title: James M. Cain

text: Cain’s paternal and maternal grandparents emigrated from Ireland and both families settled in New Haven, Connecticut during the early 1850s. Cain reported they were not agrarian refugees of the Great Famine of Ireland. His paternal grandfather P. W. Cain was an industrial worker who served as a superintendent for the Hartford Railroad. His wife, Mary née Kelly Cain, died in a typhoid fever outbreak in 1876. Cain’s father, James W. “Jim” Cain, then 16 years-of-age, contracted but survived the illness. When P. W. Cain remarried, the disaffected Jim Cain gravitated to the home of the local Mallahan family, among whose daughters was Rose Mallahan, his future wife and mother to the famous author.


title: James M. Cain

text: The elder James W. Cain matriculated to Yale in 1880 at the age of 20 and taught evening school to pay for his tuition. A consummate Yale man—“handsome, articulate, intelligent and athletic”—he graduated in 1884 and became a professor at St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain’s maternal grandmother, Brigid Ingoldsby Mallahan, was a descendant of Irish pirate William Ingoldsby, who had captured and ravaged the English colonial city of New York in 1691. His mother, Rose Mallahan—“small, pretty and very distinguished-looking”—had trained for seven years in her youth as a coloratura soprano and expected to pursue a career in opera after giving recitals in New Haven. She gave up these musical aspirations to marry her girlhood sweetheart Jim Cain in 1890. She gave birth to the first of her five children on July 1, 1892: James Mallahan Cain.


title: James M. Cain

text: The six-year-old Cain entered grade school in Annapolis in 1898. An upbringing in a household with two highly literate parents contributed to the boys’ “impeccable grammar” and his early enthusiasm for literature. Cain’s father, then the head of the Annapolis School Board, indulged his son’s request to skip two grades, from third to fifth. Though intellectually precocious, Cain later regretted the advancement, especially as his classmates entered puberty well ahead of him. The elder Cains’ superior performance at St. John's College earned him the post of President of Washington College, at the time “a small non-denominational, co-educational school.” In 1903, when Cain turned eleven, the family relocated to Chestertown, Maryland.


title: James M. Cain

text: While living in Chestertown, Cain recalled encountering a garrulous bricklayer, Ike Newton, who introduced the young student to the “language of an uneducated but articulate person.” Biographer Roy Hoopes traces Cain’s fascination with common speech to this encounter, and compares it to the experiences of authors Jonathan Swift and Stephen Crane. Cain credited Newton’s “vulgate” as instrumental to the development of his narrative style as a novelist. By the age of 12, Cain was a "voracious" reader and familiar with the literary works of Edgar Allan Poe, William Thackeray, James Fenimore Cooper, Alexander Dumas, Arthur Conan Doyle and Robert Louis Stevenson. Cain was granted permission to take preparatory classes at Washington College, where he took courses with youths four years his senior.


title: James M. Cain

text: By the time Cain reached the age of 13, he had rejected the doctrines of the Catholic Church, especially the confessional, calling it “mumbo-jumbo.” As an adult, according to biographer Roy Hoopes, “he came to regard the Church as one of the most ominous factors in all human history” and crafted his own independent view of “life and God.” In Chestertown, Cain continued to sing in the church choir as a youth.


title: James M. Cain

text: Though considered “one of the bright students on campus”, his performance at the university was “erratic.” Excelling in German and French language courses, his grades in Greek were mediocre; he passed his classes in “science, chemistry and Latin" but favored his coursework in history and literature. He also demonstrated an aptitude for mathematics, but found the topic unchallenging. Just before his eighteenth birthday, Cain took his Artium Baccalaureus degree. Upon graduation from Washington College, neither Cain nor his family had any plans for his career.


title: James M. Cain

text: After moving to Baltimore to live independently, Cain engaged in desultory employment, working briefly as a ledger clerk for a public utility, then serving for two years as a road inspector for the State of Maryland. His clear and decisive reports on operations led Cain to contemplate a career in writing. In his late teens, he frequented local brothels with male friends (Cain reports that he did not sleep with the prostitutes) and had a number of affairs with older women.


title: James M. Cain

text: In 1913 he accepted a job as principal of a high school in Vienna, Maryland, and while there enjoyed performing as a singer at community gatherings. When he informed his family that he wished to pursue a career as a professional operatic singer his mother, a trained soprano, emphatically vetoed him: “You have no voice, no looks, no stage personality. Not one! You have some musical sense, but that is not enough.” Undeterred, Cain—possessing only a “good, barroom bass”—moved to Washington D. C. to enroll in a voice training course. To support himself he worked briefly in “office to office” insurance salesmanship for the General Accident Company but never sold a single policy.


