title: Flow control (data)

text: Sliding-window flow control is best utilized when the buffer size is limited and pre-established. During a typical communication between a sender and a receiver the receiver allocates buffer space for "n" frames ("n" is the buffer size in frames). The sender can send and the receiver can accept "n" frames without having to wait for an acknowledgement. A sequence number is assigned to frames in order to help keep track of those frames which did receive an acknowledgement. The receiver acknowledges a frame by sending an acknowledgement that includes the sequence number of the next frame expected. This acknowledgement announces that the receiver is ready to receive n frames, beginning with the number specified. Both the sender and receiver maintain what is called a window. The size of the window is less than or equal to the buffer size.


title: Flow control (data)

text: Sliding window flow control has far better performance than stop-and-wait flow control. For example, in a wireless environment if data rates are low and noise level is very high, waiting for an acknowledgement for every packet that is transferred is not very feasible. Therefore, transferring data as a bulk would yield a better performance in terms of higher throughput.


title: Flow control (data)

text: Sliding window flow control is a point to point protocol assuming that no other entity tries to communicate until the current data transfer is complete. The window maintained by the sender indicates which frames it can send. The sender sends all the frames in the window and waits for an acknowledgement (as opposed to acknowledging after every frame). The sender then shifts the window to the corresponding sequence number, thus indicating that frames within the window starting from the current sequence number can be sent.


title: Flow control (data)

text: An automatic repeat request (ARQ) algorithm, used for error correction, in which a negative acknowledgement (NACK) causes retransmission of the word in error as well as the next N–1 words. The value of N is usually chosen such that the time taken to transmit the N words is less than the round trip delay from transmitter to receiver and back again. Therefore, a buffer is not needed at the receiver.


title: Flow control (data)

text: The normalized propagation delay (a) = , where Tp = length (L) over propagation velocity (V) and Tt = bitrate (r) over framerate (F). So that a =.


title: Flow control (data)

text: To get the utilization you must define a window size (N). If N is greater than or equal to 2a + 1 then the utilization is 1 (full utilization) for the transmission channel. If it is less than 2a + 1 then the equation must be used to compute utilization.


title: Flow control (data)

text: "Selective repeat" is a connection oriented protocol in which both transmitter and receiver have a window of sequence numbers. The protocol has a maximum number of messages that can be sent without acknowledgement. If this window becomes full, the protocol is blocked until an acknowledgement is received for the earliest outstanding message. At this point the transmitter is clear to send more messages.


title: Flow control (data)

text: This section is geared towards the idea of comparing "stop-and-wait", "sliding window" with the subsets of "go back N" and "selective repeat".


title: Flow control (data)

text: We define throughput T as the average number of blocks communicated per transmitted block. It is more convenient to calculate the average number of transmissions necessary to communicate a block, a quantity we denote by 0, and then to determine T from the equation formula_3.


title: Flow control (data)

text: The transmission rate may be controlled because of network or DTE requirements. Transmit flow control can occur independently in the two directions of data transfer, thus permitting the transfer rates in one direction to be different from the transfer rates in the other direction. Transmit flow control can be


title: Flow control (data)

text: In common RS-232 there are pairs of control lines which are usually referred to as "hardware flow control":


title: Flow control (data)

text: Hardware flow control is typically handled by the DTE or "master end", as it is first raising or asserting its line to command the other side:


title: Flow control (data)

text: An example of hardware flow control is a half-duplex radio modem to computer interface. In this case, the controlling software in the modem and computer may be written to give priority to incoming radio signals such that outgoing data from the computer is paused by lowering CTS if the modem detects a reception.


title: Flow control (data)

text: The open-loop flow control mechanism is characterized by having no feedback between the receiver and the transmitter. This simple means of control is widely used. The allocation of resources must be a "prior reservation" or "hop-to-hop" type.


title: Flow control (data)

text: Open-loop flow control has inherent problems with maximizing the utilization of network resources. Resource allocation is made at connection setup using a CAC ("connection admission control") and this allocation is made using information that is already "old news" during the lifetime of the connection. Often there is an over-allocation of resources and reserved but unused capacities are wasted. Open-loop flow control is used by ATM in its CBR, VBR and UBR services (see traffic contract and congestion control).


title: Flow control (data)

text: Open-loop flow control incorporates two controls; the controller and a regulator. The regulator is able to alter the input variable in response to the signal from the controller. An open-loop system has no feedback or feed forward mechanism, so the input and output signals are not directly related and there is increased traffic variability. There is also a lower arrival rate in such system and a higher loss rate. In an open control system, the controllers can operate the regulators at regular intervals, but there is no assurance that the output variable can be maintained at the desired level. While it may be cheaper to use this model, the open-loop model can be unstable.


title: Flow control (data)

text: The closed-loop flow control mechanism is characterized by the ability of the network to report pending network congestion back to the transmitter. This information is then used by the transmitter in various ways to adapt its activity to existing network conditions. Closed-loop flow control is used by ABR (see traffic contract and congestion control). Transmit flow control described above is a form of closed-loop flow control.


title: Flow control (data)

text: This system incorporates all the basic control elements, such as, the sensor, transmitter, controller and the regulator. The sensor is used to capture a process variable. The process variable is sent to a transmitter which translates the variable to the controller. The controller examines the information with respect to a desired value and initiates a correction action if required. The controller then communicates to the regulator what action is needed to ensure that the output variable value is matching the desired value. Therefore, there is a high degree of assurance that the output variable can be maintained at the desired level. The closed-loop control system can be a feedback or a feed forward system:


title: Flow control (data)

text: A feedback closed-loop system has a feed-back mechanism that directly relates the input and output signals. The feed-back mechanism monitors the output variable and determines if additional correction is required. The output variable value that is fed backward is used to initiate that corrective action on a regulator. Most control loops in the industry are of the feedback type.


title: Flow control (data)

text: In a feed-forward closed loop system, the measured process variable is an input variable. The measured signal is then used in the same fashion as in a feedback system.


title: Flow control (data)

text: The closed-loop model produces lower loss rate and queuing delays, as well as it results in congestion-responsive traffic. The closed-loop model is always stable, as the number of active lows is bounded.


title: Amapá

text: Amapá () is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is in the northern region of Brazil. It is the second least populous state and the eighteenth largest by area. Located in the far northern part of the country, Amapá is bordered clockwise by French Guiana to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Pará to the south and west, and Suriname to the northwest. The capital and largest city is Macapá. The state has 0.4% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for only 0.22% of the Brazilian GDP.


title: Amapá

text: In the colonial period the region was called Portuguese Guiana and was part of Portugal's State of Brazil. Later, the region was distinguished from the other Guianas. Amapá was once part of Pará, but became a separate territory in 1943, and a state in 1990.


title: Amapá

text: The dominant feature of the region, and 90 percent of its total area, is the Amazon Rainforest. Unexplored forests occupy 70 percent of Amapá, and Tumucumaque Mountains National Park, established in 2002, is the largest tropical forest park in the world. The estuary of the River Oiapoque is the northernmost point of coastal Brazil.


title: Amapá

text: During the colonial era from 1637 to 1654 the Amapá region was merged into the Captaincy of Pará, this was the Captaincy of Cabo de Norte. In the early colonial period the Amapá region was a rich source of lumber, resins, annatto, vegetable oils, and salted fish, all of which were exported to Europe. The French established sugarcane plantations in this period.


title: Amapá

text: With the discovery of mineral deposits the Amapá region was invaded by the English and Dutch, who were ultimately repelled by the Portuguese. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 established the boundaries between the colony of Brazil and French Guiana, but these were not respected by the French. A fort was constructed at São José de Macapá, in present-day Macapá, as a base of Portuguese power in the region. In the 18th century, France retook control of the area. This international dispute continued until 1900.


title: Amapá

text: With the discovery of gold and the increasing value of rubber on the international market during the 19th century, outsider population increased in Amapá and the territorial dispute with France was brought to a head. French settlers established the State of Counani (1886–1891). The gold rush however brought in Brazilian interests who gained control of the territory, which led to clashes with the French. The dispute was sent for arbitration and on 1 December 1900, the Arbitration Commission of Geneva awarded possession of the territory to Brazil. It was incorporated into the state of Pará, with the joint name of Araguari (named for the river of the same name). It became the federal territory of Amapá in 1943.


title: Amapá

text: The discovery of rich manganese deposits in Serra do Navio in 1945 revolutionized the local economy. Manganese remains the largest source of revenue in the state. Amapá did not achieve statehood until 5 October 1988, at the time of the promulgation of the new Brazilian Constitution.


title: Amapá

text: The State of Amapá possesses the lowest rate of loss of its original vegetation for any Brazilian state, estimated at only 2%. Most of the Amapá territory is covered with rainforest, while the remaining areas are covered with savannah and plains. On the Amapá coast, almost intact beaches mix with swamps, creating the largest representation of this biome in Brazil. This mixture of salt and fresh water is perfect for the food chain reproduction for several animal species. Pollution, however, is now a chronic problem in the state of Amapá. Mercury, which is used in the extraction of gold, is widely found in water sources and sewage systems in the population centers of Amapá.


title: Amapá

text: To protect the natural resources of the state, there are, as of 2016, 12 protected areas and five indigenous territories covering , or 72% of the state. The Amapá Biodiversity Corridor has been established in 2003 to provide integrated management for conservation area. The most important protected areas are the Tumucumaque Mountains National Park located in west of the state, and the Cabo Orange National Park located near the coast. The Tumucumaque Mountains National Park is the world's largest tropical forest national park. The Cabo Orange National Park contains flooded grasslands and mangrove forests which are important fish nurseries.


