title: PPG Paints Arena

text: The Penguins have contacted the Pittsburgh Technology Council, which includes 1,400 businesses, in order to find new technologies to implement into the arena's design. On demand replays from touch-screens will be available in luxury suites, while "Yinz Cam"—a system developed by Carnegie Mellon University students—will allow any fans to view instant replays from multiple angles on their cell phones. The arena's capacity will be 18,087 for hockey, in honor of Sidney Crosby's number "87", and 19,000 for basketball games. The venue will hold 14,536 to 19,758 for concerts, depending on the layout. The venue will also include 1,950 club seats and 66 suites, in honor of Mario Lemieux's number "66". Ticket prices will range from $115,000 to $150,000 per season for luxury boxes to individual game tickets at $22. Ken Sawyer, Penguins' chief executive officer, asked that the interior be modeled after that of the venue then known as Jobing.com Arena in Glendale, Arizona. "I was just taken aback by their seats," said Sawyer, "Even when I was up in a high level, I had a great view." NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman called the building "very well designed." Bettman liked the size of the concourses and the view offered of Pittsburgh's skyline.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: Mario Lemieux along with officials from the state and local governments ceremonially broke ground on a new hockey arena on August 14, 2008. Shovels, with shafts made from team captain Sidney Crosby's used hockey sticks, were used for the ground-breaking ceremony. Erection of structural steel took place from January 2009 to August 2009. While the arena was under construction, the Penguins won the Stanley Cup, and brought the Cup to the arena's construction site on July 9, 2009, during the offseason.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: The arena was originally named for Consol Energy, the largest producer of bituminous coal in the United States, which signed a 21-year agreement with the Penguins in December 2008. Secondary sponsors of the arena are PNC Wealth Management, UPMC, Verizon, American Eagle Outfitters, and Dick's Sporting Goods, the last three being existing sponsors carrying over from the Civic Arena. On October 4, 2016, PPG Industries purchased the naming rights from Consol as a result of Consol wanting to get out of the naming rights deal due to the company struggling financially as a result of low energy prices. Consol, which is also planning on letting its naming rights deal for Consol Energy Park expire, will remain a corporate sponsor with the Penguins in a lesser role.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: PPG Paints Arena is one of the only major sports venues whose soft drink contract is not with The Coca-Cola Company or PepsiCo. (Coca-Cola previously held the contract with Civic Arena.) Instead, Dr Pepper Snapple Group holds a contract, and serves its own products such as RC Cola, Diet Rite, Cherikee Red, and Sunkist Orange Soda, in addition to its more popular brands such as Dr Pepper, 7 Up, and A&W Root Beer that are typically sold alongside Coca-Cola or Pepsi products in other venues. At the time of the arena's opening, Heinz Field sold Coca-Cola products and PNC Park sold Pepsi products, making Pittsburgh's three major sporting venues initially each selling different soft drinks. In 2012, Heinz Field joined PNC Park in pouring Pepsi products, breaking a 50-year commitment with Coca-Cola, while PNC Park switched to Coca-Cola products for 2014. The final years of the Civic Arena were without a pouring rights contract due to its impending demolition. In this time, Coca-Cola retained pouring rights in fountains (seemingly due to the cost of a large scale changeover) and Dr Pepper/7 Up products were exclusively sold in bottles. This is one of the few times that a venue this large has sold products from competing soft drink companies.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: As with most other NHL arenas, the Penguins make use of a goal horn whenever the team scores a goal at home. It is also played just before the beginning of a home game, and after the Penguins win. Their current goal horn, made by Nathan Manufacturing, Inc. and introduced in 2005 to coincide with the arrival of Sidney Crosby to the team, was brought over from the Civic Arena to the PPG Paints Arena after the Penguins closed the Civic Arena.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: Team owner Mario Lemieux and captain Sidney Crosby officially opened the new ice on July 27, 2010, the same day as the official press conference to announce the 2011 NHL Winter Classic at Heinz Field. The two skated for about five minutes before being joined on the ice by a group of young hockey fans all wearing Lemieux's #66 or Crosby's #87 jerseys.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: The Penguins opened the arena with a pre-season game on September 22, 2010, with a 5–1 win over the rival Detroit Red Wings. Penguins forward Mike Comrie scored the first goal in the new arena, 81 seconds into the game. The team also added a third home pre-season game to the schedule. Team President David Morehouse said, "Our feeling is that more fans will want the chance to see and experience Consol Energy Center, so we thought it made sense to add the third preseason home game."


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: The Penguins officially opened the building on October 7, 2010, against their cross-state rivals Philadelphia Flyers, with the Penguins falling 3–2. The first goal was scored by the Flyers forward Daniel Brière at 2:51 in the 2nd period, a power play goal. The first Penguin goal was scored by forward Tyler Kennedy 44 seconds into the third period. The stars of the game were awarded to Kennedy, Claude Giroux and Flyers rookie goaltender Sergei Bobrovsky, who made 29 of 31 saves in his NHL debut. The Penguins earned their first win at the arena on October 15, 2010, against the New York Islanders, prevailing on an overtime power-play goal by defenseman Alex Goligoski. It was also the first overtime game at the new arena. Goaltender Brent Johnson earned the win for the Penguins, making 22 saves.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: The first playoff game in PPG Paints Arena was against the Tampa Bay Lightning on April 13, 2011. The first playoff goal in the building was scored by Alexei Kovalev. The Penguins would go on to win the first playoff game by a score of 3–0. Marc-André Fleury had a 32-save shutout. The Penguins would go on to lose in seven games.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: During the 2011 off-season, 300 seats were added, increasing the hockey seating capacity from 18,087 to 18,387.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: PPG Paints Arena hosted its first Stanley Cup Finals in 2016, which saw the Penguins defeat the San Jose Sharks in six games to clinch its fourth Cup. Although the Penguins clinched the Cup at the SAP Center (home of the Sharks), PPG Paints did host a watch party for what turned out to be the series-clinching game, charging $10 for admission with all proceeds going to the Pittsburgh Penguins Foundation. Concessions and the team store were open, and the arena's goal horn played after every Penguins goal just like at a regular home game. The arena hosted a similar watch party the following year for game six while the Penguins played the Nashville Predators at Bridgestone Arena, which like the year before turned out to be the series-clinching game for the Penguins' fifth Cup.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: On July 13, 2010, the arena was selected to host the 2013 NCAA Frozen Four, scheduled for April 11 and 13, 2013. The Penguins along with Robert Morris University hosted the first NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey championship held in the state of Pennsylvania; the event also marked the first time that an NCAA championship game in a major team sport had been held in the city of Pittsburgh. "We are absolutely thrilled to have been chosen to host the 2013 Frozen Four at the (Consol Energy Center)," RMU head men's ice hockey coach Derek Schooley said. "The Frozen Four will be a major showcase for the city of Pittsburgh as well as our emerging hockey program. This is one of the NCAA's premier events, and Robert Morris and the city of Pittsburgh will be an excellent host."


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: In December 2012, the arena began hosting the Three Rivers Classic, a two-day Division I college ice hockey tournament. The inaugural tournament took place on December 28–29, 2012 and featured teams from Penn State, Robert Morris, Ohio State and Miami (Ohio). Robert Morris won the first Classic title in a 1–0 win over Miami. The 2013 Classic featured Robert Morris and Penn State as the permanent fixtures, and also featured Boston College and Bowling Green University, with Boston College winning 8–2 over Penn State in the championship game. Meanwhile, teams such as Michigan and Minnesota are seen as potential participants for upcoming Classics.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: The first collegiate event at PPG Paints Arena was the fifth-annual College Hockey Showcase on October 17, 2010, hosted by Robert Morris. In the event's first game the Lady Colonials were defeated 4–3 by the Northeastern Huskies. The Colonials ACHA club team beat Pitt 6–4. In the arena's first NCAA men's game, the Colonials men's team defeated Air Force, 3–2.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: In conjunction with the 2011 NHL Winter Classic, held on January 2 at nearby Heinz Field, a collegiate game and an American Hockey League (AHL) game were contested at PPG Paints Arena on December 30, 2010. The first game matched the RIT Tigers men's ice hockey team against the Robert Morris Colonials; RIT won 4–3. The second game matched the top-level affiliates of the two Winter Classic teams (the Penguins and the Washington Capitals), the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins and the Hershey Bears; the Bears won 1–0.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: Both the University of Pittsburgh and Duquesne University have dedicated locker rooms in the arena for use by the schools' basketball teams. Both schools made their first appearance on December 1, 2010, in the City Game, the first ever basketball game hosted in the venue. A neutral venue, Pitt was designated as the home team for the game, which the Panthers won 80–66. The first points at the arena were made by Duquesne freshman guard T. J. McConnell, with a basket at 27 seconds into the game.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: The arena hosted the 2010 SEC/Big East Invitational, featuring Auburn playing Rutgers and Pittsburgh taking on Tennessee in Pitt's second appearance at PPG Paints. The games were televised nationally on ESPN2 and ESPN respectively.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: Duquesne hosted three home games in the 2010–11 season: on December 12 against West Virginia, against Dayton on January 30, 2011, and against Xavier on February 13, 2011. During the 2012–2013 NHL lockout, Duquesne again hosted three home games – December 12 vs. West Virginia, January 19 vs. VCU, and February 9 vs. Xavier. For the 2013–14 basketball season, Duquesne hosted Penn State on December 11 and Dayton on February 22.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: Duquesne hosted second and third-round games of the 2012 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament at the arena and hosted the second and third-round games again in 2015. Duquesne had hosted three prior times at Civic Arena: 1997, 2001 (women's) and 2002. In 2022 Duquesne hosted the Round of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: During his tenure as Commissioner of the NBA, David Stern mentioned the arena as a possible home for an NBA franchise should one move to Pittsburgh.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: For their 2017–18 season and part of the 2018–19 season, the arena served as the home of the Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball team for several games while the new UPMC Events Center was constructed on campus.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: Shortly after PPG Paints was built, the Arena Football League considered starting an expansion team in the arena, but the league folded in August 2009. However, after a two-year hiatus, the AFL returned and eyed an expansion team in Pittsburgh. On August 19, 2010, news sources reported that PPG Paints Arena would be home to the Pittsburgh Power, which began play in the spring of 2011. The team's ownership group includes former Pittsburgh Steelers and Pro Football Hall of Fame member Lynn Swann. Pittsburgh was the 5th city added for the 2011 AFL season, joining the San Jose SaberCats, Kansas City Command, New Orleans VooDoo and Philadelphia Soul – who were all previous members of the Arena Football League. In nine home games, the Power averaged 9,197 fans per game, a figure that included an audience of 13,904 that showed up for the season opener against the Philadelphia Soul. Overall, the Power ranked sixth among the 18 Arena Football League teams in average attendance through 17 games that season, and its average attendance was about 1,000 people more than the AFL average.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: PPG Paints Arena is served by exits at Mile 1 of Interstate 579 and exits 70A and 72B of Interstate 376; it is also within 1 mile of Interstate 279. Three blocks to the west of the center is the Steel Plaza transit station of the Pittsburgh subway system.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: The arena opened on August 18, 2010, with a performance by Paul McCartney. The demand for the first show was so great that tickets sold out within five minutes of going on sale. This prompted the addition of a second show, a day later on August 19. Originally, Pittsburgh's own Christina Aguilera was planning to open the arena on August 3, 2010. Due to conflicts with construction, Aguilera canceled her show.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: Other performers during the arena's first month included Lady Gaga, Roger Waters and Rush. George Strait, Reba McEntire, and Lee Ann Womack performed at the arena on October 14, 2010. Justin Bieber performed on both his My World Tour on December 13, 2010, and on his Believe Tour on November 20, 2012, both to sell-out crowds. Cher performed at the venue during her Dressed To Kill Tour on April 2, 2014. Katy Perry brought her The Prismatic World Tour to the arena on July 22, 2014. On February 17, 2016, Carrie Underwood brought her to a sold-out crowd with her critically acclaimed 360 degree stage stretching the whole arena floor. Céline Dion performed at the arena for the first time on September 24, 2021, as part of her Courage World Tour.


