title: C. Everett Koop

text: These four issues, combined with Koop's personality and his willingness to make use of mass media, brought to the office of Surgeon General a higher public profile than it previously had merited; he is, for instance, the first Surgeon General to have been the subject of a popular song – "Promiscuous" by Frank Zappa. He was interviewed by Ali G for comedic effect.


title: C. Everett Koop

text: Koop was well known for his mustache-less beard and colorful bow ties. During much of his day-to-day work, Koop wore the Surgeon General's US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps uniform, a uniform similar to that of a U.S. Navy Vice Admiral's. During his tenure he re-instated the daily wearing of the PHS uniform by the officers of the PHS.


title: C. Everett Koop

text: Following his career as Surgeon General, Koop was on The Firestorm Solutions Expert Council. Koop hosted a documentary series in 1991, simply titled "C. Everett Koop, M.D." It aired for six episodes on NBC.


title: C. Everett Koop

text: Koop and other investors established drkoop.com in 1997, during the dot-com bubble. This medical information website was one of the first major online sources of health information. Critical review of the site content revealed that many of the private care listings, medicinal recommendations, and medical trial referrals were paid advertisements. The company went bankrupt in 2001. Koop continued to endorse Life Alert bracelets for the elderly.


title: C. Everett Koop

text: In 1999 testimony before Congress, Koop minimized concerns from health groups about the severity of allergies to latex gloves. It was later discovered that a company that manufactured latex gloves had previously paid Koop $650,000 for consulting work.


title: C. Everett Koop

text: Koop held three professorships at Dartmouth Medical School, where he was also the senior scholar at the C. Everett Koop Institute.


title: C. Everett Koop

text: In early 1968, Koop's son David was killed in a rock climbing accident on Cannon Mountain during his junior year at Dartmouth College. Koop later wrote that because of his son's death he thought, "I might be better able to help parents of dying children, but for quite a while I felt less able, too emotionally involved. And from that time on, I could rarely discuss the death of a child without tears welling up into my eyes." Years later, he and his wife wrote a book called "Sometimes Mountains Move" to help others who had lost a child. Koop's son Rev. Norman Koop attended Eastern Baptist College (now Eastern University) and graduated in 1969. The following year the elder Koop was elected to the board of trustees, becoming the first non-Baptist member of the board.


title: C. Everett Koop

text: In February 2007, Elizabeth Koop, his wife of nearly 70 years, died. On April 17, 2010, he married Cora Hogue, a former staff member of Tenth Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia.


title: C. Everett Koop

text: At a November 2010 news conference, Koop spoke from a wheelchair and said that he was "very, very deaf" and legally blind. Koop died on February 25, 2013, at the age of 96 at his home in Hanover, New Hampshire. According to a Koop aide, he had been ill for several months and had suffered kidney failure the previous week. No official determination of cause of death has yet been announced.


title: C. Everett Koop

text: Remarking on Koop's death, American Medical Association president Jeremy Lazarus commented, "Because of what he did, and the way he did it, he had a dramatic impact on public health." The Associated Press called his impact "great", while "The Philadelphia Inquirer" called him "a courageous and brilliant pediatric surgeon who pioneered techniques ... and became an outspoken surgeon general". Writing for "The New Yorker", Michael Specter said, "I don't think I have ever met anyone for whom I had more respect... In this era, during which progress, facts, and science are under unrelenting siege, it is thrilling to remember that even ideologues can love the truth."


title: Houston Roughnecks

text: The Houston Roughnecks are a professional American football team based in Houston, Texas. The team is an owned-and-operated member of the new XFL founded by Vince McMahon's Alpha Entertainment and plays its home games at TDECU Stadium.


title: Houston Roughnecks

text: Houston joined Seattle, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, St. Louis, Tampa Bay and Washington, D.C. as the league's inaugural cities.


title: Houston Roughnecks

text: Houston has previously hosted several other alternative professional football teams, including the Texans of the World Football League (unrelated to the current NFL team of the same name), Gamblers of the United States Football League, and Thunderbears of the Arena Football League. The city has a long association with commissioner Oliver Luck, who played for the Houston Oilers in the National Football League and previously served as president of Major League Soccer's Houston Dynamo; Houston was one of the first cities the league visited in September 2018 in regard to a potential XFL team. The team's imagery and name borrows heavily from the Oilers, including sharing an oil-drilling motif, its derrick logo, and red, white and blue colors (with a darker shade of blue), as well as incorporating the H and star from the Houston Astros' logo and the proportions of the American Athletic Conference A-star logo (the Houston Cougars football team, an American member, shares TDECU Stadium with the Roughnecks, and thus this would allow the A logo painted on the turf to be transformed into the Roughnecks derrick).


title: Houston Roughnecks

text: Houston has one major league winter sport against which the XFL economically competes, the NBA's Houston Rockets. The team will also have to compete against the MLS's Houston Dynamo in March and April.


title: Houston Roughnecks

text: On May 13, 2019, June Jones left his position with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats to become Houston's head coach. The XFL confirmed the hire May 20.


title: Houston Roughnecks

text: On February 8, 2020, the Roughnecks defeated the Los Angeles Wildcats in the second game in league history by a score of 37-17.


title: Houston Roughnecks

text: The Roughnecks are in-state rivals with the Dallas Renegades. Games between the two are marketed as the "Texas Throwdown". Another in-state rival will be added in 2023 with the addition of an team in San Antonio.


title: Houston Roughnecks

text: On January 8, 2021, It was revealed that the NFL filed an opposition against the XFL’s trademark application for the Houston Roughnecks logo on December 28, 2020, claiming that the logo was too similar to the Houston Oilers logo. It was then later revealed that the NFL filed another trademark opposition to the Roughneck's secondary logo on behalf of the New England Patriots, claiming that the secondary logo was too similar to the Patriots' current logo. On April 7, 2021, it was revealed that the two logos were abandoned "with prejudice" which means that new applications for the logos could not be made.


title: Houston Roughnecks

text: The Roughnecks revealed their new logo on October 31, 2022, which is similar in shape to the previous derrick logo but with greater emphasis on the H (stylized to appear as if constructed from steel girders) and the star portion lowered so that the logo no longer explicitly resembles a derrick.


title: Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles

text: Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles is a 2008 action-adventure video game developed by Gameloft Bucharest and published by Ubisoft. It is the first spin-off installment in the "Assassin's Creed" franchise, and a prequel to 2007's "Assassin's Creed". Taking place in the year 1190 AD, one year prior to the events of "Assassin's Creed", the game revolves around Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad's search for an artifact called the Chalice, which brings him into conflict with the Templar Order. Altaïr travels to several cities in the Middle East during the game, including Jerusalem, Acre, and Damascus (also featured in "Assassin's Creed"), as well as Tyre and Aleppo, which are new to the series.


title: Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles

text: The game was originally released for the Nintendo DS in February 2008, and was later ported to the Windows Phone and the Android, iOS, webOS, Symbian, and Java ME operating systems. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics, and was followed by "" (another spin-off following Altaïr) and "" (a spin-off to "Assassin's Creed II"), both of which were released in November 2009. The iOS and Android versions of the game were removed from the App Store and Play Store in 2013.


title: Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles

text: "Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles" is an action-adventure game in which players assume the role of Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad. The game is rendered in 3D from a third-person perspective and takes advantage of the Nintendo DS' features, but unlike "Assassin's Creed", it is not open world. The gameplay combines hack-and-slash combat with stealth assassinations and parkour, which can be used to explore the environment. In combat, players can make use of weak and strong attacks, blocks, and various combos to defeat enemies. Later in the game, bombs, throwing knives, and a crossbow are also made available to the player. The game features three levels of difficulty: Easy, Medium, and Hard.


title: Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles

text: The game is set during the Third Crusade in 1190, roughly a year before the events of "Assassin's Creed". After an unknown mission, the Assassin Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad arrives in Aleppo, which is under siege by the Templars, who are searching the city for someone on the orders of their grandmaster, Lord Basilisk. After learning about this from a dying Assassin, Altaïr is given a sword which he uses to fight off the attackers. Afterwards, Altaïr is tasked by Al-Mualim, the Mentor of the Assassin Brotherhood, with finding the "Chalice", an artifact which is said to have to power to unite all factions and end the Crusades in victory for the side that possesses it. However, the Chalice is too powerful and must be destroyed before it falls into the wrong hands.


title: Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles

text: Altaïr begins his journey in Damascus, where he learns from a rafik that the Chalice is kept in the Temple of the Sand and that he needs three keys to get inside. Altaïr obtains the first key in Damascus from a circus dancer/mystic named Fajera, before heading to Tyre. There, he learns that the second key has been found by Roland Napule, the head of the local hospital who is said to be twisted. Altaïr assassinates Napule and obtains the key. He then travels to Jerusalem and discovers that Lord Basilisk has the third key. Learning that Basilisk will be attending a party hosted by the king at his villa, Altaïr infiltrates it and confronts Basilisk. He defeats him and retrieves his key, but the Templar grandmaster manages to escape. Later, the Templars attack an Assassin agent, Hazad, and steal his map leading to the Temple of the Sand. Altaïr follows them to their tower, where he kills their leader, known only as "the Master", and takes the map.


title: Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles

text: Altaïr proceeds to the Temple, only to find an empty chest in the Chalice's place. He is then confronted by Lord Basilisk, who reveals that the Chalice is actually a woman before running away. Altaïr follows him to Tyre and, after gaining access to the Templars' hold, defeats him again. In exchange for sparing his life, Basilisk tells Altaïr that the Chalice has been taken to Jerusalem, and that the Templars are sieging Acre and plan to poison the water supply. After fending off the Templar attack in Acre, Altaïr heads to Jerusalem and rescues the Chalice, whom he identifies as Adha, a girl he met and had feelings for in the past. Adha reveals that the Templars have paid off Harash, the second-in-command of the Assassins, to help them attack the Assassin fortress in Aleppo. Altaïr thwarts the attack and assassinates Harash, but while he is away, the Templars re-capture Adha. In Tyre, Altaïr battles Basilisk one final time and kills him aboard his ship, but the Templars escape with Adha on a separate ship. Altaïr looks into the horizon and vows to find Adha.


