title: Terri Sewell

text: For the 114th United States Congress, Sewell was ranked as the 94th most bipartisan member of the House (and the most bipartisan member of the House from Alabama) in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center and the McCourt School of Public Policy, which ranks members of Congress by their degree of bipartisanship (by measuring how often each member's bills attract co-sponsors from the opposite party and each member co-sponsors bills by members of the opposite party). Sewell has established herself as a liberal with a focus on job creation, and arguably has the most left-wing voting record of any person to represent Alabama in Congress. She is a member of the Congressional Black Caucus.


title: Terri Sewell

text: Sewell supports abortion rights. Sewell opposed the Human Life Protection Act, which went into effect in 2019. She described the bill as "both blatantly unconstitutional and a brazen, extremist attack on women’s rights." She also opposed the 2022 overturning of "Roe v. Wade", calling it "devastating" and expressing concern that "state legislatures across the country will now begin racing to criminalize reproductive health care."


title: Terri Sewell

text: Sewell supports tariffs on countries involved in currency manipulation. She voted for the Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act 2010.


title: Terri Sewell

text: Sewell supported Obama's plan to extend tax cuts for low- and middle-income Americans, but declined to discuss her stance on taxation for high-income Americans. In response to Obama's Framework for Business Tax Reform, Sewell said: "I applaud the President for outlining a bold framework for reforming the U.S. business tax system."


title: Terri Sewell

text: In 2019, Sewell sponsored the Voting Rights Advancement Act (which later became the John Lewis Voting Rights Act), which would update the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by providing increased oversight of voting changes, updating the pre-clearance formula to oversee contemporary discrimination patterns, and expanding the Attorney General's power to send federal observers to jurisdictions in areas at risk of voting discrimination. In 2019, Sewell co-sponsored the For the People Act of 2019.


title: Terri Sewell

text: Sewell co-sponsored the Student Non-Discrimination Act in 2013 which, if enacted, would have protected LGBT students from anti-gay bullying and discrimination in public schools.


title: Terri Sewell

text: In 2019, she sponsored a bill, which passed, granting historically black colleges $70 million for capital improvements and to support their educational work.


title: Terri Sewell

text: Sewell supported Obama's decisions on Afghanistan, citing "trust" of his policies. She was part of a bipartisan delegation that accompanied Nancy Pelosi on a two-day trip to Afghanistan in May 2012. While there, they spent time "with American service-members and meeting local officials to discuss security and women's issues."


title: Terri Sewell

text: Sewell co-sponsored the STOCK Act in 2011 and the DISCLOSE Act in 2012. The same year, she also co-sponsored the SIMPLE Voting Act, to require a minimum of 15 days of nationwide early voting.


title: Terri Sewell

text: In 2019, Sewell voted for the Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019, requiring background checks on anyone seeking to buy a firearm.


title: Terri Sewell

text: Sewell voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). She supports Medicaid expansion and offering incentives for states to do so. She is currently sponsoring bills to lower prescription drug costs, expand funding for rural hospitals, and to support more health studies on African American health disparities.


title: Terri Sewell

text: In March 2021, Sewell voted for the American Rescue Plan, which included $475 million in funding for Sewell's district including vaccination support, city employee overtime pay, and hazard pay for COVID-19 response work.


title: Terri Sewell

text: Sewell supported extending the PATRIOT Act's wiretapping. She voted against funding to support Trump's wall.


title: Terri Sewell

text: When Alabama governor Kay Ivey shared that she had performed in a college skit in blackface, Sewell called Ivey's actions "reprehensible" and "deeply offensive", adding that "racism – in any of its forms – is never acceptable, not in the 1960s and not now."


title: Terri Sewell

text: In both the first and second impeachments of Donald Trump, Sewell voted in favor of articles of impeachment against Trump, the only representative from Alabama to do so.


title: George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen

text: George Islay MacNeill Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, (born 12 April 1946), is a British politician of the Labour Party who was the 10th Secretary General of NATO from 1999 to 2003; he succeeded Javier Solana. He was Secretary of State for Defence from 1997 to 1999, before becoming a life peer as Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, "of Islay in Argyll and Bute", on 24 August 1999.


text: Born in Port Ellen, Isle of Islay, Scotland, the son of George Philip Robertson (1916–2002), a policeman, and Marion Isabella Robertson Nee MacNeill (1913–1996). His mother taught French and German. His maternal grandfather Malcolm McNeill was the police sergeant at Bowmore during World War One, and wrote about the kindness of local people in shipwreck tragedies of "SS Tuscania" and "HMS Otranto". Robertson was educated at Dunoon Grammar School and studied economics at Queen's College, Dundee. When he was 15 years of age, he was involved with protests against US nuclear submarines docking in Scotland.


text: During Robertson's time at Queen's College it broke away from the University of St Andrews to become the University of Dundee, of which Robertson was one of the first graduates (MA, 1968), and one of a minority of graduates that year who opted to take a Dundee, rather than a St Andrews, degree. During his time at University he played a full part in student life. He wrote a column for the student newspaper Annasach, launched in 1967, and took an active role in student protests. Robertson used his newspaper column to back the new University and encouraged his fellow students to take a University of Dundee degree (students who had started before 1967 could opt to take a degree from either the University of Dundee or the University of St Andrews).


text: In 1968, Robertson was one of a number of Dundee students to invade the pitch during a rugby match at St Andrews involving a team from the Orange Free State to protest against apartheid. The same year he organised a 24-hour work-in by students in the university library in opposition to proposed cuts by the government in student grants.


text: Robertson survived a serious car crash on 19 January 1976 when a Navy Land Rover, which was carrying of gelignite and a box of detonators, hit his car head-on in the Drumochter Pass, one mile south of Dalwhinnie leaving him with two injured knees and a broken jaw. In May 1976 the driver of the Land Rover was found guilty of careless driving. Robertson was wearing a seat belt at the time and attributed his survival to this.


text: Robertson entered the House of Commons as a Labour MP in 1978, having won the Hamilton by-election in May of that year, caused by the death of the incumbent Labour MP Alex Wilson in March of that year. The seat was contested by a SNP candidate, Margo MacDonald, who came second. Robertson retained the constituency with an increased majority and obtained 51% of the overall vote. He was re-elected to Parliament at five subsequent general elections, was Chairman of the Labour Party in Scotland, and was appointed to the Privy Council.


text: After Labour won the 1997 general election, Robertson was appointed Secretary of State for Defence. He initiated the Strategic Defence Review, which was completed in 1998, presenting a coherent political and strategic narrative themed as 'a force for good'. The review created the Joint Rapid Reaction Force and inaugurated the ambitious project to build two new large aircraft carriers for force projection, the Queen Elizabeth-class, and its new warplanes, symbolising the new government's commitment to defence. However the new Labour government had come to power promising to follow the previous Conservative government's spending plans for its first two years, and this required a defence budget cut of £2 billion. Though the defence budget was subsequently expanded, it was not sufficient for the increased ambitions of the review. Tom Sawyer in his book on that government characterised the situation as "Robertson had created an unaffordable dream in 1998."


text: In 1999, Robertson was appointed Secretary General of NATO after the German defence minister Rudolf Scharping declined to the position, and doubts were raised about the suitability of the British politician and former Royal Marine Paddy Ashdown (at that time the outgoing leader of the Liberal Democrats) due to his never having held a position in government.


text: In September 2022, during the 7th month of the Ukraine War, interviewed by Channel 4 about his nine meetings with Vladimir Putin, Robertson said, "At the first meeting (in Moscow, Oct 2001) Vladimir Putin clearly said, 'I WANT RUSSIA TO BE PART OF WESTERN EUROPE...at the 2nd meeting (in Brussels) he said..'WHEN ARE YOU GOING TO INVITE RUSSIA TO JOIN NATO?'...I started to sort of reach out and engage them in so many activities that they basically couldn't fight with us.. but after I left NATO (in Dec 2003), the American administration, the Bush administration (during their own illegal war on Iraq opposed by Putin), lost any interest basically in doing business with Russia, they saw it as a threat..they didn't really want to make it part of the overall partnership. I think we missed an opportunity at that time because I think it's what he (Putin) wanted, and we could have grabbed hold of him!"


text: In 1995, Robertson, while he was Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland said, "Devolution will kill Nationalism stone dead". This quote was designed to assuage hopes that devolution would provide a greater platform for the Scottish National Party (SNP). Robertson's quote is frequently recalled, usually in a mocking fashion, since the SNP won Scottish Parliament elections in 2007, 2011, 2016 and 2021.


text: Robertson's three children are former pupils of the school in Dunblane where gunman Thomas Hamilton murdered 16 children and their teacher in 1996. After the massacre, Robertson, a long-time resident of the town, acted as a spokesman for the victims' families. He was also a key figure in the subsequent campaign that led to the ban on handguns in Great Britain.


text: In 2003, the "Sunday Herald" newspaper ran an article entitled "Should the Dunblane dossier be kept secret?", a reference to documents relating to the Cullen Inquiry into the massacre which are to remain classified for 100 years. In a discussion board on the newspaper's website, anonymous contributors claimed that Robertson had signed a recommendation for a gun licence for Thomas Hamilton in his capacity as Hamilton's MP. However, Robertson had never been the gunman's MP, and the claims were unfounded. Robertson sued the "Sunday Herald" and the paper settled by paying him a five-figure sum plus costs. A subsequent action by Robertson, related to the terms of the newspaper's apology, was unsuccessful. The first case became an important test case as to whether publishers can be held responsible for comments posted on their websites.


text: Robertson opposed Scottish independence in the 2014 referendum. In an article in "The Washington Post", he wrote: "The residual United Kingdom would still be a major player in the world, but upon losing a third of its land mass, 5 million of its population and a huge amount of credibility, its global standing would inevitably diminish."


text: He said in a speech to the Brookings Institution on 8 April 2014: "The loudest cheers for the break-up of Britain would be from our adversaries and from our enemies. For the second military power in the west to shatter this year would be cataclysmic in geo-political terms." Robertson also likened the efforts of Unionists to keep Scotland tied to the UK with those of Abraham Lincoln's fight against slavery when he stated, "they might look more relevantly at the Civil War where hundreds of thousands of Americans perished in a war to keep the new Union together. To Lincoln and his compatriots the Union was so precious, so important, and its integrity so valuable that rivers of blood would be spilt to keep it together."


