title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: For most of its history, Greece had two distinct national flags which co-existed: a simple blue field with a white cross for use as a national flag on land, and a more complex design featuring nine blue and white stripes with a white cross on a blue field in the canton, for use on ships (ensign) and on land when displayed abroad. Those flags were first adopted in 1822 during the Greek War of Independence. With the collapse of the monarchy and the creation of the Second Republic, all national symbols of Greece were modified to reflect a change to republican rule. The flags in particular saw the removal of the crowns, which had been placed in the middle of the white cross since 1863, while the national emblem was stripped of its mantle and pavilion, as well as its supporters, down to a simple escutcheon bearing a Greek cross. The blue and white colours were thought to symbolise the colour of the sky and the waves.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: During the short-lived dictatorship of Theodoros Pangalos four symbols were added to the national emblem in the four quarters created by the cross: the head of Athena, symbolising the ancient Greek period; a helmet and spear, symbolising the Hellenistic period; a double-headed eagle, symbolising the Byzantine period; and a Phoenix rising from its ashes, symbolising the modern Greek period. A wreath of oak and laurel surrounded the emblem, symbolising power and glory respectively. This particular emblem was criticised for being inappropriate and violating heraldic rules before being replaced by the simple shield following the fall of Pangalos' dictatorship.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The peacetime organisation of the Hellenic Army in 1930 was made up of 10 Divisions organised in 4 Corps, with two of the divisions being independent, while an additional brigade was stationed in the Archipelago. The organisation of the Army differed from its wartime composition; not all divisions had artillery support units during peacetime, for example. In 1933 the Hellenic Navy was made up of 2 battleships (Kilkis and Lemnos; both docked permanently), 1 armoured cruiser (Georgios Averof), 1 cruiser (Elli), 12 destroyers, 9 torpedo boats, 6 submarines, 2 fast attack craft, and 9 auxiliary support vessels. A Ministry of Aviation was established in 1930 to consolidate the Air Force, and in 1933 the Hellenic Air Force was made up of 5 air bases, each with 2 squadrons (usually), and utilised Breguet 19, Potez 25, Hawker Horsley, Greek-built "Velos", and Fairey III planes. Military expenditures accounted for ₯2.04 billion in 1935; 18.8% of total government expenditures.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Law enforcement was handled by a series of different bodies, including the Hellenic Gendarmerie (Χωροφυλακή), the Cities Police (Ἀστυνομία Πόλεων), the Countryside Police (Ἀγροφυλακή), and the Forests Police (Δασοφυλακή).


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: According to the University of Groningen's Maddison Project, Greece's GDP in 1924 stood at $23.72 billion (in 2011 value; $ billion in today's value). Economic growth between 1924 and 1935 stood at an average of 2.96%. Broken down, between 1924 and 1929 growth stood at 3.52%, during the Great Depression at –3.23%, and between 1932 and 1935 at an average of 5.24%. By 1935 GDP had risen to $32.41 billion (in 2011 value; $ billion in today's value). GDP per capita stood at $3,957 in 1924 and $4,771 by the end of the republic in 1935, putting Greece in a comparable position to Spain and much better off than its neighbours. Contemporaneous accounts put the gross national income during the Great Depression at ₯41 billion in 1929, ₯37 billion in 1930 (down 10%), and ₯30 billion in 1931 (down 30%).


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The labour force in the Census of 1928 is shown as overwhelmingly agricultural and male-dominated. Unemployment among men stood at 16.8% according to the census of 1928 while 68% of women stated they did not work. Trade unionism, though legal, was actively discouraged by the government and some 3,000 labour activists were sent to internal exile in the period 19291936.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The complexity of the tax code of the era made it difficult to determine the average tax rate imposed on income, however the Great Greek Encyclopedia notes that the tax burden in Greece was the highest in the Balkans, approaching the levels seen in wealthy western European nations, bringing in the estimated equivalent of 25.66% of total gross national income in tax revenue in 19321933. Property tax ranged from 4% to 11%, but with the addition of further taxes could reach over 27%, while salaries were taxed at rates between 6% and 21%. Certain commodities were heavily taxed, including sugar (269.0%), coffee (91.7%), tea (79.3%), and wheat (80.79%) among others. Additionally, certain industries were state monopolies whose proceeds went to financing the national debt. These encompassed the production of salt, petrol, matches, playing cards, rolling paper, saccharin (artificial sugar), and narcotics. Together these industries contributed ₯742 million to the economy in 1934 alone (8% of total revenues).


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The agricultural nature of Greece's economy was reflected in its exports. In 1933 over 85% of Greece's exports in terms of value were agricultural, with the largest share of exports being raw tobacco (₯738 million). The Great Depression had a big impact on the prices of luxury products such as tobacco and raisins, which were the bulk of Greece's agricultural exports, and the collapse of prices hit exports such as tobacco hard. While in 1933 the country exported 34,743 tons of tobacco worth ₯738 million (₯20,000 per ton), it exported 50,055 tons worth ₯3.95 billion (₯80,000 per ton) before the crisis.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Governments during the Second Republic enacted numerous protectionist policies aimed at reducing Greece's negative balance of trade by £7 million (£ million in today's value), something which was ultimately achieved and greatly benefited the domestic industrial economy. When the Republic was established, more than two thirds of the country's wheat requirement had to be imported from abroad; by the fall of the Republic this had reverted and Greece was practically self-sustaining in terms of wheat thanks to tariffs established by the government and incentives given for the cultivation of wheat. Ultimately however falling prices during the Great Depression had a bigger impact in improving the trading position of the country than protectionist policies did.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: There were three free economic zones in the country, the Port of Thessaloniki (established 1914), the Port of Piraeus (established 1930), and the Serbian free port contained within the Port of Thessaloniki (imposed on Greece by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1913). Trends at the Port of Thessaloniki show a big decline in imports between 1926 and 1933, from to , and a large increase in exports during the same period, from to , peaking at in 1927. The annual Thessaloniki International Fair was also inaugurated in 1927, with over 1,600 participating companies from numerous countries in 1933, and great economic benefit to Northern Greece.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: In the early years of the Republic, the government of Alexandros Zaimis took a loan from British banks that totalled £9 million (£ million in today's value) intended for land reclamation and improvement (primarily in the northern regions). The conditions for this loan, however, stipulated that Greece had to stabilise its currency (the Greek drachma) by adopting the gold standard and by establishing a central bank to oversee economic policy. A further loan for £4 million (£ million in today's value) in order to carry out public works was taken in 1928. In May 1928 the Bank of Greece was established, revoking the National Bank of Greece's rights to print currency much to the dissatisfaction of the NBG. A similar dispute erupted again in 1929, when the Greek government decided to establish the Agricultural Bank of Greece and revoke the NBG's rights to give out agricultural loans.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The reforms brought about by the government changed the face of the Greek banking sector, and although the Agricultural Bank sustained the Greek rural economy through two years of hardship between 1931 and 1932 by issuing loans totalling ₯1.3 billion, the National Bank of Greece dominated the industrial and manufacturing sectors.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: One of the main electoral promises made by Venizelos during his campaign for the Premiership in 1928 was to change the face of Greece in four years by funding large-scale infrastructure projects aimed at increasing production. This was largely achieved by his government, and between 1929 and 1938 Greece had industrial growth rates that averaged between 5.11% and 5.73%, ranking the country third in the world behind Japan and the Soviet Union. By 1926, Greece's light industry supplied 76.4% of the country's demand, while heavy industry was almost non-existent. Between 1923 and 1932 the Greek government borrowed ₯950 million which was channelled to infrastructure projects, while another ₯600 million was lent to private enterprises. Overall successive governments under the Second Republic borrowed over ₯6.6 billion from within the country in the period 19241929, either through loans with Greek banks or through the forced exchange of banknotes for interest-gaining floating rate notes.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: As of 1933 there were 30 banks in the country, 5 of which were foreign banks. The total capitalisation of the banking sector stood at ₯3.49 billion in the same year; the same banks held ₯18.84 billion in deposits.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: In 1928 the Venizelos government had a number of economic concerns to worry about, however the government budget and general economic situation gave some hope. Between 1928 and 1931 three consecutive budgets had shown a surplus, unemployment was kept at a safe level and the national debt was reduced by 11%. On 21 September 1931 however the United Kingdom abandoned the gold standard and the crisis hit Greece. By 27 September 1931 the run on the banks had caused the Bank of Greece to lose $3.6 million of its foreign reserves ($ million in today's value).


