title: National Football League on television

text: Sideline reporters are restricted as to whom they can speak to and when (usually a head coach at halftime, and one or two players before and after the game ends). Information on injured players or rules interpretations are relayed from NFL off-field officials to the TV producers in the truck, who then pass it along to the sideline reporters or booth announcers. Thus, CBS opted in 2006 to no longer use sideline reporters except for some playoff games. ESPN followed suit by reducing the roles of their sideline reporters in 2008. Fox hired former NFL officiating director Mike Pereira in 2010 as a rules analyst, who relays rules interpretations from Los Angeles to the games that network covers, leaving their sideline reporters able to focus less on that role. Likewise, CBS hired retired referee Mike Carey in 2014 in the same role from New York on Sundays and the NFL Network in Culver City during "Thursday Night Football" games, though he departed the network after the 2015 season and was replaced by Gene Steratore in 2018. During the 2020 season, NFL sideline reporters instead were stationed in the lower portion of seating areas due to COVID-19 protocols, with news relayed to them by team officials or off-air staffers instead.


title: National Football League on television

text: The NFL owns NFL Films, whose duties include providing game film to media outlets for highlights shows after a 2- to 3-day window during which outlets can use original game broadcast highlights.


title: National Football League on television

text: The NFL operates NFL+, a streaming service that broadcasts live out-of-market preseason games, radio broadcasts from all 32 teams and Westwood One Sports, and live in-market games on mobile devices, in addition to library programming from NFL Films and NFL Network. A premium tier allows access to on-demand game replays. It was previously known as NFL Game Pass until adopting its current name prior to the 2022 NFL season.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: Delaine Alvin "Delaney" Bramlett (July 1, 1939 – December 27, 2008) was an American singer and guitarist. He was best known for his musical partnership with his wife Bonnie Bramlett in the band Delaney & Bonnie and Friends, which included a wide variety of other musicians, many of whom were successful in other contexts.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: Bramlett was born in Pontotoc, Mississippi. He began playing guitar when he was eight years old, but didn't get serious about the instrument until he was a teenager. He started singing in school and at twelve he had a quartet. Bramlett joined the United States Navy before he was 17, serving for two and half to three years. He took boot camp at Naval Station Great Lakes, spending over half his hitch there.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: After his discharge, he moved to Los Angeles in the early 1960s, where he worked as a bartender before he started performing in clubs.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: Bramlett was performing at the Palomino Club in North Hollywood when he was asked to appear in a pilot for a new television show, "Shindig!". By 1965, Bramlett was a regular member of the Shindogs, the show's house band. He collaborated as a songwriter with fellow musicians Joey Cooper, Mac Davis, and Jackie DeShannon. During this time, he worked with J.J. Cale and Leon Russell and released some unsuccessful solo singles. Bramlett was the first artist signed to Independence Records, headed by Phil Skaff. His debut single "Guess I Must be Dreamin" was produced by Russell, entering the Cashbox "Looking Ahead" survey on May 14, 1967.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: In the late 1960s British guitar icon Eric Clapton joined Delaney & Bonnie & Friends on tour, after which Bramlett produced and co-wrote songs for Clapton's debut solo album, "Eric Clapton". Clapton has credited Bramlett for pushing him to sing and teaching him the art of rock vocals. Bramlett produced King Curtis's last album, which produced two hit singles, "Teasin'" and "Lonesome Long Way from Home".


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: Bramlett taught Beatles lead guitarist George Harrison to play slide guitar, prominently featured in Harrison's hit "My Sweet Lord". Bramlett wrote, recorded, or appeared on stage with many notable performers, including Joe Cocker, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Billy Preston, John Lennon, the Everly Brothers, Duane Allman, Spooner Oldham, Steve Cropper, and Billy Burnette.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: Members of the Friends appearing in concert or recording with Bramlett on Friends albums include Clapton, Harrison, Leon Russell, Curtis, Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dave Mason, Rita Coolidge, Carl Radle, Jim Gordon, Bobby Whitlock, Jim Keltner, Bobby Keys, and Gram Parsons.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: Their album "Delaney & Bonnie & Friends On Tour With Eric Clapton" (1970) reached No. 29 on the "Billboard" 200. Between 1970 and 1972, the duo had seven songs chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100, including their best-known single, the poignant "Never Ending Song of Love", which peaked at No. 13 and a cover of Dave Mason's "Only You Know and I Know", which peaked at No. 20. Delaney & Bonnie ended their professional and personal relationship in 1972.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: In 2006, Bramlett was one of the duet artists on the Jerry Lee Lewis album "Last Man Standing", singing and playing guitar on "Lost Highway". In 2008, Bramlett released his first CD in six years, "A New Kind of Blues". He died later that year.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: Bramlett was married to Bonnie Lynn O'Farrell. The couple had a daughter Bekka Bramlett, who was briefly a member of Fleetwood Mac in the mid 1990s and has had a long career as a vocalist, backing various country and pop artists and releasing several solo albums. Their marriage was marred by violence due to their cocaine addictions. They divorced in 1972, ending their musical partnership as well.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: Bramlett married Kim Carmel Bramlett in 1992. They were together for 13 years, the longest relationship of Delaney's by far. Kim, a versatile musician/singer as well as chief engineer at the studio, recorded the last several albums during the period of 1989–2000. They divorced in 2001.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: Bramlett died from complications of gallbladder surgery at UCLA Ronald Reagan Medical Center in Los Angeles on December 27, 2008. Surviving were his widow Susan Lanier-Bramlett; a brother, John Wayne Bramlett; three daughters, Michele Bramlett, Suzanne Bramlett, and Bekka Bramlett; and two grandchildren. He was buried at Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles.


title: Delaney Bramlett

text: Described in an obituary as a "Southern Legend", Bramlett's song "Never Ending Song of Love" has been covered by others and was used on the soundtrack of the films "RV" and "A Good Year". Bramlett co-wrote Clapton's hit song "Let It Rain".