text: Robertson has received numerous honours (including a total of 12 Honorary doctorates from various universities).


text: In addition, he is a Senior Counsellor at The Cohen Group, a consulting firm in Washington D.C. that provides advice and assistance in marketing and regulatory affairs.


title: Elston Howard

text: Elston Gene Howard (February 23, 1929 – December 14, 1980) was an American professional baseball player who was a catcher and a left fielder. During a 14-year baseball career, he played in the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball from 1948 through 1968, primarily for the New York Yankees. A 12-time All-Star, he also played for the Kansas City Monarchs and the Boston Red Sox. Howard served on the Yankees' coaching staff from 1969 to 1979.


title: Elston Howard

text: In 1955, he was the first African American player on the Yankees roster; this was eight years after Jackie Robinson had broken the MLB color barrier in 1947. Howard was named the American League's Most Valuable Player for the 1963 pennant winners after finishing third in the league in slugging average and fifth in home runs, becoming the first black player in AL history to win the honor. He won Gold Glove Awards in 1963 and 1964, in the latter season setting AL records for putouts and total chances in a season. His lifetime fielding percentage of .993 as a catcher was a major league record from 1967 to 1973, and he retired among the AL career leaders in putouts (7th, 6,447) and total chances (9th, 6,977).


title: Elston Howard

text: Howard was born in St. Louis, Missouri to Travis Howard and Emaline Hill, a nurse at a local hospital. When he was six years old, his parents divorced and his mother remarried. Howard was a standout athlete at Vashon High School.


title: Elston Howard

text: In 1948, nineteen-year-old Howard turned down college football scholarship offers from Illinois, Michigan, and Michigan State and instead signed to play professional baseball for $500 a month with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League under manager Buck O'Neil. He was an outfielder for three seasons and in 1950 roomed with Ernie Banks.


title: Elston Howard

text: The Yankees signed Howard on July 19, 1950, after he was purchased along with Frank Barnes. They were assigned to the Muskegon Clippers, the Yankees' farm team in the Central League.


title: Elston Howard

text: In 1953, Howard played for the Kansas City Blues of the Class AAA American Association. The next year, the Yankees invited Howard to spring training and converted him into a catcher, despite the presence of Yogi Berra as the Yankees' starting catcher.


title: Elston Howard

text: He played with the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Class AAA International League in 1954, where he led the league in triples, with 16, to go along with 22 home runs, 109 runs batted in and a .330 average, winning the league's MVP award.


title: Elston Howard

text: Howard made the Yankees' major league roster at the start of the 1955 season. On April 14, 1955 (the second game of the season), Howard made his major league debut when he entered the game in the sixth inning as a left fielder. Howard hit a single in his only plate appearance of the day. He became the first African American to play for the Yankees. Howard was known to be very slow afoot. When Howard first came to the Yankees, Stengel referred to him as "Eightball". Howard made his first start on April 28, because it was difficult to find room for Howard in the lineup. Berra won his third MVP award in 1955, and Mickey Mantle and Hank Bauer were solid outfield regulars. Stengel used Howard as a backup catcher and occasional outfielder; he competed for playing time with Norm Siebern and Enos Slaughter. He hit .290 with 10 home runs and 43 runs batted in (RBIs) in 97 games played for the season.


title: Elston Howard

text: In the 1955 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers, Howard hit a home run off Don Newcombe in his first at bat in the second inning of Game 1. The round tripper tied the game at 2-2 and the Yankees went on to win the game, 6–5. Howard's ground ball out to Pee Wee Reese in Game 7 ended the Series; it was the first time in six meetings the Yankees had lost to Brooklyn. In the 1956 World Series against Brooklyn he played only in Game 7, but his solo home run off Newcombe in the fourth inning was one of four Yankee HRs in Johnny Kucks' 9–0 victory. Against the Milwaukee Braves in the 1957 World Series, his three-run homer off Warren Spahn with two outs in the ninth inning of Game 4 tied the score 4-4, though Milwaukee won 7–5 in the 10th inning on a Eddie Mathews’ walk-off home run. As the Yankees again met the Braves in the 1958 World Series, his impact did not become notable until Game 5, when he caught Red Schoendienst's sinking fly ball in the sixth inning and made a throw to catch Bill Bruton off first base for a double play, preserving a 1–0 lead. In Game 6, he threw Andy Pafko out at the plate in the second inning, and singled and scored with two out in the tenth inning for a 4-2 Yankee lead; the run proved decisive, as the Braves came back to score once in the bottom of the frame. In Game 7, his two-out RBI single scored Berra for a 3–2 lead in the eighth inning, with New York going on to a 6–2 win, completing only the second comeback by a team from a 3–1 deficit in a Series. Howard was later given the Babe Ruth Award, presented by the New York chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America, as the top player in the Series, although the World Series MVP Award was won by teammate Bob Turley.


title: Elston Howard

text: By 1959, Howard was often playing at first base in order to remain in the lineup. Despite not finding a regular position yet, he was first selected to the All-Star team in 1957, the first of nine consecutive years through 1965 in which he made the squad; he would appear in six of the games (1960–1964), including both 1961 contests.


title: Elston Howard

text: In 1960, Howard finally took over the majority of Berra's catching duties, although his .245 batting average was his lowest to date. The Yankees met the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1960 World Series, and Howard's two-run pinch-hit homer off Roy Face in the ninth inning of Game 1 brought the Yankees within two runs, though they lost 6–4. Howard hit .462 in the Series, but did not play in Game 7 after being hit on the hand by a pitch in the second inning of Game 6, and could only watch as the Pirates won the Series, 10–9, on Bill Mazeroski's home run leading off the bottom of the ninth. In 1961 he raised his average 103 points to a career-best .348 mark on a team that featured Roger Maris' record 61-home run season; Howard also enjoyed his first 20-homer campaign, along with 77 RBI, as the Yankees set a major league record with 240 HRs. He finished tenth in the MVP voting that year, won by Maris. Meeting the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 Series, he and Bill Skowron had solo home runs in the 2-0 Game 1 victory, and he scored three runs in the final 13–5 win in Game 5. He followed up with a 1962 season in which he batted .279 with a career-best 91 RBI, again hitting over 20 homers, and collecting eight RBI in an August 19 game in Kansas City which the Yankees won, 21–7. Although Howard batted only .143 in the 1962 World Series against the San Francisco Giants, the Yankees won in seven games.


title: Elston Howard

text: In his 1963 MVP season, he batted .287 with 28 home runs, 85 RBI and a .528 slugging average, also winning his first Gold Glove. The Yankees were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1963 Series, though Howard hit .333 and drove in the only Yankees run of Game 2. He batted .313 (just ten points behind batting champion Tony Oliva) with 84 RBI in 1964, again winning the Gold Glove and placing third in the MVP vote as Berra took over Ralph Houk's post as manager. His totals of 939 putouts and 1,008 total chances broke the AL records of 872 and 963 set by Earl Battey with the 1962 Minnesota Twins; Bill Freehan would top Howard's marks with the 1967 Detroit Tigers. Howard also led the AL in fielding average in 1964 with a .998 mark. Playing in his ninth World Series in ten years against the St. Louis Cardinals, he batted .292 though the Yankees were overcome in seven games; he tied a Series record with three passed balls, including two in the 9-5 Game 1 loss. In 1965, Howard injured his elbow during spring training. He played in four games through April then had surgery, missing five more weeks.


title: Elston Howard

text: Howard struggled in 1967. He backed up Jake Gibbs and batted only .198 through the start of August. On August 3, 1967, Howard was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Pete Magrini and a player to be named later, Ron Klimkowski. Though he batted only .147 for Boston, he was effective in handling the pitchers; teammate Tony Conigliaro noted, "I don't think I ever saw a pitcher shake off one of his signs. They had too much respect for him." In 1967, Howard also took over Sherm Lollar's major-league record for career fielding average; Freehan moved ahead of him in 1973.


title: Elston Howard

text: One of Howard's highlights during his time with the Red Sox occurred on August 27, 1967, when the Chicago White Sox were battling the Red Sox for the pennant. With Ken Berry on third base with one out in the bottom of the ninth inning and the Red Sox leading 4–3, Duane Josephson lined out to Jose Tartabull in right field. Not known for having a strong arm, Tartabull's throw sailed high and was caught by a leaping Howard, who blocked the plate with his left foot as he came down, and swipe tagged Berry — ending the game. For Red Sox fans, the play was considered a key event during their "Impossible Dream" season.


title: Elston Howard

text: Howard had his last postseason highlight in the 1967 World Series against the Cardinals when his bases-loaded single in the ninth inning of Game 5 drove in two runs for a 3–0 lead. The hit was crucial, as former teammate Maris homered in the bottom of the inning for the Cardinals before the Red Sox closed out the 3–1 win. St. Louis, however, won the Series in seven games. It was the sixth losing World Series team Howard played on; he and Pee Wee Reese have the dubious distinction for playing on the most losing World Series teams.


title: Elston Howard

text: On October 29, 1968, Howard was released by the Red Sox. Over his 14-year career, he batted .274 with 167 home runs, 1,471 hits, 762 RBI, 619 runs, 218 doubles, 50 triples and nine stolen bases in 1,605 games. His .427 slugging average trailed those of only Dickey (.486), Berra (.482) and Mickey Cochrane (.478) among AL catchers. Defensively, he recorded a .993 fielding percentage as a catcher and an overall .992 fielding percentage. Howard also played at left and right field and first base. His 54 total World Series games placed him behind only teammates Berra and Mantle. Howard is also credited with being the first to use the extended index and pinky finger (corna) to indicate that there were two out in the inning, this being more visible to teammates in the outfield than the usual "two" gesture of the index and middle fingers.


title: Elston Howard

text: Howard returned to the Yankees the following year, where he served as first-base coach from 1969 to 1979. He was the first black coach in the American League. The team won the AL pennant in 1976 and the World Series in 1977 and 1978. During a game against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park in June 1977, Howard and Yogi Berra were peacemakers during a dugout incident between Yankees player Reggie Jackson and Yankees manager Billy Martin.