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The following couple of years were grim for the Greek economy as it entered recession along with the rest of the global economy. In early 1932 Venizelos asked the League of Nations for a loan of $50 million ($ million in today's value) in order to help the Greek economy, but the loan was denied. Faced with insolvency, Greece abandoned the gold standard and defaulted on its debts on 25 April 1932. The Greek drachma was devalued by 62% against the dollar, foreign trade contracted by 61.5% compared to 1929 and tobacco production was reduced by 81.0%. However, the Venizelos government's policies secured a steady flow of credit for the Bank of Greece and thus averted a collapse of the banking system, which had occurred in most other European countries as well as the United States. Nevertheless, Greece declared bankruptcy for the fourth time in its history in 1932, ceasing to make payments on its international loans, some of which dated as far back as the 1820s. A compromise with the country's lenders was reached in 1935 and payments resumed thereafter until being suspended again with the outbreak of the Second World War. Capital controls were also implemented in that period.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Under the Second Republic, the Greek drachma (sign: ₯, Δρ or Δρχ) continued to exist as the national currency. As part of the government's efforts to reform the banking system (see above), the Bank of Greece was established in 1928. Following this move, Greece's largest commercial bank, the National Bank of Greece, could no longer print currency. In addition, Greece joined the gold standard on 14 May 1928 and the Drachma was "de facto" stabilised at an exchange rate of £1 to ₯375 ±₯2.5. This put an end to the spiralling devaluation of the Drachma, whose exchange rate to the Pound had dropped from ₯25 per £1 in 1919 to ₯309 in 1924 and slightly up to ₯247 in 1927. The value of currency in circulation steadily increased during the Second Republic, reaching ₯5.6 billion in 1935. The first series of Banknotes issued by the Bank of Greece was also introduced in 1935, with colourful banknotes of ₯50, ₯100, and ₯1,000 printed in France.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: When Britain abandoned the Gold Standard on 21 September 1931, Greece did not follow suit. Instead, the Drachma remained in the Gold Standard but switched pegging from the Pound to the US dollar. Despite this move, the Drachma had already been under pressure and the convertibility was suspended in April 1932, when the Drachma was devalued and Greece left the Gold Standard. Following its devaluation, the Drachma was the second least-valued currency in Europe, marginally beating the Romanian leu. For the rest of the Second Republic, Greece showed interest in joining the Gold bloc.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The systematic development of the Greek tourism industry began under the Second Republic, with the establishment of the Greek National Tourism Organization (EOT) and the Tourist Police in 1929. The creation of a national statistics agency also aided in the organised collection of reliable tourist information, while efforts by the government to regulate the quality of hotels saw an increase in accommodation standards. The EOT also created the notion of the Greek 'summer season' by offering discounts and allowances to boat, train, and air tickets. A hospitality school was founded, with staff educated in Switzerland, as well as a school for interpreters and tour guides.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Data from the year 1932 indicates that 72,102 tourists visited the country, of which approximately 18,000 were Greek nationals, who were living permanently in another country. The number continued to rise, and in 1935, the last year of the republic, tourist arrivals stood at 126,218. Data from the same year indicated that, on average, foreign nationals stayed in Greece for 18 days, compared with 101 days for Greek nationals living permanently abroad, for a total average of 31 days stay. Greeks went abroad as tourists at a much lesser frequency, with 15,562 Greeks exiting the country for tourism elsewhere, of which only a third were going abroad primarily for leisure. This was due to the devaluation of the Drachma in 1932.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The Statistical Yearbook of 1936 also gives information as to the type of tourism that the Second Republic was experiencing. Of all tourist arrivals in 1935, 61,855 (49%) were there mainly for leisure, 31,690 (25%) were tourists visiting Greek ports, 16,481 (13%) were tourists in transit, 7,124 (6%) were business tourists, 4,591 (4%) were visiting for family reasons, 1,180 (1%) were visiting students, and 887 (0.7%) for other purposes.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The total number of people in Greece numbered 6,204,684 people according to the census of 1928. This was an increase from the census of 1920 (5,536,000 people) despite the fact that Greece lost territories with an area of approximately with a population of over half a million people in the Treaty of Lausanne. Additionally, the census of the same year indicates that 1.2 million people (19% of the population of the country) registered as refugees. The census revealed that there were 3.13 million women and 3.08 million men in the country.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Urban life increased following the exchange of populations. In 1920 26% of people lived in urban centers and 74% in rural areas. In 1928 the figures had changed to 33% and 67% respectively, primarily due to the influx of refugees. Due to immigration, some cities saw tremendous growth between the censuses of 1920 and 1928, including Kavala (118%), Piraeus (85%) and Athens (54%). The rapid growth in urban populations resulted in an increase in housing demand, with Athens and Piraeus showing a shortage of 39,000 houses in 1921; to combat this the government spent considerable amounts of money on social housing. The country's principal urban centers in 1928 were:


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: A major step in the creation of a welfare state in Greece was done under the Liberal government of Eleftherios Venizelos which passed Law 5733 on 11 October 1932, creating the Social Insurance Institute (Ἵδρυμα τῶν Κοινωνικῶν Ἀσφαλίσεων, IKA). This unified the 50 or so social insurance programmes which were active in Greece at the time, some of which dated back to the 1830s, into a single state-operated system of universal social insurance comparable to those of industrialised nations. It was heavily based on the social security system of Czechoslovakia, and the International Labour Organisation was instrumental in shaping it. It would provide sick pay and workers' compensation to all those insured, but not unemployment benefits due to the complexity of unemployment welfare. Its aim was to prevent a deterioration of working conditions in a climate of increased labour unionism as well as the general improvement of working conditions at a time when the state of the labouring class was characterised by the government as "appalling". Additionally, labour legislation was considered to be an important preventive measure against the rise of communism.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The IKA would cover all those employed in Greece (regardless of citizenship) in either the public or private sector, those employed on ships under the Greek flag, Greek citizens working abroad on behalf of companies based in Greece, those involved in the administration of labour unions, and all students. Benefits would be calculated based on the insured worker's daily salary over a period of four weeks prior to the benefits being applied, from a ranging from ₯0.05 to ₯200 per day. Additionally, it had the power to invest its reserves in government securities or securities guaranteed by the state, profit-yielding real estate, or for loans intended for public works.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Despite Law 5733 being passed, the IKA was never implemented due to objections from the various insurance programmes it would have replaced. The government of Eleftherios Venizelos fell in 1934, and the government that succeeded him failed to implement the creation of the IKA as well. The Metaxas regime which came to power after the collapse of the Second Republic capitalised greatly on the creation of the IKA in a bid to win working class support, and the IKA is now considered to be one of its most long-lasting accomplishments. It was launched in November 1937. The Metaxas regime used the IKA's reserves to finance the regime's national plans, despite this being outside the remit of the original law, but did not claim to have created the IKA; rather, this was done by those wishing to glorify the regime after its fall.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Like present-day Greece, the second Republic was a relatively homogenous country, with almost 94% of the population being ethnically Greek according to the census of 1928. The census of 1928 showed that the percentage of Greeks in the country rose from 80.53% in the census of 1920 to 93.75% in the census of 1928. In the meantime the populations of the Turkish and Bulgarian communities dropped from 13.90% and 2.51% to 1.66% and 1.32%. This was because of the exchange of populations that took place in 1923 between Greece and Turkey and Bulgaria. In Macedonia, the number of non-Greeks was reduced from 48% in 1920 to 12% in 1928. The Great Greek Encyclopedia notes however that those minorities which remained in Macedonia "do not yet possess a Greek national consciousness".


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: During the years of the Republic, no significant minorities existed in the country. The largest, the Turks of Western Thrace, was the only officially recognised minority in the country and numbered approximately 103,000 people or 1.66% of the population of the country. Other ethnic groups with over 1.00% of the population were the Bulgars (1.33%) and the Jews of Salonica (1.13%). Foreign citizens accounted for an additional 1.18% of the population, while Armenians and Albanians for 0.56% and 0.40% respectively.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Migration was a big issue in Greece in the late 19th and early 20th century, with 485,936 people leaving the country for the New World between 1821 and 1932. During the Second Republic yearly transatlantic migration numbers dropped considerably, from 8,152 in 1924 to 2,821 in 1932. Overall migration figures for 1931 show net migration "to" the country, with 17,384 people relocating to Greece and 15,060 migrating abroad; in 1932 there net migration "from" the country, with 17,245 arrivals and 19,712 departures. Migration figures from that year show that the lion's share of migrants departed for the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (5,407), followed by Egypt (2,825), Romania (2,352), and the United States (2,281).


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The homogeneity of the Second Republic in terms of ethnic composition was also reflected in its languages. In the 1928 Census, 92.8% of the population listed Greek as their primary language, followed by Turkish (3.1%), and Macedonian (1.3%, listed in the Census as "Macedonoslavic"). The degree to which the Census of 1928 reflected the actual linguistic situation in Greece is debated, as internal government documents from 1932 put the number of Slavic speakers in the Florina prefecture alone at 80,000 (61%), as opposed to 81,984 for the entire country in the Census.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Additionally, there were two official varieties of the Greek language vying for supremacy in the Greek language question; the official language of the state, or Katharevousa, was a constructed language based on Attic Greek, while Demotic was the popular language and had evolved naturally from Medieval Greek. The decision to teach one or the other in schools was always controversial, and during the Second Republic the language of instruction changed numerous times: Demotic in 1923, Katharevousa in 1924, both in 1927, Demotic in 1931, and Katharevousa in 1933. After the fall of the Second Republic, the 4th of August Regime of Ioannis Metaxas brought back Demotic in 1939, only to be replaced by Katharevousa again during the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941. Standard Modern Greek finally won the debate only in 1976, becoming the sole official language and overcoming the hurdle to intellectual and scientific advancement that the state of diglossia had imposed upon the country since its creation.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Beginning in 1925 the government introduced an alphabet book, called the Abecedar, for the country's Slavic-speaking minority as part of its obligations towards Bulgaria from the Treaty of Sèvres. The book was based on the dialect of Florina (Lerin in the Slavic tongues), and used the Latin rather than the Cyrillic alphabet. The Ministry of Education described it as a textbook for "the children of Slav speakers in Greece [...] printed in the Latin script and compiled in the Macedonian dialect". This proved controversial not only in Greece, but also in Serbia and Bulgaria. The Abecedar was eventually withdrawn, and never reached classrooms.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: Literacy of persons aged 8+ in Greece stood at 59% in 1928, with a sharp contrast between men (77%) and women (42%). Literacy rates also varied widely between regions, ranging from 66% for Central Greece & Euboea and 63% for the Aegean islands, to 50% for Epirus and 39% for Thrace.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: To remedy this, the government of Eleftherios Venizelos began an ambitious school-building program spanning 1928 to 1932. Twice as many schools were built in four years than had been built between 1828 and 1928; 3,167 schools with 8,200 classrooms were constructed at a cost of ₯1.5 billion. The investment was financed in part by a £1 million loan from a Swedish bank (£ million in today's value), and through the country's budget surplus. A welcome side effect of the building program were the more hygienic conditions in schools, which contributed to the decline of ill students as a percentage of the total student population from 24.5% in 1926–1927 to 18.2% in 1931–1932. The number of students in public primary education, meanwhile, grew from 655,839 in 1928 to 864,401 in 1934.