title: Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles

text: The game received mixed; IGN gave it a 7/10, GameSpot 6/10, Nintendo Power 7.5/10, X-Play 2/5, and Game Informer 6.5/10. Official Nintendo Magazine gave it 69%. In Slide to Play's review of the iOS version, they gave it a 2/4.


title: Arjit Taneja

text: Arjit Taneja is an Indian television actor and model. He made his television debut with "V The Serial" and then appeared in the reality shows "MTV Splitsvilla 6" and "Box Cricket League 1" and TV fiction dramas "Kumkum Bhagya", "Kaleerein", "Bahu Begum", "Naagin" 5 & 6, "Nath – Zewar Ya Zanjeer" and "Banni Chow Home Delivery".


title: Arjit Taneja

text: Arjit Taneja belongs to a Punjabi family. He attended modern school, Delhi and graduated with a BA degree in computer programming at University of Delhi.


title: Arjit Taneja

text: In November 2010, he joined the modelling agency Elite Model Management India Pvt. Ltd. 2 years later in mid-2012, Taneja moved from Delhi to Mumbai and began his acting career on television that year as the friend of Karan Kundra's character in Channel V India's "V The Serial", produced by Ekta Kapoor.


title: Arjit Taneja

text: In 2013 he collaborated with Ekta Kapoor on Sony TV's "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain", where he had a very small role. Also he contested in MTV India's "MTV Splitsvilla 6" and later in Sony TV's "Box Cricket League 1", the latter of which was his third with Kapoor.


title: Arjit Taneja

text: Taneja's career finally saw a turning point when he signed the parallel lead role of Purab Khanna in Zee TV's popular daily soap "Kumkum Bhagya", created by Kapoor. He won the Best Supporting Actor award at the Zee Gold Awards, and exited the show in 2016. In 2017, Arjit then moved to Indonesia for a few months where he was cast as lead in the Indonesian show Nadin ANTV alongside his former co-star from Kumkum Bhagya Mrunal Thakur and Indonesia Actress Dewi Persik.


title: Arjit Taneja

text: Simultaneously along with Kumkum Bhagya , he was seen as Bilal Khan in another Ekta Kapoor production — Sony TV's "Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do" in 2015. In 2016, he did Zing's "Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya" and participated in Colors TV's "Box Cricket League 2" produced by Ekta Kapoor .


title: Arjit Taneja

text: Taneja left Indonesia and headed back to Bombay where he landed his first lead role in a TV show. In February 2018, Taneja began essaying the main character of Vivaan Kapoor in Zee TV's "Kaleerein". It went off air in November 2018. In May 2018, Arjit also appeared as a guest in Zee TV's talk show "Juzz Baatt" with Sana Saeed, Adnan Khan and Karan Jotwani. Arjit was a Red Carpet host for Zee Rishtey Awards 2019.


title: Arjit Taneja

text: His next TV series was Colors TV's love triangle-themed "Bahu Begum" which premiered in July 2019. In the show Taneja was cast as Azaan Akhtar Mirza, the Nawab of Bhopal. Bahu Begum culminated in January 2020. Arjit also made a special appearance at the ITA Awards in 2020.


title: Arjit Taneja

text: In January 2021, he bagged the cameo role of Farishta, an angel in the supernatural revenge thriller "Naagin 5" and reprised the same role in February 2021 for "", both of which were aired on Colors TV and created by Ekta Kapoor .


title: Arjit Taneja

text: Arjit then landed the lead role as Shambhu Thakur on Nath – Zewar Ya Zanjeer on Dangal TV. The show premiered on August 23, 2021. But after a few months inside the show, Arjit decided to quit the show because ‘he did not see his role shaping up as he wanted it to be’. Arjit’s last shoot day was March 7, 2022 and his final episode aired on March 10, 2022, Episode 172.


title: Arjit Taneja

text: On March 22, 2022 it was confirmed Arjit had been roped in to be a candidate as a suitor for Parineeti Chopra alongside other television actors Vishal Aditya Singh and Shivin Narang on ‘Parineeti Ka Swayamvar’ on Colors TV. Taneja was seen doing just about everything from presenting her with roses, complimenting her with his soothing words, to getting down on one knee and even cooking to impress the Hasee Toh Phasee actress.


title: Arjit Taneja

text: Judges Karan Johar, Mithun Chakraborty and hosts Bharti Singh and Haarsh Limbachiya were there to assist Parineeti Chopra in taking the right decision. Veteran singer Kumar Sanu also joined the panel as a special guest. When called on stage to showcase his cooking skill by making Parineeti Chopra’s favorite ‘Aloo Paratha’, Taneja was quite impressive. The actress could not resist the taste and initially she announced the winner : Best aloo paratha goes to her Punjabi munda, Arjit. Still indecisive of a suitor, Karan Johar then suggested they do a Bollywood Quiz via a Miss India format. Parineeti then chose Arjit as ‘Mr. India’ and Runner-Up Shivin Narang. After being quizzed, Taneja won with his impeccable and quick responses. special episodes were aired on Saturday 26 and Sunday 27 March at 9pm and 7pm on Colors TV.


title: Arjit Taneja

text: In September 2022, it was made public knowledge that Arjit would join StarPlus show "Banni Chow Home Delivery" as a ‘Rockstar’ Agastya Kapoor. His first episode aired on September 14, 2022.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: Maria Wisława Anna Szymborska (; 2 July 1923 – 1 February 2012) was a Polish poet, essayist, translator, and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Prowent (now part of Kórnik), she resided in Kraków until the end of her life. In Poland, Szymborska's books have reached sales rivaling prominent prose authors', though she wrote in a poem, "Some Like Poetry" ("Niektórzy lubią poezję"), that "perhaps" two in a thousand people like poetry.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: Szymborska was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality". She became better known internationally as a result. Her work has been translated into English and many European languages, as well as into Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, Persian and Chinese.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: Wisława Szymborska was born on 2 July 1923 in Prowent, Poland (now part of Kórnik, Poland), the second daughter of Wincenty Szymborski and Anna (née Rottermund) Szymborska. Her father was, at that time, the steward of Count Władysław Zamoyski, a Polish patriot and charitable patron. After Zamoyski's death in 1924, her family moved to Toruń, and in 1931 to Kraków, where she lived and worked until her death in early 2012.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: When World War II broke out in 1939, she continued her education in underground classes. From 1943, she worked as a railroad employee and managed to avoid being deported to Germany as a forced labourer. During this time, her career as an artist began, with illustrations for an English-language textbook. She also began writing stories and occasional poems. In 1945, she began studying Polish literature before switching to sociology at Jagiellonian University in Kraków. There, she became involved in the local writing scene, and met and was influenced by Czesław Miłosz. In March 1945, she published her first poem, "Szukam słowa" ("Looking for words"), in the daily newspaper "Dziennik Polski". Her poems continued to be published in various newspapers and periodicals for a number of years. In 1948, she quit her studies without a degree, due to poor financial circumstances; the same year, she married poet Adam Włodek, whom she divorced in 1954. They remained close until Włodek's death in 1986. Their union was childless. Around the time of her marriage, she was working as a secretary for an educational biweekly magazine as well as an illustrator. Her first book was to be published in 1949, but did not pass censorship as it "did not meet socialist requirements".


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: Szymborska adhered to the People's Republic of Poland's (PRL) official ideology early in her career, signing an infamous 1953 political petition condemning Polish priests accused of treason in a show trial. Her early work supported socialist themes, as seen in her debut collection "Dlatego żyjemy" ("That is what we are living for"), containing the poems "Lenin" and "Młodzieży budującej Nową Hutę" ("For the Youth who are building Nowa Huta"), about the construction of a Stalinist industrial town near Kraków. She became a member of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: Although initially close to the official party line, as the Polish Communist Party shifted from the Stalinist communists to "national" communists, Szymborska grew estranged from socialist ideology and renounced her earlier political work. Although she did not officially leave the Communist party until 1966, she began to establish contacts with dissidents. As early as 1957, she befriended Jerzy Giedroyc, the editor of the influential Paris-based émigré journal "Kultura", to which she contributed. In 1964, she opposed a Communist-backed protest to "The Times" against independent intellectuals, demanding freedom of speech instead.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: In 1953, Szymborska joined the staff of the literary review magazine "Życie Literackie" ("Literary Life"), where she continued to work until 1981 and from 1968 had a book review column, "Lektury Nadobowiązkowe". Many of her essays from this period were later published in book form. From 1981 to 1983, she was an editor of the Kraków-based monthly periodical "NaGlos" ("OutLoud"). In the 1980s, she intensified her oppositional activities, contributing to the samizdat periodical "Arka" under the pseudonym "Stańczykówna", as well as to "Kultura". In the early 1990s, with a poem published in "Gazeta Wyborcza", she supported the vote of no confidence in the first non-Communist government that brought former Communists back to power. The last collection published while Szymborska was still alive, "Dwukropek", was chosen as the best book of 2006 by readers of Poland's "Gazeta Wyborcza". She also translated French literature into Polish, in particular Baroque poetry and the works of Agrippa d'Aubigné, a Huguenot soldier-poet during the French Wars of Religion. In Germany, Szymborska is closely associated with her translator Karl Dedecius, who did much to popularize her works there.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: Surrounded by friends and relatives, Szymborska died peacefully of lung cancer in her sleep at home in Kraków in 2012, aged 88. She was working on new poetry at the time of her death, but was unable to arrange her final poems for publication in the way she wanted. Her last poetry was published later in 2012. In 2013, the Wisława Szymborska Award was established in honour of her legacy.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: Szymborska frequently employed literary devices such as ironic precision, paradox, contradiction, and understatement to illuminate philosophical themes and obsessions. Many of her poems feature war and terrorism.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: She wrote from unusual points of view, such as a cat in the newly empty apartment of its dead owner. Her reputation rests on a relatively small body of work, fewer than 350 poems. When asked why she had published so few poems, she said, "I have a trash can in my home".