title: Elston Howard

text: After Howard's coaching career ended, he became an administrative assistant with the Yankees; however, that position did not last long due to declining health. Howard was diagnosed with myocarditis, a rare heart disease that causes rapid heart failure. He was considering a heart transplant, but his condition quickly deteriorated. After staying a week at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York City, Howard died of the heart ailment at age 51 on December 14, 1980. He was interred at George Washington Memorial Park in Paramus, New Jersey.


title: Elston Howard

text: Red Smith, a columnist for "The New York Times", reacted by writing, "The Yankees' organization lost more class on the weekend than George Steinbrenner could buy in 10 years."


title: Elston Howard

text: In Howard's memory, the Yankees wore black armbands on their sleeve during the 1981 season. On July 21, 1984, the Yankees retired Howard's uniform number 32 and dedicated a plaque in his honor for Monument Park at Yankee Stadium. On that day the Yankees also bestowed the same honors to Roger Maris who, unlike Howard, was still living. Howard's plaque describes him as "A man of great gentleness and dignity" and "one of the truly great Yankees."


title: Elston Howard

text: Howard is credited with inventing the batting "doughnut", a circular lead weight with a rubber shell used by batters in the on-deck circle by placing it around a bat to make it feel heavier, so that it will feel lighter at the plate and easier to swing. Its widespread use caused the discontinuation of the practice of hitters swinging multiple bats at the same time while waiting to hit. Howard helped two New Jersey entrepreneurs, Frank Hamilton and Vince Salvucci, to market the bat weight and lent his name to the product.


title: Elston Howard

text: In 2020, the baseball field on the former site of Yankee Stadium was renamed in Howard's honor. The field sits directly across the street from the new Stadium.


title: Elston Howard

text: Howard was portrayed by Bobby Hosea in the 2001 film "61*" and in the 2014 Broadway play "Bronx Bombers".


title: Zach Helm

text: Zach Helm (born January 21, 1975) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He wrote the internationally-performed stage play "Good Canary", wrote and directed the film "Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium" (2007) and has staged one-man performance pieces, most notably his revival of Spalding Gray's "Interviewing the Audience". Helm was born in Santa Clara, California.


title: Zach Helm

text: In 2006 Helm was approached to direct "Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium", for which he had previously written a screenplay. Helm said that the film and production process were troubled . In 2013, he described the movie as a "Technicolor train-wreck" as reported by online tabloid news source TMZ.


title: Zach Helm

text: He began "Interviewing the Audience" in 2008, a revival of one of Spalding Gray's performance pieces which he had seen while in college. As the title suggests, audience members are brought onto stage and interviewed, their personal stories and insights extracted in long-form conversations meant to create a sense of communal intimacy but challenge the convention of theater and story. Helm's approach differed from Gray's in that Helm's conversations were entirely extemporaneous, without any prepared questions, and the audience members were drawn at random. Helm tended to find and illuminate themes and connections within the interviews, thereby creating a through-line for each performance as it happened.


title: Zach Helm

text: Helm wrote "Le Bon Canari" ("Good Canary"), which was produced in France in 2007, then translated into Spanish ("El Buen Canario") and produced in Mexico. It was translated into English in 2016 for the Rose Theatre Kingston. Drawn from Helm's personal experiences, the play is known for its dark humor, coarse language, and views on sexism and misogyny as well as its use of Brechtian devices.


title: Zach Helm

text: In 2015, Helm directed "Culo Quasars Cocaine Chaos", which he adapted from the true story of Paul Frampton. He adapted the "Epic Magazine" article "The Mercenary" for Fox in 2016, collaborating with journalists Josh Davis and Josh Bearman.


title: Girdle

text: A belt, especially if a cord or rope, is called a girdle if it is worn as part of Christian liturgical vestments, or in certain historical, literary or sports contexts.


title: Girdle

text: Girdles are used to close a cassock in Christian denominations, including the Anglican Communion, Catholic Church, Methodist Church and Lutheran Church. The girdle, in the 8th or 9th century, was said to resemble an ancient Levitical Jewish vestment, and in that era, was not visible. In 800 AD, the girdle began to be worn by Christian deacons in the Eastern Church.


title: Girdle

text: The girdle, for men, symbolizes preparation and readiness to serve, and for women, represents chastity and protection; it was also worn by laypersons in the Middle Ages, as attested in literature. For example, the hagiographical account of Saint George and the Dragon mentions the evildoer being tamed with the sign of the cross and a girdle handed to Saint George by a virgin.


title: Girdle

text: The men among the Greeks and Romans wore the girdle upon the loins, and it served them to confine the tunic, and hold the purse, instead of pockets, which were unknown; girls and women wore it under the bosom. The "Strophium", "Taenia", or "Mitra" occurs in many figures. In the small bronze Pallas of the Villa Albani, and in figures on the Hamilton Vases, are three "cordons" with a knot, detached from two ends of the girdle, which is fixed under the bosom. This girdle forms under the breast a knot of ribbon, sometimes in the form of a rose, as occur on the two handsomest daughters of Niobe. Upon the youngest the ends of the girdle pass over the shoulders, and upon the back, as they do upon four Caryatides found at Monte Portio. This part of the dress the ancients called, at least in the time of Isidore, "Succinctorium" or "Bracile". The girdle was omitted by both sexes in mourning. Often when the tunic was very long, and would otherwise be entangled by the feet, it was drawn over the girdle in such a way as to conceal the latter entirely underneath its folds. It is not uncommon to see two girdles of different widths worn together, one very high up, the other very low down, so as to form between the two in the tunic, a puckered interval; but this fashion was mostly applied to short tunics. The tunic of the Greek males was almost always confined by a girdle.


title: Girdle

text: Girdles of iron, to prevent obesity, were worn by some of the Britons. From the Druidical eras the cure of diseases, especially those of difficult parturition, were ascribed to wearing certain girdles. Among the Anglo-Saxons, it was used by both sexes; by the men to confine their tunic, and support the sword. We find it richly embroidered, and of white leather. The leather strap was chiefly worn by monks.


title: Girdle

text: As a Christian liturgical vestment, the girdle is a long, rope-like cord tied around the waist over the alb or cassock. "The Parson's Handbook" describes the girdle as being made "generally of white linen rope, and may have a tassel at each end. About 12 ft. 6 in. long is a very convenient size if it is used double, one end being then turned into a noose and the tasselled ends slipped through. The girdle, however, may be coloured." Christian monastics would often hang religious texts, such as the Bible or Breviary, from their girdles and these became known as girdle books. In addition, they would often knot the ends of the girdle thrice, in order to represent the "vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience." As such, within the Christian Church, the girdle, in some contexts, represents chastity and within the Hebrew Bible, "Proverbs 31 provides biblical reference to the ancient practice of girdle making by virtuous chaste women". In the New Testament, "Christ referred to the girdle as a symbol of preparation and readiness for service ()":


title: Girdle

text: Saint Paul, in also references the term, stating "Stand therefore, first fastening round you the girdle of truth and putting on the breastplate of uprightness", further buttressing the concept of the girdle as a symbol of readiness. Many Christian clergy, such as Anglican priests and Methodist ministers, use the following prayer when wearing the girdle:


title: Girdle

text: By the 8th century AD, the girdle became established as a liturgical vestment "in the strict sense of the word." Although the general word "cincture" is sometimes used as a synonym for the girdle, liturgical manuals distinguish between the two, as the "girdle is a long cord or rope while the cincture is a wide sash. Generally an alb is closed with a girdle, an Anglican-style double-breasted cassock is closed with a cincture, and a Roman cassock is closed with either one."


title: Girdle

text: In the medieval and early modern period there are also accounts of girdles being used as a mnemonic. These would be tied or decorated with bead so that, like a rosary, each notch would remind the wearer of a particular psalm or book.


title: Girdle

text: A gartel is a belt worn by Jewish males, predominantly (but not exclusively) Hasidim, during prayer. "Gartel" is Yiddish for "belt" and is cognate with the English word "girdle". Gartels are generally very modest in appearance. Most are black, but some gartels are white. Hasidic custom requires that there be a physical divide between the heart and the genitalia during any mention of God's name. It is commonly explained that separating the upper and lower parts of the body manifests a control of the animal instincts of the person by the distinctly human intellect.


title: Girdle

text: In the Vajrayana iconography of the "Hevajra Tantra", the 'girdle' (Tib.: ske rags), one of the 'Five Bone Ornaments' (aṣṭhiamudrā) symbolizes Amoghasiddhi and the 'accomplishing pristine awareness' (Kṛty-anuṣṭhāna-jñāna), one of the 'Five Wisdoms' (pañca-jñāna). The iconography of the girdle (or bone apron and belt ) in Vajrayana iconography developed from one of the items of vestment adorning the Mahasiddha of the charnel grounds.


title: Girdle

text: Beer (1999: p. 318) describes the bone girdle as the 'netted bone apron and belt' as vesture of the Dakinis and Heruka of the Cham Dance and Gar Dance of Tibetan Buddhism sacred ritual dance performances:


title: Girdle

text: In literature, girdles are often portrayed as magical, giving power and strength if worn by men, and protection if worn by women. Several scriptures in the Bible make use of the girdle as a symbol for readiness and preparation. Ishtar, a Babylonian goddess, wore a fertility girdle, which, when it was removed, rendered the universe barren. Hercules wrestled with the Amazon queen for her girdle in his Greek myth. Aphrodite, or Venus in Roman mythology, also wore girdles associated with lechery in later poetry.


title: Girdle

text: For men a girdle was often used to hold weapons. It also gave them freedom to move in a fight, unlike other types of clothing. Both of these are thought to carry the connection of power to the man's girdle in literature. For example, Odysseus wears a girdle which allows him to swim for three days straight, and a girdle worn by Thor doubles his strength.


title: Girdle

text: Later, for women, the girdle became a sign of virginity, and was often considered to have magical properties. Monsters and all types of evil are recorded as being subdued by girdles in literature, a famous one being the dragon slain by Saint George. Marriage ceremonies continued this tradition of girdles symbolizing virginity by having the husband take the wife's girdle, and prostitutes were forbidden to wear them by law in historic France. Often in literature, women are portrayed as safe from sexual or other attack when wearing a girdle, but suddenly vulnerable if it is missing or stolen.