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: By the end of the Republic, Greece's public educational infrastructure included 545 nurseries, 7,764 primary schools, 399 secondary schools, and 7 institutions of higher education (including 3 universities: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and the National Technical University of Athens).


title: Second Hellenic Republic

text: The following are publicly available primary sources relating to the era of the Second Hellenic Republic, in the Greek language, primarily in the form of statistical yearbooks. These aimed to "provide a picture of life in Greece through numbers".


title: Port-aux-Français

text: Port-aux-Français is the main settlement of the Kerguelen Islands, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, in the south Indian Ocean.


title: Port-aux-Français

text: The settlement is located on the shore of the Gulf of Morbihan. About 45 residents spend the winter there; the group can reach over 120 people in summer. The place was chosen in 1949 by the head of mission Pierre Sicaud because of its sheltered location which was suitable for the construction of an air runway, though this was never built.


title: Port-aux-Français

text: From 1955 to 1957, a French slaughterhouse company, SIDAP, built an elephant seal processing plant equipped with Australian machinery. The factory opened its doors just after the wedding of the director, Marc Péchenart, and Martine Raulin on 16 December 1957. This was the first marriage ever celebrated on the islands. The factory closed in 1960, and the equipment was sent to Réunion in 2005.


title: Port-aux-Français

text: Port-aux-Français has a shallow seaport which allows the unloading of supply ships (usually the "Marion Dufresne") with barges shuttling to the quay.


title: Port-aux-Français

text: The settlement, in addition to the logistical facilities for its own operation, hosts scientific laboratories (biology, geophysics), technical stations (such as meteorology, telecommunications and satellite tracking), a cinema and a small medical centre. There is also a small Catholic ChurchNotre-Dame des Ventsin the settlement.


title: Port-aux-Français

text: The base of Port-aux-Français is equipped with a marigraphic station, having three measuring devices:


title: Port-aux-Français

text: The two marigraphs and the radar send data to a local server, which relays them hourly to the Internet via the Argos satellite system.


title: Port-aux-Français

text: Port-aux-Français has an ocean-moderated (Köppen climate classification "ET"). Temperatures (without windchill) tend to remain fairly stable throughout the year, rarely reaching over or falling below . The average temperature in February, the warmest month, is with a maximum of during the day and during the night. In winter, July and August are the coldest months, averaging during the day and at night.


title: Port-aux-Français

text: Snowfall is possible in all months, though more common in winter. The climate is windier than in most places, with a recorded gust of .


title: Port-aux-Français

text: The lowest recorded temperature was on 11 August 2014, which beats the old record of set in June 1953.


title: Chris Philp

text: Christopher Ian Brian Mynott Philp (born 6 July 1976) is a British politician serving as Minister of State for Crime, Policing and Fire since October 2022. He served as Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General in October 2022. A member of the Conservative Party, he has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Croydon South since May 2015.


title: Chris Philp

text: In August 2019, he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Chancellor of the Exchequer Sajid Javid. In September 2019, he was appointed by Prime Minister Boris Johnson as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Ministry of Justice and in February 2020 at the Home Office. He was also briefly the Minister for London from December 2019 to February 2020. He was moved to the position of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Tech and the Digital Economy by Johnson in the September 2021 reshuffle. He resigned from this post during the July 2022 government crisis. After Johnson resigned in July 2022, Philp supported Liz Truss’s bid to become Conservative leader. Following Truss's appointment as Prime Minister, she appointed Philp as Chief Secretary to the Treasury in September 2022. When Kwasi Kwarteng was dismissed as Chancellor in October 2022, Philp was replaced as Chief Secretary to the Treasury by Edward Argar and in turn succeeded Argar as Paymaster General.


title: Chris Philp

text: Philp attended the selective St Olave's Grammar School in Orpington, Kent, and then studied physics at University College, Oxford. In 1996 he was editor of the Oxford University student newspaper, "Cherwell".


title: Chris Philp

text: Philp worked for McKinsey & Company before co-founding distribution business Blueheath Holdings, in 2000. It was floated on the AIM before merging with Booker Cash & Carry as part of the Booker Group in a £375 million deal.


title: Chris Philp

text: With fellow future Conservative Party MP Sam Gyimah, he founded Clearstone Training and Recruitment Limited, an HGV training provider, which went into liquidation owing nearly 4 million to its customers, many of which were long term unemployed.. Philp also founded property development lender Pluto Finance and Moreof Silverstone, which are registered in Jersey. He founded the charity 'The Next Big Thing' which was dissolved owing to insufficient funds.


title: Chris Philp

text: Philp was Chairman of the Bow Group, a Conservative Party think tank, from 2004 to 2005. Philp defeated the Labour Leader of Camden Council to become a councillor in the Gospel Oak ward of Camden in May 2006 with a swing of over 10%, the first Conservative to win the ward in over 20 years. He did not stand at the 2010 local elections.


title: Chris Philp

text: At the 2010 general election, Philp was the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Hampstead and Kilburn, losing by 42 votes to Labour's sitting MP Glenda Jackson, but increasing the Conservative vote share by nearly 10 percentage points compared to the previous election.


title: Chris Philp

text: Philp's book "Conservative Revival: Blueprint for a Better Britain" was published in conjunction with the Bow Group and was co-authored by 10 Conservative MPs, or recent candidates in their 30s, and with a foreword written by David Cameron, the then Leader of the Opposition. Philp was also the author of "Work for the Dole: A proposal to fix welfare dependency", published by The Taxpayers' Alliance in September 2013. His report called for mandatory participation in community work and training in return for the continued payment of benefits payments.


title: Chris Philp

text: In November 2013, Philp was selected to be the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Croydon South. The seat was held by the Conservative MP Richard Ottaway, who was retiring at the next general election. On 7 May 2015, Philp was elected as the Member of Parliament for Croydon South, with a majority of over 17,000, the highest achieved in the constituency for over 20 years. Shortly after being elected to Parliament, Philp became the first of the 2015 Conservative intake to be elected by other MPs to the influential Treasury Select Committee.


title: Chris Philp

text: Philp wrote "Restoring Responsible Ownership", a report on corporate rules which recommended greater shareholder control over company directors' appointments and pay. Philp's proposals received positive coverage for mounting "pressure" and arguing that "asset managers had to do much more to engage with companies, in particular to exert some degree of control over executive pay".


title: Chris Philp

text: Philp was opposed to Brexit before the 2016 European membership referendum. Philp supports selective grammar schools, arguing for one to open a satellite in his constituency to circumvent a ban in England on new selective schools and the borough council's own non-selective policy. In May 2016, when debating the Government's Starter Homes Initiative, Philp was accused by housing charities of failing to understand how a couple buying a house for the first time cannot afford a £10,000 deposit. Responding to criticism, he stated "No one says it is easy, the average age of a first time buyer these days is about 30 so people have 10 years to save £5,000."


title: Chris Philp

text: Philp has been an outspoken critic of Govia Thameslink Railway's ownership of Southern Rail; in 2017, Philp called for the government to take control of the Southern Rail franchise and for cross-party support in ending disputes between Southern Rail and the RMT Union. He also proposed a Private Member's Bill to ban "unreasonable" and "damaging" strikes on essential services, including trains.


title: Chris Philp

text: Following the 2017 general election, Philp was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to HM Treasury Ministers. Philp was made PPS to Sajid Javid then Secretary of State for the Ministry Housing, Communities and Local Government on 22 January 2018. Between December 2018 to May 2019 he was the Conservative Party Vice Chairman for Policy. In August 2019, he was appointed as PPS to Sajid Javid, Chancellor of the Exchequer. Philp had backed Javid in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election. In September 2019, he was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary for the Ministry of Justice. He then served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Immigration Compliance and Courts. He replaced Matt Warman as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Digital in September 2021.


title: Chris Philp

text: On 7 July 2022, Philp resigned from government in protest at Boris Johnson's leadership following a large number of other ministerial resignations during the July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis.


title: Chris Philp

text: Philp was appointed by Liz Truss as Chief Secretary to the Treasury and made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. Truss demoted him 38 days later and dismissed Chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng. Philp was instead demoted to Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General, the two positions that Edward Argar had previously held.


title: Chris Philp

text: Upon the appointment of Rishi Sunak as Prime Minister on 25 October 2022, Philp left the Cabinet and became Minister of State for Crime, Policing and Fire in the Home Office, in a straight job swap with Jeremy Quin.


title: Chris Philp

text: Philp married his wife Elizabeth in 2009. Their twins, a boy and a girl, were born prematurely in April 2013, and spent an extended period in intensive care following their birth. Philp's father Brian stood as a candidate for the United Kingdom Independence Party at Orpington in the 2017 general election.


title: Barbican

text: A barbican (from ) is a fortified outpost or fortified gateway, such as at an outer defense perimeter of a city or castle, or any tower situated over a gate or bridge which was used for defensive purposes.


title: Barbican

text: In the Middle Ages, barbicans were typically situated outside the main line of defenses, and were connected to the city walls with a walled road called "the neck". In the 15th century, with the improvement in siege tactics and artillery, barbicans lost their significance. Barbicans were built well into the 16th century. Fortified or mock-fortified gatehouses remained a feature of ambitious French and English residences well into the 17th century. Portuguese medieval fortification nomenclature uses barbican to describe any wall outside of and lower than the main defensive wall that forms a second barrier. The barrier may be complete, extensive or only protect particularly weak areas. The more restrictive term "gate barbican" is used for structures protecting gates.


title: Barbican

text: The origin of the English word barbican is thought to be found in either Persian or Arabic (see here or here).


title: Barbican

text: Paul Deschamps (1888–1974) interpreted the Arabic word 'bashura[h]' as used in 13th-century chronicles to mean barbican, a defensive structure placed ahead of a gate, but this has been debunked, 'bashura' denoting rather an entire section of the outer fortifications, which may include a barbican, but also a bastion, gate, tower, or all of those together.


title: Barbican

text: Fortifications in East Asia also feature similar high structures. In particular, gates in Chinese city walls were often defended by an additional "archery tower" in front of the main gatehouse, with the two towers connected by walls extending out from the main fortification. Literally called "jar walls", they are often referred to as "barbicans" in English.


title: Cingulata

text: Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals. Dasypodids and chlamyphorids, the armadillos, are the only surviving families in the order. Two groups of cingulates much larger than extant armadillos (maximum body mass of 45 kg (100 lb) in the case of the giant armadillo) existed until recently: pampatheriids, which reached weights of up to 200 kg (440 lb) and chlamyphorid glyptodonts, which attained masses of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) or more.


title: Cingulata

text: The cingulate order originated in South America during the Paleocene epoch about 66 to 56 million years ago, and due to the continent's former isolation remained confined to it during most of the Cenozoic. However, the formation of a land bridge allowed members of all three families to migrate to southern North America during the Pliocene or early Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange. After surviving for tens of millions of years, all of the pampatheriids and giant glyptodonts apparently died out during the Quaternary extinction event at the beginning of the Holocene, along with much of the rest of the regional megafauna, shortly after the colonization of the Americas by Paleo-Indians.