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: Her poem "Love at First Sight" was used in the film "Turn Left, Turn Right", starring Takeshi Kaneshiro and Gigi Leung. Krzysztof Kieślowski's film "" was also inspired by "Love at First Sight".


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: In her last year, Szymborska collaborated with Polish jazz trumpeter Tomasz Stańko, who dedicated his record "Wisława" (ECM, 2013) to her memory, taking inspiration from their collaboration and her poetry.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: Szymborska's poem "People on the Bridge" was made into a film by Beata Poźniak. It was shown worldwide and at a New Delhi film festival. As an award, it was screened 36 more times in 18 Indian cities.


title: Wisława Szymborska

text: In 2022, Sanah adapted Szymborska's poem "Nothing Twice" into a song as part of her project based around Polish poetry, "Sanah śpiewa Poezyje".


title: The Food That Built America

text: The Food That Built America is an American nonfiction docudrama series for the History Channel, that premiered on August 11, 2019. Each episode tells a story behind the biggest food brands in the United States. The series have scenes that uses actors to dramatize historical events which are interspersed with commentary by culinary historians and other commentators.


title: The Food That Built America

text: The series was first announced in March 2019. The first season premiered on August 11, 2019, and ran for three episodes until August 13. In May 2020, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on February 9, 2021, and ran for 16 episodes. The third season premiered on February 27, 2022, and consisted of 12 episodes.


title: The Food That Built America

text: In March 2019, the series was green-lit. In May 2020, the series was renewed for a second season. Yoshi Stone is the series' showrunner. Along with Stone, Kim Woodard, Greg Henry, and Isaac Holub executive produce for Lucky 8. Jim Pasquarella and Mary E. Donahue executive produce for the History Channel.


title: The Food That Built America

text: In February 2021, the History Channel partnered with OZY Media to launch a podcast of the same name. The first episode premiered on February 4, 2021.


title: The Food That Built America

text: In 2021, the producers of "The Food That Built America" created a new series called "The Food That Built America Snack Sized" by reediting some episodes to approximately half of the original size through the elimination of food historian commentary and some minor scenes to make smaller size episodes with a faster pace.


title: Maruchan

text: Toyo Suisan Kaisha, Ltd of Tokyo, Japan, founded on March 28, 1953, is a consumer packaged foods company in Japan. Toyo Suisan's effort to become an international food company brought them to the United States, where, in 1972, they established Maruchan USA. At first, Maruchan USA was only a marketing company, importing and distributing ramen from Japan. After operating for five years as a distributor of imported products, Maruchan built its own manufacturing facility in Irvine, California, in 1977, where it began producing Maruchan brand ramen. Since 1977 Maruchan has grown steadily and has become an industry leader in North America, alongside other instant noodle brands such as Top Ramen and Sapporo Ichiban.


title: Maruchan

text: Maruchan is a Japanese word composed of two parts, maru and chan. Maru means round, as in the shape of a ball or a happy child's face. In Japanese, round has a connotation of friendliness. The word chan is an honorific suffix, used affectionately for a child or as a term of endearment.


title: Over (cricket)

text: In cricket, an over consists of six legal deliveries bowled from one end of a cricket pitch to the player batting at the other end, almost always by a single bowler.


title: Over (cricket)

text: A maiden over is an over in which no runs are scored that count against the bowler (so leg byes and byes may be scored as they are not counted against the bowler). A wicket maiden is a maiden over in which a wicket is also taken. Similarly, double and triple wicket maidens are when two and three wickets are taken in a maiden over.


title: Over (cricket)

text: After six deliveries the umpire calls 'over'; the fielding team switches ends, and a different bowler is selected to bowl from the opposite end. The captain of the fielding team decides which bowler will bowl any given over, and no bowler may bowl two overs in succession.


title: Over (cricket)

text: Although this has not always been so, with overs of four and eight balls used in the past, currently an over must consist of six legal deliveries. If the bowler bowls a wide or a no-ball, that illegal delivery is not counted towards the six-ball tally, and another delivery must be bowled in its place.


title: Over (cricket)

text: During the middle of an over, in the event that a bowler is injured or is sent out of the attack by the umpire (for disciplinary reasons, such as bowling beamers), a teammate completes any remaining deliveries.


title: Over (cricket)

text: Because a bowler may not bowl consecutive overs, the general tactic is for the captain to appoint two bowlers to alternate overs from opposite ends. When one bowler tires or becomes ineffective, the captain will replace that bowler with another. The period of time during which a bowler bowls every alternate over is known as a "spell".


title: Over (cricket)

text: In limited overs cricket matches, bowlers are generally restricted in the total number of overs they may bowl in a match. The general rule is that no bowler can bowl more than 20% of the total overs per innings; thus, in a 50-over match each bowler can bowl a maximum of 10 overs.


title: Over (cricket)

text: In Test and first-class cricket, there is no limit to the number of overs in a team's innings, nor is there any limit to how many may be bowled by a single bowler. In these matches, there is a requirement to bowl a minimum of 90 overs in a day's play, to ensure a good spectacle, and to prevent the fielding team from wasting time for tactical reasons.


title: Over (cricket)

text: The over is a fundamental consideration in the tactical planning of the fielding side. Since a single bowler has only six legal balls to bowl before they must hand the ball to another bowler, the bowler typically plans to use those six balls to set up a pattern of play designed to get a batting player out. For example, they may bowl the first few balls with the same line, length, or spin. The bowler intends to tempt the batting player into scoring runs by providing balls that are relatively easy to hit. If the batting player takes the bait, the bowler can then follow up with a variation designed to hit the wicket, or a ball that is intended to induce a mistake from a batting player who is still in aggressive run-scoring mode, which will result in the batting player being .


title: Over (cricket)

text: Cricket imposes penalties if a team bowls its overs at a very slow over rate, such as fines, loss of competition points, and match bans. If a team is proceeding slowly, some captains will choose to use slow/spin bowlers. Such bowlers have a shorter run up so they complete their overs more quickly. Often this means choosing an inferior strategy by employing a less skilful bowler to avoid penalties that are perceived to be greater, such as being banned or losing points.


title: Over (cricket)

text: Bowling a maiden over in ODI and T20 forms of cricket is quite rare and difficult, as the batting players seek to maximise their scoring opportunities.


title: Over (cricket)

text: If the two batting players are not similar, tactical considerations may affect their play. If one batting player is stronger than the other, they may attempt to engineer their scoring so that the stronger batting player faces the bowling more often. This is known as "farming the strike". It may take the form of the stronger batting player trying to score an even number of runs on early balls in the over and an odd number on the last ball; the weaker batting player will attempt the reverse, and the bowler will try to disrupt this pattern.


title: Over (cricket)

text: If one batting player is right-handed and the other left-handed, they may try to score odd numbers of runs to disrupt the bowling pattern and tire the fielders by making them reposition themselves frequently.


title: Over (cricket)

text: Since 1979/80, all Test cricket has been played with six balls per over. However, overs in Test cricket originally had four balls per over, and there have been varying numbers of balls per over around the world up to 1979/80, generally the same as the number of balls per over in force in other first-class cricket in that country.


title: Over (cricket)

text: Prior to the Laws of Cricket (1980 Code), law 17.1 (Number of balls [in the over]) did not explicitly specify the number of balls to be bowled in an over, but merely stated that the number of balls should be agreed by the two captains prior to the toss. In practice, the number of balls was usually stipulated in the playing regulations governing the match being played. Although six was the usual number of balls, it was not always the case. From the 1980 code onwards, law 17.1 was amended to read, ""The ball shall be bowled from each end alternately in overs of 6 balls"".


title: Over (cricket)

text: In India, West Indies, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates (venue, not host) and Ireland all Test matches have been played with six ball overs.


title: Gimel

text: Gimel is the third letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Gīml , Hebrew Gimel , Aramaic Gāmal , Syriac Gāmal , and Arabic (in alphabetical order; fifth in spelling order). Its sound value in the original Phoenician and in all derived alphabets, except Arabic, is a voiced velar plosive ; in Modern Standard Arabic, it represents either a or for most Arabic speakers except in Northern Egypt, the southern parts of Yemen and some parts of Oman where it is pronounced as the voiced velar plosive (see below).


title: Gimel

text: In its Proto-Canaanite form, the letter may have been named after a weapon that was either a staff sling or a throwing stick (spear thrower), ultimately deriving from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph based on the hieroglyph below:


title: Gimel

text: The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek gamma (Γ), the Latin C, G, Ɣ and yogh , and the Cyrillic Г and Ґ.


title: Gimel

text: Bertrand Russell posits that the letter's form is a conventionalized image of a camel. The letter may be the shape of the walking animal's head, neck, and forelegs. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)".


title: Gimel

text: Gimel is one of the six letters which can receive a dagesh qal. The two functions of dagesh are distinguished as either qal (light) or hazaq (strong). The six letters that can receive a dagesh qal are bet, gimel, daled, kaph, pe, and taf. Three of them (bet, kaph, and pe) have their sound value changed in modern Hebrew from the fricative to the plosive by adding a dagesh. The other three represent the same pronunciation in modern Hebrew, but have had alternate pronunciations at other times and places. They are essentially pronounced in the fricative as ג gh غ, dh ذ and th ث. In the Temani pronunciation, gimel represents , , or when with a dagesh, and without a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, the combination (gimel followed by a geresh) is used in loanwords and foreign names to denote .