title: Girdle

text: Non-clothing uses in literature include Tolkien's "Girdle of Melian", a magical, protective "wall" surrounding an elven kingdom.


title: Girdle

text: The 20th century women's girdle attracts various references in literature, often in a disparaging way. For example, Marilyn French in her classic book, "The Women's Room", is very critical not only of the girdle itself, but also of the virtual compulsion to wear one, a compulsion which existed until the late 1960s. In John Masters's "Bhowani Junction", once the mixed-race Victoria Jones decides to opt for an Indian rather than British persona, she rejects her girdle as a "western garment".


title: Girdle

text: In American football, a girdle is worn under the football player's pants to keep the hip, thigh, and tailbone pads in place, making the process of putting on the tight football pants easier. Older girdles resembled chaps, in that they covered only the front of the leg with pads, that snapped on. Modern girdles are essentially a tight pair of compression shorts with pockets for the pads. The girdle was also used in the Mesoamerican ballgame and is used in hockey (National Hockey League).


title: Fireheart

text: Fireheart is a 2022 computer-animated adventure comedy film directed by Theodore Ty and Lauren Zeitoun and written by Zeitoun, Jennica Harper, and Daphne Ballon from a story by Zeitoun, Harper, and Lisa Hunter. It is the second film and final Independent film produced by L'Atelier Animation after "Ballerina" before Cinesite acquires L'Atelier. It features the voices of Olivia Cooke, Kenneth Branagh, Laurie Holden, and William Shatner. The plot follows a 16-year-old who dreams to become the world's first female firefighter.


title: Fireheart

text: Set in New York in 1930, the film centres on Georgia Nolan, a 16-year-old girl who hopes to become the world's first female firefighter despite being told as a child by her ex-firefighter father Shawn that women are not allowed to.


title: Fireheart

text: Shawn is requested by the mayor of New York to come out of retirement to head up a young team of firefighters to combat a serial arsonist, who uses purple gas to hypnotise others and has resulted in the disappearances of other firefighters. Wishing to help, Georgia disguises herself as a man named Joe and joins the team.


title: Fireheart

text: The film was released in the United States by Hulu in February 2022 exclusively on the service of the same name, and in Europe by Entertainment One throughout the rest of the year. It was then released as a Sky Cinema original by Sky on May 27, 2022 in the UK.


title: Fireheart

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 60% of four reviews are positive. The film grossed $3.7 million at the box office.


title: WTA 1000 tournaments

text: WTA 1000 tournaments is a category of tennis tournaments on the WTA Tour, governed by the Women's Tennis Association. The old WTA Premier Mandatory and Premier 5 tournaments merged into a single highest tier and it is implemented since the reorganization of the schedule in 2021.


title: WTA 1000 tournaments

text: The ranking points awarded to the winners of these tournaments are 1,000 (Mandatory: Indian Wells, Miami, Madrid, and Beijing) or 900 (non-Mandatory: Dubai/Doha, Rome, Canada, Cincinnati, Wuhan and Guadalajara).


title: WTA 1000 tournaments

text: This compares to 2,000 points for winning a Grand Slam tournament ("major"), up to 1,500 points for winning the WTA Finals, 470 points for winning a WTA 500 tournament, and 280 for winning a WTA 250 tournament.


title: Battle of Covadonga

text: The Battle of Covadonga took place in 718 or 722 between the army of Pelagius the Visigoth and the army of the Umayyad Caliphate. Fought near Covadonga in the Picos de Europa, either in 718 or 722, it resulted in a victory for the forces of Pelagius. It is traditionally regarded as the foundational event of the Kingdom of Asturias and thus the initial point of the Christian "" ("reconquest") of Spain after the Umayyad conquest of 711.


title: Battle of Covadonga

text: According to texts written by Mozarabs in northern Hispania during the late ninth century, the Visigoths in 718 elected a nobleman named Pelagius (c.685–737) as their "princeps", or leader. Pelagius, the first monarch of the Asturian Kingdom, son of Favila, who had been a dignitary at the court of the Visigoth King Egica (687–700), established his headquarters at Cangas de Onís, Asturias and incited an uprising against the Umayyad Muslims.


title: Battle of Covadonga

text: From the beginning of the Muslim invasion of Hispania, refugees and combatants from the south of the peninsula had been moving north to avoid Islamic authority. Some had taken refuge in the remote mountains of Asturias in the northwestern part of the Iberian peninsula. There, from among the dispossessed of the south, Pelagius recruited his band of fighters.


title: Battle of Covadonga

text: Historian Joseph F. O'Callaghan says the remnants of the Hispano-Gothic aristocracy still played an important role in the society of Hispania. At the end of Visigothic rule, the assimilation of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths was occurring at a fast pace. Their nobility had begun to think of themselves as constituting one people, the "gens Gothorum" or the "Hispani". An unknown number of them fled and took refuge in Asturias or Septimania. In Asturias they supported Pelagius's uprising, and joining with the indigenous leaders, formed a new aristocracy. The population of the mountain region consisted of native Astures, Galicians, Cantabri, Basques and other groups unassimilated into Hispano-Gothic society.


title: Battle of Covadonga

text: Pelagius's first acts were to refuse to pay the "jizya" (tax on non-Muslims) to the Muslims any longer and to assault the small Umayyad garrisons that had been stationed in the area. Eventually, he managed to expel a provincial governor named Munuza from Asturias. He held the territory against a number of attempts to re-establish Muslim control, and soon founded the Kingdom of Asturias, which became a Christian stronghold against further Muslim expansion.


title: Battle of Covadonga

text: For the first few years, this rebellion posed no threat to the new masters of Hispania, whose seat of power had been established at Córdoba. Consequently, there was only a minor perfunctory reaction. Pelagius was not always able to keep the Muslims out of Asturias but neither could they defeat him, and as soon as the Moors left, he would always re-establish control. Islamic forces were focused on raiding Narbonne and Gaul, and there was a shortage of manpower for putting down an inconsequential insurrection in the mountains. Pelagius never attempted to force the issue, and it was an Umayyad defeat elsewhere that probably set the stage for the Battle of Covadonga. On July 9, 721, a Muslim force that had crossed the Pyrenees and invaded the Kingdom of the Franks was defeated by them in the Battle of Toulouse, in present-day France. This was the first serious setback in the Muslim campaign in southwestern Europe. Reluctant to return to Córdoba with such unalloyed bad news, the Umayyad wāli, Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi, decided that putting down the rebellion in Asturias on his way home would afford his troops an easy victory and raise their flagging morale.


title: Battle of Covadonga

text: In 722, forces commanded by the Umayyad commanders Alqama and Munuza, and (according to legend) accompanied by Bishop Oppas of Seville, were sent to Asturias. As Alqama overran much of the region, folklore suggests that Oppas attempted to broker the surrender of his fellow Christians, but he failed in the effort. Pelagius and his force retreated deep into the mountains of Asturias, eventually retiring into a narrow valley flanked by mountains, which was easily defensible due to the impossibility of launching a broad-fronted attack. Pelagius may have had as few as three hundred men with him.


title: Battle of Covadonga

text: Alqama eventually arrived at Covadonga, and sent forward an envoy to convince Pelagius to surrender. He refused, so Alqama ordered his best troops into the valley to fight. The Asturians shot arrows and stones from the slopes of the mountains, and then, at the climactic moment, Pelagius personally led some of his soldiers out into the valley. They had been hiding in a cave, unseen by the Muslims. The Christian accounts of the battle claim that the slaughter among the Muslims was horrific, while Umayyad accounts describe it as a mere skirmish. Alqama himself fell in the battle, and his soldiers withdrew from the battlefield.


title: Battle of Covadonga

text: In the aftermath of Pelagius's victory, the people of the conquered villages of Asturias now emerged with their weapons, and killed hundreds of Alqama's retreating troops. Munuza, learning of the defeat, organized another force, and gathered what was left of the survivors of Covadonga. At some later date, he confronted Pelagius and his now greatly augmented force, near the modern town of Proaza. Again Pelagius won, and Munuza was killed in the fighting. The battle is commemorated at the shrine of Our Lady of Covadonga.


title: 2002 FIBA World Championship

text: The 2002 FIBA World Championship was the 14th edition of the competition now known as the FIBA Basketball World Cup, the international world championship for men's basketball teams. The tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, from August 29 to September 8, 2002.


title: 2002 FIBA World Championship

text: There were 16 teams taking part in the 2002 World Cup of Basketball. Since the 2000 Olympics champions United States has direct access to the World Championship as host nation, the Olympic berth is left unused and one extra qualifying spot is assigned to FIBA Americas below.


title: 2002 FIBA World Championship

text: The top three teams in each group advance to the second round, into either Group E or F. The fourth place team in each group moves onto the 13th–16th classification.


title: 2002 FIBA World Championship

text: In this stage, the results in the preliminary rounds are combined and the teams who met previously do not play each other a second time. The teams that advanced from Group A and Group B are combined into Group E and teams that advanced from Group C and Group D are combined into Group F.


title: 2002 FIBA World Championship

text: The top four from each group advance to the knockout stages; the bottom two advance to the Ninth-to-twelfth-place playoffs.


title: Commutation (law)

text: In law, a commutation is the substitution of a lesser penalty for that given after a conviction for a crime. The penalty can be lessened in severity, in duration, or both. Unlike most pardons by government and overturning by the court (a full overturning is equal to an acquittal), a commutation does not affect the status of a defendant's underlying criminal conviction.


title: Commutation (law)

text: Although the concept of commutation may be used to broadly describe the substitution of a lesser criminal penalty for the original sentence, some jurisdictions have historically used the term only for the substitution of a sentence of a different character than was originally imposed by the court. For example, the substitution of a sentence of parole for the original sentence of incarceration. A jurisdiction that uses that definition of commutation would use another term, such as a remission, to describe a reduction of a penalty that does not change its character.


title: Commutation (law)

text: A commutation does not reverse a conviction and the recipient of a commutation remains guilty in accordance with the original conviction. For example, someone convicted of capital murder may have their sentence of death commuted to life imprisonment, a lessening of the punishment that does not affect the underlying criminal conviction, as may occur on a discretionary basis or following upon a change in the law or judicial ruling that limits or eliminates the death penalty.