title: Amapá

text: Most of Amapá has a Tropical monsoon climate, a tropical climate with a short dry season and heavy rainfall for the majority of the year. In the Köppen climate classification, it is classified under the letters "Am". Tropical rainforest is the natural vegetation, and also provides the other climate type located in the state.


title: Amapá

text: According to the IBGE of 2010, there were 668,689 people residing in the state, with a population density of 4.3/km². The population of Amapá is highly urbanized, with 93.7% of the population residing primarily in Macapá and Santana. Population growth: 5.7% (1991–2000); Houses: 144,000 (2006).


title: Amapá

text: During the 2010 census, 65% identified as Pardo (multiracial), 24% as White Brazilians, 8.7% as Black Brazilians and 1.1% as Indigenous. The remaining 1.2% are Asians and undeclared.


title: Amapá

text: The majority of the residents of Amapá live in poverty. According to the Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) 36.56% of the population live on only R$79 per month, which the foundation considers below a decent standard of living.


title: Amapá

text: The Amerindians tribes in Amapá are located in the north near the Oiapoque River, and in the east in the Wayampi Indigenous Territory. All the indigenous territories in Amapá have been demarcated. The tribes living in Amapá are the Galibi do Oiapoque, the Karipuna do Amapá, the Palikur, the Wayampi and the Galibi Marwono.


title: Amapá

text: The region around the Amazon River used to support a large population of Amerindians during the pre-Columbian era. The policy of the Portuguese monarchy was to engage in war in order to clear them from the land. The Cabanagem Revolt in the 1830s, resulted in the final dispersal of the Amerindians along the Amazon.


title: Amapá

text: Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. French is the second language taught in every school due to the proximity of French Guiana. A creole language called Lanc-Patuá is spoken among some of the people.


title: Amapá

text: The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 87.6%, followed by the industrial sector at 7.8%. Agriculture represents 4.6% of GDP (2004). Amapá exports: wood 75.5%, ores 18.7%, heart of palm 5.5% (2002). The state, which has 0.4% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for only 0.22% of the Brazilian GDP.


title: Amapá

text: The main airport of the state is Macapá International Airport. On 12 April 2019 a new terminal was opened replacing an older facility. Following its closure, the old terminal was demolished to make room for an enlarged apron which was completed by 2020.


title: Amapá

text: There are two federal highways in Amapá: BR-156 connects Laranjal do Jari, Macapá and Oiapoque. The highway is connected to the road network of French Guiana via the Oyapock River Bridge. BR-210 connects Macapá with Serra do Navio. It is supposed to be extended all the way to the border with Colombia in Amazonas, however as of 2021, it ends in the Wayampi Indigenous Territory. An important state road is the AP-010 which connects Macapá with Santana and Mazagão Velho.


title: Amapá

text: There are no road connections to other Brazilian states. In Laranjal do Jari there is a ferry to Monte Dourado in Pará. In Port Santana, there is a ferry to Belém, Pará.


title: Amapá

text: There is a small port in Macapá, however it is not suitable for cargo traffic. The main harbour is the Port of Santana which is also used for international cargo.


title: Amapá

text: The flag was adopted by Decree No. 8 of 23 April 1984. The blue represents the sky over Amapá and justice, the green represents the native rainforest, and the yellow represents the Union and its natural resources. The black stands for the deceased who worked for the state, and the white for the will of the state to live in peace and stability. The symbol on the hoist-side represents the Fortress of São José, out of which the state capital grew.


title: Amapá

text: Before 1984, the state had a red-white-red flag, based on the flag of Pará, and similar to the flag of Peru.


title: Mediator pattern

text: In software engineering, the mediator pattern defines an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact. This pattern is considered to be a behavioral pattern due to the way it can alter the program's running behavior.


title: Mediator pattern

text: In object-oriented programming, programs often consist of many classes. Business logic and computation are distributed among these classes. However, as more classes are added to a program, especially during maintenance and/or refactoring, the problem of communication between these classes may become more complex. This makes the program harder to read and maintain. Furthermore, it can become difficult to change the program, since any change may affect code in several other classes.


title: Mediator pattern

text: With the mediator pattern, communication between objects is encapsulated within a mediator object. Objects no longer communicate directly with each other, but instead communicate through the mediator. This reduces the dependencies between communicating objects, thereby reducing coupling.


title: Mediator pattern

text: The Mediator design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.


title: Mediator pattern

text: Defining a set of interacting objects by accessing and updating each other directly is inflexible because it tightly couples the objects to each other and makes it impossible to change the interaction independently from (without having to change) the objects.


title: Mediator pattern

text: "Tightly coupled objects" are hard to implement, change, test, and reuse because they refer to and know about many different objects.


title: Mediator pattern

text: The objects interact with each other indirectly through a mediator object that controls and coordinates the interaction.


title: Mediator pattern

text: This makes the objects "loosely coupled". They only refer to and know about their mediator object and have no explicit knowledge of each other.


title: Mediator pattern

text: The essence of the Mediator Pattern is to "define an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact". It promotes loose coupling by keeping objects from referring to each other explicitly, and it allows their interaction to be varied independently. Client classes can use the mediator to send messages to other clients, and can receive messages from other clients via an event on the mediator class.


title: Mediator pattern

text: In the above UML class diagram, the codice_1 and codice_2 classes do not refer to (and update) each other directly.


title: Mediator pattern

text: Instead, they refer to the common codice_3 interface for controlling and coordinating interaction (codice_4), which makes them independent from one another with respect to how the interaction is carried out.


title: Mediator pattern

text: Assuming that codice_1 wants to interact with codice_2 (to update/synchronize its state, for example), codice_1 calls codice_14 on the codice_5 object, which gets the changed data from codice_1 and performs an codice_17 on codice_2.


title: Mediator pattern

text: codice_2 calls codice_14 on the codice_5 object, which gets the changed data from codice_2 and performs an codice_23 on codice_1.


title: Mediator pattern

text: The Mediator pattern ensures that components are loosely coupled, such that they do not call each other explicitly, but instead do so through calls to a mediator. In the following example, the Mediator registers all Components and then calls their SetState methods.


title: Mediator pattern

text: A chat room could use the Mediator pattern, or a system where many ‘clients’ each receive a message each time one of the other clients performs an action (for chat rooms, this would be when each person sends a message). In reality using the Mediator pattern for a chat room would only be practical when used with remoting. Using raw sockets would not allow for the delegate callbacks (people subscribed to the Mediator class’ MessageReceived event).


title: Mediator pattern

text: In the following example, a codice_3 object controls the values of several codice_26 objects, forcing the user code to access the stored values through the mediator. When a storage object wants to emit an event indicating that its value has changed, it also goes back to the mediator object (via the method codice_27) that controls the list of the observers (implemented using the observer pattern).


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Sheku Kanneh-Mason (born 4 April 1999) is a British cellist who won the 2016 BBC Young Musician award. He was the first Black musician to win the competition since its launch in 1978. He played at the wedding of Prince Harry to Meghan Markle on 19 May 2018 under the direction of Christopher Warren-Green. As of 2021, Kanneh-Mason plays a Matteo Goffriller cello which was made in 1700.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason grew up in Nottingham, England. He was born to Stuart Mason, from London, a luxury hotel business manager of Antiguan descent, and Dr. Kadiatu Kanneh, from Sierra Leone, a former lecturer at the University of Birmingham and author of the 2020 book "House of Music: Raising the Kanneh-Masons".


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: He is the third of seven children and began learning the cello at the age of six with Sarah Huson-Whyte, having briefly played the violin. His love for the cello started when he saw his sister perform in 'Stringwise', an annual weekend course for young Nottingham string players, run by the local music charity Music for Everyone. He then switched from violin to cello and went on to take part in Music for Everyone's Stringwise courses, impressing their conductors with his ability to play everything from memory. At the age of nine, he passed the Grade 8 cello examination with the highest marks in the UK, and won the Marguerite Swan Memorial Prize. Also aged nine he won an ABRSM junior scholarship to join the Junior Academy of the Royal Academy of Music, where he was tutored by Ben Davies.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason received his non-specialist education as a pupil at the Trinity School, Nottingham, where he studied for A levels in Music, Maths and Physics. He later became a student of Hannah Roberts at the Royal Academy of Music in London. He has cited cellists Jacqueline du Pré and Mstislav Rostropovich as his "musical heroes", alongside Bob Marley.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: In 2015, he and his siblings were competitors on "Britain's Got Talent" as The Kanneh-Masons. He won the BBC's Young Musician of the Year contest in May 2016, later telling "The Observer" that appearing on "Britain's Got Talent" had been "a good experience for getting used to performing in front of lots of people, with cameras and interviews. When it came to BBC Young Musician there were fewer cameras so I wasn't fazed at all."