title: Cingulata

text: Armadillos have dorsal armor that is formed by osteoderms, plates of dermal bone covered in relatively small, overlapping keratinized epidermal scales called "scutes". Most species have rigid shields over the shoulders and hips, with three to nine bands separated by flexible skin covering the back and flanks.


title: Cingulata

text: Pampatheres also had shells that were flexible due to three movable lateral bands of osteoderms. The osteoderms of pampatheres were each covered by a single scute, unlike those of armadillos, which have more than one. Glyptodonts, on the other hand, had rigid, turtle-like shells of fused osteoderms.


title: Cingulata

text: Both groups have or had a cap of armor atop their heads. Glyptodonts also had heavily armored tails; some, such as "Doedicurus", had mace-like clubs at the ends of their tails, similar to those of ankylosaurs, evidently used for defensive or agonistic purposes.


title: Cingulata

text: Most armadillos eat insects and other invertebrates; some are more omnivorous and may also eat small vertebrates and vegetable matter. Pampatheres are thought to have been specialized for grazing, and isotopic analysis indicates the diet of glyptodonts was dominated by C4 grasses. Euphractinae is unique for speciations towards carnivory, culminating in the macropredatory genus "Macroeuphractus".


title: Cingulata

text: The taxonomic table below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis published by Delsuc "et al.", 2016. While glyptodonts have traditionally been considered stem-group cingulates outside the group that contains modern armadillos, this 2016 study conducted an analysis of "Doedicurus" mtDNA and found that it was, in fact, nested within the modern armadillos as the sister group of a clade consisting of Chlamyphorinae and Tolypeutinae.


title: Lucas Scott

text: Lucas Eugene Scott is a fictional character and the main protagonist from The WB/CW television series "One Tree Hill" created by Mark Schwahn and portrayed by Chad Michael Murray. Lucas is a talented basketball player and writer. He is rival to half-brother Nathan Scott, before the two eventually become close friends. While striving for his dreams, he must balance his tumultuous relationships with his father, Dan Scott, and the two women enveloping his love life, Peyton Sawyer and Brooke Davis.


title: Lucas Scott

text: The character has been described as popular among teenagers and young adults, not only for his skill at basketball but for his romantic aspirations. Specifically regarding the character's impact on female viewers, "Entertainment Weekly" stated that his soulful eyes contributed to the show's success.


title: Lucas Scott

text: Chad Michael Murray was the first person to be cast for "One Tree Hill." The producers were originally unsure as to who Murray would play. Series creator Mark Schwahn wanted him to play the character of Nathan Scott since Murray had played a bad guy several times before, and he felt it was only natural to give him this role. Murray, however, wanted to portray Lucas due to a connection he felt with the character. He felt that he could inhabit the character as the two share several similarities. Murray's mother left him when he was young, and Lucas was abandoned by his father. Murray's passion for the role led the producers to cast him as Lucas. Murray had turned down the lead role of Ryan Atwood in "The O.C." to accept the role as Lucas Scott.


title: Lucas Scott

text: Schwahn said that in designing the show, he created Lucas as "this underdog kid from the wrong side of the tracks" who crosses over to the pretty and popular; he wanted to show what the life of such a person would be like in a basketball atmosphere.


title: Lucas Scott

text: For Murray, in addition to their shared abandonment issues, Lucas's love for literature also appealed to him. Murray had become a fan of the genre during high school, and felt it changed his way of seeing things; it made him rethink his own actions. Lucas has been described as "caught between being charming and a nerd, a hermit and confident". Murray said of the character, "He's very introverted." He described Lucas as an observer, someone who likes to watch people and try to figure out who they really are, as opposed to who they think they are, another aspect similar to Murray's own personality.


title: Lucas Scott

text: Murray never played much basketball before the show, and was more into football while in high school. Because of this, a basketball coach was hired for Murray in order to improve his basketball skills. To go along with the character's personality, a "sedate" wardrobe was designed. Schwahn said of Lucas's wardrobe, "...He was a "Levi's" guy. He was, you know, he wore a lot of, like, plain T-shirts and things because we just wanted him to represent the everyman." Despite having the character start out this way, the series eventually let his wardrobe evolve. Starting from the fourth season on, he was given some "wilder stuff". Schwahn clarified, "You know, he can [now] rock something from "Sean John", which normally would have been Nathan's department." He said the style of the characters really does evolve on the show, especially with the four-year timeline jump.


title: Lucas Scott

text: "One Tree Hill's" costume designer, Carol Cutshall, stated, "Diesel is so wonderful on [Murray]. Diesel jeans. It's an Italian company. A lot of times, Italian designers cut much more slimly...for a really lean physique." For the adult Lucas, she said that "they've had nice long sleeves and nice long shirts and really slim clothing and that looks best on [Murray]. He doesn't need to be swallowed up. He's got his own style as a person. It's not just up to me. I try to bring in what I think is going to fit him best." With the timeline jump, Lucas's main brands became Diesel, Guess menswear, and Juicy Couture.


title: Lucas Scott

text: Regarding the character's romantic life, Schwahn designed a love triangle between Lucas and the two girls, Peyton Sawyer and Brooke Davis, which created an intense fan base rivalry. While describing Lucas and Peyton as soulmates and a "meant to be" pairing, he described Brooke and Lucas as "also genuine" and as having a great dynamic. He acknowledged that the fan bases are large and "very passionate" about their pairings. "There is a huge fanbase dedicated to Brooke and Lucas, and sometimes [those people] feel a bit betrayed, just as the fanbase dedicated to Peyton and Lucas felt betrayed [in Season 2, and parts of Season 3]," said Schwahn. "That tells me that we've done things correctly – that's the strength of a love triangle."


title: Lucas Scott

text: Lucas Scott is the son of Dan Scott and Karen Roe, and the nephew of Keith Scott; he has a younger half brother, Nathan Scott, on his father's side and a younger half-sister, Lily Roe Scott, on his mother's side (she is also his cousin through Keith). He was raised by his mother after his father abandoned them to marry Deb Lee, Nathan's mother. His uncle Keith, who always had feelings for Karen, took over the father figure role. Lucas grew up in Tree Hill, a small North Carolina town along with his best friend and later sister-in-law, Haley James Scott. He shares romantic bonds with Peyton Sawyer and Brooke Davis, is interested in basketball and literature, and suffers from the genetic heart disease hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.


title: Lucas Scott

text: At the beginning of the first season, 16-year-old Lucas Scott is recruited by coach Whitey Durham to play for the Ravens basketball team after most of the players are suspended for drunk-driving. He soon has troubles with his half-brother Nathan, who is also the Ravens captain, because Nathan wants to remain the star of the team and feels threatened by Lucas's arrival. Encouraged by Dan, who also wants Lucas off the team, Nathan and his teammates make life difficult for Lucas, on one occasion kidnapping him and throwing him into a ditch. Nevertheless, Lucas is determined to stay on the team (although he removes the name "Scott" from his jersey). He is attracted to and shares a deep emotional connection with Peyton (Nathan's girlfriend). Disgusted by Nathan's behavior towards his brother, she eventually breaks up with him. Nathan retaliates by pursuing Lucas's best friend Haley, who agrees to tutor Nathan in return for him leaving Lucas alone. Lucas and Peyton fall in love, but Peyton is initially scared of a romance with Lucas (not wanting to be "serious" with him). Lucas is devastated and starts seeing Peyton's best friend, Brooke, at the same moment Peyton realizes she has made a mistake in turning Lucas away. He soon cheats on Brooke with Peyton, though sex is never involved in the betrayal. On the night that Lucas and Peyton are about to tell Brooke about their affair, Lucas and Keith are involved in a car accident, and, for the first time in the series, Dan calls Lucas his son so that Lucas can get immediate treatment. Lucas wakes up from a short coma and wants to be with Peyton, but Peyton ends their affair for Brooke's sake after Brooke finds out about their tryst. Lucas's feelings towards Dan are challenged when he learns that Dan wanted joint custody of Lucas, but Karen refused. He also finds himself in Dan's position when Brooke claims to be pregnant, although this turns out to be false as Brooke was lying to seek her revenge on Lucas for breaking her heart. His friendship with Peyton is broken once she learns he had a one-night stand with new resident Nicki not long after she ended their affair. However, his relationship with Nathan improves as Lucas realizes that he got a better deal than Nathan, who is damaged as a result of being raised by Dan. Wanting a fresh start, Lucas decides to leave town with Keith. Lucas and Nathan have a final conversation where Nathan calls Lucas his brother and Lucas says, "I'll miss you, little brother." Before leaving with Keith, he goes to say goodbye to Haley and discovers that she and Nathan have married.


title: Lucas Scott

text: In Season 2, Lucas and Keith return to Tree Hill after Dan has a heart attack. Lucas tries to make up for his behavior with Peyton and Brooke and becomes friends with both of them. He also starts seeing a new girl named Anna Taggaro, but they break up amicably when Anna accepts that she is a lesbian. Lucas realizes that he has romantic feelings for Brooke and begins to focus on building on a relationship with her, even though she is seeing Anna's brother Felix. Lucas discovers that he has inherited Dan's heart condition, but does not tell anyone except Dan. After discovering that Keith's new girlfriend Jules was actually hired by Dan to break Keith's heart, Lucas agrees to move in with Dan if he leaves Keith alone and pays for Lucas's heart medication. This sets Lucas at odds with his mother, as she cannot believe that Lucas would want to live with Dan rather than her. It also causes a new rift between Lucas and Nathan, as Nathan feels that Lucas is replacing him and is bitter about Haley's departure to go on tour singing. Lucas and Karen are reconciled when she learns half of the reason he is staying with Dan, which is to protect Keith. This plan to protect his uncle fails when Jules leaves Keith at the altar and Keith leaves town after discovering that Lucas and Karen knew that she was hired by Dan. Lucas discovers Deb's painkiller addiction and decides to avenge all of Dan's victims. He finds a stash of cash and an incriminating ledger in the attic at Dan's dealership and plans to expose Dan's illegal dealings, but ultimately fails as Dan has also incriminated Deb. Dan then reveals that the whole thing was a set-up to test Lucas's loyalty, which Lucas failed. As a result, he loses Dan's college fund for him (which Dan had been saving since Lucas was a baby) and even his heart medication. Nathan also ends his friendship with Lucas after discovering that Lucas had planned to bring Dan down and visited Haley behind his back in an attempt to patch up her and Nathan's marriage. Lucas does, however, kiss Brooke in the season finale and confesses that he wants to be with her, but she still leaves for California to spend the summer with her parents. Ultimately, it is just Lucas and a broken-hearted Peyton (after boyfriend Jake left her) for the summer and the last shot is of the two of them sharing a meaningful hug on the beach.


