumbering charm."


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: Zemeckis later said, "One of the great memories in my life is going to the preview. I didn't know what to expect [but] the audience just went wild. They were laughing and cheering. It was just great. Then we learned a really sad lesson...just because a movie worked with a preview audience didn't mean anyone wanted to go see it."


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: The song "She Loves You" was featured twice toward the end of the film. The first time was during the group's appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on February 9, 1964. For this sequence, stand-in Beatle lookalikes, dressed in identical attire and holding musical instruments in a similar manner, were seen mimicking the group's performance of the song from that show while being shown on the stage floor, albeit from a distance so as not to see their identities. The actual footage of the Beatles was revealed from the camera operator's point of view. These two elements were combined with reactions from the studio audience to recreate a historic moment in time. The second use of "She Loves You" came during the end credits.


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: Other songs by the Beatles, published years after their appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show", are referenced as in-jokes throughout the film. They are:


title: I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film)

text: The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc by Warner Home Video in 1989, under license from MCA Home Video. It was released in the UK on DVD and Blu-ray by Fabulous Films Limited in 2016. In the US it was released by The Criterion Collection on March 26, 2019, under license from Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.


title: Z-Ro

text: Joseph Wayne McVey IV (born January 19, 1977), better known by his stage names Z-Ro and the Mo City Don, is an American rapper from Houston, Texas. He was named one of America's most underrated rappers by "The New York Times" in 2007.


title: Z-Ro

text: Z-Ro was born Joseph Wayne McVey IV in Houston's South Park neighborhood on January 19, 1977. When he was six, his mother died, and he was shuttled from household to household in search of stability, eventually settling in the Ridgemont area, a middle-class neighborhood in Southwest Houston near the suburb of Missouri City. When Z-Ro reached his late teens he was unemployed and resorted to drug dealing and hustling on the streets. According to Z-Ro, listening to the music of 2Pac, Geto Boys, Bone Thugs-N-Harmony, Street Military, K-Rino and Klondike Kat inspired him to work harder for his goal of leaving the streets. Z-Ro discovered his talent of freestyle rapping and after going through a couple of recording studios to make a demo, the CEO of a local label discovered and signed him.


title: Z-Ro

text: Z-Ro released his critically acclaimed Rap-a-Lot debut titled "The Life of Joseph W. McVey". The record was a huge success and helped expand Z-Ro's fan base beyond the South. In 2005, Z-Ro released "Let the Truth Be Told", which was well received. Z-Ro's 2006 album "I'm Still Livin'" was released while he was imprisoned for drug possession, to positive reviews. It was called "a great album... powerful" but "relentlessly bleak" by The Village Voice and "one of the best rap albums to come out of Houston" by the Houston Chronicle. In 2010 he released the album titled "Heroin", which was followed by an album titled "Meth" in 2011 and then "Angel Dust" in 2012.


title: Z-Ro

text: Z-Ro released his first EP under The Mo City Don titled "Tripolar" on August 25, 2013, via One Deep Ent. Z-Ro then followed up with "The Crown" in June 2014. In February 2015, Z-Ro released his first proper studio album in three years, titled "Melting the Crown."


title: Z-Ro

text: In 2016, Z-Ro released "Drankin & Drivin" in August and "Legendary" in November under his label One Deep Entertainment.


title: Z-Ro

text: In 2017, Z-Ro announced he was retiring and released "No Love Boulevard" in June as his final album. He came out of retirement 6 months later and released "Codeine" in December.


title: Z-Ro

text: In 2018, Z-Ro released "Sadism" on November 16 under One Deep Entertainment and was distributed by EMPIRE.


title: Z-Ro

text: In 2020, Z-Ro released an EP titled "Quarantine, The Social Distancing EP" with appearances from rapper Boosie Badazz, Slim Thug, Lanlawd and late rapper Wicket Cricket. He then later released an album titled "Rohammad Ali" on June 26.


title: Z-Ro

text: In 2021, Z-Ro along with S.U.C. rapper Mike D released a collaboration album titled "2 The Hardway" with appearances from Slim Thug, Lil' Keke, Beanz from the production duo, Beanz N Kornbread, Klondike Kat, Grace from Grace Boys, Duke Gutta, Oticia Redmond, C-Note, Big Pokey, and Lil' O.


title: Z-Ro

text: In 2022, in a statement to "XXL", Z-Ro claims Trae Tha Truth asked to talk to him outside a Houston Restaurant before he allegedly sucker punched him. After that, several men jumped in and continued to assault him.


title: Z-Ro

text: On July 26, 2017, Z-Ro was arrested after his ex-girlfriend, Just Brittany, accused him of beating her three months earlier. Z-Ro told the media that Brittany was using this accusation to get more publicity for herself as she is also appearing in a reality show on television. On October 10, a grand jury dropped the felony charges. The next day, the Harris County, Texas, district attorney filed misdemeanor charges against Z-Ro on the same alleged incident.


title: Parzania

text: Parzania (translation: "Heaven and hell on earth") is a 2007 Indian drama film co-written and directed by Rahul Dholakia; David N. Donihue is the other co-writer. The film featured Naseeruddin Shah and Sarika in the lead roles, while Corin Nemec and Raj Zutshi played supporting roles. Made on a budget of US$700,000, the film was shot in Ahmedabad and Hyderabad.