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason was a member of the Chineke! Orchestra, which was founded by Chi-chi Nwanoku for black and minority ethnic classical musicians; his sister Isata Kanneh-Mason and brother Braimah are also members. In 2016, Kanneh-Mason told "The Guardian"s Tom Service that:


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: In November 2016, Kanneh-Mason was the subject of a BBC Four documentary entitled "Young, Gifted and Classical: The Making of a Maestro". The following month, he was interviewed for BBC Radio 4's "Front Row" round-up of the year's major arts and entertainment award winners.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: In January 2018, it was reported that Kanneh-Mason had donated £3,000 to his former secondary school, enabling ten other pupils to continue their cello lessons.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason signed a deal for worldwide general management with London-based boutique agency, Enticott Music Management in June 2016, and went on to sign a major recording contract with classical music label Decca Classics in November 2016. The record deal was signed on board a Nottingham City Transport bus which the local authority had named in his honour after Kanneh-Mason won the BBC Young Musician contest. The label announced that his first recording would feature the piece with which he won the BBC's Young Musician of the Year contest, Shostakovich's Cello Concerto No.1.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason performed at the 2017 British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA) held in London's Royal Albert Hall. In the same year, he was the soloist for the Chineke! orchestra's performance at the BBC Proms, playing Antonín Dvořák's Rondo in G minor. In February 2018, Kanneh-Mason became the first artist ever to be re-invited to perform a second time at the British Academy Film Awards, playing "Evening of Roses" by in an arrangement by Tom Hodge. For his second BAFTA performance, Kanneh-Mason was joined on stage at the Royal Albert Hall by his siblings Isata, Braimah, Konya, and Jeneba.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: In early February 2018, the BBC reported that Kanneh-Mason's album "Inspiration" was "the biggest-selling British debut of the year to date", entering the UK Albums Chart at number 18, had become number one on the UK classical albums chart, and had achieved 2.5 million streams on Spotify.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: On 19 May 2018, Kanneh-Mason performed as part of the musical selections for the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle. On 11 November 2018, he performed in the presence of the same couple at the Royal Variety Performance which was broadcast on ITV.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: On 26 May 2022 the Royal Academy of Music announced that Kanneh-Mason had been appointed as its first Menuhin Visiting Professor of Performance Mentoring.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: After having to postpone a tour to Australia in 2020 and 2021, the whole family toured six Australian cities over 16 days in July/August 2022, including a performance with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra of Shostakovich's Cello Concerto No. 2 and a wide variety of compositions by Frank Bridge, George Gershwin, Felix Mendelssohn, Maria Theresia von Paradis, Eric Whitacre, Franz Schubert, Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, Franz Liszt, Jerry Bock ("Fiddler on the Roof"), and Bob Marley ("Redemption Song").


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason was the winner of the 2016 BBC Young Musician competition, following which his home town of Nottingham named a bus in his honour. In that year he also won the Royal Philharmonic Society Young Instrumentalist Duet Prize.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: In June 2017, he won the Classical category of the South Bank Sky Arts Award "The Times" Breakthrough prize.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: In June 2018, he won both the Male Artist of the Year and the Critics' Choice Award at the Classic BRIT Awards.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to music.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason released his debut EP in February 2017 to coincide with his performance at the BAFTAs. The three tracks on the EP were recorded at the Abbey Road Studios.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: These tracks followed the viral success of his video of Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah", arranged by Tom Hodge. Kanneh-Mason performed this arrangement at the BAFTAs in February 2017. He has also recorded Gaspar Cassadó's "Requiebros".


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason appears as a guest artist on the album "Tecchler’s Cello: from Cambridge to Rome" by cellist and fellow BBC Young Musician winner Guy Johnston, released in September 2017.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: On 26 January 2018 Kanneh-Mason's first full-length album, "Inspiration", was released by Decca. The recording includes the Shostakovich Cello Concerto No. 1 (accompanied by the CBSO conducted by Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla) as well as shorter works by Shostakovich, Saint-Saëns, Offenbach, Casals and Kanneh-Mason's own arrangement of Bob Marley's "No Woman, No Cry". On 2 February 2018, the Official UK Charts Company announced that "Inspiration"'s success had made Kanneh-Mason "the UK's youngest cellist to break into the Official Albums Chart Top 20 with his debut album" (the previous holder of the accolade being cellist Julian Lloyd Webber, who was 39 when he released "Lloyd Webber Plays Lloyd Webber" in 1990). As well as being the highest-charting BBC Young Musician on the UK's Official Albums Chart, Kanneh-Mason is also the first BBC Young Musician to break into the albums Top 40 with their debut record.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason's second album "Elgar" was released by Decca Classics on 10 January 2020. It features a recording of the Elgar Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85, with the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Sir Simon Rattle. The album also includes arrangements of traditional melodies, along with works by Bloch, Bridge, Elgar, Fauré, and Julius Klengel.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason and his sister Isata together released the album "Muse" in November 2021. It features Samuel Barber's Sonata for Cello and Piano, transcriptions of songs by Barber and Rachmaninov, and Rachmaninov's Cello Sonata.


title: Sheku Kanneh-Mason

text: Kanneh-Mason was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes at the age of 12. In September 2018, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) announced that it had appointed him as a global ambassador. He is also an ambassador for the charities Music Masters and Future Talent.


title: Piton

text: A piton (; also called pin or peg) in climbing is a metal spike (usually steel) that is driven into a crack or seam in the climbing surface using a climbing hammer, and which acts as an anchor for protecting the climber against the consequences of falling or to assist progress in aid climbing. Pitons are equipped with an eye hole or a ring to which a carabiner is attached; the carabiner can then be directly or indirectly connected to a climbing rope.


title: Piton

text: Pitons were the original form of protection and are still used where there is no alternative. Repeated hammering and extraction of pitons damage the rock, and climbers who subscribe to the clean climbing ethic avoid their use as much as possible. With the popularization of clean climbing in the 1970s, pitons were largely replaced by faster and easier-to-use clean protection, such as nuts and camming devices. Pitons are still found in place (as "fixed" pitons) on some established free climbing routes, as fixed belay station anchors, in places where nuts or cams do not work; and are used on some hard aid climbs.


title: Piton

text: Pitons are sized and manufactured to fit a wide range of cracks. From small to large, the most common are:


title: Piton

text: Early pitons were made of malleable iron and soft steel and would deform to the shape of the crack when driven into the rock, which worked well in the irregular cracks found on European limestone. Soft pitons are difficult to remove without damaging the piton, so they were frequently left in place and became fixed anchor points on a climb.


title: Piton

text: During climbing exploration of the hard granite in Yosemite Valley in the 1950s and 1960s, it was found that soft pitons did not work very well. The long routes developed in Yosemite made it impractical and costly to fix routes, and the soft pitons were not durable enough to be placed and removed more than a few times. Pitons needed to be removed and used again on subsequent pitches, sometimes many times. Leaving gear in place went against the ethics of many climbers. John Salathé pioneered designs using hardened steel which were much tougher than the European pitons. Salathé's pins, which he developed for a climb of the Lost Arrow, resisted deformation and were easier to remove and reuse, and were durable enough to be reused indefinitely.


title: John McPhee

text: John Angus McPhee (born March 8, 1931) is an American writer. He is considered one of the pioneers of creative nonfiction. He is a four-time finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in the category General Nonfiction, and he won that award on the fourth occasion in 1999 for "Annals of the Former World" (a collection of five books, including two of his previous Pulitzer finalists). In 2008, he received the George Polk Career Award for his "indelible mark on American journalism during his nearly half-century career". Since 1974, McPhee has been the Ferris Professor of Journalism at Princeton University.


title: John McPhee

text: McPhee has lived in Princeton, New Jersey, for most of his life. He was born in Princeton, the son of the Princeton University athletic department's physician, Dr. Harry McPhee. He was educated at Princeton High School, then spent a postgraduate year at Deerfield Academy, before graduating from Princeton University in 1953 with a senior thesis titled "Skimmer Burns", and spending a year at Magdalene College, University of Cambridge. McPhee was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton.


title: John McPhee

text: While at Princeton, McPhee went to New York once or twice a week to appear as the juvenile panelist on the radio and television quiz program "Twenty Questions". One of his roommates at Princeton was 1951 Heisman Trophy winner Dick Kazmaier.


title: John McPhee

text: Twice married, McPhee is the father of four daughters from his first marriage to Pryde Brown: the novelists Jenny McPhee and Martha McPhee, photographer Laura McPhee, and architecture historian Sarah McPhee.


title: John McPhee

text: McPhee's writing career began at "Time" magazine, and led to a long association with the weekly magazine "The New Yorker" from 1963 to the present. Many of his twenty-nine books include material originally written for "The New Yorker," where he has been a staff writer since 1965.


title: John McPhee

text: Unlike Tom Wolfe and Hunter Thompson, who helped kick-start the "new journalism" of the 1960s, McPhee produced a gentler, more literary style of writing that more thoroughly incorporated techniques from fiction. McPhee avoided the streams of consciousness styles of Wolfe and Thompson, but used detailed description of characters and vivid language to make his writing lively and personal, even when it focused on obscure or difficult topics. He is highly regarded by fellow writers for the quality, quantity, and diversity of his literary output.


title: John McPhee

text: Reflecting his personal interests, McPhee's subjects are highly eclectic. He has written pieces on lifting-body development ("The Deltoid Pumpkin Seed"), the psyche and experience of a nuclear engineer ("The Curve of Binding Energy"), a New Jersey wilderness area ("The Pine Barrens"), the United States Merchant Marine ("Looking for a Ship"), farmers' markets ("Giving Good Weight"), the movement of coal across America ("Coal Train" in "Uncommon Carriers"), the shifting flow of the Mississippi River ("Atchafalaya" in "The Control of Nature"), geology (in several books), as well as a short book entirely on the subject of oranges. One of his most widely read books, "Coming into the Country", is about the Alaskan wilderness.


title: John McPhee

text: McPhee has profiled a number of famous people, including conservationist David Brower in "Encounters with the Archdruid", and the young Bill Bradley, whom McPhee followed closely during Bradley's four-year basketball career at Princeton University.


title: John McPhee

text: McPhee has been a nonfiction writing instructor at Princeton University since 1974, having taught generations of aspiring undergraduate writers as the Ferris Professor of Journalism. Many of McPhee's students have achieved their own distinction for writing:


title: John McPhee

text: McPhee has received many literary honors, including the Award in Literature from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, awarded for "Annals of the Former World". In 1978 McPhee received a LittD from Bates College, in 2009 he received an honorary Doctorate of Letters from Yale University, and in 2012 he received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Amherst College.


