title: Gravitational redshift

text: The gravitational weakening of light from high-gravity stars was predicted by John Michell in 1783 and Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1796, using Isaac Newton's concept of light corpuscles (see: emission theory) and who predicted that some stars would have a gravity so strong that light would not be able to escape. The effect of gravity on light was then explored by Johann Georg von Soldner (1801), who calculated the amount of deflection of a light ray by the sun, arriving at the Newtonian answer which is half the value predicted by general relativity. All of this early work assumed that light could slow down and fall, which is inconsistent with the modern understanding of light waves.


title: Gravitational redshift

text: Once it became accepted that light was an electromagnetic wave, it was clear that the frequency of light should not change from place to place, since waves from a source with a fixed frequency keep the same frequency everywhere. One way around this conclusion would be if time itself were altered—if clocks at different points had different rates. This was precisely Einstein's conclusion in 1911. He considered an accelerating box, and noted that according to the special theory of relativity, the clock rate at the "bottom" of the box (the side away from the direction of acceleration) was slower than the clock rate at the "top" (the side toward the direction of acceleration). Indeed, in a frame moving (in formula_49 direction) with velocity formula_50 relative to the rest frame, the clocks at a nearby position formula_51 are ahead by formula_52 (to the first order); so an acceleration formula_30 (that changes speed by formula_54 per time formula_7) makes clocks at the position formula_51 to be ahead by formula_57, that is, tick at a rate


title: Gravitational redshift

text: The equivalence principle implies that this change in clock rate is the same whether the acceleration formula_30 is that of an accelerated frame without gravitational effects, or caused by a gravitational field in a stationary frame. Since acceleration due to gravitational potential formula_60 is formula_61, we get


title: Gravitational redshift

text: Since the light would be slowed down by gravitational time dilation (as seen by outside observer), the regions with lower gravitational potential would act like a medium with higher refractive index causing light to deflect. This reasoning allowed Einstein in 1911 to reproduce the incorrect Newtonian value for the deflection of light. At the time he only considered the time-dilating manifestation of gravity, which is the dominating contribution at non-relativistic speeds; however relativistic objects travel through space a comparable amount as they do though time, so purely spatial curvature becomes just as important. After constructing the full theory of general relativity, Einstein solved in 1915 the full post-Newtonian approximation for the Sun's gravity and calculated the correct amount of light deflection – double the Newtonian value. Einstein's prediction was confirmed by many experiments, starting with Arthur Eddington's 1919 solar eclipse expedition.


title: Gravitational redshift

text: The changing rates of clocks allowed Einstein to conclude that light waves change frequency as they move, and the frequency/energy relationship for photons allowed him to see that this was best interpreted as the effect of the gravitational field on the mass–energy of the photon. To calculate the changes in frequency in a nearly static gravitational field, only the time component of the metric tensor is important, and the lowest order approximation is accurate enough for ordinary stars and planets, which are much bigger than their Schwarzschild radius.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Steven Daniel Carrington is a fictional character on the American prime time soap opera "Dynasty". Steven is noteworthy as one of the earliest gay main characters on American television. Despite identifying as homosexual, Steven has relationships with both men and women throughout the series.


title: Steven Carrington

text: The role was originated by Al Corley in the show's first episode in 1981. Corley left at the end of the second season in 1982, and the role was recast in 1983 with Jack Coleman, the change in appearance attributed to plastic surgery after an oil rig explosion. Coleman remained on the show until 1988, but Corley returned to the role of Steven for the 1991 miniseries "" when Coleman was unavailable due to scheduling conflicts.


title: Steven Carrington

text: The role of Steven was originated by Al Corley in the show's first episode in 1981; Corley left at the end of the second season in 1982 after complaining about Steven's "ever-shifting sexual preferences" and wanting "to do other things." The character was recast in 1983 with Jack Coleman, the change in appearance attributed to plastic surgery after an oil rig explosion. Coleman remained on the show until 1988, but Corley returned to the role of Steven for the 1991 miniseries "" when Coleman was unavailable due to scheduling conflicts.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Steven has been called the first openly gay character on a prime time drama series, and remains one of the most well-known of the earliest gay characters on television. Suzanna Danuta Walters writes that because of the character, "in the annals of gay TV history, the '80s will be remembered as the "Dynasty" years." Initially the only son of series' patriarch Blake Carrington (John Forsythe), "handsome, blond hunk" Steven was a regular character featured in front-burner storylines for his entire run on the series. In contrast to his ruthless, warring parents and promiscuous sister, the character was poised as "the moral conscience of the family." Still, he was defined primarily by his sexuality, his struggle against it and the conflict it created within his family.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Corley noted, "what attracted me was playing a gay character ... The only gay television character I knew about at the time was Billy Crystal's gay character Jodie Dallas on ABC's "Soap", which was a dark comedy." "Dynasty" co-creator Esther Shapiro noted in a 1981 "Esquire" magazine article that the character of Steven "was, is, and always will be gay", but explained that she initially intended for him to be confused about his sexuality for two seasons before ultimately becoming a "well-rounded gay character". With "Dynasty" becoming one of the 20 highest-rated American prime time series by the end of its second season and eventually rising to #1 in 1985, Steven "had great potential for breaking through the usual stereotypes" and his life "could have been explored in storylines in which [his] sexuality did not necessarily have to be problematized." However, it has been noted that with "interference" from network Broadcast Standards and Practices and "pressure from the religious right", this potential was never fully realized. Walters writes that Steven—"stalwartly manly and deeply troubled by his homosexuality"—led viewers on a "Hollywood tour of homosexuality" over eight seasons, "from tortured closet case, to 'cured' heterosexual husband, and finally to a vague approximation of gay and proud." She adds that the character's "persistent attempts to 'go straight' and the adamant avoidance of any gay milieu or culture" paint "Dynasty" as "flawed and compromised", but acknowledges that the series remains a staple of gay iconography despite its primary gay character being "hardly a role model of self-acceptance and pride."


title: Steven Carrington

text: Corley left "Dynasty" at the end of the second season in 1982, after complaining publicly in "Interview" that "Steven doesn't have any fun... He doesn't laugh; he has no humor". Corley also lamented Steven's "ever-shifting sexual preferences", and stated that he wanted "to do other things". The character was recast in 1983 with Jack Coleman, the change in appearance attributed to plastic surgery after an oil rig explosion. Coleman remained on the show until 1988, but Corley returned to the role of Steven for the 1991 miniseries "" when Coleman was unavailable due to scheduling conflicts.


title: Steven Carrington

text: In a 2006 interview with "TV Guide", Coleman reaffirmed that having a gay main character on a prime time drama in the early 1980s "was "quite" daring at that time. I think the only other gay character in a series was Billy Crystal on "Soap", and that was a comedy. But [Steven] was so timid by today's standards, especially looking at what's on cable, with "The L Word", "Queer as Folk" and shows like that. "Dynasty" now seems unbelievably quaint." Commenting on Steven's romantic relationship with Luke Fuller (played by Billy Campbell), Coleman noted, "It was very much "The Donna Reed Show" in terms of four feet on the floor, nobody actually ever touching."


title: Steven Carrington

text: It has also been suggested that the increased visibility of gay characters like Steven on network series in the late 1970s and 1980s (who owed their own existence to relaxing social restrictions and the 1969 Stonewall riots) sparked a backlash from "fundamentalists who complained to advertisers", and by the spring of 1991 there were no gay characters in evidence at all. This ultimately paved the way for a reversal of the trend and Ellen DeGeneres' watershed coming out in 1997, the subsequent "steady stream of ... well-developed, three-dimensional gay and lesbian characters" on television, and the relative "open door" of the 2000s. David Bitler of MTV's LGBT-targeted channel Logo said in 2005 that "today's youth generation is more accustomed to seeing gay characters on television, because gay visibility in pop culture has only increased exponentially during the last 10 to 15 years" with the depiction of gay and lesbian characters on shows such as "Dawson's Creek", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "The Real World" and "Road Rules" becoming commonplace. Comparing Steven's 1981 confrontation with his father over his sexuality to the 2005 coming out of "Desperate Housewives" teen Andrew Van de Kamp to his mother, Damon Romine of GLAAD noted in a 2005 PlanetOut.com article that though both Blake Carrington and Bree Van de Kamp encourage their sons to "change"—which is not possible—in 1981 this was presented as a "serious suggestion", whereas in 2005 the idea is "ridiculous". Romine added, "That's progress, even though we still have a long way to go." In the same article Jenny Stewart of PlanetOut.com posed the question of whether Steven Carrington "was a groundbreaking first who blazed a trail for the must-see gay TV of the new millennium or a last gasp of the traditional 'gayness as tragedy' storyline."


title: Steven Carrington

text: As "Dynasty" begins on January 12, 1981, Carrington heir Steven (Al Corley) returns to Denver from New York City to attend the wedding of his father, powerful oil tycoon Blake Carrington (John Forsythe). Though the details are at first unclear, father and son are somewhat estranged, and their reunion is an awkward one. The Carrington family dynamic is soon established; thoughtful and sensitive Steven resists his father's pressure to step into his role as future leader of Blake's empire, while his spoiled sister Fallon (Pamela Sue Martin), better suited to follow in Blake's footsteps, is underestimated by—and considered little more than a trophy to—father Blake. Steven is devoted to and loved by Fallon, who sees the differences between her brother and Blake but does not understand why they cannot be reconciled. Steven, knowing Fallon's devotion to Blake, is hesitant to open up to her. Steven befriends Krystle (Linda Evans), Blake's former secretary and future wife, who is adjusting to life at the mansion despite chilly receptions from Fallon and the Carrington household staff. At the end of the three-hour premiere episode "Oil", Steven finally confronts his father, criticizing Blake's capitalistic values and seemingly-amoral business practices. Blake explodes, revealing the secret of which Steven thought his father was unaware: Blake is disgusted by Steven's homosexuality, and his refusal to "conform" sets father and son at odds for some time.