title: Gimel

text: It is written like a "vav" with a "yud" as a "foot", and is traditionally believed to resemble a person in motion; symbolically, a rich man running after a poor man to give him charity. In the Hebrew alphabet "gimel" directly precedes "dalet", which signifies a poor or lowly man, from the Hebrew word "dal" (b. "Shabbat", 104a).


title: Gimel

text: The word "gimel" is related to "gemul", which means 'justified repayment', or the giving of reward and punishment.


title: Gimel

text: Gimel is also one of the seven letters which receive special crowns (called "tagin") when written in a Sefer Torah. See "shin", "ayin", "teth", "nun", "zayin", and "tsadi".


title: Gimel

text: The letter gimel is the electoral symbol for the United Torah Judaism party, and the party is often nicknamed "Gimmel".


title: Gimel

text: In the Syriac alphabet, the third letter is — Gamal in eastern pronunciation, Gomal in western pronunciation (). It is one of six letters that represent two associated sounds (the others are Bet, Dalet, Kaph, Pe and Taw). When Gamal/Gomal has a hard pronunciation ("qûššāyâ ") it represents , like "goat". When Gamal/Gomal has a soft pronunciation ("rûkkāḵâ ") it traditionally represents (), or "Ghamal/Ghomal". The letter, renamed "Jamal/Jomal", is written with a tilde/tie either below or within it to represent the borrowed phoneme (), which is used in Garshuni and some Neo-Aramaic languages to write loan and foreign words from Arabic or Persian.


title: Gimel

text: In all varieties of Arabic, cognate words will have consistent differences in pronunciation of the letter. The standard pronunciation taught outside the Arabic speaking world is an affricate , which was the agreed upon pronunciation by the end of the nineteenth century to recite the Qur'an. It is pronounced as a fricative in most of Northern Africa and the Levant, and is the prestigious and most common pronunciation in Egypt, which is also found in Southern Arabian Peninsula. Differences in pronunciation occur because readers of Modern Standard Arabic pronounce words following their native dialects.


title: Gimel

text: Egyptians always use the letter to represent as well as in names and loanwords, such as "golf". However, may be used in Egypt to transcribe ~ (normally pronounced ) or if there is a need to distinguish them completely, then is used to represent , which is also a proposal for Mehri and Soqotri languages.


title: Gimel

text: While in all Semitic languages, e.g. Aramaic, Hebrew, Ge'ez, Old South Arabian the equivalent letter represents a , Arabic is considered unique among them where the "Jīm" was palatalized to an affricate or a fricative in most dialects from classical times. While there is variation in Modern Arabic varieties, most of them reflect this palatalized pronunciation except in coastal Yemeni and Omani dialects, where it is pronounced as due to their substrate languages being Old South Arabian languages. The rest of Yemen, as well as Sudan, "preserved" the historical pronunciation of .


title: Gimel

text: Historically, till about the nineteenth century, Egyptian Arabic had the North African pronunciation, but it evolved differently to by the Cairo elite, later that spread and became today's prestigious pronunciation .


title: Gimel

text: It is not well known when palatalization occurred or the probability of it being connected to the pronunciation of "Qāf" as a , but in most of the Arabian peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE and parts of Yemen and Oman) which is the homeland of the Arabic language, the represents a and represents a , except in coastal Yemen and southern Oman where represents a and represents a , which shows a strong correlation between the palatalization of to and the pronunciation of the as a as shown in the table below:


title: Gimel

text: The serif form formula_1 of the Hebrew letter gimel is occasionally used for the gimel function in mathematics.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Prashant Bhushan (born 15 October 1956) is an Indian public interest lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. He was a member of the faction of the India Against Corruption (IAC) movement known as Team Anna which supported Anna Hazare's campaign for the implementation of the Jan Lokpal Bill. After a split in IAC, he helped Team Anna form the Aam Aadmi Party. In 2015, he made several allegations against the party's leadership, its functioning and its deviation from the core ideology, values and commitments. He is one of the founders of Swaraj Abhiyan and Sambhaavnaa, an Institute of Public Policy and Politics.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Prashant Bhushan is the oldest of the four children of Shanti Bhushan and Kumud Bhushan. His father is a lawyer-activist and a former Union Law Minister in the Morarji Desai government.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan was educated at St. Joseph's High School, Allahabad, and at the St Joseph's College, Allahabad. Bhushan, who dropped out of IIT Madras after first semester and briefly attended Princeton University has a degree in law from Allahabad University. While still a student, Bhushan wrote "The Case that Shook India", a book on the case that set aside Indira Gandhi's election in 1974.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan was drawn to public activism, influenced by his father. His main areas of interest have been human rights, environmental protection and accountability of the public servants. He is associated with various organisations including the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL), People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), and Transparency International (India). He is also the convenor of the Working Committee of the Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Judicial Reforms.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan states that he has taken up about 500 cases dealing with "good causes". His family background allowed him to work on a pro-bono basis for such cases: according to him, he effectively spends only 25 per cent of his time on paid cases, charging 5 per cent of what other lawyers charge. He has criticised the other professional lawyers as "amoral", and claims that he never takes up a case unless he feels that his client is "morally right".


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan says that he envisages a transparent and honest legal system, where people can negotiate their own cases without the need of any lawyers. In 1990, he and his father formed the Committee on Judicial Accountability (CJA) to fight corruption in the judiciary. The organisation comprised some lawyers and ex-judges. Prashant Bhushan started focusing more on this issue in 1993, after the Supreme Court Justice V. Ramaswami was not impeached by parliament on corruption charges. In 2007, the Bhushans expanded CJA to include citizens and form the Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reform (CJAR).


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In 2009, Prashant Bhushan represented activist Subhash Chandra Agrawal, asking for the Supreme Court and High Court judges to be brought under RTI. The judges were forced to declare their assets and post it on the court websites.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In a 2009 interview, Bhushan alleged that at least half of the 16 former Chief Justices in the Supreme Court were corrupt. Harish Salve filed a contempt case against him in 2010, and the Supreme Court asked Bhushan to apologise. In response, Bhushan submitted an explanation stating why he felt those judges were corrupt. The Bhushans noted the difficulty of getting documentary evidence because judges are immune from investigation. Krishna Iyer, a former Supreme Court judge, said that either the Bhushans should be punished for making "false charges" or an independent authority should be set up to scrutinise their allegations.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan has recommended amendment to the Contempt of Court Act clause, stating that some of its clauses effectively prevent the press from exposing the corruption in the judiciary. He has also opposed the rule which prevents people from registering a First Information Report against a judge without the permission of the Chief Justice of India.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: CPIL won a major victory in 2003 when the Supreme Court restrained the Union government from privatising Hindustan Petroleum and Bharat Petroleum without the approval of Parliament. As counsel for the CPIL, Rajinder Sachar and Bhushan argued that the only way to disinvest in the companies would be to repeal or amend the Acts by which they were nationalised in the 1970s.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan represented the CPIL in a petition asking for the removal of Neera Yadav from office as Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh for alleged corruption. Yadav had been named in five CBI corruption cases and 23 departmental proceedings. In October 2005 the Supreme Court directed the Mulayam Singh state government to remove her from her position. The case became the first in which an Indian Administrative Service officer in Uttar Pradesh was convicted of corruption.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In February 2006, as counsel for Lok Sevak Sangh, Bhushan submitted to the Supreme Court that the MP Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) might not be constitutionally valid. A TV channel had recently aired video of a sting in which it appeared that some MPs had taken bribes under the scheme. Bhushan said none of the normal controls were being applied, and the scheme was breeding corruption. The same year, Bhushan also represented the CPIL in a petition alleging that PepsiCo and Coca-Cola were failing to warn the public of harmful ingredients in their beverages, and were luring young children through misleading advertising.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan filed a PIL challenging the appointment of P.J. Thomas as Central Vigilance Commissioner, after Thomas had been charged in the Palmolein Oil Import Scam. In March 2011, SC struck down the appointment.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Prashant Bhushan acted for the CPIL when it took the lead in filing a suit against the Government of India for irregularities in a major award of spectrum for 2G mobile telephones. The CPIL petition alleged that the government had lost $15.53 billion by issuing spectrum in 2008 based on 2001 prices, and by not following a competitive bidding process. The Supreme Court asked the CBI to probe the irregularities in the auction of 2G spectrum. The inquiry resulted in the resignation of the telecom minister A. Raja, who was later arrested along with others including the DMK MP Kanimozhi, officials of Unitech wireless and officials of Reliance ADAG. In September 2011 Bhushan presented evidence that appeared to disprove the claim by the CBI that Dayanidhi Maran, the former telecom minister, had not applied undue pressure to the owner of Aircel to sell to the Maxis group of Malaysia. Bhushan said the CBI's investigation had been "less than honest". In January 2012 Bhushan questioned why the CBI had failed to lay charges under the Prevention of Corruption Act against companies such as Essar Group and Loop Mobile despite strong evidence against them.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In 2012, Bhushan filed a PIL seeking cancelation of coal block allocations by the government on the grounds that certain companies had been illegally favoured by the politicians. In response to the PIL, the Supreme Court (SC) scrutinised coal block allocation since 1993. Bhushan also filed a PIL against illegal iron ore extraction in Goa, which led to the Supreme Court halting all the mining operations in the state.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: He successfully challenged the Prime Minister and Home Minister's decision to appoint PJ Thomas as the head of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC). Acting on his PIL, SC directed the CVC to apprise it of actions taken on complaints by whistleblowers in the country.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Prashant Bhushan also represents whisteblower Anand Rai in the ongoing PIL regarding Vyapam scam in the Supreme Court.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Before K V Chowdary's appointment Prashant Bhushan raised a red flag, asking the Prime Minister not to go ahead with his appointment, raising severe objections on Chowdary's tenure as CBDT Chief. After Chowdary being appointed, NGO Common Cause represented by Prashant Bhushan has filed a petition in Supreme Court of India challenging K V Chowdary's appointment as CVC and T M Bhasin's appointment as VC on 22 July.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Prashant Bhushan has criticised the use of violence against the Naxal insurgents in the tribal-dominated areas. He has alleged that the actual intention of the Operation Green Hunt was to clear the tribal lands for mining operations and industrialisation. According to him, the rapid industrialization has led to "destructive development" in the tribal areas through pollution and displacement of people.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: After the April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada, which led to the death of 76 policemen, he stated that such "retaliation" was expected because the government had declared the anti-Naxal operations as a war. He stated that to de-escalate the situation, the government should suspend the armed operations against the Naxals, and instead focus on providing food and infrastructure to the tribals.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In April 2012 Bhushan drew criticism from Congress leaders when he refused to act as a mediator in negotiating with Maoists who were holding a District Collector hostage. He appealed to the Maoists to release the Govt. officer without conditions. He also said that the government should investigate and address legitimate demands.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan is against death penalty, and spoke against the hanging of Ajmal Kasab, who was the lone captured terrorist in the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Along with Nitya Ramakrishnan, he was the counsel for the banned documentary December 13, which is a reconstruction of the events that led to the attacks on Parliament, based on the chargesheet filed by the special police cell.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In 1990, he successfully got the criminal liability aspect in the Bhopal gas tragedy reopened by SC, by challenging the settlement in the case of compensation to the victims. This reopened the case against the former Chairman of Union Carbide Corporation Warren Anderson (now deceased).