title: PPG Paints Arena

text: "Justified", an FX television drama that debuted in March 2010, used the center's final construction phase as a filming location to depict the "new Federal Courthouse" on the show.


title: Rani Durgavati

text: Rani Durgavati (5 October 1524 – 24 June 1564) was the ruling Queen of Gondwana from 1550 until 1564. She was born in the family of Chandel Rajput king Salibahan at the fort of Mahoba. She was married to Dalpat Shah the son of the king Sangram Shah of the Garha Kingdom.


title: Rani Durgavati

text: In 1542, she was married to Dalpat Shah, the son of the king Sangram Shah of the Garha Kingdom. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a Kachhwaha Rajput adopted by the Raja of Garha Mandla. The Chandel of mahoba and Rajgonds of Garha Kingdom dynasty (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.


title: Rani Durgavati

text: Dalpat Shah died in 1550 and due to the young age of Vir Narayan, Durgavati took the reins of the Gondwana kingdom. Diwan Beohar Adhar Simha and Minister Man Thakur helped the Rani in looking after the administration successfully and effectively. Rani Durgavati promoted peace, trade, and good will throughout her realm


title: Rani Durgavati

text: After the death of Sher Shah Suri, Shuja Khan captured Malwa and was succeeded by his son Baz Bahadur in 1556. After ascending to the throne, Baz attacked Rani Durgavati but the attack was repulsed


title: Rani Durgavati

text: In 1562, Akbar vanquished the Malwa ruler Baz Bahadur and conquered Malwa, made it a Mughal dominion. Consequently, the state boundary of the Rani touched the Mughal Empire.


title: Rani Durgavati

text: Rani's contemporary was a Mughal General, Khwaja Abdul Majid Asaf Khan, an ambitious man who vanquished Ramchandra, the ruler of Rewa. The prosperity of Rani Durgavati's state lured him and he invaded Rani's state after taking permission from Mughal emperor Akbar.


title: Rani Durgavati

text: When Rani heard about the attack by Asaf Khan she decided to defend her kingdom with all her might although her Diwan Beohar Adhar Simha (Adhar Kayastha) pointed out the strength of Mughal forces. Rani maintained that it was better to die respectfully than to live a disgraceful life.


title: Rani Durgavati

text: To fight a defensive battle, she went to Narrai, situated between a hilly range on one side and two rivers Gaur and Narmada on the other side. It was an unequal battle with trained soldiers and modern weapons in multitude on the Mughal side and a few untrained soldiers with old weapons on the side of Rani Durgavati. Her Faujdar Arjun Das was killed in the battle. Rani then decided to lead the defense herself. As the enemy entered the valley, the soldiers of the Rani attacked them. Both sides lost some men but Rani lost more.


title: Rani Durgavati

text: Rani's domains were very federal and feudal, much more decentralised than a usual non-tribal kingdom. There were fortress districts, which were administrative units, were controlled either directly by the queen or through subordinate feudal lords (jagirdars) and junior rajas. Around half of the villages were in the hands of feudal lords. These local rajas recruited and contributed much of the soldiers, and also contributed arms to the sovereign Rani during the times of war. The recruitment standards, training and equipment of these soldiers were not uniform, and were often substandard. Also, the feudal lords held much sway over sections of the army during a war. This decentralized structure created disadvantages during the war against mighty Mughals.


title: Rani Durgavati

text: At this stage, Rani reviewed her strategy with her counselors. She wanted to continue the attacks on the Mughals in the night, but her chiefs discouraged her and insisted that she took on the army in open combat in nightlight. But by the next morning, Asaf khan summoned big guns. Rani rode on her elephant Sarman and came for the battle. Her son Vir Narayan also took part in this battle. He forced the Mughal army to move back three times but at last, he got wounded and had to retire to a safe place. In the course of the battle, Rani also got injured badly near her ear with an arrow. Another arrow pierced her neck and she lost consciousness. On regaining consciousness she perceived that defeat was imminent. Her mahout advised her to leave the battlefield but she refused and took out her dagger and killed herself on 24 June 1564. Her martyrdom day (24 June 1564) is even today commemorated as "Balidan Diwas"


title: Rani Durgavati

text: In 1983, the Government of Madhya Pradesh renamed the University of Jabalpur as Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya in her memory.


title: Rani Durgavati

text: The train between Jabalpur Junction and Jammutawi is known as Durgavati Express (11449/11450) after the name of the Queen.


title: Rani Durgavati

text: Indian Coast Guard on 14 July 2018 commissioned "ICGS Rani Durgavati", the third Inshore Patrol Vessel (IPV) of its kind.


title: Rest (music)

text: Each rest symbol and name corresponds with a particular note value for length, indicating how long the silence should last.


title: Rest (music)

text: Rests are intervals of silence in pieces of music, marked by symbols indicating the length of the pause. Each rest symbol and name corresponds with a particular note value, indicating how long the silence should last, generally as a multiplier of a measure or whole note.


title: Rest (music)

text: When an entire bar is devoid of notes, a whole (semibreve) rest is used, regardless of the actual time signature. Historically an exception was for a time signature (four half notes per bar), when a double whole (breve) rest was typically used for a bar's rest, and for time signatures shorter than , when a rest of the actual measure length would be used. Some published (usually earlier) music places the numeral "" above the rest to confirm the extent of the rest.


title: Rest (music)

text: Occasionally in manuscript autographs and facsimiles, bars without notes are sometimes left completely empty, possibly even without the staves.


title: Rest (music)

text: In instrumental parts, rests of more than one bar in the same meter and key may be indicated with a multimeasure rest (British English: multiple bar rest), showing the number of bars of rest, as shown. Multimeasure rests of are usually drawn in one of two ways:


title: Rest (music)

text: The number of whole-rest lengths for which the multimeasure rest lasts is indicated by a number printed above the musical staff (usually at the same size as the numerals in a time signature). If a meter or key change occurs during a multimeasure rest, the rest must be broken up as required for clarity, with the change of key and/or meter indicated between the rests. This also applies in the case of double barlines, which demarcate musical phrases or sections, and also if a rehearsal letter occurs during the rest..


title: Rest (music)

text: A rest may also have a dot after it, increasing its duration by half, but this is less commonly used than with notes, except occasionally in modern music notated in compound meters such as or . In these meters the long-standing convention has been to indicate one beat of rest as a quarter rest followed by an eighth rest (equivalent to three eighths). See: Anacrusis.