title: Steven Carrington

text: To Blake's chagrin, Steven goes to work for Walter Lankershim (Dale Robertson), a small-time oilman and rival to Blake, and his new business partner Matthew Blaisdel (Bo Hopkins), Steven's old friend and Blake's former employee, who had previously been involved with Krystle. Though Walter brings Steven to a brothel in a fatherly attempt to resolve his sexual confusion, he and Matthew are unfazed by Steven's supposed preference for men, and Matthew even defends him against the homophobic glares of other oil rig workers. Steven finds a kindred spirit in Matthew's fragile wife Claudia (Pamela Bellwood), who is trying to put her life back together after a mental breakdown, and they secretly kiss in "The Chauffeur Tells a Secret". Steven is framed for an accident at Walter's oil rig and fired. He is offered his job back when his innocence is later proven, but declines; after beginning an affair with Claudia in "The Necklace", Steven decides to work for Blake at Denver-Carrington. Despite Fallon's machinations to keep him away, Steven's ex-lover Ted Dinard (Mark Withers) appears, hoping to reconcile. Steven spends the night with Ted, soon deciding he must break it off with both Ted and Claudia. As Steven and Ted are saying their final goodbyes in "The Separation", Blake enters to find them in a chaste embrace. Blake, whose discomfort with Steven's sexuality manifests itself in rage, angrily pushes the two men apart. Ted falls backward and hits his head; the injury proves fatal and Blake is arrested and charged with murder. Angry and upset, Steven testifies that Ted's death had been the result of malicious intent, which infuriates Blake and Fallon. A veiled surprise witness for the prosecution appears in the season finale "The Testimony", and Fallon gasps in recognition: "Oh my God, that's my mother!"


title: Steven Carrington

text: In the second-season premiere "Enter Alexis" (1981), the former Alexis Carrington (Joan Collins) testifies that ex-husband Blake has a violent temper, which proves damaging to his case. Blake is convicted for Ted's death but does not serve any jail time. Fallon is cold toward Alexis and Blake is openly hostile; at odds with his father, Steven is drawn to the long-absent mother he hardly remembers. He is seduced by the apparent devotion of Alexis, whom Blake had exiled from Denver and her children's lives after he had discovered her affair with another man. Steven soon gets a taste of his mother's poison in "Alexis' Secret": according to Alexis, Fallon is not Blake's daughter at all, and she later indicates that Fallon's father is in fact Blake's longtime friend and business rival, Cecil Colby (Lloyd Bochner). The secret eating at him, a drunken Steven falls, hits his head and nearly drowns in the pool. Steven and Blake put aside their differences, and a convalescing Steven meets Krystle's visiting niece Sammy Jo (Heather Locklear) in "Reconciliation" (1981).


title: Steven Carrington

text: When Alexis suggests that, as Blake's only heir, Steven should get married, he considers the idea and approaches Claudia about resuming their relationship. Steven and Sammy Jo begin dating, although he is unable at first to make love to her. Steven proposes to Claudia; still in love with Matthew, she declines, driving Steven back to Sammy Jo. They elope in the 1982 episode "Sammy Jo and Steven Marry". Blake and Alexis do not approve of the match; the marriage is short-lived, however, as Alexis pays Sammy Jo to leave Steven and Denver in "The Baby". Fallon is devastated at the revelation that Blake is not her father, but a blood test proves their biological connection in "The Gun" as Steven follows Sammy Jo to Hollywood. On his way home to Denver in "The Shakedown", Steven meets an attractive male stranger who subsequently tries to blackmail him; Steven beats him up, and is arrested. In the April 28, 1982 episode "The Two Princes", Steven confronts the entire family, berating them for their intolerance and elitist values, and stating for all to hear that he is gay and unashamed. Vowing to live his own life on his own terms, he leaves the mansion.


title: Steven Carrington

text: In the eighth episode of the season, "La Mirage", Fallon finally receives a letter from Steven, who is working on an oil rig in the Java Sea. Jack Coleman debuts as Steven (his face unseen) in the December 1, 1982 episode "Acapulco" as the oil rig explodes. Blake and Alexis rush to Indonesia to search for him, but Steven is presumed dead; Blake refuses to believe it. In "Samantha", Sammy Jo reappears with a baby, who, she claims, is her son by Steven.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Announcing her desire to seek fame as a model in New York City in the January 5, 1983 episode "Danny", Sammy Jo hopes that Blake and Krystle will take baby Danny off her hands. Meanwhile, Steven is alive in a Singapore hospital, his face bandaged after extensive cosmetic surgery. Alexis wants custody of Danny herself but is soon distracted by greedy Adam's machinations. Several episodes later in "The Mirror", Steven's bandages are removed. He considers letting his family continue to believe that he is dead, but Steven's doctor contacts Blake. Blake recognizes his son despite the surgery, but Steven refuses to return to Denver. He reconsiders when Blake tells him about Danny. Steven makes an emotional return to the Carrington mansion in "Fathers and Sons", reuniting with his loved ones and meeting his long-lost brother Adam and infant son Danny for the first time. Alexis admits that she had paid Sammy Jo to leave Denver and suggests that Blake had bribed her to leave Danny behind; Steven visits Sammy Jo in New York in "The Downstairs Bride" but returns alone.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Steven finds himself in the middle of his parents' fight over a potential merger of their companies initiated by a plotting Alexis. Blake is dismayed when Steven accepts a job offer from Alexis and makes known his plan to move out of the mansion with Danny. In the March 30, 1983 episode "The Dinner" Steven visits Claudia, who had returned to the sanitarium after another breakdown during his absence. Tensions between Blake and Steven escalate further thanks to Alexis, who manages to keep her Steven away from a dinner planned by Krystle to mend fences between father and son. In the third-season finale "The Cabin", Blake learns that Steven is living with his attorney, Chris Deegan (Grant Goodeve). Suspecting that the men are more than friends, Blake decides to sue Steven for custody of Danny.


title: Steven Carrington

text: When Steven learns of his father's plans, he and Blake come to blows. Chris represents Steven at the custody trial. Blake argues that a homosexual cannot be a good parent, while Steven argues that Blake, as a convicted murderer, is worse. Alexis testifies that Blake paid off Sammy Jo to leave the baby in Denver; while Sammy Jo testifies that Steven is promiscuous. Claudia, who has recently been released from a sanitarium, tells Steven that she has a plan to win the custody trial. Steven and Claudia fly to Reno and are married. In episode 67, "Tender Comrades", they are awarded custody of Danny. In episode 72, Steven and Blake reconcile and by episode 74 Steven and Claudia have moved back into the mansion.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Steven is concerned about Claudia's fragile emotional state when she starts receiving flowers (violets), gifts and phone calls from her missing (and presumed dead) husband, Matthew. In their investigation, Steven and Claudia travel to South America and visit the site where Matthew and Lindsay crashed. When Steven finds Dex Dexter with violets at ColbyCo, he suspects that Dex is responsible. Eventually they learn that the calls and gifts were from Morgan Hess, a private investigator with ties to Alexis. However, it is Sammy Jo who is paying Hess to harass the couple. She returns to Denver and announces that she will fight for custody of Danny.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Sammy Jo kidnaps Danny, and demands $30,000/month for his return. However, Claudia convinces Adam to help get Danny back, and Sammy Jo returns to New York, defeated.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Meanwhile, Steven is distressed by his mother's arrest for the murder of Mark Jennings, Krystle's ex-husband. After an anonymous tip to the DA, Steven is called as a witness where he testifies that he saw his mother push Mark off her balcony. Alexis is furious and disowns Steven. Her lover, Dex, discovers that disgraced former Congressman Neal McVane, disguised as Alexis, is the real killer. After her acquittal, Steven and his mother reconcile when she realizes it was a case of mistaken identity and he returns to work at ColbyCo.


title: Steven Carrington

text: In episode 91, Steven and his family learn that Fallon has been killed in a plane crash with her lover, Peter DeVilbis. In episode 96, Steven learns that he has another sister, Amanda, born after his parents divorced and raised by Alexis' cousin. Although Alexis denies it at first, eventually she admits that Amanda is Blake's daughter.


title: Steven Carrington

text: At work, Steven meets a gay co-worker named Luke Fuller. Although Luke is attracted to Steven, their relationship is platonic at first. Claudia, however, is troubled by the growing friendship between the two men, and eventually has an extramarital affair with Dean Caldwell. When Steven learns of the affair, he sleeps with Luke. In episode 105, "Triangles", Steven decides to end the affair and reconcile with Claudia. However, by episode 110 Steven tells Claudia that while he loves her, he also loves Luke. Claudia, prompted by Adam, flies to Mexico to divorce Steven in episode 112. Steven's affair with Luke strains his relationship with Blake, especially when Steven invites Luke to be his escort to Amanda's wedding to Prince Michael of Moldavia.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Steven is heartbroken when Luke is killed in the terrorist attack at Amanda's wedding. After returning to Denver, he grows closer to Sammy Jo who has reconciled with Krystle. Steven is also needed to help Blake, who is having serious health problems. In episode 132, a frightened Sammy Jo confesses to Steven that she's been involved with a plot to kidnap Krystle and replace her with a look-alike. She has learned that her co-conspirators have been poisoning Blake. Steven saves his father from faux-Krystle while Sammy Jo frees Krystle from her captors.


title: Steven Carrington

text: After Blake recovers he announces plans to put Steven on his board of directors. As part of his job, Steven must work with state senator Bart Fallmont who does not agree with Denver-Carrington's business plans. While working together, Bart and Steven develop a romantic interest towards each other but decide not to pursue it as Bart has not come out as a homosexual. Adam, with Denver-Carrington's interests in mind, leaks to the press that Bart is a closeted gay man. In the midst of the scandal, Bart is removed from the state senate. Bart accuses Steven of betraying him for Denver-Carrington, but Steven knows the true culprit is Adam. Meanwhile, Sammy Jo and Clay, Bart's brother, are engaged. In episode 146, Steven worries that Sammy Jo may fight for custody again.


title: Steven Carrington

text: In episode 155, Sammy Jo taunts Steven with threats of a custody battle. In episode 157, Steven is distressed to learn that Danny is demonstrating troubling behavior at school. Sammy Jo continues to threaten Steven, but by episode 163 her quickie marriage to Clay is in trouble and two episodes later it is annulled. Sammy Jo and Steven agree to put aside their differences for Danny's benefit, and in episode 166 agree to live together platonically in an attempt to give Danny a normal home life. In episode 171, however, they give into romantic feelings and make love. Steven, once again, is conflicted over his emotions and sexuality. In episode 172, a frustrated Steven goes recklessly horseback riding, and is injured when he is thrown from his horse. He decides to move out of Sammy Jo's ranch and leaves Danny with his mother. He announces that he will leave Denver after Adam's wedding. Unfortunately, a not-so-dead Matthew Blaisdel and his native South American henchmen crash the wedding and take the family hostage.