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan assisted the Narmada Bachao Andolan activists opposed to the Sardar Sarovar Dam. After six years of hearings, in October 2000 the Supreme court ruled to allow the massive project to recommence. Bhushan criticised the decision for having been made "without any evidence of the facts [being presented] before the judges". In February 2001 a criminal petition was filed with the Supreme Court of India accusing Medha Patkar, Prashant Bhushan and Arundhati Roy of contempt of court for having demonstrated in front of the Supreme court in protest against the judgement on the Sardar Sarovar dam. Bhushan defended Arundhati Roy when she was charged with contempt of court for publicly criticising judges in the dam hearings. In March 2002 she was sentenced to one day in jail. According to Bhushan the judges were "just affronted by the fact that somebody has dared to criticise them".


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan is opposed to the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. He is opposed to nuclear energy, and supported the People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy against establishment of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In August 2015, Bhushan filed a PIL in the Supreme Court against the alleged corruption and nepotism in the selection of lower court judges in the Delhi Judicial Services Examination conducted in October 2014. As a result of the PIL, the Supreme Court ordered that the papers be checked by P. V. Reddi, a former SC judge and former Law Commission Chairman Justice. He subsequently recommended that 12 more judges should be inducted into the services. The Supreme Court has to issue guidelines for long-term systemic reform such as increasing transparency in the recruitment procedures.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: The Attorney General of India and the Government of India initiated contempt proceedings against advocate Bhushan for his tweets on February 1, 2019 in relation to the hearings before the Supreme Court of India in the case involving appointment of CBI chief. Later, however, the Attorney General sought to withdraw the proceedings, indicating that the comments had been a "genuine mistake" by Bhushan.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In August 2020, the Supreme Court of India held that Bhushan was guilty of contempt of court, in relation to two posts made by him on Twitter. The first post was a criticism of the role played by the previous four Chief Justices of India, and the second criticised the Chief Justice of India in relation to a photograph of him posing on a motorcycle without a mask while the Court was in lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic in India. Justice Arun Mishra, writing for the bench, held that these tweets were not just personal opinions, and that they tended to "shake the public confidence in the institution of judiciary". The proceedings were criticised widely by multiple former judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, including Supreme Court Justices Kurian Joseph, Ruma Pal, G.S. Singhvi, A.K. Ganguly, Gopala Gowda, Aftab Alam, Jasti Chelameswar and Vikramjit Sen. Bhushan was also supported with statements published by senior advocates and civil servants. During the proceedings, the Attorney General of India had objected to the Supreme Court, noting that contempt proceedings required his consent, which had not been obtained in this case. The Supreme Court declined to hear him and initially published an order that did not record his appearance, although it was later amended to correct this error. On 31 August 2020, the Supreme Court fined him 1 for contempt of court, which he paid the same day.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: His anti-vaccine tweets and criticism of mask mandates has invited him heavy criticism from across the political spectrum in India.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In 2010, there were a series of anti-corruption demonstrations in India, after high-profile cases like Commonwealth Games scam and Adarsh scam were highlighted in the media. An anti-corruption crusade which included a demand for a Jan Lokpal Bill took place and became known as the India Against Corruption movement. Prashant Bhushan was one of the several activists who participated in the anti-corruption crusade.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In March, the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) invited Hazare, the most prominent leader of the movement, for talks. Prashant Bhushan and his father Shanti Bhushan, along with Swami Agnivesh and Kiran Bedi, accompanied Hazare to the meeting. Subsequently, in April 2011, Hazare nominated the Bhushans as members of the joint committee constituted to draft a final version of the Lokpal Bill.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: A few days after the committee began work, a CD was released that appeared to be a recording of conversation between Shanti Bhushan and Amar Singh of the Samajwadi Party. The recording, related to 2G spectrum case, would discredit Shanti Bhushan, if found to be genuine. Prashant Bhushan stated that labs had shown the CD was doctored, and that its purpose was to obstruct the anti-corruption movement. Later, Singh claimed that Bhushan telephoned him and tried to stop him from talking, a charge which Bhushan denied.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: The committee met the government representatives several times to discuss the proposed bill. Prashant Bhushan stated that the Lokpal should have full autonomy and power to prosecute all public servants, and that this principle was non-negotiable. Team Anna activists disagreed with the government's attempt to keep the Prime Minister out of the Lokpal's purview. The government did not want the Lokpal to have the power to investigate the Prime Minister, the higher judiciary, the defence services, the CBI and the CVC and the conduct of MPs inside Parliament. The government's draft of the bill also excluded several other Lokpal powers proposed by Team Anna's draft such as the powers to tap phones.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: On 4 August 2011, the government's version of the Lokpal bill was tabled in the Lok Sabha. Prashant Bhushan and other IAC activists criticised the bill as weak, stating that it would provide protection to the corrupt officials. Hazare staged a demonstration against the government's version of the bill, but was detained. The other activists, including Prashant Bhushan, then organised peaceful protests across the country. Following a hunger strike by Hazare and more failed negotiations with the government representatives, a section of Team Anna activists led by Kejriwal and Bhushan decided to enter politics to pass the bill themselves.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In 2011, the Congress leader Digvijaya Singh alleged that the two Bhushans had failed to pay taxes due when they bought an investment property in Allahabad. Bhushan denied the charge, calling it a "very organised and concerted attempt to smear members of the civil society in the Lokpal drafting committee with allegations".


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In a similar accusation, the former BJP Chief Minister, Prem Kumar Dhumal, had rejected those charges, defending the grant of relaxations to the educational trust.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: In 2011, at a press conference in Varanasi, Bhushan stated that he wanted the Armed Forces Special Powers Act to be revoked in Jammu and Kashmir. He added that the government should try to persuade the people of the Kashmir valley to align with India but that they should be allowed to separate if they wish to do so. On 12 October 2011, he was attacked by the members of Bhagat Singh Kranti Sena inside the Supreme Court complex, for these remarks. The group accused him of trying to break up India. He was dragged out of his chair, and repeatedly kicked and punched. Bhushan described his attackers as having a "fascist mindset" and stood by his statements. Several politicians and activists condemned the attack on Bhushan, while some others criticised him. The Shiv Sena called for a police case to be registered against Bhushan, accusing him of supporting the anti-national elements. Hazare distanced Team Anna from Bhushan's remarks, saying that these were his personal views.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan had long been a critic of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. In 2012, he co-founded the Aam Aadmi Party, stating that the other political parties were corrupt.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Bhushan accused BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate Narendra Modi of being corrupt and a "puppet" of Reliance Industries. He also accused RSS of supporting terror activities, and criticised BJP for its links with the RSS.


title: Prashant Bhushan

text: Before the 2015 Delhi elections, Bhushan accused party's chief Arvind Kejriwal of selecting candidates of his own choice. After the elections, on 4 March 2015, Bhushan and Yogendra Yadav were voted out of Political Affairs Committee of Aam Aadmi Party for alleged anti-party activities and for working toward the party's defeat in the Delhi elections. Both Bhushan and Yadav denied the charges. On 28 March 2015, they were dropped from the National Executive Council of the AAP following a vote, at a meeting the conduct of which was afterwards disputed by Bhushan. He and Yadav then formed a new political movement called Swaraj Abhiyan. In April 2015, they were expelled from the party by AAP's disciplinary committee.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: The "Cornbread mafia" was the name for a group of Kentucky men who created the largest domestic marijuana production operation in United States history. It was based in Marion, Nelson and Washington counties in central Kentucky. The term "Cornbread Mafia" was first used in public by federal prosecutors in a June 1989 press conference, where they revealed that 70 men had been arrested for organizing a marijuana trafficking ring that stretched across 30 farms in 10 states stretching from the Southeast into the Midwest. The story was first reported in the Courier Journal Magazine in Louisville, Kentucky on October 8, 1989 and then in 2012 in the narrative non-fiction book, "The Cornbread Mafia: A Homegrown Syndicate's Code Of Silence And The Biggest Marijuana Bust In American History" (2012), by James Higdon.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In his two books,"The Origins Of The Cornbread Mafia, A Memoir of Sorts" (2016) and "Cornbread Mafia The Outlaws of Central Kentucky" (2018) author and founding member Joe Keith Bickett, chronicles his first-hand account as to how the term "Cornbread Mafia" was coined in Kentucky in the late 1970s. and the groups ultimate downfall in the late 1980s.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: Bickett wrote his memoirs "The Origins of the Cornbread Mafia, A Memoir of Sorts" and "Cornbread Mafia, The Outlaws of Central Kentucky" while incarcerated in the 1990s but did not publish his books until several years after his release from federal prison in 2011