title: Rest (music)

text: In a score for an ensemble piece, "G.P." ("general pause") indicates silence for one bar or more for the entire ensemble. The marking of general pauses is relevant, as making noise should be avoided there—for instance, page turns in sheet music are avoided during general pauses, as the sound of players turning the page would be audible by the audience.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: Brian Nielsen (born 1 April 1965) is a Danish former professional boxer. He held the IBO heavyweight title from 1996 to 1999 successfully defending it five times, including against Larry Holmes and Phil Jackson, the second highest number of defenses behind Wladimir Klitschko's record of 18. At one point of time, he equaled Rocky Marciano's record of 49 successive wins with no losses. While he never held a world title from any of the main four sanctioning bodies (WBC, IBF, WBA, WBO), he did defeat several former world champions who had, including Orlin Norris, Carlos De León, Jeff Lampkin, and Tony Tubbs.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: As an amateur, Nielsen won bronze medals in the super heavyweight division at the 1991 European Championships and the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: Brian Nielsen was sent to Svendborg, where Johnny Antonsen had arranged a match against the local hero Carsten Dahl. Nielsen easily beat Dahl, winning the bout by knockout in the second round. Dahl later got the opportunity for revenge, but again Nielsen won by knockout.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: He was both Zealand champion and Danish champion for five consecutive years (1988-1992), and also won numerous international tournaments. His career as an amateur ended after the Olympics in Barcelona in 1992 where he won the bronze. In the semifinals he lost to the powerful Cuban Roberto Balado. Balado won 15 to 1.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: In total, Nielsen boxed 111 fights as an amateur and won 104. He only took a count once in amateur career, and only once was he stopped before time - during the 1989 European Championship bout, where he suffered a cut near one of his eyes. His opponent at this match was the Greek boxer George Tsachakis who attended the final.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: After his win over 41-year-old ex-World Boxing Association champion James 'Bonecrusher' Smith in October 1994, Nielsen began to attract attention. He went on to hold the minor IBO belt during an unbeaten streak equaling that of legend Rocky Marciano. He later held the minor IBC belt.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: On 13 October 2001, Nielsen fought Mike Tyson at the Parken Stadium in Copenhagen. After six rounds heavily in Tyson's favour, Nielsen quit on his stool citing an eye injury. Nielsen was knocked down once in the third round.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: On February 8, 2010, Brian Nielsen told reporters that he was prepared to return to the ring, after 8 years of absence, and that a proposed fight against Evander Holyfield had been met with interest by both sides. Though originally thought unrealistic by former promoter Mogens Palle, due to Nielsen's bad knee, Nielsen's comeback was confirmed by Nielsen's promoter Sauerland Event on June 1, 2010.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: Nielsen met Holyfield on May 7, 2011 in a World Boxing Federation (WBF) title bout, in Copenhagen. Holyfield won the fight, knocking Nielsen down in the 3rd with a left hook and stopping him by TKO in the 10th.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: At a press conference prior to the Mike Tyson fight, Nielsen called Tyson an "abekat" which was translated as "monkey". The Tyson camp took great offense at this supposed racial slur, and Tyson himself declared, "This will make me punish him even more than I had planned." The controversy over the remark calmed down when the expression was clarified to the media by Danish linguists as having no racial connotations and simply meaning "brat" in Danish.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: Controversy arose in early 2004, when journeyman heavyweight Thomas Williams stated that he had been bribed to throw his fight against Nielsen in March, 2000. Along with promoter Robert Mitchell, Williams was indicted by the United States District Court for the District of Nevada for match fixing in order to promote the career of Richie Melito, and it was during the FBI's investigation of that case that Williams admitted to intentionally losing to Nielsen. The fix was arranged by promoter Robert Mittleman, a frequent associate of Nielsen's promoter Mogens Palle, who later confessed that he had been paid $1,000, while Williams had received "up to $40,000" from Palle in order to lose the fight. Williams, Mitchell and Mittleman were all found guilty of sports bribery by the court in November and December, 2004.


title: Brian Nielsen (boxer)

text: The Nielsen vs. Williams fight was the 57th of Nielsen's career. Nielsen and Mogens Palle denied any knowledge of the match fixing, and were not charged of any wrongdoing by American or Danish authorities.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: Jeanne Hébuterne (; 6 April 1898 – 26 January 1920) was a French painter and art model best known as the frequent subject and common-law wife of the artist Amedeo Modigliani. She took her own life the day after Modigliani died, and is now buried beside him.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: Jeanne Hébuterne was born in Meaux, Seine-et-Marne, the second child to Achille Casimir Hébuterne (born 1857), who worked at Le Bon Marché, a department store, and Eudoxie Anaïs Tellier Hébuterne (born 1860). The family was Roman Catholic.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: A beautiful girl, she was introduced to the artistic community in Montparnasse by her brother André Hébuterne, who wanted to become a painter. She met several of the then-starving artists and modeled for Tsuguharu Foujita.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: Wanting to pursue a career in the arts, and with a talent for drawing, she chose to study at the Académie Colarossi, where in the spring of 1917 Hébuterne was introduced to Amedeo Modigliani by the sculptress Chana Orloff, who came with many other artists to take advantage of the Academy's live models.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: Jeanne began an affair with the charismatic artist, and the two fell deeply in love. She soon moved in with him, despite strong objection from her parents.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: Described by the writer (1883–1954) as gentle, shy, quiet, and delicate, Jeanne Hébuterne became a principal subject for Modigliani's art.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: In the spring of 1918, the couple moved to the warmer climate of Nice on the French Riviera where Modigliani's agent hoped he might raise his profile by selling some of his works to the wealthy art connoisseurs who wintered there. While they were in Nice, their daughter, Jeanne Modigliani, was born on 29 November.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: The following spring, they returned to Paris and Jeanne became pregnant again. By this time, Modigliani was suffering from tuberculous meningitis and his health, made worse by complications brought on by substance abuse, was deteriorating badly.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: On 24 January 1920 Modigliani died. Hébuterne's family brought her to their home, but she threw herself out of the fifth-floor apartment window the day after Modigliani's death, killing herself and her unborn child.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: Her family, who blamed her demise on Modigliani, interred her in the Cimetière de Bagneux. Nearly ten years later, at the request of Modigliani's brother, Emanuele, the Hébuterne family agreed to have her remains transferred to Père Lachaise Cemetery to rest beside Modigliani.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: Their orphaned daughter, Jeanne Modigliani (1918–1984), was adopted by her father's sister in Florence, Italy. She grew up knowing virtually nothing of her parents and as an adult began researching their lives. In 1958, she wrote a biography of her father that was published in the English language in the United States as "Modigliani: Man and Myth".


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: It took more than thirty years before an art scholar persuaded the Hébuterne heirs to allow public access to Jeanne Hébuterne's artwork. In October 2000, her works were featured at a major Modigliani exhibition in Venice, Italy by the Fondazione Giorgio Cini.


title: Jeanne Hébuterne

text: It was revealed in January 2010 that the works presented at the exhibition were forged. Christian Parisot, the curator of the exhibition, had been accused by Hébuterne's grandnephew of faking 77 drawings. He was sentenced to a two-year suspended sentence and a 50,000€ ($70,000) fine by a French court of appeals.


title: Charlie Higson

text: Charles Murray Higson (born 3 July 1958) is an English actor, comedian, author and former singer. He has also written and produced for television and is the author of the "Enemy" book series, as well as the first five novels in the "Young Bond" series.


title: Charlie Higson

text: Born in Frome, Somerset, Higson was educated at Sevenoaks School, Kent and at the University of East Anglia (UEA) in Norwich (where his brother taught from 1986 to 2008, latterly as Professor of Film Studies). At UEA, Higson met Paul Whitehouse, David Cummings and Terry Edwards. Higson, Cummings and Edwards formed the band The Higsons, of which Higson was the lead singer from 1980 to 1986. They released two singles on the Specials' 2 Tone Records label. This was after he had formed the punk band The Right Hand Lovers, wherein he performed as "Switch". Higson then started squatting in London and became a decorator, including decorating the house of Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie.


title: Charlie Higson

text: Higson started writing for Harry Enfield with Paul Whitehouse and performing comedy. He came to public attention as one of the main writers and performers of the BBC Two sketch show "The Fast Show" (1994–2000). He also worked with Whitehouse on the radio comedy "Down the Line". In 1994 Higson co-wrote (with Lise Mayer) the screenplay for the film thriller Suite 16.


title: Charlie Higson

text: He worked as producer, writer, director and occasional guest star on "Randall & Hopkirk" from 2000 to 2001. Subsequent television work has included writing and starring in BBC Three's "Fast Show" spin-off sitcom "Swiss Toni". He has starred in "Tittybangbang" on BBC Three and first appeared as a panellist on "QI" in 2007. In 2010 he co-directed and starred in the series "Bellamy's People".


title: Charlie Higson

text: In 2013 Higson adapted Agatha Christie's "A Caribbean Mystery" for ITV's "Agatha Christie's Marple" series. In an addition to the plot, Miss Marple attends a talk given by the ornithologist James Bond (played by Higson himself): there she meets Ian Fleming, who is inspired to borrow the speaker's name for the protagonist of his new novel, "Casino Royale". In 2015 Higson reimagined the novel "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson for ITV Studios into a ten part adventure series, set in the 1930s titled "Jekyll and Hyde". In 2017, Higson appeared as Ian Winterman in series three of "Broadchurch" and as Ronnie Maguire in series three of "Grantchester".


title: Charlie Higson

text: 2020 saw Higson compete on "Richard Osman's House of Games". alongside Chizzy Akudolu, Kate Williams and Tom Allen.


title: Charlie Higson

text: Higson published many novels through the early to mid-1990s which take a slightly dystopian look at everyday life and have a considerably more adult tone than his other work, with characters on the margins of society finding themselves spiralling out of control. This has led "Time Out" to describe him as "The missing link between Dick Emery and Bret Easton Ellis".


title: Charlie Higson

text: Higson wrote a series of five "Young Bond" novels, aimed at younger readers and concentrating on the James Bond's school-days at Eton starting with "SilverFin", released in 2005, and ending with "By Royal Command" (2008). Higson had been at school with Jonathan Evans, former Director General of MI5.


title: Charlie Higson

text: Higson wrote a post-apocalyptic, zombie-horror series of books for young adults. The eponymous first book in the series, titled "The Enemy", was released in 2009.


title: Charlie Higson

text: At a school event at Abingdon School on 14 September 2011, Charlie told children: "Originally it was going to be three books and then my publisher, Puffin, said make it five, and now we're up to it being seven." The seventh novel, "The End", was published in 2015.


title: Charlie Higson

text: In 2018 Higson wrote a "Fighting Fantasy" gamebook titled The Gates of Death, which was published by Scholastic books as part of their campaign to relaunch the "Fighting Fantasy" franchise. He is a long term "FF" enthusiast, having attended Fighting Fantasy Fest 2 in London the previous year and also made a cameo appearance in the Ian Livingstone gamebook "Blood of the Zombies".


title: Chaozhou

text: Chaozhou (), alternatively Chiuchow, Chaochow or Teochew, is a city in the eastern Guangdong province of China. It borders Shantou to the south, Jieyang to the southwest, Meizhou to the northwest, the province of Fujian to the east, and the South China Sea to the southeast. It is administered as a prefecture-level city with a jurisdiction area of and a total population of 2,568,387. Its built-up (or metro) area encompassing most of Shantou and Jieyang cities was home to 12,543,024 inhabitants on 13 local administrative areas.