title: Steven Carrington

text: After several days in captivity, Steven manages to overpower Matthew and stabs him to death in the second episode of the season, "The Siege – Part 2". The incident leaves him emotionally scarred and he is encouraged to seek psychiatric help. Deciding to remain in Denver, he takes over Blake's football team; when Sammy Jo becomes romantically involved with quarterback Josh Harris, Steven is outraged. He orders a medical screening when Josh's playing becomes erratic, and Josh, a cocaine addict, quits the team. Josh proposes to Sammy Jo, and when she refuses he overdoses and dies. Blake, who has been impressed with Steven's handling of the football team, asks him to run Denver-Carrington while Blake campaigns for governor. Steven's management style causes great conflict between him, Adam, Fallon, and Dex; Steven also confronts Jeff, telling him to stay out of Sammy Jo's life. However, Steven bands together with his family when they learn that Alexis' new husband, Sean Rowan, is plotting to destroy the Carringtons. Struggling with the uncertainty in his life, Steven decides that he needs to leave Denver and regroup. In the March 30, 1988 season cliffhanger "Colorado Roulette", Steven pens a letter to Blake explaining his need for distance and leaves Denver. Adam subsequently burns the letter before Blake finds or reads it.


title: Steven Carrington

text: By the time of the 1991 miniseries "Dynasty: The Reunion", Steven is an environmental lobbyist in Washington, D.C. and is in a long-term relationship with Bart Fallmont, who returned to Denver during the three-year period between the series finale and the miniseries. Steven and Blake finally reconcile when Blake formally accepts Steven and Bart's committed relationship.


title: Steven Carrington

text: A pilot for a "Dynasty" reboot for The CW was announced in September 2016, and James Mackay was cast as Steven. The new series premiered on October 11, 2017.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Executive producer Josh Schwartz said that in the new series, "The relationship between Blake and Steven is not about [Steven's] sexuality. Steven is confidently gay, and Blake accepts him." Their conflict is instead focused on the environmental issues surrounding Blake's energy conglomerate. Executive producer Sallie Patrick said, "I wasn't interested in telling a story about a father who is not on board with his son being gay. That's not to say [Blake] was always OK with it—there might have been a moment where he struggled with it, maybe that's the back story. We'll see. I also just wanted Steven to be more confident about who he is. For us, it was much more interesting to me that their conflict had more to do with their opposing political viewpoints." According to Patrick, "We were interested in the character as a role model of self-acceptance and pride, and whose conflict with his father wasn't about being gay, but more about being liberal—and how they led to their falling out." Maureen Ryan of "Variety" noted that "like Fallon, [Steven] gets a few chances to express his exasperation with their father's manipulative ways ... Steven is less ambitious than his sister, but like her, he is pulled back into Blake's orbit". "Vulture" Matt Zoller Seitz wrote, "[Steven's] conflicted attitude toward his own privilege frequently shades over into self-criticism. He knows all of this luxury has warped his mind, but he can't give it up ... he learns that somebody stole a wad of $100 bills from his pants pocket [and] admits he never noticed the theft. Only a person who has never had to worry about money could be so cavalier about losing it."


title: Steven Carrington

text: The series also changed Sammy Jo from a woman to a gay man named Sam "Sammy Jo" Jones, played by Rafael de la Fuente. Executive producer Stephanie Savage said, "With Steven Carrington out and proud, it makes sense for Sammy Jo to be a man." Patrick added, "It felt right to make him [Steven's] soulmate." She said, "I love how Steven's arc and ability to forgive Sammy Jo contrasts with Blake's inability to forgive Fallon, dramatizing how Steven continues to be quite different from his father".


title: Steven Carrington

text: In the premiere episode "I Hardly Recognized You", Steven returns to Atlanta to find his father Blake Carrington engaged to Cristal, a woman instantly loathed by Steven's sister Fallon. Though close to Fallon, Steven finds himself befriending an earnest Cristal, and warming up to his father. Steven has a one-night stand with Sam Jones, who he later discovers is Cristal's nephew. Steven tries to uncomplicate matters by keeping his distance from Sam, who is staying at the mansion, but is won over by Sam's compulsive honesty and thoughtfulness. Steven is implicated in the death of Matthew Blaidsel, and again clashes with Blake, who he suspects may have been involved. In "Private as a Circus", Steven works with Sam to retrieve Matthew's phone, which Blake had obtained illegally and was subsequently stolen. Steven channels his father as he coerces Chief Stansfield into clearing him for Matthew's death, but is uncomfortable with the apparent suicide and confession that exonerate him. Soon, Steven is furious when a repentant Sam admits his complicity in the robbery.


title: Steven Carrington

text: Maureen Ryan of "Variety" called Mackay "suitably droll and engaging", and Matt Zoller Seitz of "Vulture" deemed Steven "the best character so far".


title: Devin Funchess

text: Devin Akeem Funchess (born May 21, 1994) is an American football tight end who is a free agent. He played college football at Michigan, and was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the second round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He has also been a member of the Indianapolis Colts and Green Bay Packers.


title: Devin Funchess

text: Funchess attended Harrison High School in Farmington Hills, where he was a three-sport athlete in football, basketball and track. As a junior in 2010, he caught 34 passes for 709 yards and five touchdowns, leading his team to the Michigan Division II state championship. As a senior in 2011, he was named to the Detroit News Blue Chip List after tallying 21 receptions for 452 yards and five touchdowns on offense, while also recording three sacks, one forced fumble, one interception, and three pass break-ups on defense. In track & field, Funchess competed as a long jumper, recording a personal-best leap of 5.53 meters (18 ft, 1.5 in) at the 2011 Oakland County Championships, where he placed 25th.


title: Devin Funchess

text: Considered a four-star recruit by ESPN.com, Funchess was listed as the fifth-ranked tight end in the nation in 2012.


title: Devin Funchess

text: Funchess committed to the University of Michigan in 2011, becoming one of the top prospects in Michigan's 2012 recruiting class.


title: Devin Funchess

text: Funchess saw extensive playing time as a freshman for the 2012 Michigan football team. After Brandon Moore sustained a knee injury, Funchess became the team's leading tight end and was described in October 2012 as "one of Michigan's biggest early-season revelations." In the second game of the season, and Funchess' first as a starter, he had 106 receiving yards and a touchdown against Air Force. He became the first Michigan tight end with 100 receiving yards in a game in 15 years; Jerame Tuman accomplished the feat in 1997. Funchess was named the Big Ten Conference Freshman of the Week for his performance against Air Force. Against UMass the following week, he caught two passes for 34 yards and scored his second career touchdown at Michigan.


title: Devin Funchess

text: Funchess scored his third touchdown pass on October 13, 2012, in a 45–0 victory over Illinois. On November 10, 2012, he scored in the fourth quarter on an eight-yard pass from Devin Gardner to give Michigan a 28–24 lead over Northwestern. In the final home game of the season, a 42–17 victory over Iowa, Funchess scored his fifth touchdown on a 29-yard pass from Gardner.


title: Devin Funchess

text: Funchess was a 2012 All-Big Ten honorable mention selection by the media. He was also named to the Football Writers Association of America Freshman All-America Team.


title: Devin Funchess

text: As a sophomore for the 2013 Michigan team, Funchess became the Wolverines' second leading receiver behind Jeremy Gallon. On October 5, 2013, he caught seven passes for 151 yards against Minnesota. He had a 46-yard reception against the Golden Gophers, and his total of 151 yards was also a career-high. After the Minnesota game, head coach Brady Hoke said: "We wanted to get him out on the perimeter a little bit, mismatch in a lot of ways. He runs awful well and is a big target. We're just trying to really take advantage of his skill set." In an overtime loss to Penn State on October 12, 2013, Funchess caught four passes for 112 yards and two touchdowns, including a career-long 59-yard touchdown reception. Through the first six games of the season, Funchess had 19 catches for 408 yards and four touchdowns. His average of 21.5 yards per catch was the highest in the Big Ten Conference.


title: Devin Funchess

text: On August 30, 2014, Funchess played his first game as a wide receiver for the Wolverines. He changed his number from No. 87 to No. 1; he is the first receiver to wear No. 1 since Braylon Edwards in 2004. Funchess tallied seven receptions for 95 yards and a career-high three touchdowns in the season opener against Appalachian State. On December 9, 2014, Funchess announced that he would be foregoing his remaining eligibility and declared for the 2015 NFL Draft.


title: Devin Funchess

text: Funchess was drafted in the second round with the 41st overall pick by the Carolina Panthers in the 2015 NFL Draft. On August 14, 2015, he made his preseason debut for the Panthers against the Buffalo Bills. Funchess' first catch was a 34-yarder where he tightroped the sideline on a pass from Derek Anderson. Funchess had one more catch, and finished the night with 53 yards total. When the Panther's primary receiver, Kelvin Benjamin, suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in training camp, Carolina looked for Funchess to help fill that spot and emerge as a consistent target for Cam Newton.


title: Devin Funchess

text: Funchess had a breakout game during Week 9 against the Green Bay Packers; Funchess made three catches for 71 yards and a key touchdown to help the Panthers earn their first 8–0 start in franchise history. The following week, Funchess caught both of his targets for a total of 41 yards during the Panthers' 27–10 victory over the Tennessee Titans. The following week, Funchess made his first NFL start against the Washington Redskins and responded with four receptions for 64 yards and a touchdown during the Panthers' 44–16 victory. During the Panthers' 41–38 victory over the New Orleans Saints, Funchess recorded a key 13-yard touchdown reception. During the Panthers' 38–35 victory over the New York Giants to move them to 14–0, Funchess recorded a key touchdown reception against cornerback Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie. Against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers during the regular season finale, Funchess set career bests with seven receptions and 120 yards. The yardage is the second-most by Panthers' rookie (David Gettis had 125 yards against the San Francisco 49ers on October 24, 2010). Funchess finished the regular season with 31 catches for 473 yards, the fifth most in franchise history for a rookie receiver; his five touchdown catches were second most for a rookie.