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: Higdon's book reports that assistant US Attorney Cleve Gambill said at the June 1989 press conference: "The organization is a highly motivated, well financed group of marijuana growers from Kentucky who are responsible for growing this vast amount of marijuana [and who] call themselves the Cornbread Mafia.". Prosecutors held this press conference to lay out their case against the "Cornbread Mafia" because of the 70 men arrested in association with it, zero of them cooperated with authorities, which thwarted a Continuing Criminal Enterprise case against the suspected ringleaders. Internal documents describe the proposed CCE prosecution as "futile" because of the group's collective silence.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: This code of silence persisted until Higdon published his book, The Cornbread Mafia, in 2012. Joe Keith Bickett was released from prison in 2011 after serving approximately 21 years of his 25 year sentence. In 2016, Joe Keith Bickett self-published a first-hand account in his 2016 memoir titled "The Origins of the Cornbread Mafia: A Memoir of Sorts", in which he provides a first-hand account how the term Cornbread Mafia was actually coined in September 1978.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: Between 1985 and 1989, 70 Kentuckians were accused of growing 182 tons of marijuana on 29 farms in 10 states, including Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Missouri and Kansas, which federal prosecutors considered to be the "largest domestic marijuana producing organization in the nation." By the end of 1991, prosecutors had arrested more than 100 members of the Cornbread Mafia, mostly from Lebanon, Kentucky.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: According to Joe Keith Bickett's second book, Bobby Joe "Redeye" Shewmaker,the leader of the Kansas crew, was the only defendant in the group's history to be indicted on a CCE charge (Career Criminal Enterprise). Jimmy Bickett and author Joe Keith Bickett, along with two codefendants, were the only defendants who proceeded to a jury trial after being indicted in March 1989 in federal court in Louisville, Kentucky on distribution of marijuana charges. The cornbread mafia has been brought up in the Summer Wells disappearance case.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: The most notable member of the Cornbread Mafia was Johnny Boone, arrested in 1987 as the ringleader of a marijuana operation in Minnesota, for which he served about 15 years in prison. In June 2008, police discovered Boone growing 2,421 marijuana seedlings on his farm outside Springfield, Kentucky in Washington County, but Boone escaped arrest, under threat of a life sentence without parole because the bust would be his third federal conviction under the Three Strikes Law. Boone became a fugitive and the subject of a segment of "America's Most Wanted".


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: On Dec. 22, 2016, after eight years on the run, Johnny Boone was arrested in a small town outside Montreal, where he had been tracked by the U.S. Marshals Service. He was brought to the United States in April 2017. On December 19, 2017, Boone pleaded guilty to one count of a superseding information. Boone was represented by attorneys C.Thomas Hectus, Henry Stephens and Elmer J. George. Author, Joe Keith Bickett was employed as law clerk/paralegal for Mr. George and worked as a legal aid for the attorneys on the Johnny Boone case. Contrary to the life sentences he was facing, Boone was sentenced to fifty-seven months by Chief District Court Judge, Charles Simpson, III, the same judge who sentenced the Bickett brothers, Jimmy and Joe Keith, in 1990.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: Boone was sentenced to serve his time at FCI Elkton, a low security federal prison in Ohio. In the midst of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the Elkton prison became notorious for being overrun with the disease. On April 8, 2020, a former Louisville police officer, Brandon Wood, who was serving time at Elkton for his role in a child sex abuse scandal, asked a judge for release from Elkton due to COVID-19. Boone's attorneys made a similar request on May 21, which was granted on June 3rd, 2020.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: President Barack Obama granted clemency to three men from Marion County, Kentucky; all were either directly or indirectly connected to the Cornbread Mafia.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In November 2011, President Obama granted a pardon to Les Berry, an original member of the alleged "Cornbread Mafia," who was caught in Wisconsin driving a get-away car with six other Kentucky men fleeing a marijuana farm in Minnesota in late October 1987.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In March 2015, President Obama commuted the prison sentences of 22 drug offenders, including Francis Darrell Hayden, a Marion County native. Hayden had been serving a life prison sentence for marijuana cultivation because he was convicted three times for illegal cultivation, triggering the Three-strikes law. His last bust was in Michigan in 1998 for growing nearly 19,000 marijuana plants, after similar busts in 1980 and 1990.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In December 2016, President Obama granted clemency to an additional 231 incarcerated people, including another man from Marion County: Aaron Glasscock. Glasscock was arrested as a college student in the late 1990s as part of a drug trafficking ring operated by his father. In 2000, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison, just two months shy of his pre-med degree. Glasscock's commutation was announced just a few days before Johnny Boone was captured in Canada.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In January 2017, Higdon reported on these Obama clemencies of Cornbread men for Politico, suggesting that Obama could pardon Johnny Boone before he left office in "The Big Statement Obama Could Make on Legalizing Pot."


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: For much of the 1980s, the Cornbread Mafia was reported upon by photojournalist Steve Lowery of the Lebanon Enterprise, many of whose photographs are in Higdon's book.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: By 2007, the term "Cornbread Mafia" had come to mean general Southern-style corruption. There is also a song by Molly Hatchet called Cornbread Mafia (on the "Kingdom of XII" album), and a now-defunct band that called itself Cornbread Mafia.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In a 2015 interview with Terry Gross, Graham Yost, the creator and show runner of the FX series Justified, said, "Honestly, we didn't know a lot about the Dixie Mafia. It also goes by the name The Cornbread Mafia. But we, you know, started poking around. Frankly, probably, we started with reading Wikipedia like anyone else..."


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: A series of unsolved murders in Bardstown, Kentucky have been incorrectly attributed to the Cornbread Mafia.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In 2016 Texas singer/songwriter, Cody Jinks produced and released his album "Black Sheep" which featured a song about Johnny Boone simply titled "Johnny."


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In April 2018, Nashville recording artist, Sweepy Walker, the grandson of beloved Grand Ole Opry legend Billy Walker released "Cornbread Mafia" - a feel-good, good-time bar song about local legends John Boone "them Bickett boys, and too many more to mention.


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In June 2018, singer/songwriter Tyler Childers held a benefit concert for Johnny Boone at Gravely Brewery in Louisville, telling an interviewer from the Louisville Eccentric Observer: "I read the book [‘Cornbread Mafia’] that Jim Higdon came out with, and I got some friends from over my way that were friends with Johnny — people that I hold in high regard, and people that hold him in high regard. I figured that I would try to help in some way.”


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In 2018, Bickett and Boone, a CBD company based in Marion County became the first CBD company to produce hemp to make CBD products grown by original members of the Cornbread Mafia. Bickett and Boone not only sells CBD products but also grows the hemp to make their products on their family farms near Raywick, Kentucky which is primarily grown by original members of the Cornbread Mafia. Bickett and Boone CBD products are the only CBD products endorsed by the original members of the Cornbread Mafia, including Joe Keith Bickett and Johnny Boone. Their products are sold nation-wide and on their website, Bickett and Boone.com. Bickett and Boone prides themselves in producing a CBD product from "seed to seal."


title: Cornbread Mafia

text: In 2019, Cornbread Mafia book author James Higdon co-founded Cornbread Hemp, which sells CBD (cannabidiol) products in retail outlets in the United States. Cornbread Hemp was featured in the November 2019 print edition of High Times magazine. In January 2020, Cornbread Hemp became the first brand from Kentucky to offer USDA certified organic CBD products. In May 2020, Higdon was featured in a Q&A with Forbes contributor Warren Bobrow, the Cocktail Whisperer; and Cornbread Hemp products were featured in Whole Foods Magazine.


title: William Welch Deloitte

text: William Welch Deloitte (13 February 1818 – 23 August 1898) was a British accountant and the founder of the professional services firm that subsequently became Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu in the United States and Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte in the United Kingdom. He was born in London, England. He was one of the fathers of the accountancy profession.


title: William Welch Deloitte

text: A grandson of a Count de Loitte, who had fled France during the French Revolution, Deloitte started his career early. At the age of 15 he became an assistant to the Official Assignee at the Bankruptcy Court in the City of London, and there he learned the business.


title: William Welch Deloitte

text: At the age of 25, Deloitte opened his own office opposite the Bankruptcy Court in Basinghall Street. He made his name with the industry of the day—the railways—and in 1849 at the Great Western Railway.


title: William Welch Deloitte

text: He discovered fraud perpetrated on the Great Northern Railway by Leopold Redpath, invented a system for railway accounts that protected investors from mismanagement of funds, and was to become the grand old man of the profession. When Deloitte retired from Deloitte, Plender, Griffiths & Co. in 1897, one year before his death, he was the oldest practising accountant.


title: William Welch Deloitte

text: He served as president of the newly created Institute of Chartered Accountants between 1888 and 1889.


title: Clock signal

text: In electronics and especially synchronous digital circuits, a clock signal (historically also known as "logic beat") oscillates between a high and a low state and is used like a metronome to coordinate actions of digital circuits.


title: Clock signal

text: A clock signal is produced by a clock generator. Although more complex arrangements are used, the most common clock signal is in the form of a square wave with a 50% duty cycle, usually with a fixed, constant frequency. Circuits using the clock signal for synchronization may become active at either the rising edge, falling edge, or, in the case of double data rate, both in the rising and in the falling edges of the clock cycle.


title: Clock signal

text: Most integrated circuits (ICs) of sufficient complexity use a clock signal in order to synchronize different parts of the circuit, cycling at a rate slower than the worst-case internal propagation delays. In some cases, more than one clock cycle is required to perform a predictable action. As ICs become more complex, the problem of supplying accurate and synchronized clocks to all the circuits becomes increasingly difficult. The preeminent example of such complex chips is the microprocessor, the central component of modern computers, which relies on a clock from a crystal oscillator. The only exceptions are asynchronous circuits such as asynchronous CPUs.