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Ferroelectricity is a characteristic of certain materials that have a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field. All ferroelectrics are also piezoelectric and pyroelectric, with the additional property that their natural electrical polarization is reversible. The term is used in analogy to ferromagnetism, in which a material exhibits a permanent magnetic moment. Ferromagnetism was already known when ferroelectricity was discovered in 1920 in Rochelle salt by Joseph Valasek. Thus, the prefix "ferro", meaning iron, was used to describe the property despite the fact that most ferroelectric materials do not contain iron. Materials that are both ferroelectric "and" ferromagnetic are known as multiferroics.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: When most materials are electrically polarized, the polarization induced, "P", is almost exactly proportional to the applied external electric field "E"; so the polarization is a linear function. This is called linear dielectric polarization (see figure). Some materials, known as paraelectric materials, show a more enhanced nonlinear polarization (see figure). The electric permittivity, corresponding to the slope of the polarization curve, is not constant as in linear dielectrics but is a function of the external electric field.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: In addition to being nonlinear, ferroelectric materials demonstrate a spontaneous nonzero polarization (after entrainment, see figure) even when the applied field "E" is zero. The distinguishing feature of ferroelectrics is that the spontaneous polarization can be "reversed" by a suitably strong applied electric field in the opposite direction; the polarization is therefore dependent not only on the current electric field but also on its history, yielding a hysteresis loop. They are called ferroelectrics by analogy to ferromagnetic materials, which have spontaneous magnetization and exhibit similar hysteresis loops.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Typically, materials demonstrate ferroelectricity only below a certain phase transition temperature, called the Curie temperature ("T") and are paraelectric above this temperature: the spontaneous polarization vanishes, and the ferroelectric crystal transforms into the paraelectric state. Many ferroelectrics lose their pyroelectric properties above "T" completely, because their paraelectric phase has a centrosymmetric crystal structure.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: The nonlinear nature of ferroelectric materials can be used to make capacitors with adjustable capacitance. Typically, a ferroelectric capacitor simply consists of a pair of electrodes sandwiching a layer of ferroelectric material. The permittivity of ferroelectrics is not only adjustable but commonly also very high, especially when close to the phase transition temperature. Because of this, ferroelectric capacitors are small in physical size compared to dielectric (non-tunable) capacitors of similar capacitance.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: The spontaneous polarization of ferroelectric materials implies a hysteresis effect which can be used as a memory function, and ferroelectric capacitors are indeed used to make ferroelectric RAM for computers and RFID cards. In these applications thin films of ferroelectric materials are typically used, as this allows the field required to switch the polarization to be achieved with a moderate voltage. However, when using thin films a great deal of attention needs to be paid to the interfaces, electrodes and sample quality for devices to work reliably.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Ferroelectric materials are required by symmetry considerations to be also piezoelectric and pyroelectric. The combined properties of memory, piezoelectricity, and pyroelectricity make ferroelectric capacitors very useful, e.g. for sensor applications. Ferroelectric capacitors are used in medical ultrasound machines (the capacitors generate and then listen for the ultrasound ping used to image the internal organs of a body), high quality infrared cameras (the infrared image is projected onto a two dimensional array of ferroelectric capacitors capable of detecting temperature differences as small as millionths of a degree Celsius), fire sensors, sonar, vibration sensors, and even fuel injectors on diesel engines.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Another idea of recent interest is the "ferroelectric tunnel junction" ("FTJ") in which a contact is made up by nanometer-thick ferroelectric film placed between metal electrodes. The thickness of the ferroelectric layer is small enough to allow tunneling of electrons. The piezoelectric and interface effects as well as the depolarization field may lead to a giant electroresistance (GER) switching effect.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Yet another burgeoning application is multiferroics, where researchers are looking for ways to couple magnetic and ferroelectric ordering within a material or heterostructure; there are several recent reviews on this topic.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Catalytic properties of ferroelectrics have been studied since 1952 when Parravano observed anomalies in CO oxidation rates over ferroelectric sodium and potassium niobates near the Curie temperature of these materials. Surface-perpendicular component of the ferroelectric polarization can dope polarization-dependent charges on surfaces of ferroelectric materials, changing their chemistry. This opens the possibility of performing catalysis beyond the limits of the Sabatier principle. Sabatier principle states that the surface-adsorbates interaction has to be an optimal amount: not too weak to be inert toward the reactants and not too strong to poison the surface and avoid desorption of the products: a compromise situation. This set of optimum interactions is usually referred to as "top of the volcano" in activity volcano plots. On the other hand, ferroelectric polarization-dependent chemistry can offer the possibility of switching the surface—adsorbates interaction from strong adsorption to strong desorption, thus a compromise between desorption and adsorption is no longer needed. Ferroelectric polarization can also act as an energy harvester. Polarization can help the separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs, leading to enhanced photocatalysis. Also, due to pyroelectric and piezoelectric effects under varying temperature (heating/cooling cycles) or varying strain (vibrations) conditions extra charges can appear on the surface and drive various (electro)chemical reactions forward.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: The internal electric dipoles of a ferroelectric material are coupled to the material lattice so anything that changes the lattice will change the strength of the dipoles (in other words, a change in the spontaneous polarization). The change in the spontaneous polarization results in a change in the surface charge. This can cause current flow in the case of a ferroelectric capacitor even without the presence of an external voltage across the capacitor. Two stimuli that will change the lattice dimensions of a material are force and temperature. The generation of a surface charge in response to the application of an external stress to a material is called piezoelectricity. A change in the spontaneous polarization of a material in response to a change in temperature is called pyroelectricity.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Generally, there are 230 space groups among which 32 crystalline classes can be found in crystals. There are 21 non-centrosymmetric classes, within which 20 are piezoelectric. Among the piezoelectric classes, 10 have a spontaneous electric polarization, that varies with the temperature, therefore they are pyroelectric. Ferroelectricity is a subset of pyroelectricity, which brings spontaneous electronic polarization to the material.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Ferroelectric phase transitions are often characterized as either displacive (such as BaTiO) or order-disorder (such as NaNO), though often phase transitions will demonstrate elements of both behaviors. In barium titanate, a typical ferroelectric of the displacive type, the transition can be understood in terms of a polarization catastrophe, in which, if an ion is displaced from equilibrium slightly, the force from the local electric fields due to the ions in the crystal increases faster than the elastic-restoring forces. This leads to an asymmetrical shift in the equilibrium ion positions and hence to a permanent dipole moment. The ionic displacement in barium titanate concerns the relative position of the titanium ion within the oxygen octahedral cage. In lead titanate, another key ferroelectric material, although the structure is rather similar to barium titanate the driving force for ferroelectricity is more complex with interactions between the lead and oxygen ions also playing an important role. In an order-disorder ferroelectric, there is a dipole moment in each unit cell, but at high temperatures they are pointing in random directions. Upon lowering the temperature and going through the phase transition, the dipoles order, all pointing in the same direction within a domain.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: An important ferroelectric material for applications is lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which is part of the solid solution formed between ferroelectric lead titanate and anti-ferroelectric lead zirconate. Different compositions are used for different applications; for memory applications, PZT closer in composition to lead titanate is preferred, whereas piezoelectric applications make use of the diverging piezoelectric coefficients associated with the morphotropic phase boundary that is found close to the 50/50 composition.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Ferroelectric crystals often show several transition temperatures and domain structure hysteresis, much as do ferromagnetic crystals. The nature of the phase transition in some ferroelectric crystals is still not well understood.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: In 1974 R.B. Meyer used symmetry arguments to predict ferroelectric liquid crystals, and the prediction could immediately be verified by several observations of behavior connected to ferroelectricity in smectic liquid-crystal phases that are chiral and tilted. The technology allows the building of flat-screen monitors. Mass production between 1994 and 1999 was carried out by Canon. Ferroelectric liquid crystals are used in production of reflective LCoS.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: In 2010 David Field found that prosaic films of chemicals such as nitrous oxide or propane exhibited ferroelectric properties. This new class of ferroelectric materials exhibit "spontelectric" properties, and may have wide-ranging applications in device and nano-technology and also influence the electrical nature of dust in the interstellar medium.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Other ferroelectric materials used include triglycine sulfate, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and lithium tantalate.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: It should be possible to produce materials which combine both ferroelectric and metallic properties simultaneously, at room temperature. According to research published in 2018 in "Nature Communications", scientists were able to produce a "two-dimensional" sheet of material which was both "ferroelectric" (had a polar crystal structure) and which conducted electricity.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Based on Ginzburg–Landau theory, the free energy of a ferroelectric material, in the absence of an electric field and applied stress may be written as a Taylor expansion in terms of the order parameter, "P". If a sixth order expansion is used (i.e. 8th order and higher terms truncated), the free energy is given by:


title: Ferroelectricity

text: where "P", "P", and "P" are the components of the polarization vector in the "x", "y", and "z" directions respectively, and the coefficients, formula_2 must be consistent with the crystal symmetry. To investigate domain formation and other phenomena in ferroelectrics, these equations are often used in the context of a phase field model. Typically, this involves adding a gradient term, an electrostatic term and an elastic term to the free energy. The equations are then discretized onto a grid using the finite difference method or finite element method and solved subject to the constraints of Gauss's law and Linear elasticity.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: In all known ferroelectrics, formula_3 and formula_4. These coefficients may be obtained experimentally or from ab-initio simulations. For ferroelectrics with a first order phase transition, formula_5, whereas formula_6 for a second order phase transition.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: The "spontaneous polarization", "P" of a ferroelectric for a cubic to tetragonal phase transition may be obtained by considering the 1D expression of the free energy which is:


title: Ferroelectricity

text: This free energy has the shape of a double well potential with two free energy minima at formula_8, the spontaneous polarization. We find the derivative of the free energy, and set it equal to zero in order to solve for formula_9:


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Since the "P = 0" solution of this equation rather corresponds to a free energy "maxima" in the ferroelectric phase, the desired solutions for "P" correspond to setting the remaining factor to zero:


title: Ferroelectricity

text: and eliminating solutions which take the square root of a negative number (for either the first or second order phase transitions) gives:


title: Ferroelectricity

text: The hysteresis loop (P versus E) may be obtained from the free energy expansion by including the term "-E P" corresponding to the energy due to an external electric field E interacting with the polarization P, as follows:


title: Ferroelectricity

text: We find the stable polarization values of P "under the influence of the external field", now denoted as P, again by setting the derivative of the energy with respect to P to zero:


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Plotting "E" (on the X axis) as a function of "P" (but on the Y axis) gives an 'S' shaped curve which is multi-valued in P for some values of E. The central part of the 'S' corresponds to a free energy local maximum (since formula_20 ). Elimination of this region, and connection of the top and bottom portions of the 'S' curve by vertical lines at the discontinuities gives the hysteresis loop of internal polarization due to an external electric field.