title: James M. Cain

text: After quitting a low-paying job as a Victrola salesman, Cain abandoned his hopes of becoming a professional singer and committed himself to becoming a writer, receiving his parents' blessings. Biographer Roy Hoopes notes that Cain’s postgraduate period was not “misspent”:


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain returned home to Chestertown in 1914 and was hired as an English instructor at Washington College, and there acquired a master’s degree in drama. For years he made efforts to write fiction, but without success. In 1917, at the age of 24, he was still living at home and as yet unpublished. He accepted a position as a math teacher in the autumn and registered for the draft when the United States entered World War I, but was initially rejected for respiratory disorders.


title: James M. Cain

text: The "Baltimore American" hired Cain as a cub reporter in the summer of 1917 and assigned him to a police unit. His first article, on a local drowning, so impressed the copy editor that Cain was instantly promoted to major assignments related to the war effort. Cain honored his commitment to serve as a math teacher, but soon quit to return to journalism. He was hired by "The Baltimore Sun" in early 1918.


title: James M. Cain

text: In June of 1918 Cain, a skeptic of American war propaganda, was inducted into the army and began basic training at Camp Meade, Maryland.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain sought and obtained assignment to a combat unit destined for action in France, the 79th Infantry Division, known as both the “Joan of Arc”, and the ”Lorraine Cross” Division. Private First Class Cain’s unit was engaged in the summer of 1918, after the Battle of the Marne, in a major offensive action, the Meuse-Argonne campaign. Attached to headquarters, Cain manned observation posts. His efforts to establish battlefield contact with the 157th Infantry Brigade on September 26-27 became the basis for his 1929 short story “The Taking of Montfaucon.” In late October, weeks before the end of the war, Cain barely survived a poison gas attack. Cain was assigned as editor-in-chief of the 157th’s newsletter "The Lorraine Cross." Alexander Woollcott, then a sergeant editing "Stars and Stripes" called it "a snappy young journal." Cain was designated a publicity officer for the Division.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain resumed working for The Baltimore Sun, serving as a copy editor at $30 a week in the post-war period. At his own request, Cain was assigned to cover the industrial labor movement and its purported infiltration by Bolsheviks during the first Red Scare.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain married Mary Rebekah Clough, his college sweetheart, on 17 January, 1920. They would separate in 1924 and divorce in 1927.


title: James M. Cain

text: In early 1920 Cain became aware of the writing of the famed H. L. Mencken, editor of "The Smart Set", “considered the most sophisticated magazine in the country at the time.” According to biographer Roy Hoopes, his introduction to Mencken’s writing was “the most important event of Cain’s professional career ...Mencken’s style almost intoxicated him…” Though Cain submitted essays to "The Smart Set", none were approved. Cain, however, established a friendly correspondence with the editor.


title: James M. Cain

text: In 1921 Cain covered the Bill Blizzard treason trial for the Sun in the aftermath of the Battle of Blair Mountain and the West Virginia coal mining labor struggles. Cain’s highly acclaimed essay “The Battleground of Coal” was published as the lead article in "The Atlantic" in October of 1922, followed by a similar article in "The Nation". As an investigative journalist, Cain joined the United Mine Workers and served underground in a West Virginia coal mine, interviewing workers and management. His experiences there would inform two of his later novels: "Past All Dishonor" (1946) and "The Butterfly" (1947).


title: James M. Cain

text: In 1923, Cain and his wife Mary moved to Annapolis, Maryland where he began teaching courses in journalism and English at St. John’s College.


title: James M. Cain

text: H. L. Mencken enlisted Cain to contribute to his new literary journal "The American Mercury" launched in January 1924 with George Jean Nathan and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. Cain’s association with this monthly journal would mark “the beginning of his reputation as a major magazine writer.” As his professional and personal alliance with Mencken deepened, Cain quit his teaching job at St. Joseph and committed himself solely to writing after moving to New York City. Cain’s subject matter was characterized by scurrilous and humorous attacks on “American types and institutions…the pastor, county officials, town commissioners, and the whole concept of do-gooding service…” His 1925 "Mercury" dialogue "The Hero" exemplifies this style of satirical writing.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain entered a sanitorium for treatment of tuberculosis and was successfully treated and released by September 1924.