title: 1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum

text: The Good Friday Agreement referendum, 1998 was a referendum held in Northern Ireland over whether there was support for the Good Friday Agreement. The result was a majority (71.1%) in favour. A simultaneous referendum held in the Republic of Ireland produced an even larger majority (94.4%) in favour.


text: All the main UK political parties (Labour, Conservative, and Liberal Democrat) supported the Yes campaign, though the local branch of the Conservatives supported the No campaign. Of the local Northern Ireland parties represented in the Northern Ireland Peace Forum, the Ulster Unionist Party, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Sinn Féin, Alliance, Progressive Unionist Party, Ulster Democratic Party, Northern Ireland Women's Coalition and local "Labour" groups supported the proposals.


text: The only two parties in the Forum to campaign against the Agreement were the Democratic Unionist Party and the UK Unionist Party, though many prominent individuals in the Ulster Unionists also did so. Some minor parties campaigned against it. Republican Sinn Féin, which at the time did not run candidates in Northern Ireland, still opposes the agreement.


text: In the Republic of Ireland, all parties represented in the Oireachtas were in favour – Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, Labour, Progressive Democrats, Democratic Left, Green Party, Sinn Féin and the Socialist Party.


text: The referendum saw a large majority 'Yes' vote across the province. A total of 1,738 ballots were spoiled. Turnout, at 81.1% was very high for a developed country where voting is not compulsory. Turnout in the equivalent referendum in the Republic of Ireland was average for a constitutional referendum but returned almost universal approval (94.39%).


text: The referendum in the Republic of Ireland was held on the same day but rather than explicitly seeking approval of the Agreement itself it sought endorsement of constitutional amendments required by the Agreement, and produced an overwhelming Yes vote.


text: The turnout in Northern Ireland was noticeably high at 81.1% and also the turnout was quite high evenly throughout Northern Ireland, compared to many elections where turnout is highest in strong nationalist areas and significantly lower in unionist areas. It is estimated that approximately 147,000 people who do not normally vote in elections turned out to vote in the referendum, most of them in traditionally staunch unionist areas. In the Republic the turnout was lower, at 56.3%.


text: The UK Parliament passed the Northern Ireland Act 1998, while in the Republic the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1998 passed into law.


title: Craig Heyward

text: Craig William "Ironhead" Heyward (September 26, 1966 – May 27, 2006) was an American football fullback who played for the Pitt Panthers in College, New Orleans Saints, Chicago Bears, Atlanta Falcons, St. Louis Rams, and Indianapolis Colts in an 11-year National Football League (NFL) career.


title: Craig Heyward

text: He was selected by the New Orleans Saints in the first round (24th pick overall) of the 1988 NFL Draft out of the University of Pittsburgh. Heyward's 3,086 career rushing yards rank third all-time at Pitt in only three seasons. He declared himself eligible for the 1988 draft after his junior year. In 1987 at Pittsburgh, Heyward rushed for 1,791 yards to earn consensus All-America honors and finish fifth in the Heisman Trophy balloting.


title: Craig Heyward

text: Heyward was widely regarded as a nightmare for opposing defenses because he was often as big, and sometimes bigger, than the defenders who had to stop him, and had surprising quickness and agility. One of the NFL's best "big man" running backs in the vein of Earl Campbell, Heyward, at 5' 11" and reportedly weighing 330 pounds, was a punishing runner who was also a devastating blocker and good receiver. Heyward slimmed down to closer to 280.


title: Craig Heyward

text: In 1997, Heyward showcased his sense of humor in a series of television commercials for Zest body wash, introducing a generation of American men to the modern version of the Luffa that is now a fixture in many showers and bathtubs. The "lather-builder" and Heyward's tough-guy image created a humorous contrast in the advertisement, culminating in a voting campaign that named it the "thingy".


title: Craig Heyward

text: In November 1998, Heyward reported blurred vision in his right eye, and was diagnosed with a malignant bone cancer, reportedly a chordoma, at the base of his skull that was pressing on the optic nerve. After it was partially removed in a 12-hour operation, he underwent 40 rounds of radiation treatments and was later pronounced cancer-free; the diagnosis nonetheless ended his playing career.


title: Craig Heyward

text: When Heyward was "12 or 13," according to his son, Cameron Heyward, a defensive lineman for the Pittsburgh Steelers writing for the Players' Tribune, he was at the Boys & Girls Club in Passaic, New Jersey, when another boy approached him and ultimately broke a pool cue over Heyward's head. Heyward barely flinched, and after relating the story later, his grandmother called him "Ironhead," and the nickname stuck.


title: Craig Heyward

text: Heyward carried the nickname through Passaic High School, where it also became a reference to his wild-man strength and the fact that he had to wear a hat size of 8¾. Heyward's obituary in "The New York Times" made an additional reference; that in street football games he would lower his head into the stomach of the tackler and one opponent said it hurt so much that Heyward's head must be made of iron.


title: Craig Heyward

text: Heyward had four sons named Craig, Jr., Cameron, Corey, and Connor. All four played sports in high school. Craig Jr. played for his father's alma mater in New Jersey while his three brothers played for Peachtree Ridge High School in Georgia.


title: Craig Heyward

text: Heyward's son Cameron plays defensive end for the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played for the Ohio State Buckeyes, where he was named a freshman All-American in 2007 and honored as a team captain. He was drafted by the Steelers in the first round (31st pick overall) in the 2011 NFL Draft. He would write the words "IRON HEAD" on his eye black as a tribute to his father.


title: Craig Heyward

text: Heyward's oldest son, Craig Jr., played high school football for Passaic High School as he did and later was a walk-on at Middle Tennessee State, where he played primarily on special teams. He was signed to the Trenton Steel of the SIFL where he was a running back. After his playing career ended, Heyward Jr. entered coaching as an assistant for Nutley High School in his native northern New Jersey.


title: Craig Heyward

text: Heyward's son Corey graduated from Peachtree Ridge High School and played basketball for Georgia Tech.


title: Craig Heyward

text: His youngest son, Connor, elected to play college football at Michigan State University in 2017. He was also drafted in the 6th round by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Craig Heyward

text: Heyward died on May 27, 2006, at the age of 39, a year after another cancerous tumor developed that had metastasized to his brain; the recurrence of the tumor proved to be inoperable. Heyward had also experienced a stroke in the years prior to his death.


title: Marie Claire

text: Marie Claire is a French international monthly magazine first published in France in 1937, followed by the United Kingdom in 1941. Since then various editions are published in many countries and languages. The feature editions focus on women around the world and global issues. "Marie Claire" magazine also covers health, beauty, fashion, politics, finance, and career topics.


title: Marie Claire

text: "Marie Claire" was founded by Jean Prouvost and Marcelle Auclair. Its first issue appeared in 1937, and it was distributed each Wednesday until 1941 when it handed out its shares to open in London, going international for the first time. In 1976, Prouvost retired and his daughter Évelyne took over the magazine and added L'Oréal Group to the company.


title: Marie Claire

text: The U.S. edition of the magazine was started by the Hearst Corporation, based in New York City, in 1994. Hearst has branch offices in France, Italy, and several locations in the United States including Detroit, the West Coast, New England, the Midwest, the Southwest, and the Southeast. The Esquire Network reality television series "Running In Heels" follows three interns working in the NYC office of the magazine. The editor-in-chief from 2012 to 2020 was Anne Fulenwider. On 9 December 2019, Hearst Magazines announced that Fulenwider would be leaving her post at the end of the year. Aya Kanai, then chief fashion director of Hearst, was named the new editor of the women's magazine and started in January 2020. Sally Holmes took the helm in September from Aya Kanai, who surprised Hearst execs when she jumped ship to Pinterest after just nine months as editor in chief.


title: Marie Claire

text: During the pandemic, Hearst quietly reduced the title's print frequency from 11 issues to seven in 2020 and instead launched its first digital issue with cover face Janet Mock. It also made Marie Claire's 2020 Power Trip virtual. Power Trip is Marie Claire's annual 36-hour, invite-only, all-expenses-paid networking conference for successful women across all industries that Fulenwider launched in 2016 as a way to make the magazine stand out in the event space. In May 2021, Future US acquired the American edition of Marie Claire magazine from Hearst and has published it since June 2021. In September 2021, it was announced that the Summer 2021 issue of Marie Claire would be its last monthly print edition, and remaining subscribers would receive issues of Harper's Bazaar. That same year, Power Trip was once again an in-person experiential event. In June 2022, Future relaunched Marie Claire in print with its Beauty Changemakers Issue.


title: Marie Claire

text: "Marie Claire" launched a UK print edition in 1988, with a website launched in 2006 featuring segments on daily news, catwalk shows, photographs and reports, fashion and beauty, buys of the day, daily horoscopes, and competitions.


title: Marie Claire

text: Its cover price was increased in February 2018 from £3.99 to £4.20, but this did not compensate for a decline in sales and advertising revenue, with print display advertising down 25% in 2018 and 30% in 2019. In September 2019, the magazine's then owner, TI Media, announced that the final print edition would be published in November and the brand would become digital only, under licence with Groupe Marie Claire. The UK website currently has two million monthly users.


title: Marie Claire

text: Combined print and digital circulation from July to December 2018 was 120,133 per issue – almost a third of which were free copies, and 4,729 of which were for the digital edition. This was down on the same period in 2017, when the average circulation was 157,412, with 4,012 digital edition readers.


title: Marie Claire

text: Currently, "Marie Claire UK" is published by Future Publishing, which acquired TI Media and also owns "Marie Claire US".


title: Marie Claire

text: "Marie Claire" magazine is run by magazine and digital publisher Are Media, which acquired Pacific Magazines in 2020.