title: Parzania

text: The film is inspired by the true story of a ten-year-old Parsi boy, Azhar Mody (represented in the film as the character Parzaan Pithawala) who disappeared after the 28 February 2002 Gulbarg Society massacre during which 69 people were killed and which was one of many events in the communal riots in Gujarat in 2002. The film traces the journey of the Pithawala family while trying to locate their missing son.


title: Parzania

text: The film was premiered at 36th India International Film Festival in Goa on 26 November 2005, before being released nationwide on 26 January 2007.


title: Parzania

text: Allan (Corin Nemec), an American, arrives in Ahmedabad searching for answers, to find internal peace and to understand the world and his troubled life. He chooses India as his school and Gandhi as the subject of his thesis. It is here that he meets the Pithawala family — Cyrus (Naseeruddin Shah), his wife Shernaz (Sarika), son Parzan (Parzan Dastur) and daughter Dilshad (Pearl Barsiwala). The Pithawalas being Parsis follow Zoroastrianism. Through them and the teachings of a Gandhian, Allan starts to find peace of mind.


title: Parzania

text: The plot is based on the story of Rupa Mody, whose son went missing after the 2002 Gujarat riots. The ten-year-old Parzan disappears during these riots when their surrounding homes are attacked. Cyrus, Shernaz and Dilshad manage to escape the carnage. In the aftermath of the riots, Cyrus searches for his missing child while fighting for his own sanity. While assisting the Pithawalas in their search, Allan battles to uncover the reason behind the riots in an effort to make some sense of the incident. People start to question government's official explanation of the incident which downplays any conspiracy. As a result, a Human Rights Commission is formed. Through the commission, several witnesses and victims testify against the indifference of the police to protect them from the rioters. The film ends with a dedication to the victims of communal violence.


title: Parzania

text: In the 2002 communal riots in Gujarat, Los Angeles-based director Rahul Dholakia faced a personal tragedy. The riots left his friend's family shattered and this left an indelible mark on him. It hurt him all the more because the incidents happened in his home state. He felt responsible, both morally and socially, and wanted to speak up as a filmmaker. Most of the US$700,000 budget came from two of his Indian friends in the United States. Dholakia chose to make the film in English because he thought that communal riots was a global issue. Furthermore, he was unsure whether he could have the film released in India, given the sensitive nature of the film.


title: Parzania

text: While deciding on the cast, Dholakia said that they were not looking at people's physical appearances. He added:


title: Parzania

text: We didn't want glamorous people to play realistic roles. We've shot the film without any makeup, etc. We needed people who looked believable. So casting did play a major role, and I'm not even talking about the principal cast. Every actor in the film has been auditioned, and that includes people with one line to say or not even that.


title: Parzania

text: Veteran actor Naseeruddin Shah was the first and obvious choice for the film. But Dholakia was very apprehensive about whether Shah would agree to do the film, and if he could pay his remuneration. His latter worry was because the film started out as a very low-budget film. After Dholakia narrated the script to him, Shah said, "I agree in principle, provided we make this sensitively and sensibly." Shah thought that the film's story needed to be told, and he felt that he had to be part of it. After agreeing to join the cast, Shah did not actively research for his character. Being a parent himself, he felt that it was not difficult for him to empathize with the family whose son was lost in the riots. After 18 years of hiatus, Sarika chose to return to cinema with this film. Since the film dealt with a real and sensitive issue, she felt that "Parzania" went beyond than being just a film. Despite facing the camera after a long gap, Sarika felt quite comfortable during the shooting.


title: Parzania

text: Shortly thereafter, Shah, Sarika and Dholakia went through the script in great detail. Owing to their screen and real-life experiences, Shah and Sarika suggested changes and revised the script several times.


title: Parzania

text: Because the film was about communal riots in Gujarat, the film was purposefully not released there, as the cinema owners refused to screen it, fearing backlash. After an initiative by ANHAD, a civil rights group, the film was screened at some places in the state after April 2007.


title: Butanol

text: Butanol (also called butyl alcohol) is a four-carbon alcohol with a formula of CHOH, which occurs in five isomeric structures (four structural isomers), from a straight-chain primary alcohol to a branched-chain tertiary alcohol; all are a butyl or isobutyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (sometimes represented as BuOH, n"-BuOH, i"-BuOH, and "t"-BuOH). These are "n"-butanol, 2 stereoisomers of sec-butanol, isobutanol and "tert"-butanol. Butanol is primarily used as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and may be used as a fuel. Biologically produced butanol is called biobutanol, which may be "n"-butanol or isobutanol.


title: Butanol

text: The unmodified term "butanol" usually refers to the straight chain isomer with the alcohol functional group at the terminal carbon, which is also known as "n"-butanol or 1-butanol. The straight chain isomer with the alcohol at an internal carbon is "sec"-butanol or 2-butanol. The branched isomer with the alcohol at a terminal carbon is isobutanol or 2-methyl-1-propanol, and the branched isomer with the alcohol at the internal carbon is "tert"-butanol or 2-methyl-2-propanol.


title: Butanol

text: The butanol isomers have different melting and boiling points. "n"-butanol and isobutanol have limited solubility, "sec"-butanol has substantially greater solubility, while "tert"-butanol is miscible with water. The hydroxyl group makes the molecule polar, promoting solubility in water, while the longer hydrocarbon chain mitigates the polarity and reduces solubility.