title: Chaozhou

text: In 214 BC, Chaozhou was an undeveloped part of Nanhai Commandery () of the Qin Dynasty. In 331 during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Haiyang () was established as a part of Dongguan Commandery ().


title: Chaozhou

text: The Dongguan Commandery was renamed Yi'an Commandery () in 413. The commandery became a prefecture in 590 during the early Sui Dynasty, first as Xun Prefecture (), then as Chao Prefecture () in the following year. In 1914, the Republic of China government combined the Chao and Xun prefectures into Chaoxun Prefecture or Chaoxun Circuit ().


title: Chaozhou

text: For a short while in the Sui and early Tang Dynasties, Haiyang District was called Yi'an District (). The name remained Haiyang until 1914, when it was renamed to Chao'an County () to avoid ambiguity with the Haiyang County, Shandong.


title: Chaozhou

text: The seat of the 1951 Guangdong People's Government was in Chao'an County. Part of the county was converted into Chao'an City in 1953, and was renamed Chaozhou City (county-level) later that year. In 1955, the provincial seat moved to Shantou;the city was abolished five years later, and was reestablished in 1979. In 1983, the situation was reversed, as Chao'an was merged into Chaozhou City. Chaozhou was made a provincially-administered city in January 1989, and a vice-prefecture-level city in January 1990. In December 1991, Chaozhou was further upgraded to its current statue of prefecture-level city.


title: Chaozhou

text: Chaozhou and the nearby cities of Shantou and Jieyang are collectively called Chaoshan. From 1958 until 1983, this name was used for the joint political-administrative area which encompassed the three cities. For the next five years, Shantou City was a higher-level city, containing Chaozhou and Jieyang within it. Currently, Chaozhou, Shantou and Jieyang are equal in status.


title: Chaozhou

text: In 2022, the city's 5-year plan has detailed the realization of a 43.3-gigawatt offshore windfarm located between 47 and 115 miles (75 and 185 km) off the city’s coast.


title: Chaozhou

text: Chaozhou is located in the easternmost part of the Guangdong Province, north of the coastal Shantou City. It is situated north of the delta of the Han River, which flows throughout the city.


title: Chaozhou

text: The Chaozhou territory is mountainous. In particular, the nearby Phoenix Mountain's peak is located above sea level. The main nearby rivers are the Huanggang River and the Han River. The Han River flows from west to southeast, and ramps through downtown Chaozhou; the Huanggang river flows roughly from north to south through the territory of Raoping, emptying into the sea. These two rivers provide abundant water for Chaozhou. Hills account for 65% of the total land area within the city, mainly in Raoping and Northern Chaoan. To the north of the city, there is a wide mountainous area suitable for tea cultivation; the lower-altitude areas nearby are mainly suitable for growing bamboo, peach, plum, olive, and pineapple. On the banks of the Han River, there is fertile land used for rice, sweet potato, peanut, soybean, carrot, orange, peach, and banana cultivation.


title: Chaozhou

text: The three peaks of Jinshan (), Mingshan (), and Dushan () are collectively known as the "Sanshan Guowang" () or Lords of the Three Mountains, and are venerated in temples, particularly by the Hakka people worldwide.


title: Chaozhou

text: Chaozhou's municipal executive, legislature and judiciary are situated in Xiangqiao District, together with its CPC and Public Security bureau.


title: Chaozhou

text: The Teochew dialect (), by which the Chaozhou culture is conveyed, is a dialect of Southern Min. It is one of the most conservative Chinese dialects because it preserves many contrasts from ancient Chinese (Classical Chinese) that have been lost in some of the other modern dialects of Chinese. (See the Teochew dialect transcription of the poem "Shi shi shi shi shi" to note how words which have become homophonic in other dialects stay distinct in Teochew.)


title: Chaozhou

text: The dialect is spoken by about 10 million people in Chaozhou and approximately 2–5 million people overseas. Thirty percent of Chinese residents of Vietnam speak this dialect. Teochew people are the largest ethnic Chinese group in Thailand and Cambodia, and the second largest ethnic Chinese group in Singapore, after the Hokkien. However, in Singapore, Mandarin is gradually supplanting the Teochew topolect as the mother tongue for this group, especially among younger generations.


title: Chaozhou

text: Chaozhou is famously known as a globally renowned cultural center of the Lingnan region of China. Throughout China's turbulent history, the Chaozhou region was nonetheless able to flourish and thrive, enabling the nourishing of a unique and distinctive character epitomized in the city's native dialect, ceramics, opera, cuisine, Fenghuang Dancong tea, music, style of lion dance, embroidery and another needlework called drawnwork.


title: Chaozhou

text: Chaozhou opera () is a traditional art form which has a history of more than 500 years and is now appreciated by 20 million Chaozhou natives in over 20 countries and regions. Based on the local folk dances and ballads, Chaozhou opera has formed its own style under the influence of Nanxi Opera. Nanxi is one of the oldest Chinese operas and originated in the Song Dynasty. Clowns and females are the most distinctive characters in a Chaozhou opera, and fan-playing and acrobatic skills are more prominent than in other types of performances.


title: Chaozhou

text: Kung fu tea, the 'espresso' of Chinese teas with a formidable kick, which was first created in the Song Dynasty, is still flourishing and remains an important part of social etiquette in Chaozhou. Visitors to local families can be sure of at least one round of Kung Fu tea. Though it tastes bitter when it first reaches the mouth, Kung Fu tea renowned for its lingering aftertaste.


title: Chaozhou

text: At the local teahouse, tea service is often accompanied by Chaozhou music. String music, gong and drum music and the ancient music of set flutes are the traditional forms of Chaozhou music. Chaozhou string music is made up of mostly plucked and bowed string instruments, and on some occasions, wind instruments are used. The most characteristic instruments are the "rihin" (), "tihu", "yehu" (all two-stringed bowed lutes), and the "sanxian", "pipa", "ruan", "guzheng", and "yangqin". The number of instruments and performers in an ensemble is flexible and depends on the availability of instruments and musicians to play them - but to have an even and balanced texture, only one of each instrument is preferred. Chaozhou drum music ensembles includes the big drum and gong, the small drum and gong, the dizi set, drum and gong and su, drum and gong combinations. The current Chaozhou drum music is said to be similar to the form of drum and wind music during the Han and Tang dynasties. The Chaozhou "guzheng" and "erhu" are also regarded as major members of the southern instrument family.


title: Chaozhou

text: The region is most widely known for the origin of 'Bak Kut Teh' (), loosely translated in dialect as 'Meat Bone Tea', which is a popular dish among the overseas Chinese Teochew community in Singapore and Malaysia. Owing to its coastal geography, Chaozhou is also famed for its seafood soups, and a porridge called "mue" ().