title: Devin Funchess

text: On February 7, 2016, Funchess was part of the Panthers team that played in Super Bowl 50. The Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10. In the Super Bowl, Funchess had two catches for 40 yards.


title: Devin Funchess

text: Funchess played in 15 games in 2016, with seven starts, recording 23 catches for 371 yards and four touchdowns. He was placed on injured reserve on December 29, 2016, after suffering a knee injury against the Falcons in Week 16.


title: Devin Funchess

text: Funchess was part of a Panthers' wide receiver unit that contained Kelvin Benjamin, Russell Shephard, Curtis Samuel, Kaelin Clay, and Damiere Byrd. In Week 4, against the New England Patriots, he had seven receptions for 70 yards and two touchdowns in the 33–30 victory. In Week 12, against the New York Jets, he had a season-high 108 receiving yards on seven receptions. Overall, on the season, he had 63 receptions for 840 yards and eight touchdowns. The Panthers made the playoffs and faced off against the New Orleans Saints in the . In the 31–26 loss, he had four receptions for 89 yards.


title: Devin Funchess

text: In a Week 3 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals, Funchess scored his first receiving touchdown of the season. In Week 6 and Week 8, he scored a touchdown in consecutive games against the Washington Redskins and Philadelphia Eagles. He finished the 2018 season with 44 receptions for 549 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns.


title: Devin Funchess

text: On March 14, 2019, Funchess signed a one-year contract with the Indianapolis Colts. He was placed on injured reserve with a broken collarbone on September 10, 2019. He was designated for return from injured reserve on November 13, 2019, and began practicing with the team again. However, he was not activated by the end of the three-week practice window on December 4, 2019, and remained on injured reserve for the rest of the season.


title: Devin Funchess

text: On April 2, 2020, Funchess signed with the Green Bay Packers The deal was reportedly for one year with a $1.2 million base salary for the 2020 season and a $1 million signing bonus, and could be worth up to $6.25 million with bonuses and incentives.


title: Devin Funchess

text: On July 28, 2020, Funchess opted out of the 2020 NFL season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He explained his decision in an Instagram post, saying that some of his closest family members had been exposed to COVID-19 and that he was opting out for their safety, as well as his own.


title: Devin Funchess

text: On March 9, 2021, the NFL Network announced that Funchess had agreed to take a $750,000 pay cut to remain with the salary cap-strapped Packers. In August 2021, Funchess created racial controversy by using an anti-Asian racial slur "chinky/chinkie" and made a “slant-eyed” gesture during a press conference. Funchess later posted an apology on Twitter.


title: Devin Funchess

text: On August 25, the Packers placed Funchess on injured reserve due to a lingering hamstring injury, and released him two days later.


title: Devin Funchess

text: On November 24, 2021, Funchess was signed to the San Francisco 49ers practice squad. He was released on December 6.


title: Devin Funchess

text: On June 14, 2022, Funchess signed with the Detroit Lions as a tight end. He was released on August 30.


title: Greg McElroy

text: Gregory Vincent McElroy, Jr. (born May 10, 1988) is an American football commentator and former quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL) in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft after playing college football at Alabama. During his high school career, McElroy won several awards including being named an EA Sports All-American and winning a Texas 5A state championship for Southlake Carroll. He was the starting quarterback for the Crimson Tide football team. As a junior, he led the Crimson Tide to an undefeated 14–0 season, which included the 2009 SEC Championship and BCS National Championship.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy was born in Los Angeles, California to Greg and Jami McElroy. In 1998, when he was 10 years old, his father was hired by the Dallas Cowboys to oversee sales and marketing for the franchise, and the family moved to Southlake, Texas. A former football player at the University of Hawaii, Greg Sr. helped coach his son's Pee Wee football team.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy attended Carroll Senior High School in Southlake, Texas, playing football under head coach Todd Dodge. During his sophomore and junior seasons, McElroy played behind Chase Daniel, who later was in contention for the Heisman Trophy while playing for the Missouri Tigers. In his first season as a starter in 2005, McElroy passed for 4,636 yards, 56 touchdowns, and nine interceptions en route to a 16–0 season, which included the Texas 5A state championship For his efforts as a senior, McElroy was named the Texas 5A Player of the Year and an EA Sports All-American.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy's 56 touchdown passes ranks first all-time in the Texas 5A classification, and second all-time in Texas high school football history, behind only Graham Harrell's 67 touchdowns in 2003. His 4,646 yards passing currently ranks fifth all-time in Texas.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy had full-scholarship offers from several Division I football schools, eventually committing to Texas Tech. However, he later changed his commitment, accepting an offer from the Alabama Crimson Tide. In his first season, McElroy was redshirted by head coach Mike Shula. McElroy is a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon.


title: Greg McElroy

text: On December 7, 2010, McElroy was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a National Football Foundation scholar/athlete.


title: Greg McElroy

text: After his redshirt freshman year, McElroy saw limited playing time behind second-year starting quarterback John Parker Wilson. He played part of a game versus Western Carolina, throwing his first collegiate touchdown pass in the third quarter to tight end Nick Walker. He again saw late playing time against rival Tennessee, in a 41–17 rout.


title: Greg McElroy

text: In the 2008 season, McElroy again saw limited action. He made six appearances late in games during the regular season. McElroy threw his first pass of the season in a 41–7 win over Western Kentucky, completing 4-of-6 passes for 61 yards. In the following game versus Arkansas, McElroy threw his first career interception early in the fourth quarter, which Razorback freshman cornerback Ramon Broadway returned to the Alabama 34-yard line. His first touchdown pass of the season came in a 36–0 rout of in-state rival Auburn in the annual Iron Bowl. His 34-yard strike to redshirt freshman Marquis Maze was the final score of the game.


title: Greg McElroy

text: In Alabama's 2009 A-Day game, McElroy played impressively and was expected to be the starting quarterback for the 2009 season. It was confirmed that he would start on opening day when the depth chart was released on August 31. His first start came in the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game, when the #5 Crimson Tide faced #7 Virginia Tech Hokies. With a slow start, in which McElroy completed just two of his first ten passes including an interception, the Tide were down 16–17 at halftime. However, he led the Crimson Tide to 18 points in the final quarter, including a 22-yard touchdown pass to running back Mark Ingram II, as Alabama downed the Hokies 34–24. For their performances, both he and Ingram shared the SEC Offensive Player of the Week award. The following week, McElroy completed 14 consecutive passes—a school record—en route to a 40–14 win over Florida International. He followed up the performance as he set another school record for passing efficiency in a single game, as he completed 13-of-15 passes (86.7%) in a 53–7 rout of North Texas.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy was given his first conference start in a SEC matchup against Arkansas on September 26. His first touchdown came in the second quarter out of the wildcat formation when he connected with Julio Jones on a 50-yard pass. He finished the game with a career-high 291 passing yards and three touchdowns, while completing 17 of 24 passes in a 35–7 rout of the Razorbacks.


title: Greg McElroy

text: The following week, he made his first start on the road against the Kentucky Wildcats at Commonwealth Stadium. With another slow start, Alabama eventually pulled away as McElroy completed a 3-yard pass for a touchdown to Colin Peek in the final minute of the first half. He finished the game with 148 yards and two touchdowns, as Alabama rolled to a 5–0 start with a 38–20 victory in Lexington.


title: Greg McElroy

text: Alabama faced off against Ole Miss at Vaught–Hemingway Stadium in front of 62,657 fans, a record for the state of Mississippi. Another slow start kept the game close for Alabama, as the Crimson Tide led 3–0 midway through the first quarter. Alabama's only offensive touchdown finally came with under a minute in the second quarter, when running back Mark Ingram II rushed for a 36-yard touchdown, en route to 22–3 victory.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy's worst performance of the season occurred on October 17, when Alabama hosted #22 South Carolina. He completed just half of his passes, including two interceptions. However, running back Mark Ingram II helped Alabama to a 20–6 victory with his 246 rushing yards. In the Third Saturday in October versus Tennessee, the Volunteers defense shut down Alabama's offense, keeping them from scoring a touchdown. McElroy completed 18-of-29 for 120 yards as Alabama held on for a 12–10 victory with four Leigh Tiffin field goals. On November 7, he helped Alabama clinch their second straight SEC West title as the team faced #9 LSU. After failing to throw a touchdown in four consecutive games, McElroy threw a 21-yard touchdown pass to Darius Hanks in the third quarter. After trailing in the fourth quarter, he threw his second touchdown of the game, connecting with Julio Jones on a 73-yard pass. McElroy finished 19-for-34 for 276 yards, including two touchdowns and one interception in a 24–15 victory.


title: Greg McElroy

text: As Alabama faced in-state rival Auburn on November 26, McElroy and the offense were in a 14–0 hole after the first quarter. With 5:31 left before halftime and trailing 14–7, he connected with tight end Colin Peek on a 33-yard pass to equalize before halftime. Entering the final 15 minutes, the Tide trailed Auburn, 21–20. He threw a 4-yard touchdown pass to running back Roy Upchurch with 1:24 remaining, with Alabama holding on for a 26–21 victory.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy and Alabama squared off against the #1 Florida Gators in the 2009 SEC Championship Game, a rematch of the previous year's conference championship. Alabama got off to an early 9–0 lead in the first quarter, and still had the lead heading into halftime at 19–13. In the third quarter, he threw his lone touchdown of the game on a 17-yard high pass to Colin Peek to extend the lead to 26–13. Despite being a five-point underdog heading into the game, McElroy and Alabama rolled over the Gators 32–13 and secured a spot in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game. McElroy finished 12-for-18 for 239 yards and a touchdown which earned him the game's MVP honors.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy led the Crimson Tide to the 2010 BCS National Championship Game versus the undefeated Big 12 Conference champions Texas Longhorns at the Rose Bowl. He was able to complete 6 of 11 pass attempts for 58 yards while being sacked five times and losing 27 yards. Ingram and freshman Trent Richardson carried Alabama to a 37–21 victory with 225 yards and four touchdowns rushing combined. After the Tide's victory, McElroy revealed that he had suffered two cracked ribs during the 2009 SEC Championship game, explaining the Tide's shift from a passing to pure rushing game.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy led the Alabama Crimson Tide to a 10–3 record including a 49–7 win over Michigan State in the 2011 Capital One Bowl. His senior season began with a 5–0 start that was capped off by a 31–6 defeat of the Florida Gators on October 2. Alabama had defeated Duke, 62–13, on September 18.