title: Ferroelectricity

text: Sliding ferroelectricity is widely found but only in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals stacked layers. The vertical electric polarization is switched by in-plane interlayer sliding.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: The AGM-12 Bullpup is a short-range air-to-ground missile developed by Martin Marietta for the US Navy. It is among the earliest precision guided air-to-ground weapons and the first to be mass produced. It first saw operational use in 1959 on the A-4 Skyhawk, but soon found use on the A-6 Intruder, F-105 Thunderchief, F-4 Phantom II, F-8 Crusader, and P-3 Orion in both Navy and US Air Force service, as well as NATO allies. The weapon was guided manually via a small joystick in the aircraft cockpit, which presented a number of problems and its ultimate accuracy was on the order of , greater than desired. In the 1960s it was increasingly supplanted by fully automatic weapons like the AGM-62 Walleye and AGM-65 Maverick.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: Development of Bullpup began in 1953 when Korean War experience demonstrated the almost complete inability for conventional bombing to attack point land targets like bridges. There had been great experimentation during World War II on various guided weapons by many of the belligerents, including some operational use of radio control weapons by Germany and the US with varying degrees of success. These experiments mostly ended in the post-war era, especially as nuclear weapons made accuracy a less interesting problem to solve. This left little research into conventional weapons before Korea started.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: A contract tender for a new weapon was released in 1953 calling for a weapon armed with the AN-M57 or AN-M81 bomb and a maximum speed of Mach 2. The contract was won by Martin Marietta in April 1954 and the project was assigned the name ASM-N-7 Bullpup. The initial XASM-N-7 prototypes were powered by the Mark 8 Mod 1 solid propellant rocket motor made by Aerojet-General, which delivered about 38 kN of thrust for 2.5 seconds. The first test launches were carried out in June 1955.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: The weapon was guided by the launch aircraft through the manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) method, with the pilot tracking the flight of the missile via two bright flares on the weapon's tail and making corrections using a small joystick in the cockpit. The position of the receiver antenna on the weapon meant that the aircraft had to continue flying in roughly the same direction as the missile in order for the signals to be received from the AN/ARW-73 transmitter, and due to the location of the cockpit on the aircraft, this generally meant the aircraft had to be in a dive toward the target throughout the approach.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: Although the weapon did not meet its original requirements exactly, in that it carried only the M81 warhead and reached M1.8, development was otherwise straightforward. The weapon was officially put into service on 25 April 1959 on the A-4 Skyhawks aboard the USS "Lexington". This was followed by fittings on the North American FJ-4 Fury and Sikorsky CH-34. Production versions were mostly built by Maxson Electronics.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: The US Air Force was interested in the system as early as 1954, and in 1955 began development of their own version, known as White Lance. Desiring higher performance, White Lance was to use a liquid fuel rocket engine, the Thiokol LR-44 which provides approximately 53.9 kN of thrust for 2 seconds. Another change was to move to a newer radio control system, the AN/ARW-77, which allowed off-axis guiding so the aircraft could fly parallel to the target instead of straight at it, greatly increasing visibility and eliminating the need to dive directly at the target.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: While they waited for GAM-79, the Air Force also purchased examples of the ASM-N-7, which they put into service under the name GAM-83 on the North American F-100 and Republic F-105. As the development of GAM-79 continued, the Navy also became interested in a liquid fuel engine and had Thiokol build another version, the LR58. These were introduced as the ASM-N-7a Bullpup A in 1960. As this weapon was essentially identical to the planned GAM-79, so that name was dropped and the ASM-N-7a was introduced as the GAM-83A. The Air Force also introduced the GAM-83B, which differed in having a slightly larger diameter to carry the 1.5 kT W45 nuclear warhead.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: For training purposes, Martin produced a guidance system that could be fit to surplus High Velocity Aircraft Rockets, which entered service as the TASM-N-7/TGAM-83.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: While development of the original versions was still ongoing, development of a significantly larger version, ASM-N-7b Bullpup B, began. This enlarged the warhead to and upgraded the motor to the LR62 with much higher thrust. Although the new motor gave the system longer maximum range, the existing systems were already at the limit of the typical pilot's eyesight, and in practice the new model had the same effective range. The first tests were carried out in 1962 and Bullpup B entered service in 1964.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: As part of the inter-service effort to align designations of their weapon systems, all Bullpups were renamed AGM-12 in 1963. The original solid-fuel versions became the AGM-12A, which was somewhat confusing given the Navy naming for their liquid-fuel versions. The liquid-fuel versions became AGM-12B, overlapping the ASM-N-7b which became AGM-12C. The Air Force's nuclear GAM-83B became the AGM-12D. The TGAM-83 was renamed ATM-12, lacking a suffix which the new naming rules required.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: The final version of the Bullpup was the Air Force's AGM-12E. This was a AGM-12C with the warhead replaced with an anti-personnel cluster bomb warhead with 800-830 BLU-26/B bomblets. This was produced in small numbers for use in Vietnam.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: Bullpups were widely used by both the Navy and Air Force during the Vietnam War, with mixed results. In its most famous early use, sixteen Air Force F-105's carrying two AGM-12Bs were part of the group of aircraft that attacked the Thanh Hóa Bridge on 3 April 1965. Because the weapon was manually guided, each aircraft had to line up for attack twice in separate passes. After the attack was completed the bridge was essentially undamaged, and the Bullpups were described as simply "bouncing off" the bridge.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: In addition to the lack of destructive power, the requirement to carry out separate passes for each release, and the need to continue guiding the weapon through its flight, led the Air Force to conclude the weapon was inadequate. In the late 1960s they began several development projects to replace the guidance system of the AGM-12C with some sort of fully or semi-automatic guidance. The AGM-79 Blue Eye used a contrast seeker like that in the AGM-65 Maverick; AGM-80 Viper used inertial guidance for airburst operations, and the AGM-83 Bulldog used laser guidance. None of these entered service; other weapons like Maverick and laser guided bombs took over these roles.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: Approximately 56,000 Bullpups of all models were produced by the time production ended in 1969, the majority being the A and B models, along with 4,600 AGM-12C, 100 AGM-12D, and 800 AGM-12E. The smaller A/B versions remained in service in the mid-1970s as the newer weapons began to supplant them, with the Navy's last firings during July 1978 when VP-1 patrol aircraft fired three at practice targets. The weapon left Navy service that month. The larger C model remained until the early 1980s.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: Production was also undertaken in Norway by Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk in partnership with the UK's de Havilland. While production ramped up, the UK purchased 1,200 from the US and then began deliveries of another 2,500 from Kongsberg. Norway purchased another 1,500 local-built examples, and sold another 2,500 to Turkey under a co-production system. Israel purchased 760 AGM-12Bs and Cs from the US.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: The missile was constructed in two separate portions for the nose and tail. The nose contained the guidance receivers which translated instructions into commands for the electro-pneumatic actuators for the four small delta wing control fins arranged around the nose. The tail section held the two tracking flares and larger wings to maintain flight and help prevent the airframe from rolling in flight. The main roll prevention was provided by a gyroscope controlling the front control fins.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: The Bullpup used a Manual Command Line Of Sight guidance system with roll-stabilization. In flight, the pilot or weapons operator tracked the Bullpup by watching the flares and used a control joystick to steer it toward the target using radio signals. The goal was to direct the missile so that it remained on the line between the pilot and the target.


title: AGM-12 Bullpup

text: After launching the Bullpup, best accuracy was maintained by continuing to fly the same track, so that the pilot could sight down the smoke trail and steer the missile from directly behind as much as possible. Unfortunately, one problem quickly discovered by pilots in Vietnam was that gunners on the ground could simply fire at the smoke trail of the missile's flare and have a fairly good chance of hitting the aircraft that had launched—and was still guiding—the missile. Thus, to try to protect their own aircraft, the pilot would "jig" slightly off of the missile's path and hopefully avoid the anti-aircraft fire.


title: Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions

text: Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions (also simply known as Carnival of Souls) is the seventeenth studio album by American rock band Kiss, released in 1997. It is the band's final album with lead guitarist Bruce Kulick, and their last album with drummer Eric Singer until 2009's "Sonic Boom". The album is a departure from the band's classic hard rock style, favoring a dark and dense grunge-oriented sound. It is also the band's last album of their unmasked era.


title: Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions

text: The album was recorded between late 1995 and early 1996, but Kiss cancelled its release after committing to a reunion tour with the band's original lineup. Bootleg copies were circulated by fans, prompting the band to officially release the material in 1997 under the title "Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions". According to guitarist Bruce Kulick, the bootleg versions in distribution lacked songs that were part of the official release. There was no accompanying tour to support the album, and none of the songs on "Carnival of Souls" have ever been performed live by Kiss, though the album's closing track "I Walk Alone" has occasionally been performed live by Eric Singer and Kulick in the Eric Singer Project. "Jungle" and "I Walk Alone" were also performed live by Kulick's former band, Union.


title: Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions

text: Two former members of the band Black 'N Blue co-wrote songs on "Carnival of Souls"; vocalist Jaime St. James co-wrote "In My Head", and guitarist Tommy Thayer collaborated on "Childhood's End". Thayer would join Kiss as the band's permanent lead guitarist in 2002. Bruce Kulick provides his first and only lead vocal with the band on "I Walk Alone". "Carnival of Souls" is the band's longest album, clocking in at 60 minutes and 11 seconds.