title: Chaozhou

text: Chaozhou is a famous historical and cultural center of the Chaoshan region. The city, known as the "Classic Tourist City", constantly welcomes thousands of tourists a day. There are over 600 valuable historic relics kept in Chaozhou city. Among them, 42 are classified under the state, provincial and city's key preservation units of cultural relics. The Chaozhou Dialect, Chaozhou Opera, Chaozhou Ganghu tea, etc. are unique features of Chaozhou culture. Several historically significant attractions are below.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Big Brother 8 is the eighth season of the American reality television series "Big Brother". It is based upon the Netherlands series of the same name, which gained notoriety in 1999 and 2000. The series premiered on CBS on July 5, 2007 and lasted eleven weeks until the live finale on September 18, 2007. The eighth season saw little to no change in ratings. The season premiered to 7.40 million viewers, the lowest premiere numbers for any season at the time. The season finale had 8.51 million viewers, making it the second lowest rated finale at the time. In total, the series averaged 7.52 million viewers, only 0.4 behind the previous edition. "Big Brother 8" featured 14 HouseGuests, the same amount that was featured in the previous season. The series ended after 81 days, in which HouseGuest Dick Donato was crowned the winner, and his daughter Daniele Donato the runner-up.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: The season was first announced on February 1, 2007. That same day, it was confirmed that Arnold Shapiro had stepped down as producer, opting instead to appear as the executive consultant. On the decision, Shapiro stated he was "gratified that (he and Allison) were able to successfully ‘re-invent’ BB2 and turn the series into an annual summer hit." Grodner later stated "We consider ‘All-Stars’ sort of the end of an era, and now we’re getting a chance to start once again with a fresh cast and new twists." Rich Meehan replaced Shapiro as the executive producer. Casting for the season concluded on May 5, 2007. Grodner later promised fans of the series that "Big Brother 8" would be more interactive, commenting "It's not just about sitting down and watching television [...] We're a summer event that's always with you. I don't think any other show has that sort of reach." Ghen Maynard of CBS later stated "This year, there are going to be some new things that make the show even more ubiquitous and interactive [...] there will be something die-hard fans will love. It will give them the opportunity to participate even more than they have in the past." Shortly before the premiere, a cast list began circulating the internet; casting director Robyn Kass, however, denied that this was the real cast. The cast was revealed on June 28, 2007.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: The 14 HouseGuests this season were competing for the main prize of $500,000, where the Jury of Seven were the sole determinant of the grand prize.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Other than the main prize, various luxuries and prizes were given out throughout the season. In week two, during the second Power of Veto competition, Dick won a plasma TV. On Day 23, during the fourth Power of Veto competition, Dustin won $5,000 and a trip for two to Barbados. On Day 30, during the fifth Power of Veto competition, a prize of $10,000 was offered to anyone who would step down from the competition, but no one did. On Day 44, during the sixth Power of Veto competition, Daniele and Amber won a secret trip outside the House, which was later revealed to them that it was to New York City to compete on the CBS game show "Power of 10"; Amber won $1,000, and Daniele did not win any money. On Day 50, during the first Luxury competition, Amber, Daniele, Jameka, and Jessica won a two-minute shopping spree of designer clothes inside the House. In the HoH competition on Day 62, a prize was rewarded to whoever could fill a jar the fastest with tea. The prize was a three-minute phone call home. Eric won this prize, but chose to give it to Jessica; she called her brother.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: The fan-favorite award first introduced in the last season, "America's Favorite Juror" (and later "America's Favorite HouseGuest" beginning season 11), did not appear this season but instead replaced with the America's Player twist.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: "Big Brother 8" was broadcast on CBS from July 5, 2007 to September 18, 2007. This season lasted 81 days, an increase from the previous season. This season featured no additional changes to the schedule that was used in the previous edition, with episodes airing on Tuesdays, Thursday, and Sunday each week. The Thursday episode, which aired at 8pm Eastern Time, featured the live eviction and subsequent Head of Household competition taking place. During the live eviction, the show was hosted by Julie Chen. The Sunday episode, which aired at 8pm Eastern Time, featured the food competition and nomination ceremony, as well as some highlights from the previous days. The Tuesday episode, which aired at 9pm Eastern Time, featured the Power of Veto competition and the Power of Veto ceremony, along with more highlights of recent events in the game. Some changes to the scheduling format were made. This year Canadian Broadcast network, Global TV, introduced an interactive Two-Screen Solutions game on their website, "Big Brother" 'In The House', using NanoGaming technology. Viewers were able to make real-time predictions as well as answer trivia and instant recall questions while watching the show. The "Big Brother" fan with the most points each week won a TV, and the fan with the most points throughout the season won tickets to the wrap party. The contest started on Thursday, July 5, 2007 and ended on Thursday, August 30, 2007.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: The website for the series featured a "Love 'Em or Leave 'Em" poll, in which fans could monitor the popularity of the HouseGuests each week. Much like the previous editions, the live feeds were also available again for this season. HouseGuests enter the house a few days before the premiere, and the feeds are not live for the first few days. They later go live after the broadcast of the launch episode. This season saw the return of the spin-off series "". HouseGuest Marcellas Reynolds did not return as co-host, and the series featured a different co-host each week. The web series aired thirty-minute episodes on weeknights, and allowed fans to call in and express their opinions on the events of the game. Evicted HouseGuests were also interviewed on the series following their eviction. This season also introduced the "" spin-off series, which aired on Showtime Two nightly from midnight to 3a.m. Eastern Time. The show served as a live feed into the house, and was edited only for slanderous statements and music copyrights.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: House pictures were released on June 27, 2007. The house has an "Alice in Wonderland" theme and contains an oversized bedroom and a small bedroom. The small bedroom features a very small doorway and five beds which are only five feet long, while the oversized bedroom features shoulder-height beds and enormous drawers which need a ladder to reach. A third bedroom is decorated all in red, and two large, round beds sit in the center of the room. The walkway to the Head of Household room is a modernist inspired enchanted forest. The living room features several colored mirrors, varying in shape and size. The living room is connected to the kitchen, which is connected to the HoH stairway and a hallway. There is one door in the hallway, which features a gym available to the HouseGuests. The hallway then leads to the bathroom, which features a lavish blue wall, and a shower which features a lion-shaped water spout. The backyard contains animal-shaped topiaries, flowers, a swimming pool, and a spinning teacup, which the HouseGuests can sit in. As revealed during the "Majority Rules" competition, the teacup holds nine gallons of water, which the HouseGuests place their feet in. Workout equipment can also be found outside. There are also multiple lawn chairs that the HouseGuests may use to lay out in the sun. There is also a large couch under a roof by the sliding glass door that the HouseGuests may use in case of rain.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: The format remains largely unchanged from previous seasons. HouseGuests are sequestered in the Big Brother House with no contact to or from the outside world. Each week, the HouseGuests take part in several compulsory challenges that determine who will win food, luxuries, and power in the House. The winner of the weekly Head of Household competition is immune from nominations and must nominate two fellow HouseGuests for eviction. After a HouseGuest becomes Head of Household, he or she is ineligible to take part in the next Head of Household competition. HouseGuests also take part in competitions to earn food for the week. The losing team will be forced to eat Big Brother Slop for the week. This is the second season to feature Slop as the punishment food, as it was originally peanut butter and jelly. The winner of the Power of Veto competition wins the right to save one of the nominated HouseGuests from eviction. If the Veto winner exercises the power, the Head of Household must then nominate another HouseGuest for eviction.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: On eviction night, all HouseGuests except for the Head of Household and the two nominees vote to evict one of the two nominees. This compulsory vote is conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room by the host Julie Chen. In the event of a tie, the Head of Household must cast the deciding vote, announcing it in front of the other HouseGuests. Unlike other versions of "Big Brother", the HouseGuests may discuss the nomination and eviction process openly and freely. The nominee with the greater number of votes will be evicted from the House on the live Thursday broadcast, exiting to an adjacent studio to be interviewed by Chen. HouseGuests may voluntarily leave the House at any time and those who break the rules may be expelled from the house by Big Brother. The final seven HouseGuests evicted during the season will vote for the winner on the season finale. These "Jury Members" will be sequestered in a separate house and will not be allowed to watch the show except for competitions and ceremonies that include all of the remaining HouseGuests. The jury members will not be shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that include strategy or details regarding nominations.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: This season featured numerous changes to the twist of the series. The main twists this season saw three sets of enemies entering the house together. This twist did not impact the main format, however, and HouseGuests were free to work with or against each other. Another twist this season saw one HouseGuest being "America's Player", and this HouseGuest was required to perform tasks for America. This allowed the viewers to also choose who this HouseGuest should target for eviction, as well as evict the HouseGuest of their choice. For the first Head of Household competition, Dick, Dustin, and Jessica were unable to compete, and were thus immune from the first eviction. This season also saw a Double Eviction week occur, making it the second season to feature this twist.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: In 2008, Eric Stein and Jessica Hughbanks returned to host a Head of Household competition for "Big Brother 9". During that same season, Dick Donato returned to host a Power of Veto competition. Jen Johnson participated in a food competition for "Big Brother 10". Jessica was later a potential HouseGuest for "Big Brother 11", but she ultimately did not enter the house. In 2011, Dick and Daniele Donato returned to compete on "Big Brother 13" as part of the Dynamic Duos twist. In 2020, Daniele (now as Daniele Briones) returned to compete on "Big Brother: All-Stars".