title: Marie Claire

text: "MarieClaire.com.au" launched in 2016 after the digital rights were returned to Pacific Magazines from Yahoo and provides daily fashion, beauty, and lifestyle news. In March 2019, "Marie Claire" partnered with Salesforce.com to survey Australian women to analyse how attitudes have changed in the workplace.


title: Marie Claire

text: The Japanese-language edition of "Marie Claire", first published in 1982, was the first international edition published in a non-French speaking territory, as well as the first non-European edition, although it ceased publication after the 9 September issue went on sale in July 2009, due partly to the economic downturn.


title: Marie Claire

text: Following a relaunch, since 2012, "Marie Claire" has been published in Japan under the name "Marie Claire Style". This new format is offered as a free supplement in the Yomiuri Shimbun and distributed in wealthier suburbs of Japan. The magazine has now been made available at subway kiosks for a ¥200 cover price.


title: Marie Claire

text: The first Korean edition of "Marie Claire" was published in March 1993 by MCK Publishing. Since 2012, the Marie Claire Film Festival has been held in Korea.


title: Marie Claire

text: "Marie Claire" has Arabic editions which are published in Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, the Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Morocco and Algeria. In 2010, an Indonesian edition was launched. The magazine was published in Mexico by Editorial Televisa since 1990 but ceased its publication due to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020 and is published again by Fashion Group in June 2021 and started publishing in Argentina under Editorial Perfil in March 2019.


title: Marie Claire

text: International editions of "Marie Claire" have been discontinued in Colombia (published from 1991 to 2019), Estonia (published between 2007 and 2010), Germany (published from 1990 to 2003), India, Philippines (published between 2005 and 2009), and Poland.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Abbess Mariam Soulakiotis ( – 23 November 1954), née Marina Soulakiotou, also known either to her followers as Mariam of Keratea, or in contemporary media pejoratively as "Mother Rasputin", was a Greek Old Calendarist Eastern Orthodox abbess who was found guilty of numerous counts of serial murder, fraud and other crimes, which public prosecutors of the Kingdom of Greece alleged she committed against both laypeople and other nuns in her abbey between 1939 and her arrest in December 1950.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: During the time period of the crimes she was convicted of, Soulakiotis was neither a member of the mainstream Greek Orthodox Church nor in communion with the other, larger Old Calendarist group (the "Florinites") — she was a devoted follower of Archbishop Matthew Karpathakis of Vresthena, whom both groups consider a schismatic.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Greek civil authorities first arrested Soulakiotis on two charges unrelated to serial murder: export of olive oil to Cyprus and import of tires after a large raid on her abbey which took place on 4 December 1950. Receiving multiple sentences over her three trials totaling fourteen years, Soulakiotis died in on 23 November 1954. As she died before all of her criminal trials were done, she was only technically found guilty of seven premeditated murders—as well as more than one hundred negligent homicides due to offering 'free' tuberculosis treatment that only consisted of staying at her monastery's high altitude locale, not medical therapy. Excluding these negligent homicides, the typically agreed upon total of her victims is 27; including them, 177.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Soulakiotis' convent was the ("The Convent of the Virgin in the Pines") near Keratea, Greece. As of 2022, the Old Calendarist abbey Soulakiotis once managed remains open and still has nuns who believe she was innocent and who venerate her as a saint. Some modern Greek Old Calendarists on Matthew's side of the schism (but outside the convent) concur.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Modern secular historians, however, reject the possibility of her innocence, based on the overwhelming number of witness statements and amount of evidence, although disagreement exists as to the true number of her victims.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Little is known of Soulakiotis' life before she became an Orthodox nun, except that she was a factory worker, and that she was born with the given name Marina in Keratea, Greece, which is around from Athens. Her childhood home, later converted into one of the monastery's buildings, was at №71 Megalou Alexandrou St.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Soulakiotis started as a nun in the mainstream Greek Orthodox Church (GOC), but soon became a close confidante of her religious superior, the Bishop Matthew Karpathakis of Vresthena. After the adoption of the New Calendar by the GOC at the pan-orthodox Council of Constantinople in May 1923, Soulakiotis became an avid Old Calendarist and a follower of Bishop Matthew, now self-styled Archbishop Matthew of Vresthena, whom both the mainstream Greek Orthodox Church and even other Old Calendarists (self-styled "true" "Orthodox Christians") consider to be in schism.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Mariam Soulakiotis, together with the hieromonk Archbishop Matthew Karpathakis of Vresthena, founded the Panagia Pefkovounogiatrissa Monastery in 1927. The monastery is located between the town of Keratea and the rural village of Kaki Thalassa, both located in the municipality of Lavreotiki, in the region of East Attica.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: The monastery was officially founded to "honor the Presentation of the Virgin Mary", but Matthew also made clear that the goal of the monastery is to support the nascent Old Calendarist movement financially. At the monastery's founding, Matthew was already 66 years old. Plans for the monastery had been a few years in the making—in April 1925 Soulakiotis acquired an additional seven acres of land, and, later that year, she acquired two more plots of land. Greek author Nina Kouletaki writes that even having reviewed "long" sympathetic, Matthewite histories of the monastery, there is no legal explanation as to how the nuns acquired the money to make these expensive property purchases.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: The monastery's Greek name is occasionally transliterated in English as "Pefkovounogiátrissa(s)", "Peukovoynogiatrissa(s)", with or without "Panagia(s)". The monastery's full Greek name, , can be translated as 'Monastery of the Entrance [into the Temple] of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Healer, on the Pine Mountain'. An Australian newspaper, "The Sun", translated it in 1954 as "The Convent of the Virgin in the Pines".


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Part of the reasoning for its name was that the convent was opened to offer tuberculosis treatment, owing to the purported health benefits of its high-altitude, mountainous locale to those who could not afford conventional treatment. In 1938, the convent began marketing itself as a free-of-charge tuberculosis treatment center.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: While Soulakiotis' official tenure as abbess began in 1950, she had already been doing the work of an abbess since 1939, "assuming full responsibility for the monastery" when 'Archbishop' Matthew was aged 78. Matthew left all day-to-day operations to her, as he was for some of that time in prison and for the rest of it, as a hieromonk, seeking spiritual rewards for ascetic monastic practices, such as forty-day fasts, voluntary stays in deprived isolation cells, and tying heavy metal chains to his body to be carried around at all times.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Matthew's health is said to have begun declining during World War II—leaving him even less able to effectively supervise Soulakiotis, and making him more dependent on her. When Matthew's health started to seriously fail in 1950, Soulakiotis' already considerable influence over him grew in turn.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Soulakiotis is therefore sometimes portrayed negatively even in Eastern Orthodox Church histories—one author of such a history, Vladimir Moss, relates a story where she is said to have prevented Matthew from saying something on his deathbed to Metropolitan , a fellow Old Calendarist bishop, but one with whom he was in schism, after Matthew tried to sit up "out of deference" to Metropolitan Crysostomos and began to try to speak inaudibly.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Soulakiotis, it is claimed, burst into the room at that moment with a group of other nuns and demanded Metropolitan Crysostomos and his entourage leave at once. Matthew would die only a few days later, so it is unknown if he wanted to heal the schism with Chrysostomos—a deathbed conversion of sorts.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: After the death of Matthew, Soulakiotis succeeded him as abbot of the monastery. During this period of her life she was described and photographed wearing an even more chaste version of the typical "epimandylion", a Greek-style black "epanokalimavkion" worn by Eastern Orthodox nuns of the highest rank (who cannot rise higher as they cannot become ordained priestesses), which entirely covered her forehead and eyebrows.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Soulakiotis' alleged "modus operandi" was to encourage wealthy women to join the convent, and then torture them until they donated their fortunes to the monastery; once the money was donated, Soulakiotis would embezzle it and in some cases kill the donor. Beginning in 1940, after establishing control over the other nuns in the monastery's convent, she was said to have even sent the monastery's monks around Greece in search of wealthy "spinsters, widows, [and] families" to convert. "Reuters" reported that at the time of her arrest she had amassed three hundred homes and farms across Greece this way along with "gold and jewels worth thousands of pounds." (UK£2,000 is .) One of her accusers, Eugenia Margheti, said she was held in an isolation cell and tortured until she surrendered property worth ₯118 million (US$80,000 in 1952—).


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Soulakiotis first came to the attention of police when an anonymous complaint was made by the daughter of a wealthy woman who had willed all her property to the monastery—she insisted that her mother wouldn't have done this without being forced, and accused the monastery's administration of "blackmail and threats".


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Soulakiotis further faced police scrutiny when they were searching for an 18-year-old woman from Toledo, Ohio but born in Greece, Simela Spyrides, who first went missing in 1949. The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation had traced Spyrides to the monastery, and her father, Christo Spyrides, called on Greek authorities from Ohio to take action, claiming that his daughter was "lured" to the convent by a nun he identified as "Mariam Zaphriopoulos", who he said had been in the United States to collect property worth US$10,000 left to the monastery. However, the "Associated Press" reported that Spyrides was able to get into contact with his daughter after their initial reports, omitting whether or not she had been in the convent.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: The prosecution further alleged that Soulakiotis' strict adherence to ascetic practices among those in the convent led to the unnecessary deaths of 150 people, who had sought treatment at the monastery for tuberculosis. They also alleged that the only time doctors were allowed on site was to sign death certificates, never to carry out medically supervised treatment of the deadly communicative lung infection.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Victims of Soulakiotis' administration of the monastery who were still alive in the 1950's also variously accused her of torturing them, starving them, falsely imprisoning them, and beating them.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: More than eighty-five police officers first raided the monastery's grounds on the night of 4 December 1950, accompanied by a deputy prosecutor, a judge, and a coroner, in an operation which lasted overnight. Upon gaining entry, they forcibly removed all thirty-six children on the premises, having to wrest them away from the hands of nuns, to orphanages "where their future was not much better". Police also freed "several half-naked malnourished and sick elderly women tied up in basements", and were disturbed at the poor quality food served to those in the convent.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Although extremely concerned, due to questions over the voluntary nature of monasticism, the initial charges prosecutors felt they could prove carried light sentences: illegal export of olive oil to Cyprus and illegal import of tires. As more evidence and witness statements came to light, the indictment of Soulakiotis was revised repeatedly.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: When Archbishop Spyridon Vlachos of Athens failed to reconcile with Metropolitan Crysostomos of Florina, all Old Calendarist sects in Greece, including the Matthewites, were outlawed in January 1951. The following month, the Public Prosecutor further indicted Soulakiotis, along with thirteen other nuns and monks, on charges including homicide, fraud, forgery of wills, blackmail and torture, with Soulakiotis receiving the harshest indictment.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: At her trials, Soulakiotis wore an Orthodox icon depicting the deceased Matthew, who among some Greek Old Calendarists is honored in death—glorified—by referring to him by the posthumous name (Father) "Saint Matthew the New Confessor".