title: Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions

text: Guitarist Bruce Kulick wrote on his official website that "Carnival of Souls" had "people equally vocal about it being their favorite Kiss CD or thinking it's the worst Kiss album ever". The album reached No. 27 on the US Billboard 200 chart and the only single released from the album, "Jungle", made No. 8 on the US Mainstream Rock chart. No music video was made to promote the single, which later won a 1997 "Metal Edge" Readers' Choice Award for Song of the Year.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: Svaha: The Sixth Finger (; RR: "Sabaha") is a 2019 South Korean mystery thriller film directed by Jang Jae-hyun, starring Lee Jung-jae, Park Jeong-min, Lee Jae-in, Jung Jin-young, Jin Seon-kyu and Lee David. The film was number one at the box office in its opening week, with a strong 840,000 sales and collected 1.18 million viewers in its first five days. It depicts a mystery involving a Buddhist sect while posing questions about faith in general.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: The story starts when Lee Geum-hwa and her twin sister are born. Geum-hwa's sister's fetus feeds on her leg and Geum-hwa is born with a deformed leg. The sister, referred to as the thing was not expected to make it. Their mother dies shortly after and their father commits suicide soon after. Geum-hwa now lives in a remote village with her grandparents, who had recently moved there and raises dogs for a living. The sister is kept hidden from the public eye, locked up in a shed in the backyard. Her birth was never registered. Some of the locals with the help of a shaman (woman) investigate the farm because the local livestock had been acting up. When they investigate the shed, snakes crawl out of it and bite them.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: Meanwhile, Pastor Park, a man who works at exposing cults, is hired to investigate a mysterious group called Dongbanggyo or "Deer Mountain." At the same time, the police also start investigating the body of a girl found buried in concrete. An individual called Gwangmok pays a visit to his friend Kim Cheol-Jin a truck driver who admits he has failed Father. He says the dead children come to visit him at night. Gwangmok tells him to go ahead and die. Autopsy on the dead girl reveals a talisman inside her mouth and the Pathologist recalls similar cases in the past. Police trace the dead girl to Kim Cheol-Jin via the construction company he works for and when the police arrive he throws himself off the roof. Gwangmok is given an information sheet on Geum-hwa by one of the Dongbanggyo members. He starts to stake out Geum-hwa. Gwangmok has nightmares about dead girls but they end with a woman consoling him with a song.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: Park learns the scriptures of Dongbanggyo was written by a Kim Pungsa and finds an article about a Buddhist master Nechung Tenpa wanting to meet the founder of Dongbanggyo, Kim Je-seok. Park learns that Kim Je-seok made a significant donation to a youth detention centre about 20 years ago. He also learns that Kim Je-seok adopted four juvenile delinquents who killed their fathers. One of the boys was Kim Cheol-jin. Park reasons that three of the boys are dead based on drawings showing them as deities with halos. The remaining deity is called Gwangmok.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: Gwangmok is at Guem-hwa's place and plans to strangle her. However, birds begin to fly through the window which confuses Gwangmok. He then goes to the shed where the sister is. The sister grabs his leg from under the door and Gwangmok is frightened off. Gwangmok goes to the Dongbanggyo Residence and speaks with a youthful Henchman tending the grounds. He tells Gwangmok that the girl is the snake. Gwangmok meets with his "Father" who is dying. He recalls the Father giving him the moniker Gwangmok and saying that he is one of the stars who will protect the light.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: Pastor Park speaks with Nechung Tenpa, who recounts an encounter he had in 1985 with the Master or Maitreya. He tells Park that the man has attained immortality. He saw the Master's twelve fingers. He says the Master is still alive despite being born in 1899. Park asks about the Donggonggyo scriptures which speak of a "snake" who will kill "the light." Tenpa says that the snake is the natural enemy of the Master. Tenpa said he delivered an oracle to the Master that his natural enemy will be born in the place where the Master was born in one hundred years and will turn out the light. Park asks Tenpa about the numbers in the scriptures but he was not able to assist. Park deduces that the cult founder Kim Je-seok is "the light," and the four "guardians" have been killing all the young girls born in 1999 at Yeongwul, Kim Je-seok's hometown. He realizes the numbers in the scripture were actually birth registration numbers for all the girls.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: Meanwhile, Gwangmok has kidnapped Guem-hwa and is preparing to kill her. She asks why she has to die. He says she is born evil but death is not the end. Guen-hwa tells Gwangmok about her sister and asks him to kill her also so she can be reborn as a human in the next life. Gwongmok finds the sister and prepares to strangle her. She has shed her hideous appearance and has taken on the pose of a Buddha. She tells him that she has been waiting for her and that she was the one who consoles him in his nightmares after he sheds blood. She sings the same song to him as in his nightmares. She tells him to look for the mark (six fingers) on the person he calls Father and to kill him.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: Gwangmok returns to the Residence and tells the Henchman what happened. He goes to check his dying Father's hand but he only has five fingers. The Henchman lures Gwangmok to a barn and shoots him. He puts Gwangmok in the back seat of a car and drives to kill Guem-hwa's sister. Park also attend the residence and is confused why the old man is dying. He hides and learns that the Henchman is actually Kim Je-seok and that the old man was just a disciple.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: While driving Kim Je-seok (now revealed as the Henchman) tells Gwangmok that he will soon die. He tells him the man he called Father was actually his disciple. He tells him he is the light and that Gwangmok is one of the stars that protect him. He tells him not be sad about the acts they committed. He tells him he has won the race against time and that there are things he must do for the world and offers for him to continue to serve. Gwangmok goes to strangle him and tells Kim that he is a predator who is desperate to live. The car eventually crashes. Both are pinned with fuel dripping onto them. Kim Je-seok is able to escape and starts to walk away. Gwangmok retrieves an object that the sister had given him. It turns out to be a lighter and he sets Kim Je-seok on fire killing him.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: Principal photography began on November 19, 2017, and wrapped on April 9, 2018. The title Svaha was decided when a colleague of director Jang Jae-hyun recommended it. It is a term used in Buddhism when memorizing a certain series of events makes them "happen”.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: 90% of the scenes were shot on location, despite the cold reaching 20 degrees below zero in some areas. The production team devoted 90% of shooting to an entire location of Gangwon-do province with a mountainous area in South Korea. Cinematographer Kim Tae-soo also created blue-based water as a base to create a cool-toned cinematic atmosphere while preserving the cold tones for the season of winter. The camera movements and shooting styles also emphasize expressing the tension, which later is increased by more close-ups in the second half of the film.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: Although Buddhism and esotericism are the main focus in the film, there are also elements of Maitreya, Shichuan and references to the Christian Bible as well. For instance, when the twin sisters are born, there's a reference to the biblical brothers Esau and Jacob. Jacob is said to have come out of the womb with his twin brother's heel. In the movie, this is similar to when "It" survived in the womb by eating her twin's leg. There is also the reference to Massacre of the Innocents when, just like King Herod the Great, Kim Je-Seuk who killed all of the infants born in a certain place to get rid of an enemy predicted to defeat him.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: The film released on February 20, 2019, attracted 190,000 viewers on the first day and was number one in the box office. On the second day, it exceeded 2 million viewers, in total bringing in around 2.19 million audience members. This brings in cumulative sales of 20,007,508,194 won which is around 16,481,474.98 U.S dollars. Actor Jeong Dong-hwan, played the role of Kim Je-seok who after gaining enlightenment, his body never grows old. But the film faced some backlash when used a photo of Independence activist Na-Cheo for an earlier photo of the character Kim Je-seok. Na-Cheol was an independence activist known as the godfather of the anti-Japanese independence movement founded in Daejong Gyo, before the National Order of Merit was started. There was also a protest from Sincheonji, a Christian movement, over some scenes from the trailer. They were concerned when they say the trailer that the film could damage the group's reputation.


title: Svaha: The Sixth Finger

text: At the 56th Grand Bell Awards, the movie got 8 nominations and won 2 awards. It won for Best Art Direction( for Seo Seong-kyeong) and Best Lighting( for Jeon Young-seok).


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: The 2018 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game that was played on February 18, 2018, during the National Basketball Association's (NBA) 2017–18 season. It was the 67th edition of the NBA All-Star Game, and was played at Staples Center in Los Angeles, home of the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers. Team LeBron defeated Team Stephen, 148–145. LeBron James, namesake of Team LeBron, was named the All-Star Game Most Valuable Player for recording 29 points, 10 rebounds, and 8 assists; it was his third time winning the award since the 2008 All-Star Game. This was the sixth time that Los Angeles had hosted the NBA All-Star Game and the first time since 2011. The game was televised nationally by TNT for the 16th consecutive year, and simulcast on TBS for the 4th straight year.


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: On October 3, 2017, the NBA announced that the All-Star Game format would change from the traditional Eastern Conference versus Western Conference format, and would instead switch to a draft-style format, similar to the format used by the NHL All-Star Game from 2011 through 2015 and the NFL Pro Bowl from 2014 through 2016. The team captains were determined by the most votes received in their respective conference. Each team will pick a charity to play for, and the winning team will have money donated to their charity. The winning team will receive $100,000 for each player and the losing team $25,000 each.


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: The two teams were coached from their respective conference. Mike D'Antoni, coach of the Houston Rockets, was named as the head coach for Team Stephen. Dwane Casey, coach of the Toronto Raptors, was named as the head coach for Team LeBron.


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: The rosters for the All-Star Game were selected through a voting process. The starters were chosen by the fans, media, and current NBA players. Fans make up 50% of the vote, and NBA players and media each comprise 25% of the vote. The two guards and three frontcourt players who receive the highest cumulative vote totals are named the All-Star starters. NBA head coaches vote for the reserves for their respective conferences, none of which can be players on their own team. Each coach selects two guards, three frontcourt players and two wild cards, with each selected player ranked in order of preference within each category. If a multi-position player is to be selected, coaches are encouraged to vote for the player at the position that was "most advantageous for the All-Star team", regardless of where the player was listed on the All-Star ballot or the position he was listed in box scores.


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: The All-Star Game starters were announced on January 18, 2018. Kyrie Irving of the Boston Celtics and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors were named the backcourt starters in the East, earning their fifth and fourth all-star appearances, respectively. LeBron James was named a starter to his 14th career all-star game, breaking Dirk Nowitzki's record for most selections among active players. Joining James in the East frontcourt was Joel Embiid of the Philadelphia 76ers, his first selection, and Giannis Antetokounmpo of the Milwaukee Bucks, his second selection.


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors and James Harden of the Houston Rockets were named to the starting backcourt in the West, earning their fifth and sixth all-star appearances, respectively. In the frontcourt, Kevin Durant of the Golden State Warriors was named to his ninth career all-star game, along with DeMarcus Cousins and Anthony Davis of the New Orleans Pelicans, their fourth and fifth all-star selections, respectively. During the All-Star Game, Davis would wear his teammate Cousins' jersey as a means of honoring him after his season-ending injury occurred before the All-Star Game began.


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: The All-Star Game reserves were announced on January 23, 2018. The West reserves include Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder, his seventh selection, Klay Thompson and Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors, their fourth and third all-star selections, respectively, LaMarcus Aldridge of the San Antonio Spurs, his sixth selection, Damian Lillard of the Portland Trail Blazers, his third selection, and Karl-Anthony Towns and Jimmy Butler of the Minnesota Timberwolves, their first and fourth all-star selections, respectively. Westbrook would later be named the replacement starter for DeMarcus Cousins' open starting spot on the team.


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: The East reserves include Kyle Lowry of the Toronto Raptors, his fourth selection, Al Horford of the Boston Celtics, his fifth selection, John Wall and Bradley Beal of the Washington Wizards, their fifth and first all-star selections, respectively, Victor Oladipo of the Indiana Pacers, his first selection, Kevin Love of the Cleveland Cavaliers, his fifth selection, and Kristaps Porzingis of the New York Knicks, his first selection.


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: LeBron James and Stephen Curry were named as captains due to being the leading vote getter from the East and West, respectively. James had the first pick in the draft as the leading vote getter overall, while Curry has first choice of jersey color, due to the Western Conference having home team status for the game. The draft pool consisted of the eight other starters, with no regard to conference designation, and 14 reserves (seven from each conference), chosen by NBA head coaches. On January 25, 2018, LeBron James and Stephen Curry created their rosters via a draft, which would not be televised for various reasons. NBA Commissioner Adam Silver will select the replacement for any player unable to participate in the All-Star Game, choosing a player from the same conference as the player who is being replaced. Silver's selection would join the team that drafted the replaced player. If a replaced player is a starter, the head coach of that team will choose a new starter from his cast of players instead.