title: Greg McElroy

text: After Alabama lost on the road to South Carolina, 35–21, on October 9, McElroy rallied the Crimson Tide to a 9–2 mark and a No. 9 ranking nationally heading into their grudge match with in-state rival Auburn in the annual Iron Bowl event. Along the way, he put up more numbers against SEC opposition that included Ole Miss (17-of-25, 219 yards passing, 2 TDs), Tennessee (21-of-32, 264 yards passing), and Mississippi State (12-of-18, 227 yards passing, 2 TDs) in blowout wins for Alabama. The regular season ended on a sour note on November 26 as McElroy led Alabama to a 24–7 halftime lead only to give out and narrowly fall behind in the 2nd half. Heisman Trophy winner Cam Newton rallied the Auburn Tigers to a 28–27 victory. McElroy suffered a concussion on Alabama’s next to last possession and had to leave the game. He was replaced by backup AJ McCarron who threw four straight incompletions to end the game. McElroy went 27 for 37 for 377 yards and two touchdowns, giving him a career performance in the loss. In McElroy's final college game in the 49–7 win over Michigan State, he went 13 of 17 for 220 yards and a touchdown. He finished the season with a school record 2,987 passing yards.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy graduated from Alabama in three years with a degree in business marketing. As an undergraduate he had a 3.85 GPA, and applied for, but did not win, a Rhodes Scholarship in 2010. In December 2010 he obtained a Master of Science degree in sports management, completing it with a 4.0 GPA.


title: Greg McElroy

text: In September 2010, McElroy was named the 20th-smartest athlete in sports by "Sporting News". During the NFL Combine in February 2011, McElroy scored a 43 out of 50 on the Wonderlic Test of intelligence. His score was originally reported as a 48, which would have tied the all-time high for a quarterback set by Ryan Fitzpatrick.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy was a late round draft selection despite his successes with Alabama. He was praised for his work ethic and accuracy, his ability to maneuver in the pocket and to recognize defensive formations and adjust to those formations. However, scouts had serious concerns about his arm strength which limited his value.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy was selected by the New York Jets in the 7th round with the 208th pick in the 2011 NFL Draft. He was expected to compete with fellow back-ups Mark Brunell, Kellen Clemens, and Kevin O'Connell. He came to an agreement with the Jets on a four-year contract on July 29, 2011.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy made his preseason debut against the Houston Texans on August 15, 2011. Starter Mark Sanchez played one quarter before he was replaced by McElroy who played the rest of the game after second string back-up Mark Brunell was declared out with a finger injury. He completed 23 of his 39 pass attempts for 208 yards and a touchdown. He nearly led the Jets to victory; however, rookie wide receiver Michael Campbell dropped the game-winning pass in the end zone. In his second preseason game against the Cincinnati Bengals, He completed 6-of-9 pass attempts for 59 yards and a touchdown in the Jets' 27–7 win over the Bengals.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy entered the Jets' preseason contest against the New York Giants with a little under seven minutes remaining in the third quarter. With the Jets leading 7–3, McElroy twice led the Jets on scoring drives. He completed 4 of his 5 pass attempts for 39 yards en route to a 17–3 victory. In the Jets' final preseason game against the Philadelphia Eagles, McElroy left midway through the second quarter with a thumb injury having completed 3 of his 6 pass attempts for 29 yards. McElroy dislocated the thumb and the team subsequently placed him on the injured reserve list, ending his season. McElroy returned in 2012 to play in the Jets' first preseason game against the Bengals. He completed 4 of his 6 pass attempts for 49 yards in the Jets' loss. He did not play the subsequent two games. He played in their preseason finale against the Philadelphia Eagles. He scored the team's lone touchdown of the preseason on a six-yard pass to Terrance Ganaway.


title: Greg McElroy

text: McElroy made his NFL debut on December 2, 2012, in the third quarter during the Jets' contest against the Arizona Cardinals, replacing incumbent Mark Sanchez who, prior to being benched by head coach Rex Ryan, had thrown three interceptions. Tim Tebow was inactive with a rib injury, leaving McElroy as the back-up to Sanchez. McElroy threw his first career touchdown pass to Jeff Cumberland on the first play of the fourth quarter en route to a 7–6 victory. McElroy finished the game completing 5-of-7 passes for 29 yards and a touchdown while rushing for 5 yards on 4 attempts. He was named the starting quarterback on December 18, 2012, one day after the Jets' loss to the Tennessee Titans on December 17.


title: Greg McElroy

text: In his only career start against the San Diego Chargers, McElroy completed 14-of-24 passes for 185 yards with an interception and lost a fumble. He was sacked 11 times, as the Jets lost 27–17. McElroy, who was expected to start the Jets' final game against the Buffalo Bills, was ruled out after revealing he had suffered concussion symptoms in the days preceding. McElroy stated that he informed his teammates of the symptoms he was suffering, although he hid it from staff until December 27.


title: Greg McElroy

text: On August 9, 2013, McElroy went 11-for-19 for 135 yards and a touchdown against the Detroit Lions. However, he suffered an ankle injury and would miss the rest of the preseason. He was released with an injury designation by the Jets on August 31, 2013.


title: Greg McElroy

text: On September 1, 2013, McElroy was signed to the practice squad of the Cincinnati Bengals and spent the entire season on the practice squad. He announced his retirement from the National Football League on March 21, 2014.


title: Greg McElroy

text: Three days after announcing his retirement from the NFL, McElroy announced he would become a college football analyst for ESPN's SEC Network starting in August 2014. McElroy began calling games from all conferences on ESPN in 2016. Beginning with the 2017 College Football season, McElroy began hosting "Thinking Out Loud" on the SEC Network with former LSU defensive end Marcus Spears.


title: Greg McElroy

text: In 2021, McElroy and Cole Cubelic were named co-hosts of the morning show on WJOX, a sports talk radio station in Birmingham, Alabama.


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Cruel Summer" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, from her seventh studio album, "Lover" (2019). Swift wrote the song with St. Vincent and producer Jack Antonoff. "Cruel Summer" combines synth-pop, industrial pop, and electropop; the production incorporates synthesizers and distorted vocals manipulated by robotic voice effects. Lyrically, it is about a narrator falling for a summer romance while experiencing intense, painful events in her personal life.


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Cruel Summer" was acclaimed by critics, who lauded the production as catchy and ethereal. Several critics deemed it an album highlight and one of Swift's best songs. Upon its release, "Cruel Summer" debuted and peaked at number 29 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It peaked inside the top 20 on singles charts of Malaysia, New Zealand, and Singapore. The song was included in 2019 year-end lists by "Billboard" and "Rolling Stone".


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: The song's title was an easter egg in the music video for "You Need to Calm Down", the second single from Taylor Swift's seventh studio album "Lover" (2019). "Cruel Summer" is the second track on "Lover", which was released on August 23, 2019.


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: Termed by Swift as a song about a "summer romance", "Cruel Summer" sees Swift describing an uncertain romantic relationship, with elements of pain and desperation in it. It portrays the challenges faced by pop stars in the public spotlight. The vulnerability of the song's lyrics has drawn comparisons to "Delicate", the fifth track on Swift's 2017 album "Reputation".


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: In the audio recordings from "Lover" Secret Sessions, a series of album-listening parties hosted by Swift, she explained that:


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Billboard"'s Heran Mamo opined that the song's lyrics see Swift "wrestling with strong feelings", where they paint "the picture of an emotional night out". Justin Styles of "The Ringer" wrote that the song tells a "more humanizing version" of Swift's "ill-fated period three years ago", adding that Swift sings about "falling in love with current boyfriend Joe Alwyn while her public life was in shambles". Anna Gaca, writing for "Pitchfork", called the song a "drama-free delight" with "magnetic pink glow". "The Spinoff" pointed out that Swift's vocals in "Cruel Summer" are "most notable for the modern country cadence".


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Cruel Summer" has been described as a dreamy, melancholy synth-pop, industrial pop and electropop song with a "ranting" bridge, driven by a pulsating, throbbing "synth-swirl", robotic voice effects, distorted vocals and a hook that consists of a long, high, fluctuating "ooooh". The song has a fast tempo of 170 beats per minute with a time signature of . It is played in the key of A major and follows a chord progression of A–Cm–Fm–D. "Cruel Summer" was written by Swift, Jack Antonoff and St. Vincent, with a "burbling" production from Swift and Antonoff; St. Vincent also took part in the production of the song by playing the guitar. Ravens & Chimes/Bleachers member, Michael Riddleberger, plays drums on the track.


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Cruel Summer" was widely acclaimed by music critics, with particular praise towards its production and bridge. In his "critic's pick" review, Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" commended the song for its "thick, ethereal" pop production and praised Swift's signature vocal motifs such as the "question-mark syllables" and the "hard-felt smears". Mikael Wood of the "Los Angeles Times" proclaimed "Cruel Summer" to be the best song off of "Lover", stating "Agony and ecstasy as only Swift at her best can render them: 'It's new, the shape of your body / It's blue, the feeling I've got,' she sings in a razor-sharp, industrial-pop banger about finding love in a hopeless place. The part of the bridge where Swift shrieks about the devil might be the punkest thing you'll hear all year".


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: Alex Abad-Santos, writing for "Vox", listed "Cruel Summer" as one of his top-three best "Lover" tracks, writing that the song is an "aquatic robot bop" featuring "wobbly" synths. "The Spinoff" stated that Swift "absolutely pulls it off", comparing it to the Bananarama's 1984 hit of the same name. Writing for "The Ringer", Justin Sayles praised the song as a "better rebuke of her personal drama than anything on her last album", and added that Swift "shakes off the bad vibes" with "Cruel Summer"; Sayles named it Swift's "most infectious song since that run of singles from "1989"", and opined that song "sets the tone" for the "warmer, more inviting vibes" of "Lover". Also calling it "infectious", Nick Levine of "NME" termed the track as a "brilliant pop song". Natalia Barr, writing for "Consequence of Sound", highlighted Swift's vocal delivery in the song's bridge ("He looks up, grinning like a devil"), calling it "simultaneously funny, agonizing, and thrilling, and needs to be created into a viral YouTube loop immediately". Barr further labeled "Cruel Summer" as one of the "most perfect" pop songs of 2019.