title: James M. Cain

text: Under Mencken’s auspices, Cain was hired as the human-interest story editorial writer for the "New York World" by Walter Lippmann. Cain’s highly literate, grammatically adroit and entertaining pieces earned him a three-year contract at $125 a week at the "World". Though exhorted to create “lighthearted pieces", Cain emerged as “one of the most prolific and respected editorial hands that ever worked for the "World".” Cain’s last piece for the "Mercury", entitled “Close Harmony,” appeared in October, 1935.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain’s preoccupation with writing a novel was stimulated by his immersion in the social and professional associations of the mid-1920s, a period which saw the publication of major literary works by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Theodore Drieser, Willa Cather, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, Virginia Wolff, Ellen Glasgow, and Thomas Mann. Publisher and playwrights Philip Goodman and Vincent Laurence encouraged Cain to write a play about the evangelical Christian fundamentalism he had encountered during his reporting in West Virginia: "Crashing the Gates" opened in New England at Stamford and Worcester in February 1926 but closed after two weeks, receiving mixed reviews.


title: James M. Cain

text: On 2 July, 1927, Cain married Elina Tyszecki, a Finnish-American divorcee and mother of two children, after having had a lengthy affair. They would divorce in 1942.


title: James M. Cain

text: At the age of 36, Cain wrote his first short story, “Pastorale”, a humorous treatment of a lurid tale of murder. Published in "The American Mercury" in 1928, this “Ring Lardner-style” work is considered by novelist David Madden his “best short story.” The first-person narrative persona that Cain adopted in “Pastorale” reflects the handling of his newspaper editorials, in which he typically assumed the identity of a character not his own, confessing “I have no [literary] capacity to be Cain. I can’t be Cain. I can anybody "except" Cain", though recognizing his skill in the first-person. Critic Roy Hoopes writes:


title: James M. Cain

text: In 1930, a collection of Cain’s dramatic dialogues and sketches was published in "Our Government" by Alfred A. Knopf publishers.


title: James M. Cain

text: When the "New York World" ceased publishing in 1931, Cain, on the recommendation of Morris Markey, was hired by Harold Ross to act as managing editor for "The New Yorker". For nine months Cain presided over the editorial staff which included James Thurber, Katherine White, E. B. White and Wolcott Gibbs. The journal published pieces by the outstanding literary figures of the early 1930s.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain’s tempestuous relationship with Ross led to his departure in November of 1931 when Cain’s agent James Geller negotiated a contract as a screenwriter for Paramount Pictures at $400 a week.


title: James M. Cain

text: Hired by Paramount while the studio was entering bankruptcy, Cain was assigned to work on a remake of Cecil B. DeMille’s "The Ten Commandments" (1923), but was dropped from the project after criticizing the story treatment of his supervisor. After working on a script about novelist Harvey Furgesson’s "Hot Saturday" (1926), Cain was terminated by Paramount in May of 1932, confirming his “basic dislike of [motion] pictures.”


title: James M. Cain

text: Unemployed in 1932, Cain looked to the Southern California milieu for a short story and wrote “The Baby in the Icebox”, which H. L. Mencken published in "American Mercury". The work caused “much excitement” and was widely republished in America and Europe. The story was adapted to film as "She Made Her Bed" (1934) by Paramount, though the studio declined to hire Cain to write the script. Cain’s highly regarded non-fiction appraisal of the greater Los Angeles area, “Paradise”, also appeared in the "Mercury" in 1933.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain was engaged briefly by film producer Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures as a screenwriter, but unable to produce a suitable script he was dismissed. For most of 1933 Cain was occupied writing the novel that would demonstrate a mastery of the first-person confessional that would make him famous: "The Postman Always Rings Twice". With the support of Walter Lippman, Alfred A. Knopf publishers purchased the work which became “an immediate critical and commercial success.” A story of adultery and murder, “a small fable” according to Cain, his first novel has been reprinted in the millions since publication and “one of America’s all-time best-sellers.”