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: Fergie's performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" prior to the game received heavy negative criticism and mockery online. The rendition—described as "unusual" and "bizarre"—was met with laughter from the arena crowd, and All-Star Draymond Green was shown chuckling on the television broadcast. The following day, Fergie said she "wanted to try something special for the NBA," but it "didn't strike the intended tone."


title: 2018 NBA All-Star Game

text: Donovan Mitchell was removed due to replacing Aaron Gordon in the Slam Dunk Contest.<ref name="Gordon/Hield/Mitchell"></ref>


title: Canon EOS 6D

text: The Canon EOS 6D is a 20.2-megapixel full-frame CMOS digital single-lens reflex camera made by Canon.


title: Canon EOS 6D

text: The EOS 6D was publicly announced on 17 September 2012, one day before the start of the Photokina 2012 trade show. It was released in late November 2012 and offered at that time as a body only for a suggested retail price of or in a package with an EF 24-105mm f/4L IS USM zoom lens for a suggested retail price of .


title: Canon EOS 6D

text: The EOS 6D (WG) is the first Canon DSLR to feature GPS functions and built in Wi-Fi capabilities, which geotag images and allow files to be uploaded directly to Facebook, YouTube, or Canon Image Gateway; transferred to external devices; or sent to be printed on a Wi-Fi-enabled Canon printer. The Wi-Fi capabilities also allow remote control and viewing via many smartphones. These features are not available in the (N) version of the camera.


title: Canon EOS 6D

text: Weighing , the 6D is also Canon's smallest and lightest full-frame DSLR, comparable to the APS-C sensor 60D. The camera supports ISO settings from 50 to 102,400 which can be selected automatically or adjusted manually, an 11-point autofocus system, and an anti-glare LCD screen. The center autofocus point has a sensitivity of −3 EV.


title: Canon EOS 6D

text: The BG-E13 battery grip, which was made to be used with the 6D, allows the use of six AA cells, or one or two LP-E6 batteries. The 6D has a maximum burst frame rate of 4.5 frames per second. Like all Canon DSLR full-frame cameras, the 6D does not have a built in flash due to the design of the viewfinder.


title: Canon EOS 6D

text: The movie image size can be set, as well as the frame rate per second, and compression method. Available modes:


title: Canon EOS 6D

text: Digital Photography Review have chosen Canon EOS 6D as one of the 20 most important cameras of the 2010s.


title: Canon EOS 6D

text: The Canon EOS 6D was the most commonly used camera in images to be shortlisted in the RMG Astronomy Photographer of the Year competition in both 2019 and 2020.


title: The Boatman's Call

text: The Boatman's Call is the tenth studio album by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, released in 1997. The album is entirely piano-based, alternately somber and romantic in mood, making it a marked departure from the bulk of the band's post-punk catalogue up to that point. "The Boatman's Call" remains one of the most critically acclaimed releases of Nick Cave's career.


title: The Boatman's Call

text: Recording for the album began at Sarm West Studios in London, United Kingdom in mid-1996, with "The Garden Duet", one of the album's outtakes, being the first song recorded. Though the bulk of "The Boatman's Call" was recorded at Sarm West, further recordings — including overdubs — were later done at Abbey Road Studios.


title: The Boatman's Call

text: Musically, the album's tone is considered sombre and minimalist and marks a major departure for Cave and The Bad Seeds. Moving away from full-band arrangements and character-based narratives, the album's music and lyrics move towards the more intimate sound of Cave's solo voice accompanied by piano or a few other instruments. The tempo is also generally slow, reflecting many of the moods of the songs. Many of the lyrics seem to reflect on Cave's personal relationships and spiritual yearnings at the time of writing. Some songs are thought to be directed at either the mother of Cave's oldest son Luke, Viviane Carneiro (in "Where Do We Go Now But Nowhere?") or singer PJ Harvey, with whom he had a brief relationship around that time (as referenced in "West Country Girl", "Black Hair" and "Green Eyes"). "Green Eyes" includes a line from “Sonnet 18”, by Louise Labé ("Kiss me, rekiss me, & kiss me again").


title: The Boatman's Call

text: Cave performed "Into My Arms" at the 1997 funeral of INXS vocalist Michael Hutchence, an old friend from Cave's youth, and requested that the TV cameras be shut off for his performance out of respect for Hutchence. The song "People Ain't No Good" was also featured in the movie "Shrek 2". The song “There Is A Kingdom” was featured in the movie "Zack Snyder's Justice League". In October 2010, the album was listed in the top 30 in the book, "100 Best Australian Albums".


title: The Boatman's Call

text: "The Boatman's Call" received almost unanimous critical acclaim upon release with many reviewers citing it as Cave's most poignant album. "NME" rated it as the 23rd best album of 1997. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: The Boatman's Call

text: A number of other songs were recorded at "The Boatman's Call" sessions, some of which were later released as B-sides to the album's two singles and also on Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds 2005 compilation album, "B-Sides and Rarities".


title: H. Lawrence Culp Jr.

text: Henry Lawrence "Larry" Culp, Jr. (born March 1963) is an American business executive. He has been chairman and CEO of General Electric and GE Aviation. He is the first outsider to run GE in the company's 126-year history.


title: H. Lawrence Culp Jr.

text: Prior to joining GE, Culp worked at Pall Corporation and Danaher Corporation in Washington, D.C. He joined the Danaher Corporation in 1990 and served as CEO from 2001 through 2014. Culp joined the GE board of directors in April 2018.


title: H. Lawrence Culp Jr.

text: Culp was born and raised in the Washington, D.C. area, the son of a small welding company owner. He earned a bachelor's degree from Washington College, and an MBA from Harvard Business School.


title: H. Lawrence Culp Jr.

text: Culp joined Danaher in 1990 at Veeder-Root, becoming President in 1993. He was appointed a group executive and corporate officer in 1995, with responsibility for Danaher’s Environmental and Electronic Test and Measurement platforms while also being President of Fluke and Fluke Networks. He was named an Executive Vice President in 1999, Chief Operating Officer in 2001, and President as well as CEO in 2001. Previously, Culp was a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School, where he focused on leadership, strategy and general management in the MBA and executive education programs.


title: H. Lawrence Culp Jr.

text: Culp is also a senior advisor at Bain Capital Private Equity and a non-executive director of T. Rowe Price.


title: H. Lawrence Culp Jr.

text: Culp's pay package of up to $21 million a year for four years as chairman and CEO of General Electric has attracted attention, especially the element tied to any stock price increase, with about $47 million for a 50% rise and perhaps $300 million for a 150% increase. According to Bloomberg LP, the high base pay "sends the wrong message". In 2020, Culp was offered a contract-extension of two years by the board of General Electric that would last until August 2024.


title: H. Lawrence Culp Jr.

text: In April 2021, the Financial Times reported that Culp faced push back from two of the largest shareholder advisers on his pay package, which includes a bonus of $47 million. In June 2022, Culp extended his role as CEO of GE Aviation, in addition to GE.


title: HBsAg

text: HBsAg (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its presence in blood indicates current hepatitis B infection.


title: HBsAg

text: The viral envelope of an enveloped virus has different surface proteins from the rest of the virus which act as antigens. These antigens are recognized by antibody proteins that bind specifically to one of these surface proteins.


title: HBsAg

text: Today, these antigen-proteins can be genetically manufactured (e.g. transgene "E. coli") to produce material for a simple antigen test, which detects the presence of HBV.


title: HBsAg

text: It is present in the sera of patients with viral hepatitis B (with or without clinical symptoms). Patients who developed antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBsAg seroconversion) are usually considered non-infectious. HBsAg detection by immunoassay is used in blood screening, to establish a diagnosis of hepatitis B infection in the clinical setting (in combination with other disease markers) and to monitor antiviral treatment.


title: HBsAg

text: In histopathology, the presence of HBsAg is more commonly demonstrated by the use of the Shikata orcein technique, which uses a natural dye to bind to the antigen in infected liver cells.


title: HBsAg

text: Positive HBsAg tests can be due to recent vaccination against Hepatitis B virus but this positivity is unlikely to persist beyond 14 days post-vaccination.


title: HBsAg

text: It is commonly referred to as the "Australia Antigen". This is because it was first isolated by the American research physician and Nobel Prize winner Baruch S. Blumberg in the serum of an Australian Aboriginal person. It was discovered to be part of the virus that caused serum hepatitis by virologist Alfred Prince in 1968.


title: HBsAg

text: Heptavax, a "first-generation" hepatitis B vaccine in the 1980s, was made from HBsAg extracted from the blood plasma of hepatitis patients. Current vaccine are made from recombinant HBsAg grown in yeast.


title: Shubhendra Shankar

text: Shubhendra Shankar (30 March 1942 – 15 September 1992), also known as Shubho Shankar, was an Indian graphic artist, musician and composer. He was the son and the eldest child of musicians Ravi Shankar and Annapurna Devi.


title: Shubhendra Shankar

text: Shubho was the son of sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar (who was 21 when Shubho was born) and surbahar player of the Maihar Gharana, Annapurna Devi (who was 14 when Shubho was born). He was the grandson of Ustad Allauddin Khan, and the half-brother of Norah Jones and Anoushka Shankar. He was also the nephew of dance choreographer Uday Shankar, Sarod maestro Ali Akbar Khan and a cousin of musician Ananda Shankar and actress Mamata Shankar.


title: Shubhendra Shankar

text: He learned the sitar from his mother Annapurna Devi. He had not completed his "taalim" (training) with her when he left for the US with his father Ravi Shankar. While living in his father's home in Hollywood, he painted and drew, and earned a degree in fine arts from the Otis Art Institute of the Parsons School of Design in Los Angeles.


title: Shubhendra Shankar

text: In 1971, within two years of his arrival in the US, Shubho Shankar performed in a concert for the first time, playing with his father at New York's Carnegie Hall. The performance was titled "Fathers and Sons" and included tabla players Alla Rakha and his son Zakir Hussain.


title: Shubhendra Shankar

text: Shubho Shankar performed frequently on concert tours, composed music for films and recorded several albums. He performed with his father, appearing throughout Europe, Asia and the United States, including performances at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.


title: Shubhendra Shankar

text: After marrying, he gradually dropped out of the music scene and stopped playing the sitar for almost eight years. At the age of 40, he took his father's advice to return to his music full-time. He gave lessons in sitar playing, singing and flute in Orange County, San Diego and Los Angeles.


title: Shubhendra Shankar

text: On this trip, which also was to be his last visit to India, he met his mother after a gap of 20 years during which the two had no communication. He resumed learning the sitar under his mother.


title: Shubhendra Shankar

text: Shankar played together with his father at the Sawai Gandharva Festival in Pune in 1990, where some music critics commented that he was out of tune. Shankar was dejected, and refused to stay in India to complete his sitar education, saying it was "too late now". He returned to the US, and in his last few months cut himself off from everyone.