title: Clock signal

text: A clock signal might also be gated, that is, combined with a controlling signal that enables or disables the clock signal for a certain part of a circuit. This technique is often used to save power by effectively shutting down portions of a digital circuit when they are not in use, but comes at a cost of increased complexity in timing analysis.


title: Clock signal

text: Most modern synchronous circuits use only a "single phase clock" – in other words, all clock signals are (effectively) transmitted on 1 wire.


title: Clock signal

text: In synchronous circuits, a "two-phase clock" refers to clock signals distributed on 2 wires, each with non-overlapping pulses. Traditionally one wire is called "phase 1" or "φ1" (phi1), the other wire carries the "phase 2" or "φ2" signal. Because the two phases are guaranteed non-overlapping, gated latches rather than edge-triggered flip-flops can be used to store state information so long as the inputs to latches on one phase only depend on outputs from latches on the other phase. Since a gated latch uses only four gates versus six gates for an edge-triggered flip-flop, a two phase clock can lead to a design with a smaller overall gate count but usually at some penalty in design difficulty and performance.


title: Clock signal

text: Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) ICs typically used dual clock signals (a two-phase clock) in the 1970s. These were generated externally for both the Motorola 6800 and Intel 8080 microprocessors. The next generation of microprocessors incorporated the clock generation on chip. The 8080 uses a 2 MHz clock but the processing throughput is similar to the 1 MHz 6800. The 8080 requires more clock cycles to execute a processor instruction. The 6800 has a minimum clock rate of 100 kHz and the 8080 has a minimum clock rate of 500 kHz. Higher speed versions of both microprocessors were released by 1976.


title: Clock signal

text: The MOS Technology 6502 uses the same 2-phase logic internally, but also includes a two-phase clock generator on-chip, so it only needs a single phase clock input, simplifying system design.


title: Clock signal

text: Some early integrated circuits use four-phase logic, requiring a four phase clock input consisting of four separate, non-overlapping clock signals.


title: Clock signal

text: This was particularly common among early microprocessors such as the National Semiconductor IMP-16, Texas Instruments TMS9900, and the Western Digital WD16 chipset used in the DEC LSI-11.


title: Clock signal

text: Four phase clocks have only rarely been used in newer CMOS processors such as the DEC WRL MultiTitan microprocessor. and in Intrinsity's Fast14 technology. Most modern microprocessors and microcontrollers use a single-phase clock.


title: Clock signal

text: Many modern microcomputers use a "clock multiplier" which multiplies a lower frequency external clock to the appropriate clock rate of the microprocessor. This allows the CPU to operate at a much higher frequency than the rest of the computer, which affords performance gains in situations where the CPU does not need to wait on an external factor (like memory or input/output).


title: Clock signal

text: As long as the minimum and maximum clock periods are respected, the time between clock edges can vary widely from one edge to the next and back again.


title: Clock signal

text: Such digital devices work just as well with a clock generator that dynamically changes its frequency, such as spread-spectrum clock generation, dynamic frequency scaling, etc.


title: Clock signal

text: Devices that use static logic do not even have a maximum clock period (or in other words, minimum clock frequency); such devices can be slowed and paused indefinitely, then resumed at full clock speed at any later time.


title: Clock signal

text: Some sensitive mixed-signal circuits, such as precision analog-to-digital converters, use sine waves rather than square waves as their clock signals, because square waves contain high-frequency harmonics that can interfere with the analog circuitry and cause noise. Such sine wave clocks are often differential signals, because this type of signal has twice the slew rate, and therefore half the timing uncertainty, of a single-ended signal with the same voltage range. Differential signals radiate less strongly than a single line. Alternatively, a single line shielded by power and ground lines can be used.


title: Clock signal

text: In CMOS circuits, gate capacitances are charged and discharged continually. A capacitor does not dissipate energy, but energy is wasted in the driving transistors. In reversible computing, inductors can be used to store this energy and reduce the energy loss, but they tend to be quite large. Alternatively, using a sine wave clock, CMOS transmission gates and energy-saving techniques, the power requirements can be reduced.


title: Clock signal

text: The most effective way to get the clock signal to every part of a chip that needs it, with the lowest skew, is a metal grid. In a large microprocessor, the power used to drive the clock signal can be over 30% of the total power used by the entire chip. The whole structure with the gates at the ends and all amplifiers in between have to be loaded and unloaded every cycle. To save energy, clock gating temporarily shuts off part of the tree.


title: Clock signal

text: The clock distribution network (or clock tree, when this network forms a tree) distributes the clock signal(s) from a common point to all the elements that need it. Since this function is vital to the operation of a synchronous system, much attention has been given to the characteristics of these clock signals and the electrical networks used in their distribution. Clock signals are often regarded as simple control signals; however, these signals have some very special characteristics and attributes.


title: Clock signal

text: Clock signals are typically loaded with the greatest fanout and operate at the highest speeds of any signal within the synchronous system. Since the data signals are provided with a temporal reference by the clock signals, the clock waveforms must be particularly clean and sharp. Furthermore, these clock signals are particularly affected by technology scaling (see Moore's law), in that long global interconnect lines become significantly more resistive as line dimensions are decreased. This increased line resistance is one of the primary reasons for the increasing significance of clock distribution on synchronous performance. Finally, the control of any differences and uncertainty in the arrival times of


title: Clock signal

text: the clock signals can severely limit the maximum performance of the entire system and create catastrophic race conditions in which an incorrect data signal may latch within a register.


title: Clock signal

text: Most synchronous "digital" systems consist of cascaded banks of sequential registers with combinational logic between each set of registers. The functional requirements of the digital system are satisfied by the logic stages. Each logic stage introduces delay that affects timing performance, and the timing performance of the digital design can be evaluated relative to the timing requirements by a timing analysis. Often special consideration must be made to meet the timing requirements. For example, the global performance and local timing requirements may be satisfied by


title: Clock signal

text: the careful insertion of pipeline registers into equally spaced time windows to satisfy critical worst-case "timing constraints". The proper design of the clock distribution network helps ensure that critical timing requirements are satisfied and that no race conditions exist (see also clock skew).


title: Clock signal

text: The delay components that make up a general synchronous system are composed of the following three individual subsystems: the memory storage elements, the logic elements, and the clocking circuitry and distribution network.