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Cruel Summer" featured on year-end lists of the best songs of 2019 by "Rolling Stone" (4th) and "Billboard" (10th). In a list ranking the best bridges of the 21st-century, "Billboard" placed "Cruel Summer" at number 11. The song has ranked highly on critics' rankings of Swift's songs in her discography, appearing on such lists by Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" (2021) at number 11 out of 229, and Hannah Mylrea of "NME" (2020), number 6 out of 161. In 2021, "Clash" critics picked the song as one of Swift's 15 best, citing its "highly addictive" song structure. "Exclaim!"'s Alex Hudson "and" Megan LaPierre (2022) ranked it second on another list of the best 20 songs by Swift, praising St. Vincent's artistic input that complements Swift's.


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: Upon the release of "Lover", "Cruel Summer" debuted and peaked inside the top-thirty of several official charts worldwide. In the United States, "Cruel Summer" debuted and peaked at number 29 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, dated September 7, 2019; it is one of the seven tracks from "Lover" to reach the top 40 of the Hot 100. The song stayed on the Hot 100 for two weeks as an album track. The song debuted at number eight in Singapore and number 10 in Sweden, and reached the top 20 in Ireland, Malaysia and New Zealand. It further peaked inside the top 30 in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom.


title: Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)

text: American singer-songwriter Olivia Rodrigo posted a piano cover of "Cruel Summer" across her social media in April 2020, of which Swift took notice and responded affirmatively. Rodrigo further interpolated the song in her 2021 single "Deja Vu".


title: Pelecaniformes

text: The Pelecaniformes are an order of medium-sized and large waterbirds found worldwide. As traditionally—but erroneously—defined, they encompass all birds that have feet with all four toes webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such names as totipalmates or steganopodes. Most have a bare throat patch (gular patch), and the nostrils have evolved into dysfunctional slits, forcing them to breathe through their mouths. They also have a pectinate nail on their longest toe. This is shaped like a comb and is used to brush out and separate their feathers. They feed on fish, squid, or similar marine life. Nesting is colonial, but individual birds are monogamous. The young are altricial, hatching from the egg helpless and naked in most. They lack a brood patch.


title: Pelecaniformes

text: The pelicans, shoebill and hamerkop form a clade within the order, with their next closest relatives being a clade containing the herons, ibises and spoonbills. The Fregatidae (frigatebirds), Sulidae (gannets and boobies), Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants and shags), Anhingidae (darters), and Phaethontidae (tropicbirds) were traditionally placed in the Pelecaniformes, but molecular and morphological studies indicate they are not such close relatives. They have been placed in their own orders, Suliformes and Phaethontiformes, respectively.


title: Pelecaniformes

text: Classically, bird relationships were based solely on morphological characteristics. The Pelecaniformes were traditionally, but erroneously, defined as birds that have feet with all four toes webbed (totipalmate), as opposed to all other birds with webbed feet where only three of four were webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such names as totipalmates or steganopodes. The group included frigatebirds, gannets, cormorants, anhingas, and tropicbirds.


title: Pelecaniformes

text: Sibley and Ahlquist's landmark DNA-DNA hybridisation studies (see Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy) led to them placing the families traditionally contained within the Pelecaniformes together with the grebes, cormorants, ibises and spoonbills, New World vultures, storks, penguins, albatrosses, petrels, and loons together as a subgroup within a greatly expanded order Ciconiiformes, a radical move which by now has been all but rejected: their "Ciconiiformes" merely assembled all early advanced land- and seabirds for which their research technique delivered insufficient phylogenetic resolution.


title: Pelecaniformes

text: Morphological study has suggested pelicans are sister to a gannet-cormorant clade, yet genetic analysis groups them with the hamerkop and shoebill, though the exact relationship between the three is unclear. Mounting evidence pointed to the shoebill as a close relative of pelicans. This also included microscopic analysis of eggshell structure by Konstantin Mikhailov in 1995, who found that the shells of pelecaniform eggs (including those of the shoebill but not the tropicbirds) were covered in a thick microglobular material. Reviewing genetic evidence to date, Cracraft and colleagues surmised that pelicans were sister to the shoebill with the hamerkop as the next earlier offshoot. Ericson and colleagues sampled five nuclear genes in a 2006 study spanning the breadth of bird lineages, and came up with pelicans, shoebill and hamerkop in a clade. Hackett and colleagues sampled 32 kilobases of nuclear DNA and recovered shoebill and hamerkop as sister taxa, pelicans sister to them, and herons and ibises as sister groups to each other with this heron and ibis group a sister to the pelican/shoebill/hamerkop clade.


title: Pelecaniformes

text: The current International Ornithological Committee classification has pelicans grouped with the shoebill (Balaenicipitidae), hamerkop (Scopidae), ibises and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae), and herons, egrets and bitterns (Ardeidae). The phylogenetic relationships between the families is shown in the following cladogram:


title: Pelecaniformes

text: Recent research strongly suggests that the similarities between the Pelecaniformes as traditionally defined are the result of convergent evolution rather than common descent, and that the group is paraphyletic. All families in the traditional or revised Pelecaniformes except the Phalacrocoracidae have only a few handfuls of species at most, but many were more numerous in the Early Neogene. Fossil genera and species are discussed in the respective family or genus accounts; one little-known prehistoric Pelecaniforms, however, cannot be classified accurately enough to assign them to a family. This is ""Sula" ronzoni" from Early Oligocene rocks at Ronzon, France, which was initially believed to be a sea-duck and possibly is an ancestral Pelecaniform.


title: Pelecaniformes

text: The pelecaniform lineages appear to have originated around the end of the Cretaceous. Monophyletic or not, they appear to belong to a close-knit group of "higher waterbirds" which also includes groups such as penguins and Procellariiformes. Quite a lot of fossil bones from around the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary cannot be firmly placed with any of these orders and rather combine traits of several of them. This is, of course, only to be expected, if the theory that most if not all of these "higher waterbird" lineages originated around that time is correct. Of those apparently basal taxa, the following show some similarities to the traditional Pelecaniformes:


title: Pelecaniformes

text: The proposed Elopterygidae—supposedly a family of Cretaceous Pelecaniformes—are neither monophyletic nor does "Elopteryx" appear to be a modern bird.


title: Calendar date

text: A calendar date is a reference to a particular day represented within a calendar system. The calendar date allows the specific day to be identified. The number of days between two dates may be calculated. For example, "25 2022" is ten days after "15 2022". The date of a particular event depends on the observed time zone. For example, the air attack on Pearl Harbor that began at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian time on 7 December 1941 took place at 3:18 a.m. Japan Standard Time, 8 December in Japan.


title: Calendar date

text: A particular day may be assigned a different nominal date according to the calendar used, so an identifying suffix may be needed where ambiguity may arise. The Gregorian calendar is the world's most widely used civil calendar, and is designated (in English) as AD or CE. Many cultures use religious or regnal calendars such as the Gregorian (Western Christendom, AD), Hebrew calendar (Judaism, AM), the Hijri calendars (Islam, AH), Julian calendar (Eastern Christendom, AD) or any other of the many calendars used around the world. In most calendar systems, the date consists of three parts: the (numbered) "day of the month", the "month", and the (numbered) "year". There may also be additional parts, such as the "day of the week". Years are usually counted from a particular starting point, usually called the epoch, with era referring to the span of time since that epoch.


title: Calendar date

text: A date without the year may also be referred to as a "date" or "calendar date" (such as "28 " rather than "28 2022"). As such, it is either shorthand for the current year or it defines the day of an annual event, such as a birthday on 31 May, a holiday on 1 September, or Christmas on 25 December.


title: Calendar date

text: Many computer systems internally store points in time in Unix time format or some other system time format.


title: Calendar date

text: The date (Unix) command—internally using the C date and time functions—can be used to convert that internal representation of a point in time to most of the date representations shown here.


title: Calendar date

text: There is a large variety of formats for dates in use, which differ in the order of date components. These variations use the sample date of 31 May 2006: (e.g. 31/05/2006, 05/31/2006, 2006/05/31), component separators (e.g. 31.05.2006, 31/05/2006, 31-05-2006), whether leading zeros are included (e.g. 31/5/2006 vs. 31/05/2006), whether all four digits of the year are written (e.g., 31.05.2006 vs. 31.05.06), and whether the month is represented in Arabic or Roman numerals or by name (e.g. 31.05.2006, 31.V.2006 vs. 31 May 2006).


title: Calendar date

text: This little-endian sequence is used by a majority of the world and is the preferred form by the United Nations when writing the full date format in official documents. This date format originates from the custom of writing the date as "the Nth day of [month] in the year of our Lord [year]" in Western religious and legal documents. The format has shortened over time but the order of the elements has remained constant. The following examples use the date of 9 November 2006. (With the years 2000–2009, care must be taken to ensure that two digit years do not intend to be 1900–1909 or other similar years.) The dots have a function of ordinal dot.


title: Calendar date

text: In this format, the most significant data item is written before lesser data items i.e. the year before the month before the day. It is consistent with the big-endianness of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, which progresses from the highest to the lowest order magnitude. That is, using this format textual orderings and chronological orderings are identical. This form is standard in East Asia, Iran, Lithuania, Hungary, and Sweden; and some other countries to a limited extent.


title: Calendar date

text: It is also extended through the universal big-endian format clock time: 9 November 2003, 18h 14m 12s, or 2003/11/9/18:14:12 or (ISO 8601) 2003-11-09T18:14:12.


title: Calendar date

text: This sequence is used primarily in the Philippines and the United States. It is also used to varying extents in Canada (though never in Quebec). This date format was commonly used alongside the little-endian form in the United Kingdom until the mid-20th century and can be found in both defunct and modern print media such as the "London Gazette" and "The Times", respectively. This format was also commonly used by several English-language print media in many former British colonies and also one of two formats commonly used in India during British Raj era until the mid-20th century. In the United States, it is said as of Sunday, November 9, for example, although usage of "the" isn't uncommon (e.g. "Sunday, November the 9th", and even "November the 9th, Sunday", are also possible and readily understood).