title: Shubhendra Shankar

text: At a concert he gave at Whittier College, Shubho met Linda, from North Carolina, soon to be his wife. They had two children, son Somnath and daughter Kaveri. Gradually he lost interest in playing the sitar. He worked as a clerk in a liquor store, painted pictures, and drew illustrations for telephone directories, in order to support his wife and two children.


title: Shubhendra Shankar

text: Shankar died of pneumonia at Los Alamitos Medical Center following an illness of several months at his home in Garden Grove. He was cremated and his remains dispersed in the ocean off Marina del Rey.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: Anne of Bohemia (11 May 1366 – 7 June 1394), also known as Anne of Luxembourg, was Queen of England as the first wife of King Richard II. A member of the House of Luxembourg, she was the eldest daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, and Elizabeth of Pomerania. Her death at the age of 28 was believed to have been caused by plague.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: Anne had four brothers, including the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, and one younger sister, Margaret of Bohemia, Burgravine of Nuremberg. She also had five half-siblings from her father's previous marriages, including Margaret of Bohemia, Queen of Hungary. She was brought up mainly at Prague Castle, and spent much of her early life in the care of her brother, King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia. On her journey through Flanders on the way to her new life in England, she came under the protection of her uncle, Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: Richard II married Anne of Bohemia (1382) as a result of the Western Schism (1378-1417) in the Papacy that had resulted in two rival popes. According to Eduard Perroy, Pope Urban VI sanctioned the marriage between Richard and Anne in an attempt to create an alliance on his behalf, particularly so that he might be stronger against the French and their preferred pope, Clement. Anne's father was the most powerful monarch in Europe at the time, ruling over about half of Europe's population and territory.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: The marriage was contracted against the wishes of many members of his nobility and members of parliament, and occurred primarily at the instigation of Richard's advisor Michael de la Pole. Richard had been offered Caterina Visconti, one of the daughters of Bernabò Visconti, the Lord of Milan, who would have brought a great deal of money with her as a dowry. But instead, Anne was chosen. She brought with her no dowry, and in return for her hand in marriage, Richard gave 20,000 florins (around £4,000,000 in today's value) in payments to her brother King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, who had written to Richard to stress their joint duty to reunite Christendom. There were few diplomatic benefits – although English merchants were now allowed to trade freely within both the Bohemian lands and the lands of the Holy Roman Empire, this was not much when compared to the usual diplomatic benefits from marriages made as a result of the war with France.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: Negotiations could not be completed until 1380 because Richard's negotiating team were held for ransom while returning from Prague. The marriage treaty was signed in May 1381.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: On her arrival in England in December 1381, having been delayed by storms, Anne was severely criticised by contemporary chroniclers, probably as a result of the financial arrangements of the marriage, although it was quite typical for queens to be viewed in critical terms. The Westminster Chronicler called her "a tiny scrap of humanity", and Thomas Walsingham related a disastrous omen upon her arrival; her ships smashed to pieces as soon as she had disembarked. Nevertheless, Anne and King Richard II were married in Westminster Abbey on 20 January 1382. Still, the reception from Londoners was hostile at times. Tournaments were held for several days after the ceremony in celebration. They then made a tour of the realm, staying at many major abbeys along the way. In 1383, Anne visited the city of Norwich, where at the Great Hospital a ceiling comprising 252 black eagles was made in her honour. Anne and Richard were only 15 years old when they first met and married. Yet these "two wispy teenagers" soon fell into a loving relationship and "over the years the king proved truly devoted to his new wife".


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: The court of Charles IV, Anne's father, based in Prague, was a centre of the International Gothic style, then at its height, and her arrival seems to have coincided with, and probably caused, new influences on English art. The Crown of Princess Blanche, now in Munich, may have been made for Anne, either in Prague or Paris.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: They were married for 12 years, but had no children. Anne's death from plague in 1394 at Sheen Manor was a devastating blow to Richard. He was so grief-stricken that he demolished Sheen Manor, where she had died. Historians have speculated that her counsel had a moderating effect on Richard during her lifetime. This is supported by his unwise conduct in the years after Anne's death that lost him his throne.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: Although Anne was originally disliked by the chroniclers, there is some evidence that she became more popular in time. She was a very kind person and popular with the people of England; for example, she was well known for her tireless attempts to "intercede" on behalf of the people, procuring pardons for participants in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, and numerous other pardons for wrongdoers. In 1389, for example, she sought a pardon for a man who had been indicted for the murder of William de Cantilupe 14 years previously.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: She also made several high-profile intercessions in front of the king. Anne saved the life of John Northampton, a former mayor of London, in 1384; her humble begging convinced Richard II to merely commit the offender to lifelong imprisonment. Anne's most famous act of intercession was on behalf of the citizens of London in the ceremonial reconciliation of Richard and London in 1392. The queen's role has been memorialized in Richard Maidstone's "Reconciliation of Richard II with the City of London".


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: Anne also interceded on behalf of Simon de Burley, Richard II's former tutor during his minority, in the 1388 Merciless Parliament. Despite her pleas to the Lords Appellant, Burley was executed.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: On the other hand, she never fulfilled many traditional duties of queens. In particular, she did not bear children, despite twelve years of marriage, and this is perhaps emphasised in her epitaph, whereby she is mentioned as having been kind to "pregnant women". The Evesham chronicler said, "this queen, although she did not bear children, was still held to have contributed to the glory and wealth of the realm, as far as she was able. Noble and common people suffered greatly at her death". Nevertheless, her popular legacy as "Good Queen Anne" suggests that this lack of children was unimportant to many contemporaries.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: Anne is buried in Westminster Abbey beside her husband. In 1395, Richard sealed contracts for a monument for himself and for Anne. This was an innovation, the first time a double tomb was ordered for an English royal burial. Contracts for the base of Purbeck marble were sealed with two London masons, Henry Yevele and Stephen Lote, and for the two life size effigies with Nicholas Broker and Godfrey Prest, both coppersmiths of London. Designs, now lost, were supplied to both sets of craftsmen. The coppersmiths' contract stipulated that the effigies were to be made of gilded copper and latten and to lie under canopies. They were to be crowned, their right hands were to be joined, and they were to hold sceptres in their left hands.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: Their joint tomb is now damaged, and the hands of the effigies are chipped off. The inscription on her tomb describes her as "beauteous in body and her face was gentle and pretty." When her tomb was opened in 1871, it was discovered that many of her bones had been stolen via a hole in the side of the casket.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: Anne of Bohemia is known to have made the sidesaddle more popular to ladies of the Middle Ages. She also influenced the design of carts in England when she arrived in a carriage, presumably from Kocs, Hungary, to meet her future husband Richard (the name of Kocs is considered to have given rise to the English word "coach"). She also made the horned, Bohemian-style headdress the fashion for Englishwomen in the late 14th century.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: She is one of the main characters in the play "Richard of Bordeaux" (1932) written by Gordon Daviot. The play tells the story of Richard II of England in a romantic fashion, emphasizing the relationship between Richard and Anne of Bohemia. The play was a major hit in 1933, ran for over a year in the West End, playing a significant role in turning its director and leading man John Gielgud into a major star.


title: Anne of Bohemia

text: Anne also appears in "Two Planks and a Passion" (1983) by Anthony Minghella, in which she accompanies her husband and their close friend Robert de Vere in attending the York Corpus Christi mystery plays.


title: Lagniappe

text: A lagniappe ( , ) is "a small gift given to a customer by a merchant at the time of a purchase" (such as a 13th doughnut on purchase of a dozen), or more broadly, "something given or obtained gratuitously or by way of good measure." It can be used more generally as meaning any extra or unexpected benefit.


title: Lagniappe

text: The word entered English from the Louisiana French adapting a Quechua word brought in to New Orleans by the Spanish Creoles.


title: Lagniappe

text: After the Spanish conquered the Inca Empire certain Quechua words entered the Spanish language. The Spanish Empire for a time also included Louisiana, so there was a Spanish presence in New Orleans. In his book "Creoles of Louisiana", George Washington Cable comments on the effects of the Spanish presence on Louisiana Creole French:


title: Lagniappe

text: The Spanish occupation never became more than a conquest. The Spanish tongue, enforced in the courts and principal public offices, never superseded the French in the mouths of the people and left but a few words naturalized in the corrupt French of the slaves. The terrors of the calabozo, with its chains and whips and branding irons, were condensed into the French tri-syllabic calaboose; while the pleasant institution of ñapa—the petty gratuity added, by the retailer, to anything bought—grew the pleasanter, drawn out into [the] Gallicized lagniappe [emphasis added].


title: Lagniappe

text: Lagniappe is derived from the South American Spanish phrase "la yapa" or "ñapa" (referring to a free extra item, usually a very cheap one). "La" is the definite article in Spanish as well as in French ("la ñapa" or "la gniappe" = the ñapa/gniappe). The term has been traced back to the Quechua word "yapay" ('to increase; to add'). In Andean markets it is still customary to ask for a "yapa" (translates as "a little extra") when making a purchase. The seller usually responds by throwing in a little extra.


title: Lagniappe

text: Although this is an old custom, it is still widely practiced in Louisiana. Street vendors, especially vegetable vendors, are expected to throw in a few green chili peppers or a small bunch of cilantro with a purchase. The word is used in the Gulf Coast region of the United States and in other places with historic links to French Creole culture, such as in Trinidad and Tobago. The concept is practiced in many more places however, such as the Spanish-speaking world, Southeast Asia, North Africa, rural France, Australia, Holland, and Switzerland.


title: Lagniappe

text: Though the word is included in English dictionaries it is used primarily in the region influenced by New Orleans (and therefore Louisiana French) culture and so may be thought of as being more Cajun French or Louisiana Creole French than English. This is especially so since the spelling has been influenced by French.