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: At trial, Soulakiotis' attorney, Panos Panayotakos, said in her defense that people surrender all their material property to monasteries when joining as a matter of course (a vow of poverty). He said that the properties were put in Soulakiotis' personal name simply because there was no legal person behind the monastery. In furtherance of their defense, Panayotakos also showed a letter by Field Marshal Harold Alexander, which he claimed thanked the clergy of the Panagia Pefkovounogiatrissa Monastery for heroically risking themselves to aid the escapes of a number of British soldiers in the midst of the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Only accounted for in this section are the murders she was convicted of before her death; she had pending unresolved cases. Soulakiotis was found guilty of the following seven murders in particular between her three trials:


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Soulakiotis denied all the charges against her until her death, deriding them as "Satanic fictions". She was said to have accepted all of her criminal sentences "without emotion", only crossing herself and saying a quiet "prayer of vengeance" to "Saint Matthew".


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: All told, Soulakiotis received three sentences at separate trials: one between 1951–2, and two in the year 1953, the last ending mere months before her death. At her first trial, she received a sentence of 26 months; at her second, 10 years concurrently; and at her third, four additional years consecutively.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Described as a "cult leader", Soulakiotis had more than 400 followers living in the monastery at the peak of her power. Furthermore, state records showed that five hundred people willed all their property to the monastery and later died in it—which prosecutors asserted was an unusually high number for a legitimately operated monastery of its size.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: In 1951, after her arrest, her followers marched in protest at her detention, demanding that their "leaders" be given back to them. This led police to protect the home of Archbishop Spyridon, who they said the Old Calendarists were planning to kidnap in retaliation, with the goal being to hold him hostage until the authorities released Soulakiotis.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Having received multiple different sentences over her three trials adding to a total of fourteen years, Soulakiotis died in on 23 November 1954. Reports conflict as to her age, but "Reuters" and "Newsbeast" give her age upon her death as 71.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: After her death, she was buried on the grounds of the convent, nearby the body of her predecessor, Bishop Matthew Karpathakis.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Even after Soulakiotis' death, her sect continued underground despite having been outlawed; police were investigating cases of "young girls vanishing into thin air" which they believed led to the "rebel Keratea convent" as late as 1959. In 1961, police stated that they did not know who had taken over from Soulakiotis, stating that the monastery's new presumed abbess had "perfected the art of making herself and her pseudo-sacred sisters vanish" without a trace.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: As of 2022, the Old Calendarist monastery Soulakiotis once managed, Keratea's Panagia Pefkovounogiatrissa Monastery, remains open and still has members who believe she was innocent and who venerate her as a saint. Old Calendarism is no longer an illegal sect in modern Greece, as standards have improved to a level acceptable to the Greek civil authorities, and as an EU member Greek citizens enjoy the freedom of religion.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: The number of Soulakiotis' victims is a matter of some debate; the most commonly cited figure of 27 murders and 150 negligent homicides from tuberculosis comes from medical testimony during her trial. Authorities, however, at one point claimed she had killed more than 500. As during Soulakiotis' day, tuberculosis treatment was still new, and was a problem throughout Greece, it is unclear the degree to which Soulakiotis was involved in the negligent homicides she was convicted of in 1952.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Some modern English-speaking Matthewite writers, such as the priest Constantine Kouris, assert that Soulakiotis was innocent and unjustly tried. At least since 2008, none of the monastery's current nuns were personal witnesses of what took place between the 1930's and the 1950's at the monastery, yet they continue to pray for the intercession of "Holy" Mariam of Keratea all the same, whom they regard as martyred in the cause of Christ.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Explanations in support of her innocence offered by nuns contemporary to Soulakiotis included the idea that male bishops and monks were "jealous" of the wealth and power held by the female Soulakiotis, and were instead guilty of the crimes they accused her of; another is that the number of deaths was simply attributable to the fact that many who joined the monastery "were already old".


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: According to Nina Kouletaki in her 2019 Greek language treatise on female serial killers, "Murderesses", it is only by happenstance that the monastery used the old Julian calendar rather than its revised form; she opines that at the time a cunning, shrewd abbess like Soulakiotis would have had equal success regardless of her brand of Greek Orthodox Christianity. Furthermore, Kouletaki opines that Greek tabloid journalists used the sordid details of Souletakis' convent as a convenient "distraction" from the political chaos of her time.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: In his 1992 exhaustive academic listing of female serial killers, "Women Serial and Mass Murderers", Kerry Segrave writes that the prosecution "established" to his satisfaction the veracity of the number of victims as being at least 177.


title: Mariam Soulakiotis

text: Two episodes of Greek crime drama "" were inspired by the case of Soulakiotis, although not directly naming her or the monastery:


title: Purusha Sukta

text: Purusha suktam (Sanskrit पुरुषसूक्तम्) is hymn 10.90 of the Rigveda, dedicated to the Purusha, the "Cosmic Being".


title: Purusha Sukta

text: Slightly different versions of the Sukta appear in different Vedas. One version of the suktam has 16 verses, 15 in the meter, and the final one in the meter. Another version of the Sukta consists of 24 verses with the first 18 mantras designated as the "Purva-narayana" and the later portion termed as the "Uttara-narayana" probably in honour of Rishi Narayana. Some scholars state that certain verses of Purusha Sukta are later interpolations to the Rigveda. One of the reasons given is that it is the only hymn in all the Vedas that mentions the four varnas by name - although the word "varṇa" itself is not mentioned in the hymn.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: The Purusha Sukta gives a description of the spiritual unity of the universe. It presents the nature of Purusha, or the cosmic being, as both immanent in the manifested world and yet transcendent to it. From this being, the Sukta holds, the original creative will (identified with Viswakarma, Hiranyagarbha or Prajapati) proceeds which causes the projection of the universe in space and time. The Purusha Sukta, in the seventh verse, hints at the organic connectedness of the various classes of society.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: The Purusha is defined in verses 2 to 5 of the Sukta. He is described as a being who pervades everything conscious and unconscious universally. He is poetically depicted as a being with thousand heads, eyes and legs, enveloping not just the earth, but the entire universe from all sides and transcending it by ten fingers length - or transcending in all 10 dimensions. All manifestations, in past, present and future, is held to be the Purusha alone. It is also proclaimed that he transcends his creation. The immanence of the Purusha in manifestation and yet his transcendence of it is similar to the viewpoint held by panentheists. Finally, his glory is held to be even greater than the portrayal in this Sukta.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: Verses 5-15 hold the creation of the Rig Veda. Creation is described to have started with the origination of Virat, or the astral body from the Purusha. In Virat, omnipresent intelligence manifests itself which causes the appearance of diversity. In the verses following, it is held that Purusha through a sacrifice of himself, brings forth the avian, forest-dwelling, and domestic animals, the three Vedas, the meters (of the mantras). Then follows a verse that states that from his mouth, arms, thighs, and feet the four varnas (categories) are born. This four varna-related verse is controversial and is believed by many scholars, such as Max Müller, to be a later addition by the writer of the hymn to give a divine sanctity to this four fold hierarchical division of society.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: After the verse, the Sukta states that the moon takes birth from the Purusha's mind and the sun from his eyes. Indra and Agni descend from his mouth and from his vital breath, air is born. The firmament comes from his navel, the heavens from his head, the earth from his feet and quarters of space from his ears. Through this creation, underlying unity of human, cosmic and divine realities is espoused, for all are seen arising out of same original reality, the Purusha.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: The Purusha Sukta holds that the world is created by and out of a Yajna or exchange of the Purusha. All forms of existence are held to be grounded in this primordial yajna. In the seventeenth verse, the concept of Yajna itself is held to have arisen out of this original sacrifice. In the final verses, yajna is extolled as the primordial energy ground for all existence.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: The Sukta gives an expression to immanence of radical unity in diversity and is therefore, seen as the foundation of the Vaishnava thought, Bhedabheda school of philosophy and Bhagavata theology.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: The concept of the Purusha is from the Samkhya Philosophy which is traced to the Indus Valley period (OVOP). It seems to be an interpolation into the Rigveda since it is out of character with the other hymns dedicated to nature gods.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: The Purusha Sukta is repeated with some variations in the Atharva Veda (19.6). Sections of it also occur in the Panchavimsha Brahmana, Vajasaneyi Samhita and the Taittiriya Aranyaka. Among Puranic texts, the Sukta has been elaborated in the Bhagavata Purana (2.5.35 to 2.6.1-29) and in the Mahabharata (Mokshadharma Parva 351 and 352).