title: Butanol

text: Butanol exhibits a low order of toxicity in single dose experiments with laboratory animals and is considered safe enough for use in cosmetics. Brief, repeated overexposure with the skin can result in depression of the central nervous system, as with other short-chain alcohols. Exposure may also cause severe eye irritation and moderate skin irritation. The main dangers are from prolonged exposure to the alcohol's vapors. In extreme cases this includes suppression of the central nervous system and even death. Under most circumstances, butanol is quickly metabolized to carbon dioxide. It has not been shown to damage DNA or cause cancer.


title: Butanol

text: Butanol is used as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical and textile processes, in organic synthesis, and as a chemical intermediate. It is also used as a paint thinner and a solvent in other coating applications where a relatively slow evaporating latent solvent is preferable, as with lacquers and ambient-cured enamels. It is also used as a component of hydraulic and brake fluids.


title: Butanol

text: A 50% solution of butanol in water has been used since the 20th century to retard the drying of fresh plaster in fresco painting. The solution is usually sprayed on the wet plaster after the plaster has been trowelled smooth and extends the working period during which frescos can be painted up to 18 hours.


title: Butanol

text: Butanol is used in the synthesis of 2-butoxyethanol. A major application for butanol is as a reactant with acrylic acid to produce butyl acrylate, a primary ingredient of water based acrylic paint.


title: Butanol

text: Salts of butanol are chemical intermediates; for example, alkali metal salts of "tert"-butanol are "tert"-butoxides.


title: Butanol

text: Butanol is a central nervous system depressant. It can have effects similar to ethanol when ingested or drunk by living beings such as humans.


title: Butanol

text: Butanol ("n"-butanol or isobutanol) is a potential biofuel (butanol fuel). Butanol at 85 percent concentration can be used in cars designed for gasoline (petrol) without any change to the engine (unlike 85% ethanol), and it contains more energy for a given volume than ethanol and almost as much as gasoline, and a vehicle using butanol would return fuel consumption more comparable to gasoline than ethanol. Butanol can also be added to diesel fuel to reduce soot emissions. Photoautotrophic microorganisms, like cyanobacteria, can be engineered to produce 1-butanol indirectly from and water.


title: Butanol

text: Since the 1950s, most butanol in the United States is produced commercially from fossil fuels. The most common process starts with propene (propylene), which is put through a hydroformylation reaction to form butanal, which is then reduced with hydrogen to 1-butanol and/or 2-butanol. "tert"-butanol is derived from isobutane as a co-product of propylene oxide production.


title: Butanol

text: Butanol can also be produced by fermentation of biomass by bacteria. Prior to the 1950s, "Clostridium acetobutylicum" was used in industrial fermentation to produce "n"-butanol.


title: Digital printing

text: Digital printing is a method of printing from a digital-based image directly to a variety of media. It usually refers to professional printing where small-run jobs from desktop publishing and other digital sources are printed using large-format and/or high-volume laser or inkjet printers.


title: Digital printing

text: Digital printing has a higher cost per page than more traditional offset printing methods, but this price is usually offset by avoiding the cost of all the technical steps required to make printing plates. It also allows for on-demand printing, short turnaround time, and even a modification of the image (variable data) used for each impression. The savings in labor and the ever-increasing capability of digital presses means that digital printing is reaching the point where it can match or supersede offset printing technology's ability to produce larger print runs of several thousand sheets at a low price.


title: Digital printing

text: The greatest difference between digital printing and analog methods, such as lithography, flexography, gravure, and letterpress, is that in digital printing (introduced in the 1980s) there is no need to replace printing plate, whereas in analog printing the plates are repeatedly replaced. This results in quicker turnaround time and lower cost in digital printing, but typically a loss of detail in most commercial digital printing processes. The most popular methods include inkjet and laser printers, which deposit pigment and toner, respectively, onto substrates, such as paper, canvas, glass, metal, and marble.


title: Digital printing

text: In many of the processes, the ink or toner does not permeate the substrate, as does conventional ink, but forms a thin layer on the surface that may be additionally adhered to the substrate by a fuser fluid with thermal (toner) or ultraviolet nocuring (ink).


title: Digital printing

text: Fine art digital inkjet printing is printing from a computer image file directly to an inkjet printer as a final output. It evolved from digital proofing technology from Kodak, 3M, and other major manufacturers, with artists and other printers trying to adapt these dedicated prepress proofing machines to fine-art printing. There was experimentation with many of these types of printers, the most notable being the IRIS printer, initially adapted to fine-art printing by programmer David Coons, and adopted for fine-art work by Graham Nash at his Nash Editions printing company in 1991. Initially, these printers were limited to glossy papers, but the IRIS Graphics printer allowed the use of a variety of papers that included traditional and non-traditional media. The IRIS printer was the standard for fine art digital printmaking for many years, and is still in use today, but has been superseded by large-format printers from other manufacturers such as Epson and HP that use fade-resistant, archival inks (pigment-based, as well as newer solvent-based inks), and archival substrates specifically designed for fine-art printing.


title: Digital printing

text: Substrates in fine art inkjet printmaking include traditional fine-art papers such as Rives BFK, Arches watercolor paper, treated and untreated canvas, experimental substrates (such as metal and plastic), and fabric.