title: Lucas Scott

text: In Season 3, after the summer, Lucas remains at odds with Dan, who accuses Lucas of starting the fire at the dealership that nearly killed him. Dan tries to strangle Lucas on the basketball court, but Peyton, having learned the truth from Lucas, tells Dan that Lucas actually saved him from the fire. Lucas also protects the true arsonist: Deb. Lucas and Nathan continue to argue over Nathan's treatment of the returned Haley and have a public fight after Lucas accuses Nathan of being just like Dan. Lucas struggles to pay for his heart medication and steals money from his mother, which Haley sees, forcing Lucas to tell her about his condition. He begins a non-exclusive relationship with Brooke and uses Rachel Gatina to make her jealous, but a series of events leads Brooke to sleep with Chris Keller, tearing them apart. Later, he forgives her after she gives him the 82 letters she wrote to him during her vacation but did not send. He and Nathan gradually become friends again. Keith returns, and he and Karen finally get together and become engaged. Keith also plans to adopt Lucas. Tragedy strikes when Lucas's former friend Jimmy Edwards brings a gun to school and fires it, accidentally hitting Peyton and causing a lockdown ("With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept"). Lucas saves Peyton and is devastated by Jimmy and Keith's eventual deaths. After seeing the effect of Keith's death on his mother, Lucas decides to finally tell Whitey, Nathan, and Karen about his heart condition and quits basketball. He goes on a university tour with his mother and realizes that he wants to become a writer. He is also Nathan's best man for his second wedding to Haley. He and Brooke break up for good during the wedding when Brooke learns that Lucas kissed Peyton back during the school shooting.


title: Lucas Scott

text: In Season 4, Lucas tries to get Brooke back, but she rejects him, feeling that the passion is no longer there. One day, he hurries to save Peyton from Internet stalker "Psycho Derek", and becomes considerably closer to her afterward. He also helps Karen, who is pregnant with Keith's baby, and plans on going to the University of North Carolina when he graduates so that he can be close to home in case she needs him. Dan also helps Karen with her pregnancy, wanting to make amends for Keith's death. After talking with Dan, Karen persuades Whitey to let Lucas play 15 minutes a game, so as not to let him miss out on something he loves. Brooke and Lucas try dating each other again, but realize that it is not what they truly want and is not what is meant to be, prompting Peyton to confess her feelings for Lucas. Lucas then discovers that Nathan is planning to throw the state championship game because of his debts. Lucas plans to prevent this and deliberately fails to take his heart medication in order to play better, but Nathan is inspired by learning that he is going to have a son and they win, with Lucas making the winning shot. During the celebration, Lucas, after receiving Brooke's blessing, sees Peyton and tells her that she is the girl he has been meant for. The two then share a long-awaited kiss. They become a couple at the after-party, but their happiness is short-lived when Haley gets hit by a car and Lucas tries to tell the paramedics what happened, only to suffer a heart attack. As he is in the hospital, Lucas dreams that he is visited by Keith, who shows Lucas what life would have been like if he had been a lesser person. In the end, Lucas realizes that he has to go back to his life because he never told Peyton that he loves her. Lucas wakes up and begins a relationship with Peyton. After the failed attempt of prom in Tree Hill High, the group go on a rescue mission to save Mouth who has become stranded in Honeygrove. They all then crash the local Prom, where he and Peyton have sex with each other for the first time. He begins to investigate Keith's death, as the Keith in his dream suggested that Jimmy did not kill him, but he also starts getting closer to Dan, who tells Karen he wants a bigger part in Lucas's life. Lucas discovers the truth about Dan thanks to witness Abby Brown. He attacks Dan after walking in on him and Karen kissing and tells Karen that Dan killed Keith, but Dan convinces Karen that Lucas is delusional and needs help. Lucas then steals Deb's gun and confronts Dan in front of Karen, having set him up by sending him a message from "Abby". Karen collapses and Lucas fires a warning shot at Dan, telling him not to touch her. Karen is rushed to hospital with eclampsia and has an emergency c-section. Lucas is given a half-sister, who is named Lily Roe Scott when Karen regains consciousness. Later, Dan turns himself in for Keith's murder. Lucas graduates and gets, as a reward, his book (An Unkindness of Ravens) from his mother. That same day, he becomes an uncle with the birth of Nathan and Haley's son, James Lucas Scott, partly named after him. Lucas is named the godfather of James and announces that he will be assisting Whitey as Nathan's college basketball coach.


title: Lucas Scott

text: One year from Season 4, Lucas becomes the head coach of the Cobras, his college basketball team, and leads them to victory in the championships. Thinking about his future, he goes to see Peyton and asks her to marry him. She declines, feeling that it is too soon. As he is about to leave LA, his novel is picked up by a fresh new editor, Lindsey Strauss. It is a moment when his greatest dream came true. He is about to call Peyton, but decides against it, and instead calls Brooke. They spend a crazy evening together, and, in the end, he kisses her because he feels lonely. Although Brooke still loves him at the time, she pushes him away, remembering Peyton. Soon after, he is scheduled to have a book signing in LA where Peyton is living and working. Having missed her, he calls her and invites her to come to the signing. Peyton comes, but witnesses Lindsey giving Lucas a congratulatory kiss and, assuming they are in a relationship, leaves, thinking there is no hope for her and Lucas. Lucas thinks that Peyton did not bother to come, and consequently begins dating Lindsey.


title: Lucas Scott

text: In Season 5, four years after high school graduation, Lucas, now 22, suffers from writer's block and is under pressure from his editor/girlfriend Lindsey. He also tries to help Haley with her son, James Lucas Scott. When Peyton comes back home, she reveals to him that she did come to the signing, and then inspires him by repeating his quote: "Your art matters". When he tells Peyton that the bartender she is flirting with at the Clothes Over Bros store opening is not good enough for her, it becomes obvious that, despite his relationship with Lindsey, he still loves Peyton. After remembering the night he proposed, he goes straight to her house, though she is not there. When Peyton begins to antagonize Lindsey, he goes to confront her, but things escalate into a verbal fight about their break up. A little bit later, after Peyton confesses her feelings and kisses him, he kisses her back, passionately, but later proposes to Lindsey, leading Peyton to tell him that she will bury her feelings so that he can be happy. He then wins his first game as the Ravens coach, although the female counterparts miss it because they were locked in the library. He soon has to go to Dan's parole and speak up in order to have him stay locked up. He decides to have Nathan as his best man and then fuses his bachelor party with Lindsey's. He also gives Haley his new book, and she tells him not to marry Lindsey after reading it. Lucas proceeds with the wedding, but Lindsey stops him after realizing his book is about Peyton. She leaves him, and when he chases after her, he sees Lindsey's bags packed. After a confrontation, she leaves him, saying, "People always leave, Luke. You know that." (A reference to one of Peyton's famous lines, also featured in his first book.) Lucas flees to stay with his mother and Andy after the failed wedding. Andy convinces Lucas to go after Lindsey, prompting him to go to her and tell her that one day she will come back to him. She comes back to Tree Hill for Jamie's 5th birthday, but tells Lucas that it was really over. He then helps Brooke cope with having baby Angie around. After Lindsey calls him to tell him she is seeing someone, he blows up after an opposing player gets away with attempting to injure Quentin Fields, drawing himself a 10-game suspension. He becomes heavily drunk and tells Peyton he hates her when she comes to his aid. He later apologizes to her after being confronted by Haley. He tells her that it was hard to let her go, hard to see her and that it remains difficult for him, making apparent his love for Peyton. Lindsey comes by to tell him his book is over and he can e-mail her the dedication. When he does, she reveals by phone that she still loves him. He then decides to go to Las Vegas and calls someone to get married. Brooke, Peyton, and Lindsey are all shown answering the phone, and the viewers are left hanging as to whom he decides to propose to.


title: Lucas Scott

text: In the first episode of the sixth season, the audience discovers that Peyton was on the receiving end of Lucas's phone call. He waits to see if she actually arrives, and moments later, he finds her through the crowd, making her way toward him with bags packed. They share passionate kisses, Peyton glowing with happiness, and then board the plane on their way to Las Vegas. When they get there, they spend the night in a kinky Vegas hotel room. The next day, they go to the wedding chapel, but the tackiness of the place convinces them that this was the wrong decision. Instead, Peyton takes Lucas to the hotel room where he first proposed to her and they do it all over again, but this time Peyton says "yes" before he has even asked the question. With the upcoming release of his new book, Lucas travels to New York to meet with Lindsey, and eventually tells her about his engagement to Peyton. He soon starts his book tour, but it fails fast and is canceled, so he returns home to Peyton. After the two resolve problems and fears of moving in together, Lucas is offered a movie deal by Julian Baker. Julian asks Lucas questions about Peyton before she gets there, and after she runs into Julian near the bathroom, it is revealed that he is her ex-boyfriend. For three weeks, Peyton fails to tell Lucas about Julian, and Lucas is angry when he discovers their past on his own. Although he is initially angry, they patch things up, and Peyton convinces Lucas to continue taking a part in the making of the film, despite his reluctance to work with Julian. The film is to be shot in Tree Hill, North Carolina. He also learns Peyton is expecting their first child. Though they initially have problems with Peyton's pregnancy, the fact that she may die if the baby is born, the two are eventually married by the lake where they first met, and have their reception at Tric. They soon have a healthy daughter, Sawyer Brooke Scott, which Peyton names after her best friend Brooke (similar to the naming of James Lucas Scott), and the two ride off into the sunset.


title: Lucas Scott

text: For Season 7, Mark Schwahn, the series' creator, said Lucas and Peyton are traveling the world; they are spending time with Karen and her husband Andy, and Lucas is writing a new book. In the season opener, Jamie celebrates his seventh birthday, his second without his uncle. Lucas sends Jamie the basketball which was given to him by Keith on Lucas's seventh birthday. In the card, Lucas says he and Peyton miss Jamie every day. In the later half of the season, Jamie asks Nathan about his relationship with Lucas. Nathan tells him that although they were not close when they were younger they became more like real brothers as they got older. He said, "Having a brother is a lot like having a best friend, he helped make me the man I am today."