title: Calendar date

text: The modern convention is to avoid using the ordinal (th, st, rd, nd) form of numbers when the day follows the month (July 4 or July 4, 2006). The ordinal was common in the past and is still sometimes used ([the] 4th [of] July or July 4th).


title: Calendar date

text: This date format is used in Kazakhstan, Latvia, Nepal, and Turkmenistan. According to the official rules of documenting dates by governmental authorities, the long date format in Kazakh is written in the year–day–month order, e.g. 2006 5 April ().


title: Calendar date

text: Many numerical forms can create confusion when used in international correspondence, particularly when abbreviating the year to its final two digits, with no context.


title: Calendar date

text: For example, "07/08/06" could refer to either 7 August 2006 or July 8, 2006 (or 1906, or the sixth year of any century), or 2007 August 6, and even in some extremely rare cases it could mean 2007 8 June. In the United States, dates are rarely written in purely numerical forms in formal writing, although they are very common elsewhere; when numerical forms are used, the month appears first. In the United Kingdom, while it is regarded as acceptable albeit less common to write "month-name day, year", this order is never used when written numerically. However, as an exception, the American shorthand "9/11" is widely understood as referring to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.


title: Calendar date

text: When numbers are used to represent months, a significant amount of confusion can arise from the ambiguity of a date order; especially when the numbers representing the day, month, or year are low, it can be impossible to tell which order is being used. This can be clarified by using four digits to represent years, and naming the month; for example, "Feb" instead of "02". The ISO 8601 date order with four-digit years: YYYY-MM-DD (introduced in ISO 2014), is specifically chosen to be unambiguous. The ISO 8601 standard also has the advantage of being language independent and is therefore useful when there may be no language context and a universal application is desired (expiration dating on export products, for example). Many Internet sites use YYYY-MM-DD, and those using other conventions often use -MMM- for the month to further clarify and avoid ambiguity (2001-MAY-09, 9-MAY-2001, MAY 09 2001, etc.).


title: Calendar date

text: In addition, the International Organization for Standardization considers its ISO 8601 standard to make sense from a logical perspective. Mixed units, for example, feet and inches, or hours and minutes, are normally written with the largest unit first, in decreasing order. Numbers are also written in that order, so the digits of 2006 indicate, in order, the millennium, the century within the millennium, the decade within the century, and the year within the decade. The only date order that is consistent with these well-established conventions is year–month–day. A plain text list of dates with this format can be easily sorted by file managers, word processors, spreadsheets, and other software tools with built-in sorting functions. Some database systems use an eight-digit YYYYMMDD representation to handle date values. Naming folders with YYYY-MM-DD at the beginning allows them to be listed in date order when sorting by name – especially useful for organizing document libraries.


title: Calendar date

text: An early U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard recommended 2-digit years. This is now widely recognized as extremely problematic, because of the year 2000 problem. Some U.S. government agencies now use ISO 8601 with 4-digit years.


title: Calendar date

text: When transitioning from one date notation to another, people often write both styles; for example Old Style and New Style dates in the transition from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.


title: Calendar date

text: One of the advantages of using the ISO 8601 date format is that the lexicographical order (ASCIIbetical) of the representations is equivalent to the chronological order of the dates, assuming that all dates are in the same time zone. Thus dates can be sorted using simple string comparison algorithms, and indeed by any left to right collation. For example:


title: Calendar date

text: The YYYY-MM-DD layout is the only common format that can provide this. Sorting other date representations involves some parsing of the date strings. This also works when a time in 24-hour format is included after the date, as long as all times are understood to be in the same time zone.


title: Calendar date

text: ISO 8601 is used widely where concise, human-readable yet easily computable and unambiguous dates are required, although many applications store dates internally as UNIX time and only convert to ISO 8601 for display. It is worth noting that all modern computer Operating Systems retain date information of files outside of their titles, allowing the user to choose which format they prefer and have them sorted thus, irrespective of the files' names.


title: Calendar date

text: The U.S. military sometimes uses a system, which they call "Julian date format" that indicates the year and the actual day out of the 365 days of the year (and thus a designation of the month would not be needed). For example, "11 December 1999" can be written in some contexts as "1999345" or "99345", for the 345th day of 1999. This system is most often used in US military logistics since it simplifies the process of calculating estimated shipping and arrival dates. For example: say a tank engine takes an estimated 35 days to ship by sea from the US to South Korea. If the engine is sent on 06104 (Friday, 14 April 2006), it should arrive on 06139 (Friday, 19 May). Note that outside of the US military and some US government agencies, including the Internal Revenue Service, this format is usually referred to as "ordinal date", rather than "Julian date".


title: Calendar date

text: Such ordinal date formats are also used by many computer programs (especially those for mainframe systems). Using a three-digit Julian day number saves one byte of computer storage over a two-digit month plus two-digit day, for example, "January 17" is 017 in Julian versus 0117 in month-day format. OS/390 or its successor, z/OS, display dates in yy.ddd format for most operations.


title: Calendar date

text: Another "ordinal" date system ("ordinal" in the sense of advancing in value by one as the date advances by one day) is in common use in astronomical calculations and referencing and uses the same name as this "logistics" system. The continuity of representation of period regardless of the time of year being considered is highly useful to both groups of specialists. The astronomers describe their system as also being a "Julian date" system.


title: Calendar date

text: So, for example, an event in a project can happen on (week 43) or (Monday, week 43) or, if the year needs to be indicated, on (the year 2006, week 43; i.e., Monday 23OctoberSunday 29October 2006).


title: Calendar date

text: An ISO week-numbering year has 52 or 53 full weeks. That is 364 or 371 days instead of the conventional Gregorian year of 365 or 366 days. These 53 week years occur on all years that have Thursday as the 1st of January and on leap years that start on Wednesday the 1st. The extra week is sometimes referred to as a 'leap week', although ISO 8601 does not use this term.


title: Calendar date

text: In English-language outside North America (mostly in Anglophone Europe and some countries in Australasia), full dates are written as "7 December 1941" (or "7th December 1941") and spoken as "the seventh of December, nineteen forty-one" (exceedingly common usage of "the" and "of"), with the occasional usage of "December 7, 1941" ("December the seventh, nineteen forty-one"). In common with most continental European usage, however, all-numeric dates are invariably ordered dd/mm/yyyy.


title: Calendar date

text: In Canada and the United States, the usual written form is "December 7, 1941", spoken as "December seventh, nineteen forty-one" or colloquially "December the seventh, nineteen forty-one". Ordinal numerals, however, are not always used when writing and pronouncing dates, and "December seven, nineteen forty-one" is also an accepted pronunciation of the date written "December 7, 1941". A notable exception to this rule is the Fourth of July (U.S. Independence Day).


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: The Western Province ( "Basnāhira Paḷāta"; "Mael Mākāṇam") is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Western Province is the most densely populated province in the country and is home to the legislative capital Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte as well as to Colombo, the nation's administrative and business center.


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: Parts of present-day Western Province were part of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Kotte. The province then came under Portuguese, Dutch and British control. In 1815 the British gained control of the entire island of Ceylon. They divided the island into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. The Western Province was part of the Low Country Sinhalese administration. In 1833, in accordance with the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission, the ethnic based administrative structures were unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces. The districts of Chilaw, Colombo, Kalutara, Puttalam, Seven Korales (present day Kurunegala District), Three Korales, Four Korales and Lower Bulatgama (present day Kegalle District) formed the new Western Province. Chilaw District, Puttalam District and Seven Korales were transferred to the newly created North Western Province in 1845. Three Korales, Four Korales and Lower Bulatgama were transferred to the newly created Sabaragamuwa Province in 1889.


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: It is planned to create a planned Megacity under the Western Region Megapolis Plan in the Western Province designed by Surbana. Originally initiated in 2004 by Ranil Wickremesinghe it was stopped after his election defeat and was restarted again after his return to power in 2015. The project plans to merge Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara districts and introduce zoning


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: Western Province is located in the southwest of Sri Lanka. It has an area of . The province is surrounded by the Laccadive Sea to the west, North Western Province to the north, Sabaragamuwa Province to the east and the Southern Province to the south.


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: The Western Province is vulnerable to recurrent flooding as a result of an increase in average rainfall coupled with heavier rainfall events, with knock-on impacts on the infrastructure, utility supply, and the urban economy of the Province. As the most urbanised province in Sri Lanka, these climate events pose a number of problems due to the rapid urban growth the province has undergone.


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: The Western Province is divided into three administrative districts, 40 Divisional Secretary's Divisions (DS Divisions) and 2,505 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: The Western Province's population was 5,821,710 in 2012. The majority of the population are Sinhalese, with a minority Sri Lankan Moor and Sri Lankan Tamil population.


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: The Western province provides the highest contribution to the Gross Domestic Product contributing 41.2% of the Provincial Gross Domestic Product(PGDP) and has a nominal PGDP growth rate of 5.8% as of 2015. Agriculture only made up 1.7% of the GDP the lowest among the nine provinces while Industrial sector made up 34.6% the highest in the country and service sector represented 56.5%.


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: The province is undergoing rapid development with several of the largest infrastructure development projects happening in the province such as the Colombo International Financial City(CIFC) which is an International Financial Zone and the Western Region Megapolis Planning Project(WRMPP) Western province is also undergoing a major real estate and construction boom with residential and commercial buildings and skyscrapers changing the skylines of cities such as Colombo and Rajagiriya. Several major residential, office and hotel buildings as well as resorts and malls are either proposed or under construction.