title: Lagniappe

text: Mark Twain writes about the word in a chapter on New Orleans in "Life on the Mississippi" (1883). He called it "a word worth traveling to New Orleans to get":


title: Lagniappe

text: We picked up one excellent word—a word worth travelling to New Orleans to get; a nice limber, expressive, handy word—"lagniappe." They pronounce it "lanny-yap". It is Spanish—so they said. We discovered it at the head of a column of odds and ends in the "Picayune", the first day; heard twenty people use it the second; inquired what it meant the third; adopted it and got facility in swinging it the fourth. It has a restricted meaning, but I think the people spread it out a little when they choose. It is the equivalent of the thirteenth roll in a "baker's dozen." It is something thrown in, "gratis", for good measure. The custom originated in the Spanish quarter of the city. When a child or a servant buys something in a shop—or even the mayor or the governor, for aught I know—he finishes the operation by saying—"Give me something for lagniappe."


title: Lagniappe

text: The shopman always responds; gives the child a bit of licorice-root, gives the servant a cheap cigar or a spool of thread, gives the governor—I don't know what he gives the governor; support, likely.


title: Lagniappe

text: When you are invited to drink, and this does occur now and then in New Orleans—and you say, "What, again?—no, I've had enough;" the other party says, "But just this one time more—this is for lagniappe." When the beau perceives that he is stacking his compliments a trifle too high, and sees by the young lady's countenance that the edifice would have been better with the top compliment left off, he puts his "I beg pardon—no harm intended," into the briefer form of "Oh, that's for lagniappe."


title: Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm

text: In numerical optimization, the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) algorithm is an iterative method for solving unconstrained nonlinear optimization problems. Like the related Davidon–Fletcher–Powell method, BFGS determines the descent direction by preconditioning the gradient with curvature information. It does so by gradually improving an approximation to the Hessian matrix of the loss function, obtained only from gradient evaluations (or approximate gradient evaluations) via a generalized secant method.


text: Since the updates of the BFGS curvature matrix do not require matrix inversion, its computational complexity is only formula_1, compared to formula_2 in Newton's method. Also in common use is L-BFGS, which is a limited-memory version of BFGS that is particularly suited to problems with very large numbers of variables (e.g., >1000). The BFGS-B variant handles simple box constraints.


text: The algorithm is named after Charles George Broyden, Roger Fletcher, Donald Goldfarb and David Shanno.


text: The optimization problem is to minimize formula_3, where formula_4 is a vector in formula_5, and formula_6 is a differentiable scalar function. There are no constraints on the values that formula_4 can take.


text: The algorithm begins at an initial estimate for the optimal value formula_8 and proceeds iteratively to get a better estimate at each stage.


text: where formula_10 is an approximation to the Hessian matrix, which is updated iteratively at each stage, and formula_11 is the gradient of the function evaluated at x. A line search in the direction p is then used to find the next point x by minimizing formula_12 over the scalar formula_13


text: Let formula_16 and formula_17, then formula_18 satisfies formula_19, which is the secant equation. The curvature condition formula_20 should be satisfied for formula_18 to be positive definite, which can be verified by pre-multiplying the secant equation with formula_22. If the function is not strongly convex, then the condition has to be enforced explicitly e.g. by finding a point x satisfying the Wolfe conditions, which entail the curvature condition, using line search.


text: Instead of requiring the full Hessian matrix at the point formula_23 to be computed as formula_18, the approximate Hessian at stage "k" is updated by the addition of two matrices:


text: Both formula_26 and formula_27 are symmetric rank-one matrices, but their sum is a rank-two update matrix. BFGS and DFP updating matrix both differ from its predecessor by a rank-two matrix. Another simpler rank-one method is known as symmetric rank-one method, which does not guarantee the positive definiteness. In order to maintain the symmetry and positive definiteness of formula_18, the update form can be chosen as formula_29. Imposing the secant condition, formula_30. Choosing formula_31 and formula_32, we can obtain:


text: Finally, we substitute formula_35 and formula_36 into formula_29 and get the update equation of formula_18:


text: From an initial guess formula_8 and an approximate Hessian matrix formula_41 the following steps are repeated as formula_42 converges to the solution:


text: formula_3 denotes the objective function to be minimized. Convergence can be checked by observing the norm of the gradient, formula_53. If formula_41 is initialized with formula_55, the first step will be equivalent to a gradient descent, but further steps are more and more refined by formula_56, the approximation to the Hessian.


text: The first step of the algorithm is carried out using the inverse of the matrix formula_10, which can be obtained efficiently by applying the Sherman–Morrison formula to the step 5 of the algorithm, giving


text: This can be computed efficiently without temporary matrices, recognizing that formula_59 is symmetric,


text: Therefore, in order to avoid any matrix inversion, the inverse of the Hessian can be approximated instead of the Hessian itself: formula_63


text: From an initial guess formula_8 and an approximate inverted Hessian matrix formula_65 the following steps are repeated as formula_42 converges to the solution:


text: In statistical estimation problems (such as maximum likelihood or Bayesian inference), credible intervals or confidence intervals for the solution can be estimated from the inverse of the final Hessian matrix . However, these quantities are technically defined by the true Hessian matrix, and the BFGS approximation may not converge to the true Hessian matrix.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: Tears in Heaven (In Chinese:海上繁花; Hai Shang Bang Hua, also known as "Variety Flowers At Seaside") in Spain, Tears in Heaven , in Mexico, Tears in Paradise is a Chinese television drama series based on the novel written by Fei Wo Si Cun and directed by Hua Qing. It stars Shawn Dou , Li Qin, Leon Zhang, Ai Ru, Sheng Ziming, Wang Rui Zi, Li Ting Zhe, the drama was filmed in Shanghai and Pingtan Island to be broadcast on various channels from June 23, 2021 to July 24, 2021.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: Du Xiaosu is an entertainment reporter looking for the scoop looking to interview actress Yan Jingjing upon her arrival at the airport, while seeing businessman Lei Yuzheng who was about to leave on a business trip. Suddenly Du Xiaosu and Lei Yuzheng meet. they meet again since they met in the past, they both collide on the road, she is horrified and apologizes, while Lei Yuzheng sees her and recognizes him and remembers that night when he was driving and saw Du Xiaosu on the road walking, passing out in the rain while he saves and takes him away, since that night left a mark on his memory and he has not forgotten her. Later, Du Xiaosu, losing the interview, looking for a way, posing as a nurse and sneaking into a hospital room to take a picture of the rising star patient after the car accident, he meets Shao Zhenrong, a kind and handsome doctor on duty, who begins to feel attracted, they both meet and begin their relationship, eventually they were going to get married and have a home, given that Du Xiaosu's love interests were Shao Zherong, Lei Yuzheng as well as Lin Xiangyuan and Mr.Liu.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: She has an appointment with Shao Zhenrong for her birthday, when leaving the restaurant she sees Lei Yuzheng with the new actress Xu You, Du Xiaosu met him through social networks and interviews seemed unfair and decides to talk to actress Yan Jingjing who was fired Du Xiaosu decides to do him justice, looking to interview him and claim him, he stops on the road while Lei Yuzheng sees him inside the vehicle remembering her, so they communicate in person for the first time but both begin to have prejudices. Later, when he invites to meet all his family, Du Xiaosu meets and is reunited with his brother to his horror he discovers that he is Lei Yuzheng, then Shao Zhenrong's mother reveals that she had an affair with his father who had abandoned him leaving his heart wounded as he that he forbids his relationship with Shao Zhenrong because he would not be able to welcome him into the family as it would be a constant reminder of his pain, due to the situation Du Xiaosu breaks up with Shao Zhenrong, he without knowing the reason, he is heartbroken and decides to go to Yunnan. On his way, he faces a landslide on the highway, resulting in serious injuries. Du Xiaosu travels to Yunnan to recover Shao Zherong but finds out that he had an accident, and, horrified, he goes to look for him. While in the hospital, he sees Shao Zhenrong fighting for her life while she sees him for the last time saying goodbye and dies in front of her leaving her in pain after fainting she sees Shao Zhenrong crying while Lei Yuzheng full of anger and pain separates Du Xiaosu from Shao Zhenrong judging her cruelly and coldly asks her to go away and walk away that is not worthy of him.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: With everyone in the cemetery at the end, Du Xiaosu decides to go but on the way he meets Lei Yuzheng, preventing him from approaching, both of them start to argue in pain and he begins to speak ill of her, having prejudices, Du Xiaosu not knowing why he treats him so badly , Lei Yuzheng confesses to her the rainy night how they met, making her remember, a year ago he saw her unconscious on the road while driving, he got out of the car to help her and took her to his apartment, while Lei Yuzheng was there, he took off her outfit wet and takes Du Xiaosu in his arms in the bedroom laying her down, hence Du Xiaosu woke up drunk and saw her and begins to seduce him by giving him her love and captivation, at that moment Lei Yuzheng felt attracted and wanted by her, both were together that night, but she faints and since then she does not remember. When Du Xiaosu finds out, she is surprised what happened, what she remembers is that she went to the restaurant and they told her that a man sent her the wrong way. The previous night back, he inadvertently went to Lei Yuzheng's apartment and paid for the alcohol consumption, informing the waiter, to which Lei Yuzheng asks him to leave and not bother Shao Zhenrong.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: Du Xiaosu, in pain and feeling guilty, wants to fulfill Shao Zhenrong's dream and get the house that he gave her, but she finds out that it is for sale by Lei Yuzheng, so she is going to claim it by confronting and fighting for it, Lei Yuzheng fires her from the house. company but Du Xiaosu without giving up begins to look for work as a waitress in a bar, fighting for her designs, working in the construction site risking her life without stopping until one day she visits the grave of Shao Zhenrong confessing that her effort is in vain that he can no longer go on, Lei Yuzheng, seeing Du Xiaosu's suffering and pain, is moved, decides to help her without knowing why he decides to return her house, Du Xiaosu, upon finding out, thanks him, taking him to the restaurant where Shao Zhenrong used to eat after leaving from the hospital, surprised Lei Yuzheng sees Du Xiaosu crying, showing her tenderness and sweetness before him, feeling anguished at seeing her suffer and affected by being treated so badly without knowing her, then Du Xiaosu shares a boat ticket asking him for a favor to go visit the children in Pingtan Island in company, Lei Yuzheng is excited and both travel together get to know the children and the sun teacher who brings them joy, love and happiness, Du Xiaosu and Lei Yuzheng begin to get along, understand each other by starting their friendship as friends, Lei Yuzheng trusts her for the first time, tells her about his past to which Du Xiaosu encourages and supports him.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: After the trip, being in Shanghai, his school takes him to a secret place where he tells him about his childhood with Shao Zherong, letting his memories affect Du Xiaosu, to which Lei Yuzheng gives him encouragement. As the months go by, they both spend pleasant moments together in the annual yutian festival, the engagement of Lin Xiangyuan and Jiang Fanlu, in business matters, visiting the island to see the children, leaving behind the prejudices and misunderstandings they had, Lei Yuzheng sees in her a wonderful woman and special so she can't resist secretly helping her, who she believes is a pervert who only wants to harass him, on several occasions Du Xiaosu gets nervous and blushes when Lei Yuzheng approaches her or when they are alone, they both fall in love hiding his feelings. On the other hand, Lin Xiangyuan ruins Lei Yuzheng by taking him to prison, from there he changed his attitude, becoming cruel. Upon learning what happened, Du Xiaosu is affected and sad so she decides to help him, he takes care of his father, Mr. Lei Ting, making sacrifices. for Lei Yuzheng, while spending eight months, he is released from prison, he learns the truth about his mother and loses his father, leaving him deeply hurt, he enters a depressive trauma, compulsively begins to treat everyone badly, including Du Xiaosu, for which he hurts his feelings, being affected and hurting himself, seeing that Du Xiaosu is by his side without giving up helping him Lei Yuzheng is shocked, regretful, depressed, he values it very much and clung to her, thanks to Du Xiaosu Lei Yuzheng returns to the company so he makes up for lost time, both being in love they begin to be together supporting each other, but Du Xiaosu upon meeting his rich friends feels that he will not fit in, he will not be able to be like them for what he walks away being indifferent to Lei Yuzheng, leaving him devastated. As a result of the circumstances, some men chase him, so he distances himself to protect her, but she believes and feels that she is being betrayed, so she begins to doubt her feelings towards Lei Yuzheng, causing great pain. and affecting her health, Lei Yuzheng, seeing her in poor condition, cannot resist being separated from Du Xiaosu for even a moment, so he wants to conquer her and recover her.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: On the other hand, Zou Siqi and He Qunfei, Jiang Fanlu and Lin Xiangyuan get married, they invite both to the wedding as witnesses, the couples are already married, He Siqi and Lin Fanlu, the brides throw the bouquets, choosing Du Xiaosu and Lei Yuzheng, being the following boyfriends to get married so Du Xiaosu is amazed, shakes hands while Lei Yuzheng feels lucky and excited, both accept with great happiness to which Lei Yuzheng finds it difficult to resist his love for Du Xiaosu decides to get closer and pursue her by becoming her assistant, while Du Xiaosu continues with his design work, he asks her to help her, so she agrees, spending a week Lei Yuzheng wants to have a serious love relationship with Du Xiaosu but she rejects him, which makes her sad, Du Xiaosu does not know if her Destiny is to be together with him, she is afraid of being harmed, but deep down she loves him. Then the director Liu breaks the news to Du Xiaosu about being chosen as the designer contestant in Paris so she has to go to the extra njero putting him in a difficult decision, Lei Yuzheng upon finding out goes to look for her, asking him not to leave and wants to help her but Du Xiaosu decided to go to fulfill his dream so he rejects him and lets him go, Lei Yuzheng with a wounded and devastated heart feels that Du Xiaosu loses her, he is hurt by his decision and sees her leave his side, but Lei Yuzheng does not give up, he feels that he cannot live without her, he realizes that his love and happiness that he longed for and hoped was Du Xiaosu he had fallen in love with her from the beginning, he loves him deeply, secretly Lei Yuzheng has an engagement ring to give her, being willing to fight for the love of his life.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: Du Xiaosu prepares his luggage to go to Paris to compete suddenly the teacher sun calls to tell him to visit her without realizing that Lei Yuzheng follows him, having prepared a gift especially for her, Du Xiaosu travels to the island to visit the children being there, she sees the sun teacher telling her that the foundation is in her name for Lei Yuzheng, to which she is surprised, later Du Xiaosu walking towards the seashore feels great sadness and loneliness in her heart that misses and at the same time remembers the good times he spent together with Lei Yuzheng, to his surprise fate brought them together again they both meet again together on the island Lei Yuzheng confesses his love to Du Xiaosu asking him to be by his side and be part of it for the rest of his life , she crying sadly for going abroad and not wanting to leave him realizes her sacrifice that she cannot live without her, they are destined to be together being her true love Du Xiaosu accepts him to what Le i Yuzheng with full of happiness fulfills his dream of having a happy and loving family, being both happy they give themselves showing their love giving each other a passionate kiss and a big warm hug under the sunset fulfilling their dreams being the lucky lovers in love they marry what were their ways neutralized, Du Xiaosu and Lei Yuzheng are a single united parallel.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: In the production, he had Zhang Sheng Yan and Jiang Xiao Ping along with the support of executive producer Yang Yu and Bu Yu.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: It featured production companies Shuimu Qingyuan Entertainment, Dream Sky Films, Impact Media, Omnijoi, and was distributed by Jiangsu TV.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: The drama has been surprised by fans of the author, who is known for her melodramas and uncontrollable tears that took four years to show.