title: Lucas Scott

text: On August 30, 2011, it was confirmed that Chad Michael Murray would be returning to the series' final season as Lucas. He returns to Tree Hill as Haley reaches out to him for help regarding Nathan's disappearance.


title: Lucas Scott

text: Lucas returned to Tree Hill during season nine, per the request of Haley. She asks him to take the kids out of town to live with him and Peyton until she can find Nathan and bring him home. However, he still holds resentment towards Dan and refuses to show up at the hospital after Dan is shot by one of Nathan's kidnappers during the rescue attempt.


title: Lucas Scott

text: Lucas has been popular among teenagers and young adults, especially among female fans of the series. His love life has been heavily debated among viewers. Don Williams of BuddyTV stated, "If you're a huge fan of "One Tree Hill", chances are you've had a debate at some point about who Lucas Scott should ultimately settle down with." He added that the shipping fandom can be "an extremely rabid bunch" and there were fans who wanted Lucas with Peyton, while others wanted him with Brooke or Lindsey. MTV described Lucas and Peyton as the generation's Joey and Pacey, "the overly dramatic couple you could not help but root for," and the two emerged as one of the show's supercouples. Their departure received significant media attention and was picked as one of the "12 most essential episodes of "One Tree Hill"" in 2009 by fans at starnewsonline.com.


title: Lucas Scott

text: Regarding Murray's portrayal, Paul Cooke of DVDActive.com said, "Murray does a fine job as a brooding Lucas." Kelsey Zukowsk of 2snaps.tv said, "Chad Michael Murray as Lucas plays one of the deeper roles... [He] does far better as Lucas, the one who seems to be motivated by truth and what is right, than any movie role I have seen him in." Television Without Pity, on the other hand, stated, "Chad Michael Murray is almost too pretty, looks good pouting on promo posters and modeling sponsored fashions, and can only muster one and a half emotions convincingly."


title: Fifth (unit)

text: A fifth is a unit of volume formerly used for wine and distilled beverages in the United States, equal to one fifth of a US liquid gallon, or ; it has been superseded by the metric bottle size of 750 ml, sometimes called a metric fifth, which is the standard capacity of wine bottles worldwide and is approximately 1% smaller.


title: Fifth (unit)

text: Before the mid 19th century, the capacity of British alcohol bottles used for wine and distilled liquors was nominally a quart, but the actual capacity varied considerably. Four primary styles existed, with different average capacities: 759±27 ml (715-810 range); 781±47 ml (724-880); 808±49 ml (739-835); ~1130 ml "imperial wine quart". Beer and cider bottles had a different range of sizes. In 1842, it was reported that ordinary wine bottles were 1/6 of an imperial gallon, that is, 758 ml.


title: Fifth (unit)

text: In the late 19th century, liquor in the US was often sold in bottles which appeared to hold , but in fact contained less than a quart and were called "fifths" or commercial quarts.


title: Fifth (unit)

text: At this time, one-fifth of a gallon was a common legal threshold for the difference between selling by the drink and selling by the bottle or at wholesale,


title: Fifth (unit)

text: The fifth was the usual size of bottle for distilled beverages in the United States until 1980. Other authorized units based on the fifth included  pint, called a tenth, and  pint.


title: Fifth (unit)

text: During the 1970s, there was a push for metrication of U.S. government standards. In 1975, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, in cooperation with the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, proposed metric-standard bottle sizes to take effect in January 1979 and these standards were incorporated into Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations. These new sizes were 50 ml (a miniature), 100 ml, 200 ml, 375 ml (355 ml for cans), 500 ml (discontinued for distilled beverages in June 1989, but not for wine), 750 ml (the usual size of a wine bottle), 1 liter, and 1.75 liter (a metric half-gallon or handle). Wine also has a standard 187 ml (6.3 fl. oz.) measure and uses 1.5 liters (a magnum) instead of 1.75.


title: Suebian knot

text: The Suebian knot () is a historical male hairstyle ascribed to the tribe of the Germanic Suebi. The knot is attested by Tacitus in his 1st century AD work "Germania", found on contemporary depictions of Germanic peoples, their art, and bog bodies.


title: Suebian knot

text: Roman historian Tacitus reports in "Germania" (98 CE) that the Suebian warriors combed their hair back or sideways and tied it into a knot, allegedly with the purpose of appearing taller and more awe-inspiring on the battlefield. Tacitus also reports that the fashion had spread to neighboring Germanic tribes among the younger warriors, while among the Suebians, the knot was sported even by old men as a status symbol, which "distinguishes the freeman from the slave", with the most artful knots worn by the most wealthy nobles:


title: Suebian knot

text: In 2000 at the Baltic Sea coast at Czarnowko near Lębork, Poland, a bronze kettle was found depicting males wearing the Suebian knot hairstyle.


title: Suebian knot

text: Historical depictions are found on the Trajan column, the cauldron of Musov, the Tropaeum Traiani relief, and a bronze sculpture of a kneeling German in the Bibliothèque nationale de France.


title: Suebian knot

text: The hair is divided at the back in two uniform strands, slicked and laid in opposite directions around the head. On one side of the head, usually in the temporal region, the two strands are individually tightened in the same direction. The two strands are then twisted, whereby the rotation of the two individual strands loosens somewhat. A loop is formed from the resulting braid and the excess braid end is put in a loop through the loop. By natural untwisting the resulting knot tightens and stops without further aids.


title: Suebian knot

text: The Osterby Man had male-pattern hair loss and very long and thin hair. Experimental archaeological tests with this hairstyle showed that the Suebian knot holds just as well even with very long and thin hair, as in the bog body. Some hair grease improves the durability of the hairstyle.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: Lapu-Lapu City, officially the City of Lapu-Lapu (; ), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 497,604 people.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: It was formerly known as Opon, the city being renamed to its present name in 1961. It is one of the cities that make up Metro Cebu in the Philippines. It is located in the province of Cebu, administratively independent from the province, but grouped under Cebu by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: Mactan–Cebu International Airport, the second busiest airport in the Philippines, is located in Lapu-Lapu City.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: In the 16th century, Mactan Island was colonized by Spain. Augustinian friars founded the town of Opon in 1730, and it became a city in 1961. It was renamed after Datu Lapulapu, the island's chieftain, who led the defeat against the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 in the Battle of Mactan, commemorated at Mactan Shrine in Punta Engaño, where Magellan led a landing party of 40 men to resupply who were set upon by 1,500 locals and slew their captain and a few other men.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: The municipality of Opon was founded by the Augustinian missionaries in 1730. It was ceded to the Jesuits in 1737, and later restored to the Augustinians. When the Philippine Revolution spread to the Visayas in 1898, the people organized themselves into local revolutionary units.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: During the Filipino-American War, a military government was established. The continued resistance of the people of Cebu prompted the American government to restore military control over the province on July 17, 1901. In 1905, Opon held its first municipal election, and Pascual dela Serna was elected town president.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: Following the outbreak of World War II, the presence of bulk oil storage tanks in Opon made the town an object of Japanese raids a week after the outbreak of WWII in December 1941. The enemy aircraft succeeded in blowing up two of about fourteen oil storage tanks in Opon. A unit of the Kawaguchi Detachment of the Japanese Imperial Forces landed on the east coast of Cebu on April 10, 1942. Later, the resistance movement was organized by Colonel James M. Cushing, leader of the southern and central units, and Harry Fenton of the northern unit of the Cebu Resistance Movement.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: During the Battle of the Visayas, Victor II operations of the American Division led by Major General William Arnold landed in Cebu on March 26, 1945, and subsequently liberated the province.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: Historically, the city includes the site of the Battle of Mactan. On August 1, 1973, by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 2060, President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared the site of the battle a national shrine; the preservation, restoration and/or reconstruction of which shall be under the supervision and control of the National Historical Commission in collaboration with the Department of Tourism. Mactan is also the birthplace of Leonila Dimataga-Garcia, wife of Carlos P. Garcia, the fourth President of the Republic. Leonila Dimataga-Garcia was a relative of the wife of Lapu-Lapu City's former mayor Ernest Weigel Jr. (1992-2001, three terms) who was the richest mayor in Metro Cebu, with a net worth of ₱57 million in the early 2000s.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: Congressman Manuel A. Zosa, the representative of the Sixth District of Cebu, sponsored the Bill converting the former municipality of Opon into the present day city of Lapu-Lapu. This was the Republic Act 3134, known as the City Charter of Lapu-Lapu, which was signed on June 17, 1961, by Philippine President Carlos P. Garcia. Lapu-Lapu was inaugurated on December 31, 1961, with Mariano Dimataga, the last municipal mayor, as the first city mayor.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: As a fast-growing commercial city, some of its commercial and industrial firms are the General Milling Company, one of the largest in the country; the Cebu Shipyard and Engineering Works, pioneered by Dad Cleland; and the oil companies which resumed their operations after the war. Air transportation for the city is served by the Mactan International Airport.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: On January 23, 2007, Lapu-Lapu was proclaimed as HUC via Proclamation No. 1222, signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Its plebiscite was held along with Puerto Princesa in Palawan on July 21, 2007. Both of them successfully became highly urbanized cities after majority of their voters voted in favor of conversion. They ranked 31st and 32nd in the country.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: Lapu-Lapu is bounded on the north by the main island of Cebu, to the west by Cebu City and Mactan Channel, on the east by the Camotes Sea, and on the south by the town of Cordova.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: The city occupies Mactan Island, a few kilometers off the main island of Cebu. It also has some of the barangays under its jurisdiction on the Olango Island Group. The city is linked to Mandaue on mainland Cebu by the Mactan-Mandaue Bridge and Marcelo Fernan Bridges.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: Lapu-Lapu's residents mainly speak Cebuano, the local language. Tagalog and English is also widely spoken and understood, due to the influx of foreign nationals in the city. Due to the large number of resorts and retirement homes in the city, as well as the growing number of ESL schools, the city also hosts a number of Japanese, Korean, and Chinese speakers.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: Mariano Dimataga's term was interrupted during the years 1941-1945. Teodulo Tomakin and later Eugenio Araneta were appointed as town mayors. They later escaped from the Japanese, Jorge Tampus took over. During the Allied liberation by the combined Filipino-American forces, year 1945 Mariano Dimataga resumed his interrupted term.