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: The Colombo Harbour is also a major driver of economic growth being the busiest port in South Asia. It has both privately run and state owned terminals and is being expanded.


title: Western Province, Sri Lanka

text: Almost all the premier educational institutions in the island are located in the Western Province. Universities in the province includes the University of Colombo, University of Kelaniya, University of Moratuwa, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Open University, Sri Lanka, Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, National Institute of Business Management and the Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology. Having the highest population in all the provinces, Western Province has the largest number of schools in the country, which includes national, provincial, private and international schools.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: Jonathan Arthur "Chico" DeBarge (born June 23, 1966) is an American R&B singer and musician. DeBarge was formally a member (for their final album) of the family musical group DeBarge. As a solo artist he scored a 1986 US Top Forty hit with the song "Talk to Me".


title: Chico DeBarge

text: He began a musical career of his own with Motown in the mid-1980s. His debut self-titled album was released in 1986 and featured the hit single "Talk To Me" (#21 US, #7 R&B). The album peaked at #90 on the Billboard 200 and released a follow-up single "The Girl Next Door" which charted on the R&B chart.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: Two years later, he released a second album with Motown, "Kiss Serious" that included the hit R&B single "Rainy Night" (#18 R&B) plus "I've Been Watching You" (#43 R&B) and the title track (#53 R&B). However, he was imprisoned for drug charges not long after and served time in prison for drug trafficking.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: After his release in the mid-1990s, DeBarge returned to Motown to continue his musical career under the auspices of Kedar Massenberg and his neo-soul pioneering label imprint Kedar Entertainment. His third album "Long Time No See" was released on November 18, 1997, to critical acclaim and was preceded by the single "Iggin' Me" which garnered considerable airplay. The album would spawn three additional singles: "Love Still Good," "No Guarantee" (a collaboration with Joe) (#18 R&B Airplay) and "Virgin" (#97 R&B). A non-album single "Superman" followed and was featured in the 1998 romantic comedy film "Woo" starring Jada Pinkett Smith and Tommy Davidson. "Superman" peaked at #55 on the R&B charts.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: His fourth album "The Game" was released on October 26, 1999, and peaked at #41 on the Billboard 200. The lead single "Give You What You Want (Fa Sure)" gave him one of his biggest hits (#71 US, #11 R&B) to date, and had a remix featuring rapper Trina released. The follow-up single "Listen To Your Man" (reuniting him with R&B singer Joe) peaked at #41 on the R&B chart and at #33 on the R&B Airplay Chart. A third single (which did not appear on the album), "Playa Hater" was released in 2000.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: He later moved to the independent record label, Koch Records, where he released 2003's "Free" (which peaked at #43 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart). It featured the single "Home Alone" which garnered some airplay. DeBarge released his first single "Not 2 Gether" on December 17, 2002.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: In 2008, Chico DeBarge appeared in the video for Joe's single, "We're Family" off the "Welcome Home, Roscoe Jenkins" soundtrack.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: His sixth studio album "Addiction" was released in July 2009 under Kedar Entertainment Group (since 1997) and included the single "Oh No" which peaked at #76 on the R&B chart.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: On October 2, 2010, DeBarge performed with Glenn Jones, Lenny Williams and Regina Belle at the Performing Arts Center in Tampa, Florida.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: In March 2017, he announced he's at work on a new studio album in addition to doing some work on a forthcoming DeBarge family album due in 2018.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: In September 2017, he released his first new single in eight years called "Feel Good" featuring Jim Jones and Capone Noel. Additionally, his 2003 album "Free" was remastered and re-released (as "Free Remastered") to include 6 additional tracks.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: In 2003, while touring in the Tyler Perry stage play "Why Did I Get Married?," DeBarge was stabbed by South Philadelphia Italian mafioso John "Johnny Gongs" Casasanto, inside a Philadelphia nightclub, due to an altercation with one of his associates. The stab wound was within inches of his kidney and lungs.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: In 2007, DeBarge was arrested for drug possession in California and later went to rehab. In 2009, he admitted to addictions to heroin, cocaine and prescription medication and based his album, aptly titled "Addiction", on his drug usage.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: On April 2, 2020, DeBarge's eldest son, Dontae (born 1984), was murdered in a stabbing incident in the Van Nuys area of Los Angeles, California at age 35.


title: Chico DeBarge

text: In January 2021, DeBarge was charged with drug possession, DUI and false impersonation after pretending to be his brother James during a traffic stop in Burbank, California.


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: Dad's Army is a 2016 British war comedy film, based on the BBC television sitcom "Dad's Army". It is directed by Oliver Parker and set in 1944, after the events depicted in the television series. Catherine Zeta-Jones plays an elegant German spy, posing as a journalist, reporting on the Walmington-on-Sea Home Guard platoon.


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: The platoon members are played by Toby Jones (Captain Mainwaring) (based on Arthur Lowe), Bill Nighy (Sergeant Wilson), (based on John Le Mesurier), Tom Courtenay (Lance Corporal Jones) (based on Clive Dunn), Bill Paterson, (Private Frazer) (based on John Laurie), Michael Gambon (Private Godfrey), (based on Arnold Ridley), Blake Harrison (Private Pike), (based on Ian Lavender) and Daniel Mays (Private Walker), (based on James Beck).


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: The production design was by Simon Bowles and the cinematography by Christopher Ross. The film was released on 5 February 2016 in the United Kingdom by Universal Pictures. DVD and Blu-ray released in the United Kingdom on 13 June 2016. It received mostly negative reviews from critics. When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it reached second place in the box-office charts, behind "Goosebumps".


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: In the spring of 1944, German forces work to secure intelligence about the upcoming Allied invasion, after one of their spies is intercepted in London by MI5 agents, Major Cunningham and Captain Meeks. Meanwhile, Captain Mainwaring finds his Home Guard in the coastal town of Walmington-on-Sea suffer from a lack of appreciation for their work in contributing to the war effort. Things change when the platoon, during an exercise, accidentally force Rose Winters, an elegant journalist, off the road. When they learn she intends to write a report about them for a national magazine, the men feel delighted, but also are charmed by her presences, causing them to have feuds with the townsfolk, and especially with their wives. The matter is further complicated when Sergeant Wilson develops a friendship with Winters after recognising her as a student he once tutored at the University of Oxford.


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: Unknown to the platoon, Rose is actually the spy sent by Germany to investigate the Allied invasion plans, but a transmission she sends by radio is detected by Cunningham and Meeks, who travel there to seek her out. After meeting with Mainwaring and informing him of the situation, he takes delight in using this as a means to save his platoon from being disbanded by the Home Guard's senior officer, Colonel Theakes, after a disaster during an important patrol near Dover. Rose swiftly joins the patrol through Private Joe Walker, after discovering his illegal bootlegging business, and uses the next patrol to discover important details on the Allies' plan, including where the invasion will take place. As the platoon work to find the spy on Mainwaring's orders, Rose deceives him in believing the spy is Wilson, who is promptly arrested.


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: While Mainwaring decides to meet with Rose to thank her for her assistance, the rest of the platoon detain Wilson for questioning, until evidence is brought to their attention that Rose is the spy they were seeking. Tracking her down, they quickly find her holding Mainwaring prisoner with a Wehrmacht landing party, after he discovered the truth upon seeing a German U-boat appear in a nearby bay. However, the platoon help to rescue him with the aid of their wives, and manage to capture the landing party and Rose, causing the U-boat to flee. Cunningham and Meeks swiftly arrest her, ensuring her intelligence doesn't return, while Theakes commends the platoon, saving them from being disbanded. Mainwaring and Wilson reconcile, and both men join their platoon for a parade through Walmington-on-Sea.


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: Ian Lavender makes a cameo as Brigadier Pritchard, providing a link with the original series, and Frank Williams reprises his role as the vicar.


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: Filming began in Yorkshire in October 2014. Principal photography took place at North Landing, Flamborough Head and Bridlington. The East Riding Theatre in Beverley was used for church hall/parade room and Captain Mainwaring's office. Sections of the film were also captured in Leeds and Pickering. Jones's van from the original television series, on loan from the Dad's Army Museum, was used in the film.


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: "Dad's Army" has received generally negative reviews from critics. The film holds has a 31% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 4.91/10.


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: On Metacritic, it has a score of 38 out of 100, based on seven critics, which indicates "generally unfavourable reviews". Sean O'Grady, of "The Independent", gave the film a five star review, remarking that rather than threatening the series' legacy, it "surpasses the original", calling it a "well crafted reproduction containing all the elements that made the original so clever, durable and loveable."


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" was less convinced, giving it two stars, stating that "it's hard to escape the sinking feeling that this is a waste of talent – that this is a good natured, well meaning but pointless kind of Brit comedy ancestor worship; paying elaborate homage to a TV show that got it right the first time."


title: Dad's Army (2016 film)

text: "Empire" rated it two stars describing the plot as "moderately entertaining bunkum" and that "as a whole it's an inessential oddity – amiable enough but also over reverential and unlikely to leave a lasting impression".


title: PIGS (economics)

text: PIGS is a derogatory acronym that has been used to designate the economies of the Southern European countries of Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain. During the European debt crisis of 2009-2014 the variant PIIGS, or GIPSI, was coined to include Ireland. At the time these five EU member states were struggling to refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks.


title: PIGS (economics)

text: The term originated in the 1990s with the increased integration of the EU economies, and it was often used in reference to the growing debt and economic vulnerability of the Southern European EU countries. It was again popularised during the European sovereign-debt crisis of the late 2000s and expanded in use during this period. In the 1990s to late 2000s, Ireland was not included in this term; the country was still in the midst of its "Celtic Tiger" period, with debt significantly below the Eurozone average and a government surplus as late as 2006. However, taking on the guarantee of banks' debt, the Irish government budget deficit rose to 32% of GDP in 2010, which was the world's largest. Ireland then became associated with the term, replacing Italy or changing the acronym to "PIIGS", with Italy also indicated as the second "I".


title: PIGS (economics)

text: After the crisis started in 2008, Karim Abadir used the term "GIPSI" to reflect the sequencing he believed would take place. Sometimes a second "G" ("PIGGS" or "PIIGGS"), for Great Britain, was also added.


title: PIGS (economics)

text: These terms are widely considered derogatory and their use was curbed by the "Financial Times" and Barclays Capital in 2010. PIGS is considered a racist framing that was utilized to blame South European populations for the general economic crisis, thereby legitimizing austerity measures and sovereignty losses. GIPSI is deemed even more poignantly racist for its pun on the pejorative English term for the Romani people.


title: Kiana Ledé

text: Kiana Ledé Brown (born April 3, 1997), known professionally as Kiana Ledé, is an American singer, songwriter, actress and pianist currently based in Los Angeles, California. She starred as Zoe Vaughn on the second season of MTV's horror series "Scream". Ledé also starred as Veronica Washington on Netflix's original series "All About the Washingtons". Kiana's debut album, "Kiki", was released on April 3, 2020.