title: Commutation (law)

text: In some jurisdictions a commutation of sentence may be conditional, meaning that the convicted person may be required to abide by specified conditions or may lose the benefit of the commutation. The conditions must be lawful and reasonable, and will typically expire when the convicted completes any remaining portion of their sentence. For example, the pardon may be conditioned upon the person's being a law-abiding citizen, such that if the beneficiary of the commutation commits a new crime before the condition expires the original sentence may be restored.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Doña Isabel Moctezuma (born Tecuichpoch Ichcaxochitzin; 1509/1510 – 1550/1551) was a daughter of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II. She was the consort of Atlixcatzin, a tlacateccatl, and of the Aztec emperors Cuitlahuac, and Cuauhtemoc and as such the last Aztec empress. After the Spanish conquest, Doña Isabel was recognized as Moctezuma's legitimate heir, and became one of the indigenous Mexicans granted an "encomienda." Among the others were her half-sister Marina (or Leonor) Moctezuma, and Juan Sánchez, an Indian governor in Oaxaca.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Doña Isabel was married to one tlacateccatl, two Aztec emperors and three Spaniards, and widowed five times. She had a daughter out of wedlock, Leonor Cortés Moctezuma, with conquistador Hernán Cortés. Her sons founded a line of Spanish nobility. The title of Duke of Moctezuma de Tultengo still exists.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Doña Isabel's mother was Princess Teotlalco and her birth name was Tecuich(po)tzin, translated as "lord's daughter" in Nahuatl. Teotlalco was Moctezuma's principal wife and, thus, among Moctezuma's daughters Tecuichpotzin had primacy. As a small child, Tecuichpotzin was married to Atlixcatzin, who died by 1520. After her father was killed, either by his own people or the Spanish, she was quickly married to her uncle Cuitláhuac who became emperor after Moctezuma's death. Cuitláhuac died of smallpox after only 80 days of rule. Cuauhtémoc became emperor and married Tecuichpotzin. She was only about eleven or twelve years old at the time of her third marriage.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Hernán Cortés and other Spaniards entered Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519. For several months they lived in Moctezuma's palace. At some time during their sojourn there they took the emperor hostage which ended with his death either at the hands of the Spanish or his own people. The Aztecs revolted and expelled Cortés and his army from Tenochtitlan (La Noche Triste, June 30, 1520). However, Tecuichpotzin was left behind in the city by the Spanish. Aztec leaders quickly married her to Cuitláhuac, the new emperor, and, after he died of smallpox, to Cuauhtémoc.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Cortés returned in 1521 with a large group of Spaniards and Indian allies, mostly from Tlaxcala, to attack Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs, their numbers and morale depleted by a smallpox epidemic, were defeated. Cuauhtémoc and his court attempted to flee Tenochtitlan by boat, but they were captured by the Spanish. On surrendering, Cuauhtémoc asked the Spanish to respect the ladies of his court, including his young wife Tecuichpotzin.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Cortés valued Tecuichpotzin as a symbol of what he wished to portray as the continuity of rule between the Aztecs and the Spanish. She was instructed in Christianity, converted to Catholicism, probably in 1526, and baptized as Isabel, the name by which she would thereafter be known. Every indication is that Doña Isabel, the former Aztec princess Tecuichpotzin, was devout in her new religion. She gave generously in alms to the Augustinians, to the point that she was asked to stop. Isabel’s education as a Christian did not include teaching her to read and she remained illiterate.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Cortés arranged the marriage of Doña Isabel to his close colleague Alonso de Grado in June 1526. Part of the marriage arrangement was the granting of a large encomienda to Doña Isabel. The encomienda consisted of the city of Tacuba (about eight kilometres or five miles) west of Tenochtitlan (now called Mexico City) and was the largest encomienda in the Valley of Mexico, an indicator of the importance Cortés gave to Isabel. The encomienda of Doña Isabel endured for centuries. The Spanish and, later, Mexican governments, paid royalties in the form of a pension to the descendants of Doña Isabel until 1933 and a Count of Miravalle, the descendants of Moctezuma, still exists in Spain.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Her opposition to slavery has become a subject of interest lately. Isabel herself was a prominent slave owner, as was traditional in her lineage, but she freed all her slaves by the end of her life.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: In July 1526 Cortés gave Alonso de Grado, Isabel's husband, the position of "Visitador Real" – a traveling auditor with authority to exert judicial and executive power in the name of the crown – of New Spain. De Grado was given the specific mission of visiting all the cities and villages, to "inquire about the process of Christianization, and make sure that the laws for the good treatment of the Indians – Laws of Burgos – were being respected. He was to prosecute and punish illegal enslaving. He was to focus on the illegal enslaving of natives, and on the disputes between Spanish civil servants and the local – native – authorities, and he was to send to prison any Spaniard that opposed him".


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Isabel had close contact with the new laws through her husband. She was reported to be initially displeased with the attempts of the Spanish to impose limits in the ownership and treatment of slaves. Despite the growing body of law trying to limit or extinguish native slavery in New Spain that her husband was charged with enforcing, she, as native nobility, had the special privilege of retaining the slaves she owned prior to the conquest and treat them "in her traditional ways”. She even had limited power to adapt the rules in the land of her encomienda. She used this privilege and owned a large number of native slaves throughout her life. However, by the end of her life she freed them all in her testament. In it she also ensured that they were given means to live after freedom.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: The causes for this change of heart are uncertain, but set the basis for a recent portrayal of her as an anti-slavery "activist" and a mother of native independence in some ideological spheres. "I want, and I order, and it is my will, that all my slaves, Indian men and women, born from this land, whom Juan Cano, my husband, and I hold as our own, as far as my right over them extends, shall be free of all servitude and captivity, and as free people they shall do as they will, for I don't hold them as slaves; so if they are (slaves) I will and command for them to be free".


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Her fourth husband, Alonso de Grado, soon died and Isabel, about seventeen years old, was widowed for a fourth time. Cortés took her into his household and she soon became pregnant. He quickly married her to another associate, Pedro Gallego de Andrade, and the child, christened Leonor Cortés Moctezuma (Isabel also had a half-sister named Marina or Leonor Moctezuma) was born a few months later. According to Spanish sources, she refused to recognize the child, who was placed in the care of Juan Gutiérrez de Altamirano, another close associate of Cortés. Cortés however accepted the child as his own and ensured that she was brought up well and received an inheritance from his and Doña Isabel’s estate.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Isabel’s marriage to Gallego produced a son, Juan de Andrade Gallego Moctezuma, born in 1530. However, Gallego died shortly thereafter. In 1532 she married her sixth husband, Juan Cano de Saavedra, by whom she had three sons and two daughters: Pedro, Gonzalo, Juan, Isabel, and Catalina Cano de Moctezuma. Isabel and Catalina became nuns at the first convent in the Americas, El Convento de la Concepción de la Madre de Dios. Both daughters were well-educated, as presumably were her sons.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Doña Isabel died in 1550 or 1551. Her estate was large, consisting not only of the encomienda, but also personal possessions she had acquired during her marriages with the Spaniards. Previous to those marriages, she had been an Aztec princess who owned nothing except her distinguished name. Her will is one of the few existing indicators of her personality. She directed that her Indian slaves be set free, one-fifth of the estate be given to the Catholic Church, and that all her outstanding debts, including wages owed to servants, be paid. She had acquired jewelry and other luxury items and requested that many of these be given to her daughters, and that other property be sold and one-third of the proceeds go to her daughters. As a deathbed wish, 20 percent of her estate was to be given to Leonor, her out-of-wedlock child by Cortés. This was apparently a dowry, as Leonor was married, or soon to be married, to Juan de Tolosa in Zacatecas.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Isabel willed the majority of her encomienda to her eldest son, Juan de Andrade, but his inheritance of her "encomienda" was disputed by her widower, Juan Cano, and Diego Arias de Sotelo, son-in-law of Leonor (Mariana) Moctezuma, who he claimed was Moctezuma's true heir. The result after years of litigation was that Arias de Sotelo's claim was dismissed, and Tacuba was divided between Cano and Andrade.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: The Miravalle line of Spanish nobility began with Isabel's son, Juan de Andrade. Her sons, Pedro and Gonzalo Cano, became prominent citizens of Mexico City. Her son, Juan Cano Moctezuma, married into a prominent family in Cáceres, Spain, where the Palacio de Toledo-Moctezuma still exists.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: The mestizo lineage that originates on Isabel and her sister branched out through Spanish nobility. Since converted native nobility were considered Spanish nobility by the Spaniards, the blood of Aztec nobility was highly respected, and the chance of intermixing with their lineage was treasured. Isabel and Leonor's descendants quickly intermarried with the most important families of Extremadura, one of the richest areas of Spain at the time. It is estimated that Isabel has 2000 descendants today in Spain alone. The claims to nobility of the count of Miravalle, the count of La Enrejada, the duke of Ahumada, the duke of Abrantes, and the duke of Monctezuma come directly from her and her sister. Isabel is the ancestress of Rosario Nadal, the wife of Kyril, Prince of Preslav, Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 19th Duke of Alba, Marie-Liesse Claude Anne Rolande de Rohan-Chabot, the wife of Prince Eudes Thibaut Joseph Marie of Orléans and , 19th Duke of Segorbe, husband of Princess Maria da Glória, Duchess of Segorbe, the former wife of Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia.


title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: Very little is known about Doña Isabel beyond a few facts of her life. She seems to have been more than a mere pawn in the hands of Aztec royalty and Spanish conquerors. Her will reveals her to have been a decisive and strong woman who was generous and thoughtful. She seems to have made the transition from Aztec princess to Spanish doña successfully. Her descendants were the most prominent example of her day of mestizaje – melding Spanish and indigenous Mexican ancestries – that would characterize the future of Mexico. The Spanish wished to inculcate in the indigenous populations "the economic, religious, and cultural orientation of Spain." Isabel, whether by desire or necessity, was the first great success of the assimilation of Spanish and native Mexicans.


title: York United FC

text: York United Football Club (formerly known as York9 FC) is a Canadian professional soccer club based in Toronto, Ontario. The club competes in the Canadian Premier League and plays its home games at York University's York Lions Stadium.