title: Tears in Heaven (TV series)

text: The series was broadcast internationally through YouTube, the recount of episodes for international broadcast was 41.


title: Building code

text: A building code (also building control or building regulations) is a set of rules that specify the standards for constructed objects such as buildings and non-building structures. Buildings must conform to the code to obtain planning permission, usually from a local council. The main purpose of building codes is to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate governmental or private authority.


title: Building code

text: Building codes are generally intended to be applied by architects, engineers, interior designers, constructors and regulators but are also used for various purposes by safety inspectors, environmental scientists, real estate developers, subcontractors, manufacturers of building products and materials, insurance companies, facility managers, tenants, and others. Codes regulate the design and construction of structures where adopted into law.


title: Building code

text: Examples of building codes began in ancient times. In the USA the main codes are the International Building Code or International Residential Code [IBC/IRC], electrical codes and plumbing, mechanical codes. Fifty states and the District of Columbia have adopted the I-Codes at the state or jurisdictional level. In Canada, national model codes are published by the National Research Council of Canada. In the United Kingdom, compliance with Building Regulations is monitored by building control bodies, either Approved Inspectors or Local Authority Building Control departments. Building Control regularisation charges apply in case work is undertaken which should have had been inspected at the time of the work if this was not done.


title: Building code

text: The practice of developing, approving, and enforcing building codes varies considerably among nations. In some countries building codes are developed by the government agencies or quasi-governmental standards organizations and then enforced across the country by the central government. Such codes are known as the national building codes (in a sense they enjoy a mandatory nationwide application).


title: Building code

text: In other countries, where the power of regulating construction and fire safety is vested in local authorities, a system of model building codes is used. Model building codes have no legal status unless adopted or adapted by an authority having jurisdiction. The developers of model codes urge public authorities to reference model codes in their laws, ordinances, regulations, and administrative orders. When referenced in any of these legal instruments, a particular model code becomes law. This practice is known as 'adoption by reference'. When an adopting authority decides to delete, add, or revise any portions of the model code adopted, it is usually required by the model code developer to follow a formal adoption procedure in which those modifications can be documented for legal purposes.


title: Building code

text: There are instances when some local jurisdictions choose to develop their own building codes. At some point in time all major cities in the United States had their own building codes. However, due to ever increasing complexity and cost of developing building regulations, virtually all municipalities in the country have chosen to adopt model codes instead. For example, in 2008 New York City abandoned its proprietary "1968 New York City Building Code" in favor of a customized version of the International Building Code. The City of Chicago remains the only municipality in America that continues to use a building code the city developed on its own as part of the "Municipal Code of Chicago".


title: Building code

text: In Europe, the , is a pan-European building code that has superseded the older national building codes. Each country now has National Annexes to localize the contents of the Eurocodes.


title: Building code

text: Similarly, in India, each municipality and urban development authority has its own building code, which is mandatory for all construction within their jurisdiction. All these local building codes are variants of a National Building Code, which serves as model code proving guidelines for regulating building construction activity.


title: Building code

text: Building codes have a long history. The earliest known written building code is included in the Code of Hammurabi, which dates from circa 1772 BC.


title: Building code

text: The book of Deuteronomy in the Hebrew Bible stipulated that parapets must be constructed on all houses to prevent people from falling off.


title: Building code

text: In Paris, under the reconstruction of much of the city under the Second Empire (1852–70), great blocks of apartments were erected and the height of buildings was limited by law to five or six stories at most.


title: Building code

text: After the Great Fire of London in 1666, which had been able to spread so rapidly through the densely built timber housing of the city, the Rebuilding of London Act was passed in the same year as the first significant building regulation. Drawn up by Sir Matthew Hale, the Act regulated the rebuilding of the city, required housing to have some fire resistance capacity and authorised the City of London Corporation to reopen and widen roads. The Laws of the Indies were passed in the 1680s by the Spanish Crown to regulate the urban planning for colonies throughout Spain's worldwide imperial possessions.


title: Building code

text: The first systematic national building standard was established with the London Building Act of 1844. Among the provisions, builders were required to give the district surveyor two days' notice before building, regulations regarding the thickness of walls, height of rooms, the materials used in repairs, the dividing of existing buildings and the placing and design of chimneys, fireplaces and drains were to be enforced and streets had to be built to minimum requirements.


title: Building code

text: The Metropolitan Buildings Office was formed to regulate the construction and use of buildings throughout London. Surveyors were empowered to enforce building regulations, which sought to improve the standard of houses and business premises, and to regulate activities that might threaten public health. In 1855 the assets, powers and responsibilities of the office passed to the Metropolitan Board of Works.