title: Purusha Sukta

text: The Purusha Sukta is mirrored directly in the ancient Zoroastrian texts, found in the Avesta Yasna and the Pahlavi Denkard. There, it is said that the body of man is in the likeness of the four estates, with priesthood at the head, warriorship in the hands, husbandry in the belly, and artisanship at the foot.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: Many 19th and early 20th century scholars questioned as to when parts or all of Purusha Sukta were composed, and whether some of these verses were present in the ancient version of Rigveda. They suggest it was interpolated in post-Vedic era and is a relatively modern origin of Purusha Sukta.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: Scholarship on this and other Vedic topics has moved on decisively since the end of the twentieth century, especially since the major publications of Brereton & Jamison and many others, and views such as the above are nowadays of interest only as part of the history of indology, and not as contributions to contemporary scholarship.


title: Purusha Sukta

text: The verses about social estates in the Purusha Sukta are considered to belong to the latest layer of the Rigveda by scholars such as V. Nagarajan, Jamison and Brereton. V. Nagarajan believes that it was an "interpolation" to give "divine sanction" to an unequal division in society that was in existence at the time of its composition. He states "The Vedic Hymns had been composed before the Varna scheme was implemented. The Vedic society was not organized on the basis of varnas. The Purusha Sukta might have been a later interpolation to secure Vedic sanction for that scheme". Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, a professor of Sanskrit and Religious studies, state, "there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality".


title: Declaration of independence

text: A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood or proclamation of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the of another state or failed state, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence", though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects the ecosystem because temperatures fall as elevation increases, causing the ecosystem to stratify. This stratification is a crucial factor in shaping plant community, biodiversity, metabolic processes and ecosystem dynamics for montane ecosystems. Dense montane forests are common at moderate elevations, due to moderate temperatures and high rainfall. At higher elevations, the climate is harsher, with lower temperatures and higher winds, preventing the growth of trees and causing the plant community to transition to montane grasslands, shrublands or alpine tundra. Due to the unique climate conditions of montane ecosystems, they contain increased numbers of endemic species. Montane ecosystems also exhibit variation in ecosystem services, which include carbon storage and water supply.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: As elevation increases, the climate becomes cooler, due to a decrease in atmospheric pressure and the adiabatic cooling of airmasses. The change in climate by moving up 100 meters on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometers (45 miles or 0.75° of latitude) towards the nearest pole. The characteristic flora and fauna in the mountains tend to strongly depend on elevation, because of the change in climate. This dependency causes life zones to form: bands of similar ecosystems at similar altitude.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: One of the typical life zones on mountains is the montane forest: at moderate elevations, the rainfall and temperate climate encourages dense forests to grow. Holdridge defines the climate of montane forest as having a biotemperature of between , where biotemperature is the mean temperature considering temperatures below to be . Above the elevation of the montane forest, the trees thin out in the subalpine zone, become twisted krummholz, and eventually fail to grow. Therefore, montane forests often contain trees with twisted trunks. This phenomenon is observed due to the increase in the wind strength with the elevation. The elevation where trees fail to grow is called the tree line. The biotemperature of the subalpine zone is between .


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Above the tree line the ecosystem is called the alpine zone or alpine tundra, dominated by grasses and low-growing shrubs. The biotemperature of the alpine zone is between . Many different plant species live in the alpine environment, including perennial grasses, sedges, forbs, cushion plants, mosses, and lichens. Alpine plants must adapt to the harsh conditions of the alpine environment, which include low temperatures, dryness, ultraviolet radiation, and a short growing season. Alpine plants display adaptations such as rosette structures, waxy surfaces, and hairy leaves. Because of the common characteristics of these zones, the World Wildlife Fund groups a set of related ecoregions into the "montane grassland and shrubland" biome. A region in the Hengduan Mountains adjoining Asia's Tibetan Plateau have been identified as the world's oldest continuous alpine ecosystem with a community of 3000 plant species, some of them continuously co-existing for 30 million years.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Montane forests occur between the submontane zone and the subalpine zone. The elevation at which one habitat changes to another varies across the globe, particularly by latitude. The upper limit of montane forests, the tree line, is often marked by a change to hardier species that occur in less dense stands. For example, in the Sierra Nevada of California, the montane forest has dense stands of lodgepole pine and red fir, while the Sierra Nevada subalpine zone contains sparse stands of whitebark pine.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: The lower bound of the montane zone may be a "lower timberline" that separates the montane forest from drier steppe or desert region.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Montane forests differ from lowland forests in the same area. The climate of montane forests is colder than lowland climate at the same latitude, so the montane forests often have species typical of higher-latitude lowland forests. Humans can disturb montane forests through forestry and agriculture. On isolated mountains, montane forests surrounded by treeless dry regions are typical "sky island" ecosystems.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Montane forests in temperate climate are typically one of temperate coniferous forest or temperate broadleaf and mixed forest, forest types that are well known from Europe and northeastern North America. The trees are, however, often not identical to those found further north: geology and climate causes different related species to occur in montane forests.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Montane forests outside Europe tend to be more species-rich, because the major mountain chains of Europe are oriented east–west.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Montane forests in temperate climate occur in Europe (the Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus and more), in North America (Cascade Range, Klamath-Siskiyou, Appalachians and more), south-western South America, New Zealand and the Himalayas.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Climate change is predicted to affect temperate montane forests. For example, in the Pacific Northwest of North America, climate change may cause "potential reduced snowpack, higher levels of evapotranspiration, increased summer drought" which will negatively affect montane wetlands.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Montane forests in Mediterranean climate are warm and dry except in winter, when they are relatively wet and mild. Montane forests located in Mediterranean climates exhibit towering trees alongside high biomass. These forests are typically mixed conifer and broadleaf forests, with only a few conifer species. Pine and juniper are typical trees found in Mediterranean montane forests. The broadleaf trees show more variety and are often evergreen, e.g. evergreen oak.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: This type of forest is found in the Mediterranean Basin, North Africa, Mexico and the southwestern US, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: In the tropics, montane forests can consist of broadleaf forest in addition to coniferous forest. One example of a tropical montane forest is a cloud forest, which gains its moisture from clouds and fog. Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and vegetation, in which case they are also referred to as mossy forests. Mossy forests usually develop on the saddles of mountains, where moisture introduced by settling clouds is more effectively retained. Depending on latitude, the lower limit of montane rainforests on large mountains is generally between while the upper limit is usually from .


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Tropical montane forests might exhibit high sensitivity to climate change. Climate change may cause variation in temperature, precipitation and humidity, which will cause stress on tropical montane forests. The predicted upcoming impacts of climate change might significantly affect biodiversity loss and might result in change of species range and community dynamics. Global climate models predict reduced cloudiness in the future. Reduction in cloudiness may already be affecting the Monteverde cloud forest in Costa Rica.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: The subalpine zone is the biotic zone immediately below the tree line around the world. In tropical regions of Southeast Asia the tree line may be above , whereas in Scotland it may be as low as . Species that occur in this zone depend on the location of the zone on the Earth, for example, Pinus mugo (scrub mountain pine) in Europe, snow gum in Australia, or subalpine larch, mountain hemlock and subalpine fir in western North America.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Trees in the subalpine zone often become krummholz, that is, crooked wood, stunted and twisted in form. At tree line, tree seedlings may germinate on the lee side of rocks and grow only as high as the rock provides wind protection. Further growth is more horizontal than vertical, and additional rooting may occur where branches contact the soil. Snow cover may protect krummholz trees during the winter, but branches higher than wind-shelters or snow cover are usually destroyed. Well-established krummholz trees may be several hundred to a thousand years old.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Meadows may be found in the subalpine zone. Tuolumne Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California, is an example of a subalpine meadow.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Example subalpine zones around the world include the French Prealps in Europe, the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountain subalpine zones in North America, and subalpine forests in the eastern Himalaya, western Himalaya, and Hengduan mountains of Asia.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Alpine grasslands and tundra lie above the tree line, in a world of intense radiation, wind, cold, snow, and ice. As a consequence, alpine vegetation is close to the ground and consists mainly of perennial grasses, sedges, and forbs. Annual plants are rare in this ecosystem and usually are only a few inches tall, with weak root systems. Other common plant life-forms include prostrate shrubs; tussock-forming graminoids; and cryptogams, such as bryophytes and lichens.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Plants have adapted to the harsh alpine environment. Cushion plants, looking like ground-hugging clumps of moss, escape the strong winds blowing a few inches above them. Many flowering plants of the alpine tundra have dense hairs on stems and leaves to provide wind protection or red-colored pigments capable of converting the sun's light rays into heat. Some plants take two or more years to form flower buds, which survive the winter below the surface and then open and produce fruit with seeds in the few weeks of summer. Non-flowering lichens cling to rocks and soil. Their enclosed algal cells can photosynthesize at any temperature above , and the outer fungal layers can absorb more than their own weight in water.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: The adaptations for survival of drying winds and cold may make tundra vegetation seem very hardy, but in some respects the tundra is very fragile. Repeated footsteps often destroy tundra plants, leaving exposed soil to blow away, and recovery may take hundreds of years.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Alpine meadows form where sediments from the weathering of rocks has produced soils well-developed enough to support grasses and sedges. Alpine grasslands are common enough around the world to be categorized as a biome by the World Wildlife Fund. The biome, called "Montane grasslands and shrublands", often evolved as virtual islands, separated from other montane regions by warmer, lower elevation regions, and are frequently home to many distinctive and endemic plants which evolved in response to the cool, wet climate and abundant sunlight.


title: Montane ecosystems

text: The most extensive montane grasslands and shrublands occur in the Neotropical páramo of the Andes Mountains. This biome also occurs in the mountains of east and central Africa, Mount Kinabalu of Borneo, highest elevations of the Western Ghats in South India and the Central Highlands of New Guinea. A unique feature of many wet tropical montane regions is the presence of giant rosette plants from a variety of plant families, such as "Lobelia" (Afrotropic), "Puya" (Neotropic), "Cyathea" (New Guinea), and "Argyroxiphium" (Hawaii).