title: Digital printing

text: For artists making reproductions of their original work, inkjet printing is more expensive on a per-print basis than the traditional four-color offset lithography, but with inkjet printing the artist does not have to pay for the expensive printing-plate setup or the marketing and storage needed for large four-color offset print runs. Inkjet reproductions can be printed and sold individually in accordance with demand. Inkjet printing has the added advantage of allowing artists to take total control of the production of their images, including the final color correction and the substrates being used, with some artists owning and operating their own printers.


title: Digital printing

text: Digital inkjet printing also allows for the output of digital art of all types as finished pieces or as an element in a further art piece. Experimental artists often add texture or other media to the surface of a final print, or use it as part of a mixed-media work. Many terms for the process have been used over the years, including "digigraph" and "giclée". Thousands of print shops and digital printmakers now offer services to painters, photographers, and digital artists around the world.


title: Digital printing

text: Digital images are exposed onto true, light sensitive photographic paper with lasers and processed in photographic developers and fixers. These prints are true photographs and have continuous tone in the image detail. The archival quality of the print is as high as the manufacturer's rating for any given photo paper used. In large format prints, the greatest advantage is that, since no lens is used, there is no vignetting or detail distortion in the corners of the image.


title: Digital printing

text: Digital printing technology has grown significantly over the past few years with substantial developments in quality and sheet sizes.


title: Digital printing

text: Digital cylinder printing is when a machine directly lays ink onto a curved surface that usually is the wall of an object that has a circular cross section, and a constant, tapered, or variable diameter. Digital cylinder printing is a method of reproducing black-and-white or full-color images and text onto cylindrical objects, typically promotional products, through use of digital imaging systems.


title: Digital printing

text: The digital process is by definition faster than conventional screen printing, because it requires fewer production steps and less set-up time for multiple colors and more complex jobs. This in turn enables reduced run lengths.


title: Digital printing

text: The ability of digital cylinder printing machines to print full color in one pass, including primers, varnishes and specialty inks, enables multiple design techniques, which include:


title: Digital printing

text: Full-wrap cylindrical printing also benefits from seamless borders with no visual overlap. For ease of print file preparation, original design artwork should be able to be imaged on cylinders and tapered items without the need for manipulation or distortion; i.e., flat images will print to scale on a curved surface, with software automatically making the adjustment. The more advanced systems available on the market can handle these requirements.


title: Digital printing

text: The digital cylindrical printing process involves inserting a cylinder-shaped item, or part, into a fixture, which securely holds it in place. The part then travels under a print head mechanism in which tiny droplets of CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) inks are released in a specific pattern to form an image. Typically, one part is printed at a time and can require from 8 to 45 seconds to complete, depending on artwork complexity and quality. It is then finished with a UV coating to add a glossy finish and protect it from abrasion.


title: Digital printing

text: There are three different imaging techniques used by digital cylinder printing machines: multi-pass, single pass, and helical printing.


title: Digital printing

text: Multi-Pass: Multi-pass printing is when the print heads or printed object move axially in steps down the part, like a flatbed printer. The move time is inefficient and can lead to stitching artifacts between moves.


title: Digital printing

text: Single Pass: Single pass involves using an array of print heads to print the full image length with a single revolution of the printed object. Different colors are usually printed at different stations, leading to higher cost, increased complexity, and sensitivity to print nozzle drop-outs.


title: Digital printing

text: Helical Printing: Helical printing is a hybrid method between the single-pass and multi-pass approaches. Image data is mapped to allow continuous imaging in a helical pattern with a limited number of print heads. Users can optimize the print resolution, speed, and curing controls to optimize image quality or choose higher speed if quality isn’t critical. Tapers can be imaged at high speed and curved vessels can be managed through the range of controls offered.


title: Digital printing

text: Items that can be printed using digital cylindrical processes include cups, tumblers, thermos bottles, bottles, makeup containers, machine parts, carrier tubes, pens, tubes, jars and others.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: Ch is a digraph in the Latin script. It is treated as a letter of its own in Chamorro, Old Spanish, Czech, Slovak, Igbo, Uzbek, Quechua, Guarani, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Ukrainian Łatynka and Belarusian Łacinka alphabets. Formerly ch was also considered a separate letter for collation purposes in Modern Spanish, Vietnamese, and sometimes in Polish; now the digraph ch in these languages continues to be used, but it is considered as a sequence of letters and sorted as such.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: The digraph was first used in Latin since the 2nd century B.C. to transliterate the sound of the Greek letter chi in words borrowed from that language. In classical times, Greeks pronounced this as an aspirated voiceless velar plosive . In post-classical Greek (Koine and Modern) this sound developed into a fricative . Since neither sound was found in native Latin words (with some exceptions like "pulcher" 'beautiful', where the original sound was influenced by or ), in Late Latin the pronunciation occurred.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Old French, a language that had no or and represented by "c", "k", or "qu", "ch" began to be used to represent the voiceless palatal plosive , which came from in some positions and later became and then . Now the digraph "ch" is used for all the aforementioned sounds, as shown below. The Old French usage of "ch" was also a model of several other digraphs for palatals or postalveolars: lh (digraph), nh (digraph), sh (digraph).