title: Lapu-Lapu City

text: Mactan–Cebu International Airport (MCIA) is located in this city, which is connected to mainland Cebu via the Marcelo Fernan Bridge and Mactan-Mandaue Bridges, as well as the Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway (located in the nearby town of Cordova), over the sea separating the Mactan island from the island of Cebu. The airport is the main gateway to Cebu and Central Visayas, serving international flights to various destinations, especially to Singapore, Macau, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. MCIA is also the second busiest airport in the Philippines, after Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila.


title: Tathāgata

text: Tathāgata () is a Pali word; Gautama Buddha uses it when referring to himself or other Buddhas in the Pāli Canon. The term is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" ("tathā-gata"), "one who has thus come" ("tathā-āgata"), or sometimes "one who has thus not gone" ("tathā-agata"). This is interpreted as signifying that the Tathāgata is beyond all coming and going – beyond all transitory phenomena. There are, however, other interpretations and the precise original meaning of the word is not certain.


title: Tathāgata

text: The Buddha is quoted on numerous occasions in the Pali Canon as referring to himself as "the Tathāgata" instead of using the pronouns "me", "I" or "myself". This may be meant to emphasize by implication that the teaching is uttered by one who has transcended the human condition, one beyond the otherwise endless cycle of rebirth and death, i.e. beyond dukkha.


title: Tathāgata

text: The word's original significance is not known and there has been speculation about it since at least the time of Buddhaghosa, who gives eight interpretations of the word, each with different etymological support, in his commentary on the Digha Nikaya, the "Sumangalavilasini":


title: Tathāgata

text: Modern scholarly opinion generally opines that Sanskrit grammar offers at least two possibilities for breaking up the compound word: either "tathā" and "āgata" (via a sandhi rule ā + ā → ā), or "tathā" and "gata." "Tathā" means "thus" in Sanskrit and Pali, and Buddhist thought takes this to refer to what is called "reality as-it-is" ("yathābhūta"). This reality is also referred to as "thusness" or "suchness" (tathatā), indicating simply that it (reality) is what it is.


title: Tathāgata

text: Tathāgata is defined as someone who "knows and sees reality as-it-is" ("yathā bhūta ñāna dassana"). "Gata" ("gone") is the past passive participle of the verbal root "gam" ("go, travel"). "Āgata" ("come") is the past passive participle of the verb meaning "come, arrive". In this interpretation, Tathāgata means literally either “the one who has gone to suchness” or "the one who has arrived at suchness".


title: Tathāgata

text: Another interpretation, proposed by the scholar Richard Gombrich, is based on the fact that, when used as a suffix in compounds, "-gata" will often lose its literal meaning and signifies instead "being". Tathāgata would thus mean "one like that", with no motion in either direction.


title: Tathāgata

text: According to Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, the term has a non-Buddhist origin, and is best understood when compared to its usage in non-Buddhist works such as the "Mahabharata". Shcherbatskoy gives the following example from the "Mahabharata" ("Shantiparva", 181.22): "Just as the footprints of birds (flying) in the sky and fish (swimming) in water cannot be seen, Thus ("tātha") is going ("gati") of those who have realized the Truth."


title: Tathāgata

text: The French author René Guénon, in an essay distinguishing between Pratyēka-Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, writes that the former appear outwardly superior to the latter, simply because they are allowed to remain impassible, whereas the latter must in some sense appear to rediscover “a way” or at least recapitulate it, so that others, too, may “go that way,” hence "tathā-gata".


title: Tathāgata

text: A number of passages affirm that a Tathāgata is "immeasurable", "inscrutable", "hard to fathom", and "not apprehended". A tathāgata has abandoned that clinging to the "skandhas" (personality factors) that render "citta" (the mind) a bounded, measurable entity, and is instead "freed from being reckoned by" all or any of them, even in life. The aggregates of form, feeling, perception, mental formations, and cognizance that compose personal identity have been seen to be "dukkha" (a burden), and an enlightened individual is one with "burden dropped".The Buddha explains "that for which a monk has a latent tendency, by that is he reckoned, what he does not have a latent tendency for, by that is he not reckoned. These tendencies are ways in which the mind becomes involved in and clings to conditioned phenomena. Without them, an enlightened person cannot be "reckoned" or "named"; he or she is beyond the range of other beings, and cannot be "found" by them, even by gods, or Mara. In one passage, Sariputta states that the mind of the Buddha cannot be "encompassed" even by him.


title: Tathāgata

text: The Buddha and Sariputta, in similar passages, when confronted with speculation as to the status of an arahant after death, bring their interlocutors to admit that they cannot even apprehend an arahant that is alive. As Sariputta puts it, his questioner Yamaka "can't pin down the Tathagata as a truth or reality even in the present life." These passages imply that condition of the arahant, both before and after parinirvana, lies beyond the domain where the descriptive powers of ordinary language are at home; that is, the world of the skandhas and the greed, hatred, and delusion that are "blown out" with nirvana.


title: Tathāgata

text: In the Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta, an ascetic named Vaccha questions the Buddha on a variety of metaphysical issues. When Vaccha asks about the status of a tathagata after death, the Buddha asks him in which direction a fire goes when it has gone out. Vaccha replies that the question "does not fit the case ... For the fire that depended on fuel ... when that fuel has all gone, and it can get no other, being thus without nutriment, it is said to be extinct." The Buddha then explains: "In exactly the same way ..., all form by which one could predicate the existence of the saint, all that form has been abandoned, uprooted, pulled out of the ground like a palmyra-tree, and become non-existent and not liable to spring up again in the future. The saint ... who has been released from what is styled form is deep, immeasurable, unfathomable, like the mighty ocean." The same is then said of the other aggregates. A variety of similar passages make it clear that the metaphor "gone out, he cannot be defined" ("atthangato so na pamanam eti") refers equally to liberation in life. In the Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta itself, it is clear that the Buddha is the subject of the metaphor, and the Buddha has already "uprooted" or "annihilated" the five aggregates. In Sn 1074, it is stated that the sage cannot be "reckoned" because he is freed from the category "name" or, more generally, concepts. The absence of this precludes the possibility of reckoning or articulating a state of affairs; "name" here refers to the concepts or apperceptions that make propositions possible.


title: Tathāgata

text: Nagarjuna expressed this understanding in the nirvana chapter of his Mulamadhyamakakarika: "It is not assumed that the Blessed One exists after death. Neither is it assumed that he does not exist, or both, or neither. It is not assumed that even a living Blessed One exists. Neither is it assumed that he does not exist, or both, or neither."


title: Tathāgata

text: Speaking within the context of Mahayana Buddhism (specifically the Perfection of Wisdom sutras), Edward Conze writes that the term 'tathagata' denotes inherent true selfhood within the human being:


title: Tathāgata

text: In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Five Tathāgatas (pañcatathāgata) or Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Chinese: ; pinyin: "Wǔzhì Rúlái"), the Five Great Buddhas, and the Five Jinas (Sanskrit for "conqueror" or "victor"), are emanations and representations of the five qualities of the Adi-Buddha or "first Buddha" Vairocana or Vajradhara, which is associated with the Dharmakāya.


title: Tathāgata

text: The Five Wisdom Buddhas are a development of the Buddhist Tantras, and later became associated with the trikaya or "three body" theory of Buddhahood. While in the "Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra" there are only four Buddha families, the full Diamond Realm mandala with five Buddhas first appears in the "Vajrasekhara Sutra". The Vajrasekhara also mentions a sixth Buddha, Vajradhara, "a Buddha (or principle) seen as the source, in some sense, of the five Buddhas."


title: Tathāgata

text: The Five Buddhas are aspects of the dharmakaya "dharma-body", which embodies the principle of enlightenment in Buddhism.


title: Tathāgata

text: When these Buddhas are represented in mandalas, they may not always have the same colour or be related to the same directions. In particular, Akshobhya and Vairocana may be switched. When represented in a Vairocana mandala, the Buddhas are arranged like this:


title: Tathāgata

text: In the earliest strata of Pali Buddhist texts, especially in the first four Nikāyas, only the following seven Buddhas, the Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Sattatathāgata, or "The Seven Tathāgatas"), are explicitly mentioned and named. Of these, four are from the current "kappa" (kalpa) and three are from past ones.


title: Tathāgata

text: One sutta called Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta from an early Buddhist text called the Dĩgha Nikãya also mentions that following the Seven Buddhas of Antiquity, a Buddha named Metteyya (Maitreya) is predicted to arise in the world.


title: Tathāgata

text: However, according to a text in the Theravada Buddhist tradition from a later strata (between the 1st and 2nd century BCE) called the Buddhavaṃsa, twenty-one more Buddhas were added to the list of seven names in the early texts. Theravada tradition maintains that there can be up to five Buddhas in a "kappa" or world age and that the current "kappa" has had four Buddhas, with the current Buddha, Gotama, being the fourth and the future Buddha Metteyya being the fifth and final Buddha of the "kappa". This would make the current aeon a "bhaddakappa" ("bhadrakalpa", fortunate aeon). In some Sanskrit and northern Buddhist traditions, however, a "bhadrakalpa" has up to 1,000 Buddhas, with the Buddhas Gautama and Maitreya also being the fourth and fifth Buddhas of the "kalpa", respectively.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Triunfo del amor (English title: "Triumph of Love") is a Mexican telenovela produced by Salvador Mejía Alejandre for Televisa. It is a remake of the 1998 telenovela "El Privilegio de Amar", which itself is a remake of the 1985 Venezuelan novela "Cristal".


title: Triunfo del amor

text: The main protagonists are Victoria Ruffo, Maite Perroni and William Levy. While Daniela Romo, Guillermo García Cantú, Dominika Paleta, and Salvador Pineda are the main antagonists. With Diego Olivera, César Évora, Erika Buenfil, Pablo Montero, Mónica Ayos and Osvaldo Ríos as "Primer actor".