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: On Day 1, Dick, Dustin, and Jessica entered the house through the Head of Household room before the others arrived. The eleven remaining HouseGuests then entered the house, unaware of the fact that the three were already present. Shortly after entering the house, the HouseGuests learn that the three are in the house before going outside to compete in their first Head of Household competition. The HouseGuests then competed in the "Mushroom Madness" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests paired up into teams of two. Due to the uneven number of players, Nick chose to sit out. One HouseGuest, the "sitter", was required to answer questions while their partner spun on an over-sized mushroom. When the sitter answered incorrectly, their partner's mushroom began spinning faster. The final pair remaining was Eric and Kail, meaning one of them would become the new Head of Household. The three upstairs then learned that they were given the option of selecting the first Head of Household; they chose Kail. Due to them being unable to compete, the three HouseGuests upstairs were immune from the first eviction. On Day 3, the HouseGuests competed in the "Butter Me Up" food competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to pour butter onto their bodies while their teammates attempted to take the butter from their body and fill up a tub of popcorn using their hands; the team with the most pounds of butter was the winner. The competition resulted in Daniele, Eric, Jameka, Jessica, Joe, Nick, and Zach being on slop for the week.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Kail later formed an alliance with HouseGuests Mike, Nick, and Zach, which was commonly referred to as the "Mrs. Robinson Alliance". On Day 5, Kail chose to nominate Amber and Carol for eviction, citing their performance in the Head of Household competition as her main reasoning. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Daniele, Nick, and Jameka were selected to play; Jessica was selected to host. On Day 7, HouseGuests competed in the "Hide and Seek Veto" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests entered the house one at a time and hid a Veto box with their name anywhere inside. Once everyone had hid their boxes, they would attempt to find the boxes one at a time. When a HouseGuest found a box, they would bring it outside and that HouseGuest was eliminated from the competition; the winner would be the HouseGuest whose box was not found. Daniele was the winner of the Power of Veto. Jen began to annoy numerous HouseGuests, leading to her having numerous verbal arguments with Dick and Nick. This led to numerous HouseGuests hoping that Daniele would use the Power of Veto to allow Jen to be nominated. On Day 9, Daniele chose to leave the nominations the same. On Day 13, Carol became the first HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of ten to one.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Following Carol's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Majority Rules" Head of Household competition. For this competition, the HouseGuests were asked a series of questions about which of two HouseGuests would adhere to certain situations. The object was not to base the answer on personal opinions, but how they thought the majority would answer. The minority of the voters were eliminated each round; if there was a tie, none of the HouseGuests would be eliminated. Jen was the winner of the competition. On Day 14, HouseGuests competed in the "Name That Pie" food competition. For this competition, HouseGuests split into two teams and would bid on how many bites it would take to identify the two ingredients in a pie. If a player correctly identified the pie, they win a point for the team, but if they were unable to identify the pie, they would win a point for the opposing team; the first team to seven points would be the winner. The competition resulted in Amber, Daniele, Jameka, Jessica, Joe, and Kail being on slop for the week. That same day, Jen chose to nominate Daniele and Dick for eviction, claiming that the two of them were the most negative people in the house. On Day 15, Amber, Mike, and Joe were selected to play for the Power of Veto competition; Dustin was selected to host. Shortly before the competition, Jen made numerous statements to upset Amber, which led to numerous arguments in the house. The HouseGuests then competed in the "Cutthroat Christmas" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to slide a curling stone down an icy path in an attempt to get it closest to the center; the person furthest from the center each round is eliminated. The eliminated HouseGuest from each round earns a prize, which can be taken from them at any time by another eliminated HouseGuest. Daniele was the winner of the Power of Veto for the second consecutive time. On Day 17, Daniele chose to use the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with Jen nominating Joe in her place. Fearing he would nominate her if he won Head of Household, Kail began attempting to get the votes to evict Dick from the house. Despite this, not even Kail's own alliance went along with her plan, thus ending the "Mrs. Robinson" alliance. On Day 20, Joe became the second HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of nine to one.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Following Joe's eviction, the HouseGuests competed in the "Getting Schooled" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were asked true or false questions in the style of classic high school classes such as History and Geography. Providing an incorrect answer resulted in a HouseGuests elimination; the last HouseGuest remaining was the winner. Dick was the winner. On Day 21, HouseGuests competed in the "Mission InPastaBowl" food competition. For this competition, HouseGuests paired off to jump into two bowls of giant pasta which contained meatballs, each with different types of food written on them. The pairs had match up a specific "meatball" from tub A and tub B. When the two HouseGuests matched their meatballs, they won that food for the week. When the time ran out, the House would win any food collected in the competition. That same day, Dick chose to nominate Jen and Kail for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Jessica, Nick, and Zach were selected to play; Eric was selected to host. On Day 22, HouseGuests competed in the "Mad Hatter" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests stood on top of a pedestal while balancing a martini glass on their head. The last HouseGuest remaining who had not dropped their cup would be the winner. Jen was the winner. During the competition, Mike told Dick to nominate him should the Veto be used, as Mike felt it would show the others that he was a loyal person. On Day 24, Jen chose to use the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with Mike being nominated in her place. On Day 27, Mike became the third HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of seven to two.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Following Mike's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Eliminator" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were asked questions about the previously evicted HouseGuests. If a HouseGuest answered correctly, they were able to eliminate one HouseGuest from the competition; an incorrect answer resulted in that HouseGuest being eliminated. Dustin was the winner. On Day 28, HouseGuests competed in the "Humpty Scramble" food competition. For this competition, the HouseGuests paired off and had to find a series of colored puzzle pieces that matched their clothing and piece them together to make an egg. The first team that successfully completed their puzzle would not only win food, but put five people on slop. Jameka and Jessica were the winners; they chose to put Dick, Jen, Kail, Nick, and Zach on slop for the week. Later that day, Dustin chose to nominate Jen and Kail for eviction. Shortly following this, Amber, Daniele, Dick, Dustin, Eric, Jameka, and Jessica formed the "Late Night Crew" alliance, with the goal of evicting the other four HouseGuests. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Daniele, Jameka, and Jessica were selected to compete; Eric was selected to host. Due to her religious beliefs, Jameka stated she would take Jen off the block should she win the Power of Veto as Jen had selected her name to compete. On Day 29, HouseGuests competed in the "Vincent Van Veto" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to depict common Big Brother phrases in a series of picture puzzles. A correct answer would result in a HouseGuest gaining "Big Brother Bucks", while an incorrect answer would result in elimination. The winner of the competition would be the HouseGuest who had the most "Big Brother Bucks" at the end of the competition. Jameka was the winner. On Day 31, Jameka chose to use the Power of Veto to remove Jen from the block, with Nick being nominated in her place. Feeling that Nick had voted for Mike the previous week, the Late Night Crew alliance hoped to see Nick go that week. Following more verbal arguments with Dick, HouseGuests Jen and Kail contemplated walking from the game; the two ultimately decided to stay. On Day 34, Nick became the fourth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of six to two.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Following Nick's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Times Up" endurance Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to hang upside down on rocking pendulums; when a player fell off of their pendulum, they were eliminated from the competition. HouseGuests were also eliminated if their torso was raised above a bar located on the pendulum. During the competition, a banner flew over the house which referred to Amber and Eric as being "liars". This banner led Daniele to realize that Eric had voted to evict Kail the previous two weeks, and led to Daniele to begin turning against him. Daniele was the eventual winner of the Head of Household competition. During the competition, Daniele had promised Kail safety for the week in exchange for dropping from the competition. On Day 35, Daniele chose to nominate Jen and Kail for eviction, with the hopes of backdooring Eric that week. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Jameka, Dustin, and Zach were selected to play; Amber was selected to host. On Day 36, HouseGuests competed in "The Numbers Don't Lie" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, the HouseGuests had to bid on how many hours they would be willing to do a task. If a player had the lowest hours, they would be eliminated; putting the highest number resulted in elimination. Jen was the winner of the Power of Veto. During the competition, Jameka agreed to sit out from the following five Head of Household competition. On Day 38, Jen chose to use the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with Eric being nominated in her place. Despite Daniele and Dick believing they had the votes to evict Eric, the remaining five members of the Late Night Crew decided to turn on Daniele and Dick and keep Eric. On Day 41, Kail became the fifth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of four to three.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Following Kail's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Let's Make a Duel" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests faced off two at a time and had to guess which evicted HouseGuest made certain statements in the Diary Room; the winner of each round would select the next two HouseGuests to face off. Jessica was the winner. Following this, Dick engaged in numerous verbal arguments with Amber, Dustin, and Jameka. On Day 42, HouseGuests competed in the "For Those About to Slop" food competition. For this competition, HouseGuests split into two teams and had to smash open guitars in an attempt to find dollar signs; the first team to find twenty would be the winners. The team of Daniele, Dick, Dustin, and Jen were the losers, and were placed on slop for the week. During the competition, Dick found a "Slop Pass", and chose to give it to Jen. Later that day, Jessica chose to nominate Daniele and Dick for eviction. Following their nomination, Dick began to verbally harass the entire house in an attempt to make sure the HouseGuests voted to evict him. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Jameka, Dustin, and Zach were selected to compete; Eric was selected to host. On Day 43, HouseGuests competed in the "Shot For Shot" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests attempted to drink numerous drink mixtures, with the HouseGuests earning one croquet shot for each drink they successfully finished. The HouseGuests then attempted to get the highest score in a game of croquet, and the HouseGuest with the most points was the winner. Dick was the winner of the Power of Veto. On Day 45, Dick chose to use the Power of Veto to remove Daniele from the block, with Dustin being nominated as a pawn in her place. Eric, as America's Player, later learned that the viewers had voted for Dustin to leave, and he began campaigning against Dustin. This led to Eric and Jessica forming an alliance with Daniele and Dick, with the goal of keeping Dick in the house. On Day 48, Dustin became the sixth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of four to two. He became the first member of the Jury of Seven.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Following Dustin's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Strange Visitors" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were asked true or false questions about intruders that had entered the house the previous day. Daniele was the winner, making her the first person to hold the title of Head of Household twice this season. On Day 49, HouseGuests competed in the "Slop Pong" food competition. For this competition, the HouseGuests split into two teams of four. The HouseGuests had to throw volleyballs across the backyard in an attempt to score ten points; the first team to do so would be the winners. The team of Amber, Daniele, Jameka, and Jen lost the competition, and were placed on slop for the week. Later that day, Daniele chose to nominate Amber and Jameka for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Dick, Jessica, and Zach were selected to compete; Eric was selected to host. Before competing, the HouseGuests learned that the finalists in the competition would receive a special trip outside of the house. On Day 50, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Speedway" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to guess what percentage of viewers made a certain statement, and the HouseGuest who is the farthest away from the correct answer is eliminated each round. Amber and Daniele became the last two remaining in the competition, thus won the special trip outside of the house. Daniele was the winner of the Power of Veto. On Day 52, Daniele chose to use the Power of Veto to remove Amber from the block, and chose to nominate Jen in her place. That night, Amber and Daniele left the house and learned that they would be contestants on the CBS game series "Power of 10". Shortly after their departure, HouseGuests Dick and Jen engaged in numerous verbal arguments, then it turned physical when Dick start poking Jen with his lit cigarettes, this causing much controversy outside of the house. Following these events, Jen decided to eat food, thus violating the punishment she accepted in "The Numbers Don't Lie" Power of Veto competition; for this, Jen was given a penalty vote, meaning she automatically had one vote cast against her that week. On Day 55, Jen became the seventh HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a unanimous vote of six to zero. She became the second member of the Jury of Seven.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Following Jen's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Tanks For the Memories" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were asked questions about statements made by the first five evicted HouseGuests from this season; if a HouseGuest answered incorrectly, they were dumped into a tank of water. Jessica was the winner. On Day 56, HouseGuests competed in the "Shop 'til You Drop" luxury competition. For this competition, the HouseGuests competed as men against women, and found letters in the outfits given to them, and were required to take off their clothing and form three words that pertain to the game with these letters. The women were the winners of the competition and won a two-minute shopping spree inside of the house. Later that day, Jessica chose to nominate Amber and Zach for eviction. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Daniele, Eric, and Jameka were selected to compete; Dick was selected to host. On Day 57, HouseGuests competed in the "Catscratch Veto" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were given riddles and had to search the backyard to find the rubber rat with the correct answer on it; the last person to find the correct answer each round is eliminated. Eric was the winner of the Power of Veto. Eric, as America's Player, was informed that he was not permitted to use the Power of Veto, and that nominations were required to stay the same as the viewers did not have time to vote for a decision. On Day 59, Eric officially chose to leave nominations the same. On Day 62, Amber became the eighth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of three to one. She became the third member of the Jury of Seven.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Following Amber's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Tea Party" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were required to walk back and forth transferring cups of tea from a tea pitcher to a jar on the opposite side of the backyard. The first HouseGuest to fill up their jar and claim the ball inside would be the winner of the competition. Zach was the winner. During the competition, Eric won a phone call from home, and chose to give it to Jessica. On Day 63, Zach chose to nominate Jameka and Jessica for eviction. On Day 64, former HouseGuest Janelle Pierzina returned to the house to host "The Janelle-O-Vision" Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to correctly identify which two HouseGuests' face made a mixed face swirl. The HouseGuest with the most correct answers would win the Power of Veto. Daniele was the winner of the Power of Veto. On Day 66, Daniele chose to leave the nominations the same. Despite being in an alliance and assuring her safety, Daniele and Dick debated turning on Eric and Jessica by evicting her from the house. Just before the eviction, the HouseGuests learned that it would be a Double Eviction night, and that a second HouseGuest would be evicted in a matter of minutes. On Day 69, Jessica became the ninth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of two to one. HouseGuests then competed in the "Before or After" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to determine whether one event in the house occurred before or after, and the HouseGuest with the most points was the winner; Dick was the winner. Following this, Dick chose to nominate Eric and Jameka for eviction. Minutes later, HouseGuests competed in the "Niagara Balls" Power of Veto competition. For this, numerous colored balls fell into the backyard, and the first HouseGuest to collect five green balls would be the winner; Zach was the winner of the Power of Veto. He then chose to leave the nominations intact. Eric then became the tenth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a unanimous vote of two to zero. He became the fifth member of the Jury of Seven.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Following Jessica and Eric's evictions, the HouseGuests competed in the "Picture This" Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests were shown pictures on the Memory Wall from previous competitions throughout the season. They were then asked questions about details from the images, and the HouseGuest with the most correct answers was the winner. Zach was the winner. On Day 70, Zach chose to nominate Daniele and Dick for eviction, with the hopes of evicting one of them. On Day 71, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Decoder" final Power of Veto competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to match a clue to a HouseGuest's face that interlocked with another HouseGuest's face. Once that is done, the HouseGuests must twist the knob and match the HouseGuest with the corresponding number. The first HouseGuest to correctly label the many seconds they've been in the house would win the Power of Veto. Daniele was the winner, making it her fifth Power of Veto win. This tied her with former HouseGuest Janelle Pierzina for the most Power of Veto wins in a single season; the two still hold the record. On Day 74, Daniele chose to use the Power of Veto to remove her father from the block, with Jameka being the only HouseGuest eligible to be nominated in his place. Minutes later, Dick cast the sole vote to evict Jameka from the house. She became the sixth member of the Jury of Seven.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Following Jameka's eviction, HouseGuests competed in "The Bunny Hop" endurance first round of the final Head of Household competition. For this competition, HouseGuests had to stand on a pedestal, while holding their key to the house, and jumping over a moving turnstile. The goal was to be the last remaining HouseGuest, and doing so would advance that HouseGuest to the third and final round of the final Head of Household competition. Zach was the winner of this competition. On Day 75, Daniele and Dick competed in the "Chain of Commands" second round of the final Head of Household competition. For this competition, Daniele and Dick had to jump in a tank of water, collect puzzle pieces and place them in the correct order in a series of slots. The puzzle made a path that led from the first Head of Household to the last. Dick was the winner. On Day 76, Dick and Zach faced off in the "Jury Statements" final round of the final Head of Household competition. For this, HouseGuests answered questions based on how they felt the previously evicted Jury members had responded. Dick was the winner of the competition, and immediately chose to evict Zach from the house. This made Daniele and Dick the Final Two. On Day 81, Dick was crowned the winner of "Big Brother 8" in a vote of five to two.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: At the end of each show (starting July 8), Eric was asked to complete a task that America specified by voting on CBS.com or by text messaging. For every five tasks Eric completed, he was rewarded with $10,000 (USD). Viewers were able to vote on tasks from the end of an episode until midnight Pacific Time. Once Eric received the task, he "had to" make a meaningful effort to complete the task. However, he could have decided how to complete the task. In addition, as part of the twist, America voted on behalf of Eric in each Eviction Vote. Eric was a jury member on finale night, and the viewers voted that Dick should receive Eric's vote to win the game.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: The title "America's Player" did lead to a bit of confusion, since Canadians were still allowed to vote online. Allison Grodner, the executive producer, chuckled while telling Global TV, "We are certainly not trying to exclude any of our viewers so we will call this...the 'Canadian-American Player'." or as Canadian fans might say, the "Viewer's Player".