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Balto-Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet, "ch" represents the voiceless velar fricative . "Ch" is used in the Lithuanian language to represent the "soft h" , in word choras [ˈxɔrɐs̪] "choir". This digraph is not considered a single letter in the Lithuanian alphabet. This digraph is used only in loanwords. "Ch" represents in Upper Sorbian.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Czech, the letter "ch" is a digraph consisting of the sequence of Latin alphabet graphemes C and H, however it is a single phoneme (pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative ) and represents a single entity in Czech collation order, inserted between "H" and "I". In capitalized form, "Ch" is used at the beginning of a sentence ("Chechtal se." "He giggled."), while "CH" or "Ch" can be used for standalone letter in lists etc. and only fully capitalized "CH" is used when the letter is a part of an abbreviation (e.g. "CHKO Beskydy") and in all-uppercase texts.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In the Czech alphabet, the digraph "Ch" is handled as a letter equal to other letters. In Czech dictionaries, indexes, and other alphabetical lists, it has its own section, following that of words (including names) beginning with "H" and preceding that of words that begin with "I". Thus, the word "chemie" will not be found in the "C" section of a Czech dictionary, nor the name "Chalupa" in the "C" section of the phonebook. The alphabetical order "h" "ch" is observed also when the combination "ch" occurs in median or final position: "Praha" precedes "Prachatice", "hod" precedes "hoch".


title: Ch (digraph)

text: "Ch" had been used in the Polish language to represent the "unvoiced h" as it is pronounced in the Polish word chleb "bread", and the "h" to represent "voiced h", where it is distinct, as it is pronounced in the Polish word hak "hook". Between World War I and World War II, the Polish intelligentsia used to emphasize the "voiced h" to aid themselves in proper spelling. In most present-day Polish dialects, however, "ch" and "h" are uniformly merged as .


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Slovak, "ch" represents , and more specifically in voiced position. At the beginning of a sentence it is used in two different variants: "CH" or "Ch". It can be followed by a consonant ("chladný" "cold"), a vowel ("chémia" "chemistry") or diphthong ("chiazmus" "chiasmus").


title: Ch (digraph)

text: Only a few Slovak words treat "CH" as two separate letters, e.g., "viachlasný" (e.g. "multivocal" performance), from "viac" ("multi") and "hlas" ("voice").


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Goidelic languages, "ch" represents the voiceless velar fricative . In Irish, "ch" stands for when broad and (or between vowels) when slender. Examples: broad in "chara" "friend" (lenited), "loch" "lake, loch", "boichte" "poorer"; slender in "Chéadaoin" "Wednesday" (lenited), "deich" "ten".


title: Ch (digraph)

text: Breton has evolved a modified form of this digraph, "c'h" for representing , as opposed to "ch", which stands for . In Welsh "ch" represents the voiceless uvular fricative . The digraph counts as a separate letter in the Welsh alphabet, positioned after "c" and before "d"; so, for example, "chwilen" 'beetle' comes after "cymryd" 'take' in Welsh dictionaries; similarly, "Tachwedd" 'November' comes after "taclus" 'tidy'.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: The Chamorro Language has three different dialects - the Guamanian dialect, the Northern Mariana Islands dialect, and the Rotanese dialect. With the minor difference in dialect, the Guamanians have a different orthography from the other two dialects. In Guamanian orthography, both letters tend to get capitalized (e.g.: "CHamoru"). The Northern Mariana Islands' & Rotanese orthography enforces the standard capitalization rule (e.g.: "Chamorro").


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In several Germanic languages, including German and romanized Yiddish, "ch" represents the voiceless velar fricative . In Rheinische Dokumenta, "ch" represents , as opposed to "ch", which stands for .


title: Ch (digraph)

text: Dutch "ch" was originally voiceless, while "g" was voiced. In the northern Netherlands, both "ch" and "g" are voiceless, while in the southern Netherlands and Flanders the voiceless/voiced distinction is upheld. The voiceless fricative is pronounced [x] or [χ] in the north and [ç] in the south, while the voiced fricative is pronounced [ɣ] in the north (i.e. the northern parts of the area that still has this distinction) and [ʝ] in the south. This difference of pronunciation is called 'hard and soft g'.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In English, "ch" is most commonly pronounced as , as in "chalk", "cheese", "cherry", "church", "much", etc. When it represents word-medially or word-finally, it usually follows a consonant ("belch", "lunch", "torch", etc.) or two vowels ("beach", "speech", "touch", etc.). Elsewhere, this sound is usually spelled "tch", with a few exceptions ("attach", "sandwich", "lychee", etc.).


title: Ch (digraph)

text: "Ch" can also be pronounced as , as in "ache", "choir", "school" and "stomach". Most words with this pronunciation of "ch" find their origin in Greek words with the letter chi, like "mechanics", "chemistry" and "character". Others, like "chiaroscuro", "scherzo" and "zucchini", come from Italian.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In some English words of French origin, "ch" represents , as in "charade", "machine", "chivalry" and "nonchalant". Due to hypercorrection, this pronunciation also occurs in a few loanwords from other sources, like machete (from Spanish) and pistachio (from Italian).


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In certain dialects of British English "ch" is often pronounced in two words: "sandwich" and "spinach", and also in place names, such as Greenwich and Norwich.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In words of Scots origin it may be pronounced as (or ), as in "loch" and "clachan". In words of Hebrew or Yiddish origin it may be pronounced as (or ).


title: Ch (digraph)

text: The digraph can also be silent, as in "Crichton", "currach", "drachm", "yacht" and traditionally in "schism".