title: Montane ecosystems

text: Where conditions are drier, one finds montane grasslands, savannas, and woodlands, like the Ethiopian Highlands, and montane steppes, like the steppes of the Tibetan Plateau.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: Trilby is a novel by George du Maurier and one of the most popular novels of its time. Published serially in "Harper's Monthly" from January to August 1894, it was published in book form on 8 September 1895 and sold 200,000 copies in the United States alone. "Trilby" is set in the 1850s in an idyllic bohemian Paris. Though "Trilby" features the stories of two English artists and a Scottish artist, one of the most memorable characters is Svengali, a rogue, masterful musician and hypnotist.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: Trilby O'Ferrall, the novel's heroine, is a half-Irish girl working in Paris as an artist's model and laundress; all the men in the novel are in love with her. The relationship between Trilby and Svengali forms only a small, though crucial, portion of the novel, which is mainly an evocation of a "milieu".


title: Trilby (novel)

text: Lucy Sante wrote that the novel had a "decisive influence on the stereotypical notion of bohemia" and that it "affected the habits of American youth, particularly young women, who derived from it the courage to call themselves artists and 'bachelor girls,' to smoke cigarettes and drink Chianti."


title: Trilby (novel)

text: The novel has been adapted to the stage several times; one of these featured the lead actress wearing a distinctive short-brimmed hat with a sharp snap to the back of the brim. The hat became known as the trilby and went on to become a popular men's clothing item in the United Kingdom throughout various parts of the 20th century, before enjoying a revival as a unisex clothing item in the United States in the 2000s.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: Three English art students in Paris (Taffy, Laird, and William Bagot alias ‘Little Billee’) meet musicians Svengali and Gecko and the artist's model and laundress Trilby O’Ferrall.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: Trilby is cheerful, kindhearted, bohemian, and completely tone-deaf: "Svengali would test her ear, as he called it, and strike the C in the middle and then the F just above, and ask which was higher; and she would declare they were both exactly the same." To the bemusement of the other characters, Trilby is unable to sing "Ben Bolt" in tune. Yet despite being off-key, her singing voice nonetheless has an impressive quality.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: The Englishmen and Trilby become friends. Svengali tries to persuade Trilby to let him train her voice, but she finds him repulsive and even frightening. She and Little Billee fall in love, but his scandalized relatives get her to promise to leave him. She leaves Paris with her little brother, who later dies of scarlet fever. Trilby then falls under Svengali's influence. He hypnotises her and transforms her into a diva, La Svengali. Under his spell, Trilby becomes a talented singer, performing always in an amnesiac trance.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: Five years later, Little Billee is a famous painter. He, Laird and Taffy recognise Trilby as she performs at a concert. Trilby sings beautifully but does not appear to be in good health.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: Shortly before another performance, Gecko suddenly turns on Svengali and slashes him with a penknife. At the concert, Svengali is stricken by a heart attack and is unable to induce the trance. Trilby is unable to sing in tune and is subjected to "laughter, hoots, hisses, cat-calls, cock-crows." Not having been hypnotised, she is baffled and, though she can remember living and travelling with Svengali, cannot remember anything of her singing career. Suddenly an audience member yells:


title: Trilby (novel)

text: As she leaves the stage, Svengali dies. Trilby is stricken with a nervous affliction. Despite the efforts of her friends, she dies some weeks later—staring at a picture of Svengali. Little Billee is devastated and dies shortly afterwards.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: Some years later, Taffy meets Gecko again and learns how Svengali had hypnotised Trilby and damaged her health in the process. Gecko reveals that he had tried to kill Svengali because he could not bear to see Trilby hurt during their awful rehearsals.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: It was popularly believed that the hypnotic control Svengali has over Trilby was modelled after the relationship between the French harpist and composer Nicolas-Charles Bochsa and the English operatic soprano Anna Bishop. Anna Bishop had left her husband Henry Bishop (later Sir Henry), the composer of "Home! Sweet Home!", for Bochsa. Bishop was 23 years her senior and Bochsa was 20 years older than Anna. Bochsa became her manager as well as her lover. She sang in many opera houses on their extensive travels throughout Europe (particularly in Naples, Italy), North America and Sydney, where Bochsa died suddenly in 1856 and is buried. Sir Henry Bishop had died the previous year. Anna Bishop later remarried, continued travelling and singing professionally into her seventies, and died in New York City.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: The novel contained a thinly veiled portrait, in the character of the pompous and eccentric "idle apprentice" Joe Sibley, of painter James McNeill Whistler. Whistler threatened to sue for libel unless the character was removed and du Maurier apologised. The writing was revised and no public apology was made.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: The late nineteenth-century novelist George Gissing read the "notorious" novel in May 1896 with "scant satisfaction". "Trilby" inspired Gaston Leroux's novel "The Phantom of the Opera" (1910) in part. It was also known for introducing the phrase "in the altogether" (meaning "completely unclothed") and the term "Svengali" for a man with dominating powers over a (generally female) protégée, as well as indirectly inspiring the name of the trilby hat, originally worn on stage by the lead actress in the play based on the novel.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: "Trilby" has generated much obloquy for the depiction of its Jewish antagonist, Svengali. Most notably, George Orwell wrote that the novel is overtly antisemitic. Specifically, Orwell believed that du Maurier attributes all of Svengali's villainous and rapacious qualities to his Ashkenazic Jewishness. While du Maurier does introduce another Jew into the work who possesses more virtuous qualities, he is careful to note that this is due to his Sephardic Jewish ancestry. Furthermore, du Maurier seems to believe that possessing Jewish blood gives one an advantage. According to Orwell, this type of antisemitism was popular in du Maurier's time.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: The novel was adapted into a long-running play, "Trilby", starring Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree as Svengali, first presented in 1895 in London. In New York Wilton Lackaye originated the role of Svengali and Virginia Harned played the title role. The play was revived many times, including at the Apollo Theatre in the 1920s. The play was so popular that it was travestied, including as "A Model Trilby; or, A Day or Two After Du Maurier" by Charles H. E. Brookfield and William Yardley, with music by Meyer Lutz, at the Opera Comique, produced by the retired Nellie Farren.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: The Trilby story was parodied in "Mighty Mouse" cartoons in the 1940s that featured Pearl Pureheart and Oil Can Harry. Included was a performance of “Ben Bolt”.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: A fandom developed around the Trilby character, which was criticised in "Belsham's Essays". Trilby is referenced several times in William Gaddis' novel "JR", wherein Edward Bast the protagonist becomes a mirror of Little Billee, a prominent artist in Trilby.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: An inside look at "Trilby" and Henry James's friendship with du Maurier (Kiki) can be found in David Lodge's novel "Author, Author" (2004).


title: Trilby (novel)

text: Australian composer Thomas Bulch writing under the pen name "Charles Le Thierre" published a "Trilby" waltz dedication, featuring Trilby posing for an artist on the cover in the same year as Sydney productions of the stage play.


title: Trilby (novel)

text: The celebrated Polish World War II Special Operations Executive agent Krystyna Skarbek, a.k.a. Christine Granville, used Svengali as a metaphor when saying of her second husband, Jerzy Giżycki: "He was my Svengali for so many years that he would never believe that I could ever leave him for good."


title: Trilby (novel)

text: In 2011 and 2012, the British illusionist Derren Brown performed a stage show called "Svengali" in which he makes multiple reference to the character throughout the show.


title: The Steadfast Tin Soldier

text: "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" (Danish: "Den standhaftige tinsoldat") is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a tin soldier's love for a paper ballerina. The tale was first published in Copenhagen by C.A. Reitzel on 2 October 1838 in the first booklet of "Fairy Tales Told for Children. New Collection." The booklet consists of Andersen's "The Daisy" and "The Wild Swans". The tale was Andersen's first not based upon a folk tale or a literary model. "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" has been adapted to various media including ballet and animated film.


title: The Steadfast Tin Soldier

text: On his birthday, a boy receives a set of 25 toy soldiers all cast from one old tin spoon and arrays them on a table top. One soldier stands on a single leg because, as he was the last one cast, there was not enough metal to make him whole. Nearby, the soldier spies a pretty paper ballerina with a spangle on her sash. She, too, is standing on one leg, and the soldier falls in love. That night, a goblin among the toys in the form of a jack-in-the-box, who also loves the ballerina, angrily warns the soldier to take his eyes off her, but the soldier ignores him.


title: The Steadfast Tin Soldier

text: The next day, the soldier falls from a windowsill (presumably the work of the goblin) and lands in the street. Two boys find the soldier, place him in a paper boat, and set him sailing in the gutter. The boat and its passenger wash into a storm drain, where a rat demands the soldier pay a toll.


title: The Steadfast Tin Soldier

text: Sailing on, the boat is washed into a canal, where the tin soldier is swallowed by a fish. When this fish is caught and cut open, the tin soldier finds himself once again on the table top before the ballerina. Inexplicably, the boy throws the tin soldier into the fire, which is most likely the work of the jack-in-the-box goblin. A wind blows the ballerina into the fire with him; she is consumed by it. The maid cleans the fireplace in the morning and finds that the soldier has melted into a little tin heart, along with the ballerina's spangle, which is now burned as black as coal.


title: The Steadfast Tin Soldier

text: The tale was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C. A. Reitzel on 2 October 1838 in "Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection. First Booklet" Other tales in the booklet include "The Daisy" and "The Wild Swans". The tale was republished in collected editions of Andersen's work, first, on 18 December 1849 in "Fairy Tales" and again on 15 December 1862 in the first volume of "Fairy Tales and Stories".