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Every week Eric was given three tasks he must attempt to complete. He was given the task in the Diary Room shortly after voting ended, which is midnight Pacific Time on nights that CBS airs episodes: Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Sunday's Task regarded Eric's relationships in the House, or were attempts to shake things up in the House. They varied greatly in difficulty and consequences for Eric. Additionally, each task had its own win condition for Eric.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: "Big Brother 8" aired episodes three times a week, with shows airing Sundays at 8p.m. (EDT), Tuesdays 9p.m., and Thursday 8p.m. The first episode premiered on July 5, 2007 with 7.401 million viewers (4.8/9 viewing audience), down from last year's 5.2/9 launch. The following show on Sunday did much worse in the ratings, scoring a 3.9/7 viewing figure, losing nearly 1 million viewers since the previous episode. The first Tuesday's show, however, was more successful with viewers, managing a 4.5/7 rating. The following Tuesday's show had the same rating. Tuesday shows are typically the highest rated among the three episodes every week, with Thursday in second and Sunday, a competitive night in television, in last among all three recap shows. Sunday, August 5's episode, became the first edition of the season that rated higher than the launch show and the first of the season to receive a 5.0 in preliminary ratings points. On August 23 another record was set: the first episode with 10% of the viewing audience and the first episode to read 5.3 in rating points and 8.1 million viewers, thus becoming the highest rated episode of the season. Another record was broken August 30, being the first episode to read 6.0 in rating points, being the first episode this season to pull 11% of the viewing audience. It was also the first episode to break the 9m viewer mark, with 9.42m viewers.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: HouseGuest Richard "Evel Dick" came under some controversy for his loud abusive behavior towards HouseGuests; especially Jen. This culminated in an event in which Dick poured iced tea on Jen's head while she was engaged in an argument with HouseGuests Nick and Dick's daughter Daniele. This led some fans and the National Organization for Women to call for his expulsion from the house.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: On Day 52 Jen, who was named as a replacement nominee for Amber, packed and scattered her belongings through the House, destroyed and bleached Dick's cigarettes. Dick, in retaliation, later threw Jen's clothing over the surrounding walls of the Big Brother house. Big Brother later informed Dick they would replace the cigarettes. Jen began to cook food while on a slop restriction Later that night, Jen went outside and ate food while on slop. Big Brother told Jen she would receive a penalty vote, she must be a nominee for the entire week and cannot win HoH or Veto for Week 8 if she survived Week 7. This was found unfair to Jameka, the other Week 7 nominee, and the penalty nomination was removed. Jen would instead receive a penalty eviction vote for Week 7 plus any votes cast against her by her fellow HouseGuests.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Later, Dick lit a cigarette and blew smoke in Jen's direction while she was eating. Jen attempted to grab the cigarette from Dick to which Dick burnt Jen's hand with his cigarette. Jen began to yell that Dick burned her on purpose. This incident ended with Dick yelling at Jen. Jen burst into tears and Jameka pulled Jen away from the confrontation and to the bathroom. Neither Jen nor Dick was expelled from the House and Jen was evicted on Day 55. Jen said to the Associated Press: "I definitely think he should have been kicked out, but obviously he was definitely entertainment for the show, so that's why he was not."


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Another HouseGuest, Amber, garnered national attention after making what were considered anti-Semitic statements. Hollywood news conglomeration Defamer criticized Amber's sentiments. Notably, aggregate TMZ reported about Amber's remarks, especially those about being able to recognize a Jew by the size of their nose or their last name. Abraham Foxman, National Director of the Anti-Defamation League told the website: "It's offensive. It's part of the unintended consequences of the communications revolution. Anybody can say what they do - but reality shows are now giving license to these expressions of anti-Semitism. Now, all of a sudden, the world is privy to their bigotry and it's on national television... then enhanced on YouTube. What they've done is distributed anti-Semitism – which started as a private conversation – and by putting it on a reality TV show broadcast it to the world at large. I want CBS to understand they are facilitating anti-Semitism. They should act responsibly to the community; they are legitimizing bigoted conversation."


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: "BIG BROTHER is a reality show about watching a group of people who have no privacy 24/7 - and seeing every moment of their lives. At times, the HouseGuests reveal prejudices and other beliefs that we do not condone. We certainly find the statements made by Amber Siyavus on the live Internet feed to be offensive and they will not be part of any future broadcast on the CBS Television Network. Any views or opinions expressed in personal commentary by a HouseGuest appearing on BIG BROTHER 8, either on any live feed from the House or the broadcast, are those of the individual(s) speaking and do not represent the views or opinions of CBS or the producers of the program."


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: The Associated Press will decline to interview Amber and Jameka if they are members of the Jury, due to the fact that they are not allowed to ask both contestants about Amber's comments. A CBS spokesperson reported that asking Amber or Jameka about Amber's comments could influence the jury voters and affect the integrity of the game.


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: Due to the controversy surrounding offensive remarks and controversial behavior made by several HouseGuests, this season CBS did not allow the media or even companion show "" to interview evicted HouseGuests who are a part of the jury of seven to vote for the winner of "Big Brother 8" beginning with Amber. They were allowed to interview the HouseGuests after "Big Brother 8" was over. "Big Brother" and CBS issued a statement addressing the situation:


title: Big Brother 8 (American season)

text: We have made jury members of "Big Brother" available to the press the past few seasons always with the proviso that their questions not inform the ejected HouseGuest of influences outside his or her personal experience in the House. This season several cast members have made either offensive statements or exhibited controversial behavior, we respect journalist interests and rights to pose questions about these statements but believe at the same time doing so could provide information that influences the final vote and potential outcome of this twelve-week competition. For that reason the remaining jurors will not be made available to the media for the duration of the program. They will be made available to the press after the "Big Brother" finale on September 18.


title: Petiole (botany)

text: In botany, the petiole () is the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem, and is able to twist the leaf to face the sun. This gives a characteristic foliage arrangement to the plant. Outgrowths appearing on each side of the petiole in some species are called stipules. Leaves with a petiole are said to be petiolate, while leaves lacking a petiole are called sessile or apetiolate.


title: Petiole (botany)

text: The petiole is a stalk that attaches a leaf to the plant stem. In petiolate leaves, the leaf stalk may be long, as in the leaves of celery and rhubarb, or short. When completely absent, the blade attaches directly to the stem and is said to be sessile. Subpetiolate leaves have an extremely short petiole, and may appear sessile. The broomrape family Orobanchaceae is an example of a family in which the leaves are always sessile. In some other plant groups, such as the speedwell genus "Veronica", petiolate and sessile leaves may occur in different species.