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In German, "ch" normally represents two allophones: the voiceless velar fricative (or the voiceless uvular fricative ) following "a", "o" or "u" (called "Ach-Laut"), and the voiceless palatal fricative following any other vowel or a consonant (called "Ich-Laut"). A similar allophonic variation is thought to have existed in Old English.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: An initial "ch" (which only appears in loaned and dialectical words) may be pronounced (common in southern varieties), (common in western varieties) or (common in northern and western varieties). It is always pronounced when followed by "l" or "r", as in "Chlor" (chlorine) or "Christus" (Christ).


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Swedish, "ch" represents /ɧ/ and /ɕ/ in loanwords such as "choklad" and "check". These sounds come from former [ʃ] and [tʃ], respectively. In the conjunction "och" (and), "ch" is pronounced [k] or silent.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: The digraph "ch" is not considered part of the Hungarian alphabet, but it has historically been used for [tʃ], as in English and Spanish, and this use has been preserved in family names: Széchenyi, Madách. It is also retained in family names of German origin, where it is pronounced [h]: Aulich. The digraph is also used in some loan words, such as "technika" or "jacht" where it is pronounced [h].


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Interlingua, "ch" is pronounced /ʃ/ in words of French origin (e.g. 'chef' = /ʃef/ meaning "chief" or "chef"), /k/ in words of Greek and Italian origin (e.g. "choro" = /koro/ meaning "chorus"), and more rarely /t͡ʃ/ in words of English or Spanish origin (e.g. "cochi" /kot͡ʃi/ meaning "car" or "coach"). Ch may be pronounced either /t͡ʃ/ or /ʃ/ depending on the speaker in many cases (e.g. "chocolate" may be pronounced either /t͡ʃokolate/ or /ʃokolate/).


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Catalan "ch" represents final sound. In the past it was widely used, but nowadays it is only present in some surnames (e.g. , ). In medieval Catalan it was occasionally used to represent sound.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In native French words, "ch" represents as in "chanson" (song). In most words of Greek origin, it represents as in "archéologie", "chœur", "chirographier"; but "chimie", "chirurgie", and "chimère" have , as does "anarchiste".


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Portuguese, "ch" represents , with some few speakers in northeastern mainland Portugal retaining the archaic (constrating with for "x", homophonic elsewhere).


title: Ch (digraph)

text: "Ch" is pronounced as a voiceless postalveolar affricate in both Castillian and American Spanish, or a voiceless postalveolar fricative in Andalusian.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: "Ch" is traditionally considered a distinct letter of the Spanish alphabet, called "che". In the 2010 Orthography of the Spanish Language, "Ch" is no longer considered a letter of its own but rather a digraph consisting of two letters.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: Until 1994 "ch" was treated as a single letter in Spanish collation order, inserted between C and D; in this way, "mancha" was after "manco" and before "manda". However, an April 1994 vote in the 10th Congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies adopted the standard international collation rules, so "ch" is now considered a sequence of two distinct characters, and dictionaries now place words starting with "ch-" between those starting with "ce-" and "ci-", as there are no words that start with "cf-" or "cg-" in Spanish. Similarly, "mancha" now precedes "manco" in alphabetical order.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: "Ch" was used in the Massachusett orthography developed by John Eliot to represent a sound similar to and in the modern orthography in use by some Wampanoag tribes for the same sound. In both systems, the digraph "ch" is considered a single letter.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: "Ch" represents in the Uzbek alphabet. It is considered a separate letter, and is the 28th letter of the alphabet.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Vietnamese, "ch" represents the voiceless palatal plosive in the initial position. In the final position, the pronunciation is .


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In Obolo, "ch" represents a []. It is considered a single letter since 'c' and 'h' do not exist independently in the Obolo alphabet.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: "Ch" is frequently used in transliterating into many European languages from Greek, Hebrew, Yiddish, and various others.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In many transliterations of Hebrew and Yiddish, the "ch" digraph is used to represent the voiceless uvular fricative /χ/, which is represented in Modern Hebrew by the letters ח and כ. Other transliterations systems will use the digraph "kh" to represent the same sound.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: International Morse code provides a unitary code for "Ch" used in several non-English languages, namely "— — — —".


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In the Czech extension to Braille the letter "Ch" is represented as the dot pattern ⠻. English literary braille also has a single cell dedicated to (dots 1–6), which stands for "child" in isolation, but this is considered a single-cell contraction rather than a separate letter.


title: Ch (digraph)