title: York United FC

text: In December 2017, former Canadian international Jimmy Brennan stepped down as executive director of Aurora FC and announced his intentions to take a role within the Canadian Premier League. In March 2018, it was revealed that Brennan had been named executive vice-president of York Sports & Entertainment back in January. The following day, it was revealed that the company's president Preben Ganzhorn named himself as president of an unknown entity called York9 FC, believed to be a Canadian Premier League franchise.


title: York United FC

text: On May 5, 2018, York Region was one of four groups accepted by the Canadian Soccer Association for professional club membership. Greenpark Group, headed by Carlo Baldassarra, was revealed as the owner of York9, with his son Mike as the chairman. Both Brennan and Ganzhorn were pictured at the Annual Meeting of the Members when the group was announced.


title: York United FC

text: York9 FC was officially unveiled on May 10, 2018, as the first team to join the Canadian Premier League. As well as confirming their place in the league for the 2019 launch season, the club also revealed their crest, colours and branding. The club adopted the name York9 FC to represent the nine municipalities that make up York Region – Aurora, East Gwillimbury, Georgina, King, Markham, Newmarket, Richmond Hill, Vaughan, and Whitchurch-Stouffville. On July 27, 2018, York9 announced executive vice president of soccer operations Jimmy Brennan as the club's first head coach.


title: York United FC

text: In August, York9 fielded a York Region Soccer Association Selects team to compete in the U17 International Soccer Cup held at York Lions Stadium. The team beat Juventus F.C. before losing to Toronto FC in the final.


title: York United FC

text: The team has been called "Y9" and "The Nine Stripes" by the media and the league. York9's first match was the inaugural CPL match at Forge FC on April 27, 2019, launching the 905 Derby with a 1–1 draw, as Ryan Telfer scored the first goal in Canadian Premier League history.


title: York United FC

text: To determine the Canadian Soccer Association's representative in the CONCACAF Champions League, York9 played in the 2019 Canadian Championship competing for the Voyageurs Cup. The team lost the quarterfinal to Montreal Impact after a 2–2 draw at home and a 1–0 loss at Montreal.


title: York United FC

text: York9 was expected to begin their second season in the Canadian Premier League in April 2020 but the season was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. During the postponement, the club sold young midfielder Emilio Estevez to Dutch Eredivisie side ADO Den Haag, the first CPL player to be sold to a European top flight.


title: York United FC

text: On December 11, 2020, the club was rebranded as York United FC, adopting a new crest and colour scheme along with the name change. While the original club name exclusively targeted York Region, the new branding also represents the City of Toronto. In their first season as York United FC, the club finished 4th in the 2021 Canadian Premier League season. They were eliminated from the playoffs after a 3–1 loss to Forge FC. Following the season, head coach Jim Brennan's tenure at the club ended after it was announced November 23, 2021, that his contract would not be extended. He was replaced by Martin Nash on December 21, 2021.


title: York United FC

text: York plays its home matches at York Lions Stadium in York University's Keele Campus in York University Heights, a neighbourhood of North York, Toronto. Initially, the club had planned to use Alumni Field, on the same campus, while York Lions Stadium was being renovated for use at the end of the season. Before the start of the 2021 season, the stadium was renovated with a larger, artificial turf pitch and the removal of the athletic track which surrounded the playing surface.


title: York United FC

text: In 2018, the club announced plans to build a modular, wooden, 15,000-seat stadium within the next three years. , financing and location of the new stadium was yet to be determined.


title: York United FC

text: In March 2022, Woodbine Racetrack announced plans to add an 8,000 seat soccer-specific stadium and adjoining training facilities in the northeast corner of their property in Rexdale, Etobicoke; this would be the presumed new home of York United and possibly house a future professional women's soccer club.


title: York United FC

text: The club's namesake and crest pays homage to The Queen's York Rangers, as well as Toronto and York Region's predecessors, York, Upper Canada and York County. The crest's shape is derived from that of The Queen's York Rangers, a Canadian Army regiment based in Toronto and York Region. A blue element on top of the shield symbolizes Lake Ontario, a body of water that rivers in York Region and Toronto flow into. The shield features a YU monogram and nine vertical stripes, a nod to the club's nickname "The Nine Stripes". A crown at the top of the shield represents Canada's monarchical history. A trillium and a maple leaf are incorporated into the crown's design, with the former representing Ontario.


title: York United FC

text: The club's colours are dark green, dark blue, white, and gold, taken from the coat of arms of York, Toronto, a former city that was later amalgamated into the new City of Toronto in 1998. Unlike the majority of clubs in the CPL, York typically uses home kits that are primarily white.


title: York United FC

text: The club used its original branding while it was known as York9 FC, between 2018 and 2020. The main feature of the crest's design was nine beams at the top of the crest, one for each municipality in York Region. The upward angle of the bars is a nod to the region's motto "Ontario's Rising Star". A white trillium at the base of the crest recognized Ontario, the province's floral emblem since 1937.


title: York United FC

text: The official club colours were light green, grey, and black (branded by the club as "electric green", "charcoal grey", and "black on black"). These colours symbolized the region's nature (in tandem with the club's environmental focus) and Black Creek.


title: York United FC

text: Much more so than other CPL teams, York is a club which relies heavily on data and analytics to make decisions.


title: York United FC

text: A supporters' group called Generation IX was present at the club's launch event. Prior to the team's second season in 2020, two new supporters' groups formed: a student supporters' group based out of York University called The Green Lions and a female-led supporters' group called Dames of York.


title: York United FC

text: Three new supporters' groups, Centre of the Universe, The Northern Corridor, and Eastenders 416, were formed in 2021.


title: York United FC

text: York United has a geographic rivalry with Forge FC in nearby Hamilton. As both towns use the 905 area code, it was used to name the derby between the league's closest teams. On January 29, 2019, the Canadian Premier League announced that the inaugural match of the league was going to be a 905 Derby on April 27, 2019, in Hamilton. The match ended in a 1–1 draw.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: The Urbz: Sims in the City is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Nintendo DS. It is the third "Sims" game for video game consoles and is the second Sims game not to be released on Microsoft Windows; after a planned PC port and sequel were both cancelled due to mediocre sales. The next release for consoles and handhelds was the console port of "The Sims 2".


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: For the console versions of the game, music group The Black Eyed Peas provided several music scores which were translated into Simlish; they also appeared as guest Urbz in the game.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: The Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS version has its own storyline, which is a sequel to the handheld version of "The Sims Bustin' Out" (2003).


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: In the console version of the game, the protagonist of the story moves from their mother's house to Simcity, where they move into an apartment in the city. In the intro, the protagonist decides to go clubbing. Once the protagonist gets to the club, they are refused entry due to failing at performing a dance move. However, will.i.am of the Black Eyed Peas, along with the other members of the band, arrive at the club and help the protagonist enter. After the intro, a few days later the protagonist goes home and is greeted by Will and his friend Darius, who is the most popular person in SimCity. After showing off their guitar moves, Darius welcomes the protagonist to the city and they leave. Later on, it is discovered that Darius is missing parts from his secret machine. He promises the protagonist that if they find the parts, he will have a special surprise for them. After defeating the villains in the game's districts, the protagonist is asked to come to the penthouse owned by Darius. After arriving at the penthouse, they are greeted by Darius, along with the faction bosses from the city districts, and are given a key by Darius to the penthouse. Afterwards, Darius leaves the city on his blimp to travel to Miniopolis (the setting of the handheld version of the game).


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: The handheld version of the game plays as a sequel to the Game Boy Advance and N-Gage releases of "The Sims Bustin' Out". Unlike the console versions, the Black Eyed Peas do not appear in this game. The protagonist, who recently arrived in the city from Simvalley, is fired after the owner of King Tower sells the tower to Daddy Bigbucks. After a failed attempt to steal a key from Lily Gates, the assistant of Daddy Bigbucks, the player is arrested and taken to jail. After convincing the city sheriff to let the player go, they are put on probation and prohibited from leaving the Urban area of the city. After doing certain tasks, they are recruited by Grandma Hattie to lead a strike to open the city bridges to Sim Quarter. Afterwards, they are knocked off of a ship by Bigbucks and wash up in the Bayou, where the player is mistaken by its inhabitants, The Bayou twins, as a vampire. The twins help the player get home, however, one of the twins is bitten by a vampire and turns into one. Upon the player's return to Sim Quarter, they are informed by Grandma Hattie that Daddy Bigbucks took over the city and has outlawed running. She then gives the player a cookbook in order to help them make chocolate, which cures the bayou twin's vampirism. Later on, the protagonist and Grandma Hattie are arrested for running, but are let go by the Sheriff. Eventually, the protagonist arrives in Glasstown and finds the original King Tower owner, Mr.King. The player discovers that Daddy Bigbucks has built a time machine to stake a claim to land in the past, so that he will own it in the present. With the help of Ewan Watahmee and Sue Pirnova, the player makes their own time machine and uses it to thwart his plans. Daddy Bigbucks is banished to an island outside of the city, and a lifelike statue of the protagonist is built in the city center.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: Development of the console version of the game was carried out by Maxis from 2002 to 2004. It was initially planned to be the first "Sims" game on consoles, however, Edge of Reality developed a remake of the original game for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube and it was released in 2002. Maxis then split the "Urbz" team in two. One team focused on the development of a console sequel to the console version of "The Sims", which eventually became "The Sims Bustin' Out" and released in 2003 on the PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube consoles, with a version developed for the Game Boy Advance and Nokia NGage by Griptonite Games (who would also develop "The Urbz" portable), while the other focused on "The Urbz". During development, Electronic Arts wanted to get the game some more publicity, so the electronic arts division, EA Trax, contracted with The Black Eyed Peas, who at that time had recently shot to mainstream fame after their recruitment of Fergie and release of "Elephunk". The Black Eyed Peas recorded a majority of the game's soundtrack, producing new songs exclusive to "The Urbz", while also recording Simlish versions of "Shut Up" and "Let's Get It Started", both of which appeared on "Elephunk". The game went gold in June 2004 and was shipped to stores in late November 2004.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: According to a former Maxis employee, an "Urbz 2", as well as a PC port of "The Urbz", were both planned if the game was successful. Electronic Arts wanted "The Urbz" to be a spinoff breakout series, similar to how "The Sims" was a spinoff breakout series of "SimCity". Unfortunately, the game did not sell as many copies as Electronic Arts had wanted, so the PC port was cancelled, and the sequel eventually was reworked into a console version of "The Sims 2", which released in 2005. Assets, as well as a logo, were left over in the PlayStation 2 version of "The Sims 2" and can be viewed with a model viewer.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: The gameplay is similar to "The Sims Bustin' Out", and the objective of the console games is to go to each of nine districts and build their reputations (called "Rep" in-game). Rep is a measure of how popular a character is; as characters gain more reputation, they gain access to larger apartments and different districts. In the end, the character will have the largest apartment and be able to visit any of the districts.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: In addition to gaining Rep, the player must also make sure that his or her character has its needs fulfilled, and to increase the character's skills by playing mini-games. The amount of money Sims can make at the various jobs in each of the districts is determined by what skills they've leveled up. As they progress through the game, players will get messages for rent from Darius, the Sim with the highest rep in the city, and get programmed messages to their XAM. Other challenges, like helping Urbz, gain the player income.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: The player will be given different tasks depending on the district they are in. The tasks are varied in nature, including fulfilling needs, furnishing an apartment, building reputation, mastering a job, making friends, tagging an object, and helping others.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: The handheld versions are played as an adventure game, similar to the handheld releases of "The Sims Bustin' Out", and give the player direct control of the character "Urb". The goal of the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance versions is to complete the five missions included. The versions are largely similar, but the Nintendo DS version includes an additional, exclusive mission and location that is not found on the Game Boy Advance version. Like the other games of "The Sims" franchise, an Urb has eight basic needs. In order to succeed in the handheld versions of this game, these needs must be kept high and steady.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: There are four different "Rep Groups" in the game: Richies, Artsies, Streeties and Nerdies. The player is assigned to one in the beginning of the game, but it can later be changed with the completion of certain objectives.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: There are three districts that can be unlocked upon completing certain sets of goals. Once the player has beaten the game, they are free to live in any of the houses or apartments in the game so long as they have enough money.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: The "Urbz" console soundtrack was released digitally on last.fm as an album for download in March 2007. Most of the game's soundtrack is present; however, due to licensing issues with A&M Records, music recorded by hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas was not present on the album. A physical release was planned by EA, but was cancelled after poor sales of the game.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