title: Petiole (botany)

text: In the grasses (Poaceae), the leaves are apetiolate, but the leaf blade may be narrowed at the junction with the leaf sheath to form a "pseudopetiole", as in "Pseudosasa japonica".


title: Petiole (botany)

text: In plants with compound leaves, the leaflets are attached to a continuation of the petiole called the rachis. Each leaflet may be attached to the rachis by a short stalk called the petiolule. There may be swollen regions at either end of the petiole known as pulvina (singular = pulvinus) that are composed of a flexible tissue that allows leaf movement. Pulvina are common in the bean family Fabaceae and the prayer plant family Marantaceae. A pulvinus on a petiolule is called a pulvinulus.


title: Petiole (botany)

text: In some plants, the petioles are flattened and widened to become phyllodes (also known as phyllodia or cladophylls) and the true leaves may be reduced or absent. Thus, the phyllode comes to serve the functions of the leaf. Phyllodes are common in the genus "Acacia", especially the Australian species, at one time put in "Acacia" subgenus "Phyllodineae".


title: Petiole (botany)

text: In "Acacia koa", the phyllodes are leathery and thick, allowing the tree to survive stressful environments. The petiole allows partially submerged hydrophytes to have leaves floating at different depths, the petiole being between the node and the stem.


title: Petiole (botany)

text: In plants such as rhubarb ("Rheum rhabarbarum"), celery ("Apium graveolens"), artichokes, and cardoons ("Cynara cardunculus"), the petioles ("stalks" or "ribs") are cultivated as edible crops. The petiole of rhubarb grows directly from the rhizome and produces the leaf at its end. Botanically, it is categorized as a vegetable but, culinarily, it is more often used as a fruit.


title: Petiole (botany)

text: "Petiole" comes from Latin "petiolus", or "peciolus" "little foot", "stem", an alternative diminutive of "pes" "foot". The regular diminutive "pediculus" is also used for "foot stalk".


title: Cutman

text: A cutman is a person responsible for preventing and treating physical damage to a fighter during the breaks between rounds of a full contact match such as a boxing, kickboxing or a mixed martial arts bout. Cutmen typically handle swelling, nosebleeds and lacerations. In addition to degrading a fighter's performance, the rules of combat sports stipulate that these injuries can be a cause for premature match stoppage, counting as a loss to the injured fighter. The cutman is therefore essential to the fighter, and can be a decisive factor in the outcome of the match.


title: Cutman

text: The compensation for cutmen varies, generally within 10–15% of the fighter's prize money. For many fighters on a low budget, the cutman duties are performed by their cornerman. While most athletic commissions require cutmen to be licensed, there is usually no formal training or certification required. Most cutmen learn their trade through apprenticeship and self-education.


title: Cutman

text: Unlike boxing, cutmen for mixed martial arts events are generally provided by the promotion, rather than the fighter's corner. This is to prevent allegations of "greasing" (applying petroleum jelly to areas other than the forehead, which provides an unfair advantage in grappling situations).


title: Cutman

text: Cutmen should not be confused with the fight physician, an official who monitors the health of the fighters and whose task is closer to that of a neutral referee. The fight physician provides medical advice, monitors the safety of both fighters in accordance with regulations or law, and evaluates their ability to continue fighting.


title: Cutman

text: Before the fight, cutmen will usually put petroleum jelly on the most likely areas of impact, especially the fighter's face, making the skin more elastic and slippery, and hence less likely to tear. It is not considered good practice to use large amounts of petroleum jelly, since during the fight it is likely to end up on the gloves of the opponent, and later in the eyes of the fighter if the opponent lands a punch close to their eyes. Cutmen might also tape fighters' hands, which helps protect the bones and tendons. Wraps are used during training but are illegal during competition, though people still commonly use the term "wrap" in error to describe the taping method of using gauze and tape.


title: Cutman

text: During the fight, cutmen try to control any swelling or bleeding during the breaks between rounds. Since cutmen are not doctors, and have a very short period of time to treat the fighter, their treatments are limited to advanced first aid treatments.


title: Cutman

text: Swelling is usually associated with facial hematomas (bruises), and is traditionally reduced by applying firm pressure with a chilled enswell or an ice bag on top of the area of trauma. The cutman presses the enswell against a fighter's skin to cool and reduce swelling from injuries, especially in areas around the eyes where swelling can impair vision. Since the time between rounds is very short, cutmen try to apply the enswell right away and hold it as long as they can, but a common mistake is using the enswell to push directly on the swollen area in an attempt to disperse it or move it into a safer place such as away from the eye. Such treatment will not move the hematoma, and may disrupt the microscopic blood vessels under the skin, thus causing an increase in bleeding and enlargement of the swelled area.


title: Cutman

text: Cuts (lacerations) are the primary focus of the cutman because unless the bleeding is stopped promptly, the fight physician may stop the fight and declare that the injured fighter has lost the match. Physicians also will stop a match for a laceration that is perpendicular to the eye. The most common area of the face to be cut is around the eye. Cuts are treated by applying a cold towel to clean and simultaneously cool the area of the cut, causing a decrease in blood flow. A cotton swab soaked in epinephrine is applied with pressure to decrease blood flow even more, and Avitene is put into the cut to coagulate the blood. A cutman might also cover the area with petroleum jelly to prevent further damage.


title: Cutman

text: Most nosebleeds occur near the opening of the nose. To stop the bleeding, cutmen generally apply a cotton swab soaked in epinephrine to the damaged area, while simultaneously pressing the nostril against the cotton swab with the other hand. Once the bleeding has stopped, the area is chilled with an ice pack or an enswell. The fighter is usually instructed to breathe through the mouth during the treatment.


title: Cutman

text: A broken nose is a more difficult case, and can be detected by a heavy flow of dark colored blood from the nose. The bleeding is generally treated the same way; however, the fighter is usually instructed to avoid swallowing blood as it may induce nausea or vomiting, and the cutman is more likely to consult the ringside physician to ensure the fighter's safety.


title: Cutman

text: Cutmen used to create their own medications, and the recipes were passed from masters to apprentices as trade secrets. Today, the use of various medications in sports is highly controlled, and most cutmen use only two or three standard medications from the list below.


title: Oleg Mityaev (general)

text: Oleg Yuryevich Mityaev (; born 1974-death 15 March 2022) is a Russian major-general who according to Ukrainian officials was killed during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine on 15 March 2022. His death, however, has not been confirmed.


title: Oleg Mityaev (general)

text: From 2013 to 2015 Mityaev was commander of the 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade. Between December 2016 and November 2018 he ran the Russian 201st Military Base in Tajikistan. He was one of the leaders of the Russian intervention in Syria. From 2020 Mityaev was the commander of Russia's 150th Motorised Rifle Division.


title: Oleg Mityaev (general)

text: According to Ukrainian officials, he was killed in a Ukrainian ambush while taking part in a "combat mission" (according to Russian reports) during the Siege of Mariupol at the Illich Steel and Iron Works during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, reportedly by the Azov Battalion. According to the Ukrainians, he was the fourth Russian general killed during the 2022 invasion. Western sources believe 20 major-generals were deployed to Ukraine.


title: Wayne Ellington

text: Wayne Robert Ellington Jr. (born November 29, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the University of North Carolina from 2006 to 2009. He chose to forgo his final season of college eligibility to declare for the 2009 NBA draft, and was drafted 28th overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves.


title: Wayne Ellington

text: Ellington scored 2,211 points in his high school career, tallying 455 points at Daniel Boone High School, and then 1,756 points at The Episcopal Academy. In his senior year, Ellington averaged 21.9 points, 8.3 rebounds, 3.2 assists and shot 39% from the three-point line. He led Episcopal to an overall record of 52–7 in his junior and senior year, and to the Inter-Academic League Conference title in his last two years going 20–0 in both seasons. (Episcopal doesn't play in state championships.)


title: Wayne Ellington

text: Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Ellington was listed as the No. 1 shooting guard and the No. 8 player in the nation in 2006.


title: Wayne Ellington

text: Ellington played in all 38 games for the ACC Champion Tar Heels in 2006–07, averaging 11.7 points per game. He was named to the 2007 ACC All-Tournament Team. His season ended on a sour note though, as North Carolina lost to Georgetown in the East Regional final of the NCAA Tournament. He had a chance to win the game in regulation, but missed a 3-pointer in the final seconds. Ellington was a member of the U.S. national team that finished fifth at the 2007 Pan American Games.


title: Wayne Ellington

text: As a sophomore, Ellington saw his points-per-game average increase as the Tar Heels increasingly went to him in key moments of games. In the January 6, 2008 game at Clemson, Ellington scored a career high 36 points, including the game winning three-pointer with 0:00.4 seconds left in overtime to lead top-rated UNC over #19 Clemson 90–88. But again, his season ended in a poor fashion, as he shot only 1 for 9 from three-point range, in a loss to Kansas in a national semifinal game in the NCAA Tournament. He declared for the 2008 NBA draft after that season, but did not hire an agent, and withdrew to play his junior year at North Carolina.


title: Wayne Ellington

text: As a Junior, Ellington helped lead the Tar Heels to the National Championship, where they defeated the Michigan State Spartans 89–72. He shot 7–10 from three-point range in the Final Four, and he was named to the All-Tournament Team and was named NCAA basketball tournament Most Outstanding Player. During his college career, Ellington averaged 14.7 points, 4.1 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game.


title: Wayne Ellington

text: On April 23, 2009, Ellington announced that he would forgo his senior season and enter the NBA draft.


title: Wayne Ellington

text: Ellington was drafted 28th overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 2009 NBA draft. He averaged 6.6 points per game and 2.1 rebounds per game in his rookie season off of the bench.


title: Wayne Ellington

text: On November 11, 2012, Ellington scored a career-high 25 points on 7-of-11 three-pointers in a 104–96 win over the Miami Heat. On January 7, 2013, he set a new career high with 26 points in a 113–81 win over the Sacramento Kings.