text: In computing, "Ch" is represented as a sequence of "C" and "H", not as a single character; only the historical KOI-8 ČS2 encoding contained "Ch" as a single character.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: Sea Change is the eighth studio album by American musician Beck, released on September 24, 2002 by Geffen Records. Recorded over a two-month period in Los Angeles with producer Nigel Godrich, the album features themes of heartbreak and desolation, solitude, and loneliness. For the album, much of Beck's trademark cryptic and ironic lyrics were replaced by simpler, more sincere lyrical content. He also eschewed the heavy sampling of his previous albums for live instrumentation. Beck cited the breakup with his longtime girlfriend as the major influence on the album.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: "Sea Change" peaked at number 8 on the "Billboard" 200, later being certified gold in 2005 by the RIAA. It was met with favorable responses from critics, who considered Beck's transition from sonically experimental work to emotionally charged balladry to be successful and convincing. The album later appeared in many publications' lists of the best albums of the 2000s, and it remains one of Beck's best-reviewed recordings.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: In 2014, Beck released the album "Morning Phase", described in a press release as a "companion piece" to "Sea Change", featuring the same personnel who performed on it with the exception of Godrich.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: Following Beck's tour for his "Midnite Vultures" album, Beck and his fiancée, stylist Leigh Limon, ended their nine-year relationship. Three weeks before Beck's 30th birthday, he discovered Limon had been having an affair with a member of Los Angeles band Whiskey Biscuit. Beck lapsed into a period of melancholy and introspection, during which he wrote the bleak, acoustic-based tracks on "Sea Change". He wrote most of the album's 12 songs in one week, but shelved them. "Songs sit in my head for a while," he told "Time" in 2002. "I have dozens in there, songs from eight years ago that I've written but never recorded. After a while, I just sort of decide to record them." Beck also strayed from the songs to keep from talking about his personal life, as well as to focus on music and "not really strew my baggage across the public lobby." Eventually, however, he found the songs speak to an experience (a relationship breakup) that is common, and that it would not seem self-indulgent to record them. In 2001, Beck drifted back to the songs and called his frequent producer, Nigel Godrich.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: Beck intended to record the album in late 2001, but due to the September 11 attacks, "it took a while for people to line up." Before working with Godrich, Beck recorded tracks with Dan "The Automator" Nakamura in January 2002 in preparation for the new record, but no songs from those sessions were used for "Sea Change". Many songs, such as "Lost Cause", were performed live prior to the album's recording. Another new song, "Evil Things", was also performed and demoed but ultimately not recorded for the album, due to loss of time. Regarding the performances of more personal tracks in the days before "Sea Change", Beck explained in a 2008 interview that "Those were the kinds of songs I would play in the middle of the show. I'd try to throw a couple of them in. I just remember the audience kind of disregarding them, or moshing, or throwing things. Just because those were the kinds of persons that came out."


title: Sea Change (album)

text: Beck and his group of musicians entered the studio with intentions to make the record an acoustic-based offering, in the vein of those for his emotive 1998 disc "Mutations". Early in the recording process, Beck told Godrich that he was hoping to record one track per day, similar to the process of "Mutations". However, each song ended up taking at least two days to record, due to orchestral arrangements. Musical partners in the studio included drummer James Gadson, and guitarist Jason Falkner, as well as longtime musical partners, keyboardist Roger Joseph Manning Jr., bassist Justin Meldal-Johnsen, drummer Joey Waronker, guitarist Smokey Hormel, and cellist Suzie Katayama. In addition, Beck's father, David Campbell, provided string arrangements. Joey Waronker left mid-way through recording for Hawaii; James Gadson filled in for him the remaining days.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: Recording began as soon as the band entered Ocean Way Studios in Los Angeles on March 6, 2002. Much of "Sea Change" was recorded live, with extra effects (including bells and strings) added later. In order to capture the immediacy of the material, the artists worked quickly and spontaneously, frequently laying second takes of songs to disc. During production, Beck realized his singing voice had gotten significantly deeper. "Before we recorded," said Godrich, "We listened to "Mutations", and his voice sounded like Mickey Mouse. His range has dropped. Now when he opens his mouth, a canyonesque vibration comes out. It's quite remarkable. He has amazing tone."


title: Sea Change (album)

text: By the end of production, the group of musicians had to work faster than they intended. "We kind of ran out of time at the end," said Beck. "Joni Mitchell was coming in to do her record, but she works very civilized and she takes the weekend off, so we were sneaking in on the weekends and trying to finish." Eventually, recording lasted a little over three weeks and the album was mixed from there on, which was completed May 7. At one session, Hansen began strumming his 1995 single "It's All in Your Mind" randomly before beginning a new song, and Godrich became ecstatic, remarking "We have to do that." The strikingly different re-recorded version appears on "Sea Change" as an "evolved song", according to Hansen.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: "Ship in the Bottle" was the only completed track left off the record. "That was the super-pop song of the record," said Beck in a 2002 interview. "I think it was a little too corny. I mean, it was heartfelt, but since then people have been telling me they really liked it. I think we felt that the album was so long already. I don't know what the fate of that will be." "Ship in the Bottle" was released on the Japanese version of "Sea Change" and later remasters.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: "Sea Change" is based around a musical suite of reflective, acoustic-based songs that showcase Beck's singer-songwriter side. The term sea change is defined as a broad transformation, which reflects the departure in style from both Beck's previous effort "Midnite Vultures" and previous, sample-based recordings, as well as Beck's desire to give each album an identity. Origins for the album's unique, passionate sound had been building up for years, according to Beck in a 2002 interview: "There are threads of what I've done before. If you listen to my earlier B- sides, you'll hear this record. I have been wanting to make this record for years," he explained. "I've been edging towards the idea, and so it just took a while." Despite initial difficulty upon deciding on the name, the title originates from "Little One", the eleventh track on the album: "Drown, drown / Sailors run aground / In a sea change nothing is safe".


title: Sea Change (album)

text: The recordings from the "Sea Change" sessions include themes of heartbreak and desolation, solitude and loneliness. Although often compared to "Mutations", Beck himself regarded the album, in a 2008 interview, as more representative of his 1994 album "One Foot in the Grave" and "more representative of what I was doing [in the early days]."