text: The game received "average" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the handheld versions were ported for release on December 2, 2004, followed by the GameCube and PlayStation 2 versions on January 13, 2005, "Famitsu" gave it a score of 29 out of 40 for the Game Boy Advance version, 28 out of 40 for the DS version, and 26 out of 40 each for the latter two console versions.


title: Boruto: Naruto Next Generations (episodes 1–52)

text: "" is a Japanese anime series based on the manga series of the same name and is a spin-off of and sequel to Masashi Kishimoto's "Naruto". It is produced by Pierrot and broadcast on TV Tokyo. The anime is directed by Noriyuki Abe (Chief Director) (#1–104), and Hiroyuki Yamashita (#1–66) and is written by Makoto Uezu (#1–66) and Masaya Honda (#67–). Former manga writer Ukyō Kodachi supervised the story until episode 216.


text: "Boruto" follows the exploits of Naruto Uzumaki's son Boruto and his comrades from the Hidden Leaf Village's ninja academy while finding a path to follow once they grow up. Despite being based on the manga, the anime explores original storylines and adaptations of the spin-off manga, ""; ""; as well as the "Naruto Shinden" light novel series.


text: It premiered on TV Tokyo on April 5, 2017 and aired every Wednesday at 5:55 PM JST. The series is also being released in DVDs. Viz Media licensed the series on March 23, 2017 to simulcast it on Hulu, and on Crunchyroll.


text: In the United States, the English dub made its premiere on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block on September 29, 2018. Adult Swim removed the series from the block's rotation after episode 52 on October 20, 2019. Adult Swim executive Jason DeMarco addressed on Twitter that they currently have no plans to bring the anime back.


text: The opening theme songs are "Baton Road" by Kana-Boon (episodes 1–26), "Over" by Little Glee Monster (episodes 27–51), and "It's All in the Game" by Qyoto (episodes 52–75).


text: The ending theme songs are "Dreamy Journey" by The Peggies (episodes 1–13), "Sayonara Moon Town" by Scenarioart (episodes 14–26), "Boku wa Hashiritsuzukeru" by Melofloat (episodes 27–39), "Denshin Tamashii" by Game Jikkyō-sha Wakuwaku Band (episodes 40–51), and "Kachō Fūgetsu" by Coalamode (episodes 52–63).


title: W. Craig Jelinek

text: Walter Craig Jelinek (born August 8, 1952) is an American businessman, president and CEO of Costco since 2012, when he succeeded the company's founder, James Sinegal.


title: W. Craig Jelinek

text: On August 8, 1952, Jelinek was born in Los Angeles, California. In 1970, Jelinek graduated from Antelope Valley High School.


title: W. Craig Jelinek

text: In 1981, Jelinek joined Lucky Stores. In 1984, he joined Costco as a warehouse manager and became CEO in 2012.


title: W. Craig Jelinek

text: In 2020, Jelinek's base salary was $1,000,000 and total compensation was $8,279,552 as per SEC filing by Costco.


title: Wes Ball

text: Wes Ball (born October 28, 1980) is an American film director, visual effects artist and graphic artist. He is best known for directing the 2014 film "The Maze Runner", based on James Dashner's novel. Ball also directed the sequel, "", which opened in theaters on September 18, 2015, and the third film, "," which opened on January 11, 2018.


title: Wes Ball

text: Ball attended Crescent City High School and graduated in 1999. He graduated from the Florida State University College of Motion Picture Arts with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 2002. In 2003, he won a Student Academy Awards Student Academy Award for his short animated film "A Work in Progress".


title: Wes Ball

text: Ball got his start as a Hollywood filmmaker with an animated short named "Ruin", which executives at 20th Century Fox saw and offered him the job to direct the adaptation to "The Maze Runner". The Maze Runner would be Ball's first feature film. Made on a budget of $34 million, the film pulled in $348 million in box office receipts. Not long after the success of the film, Ball signed a first look deal with 20th Century Fox under his OddBall Entertainment banner.


title: Wes Ball

text: Ball is attached to direct a film adaptation of "Fall of Gods", a crowdfunded illustrated novel from Denmark-based Mood Studios.


title: Wes Ball

text: In 2017, Ball was hired to direct a live-action/VFX-hybrid adaptation of "Mouse Guard", at 20th Century Fox with a script by Gary Whitta and T.S. Nowlin, while Matt Reeves, Ross Richie and Stephen Christy served as producers. Production was expected to begin in May 2019, but the project was pulled from production two weeks before filming began.


title: Wes Ball

text: In December 2019, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and Fox hired Ball to develop and direct a new film in the "Planet of the Apes" reboot series, as Matt Reeves, director of the previous two, was too busy with his film "The Batman" to return. More recently, his production company OddBall Entertainment moved to Paramount Pictures.


title: Wes Ball

text: In May 2021, Ball was set to direct "The Time Runner" a feature adaptation of the novella of the same name by Michael Sherman. In March 2022, Ball was set to produce a film based on an untitled H. G. Wells book.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: The Amazing Race Australia is an Australian adventure reality game show based on the international "Amazing Race" franchise. Following the premise of other versions of the format, the show follows teams of two as they race around the world. Each season is split into legs, with teams tasked to deduce clues, navigate themselves in foreign areas, interact with locals, perform physical and mental challenges, and travel by air, boat, car, taxi, and other modes of transport. Teams are progressively eliminated at the end of most legs for being the last to arrive at designated Pit Stops. The first team to arrive at the Finish Line wins a grand prize of A$250,000.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: The series was first aired on the Seven Network, who purchased the format rights to produce an Australian version in 2010 and (as of 2020) hold the Australian broadcast rights to the American version. The first two editions of the show aired in 2011 and 2012 were produced by activeTV, which also produced the Asian and Israeli versions of "The Amazing Race", in association with ABC Studios. Following a hiatus in 2013, a third season titled "The Amazing Race Australia v New Zealand", which included New Zealand teams, aired in 2014 and was produced in-house by the network's own Seven Productions. The show aired in New Zealand on TV2. The host for Seven's iteration the show was actor Grant Bowler. Seven's iteration of the show was not renewed for a fourth season.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: In June 2019, it was announced the series would be revived by Network 10. 10's iteration of the show is produced by Eureka Productions and hosted by former rugby league footballer Beau Ryan. The first edition of 10's iteration, and the fourth season overall, aired in late 2019. 10's second and the fifth season overall aired in 2021 and was set in Australia, following international travel restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 10's third and the sixth season overall aired in 2022 and returned to the regular global travel format.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: "The Amazing Race Australia" is a reality television competition between teams of two in a race around the world. Each season is divided into a number of legs wherein teams travel and complete various tasks to obtain "clues" to help them progress to a Pit Stop where teams are given a chance to rest and recover before starting the next leg. The first team to arrive at a Pit Stop is often awarded a small prize while the last team is normally eliminated (except in non-elimination legs, where the last team to arrive may be penalised in the following leg). The final leg is run by the last three remaining teams, and the first to arrive at the final destination wins the 250,000 cash prize.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: Each team is composed of two individuals who have some type of relationship to each other. A total of 86 participants have joined "The Amazing Race Australia".


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: Route Markers are yellow and red flags that mark the places where teams must go. Most Route Markers are attached to the boxes that contain clue envelopes, but some may mark the place where the teams must go in order to complete tasks, or may be used to line a course that the teams must follow.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: Route markers were, however, coloured yellow and green in the second leg of the inaugural season to avoid confusion with the flag of South Vietnam. The route markers were not changed for a visit to Vietnam during the 4th season.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: Clues are found throughout the competition in sealed envelopes, normally inside clue boxes. They give teams the information they need and tasks they need to do in order for them to progress.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: At the beginning of each leg, teams receive an allowance of cash, typically in Australian dollars, to cover expenses during the competition (except for the purchase of airline tickets, which are paid for by credit cards provided by the show).