title: Clock signal

text: Novel structures are currently under development to ameliorate these issues and provide effective solutions. Important areas of research include resonant clocking techniques, on-chip optical interconnect, and local synchronization methodologies.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. The person's voice may also sound strained or they may be nearly unable to speak. Onset is often gradual and the condition is lifelong.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: The cause is unknown. Risk factors may include family history. Triggers may include an upper respiratory infection, injury to the larynx, overuse of the voice, and psychological stress. The underlying mechanism is believed to typically involve the central nervous system, specifically the basal ganglia. Diagnosis is typically made following examination by a team of healthcare providers. It is a type of focal dystonia.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: While there is no cure, treatment may improve symptoms. Most commonly this involves injecting botulinum toxin into the affected muscles of the larynx. This generally results in improvement for a few months. Other measures include voice therapy, counselling, and amplification devices. If this is not effective, surgery may be considered; however, evidence to support surgery is limited.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: The disorder affects an estimated 2 per 100,000 people. Women are more commonly affected. Onset is typically between the ages of 30 and 50. Severity is variable between people. In some, work and social life are affected. Life expectancy is, however, normal.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia can come on suddenly or gradually appear over the span of years. They can come and go for hours or even weeks at a time, or remain consistent. Gradual onset can begin with the manifestation of a hoarse voice quality, which may later transform into a voice quality described as strained with breaks in phonation. These phonation breaks have been compared to stuttering in the past, but there is a lack of research in support of spasmodic dysphonia being classified as a fluency disorder. It is commonly reported by people with spasmodic dysphonia that symptoms almost only occur on vocal sounds that require phonation. Symptoms are less likely to occur at rest, while whispering, or on speech sounds that do not require phonation. It is hypothesized this occurs because of an increase in sporadic, sudden, and prolonged tension found in the muscles around the larynx during phonation. This tension affects the abduction and adduction (opening and closing) of the vocal folds. Consequently, the vocal folds are unable to retain subglottal air pressure (required for phonation) and breaks in phonation can be heard throughout the speech of people with spasmodic dysphonia.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Regarding types of spasmodic dysphonia, the main characteristic of spasmodic dysphonia, breaks in phonation, is found along with other varying symptoms. The voice quality of adductor spasmodic dysphonia can be described as “strained-strangled” from tension in the glottal region. Voice quality for abductor spasmodic dysphonia can be described as breathy from variable widening of the glottal region. Vocal tremor may also be seen in spasmodic dysphonia. A mix and variance of these symptoms are found in mixed spasmodic dysphonia.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia typically appear in middle aged people, but have also been seen in people in their twenties, with symptoms emerging as young as teenage years.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Although the exact cause of spasmodic dysphonia is still unknown, epidemiological, genetic, and neurological pathogenic factors have been proposed in recent research.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: It has not been established whether these factors directly affect the development of spasmodic dysphonia (SD), however these factors could be used to identify possible and/or at-risk patients.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Researchers have also explored the possibility of a genetic component to SD. Three genes have been identified that may be related to the development of focal or segmental dystonia: TUBB4A, THAP1 and TOR1A genes. However, a recent study that examined the mutation of these three genes in 86 SD patients found that only 2.3% of the patients had novel/rare variants in THAP1 but none in TUBB4A and TOR1A. Evidence of a genetic contribution for dystonia involving the larynx is still weak and more research is needed in order to establish a causal relationship between SD and specific genes.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: SD is a neurological disorder rather than a disorder of the larynx, and as in other forms of dystonia, interventions at the end organ (i.e., larynx) have not offered a definitive cure, only symptomatic relief. The pathophysiology underlying dystonia is becoming better understood as a result of discoveries about genetically based forms of the disorder, and this approach is the most promising avenue to a long-term solution.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: SD is classified as a neurological disorder. However, because the voice can sound normal or near normal at times, some practitioners believe it to be psychogenic; that is, originating in the affected person's mind rather than from a physical cause. This was especially true in the 19th and 20th centuries. No medical organizations or groups take this position. A comparison of SD patients compared with vocal fold paralysis (VFP) patients found that 41.7% of the SD patients met the DSM-IV criteria for psychiatric comorbidity compared with 19.5% of the VFP group. However, another study found the opposite, with SD patients having significantly less psychiatric comorbidity compared to VFP patients: "The prevalence of major psychiatric cases varied considerably among the groups, from a low of seven percent (1/14) for spasmodic dysphonia, to 29.4 percent (5/17) for functional dysphonia, to a high of 63.6 percent (7/11) for vocal cord paralysis." A review in the journal Swiss Medicine Weekly states that "Psychogenic causes, a 'psychological disequilibrium', and an increased tension of the laryngeal muscles are presumed to be one end of the spectrum of possible factors leading to the development of the disorder". Alternatively, many investigations into the condition feel that the psychiatric comorbidity associated with voice disorders is a result of the social isolation and anxiety that patients with these conditions feel as a consequence of their difficulty with speech, as opposed to the cause of their dysphonia. The opinion that SD is psychogenic is not upheld by experts in the scientific community.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: SD is formally classified as a movement disorder; it is a type of focal dystonia known as laryngeal dystonia.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia requires a multidisciplinary team and consideration of both perceptual and physiological factors. There is currently no universally accepted diagnostic test for spasmodic dysphonia, which presents a challenge for diagnosis. Additionally, diagnostic criteria have not been agreed upon as the distinguishing features of this disorder have not been well-characterized.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: A team of professionals including a speech-language pathologist, an otolaryngologist, and a neurologist, are typically involved in spasmodic dysphonia assessment and diagnosis. The speech-language pathologist conducts a speech assessment including case history questions to gather information about voice use and symptoms. This is followed by clinical observation and perceptual rating of voice characteristics such as voice breaks or strain, which are selectively present in normal speech over other voice activities such as whispering or laughing. Symptoms also vary across types of spasmodic dysphonia. For example, voiced sounds are more affected in adductor spasmodic dysphonia, while unvoiced sounds are more affected in abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Following speech assessment, the otolaryngologist conducts a flexible transnasal laryngoscopy to view the vocal folds and activity of the muscles controlling them in order to eliminate other possible causes of the voice disorder. In spasmodic dysphonia, producing long vowels or speaking sentences results in muscle spasms which are not observed during other vocal activities such as coughing, breathing, or whispering. To evaluate the individual for any other neurological problems, this examination is followed up with an assessment by the neurologist.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Because spasmodic dysphonia shares many characteristics with other voice disorders, misdiagnosis frequently occurs. A common misdiagnosis is muscle tension dysphonia, a functional voice disorder which results from use of the voice, rather than a structural abnormality. Some parameters can help guide the clinician towards a decision. In muscle tension dysphonia, the vocal folds are typically hyperadducted in constant way, not in a spasmodic way. Additionally, the voice difficulties found in spasmodic dysphonia can be task specific, as opposed to those found in muscle tension dysphonia. Being able to differentiate between muscle tension dysphonia and spasmodic dysphonia is important because muscle tension dysphonia typically responds well to behavioural voice treatment but spasmodic dysphonia does not. This is crucial to avoid providing inappropriate treatment, but in some cases a trial of behavioural voice treatment can also be helpful to establish a differential diagnosis.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Spasmodic dysphonia can also be misdiagnosed as voice tremor. The movements that are found in this disorder are typically rhythmic in nature, as opposed to the muscle spasms of spasmodic dysphonia. It is important to note that voice tremor and spasmodic dysphonia can co-occur in some patients.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Differential diagnosis is particularly important for determining appropriate interventions, as the type and cause of the disorder determine the most effective treatment. Differences in treatment effectiveness are present even between the types of spasmodic dysphonia. Diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia is often delayed due to these challenges, which in turn presents difficulties in choosing the proper interventions.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: The three types of spasmodic dysphonia (SD) are adductor spasmodic dysphonia, abductor spasmodic dysphonia, and mixed spasmodic dysphonia. A fourth type called whispering dysphonia has also been proposed. Adductor spasmodic dysphonia is the most common type.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) is the most common type, affecting around 87% of individuals with SD. In ADSD, sudden involuntary muscle movements or spasms cause the vocal folds (or vocal cords) to squeeze together and stiffen. As the name suggests, these spasms occur in the adductor muscles of the vocal folds, specifically the thyroarytenoid and the lateral cricoarytenoid. These spasms make it difficult for the vocal folds to vibrate and produce voice. Words are often cut off or are difficult to start because of the muscle spasms. Therefore, speech may be choppy but differs from stuttering. The voice of an individual with adductor spasmodic dysphonia is commonly described as strained or strangled and full of effort. Surprisingly, the spasms are usually absent while laughing, speaking at a high pitch, or speaking while singing, but singers can experience a loss of range or the inability to produce certain notes of a scale or with projection. Stress, however, often makes the muscle spasms more severe.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Abductor spasmodic dysphonia (ABSD) is the second most common type, affecting around 13% of individuals with SD. In ABSD, sudden involuntary muscle movements or spasms cause the vocal folds to open. As the name suggests, these spasms occur in the single abductor muscle of the vocal folds, called the posterior cricoarytenoid. The vocal folds cannot vibrate when they are open. The open position of the vocal folds also allows air to escape from the lungs during speech. As a result, the voices of these individuals often sound weak, quiet, and breathy or whispery. As with adductor spasmodic dysphonia, the spasms are often absent during activities such as laughing or singing, but singers can experience a loss of range or the inability to produce certain notes of a scale or with projection.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Mixed spasmodic dysphonia is the most rare type. Mixed spasmodic dysphonia involves both muscles that open the vocal folds and those that close them and therefore has features of both adductor and abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Some researchers believe that a subset of cases classified as mixed spasmodic dysphonia may actually be ADSD or ABSD subtype with the addition of compensatory voice behaviours that make it appear mixed. This further adds to the difficulty in achieving accurate diagnosis.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: A fourth type has also been described. This appears to be caused by mutations in the TUBB4 gene on the short arm of chromosome 19 (19p13.2-p13.3). This gene encodes a tubulin gene. The pathophysiology of this condition has yet to be determined.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: There are a number of potential treatments for spasmodic dysphonia, including Botox, voice therapy, and surgery. A number of medications have also been tried including anticholinergics (such as benztropine) which have been found to be effective in 40-50% of people, but which are associated with a number of side effects.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Botulinum toxin (Botox) is often used to improve some symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia through weakening or paralyzing the vocal folds, thus preventing muscle spasms. The level of evidence for its use is currently limited; little is known about optimal dosage, frequency of injections, or exact location of injection. However, it remains a choice for many people due to the predictability and low chance of long term side effects. It results in periods of some improvement, with the duration of benefit lasting for 10–12 weeks on average before symptoms return to baseline. Repeat injection is required to sustain good vocal production, as results are only temporary. Some transient side effects observed in adductor spasmodic dysphonia include reduced speaking volume, difficulty swallowing, and a breathy and hoarse voice quality. While treatment outcomes are generally positive, it is presently unclear whether this treatment approach is more or less effective than others.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Voice therapy appears to be ineffective in cases of true spasmodic dysphonia. However, as it is difficult to distinguish between spasmodic dysphonia and functional dysphonias, and misdiagnosis is relatively common, trial of voice therapy is often recommended before more invasive procedures are tried. Some also state that it is useful for mild symptoms and as an add-on to botox therapy and others report success in more severe cases. Laryngeal manual therapy, which is massaging of the neck and cervical structures, also shows positive results for intervention of functional dysphonia.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: If other measures are not effective, surgery may be considered; however, evidence to support surgery as a treatment for SD is limited. Treatment outcomes are generally positive, though more research is required to determine its effectiveness. Post-surgery voices can be imperfect and about 15% of people have significant difficulties. If symptoms do recur, this typically happens in the first 12 months. As of 2011, surgery was rarely used as a treatment approach for SD. Surgical approaches include recurrent laryngeal nerve resection, selective laryngeal adductor denervation-reinnervation (SLAD-R), thyroplasty, thyroarytenoid myectomy, and laryngeal nerve crush. Recurrent laryngeal nerve resection involves removing a section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Recurrent laryngeal nerve avulsion is a more drastic removal of sections of the nerve, and has positive outcomes of 80% at three years. SLAD-R is effective specifically for adductor spasmodic dysphonia, for which it has shown good outcomes in about 80% of people at 8 years. Thyroplasty changes the position or length of the vocal folds.


title: Spasmodic dysphonia

text: Initial surgical efforts to treat the condition were published in 1976 by Herbert Dedo and involved cutting of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.


title: Anklet

text: An anklet, also called "ankle chain", "ankle bracelet" or "ankle string", is an ornament worn around the ankle. Barefoot anklets and toe rings historically have been worn for at least over 8,000 years by girls and women in Indus Valley, in South Asia where it is commonly known as "pattilu", "payal, golusu" and sometimes as "nupur". They have also been worn by Egyptian women since predynastic times. In the United States both casual and more formal anklets became fashionable from the 1930s to the late–20th century. While in Western popular culture both younger men and women may wear casual leather anklets, they are popular among barefoot women. Formal anklets (of silver, gold, or beads) are used by some women as fashion jewellery. Anklets are an important piece of jewellery in Indian marriages, worn along with saris.


title: Anklet

text: Occasionally, anklets on both ankles are joined by a chain to limit the step. This practice was once prevalent in Southeast Asia, where the effect was to give a "feminine" short tripping step. Today, a few Western women follow this practice, but rarely in public. More rarely still, some people wear "permanent" (e.g., soldered) ankle chains and even connecting chains.