title: Sea Change (album)

text: The album's sound, particularly on the song "Paper Tiger", was partially inspired by that of Serge Gainsbourg's album "Histoire de Melody Nelson" (1971). Beck would later produce and collaborate with Gainsbourg's daughter Charlotte on her 2009 album "IRM". James Jackson Toth of "Stereogum" also compared the acoustic and relaxed melodies of "Sea Change" to the works of British singer-songwriter Nick Drake and Bob Dylan's 1975 album "Blood on the Tracks".


title: Sea Change (album)

text: Before release, retailers worried about the commercial impact of "Sea Change" due to its sound. Analysts predicted the album would not receive heavy radio support, noting that Beck's reputation, critical acclaim and the possibility of multiple Grammy nominations might offset an uncommercial sound. "It's a really beautiful album, but it's going to appeal to a different audience than he's had before," said Vince Szydlowski, senior director of product for the Virgin Megastore chain, shortly before the release of "Sea Change". "If you're used to the 'two turntables and a microphone' Beck, then this isn't the record for you. I think it'll go gold, but it'll struggle beyond gold." The album's release date was announced May 31, 2002. In addition, the album's initial track listing was also released, featuring songs in a very different order than their final version, as well as including the track "Ship in the Bottle". The album's title was announced in August 2002. In promotion of the record, new tracks from the record were released in chronological order by track listing weekly through Beck's website in July and August, 2002.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: "Sea Change" was released on September 24, 2002. The album was re-released in a remastered form by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab in June 2009.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: Several music videos were released to promote the album, including ones for "Golden Age", "Lonesome Tears", "Guess I'm Doing Fine", "Little One", and two versions of "Lost Cause".


title: Sea Change (album)

text: "Sea Change" was released with four different album covers, each version containing distinct digital artwork by Jeremy Blake on the CD and the booklet. There were also different hidden messages (lyrical snippets) written under each version's CD tray.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: The original cover art for the album was used as an effigy in the music video for lead single "Lost Cause".


title: Sea Change (album)

text: In a five-star review, "Rolling Stone" critic David Fricke wrote that "Sea Change" was "the best album Beck has ever made, and it sounds like he's paid dearly for the achievement." "Rolling Stone" went on to name it the best album of 2002. In 2012, the album was ranked number 436 on the magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. It was ranked number 17 on "Rolling Stone"'s list of the 100 best albums of the 2000s.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: "Sea Change" peaked at No. 8 on "Billboard"'s Top 200 chart and was eventually certified gold in March 2005. In the UK charts, it peaked at No. 20. As of July 2008, "Sea Change" had sold 680,000 copies in the United States.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: "Sea Change" yielded many tours in support, the first of which began as a low-key, theatre-based acoustic tour in August 2002. Each show gave a playful, energetic atmosphere, with Beck telling jokes in between performances, and a surprise appearance by Jack White of the White Stripes at the August 11 show, which MTV News described as getting "a standing ovation from the sold-out crowd of college kids and beatniks." A larger tour was planned for October 2002, with the Flaming Lips as opening band, as well as Beck's backing band. The tour began in October and ended in November 2002.


title: Sea Change (album)

text: During the touring for "Sea Change", Beck varied the set list and experimented with song structures, changing the arrangements each night as a way to break away from predictability. True to Beck's desire for re-interpretation of songs, he dismissed both his longtime touring band and the group he worked with for "Sea Change" shortly before touring began. Between new and old original songs at each concert, Beck performed many improvisational covers, such as "No Expectations" by the Rolling Stones, Big Star's "Kangaroo", the Zombies' "Beechwood Park" and "Sunday Morning" by the Velvet Underground. David Fricke of "Rolling Stone" called the live covers "breathtaking", adding that they were "a perfect fit — songs about commitment and loss, written and sung by the wounded."


title: Music of Germany

text: Germany claims some of the most renowned composers, singers, producers and performers of the world. Germany is the largest music market in Europe, and third largest in the world.


title: Music of Germany

text: German classical music is one of the most performed in the world; German composers include some of the most accomplished and popular in history, among them Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Friedrich Händel, Ludwig van Beethoven, Felix Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, Robert Schumann. Carl Maria von Weber, Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss were among the composers who created the field of German opera. The most popular composer alive and from Germany is probably film score composer Hans Zimmer.


title: Music of Germany

text: German popular music of the 20th and 21st century includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle (Nena, Hubert Kah, Alphaville), disco (Boney M., Modern Talking, Dschinghis Khan, Milli Vanilli, Bad Boys Blue), metal/rock (Rammstein, Scorpions, Accept, Helloween), punk (Die Ärzte, Böhse Onkelz, Nina Hagen, Die Toten Hosen), pop rock (Sandra, Enigma, Michael Cretu, Herbert Grönemeyer) and indie (Tocotronic). Famous female singers were Marlene Dietrich and Hildegard Knef. German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream being pioneer groups in this genre. The electro and techno scene is internationally popular, namely due to the DJs Paul van Dyk, Scooter and Cascada.


title: Music of Germany

text: Germany hosts many large rock music festivals. The Rock am Ring and Rock im Park festival is among the largest in the world. Since around 1990, the new-old German capital Berlin has developed a diverse music and entertainment industry.


title: Music of Germany

text: The beginning of what is now considered German music could be traced back to the 12th-century compositions of mystic abbess Hildegard of Bingen, who wrote a variety of hymns and other kinds of Christian music.