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Canal de las Estrellas broadcast "Triunfo del Amor" on October 25, 2010, airing half-hour episodes with "Soy tu dueña" until November 5, 2010. From November 8, 2010 to June 26, 2011, one-hour episodes were broadcast.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Univision started broadcasting "Triunfo del amor" in the United States on January 3, 2011 weeknights at 9pm/8c replacing "Soy tu dueña". During its run, Univision aired 2 hours of the telenovela from March 4 to March 29, 2011, and from May 16 to June 3, 2011 at 9pm central, due "La reina del sur" dominating the 10pm time.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Victoria Gutierrez (Victoria Ruffo) is introduced as a young servant working in the Iturbide's household. Juan Pablo Iturbide Montejo (Diego Olivera), the future priest, son of Octavio (Eduardo Santamarina) and Bernarda (Daniela Romo) is attracted to Victoria, the attraction is mutual.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: In a night, Victoria becomes pregnant with Juan Pablo's child. Bernarda is furious upon discovering Victoria's pregnancy and kicks her out of the house. Victoria finds support from her friend, Antonieta Orozco (Erika Buenfil) and together they find work in a Rodolfo Padilla's sewing company, owned by Rodolfo Padilla (Salvador Pineda) the father of Federico (Fernanda's ex-boyfriend) (Manuel Garcia Muela). Victoria gives birth to a little girl and names her Maria.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Although they are poor, Victoria is nonetheless happy, but her happiness is soon interrupted. Bernarda intent on revenge, convinces herself that God has chosen her to enact his punishment on Victoria. She attempts to kill Victoria and her daughter, but instead only succeeds in separating them.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Years later, Victoria eventually succeeds in establishing a major fashion empire alongside her friend Antonieta. Victoria is happily married to Osvaldo Sandoval (Osvaldo Ríos) a popular actor, who has two children, "Max" (William Levy) and Fernanda "Fer" (Livia Brito). Victoria seems happy with the life that she leads, but secretly suffers and tormented by the absence of her missing daughter, Maria.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Meanwhile, Maria Desamparada Iturbide Gutierrez "Maria Forsaken" (Maité Perroni) is now a young woman who is ready to leave the orphanage where she grew up. On her way she befriends and moves in with Linda Sorting (Dorismar) and Nati Duval (Susana Diazayas). Maria's aspirations to be a great model lead her to the most famous designer of the moment, Victoria. But far from being a friendly boss, Victoria treats her with contempt and arrogance, especially since Maria is compared to a younger version of Victoria. Maria does not let Victoria's negative attitude affect her work, and it is in the workplace where she meets Max. Max and Maria fall in love, but their love is rejected by Victoria, and she plots with Max's ex-girlfriend and fashion model Jimena de Alba (Dominika Paleta) to separate the two. Together they hatch a plot in which Max mistakenly ends up believing that he impregnated Jimena with his child, and is forced to marry her.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Meanwhile, Maria is really pregnant with Max's child, but keeps her pregnancy a secret. She sacrifices her love and happiness so that Max can fulfill his mother's wishes to marry Jimena. She seeks solace from Juan Pablo, who is now a respected priest, and, unknown to her, is also her real father. Her identity is revealed to him in a secret confession from his mother Bernarda; he is therefore unable to reveal himself, as he is bound by the laws of confession. Padilla and El Alacran (Sergio Acosta) burn Maria's neighborhood's home and now they have to move. Bernarda owns the place where they live now. Maria also finds support in Jimena's renown photographer Alonso del Angel (Mark Tacher). He helps Maria through her pregnancy, and eventually aids her return to the modeling world. He falls in love with Maria, though Maria cannot reciprocate his love as she continues to love Max. Victoria deals with her hidden past by focusing on her fashion label; her husband feels increasingly isolated from her and consoles himself with another woman, Maria's friend and roommate, Linda. However, Osvaldo also hides secrets from his past; while everyone believes Max's biological mother Leonela Montenegro (Mónica Ayos) is dead, she is, in fact, alive, and in jail. Osvaldo is hated by his supposed "friend" Guillermo Quintana (Guillermo García Cantú), out of jealousy for both the relationship he once had with Leonela, and for Osvaldo's fame and fortune. He sets out on a path to destroy Osvaldo and his family, and begins by impregnating Jimena, and goes along with the plot to pass the child as Max's.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Max eventually finds out that Jimena's child isn't really his, but Guillermo's, which destroys his marriage. Max ends up maintaining custody of the child since he deems Jimena unfit to take care of him. He also learns that Maria is pregnant with his real son, and they are reunited. Jimena unites with Bernarda to destroy Sandoval's family; Bernarda buys full control of Victoria's failing fashion label, and enlists Jimena as her star model. Osvaldo is shot by his ex-wife Leonela, but he survives. Victoria's happiness continues to disintegrate as she discovers her husband's infidelity, the fact that his first wife Leonela is still alive, and that she has breast cancer. Bernarda, also abducts Maria's son, which also hurts Victoria as he is her grandchild; mother and daughter bond over this mutual pain, though not understanding why the bond is so deep. El Alacran was killed by Bernarda and then Rodolfo was killed in a shootout by the police officers.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Eventually, Victoria discovers the truth regarding her daughter's identity, and is troubled to learn that the girl she had worked so hard to destroy is in fact her daughter.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Meanwhile, Bernarda plans to get rid of Maria and sets her abduction. Victoria runs to her aid but it falls on a lure and also pitched for it with Maria is kidnapped in an abandoned warehouse. Max and Osvaldo, with Alonso, Fernanda and father anxiously awaiting Juan Pablo at the home of Victoria's call demanding the ransom the kidnappers of the two. Victoria is suffering by believing the illusion that one shot killed her daughter. The kidnappers are captured by federal agents after attempting to set a trap and collect the ransom money, while Victoria is released in a wasteland on the outskirts of Mexico City. Victoria discovers the deception and runs to rescue her daughter Maria, still sequestered in the abandoned warehouse.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: After the kidnapping, Alonso proposes marriage to Maria and she accepts. But Alonso is made aware by Jimena that he is infected by a virus that is destroying him and can cause death at any time.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Therefore, Alonso rejects Maria and abandons her at the altar of the Church. Guillermo and Osvaldo are hired by Televisa for a production and during the filming of, Guillermo "drops" Osvaldo, who falls from a hill to end up in a river but he survives. The producer watches the tape can not believe the incident and dismisses Guillermo from filming with the promise that he will never get a contract for any other production. Alonso dies from the virus and Maria receives a video recording of Alonso where this tells Maria that if she was happy at his side, to not be mortified by his death.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Casa Victoria and Casa Bernarda face in a fashion contest. The winner of the night turns out to be Casa Victoria, with Maria as the flagship model of the moment. But the happiness of Victoria last only a moment, when Maria's nose begins to bleed and she loses consciousness. Maria is taken to hospital, where Dr. Heriberto Rios Bernal (César Évora) tells Victoria that Maria has Phase 1 disease and acquired the same virus that killed Alonso and must remain isolated to prevent future infections. Victoria goes mad with grief and Bernarda took the opportunity to take Juan Pablito's home, where she plans to make him a priest when he grows up, to make up for the sins she has made in the past. Max refuses to stay away from Maria removes the cloth insulation. He lays next to Maria, he acquires the virus, bleeds from his nose as Maria did, passes out.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Meanwhile, Bernarda is arrested by federal authorities when evidence that she was the mastermind of the kidnapping of the son of Maria. Leonela learns the location of Max and goes to hospital, where he communicates Leonela, Heriberto, Victoria and Max is in Phase 2 of the disease and his situation is more delicate then of Maria. Max survives the virus and Victoria helps her daughter Maria get over the virus. Milagros (Carmen Salinas) and Don Napo (Manuel 'Flaco' Ibáñez) marry with friends and family. Cruz (Pablo Montero) and Fer decide to adopt.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Then, Bernarda is poisoned by drinking poisoned wine. Bernarda is then trapped in a car which is caught on fire; she breaks the window and gets out of her car, kills Eva, then proceeds to run from the law. Bernarda goes on a plane and dies in a plane crash. Roxana, Jimena's mother (Úrsula Prats) was arrested by cops at Sandoval's house. Guillermo was stabbed by Jimena, but survives. Osvaldo receives a call from his friend, and moves to Spain. Leonela crashed by Jimena with a broken glass, but survives. Jimena arrives at Max and Maria's wedding, attempting to kill Maria, but fails and runs to Guillermo's house. Guillermo and Jimena commit suicide driving their car off a cliff.


title: Triunfo del amor

text: Maria and Max are happily in love with their two kids Juan Pablito and Osvaldito. Victoria is happy with her boyfriend Heriberto and her family until one day she reunited with Osvaldo and realizes that their love can beat all obstacles. Fer is happy with her husband Cruz and adopted daughter Victoria Robles Sandoval. Leonola is happy with her two grandkids, her son and daughter in law Maria. Only true love can triumph over all the tricks, traps, intrigue, treachery and wickedness that seek to destroy, only then can there be the triumph of love and at the end the triumph of love is complete.


title: 2017 Mr. Olympia

text: The 2017 Mr. Olympia contest was a weekend long IFBB professional bodybuilding competition that was held on September 14 to 17, 2017, in Las Vegas, Nevada. This was the 53rd Mr. Olympia competition celebrated. The weekend competition is also known as the Joe Weider's Olympia Fitness and Performance Weekend. While the main event was the competition for the title of Mr. Olympia, several other events were held which includes the Amateur competition (the wellness category reached the amateur version of the tournament) and sports expo.


title: 2017 Mr. Olympia

text: On September 15, 2017, prejudging and finals for Fitness Olympia, Figure Olympia and Classic Physique were held and livestream via Amazon Prime. Mr. Olympia pre-judging was also held on the same night.


title: 2017 Mr. Olympia

text: On September 16, 2017, the Men's Physique Olympia and Women's Physique Olympia judging and finals were held in the morning at Las Vegas Convention Center. At night, the Bikini Olympia, 212 Olympia and Mr. Olympia finals were held at Orleans Arena. This event was also livestream via Amazon Prime.


title: 2017 Mr. Olympia

text: Phil Heath won his seventh consecutive Mr Olympia title, equalling Arnold Schwarzenegger's seven wins. The record number of wins is eight, held by Lee Haney (1984–1991), and Ronnie Coleman (1998–2005)


title: Phenylacetic acid

text: Phenylacetic acid (PAA; conjugate base phenylacetate), also known by various synonyms, is an organic compound containing a phenyl functional group and a carboxylic acid functional group. It is a white solid with a strong honey-like odor. Endogenously, it is a catabolite of phenylalanine. As a commercial chemical, because it can be used in the illicit production of phenylacetone (used in the manufacture of substituted amphetamines), it is subject to controls in countries including the United States and China.