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: Teams then have to follow clues and Route Markers that will lead them to the various destinations and tasks they will face. Modes of travel between these destinations include commercial and chartered aeroplanes, boats, trains, taxis, buses, and rented vehicles provided by the show, or the teams may simply travel by foot. Each leg ends with a twelve-hour Pit Stop where teams are able to rest and where teams that arrives last are progressively eliminated until only three teams remain. Most legs comprise three or more challenges, often a Roadblock, Detour and a Route Info task. The first teams to arrive at the Pit Stop win prizes, usually from the show's sponsors.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: Each season has a number of predetermined non-elimination legs, in which the last team to arrive at the Pit Stop is not eliminated and is allowed to continue on the competition. However, that team is penalised for the next leg


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: Marathon legs occur when teams are instructed to go to the next Pit Stop but actually must continue racing without a mandatory rest period. The clue to the Pit Stop says "Grant/Beau Awaits" with no mention of elimination. It occurred once every season for Seven's iteration of the series. This was later brought into Network 10's second season.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: Most penalties are adapted from the American version but sometimes the show will use its own rules. The rules may vary between seasons of the show. Given the large difference in rules between the original network 7 iterations (seasons 1–3) and the Network 10 iteration (season 4–present), the rules for both iterations are listed separately.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: The first season premiered in May 2011 and ended in August 2011. The second season premiered in May 2012 and ended in August 2012. The casting for a third season began in August 2012, however, it was notably absent when the network revealed its 2013 schedule in October. A 2013 edition of the show was replaced by an unsuccessful revival of "The Mole". A new edition was launched in August 2014, involving teams from New Zealand and titled "The Amazing Race Australia v New Zealand".


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: In May 2019, a casting call for a new "Adventure Travel Competition" led to speculation that "The Amazing Race Australia" was being revived. At the time, the only information known about the series was that it would be produced by Eureka Productions and that, like the "Australia v New Zealand" edition, applications were open to Australian and New Zealand citizens and permanent residents. In late May, it was reported by blog "TVBlackbox" that the casting call was indeed for an "Amazing Race Australia" revival with Network 10 commissioning the reboot. In late June, Network 10 announced the revival of "The Amazing Race Australia" with a new season set to air in late 2019.


title: The Amazing Race Australia

text: The first season of "The Amazing Race Australia" visited four continents in total (three excluding Australia). Season two extended the racecourse to North America, and season three was the first time in South America as well as a visit to Oceania outside Australia. "The Amazing Race Australia" has yet to visit Antarctica.


title: Shoelace formula

text: The shoelace formula, shoelace algorithm, or shoelace method (also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula) is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. It is called the shoelace formula because of the constant cross-multiplying for the coordinates making up the polygon, like threading shoelaces. It has applications in surveying and forestry, among other areas.


title: Shoelace formula

text: The formula was described by Albrecht Ludwig Friedrich Meister (1724–1788) in 1769 and is based on the trapezoid formula which was described by Carl Friedrich Gauss and C.G.J. Jacobi. The triangle form of the area formula can be considered to be a special case of Green's theorem.


title: Shoelace formula

text: The area formula can also be applied to self-overlapping polygons since the meaning of area is still clear even though self-overlapping polygons are not generally simple. Furthermore, a self-overlapping polygon can have multiple "interpretations" but the Shoelace formula can be used to show that the polygon's area is the same regardless of the interpretation.


title: Shoelace formula

text: "Given:" A planar simple polygon with a "positively oriented" (counter clock wise) sequence of points formula_1 in a Cartesian coordinate system.


title: Shoelace formula

text: The area of the given polygon can be expressed by a variety of formulas, which are connected by simple operations (see below):


title: Shoelace formula

text: If the polygon is "negatively oriented", then the result formula_3 of the formulas is negative. In any case formula_4 is the sought area of the polygon.


title: Shoelace formula

text: The trapezoid formula sums up a sequence of oriented areas formula_5 of trapezoids with formula_6 as one of its four edges (see below):


title: Shoelace formula

text: The determinant formulas are the base of the popular "shoelace formula", which is a scheme, that optimizes the calculation of the sum of the 2×2-Determinants by hand:


title: Shoelace formula

text: A particularly concise statement of the formula can be given in terms of the exterior algebra. If formula_14 are the


title: Shoelace formula

text: The advantage of the shoelace form: Only 6 columns have to be written for calculating the 5 determinants with 10 columns.


title: Shoelace formula

text: In case of formula_21 the number formula_8 is negative, otherwise positive or formula_23 if formula_24. In the diagram the orientation of an edge is shown by an arrow. The color shows the sign of formula_8: red means formula_26, green indicates formula_27. In the first case the trapezoid is called "negative" in the second case "positive". The negative trapezoids delete those parts of positive trapezoids, which are outside the polygon. In case of a convex polygon (in the diagram the upper example) this is obvious: The polygon area is the sum of the areas of the positive trapezoids (green edges) minus the areas of the negative trapezoids (red edges). In the non convex case one has to consider the situation more


title: Shoelace formula

text: Because one half of the i-th determinant is the oriented area of the triangle formula_32 this version of the area formula is called "triangle form".


title: Shoelace formula

text: Alternatively, this is a special case of Green's theorem with one function set to 0 and the other set to x, such that the area is the integral of xdy along the boundary.


title: Shoelace formula

text: formula_40 indicates the oriented area of the simple polygon formula_41 with formula_42 (see above). formula_3 is positive/negative if the orientation of the polygon is positive/negative. From the triangle form of the area formula or the diagram below one observes for formula_44:


title: Shoelace formula

text: In higher dimensions the area of a polygon can be calculated from its vertices using the exterior algebra form of the Shoelace formula (e.g. in 3d, the sum of successive cross products):formula_69(when the vertices are not coplanar this computes the vector area enclosed by the loop, i.e. the projected area or "shadow" in the plane in which it is greatest).


title: Shoelace formula

text: This formulation can also be generalized to calculate the volume of an n-dimensional polytope from the coordinates of its vertices, or more accurately, from its hypersurface mesh. For example, the volume of a 3-dimensional polyhedron can be found by triangulating its surface mesh and summing the signed volumes of the tetrahedra formed by each surface triangle and the origin:formula_70where the sum is over the faces and care has to be taken to order the vertices consistently (all clockwise or anticlockwise viewed from outside the polyhedron). Alternatively, an expression in terms of the face areas and surface normals may be derived using the divergence theorem (see Polyhedron § Volume).


title: Sagar Mala project

text: The Sagarmala Programme () is an initiative by the Government of India to enhance the performance of the country's logistics sector. The programme envisages unlocking the potential of waterways and the coastline to minimize infrastructural investments required to meet these targets.


title: Sagar Mala project

text: It entails investing (2018) to set up new mega ports, modernizing India's existing ports, developing of 14 Coastal Economic Zones (CEZs) and Coastal Economic Units, enhancing port connectivity via road, rail, multi-modal logistics parks, pipelines & waterways and promoting coastal community development, with the aim of boosting merchandise exports by billion and generating around 10 million direct and indirect jobs.


title: Sagar Mala project

text: The Sagarmala Programme is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways to promote port-led development in the country by exploiting India's 7,517 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and its strategic location on key international maritime trade routes. Sagarmala aims to modernize India's Ports, so that port-led development can be augmented and coastlines can be developed to contribute to India's growth. It also aims at "transforming the existing Ports into modern world-class Ports and integrate the development of the Ports, the Industrial clusters and hinterland and efficient evacuation systems through road, rail, inland and coastal waterways resulting in Ports becoming the drivers of economic activity in coastal areas."


title: Sagar Mala project

text: The Sagarmala Programme was originally mooted by the National Democratic Alliance government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2003 as the maritime equivalent to the Golden Quadrilateral, another project under his government in the roads and highways sector. The Programme aimed to exploit India's vast coastlines and industrial waterways to drive industrial development. It was approved by the cabinet in March 2015.


title: Sagar Mala project

text: The National Sagarmala Apex Committee (NSAC) is composed of the Minister of Shipping with Cabinet Ministers from stakeholder ministries and ministers in charge of ports in India's maritime states. The NSAC approved the overall "National Perspective Plan (NPP)" and regularly reviews the progress of implementation of these plans.


title: Sagar Mala project

text: To assist in the implementation of Sagarmala projects, the Sagarmala Development Company Limited (SDCL) was incorporated on 31 August 2016, after receiving Cabinet approval on 20 July 2016, for providing funding support to project SPVs and projects in-line with Sagarmala objectives. Additionally, SDCL is also in the process of preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPRs) and feasibility studies for specific projects that could provide avenues for future equity investment by the company. The Sagarmala Development Company was incorporated after approval from the Indian Cabinet on 20 July 2016 with an initial authorized share capital of crore and subscribed share capital of crore, to give a push to port-led development. The present subscribed share capital of SDCL is crore.


title: Sagar Mala project

text: The Indian Port Rail & Ropeway Corporation Limited (IPRCL) was incorporated on 10 July 2015 to undertake the port-rail connectivity projects under Sagarmala Programme.


title: Sagar Mala project

text: Inland & Coastal Shipping Ltd. (ICSL), SCI’s wholly owned subsidiary was incorporated in 2016 after Maritime India summit for undertaking/providing transport services through Inland waterways, coastal shipping and end to end logistics. ICSL and IWAI signed a historic Memorandum of Understanding on 22nd Jan’21 for operations and management of three IWAI cargo vessels i.e. MV Rabindranath Tagore, MV Lal Bahadur Shastri and MV Homi Bhabha. MV Rabindranath Tagore & MV Lal Bahadur Shastri have been taken over by ICSL on 22nd Jan’21 and 26th Feb’21 respectively.


title: Sagar Mala project

text: The Sagarmala National Perspective Plan was released by the Prime Minister on 14 April 2016 at the maiden Maritime India Summit 2016, with details on Project Plan and Implementation.


title: Sagar Mala project

text: Under Sagarmala Programme, 577 projects, at an estimated investment of approximately , have been identified across port modernization & new port development, port connectivity enhancement, port-linked coastal economic zone industrialization and coastal community development for phase wise implementation over the period 2015 to 2035. As per the approved implementation plan of Sagarmala scheme, these projects are to be taken up by the relevant Central Ministries/Agencies and State Governments preferably through private/PPP mode. The details are as below.