title: James M. Cain

text: Two literary projects emerged out of "Postman": a play and a serial modeled after the story. Cain was determined to write a successful play after the failure of "Crashing the Gate" in 1926. Producer Jack Curtis, Sr. bought the rights to the novel and director Robert B. Sinclair staged a theatrical adaptation of "The Postman Always Rings Twice", opening in February 1936. Despite Cain’s numerous revisions of the work, the reviews were largely negative and it closed after 73 performances.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain wrote a facsimile of "Postman" that published as a "Liberty" magazine serial in 1936: "Double Indemnity", a love-murder conspiracy that unfolds in an insurance fraud. The serial was written “in exactly the same style as the Postman” and is considered one of Cain’s “finest achievements.” The popularity of the serial added millions to "Liberty"’s readership, and was published as a novella in 1943. The 1944 film adaptation directed by Billy Wilder is considered a masterpiece of film noir.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain’s next literary project was 1938's "Serenade", an opera-themed novel that addresses “the psychological sources of artistic power and creativity” and identifies heterosexuality as a "sin qua non" for success in the fine arts. Cain’s handling of the “sensational” topic placed him at “the center of a literary tempest”, sustaining his status as a much sought-after American author.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain made use of his love of music, particularly the opera, in at least three of his novels: "Serenade", about an American opera singer who loses his voice and, after spending part of his life south of the border, re-enters the United States illegally with a Mexican prostitute; "Mildred Pierce", in which, as part of the subplot, the surviving daughter of a successful businesswoman trains as an opera singer; and "Career in C Major", a short semi-comic novel about the unhappy husband of an aspiring opera singer, who unexpectedly discovers that he has a better voice than she does. In his novel "The Moth", music is important in the life of the main character. Cain's fourth wife, Florence Macbeth, was a retired opera singer.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain spent many years in Hollywood working on screenplays, but his name appears as a screenwriter in the credits of only two films: "Stand Up and Fight" (1939) and "Gypsy Wildcat" (1944), for which he is one of three credited screenwriters. For "Algiers" (1938) Cain received a credit for "additional dialogue", and he had story credits for other films.


title: James M. Cain

text: In 1975 Roy Hoopes contacted Cain after reading his article in "The Washington Post" about Walter Lippmann. Hoopes conducted a series of interviews with Cain until his death in 1977 which he turned into a biography of the author in 1984.


title: James M. Cain

text: In 1946, Cain wrote four articles for "Screen Writer" magazine in which he proposed the creation of an "American Authors' Authority" to hold writers' copyrights and represent writers in contract negotiations and court disputes. This idea was dubbed the "Cain plan" in the media. The plan was denounced as communist by some writers, who formed the American Writers Association to oppose it. James T. Farrell was the foremost of these opponents. The "Saturday Review" printed a debate between Cain and Farrell in November 1946. Farrell argued that the commercial Hollywood writers would control the market and keep out independents. "This idea is stamped in the crude conceptions of the artist which Mr. Cain holds, the notion that the artist is a kind of idiot who thinks that he is a God, but who has only the defects and none of the virtues of a God.” In his reply, Cain argued that his opponents understood the issue incorrectly as freedom versus control. It is fear of reprisals from publishers, Cain said, that is the real cause of opposition from well-to-do writers.


title: James M. Cain

text: Although Cain worked vigorously to promote the Authority, it did not gain widespread support, and the plan was abandoned.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain was married to Mary Clough in 1919. That marriage ended in divorce, and he soon married Elina Sjösted Tyszecka. Cain never had any children of his own, but he was close to Elina's two children from a previous marriage. In 1944, Cain married the film actress Aileen Pringle, but the marriage was a tempestuous union and dissolved in a bitter divorce two years later. His fourth marriage, to Florence Macbeth, lasted until her death in 1966.


title: James M. Cain

text: Cain continued writing up to his death, at the age of 85. He published many novels from the late 1940s onward, but none achieved the financial and popular success of his earlier books.


title: James M. Cain

text: "The Postman Always Rings Twice" was published as an Armed Services Edition during WWII, as was "Three of a Kind". (The Armed Services Edition of "Three of a Kind" was published under the title "Double Indemnity".)


title: Adaptations of A Christmas Carol

text: "A Christmas Carol", the popular 1843 novella by Charles Dickens (1812–1870), is one of the British author's best-known works. It is the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a greedy miser who hates Christmas, but is transformed into a caring, kindly person through the visitations of four ghosts (Jacob Marley and the ghosts of Christmas past, present, and future). The classic work has been dramatised and adapted countless times for virtually every medium and performance genre, and new versions appear regularly.


title: Adaptations of A Christmas Carol

text: The novel was the subject of Dickens' first public reading, given in Birmingham Town Hall to the Industrial and Literary Institute on 27 December 1853. This was repeated three days later to an audience of 'working people', and was a great success by his own account and that of newspapers of the time. Over the years, Dickens edited and adapted the piece for a listening, rather than reading, audience. Dickens continued to give public readings of "A Christmas Carol" until his death.


title: Adaptations of A Christmas Carol

text: Public readings of the novel continue to be held today, with some readers performing in character as Dickens.


title: Adaptations of A Christmas Carol

text: An early theatrical production was "A Christmas Carol: Or, the Miser's Warning!", a two-act adaptation of "A Christmas Carol" by C. Z. Barnett, first produced at the Surrey Theatre on 5 February 1844, just weeks after the publication of the novella.


title: Adaptations of A Christmas Carol

text: The basic plot of "A Christmas Carol" has been put to a variety of different literary and dramatic uses since Dickens' death, alongside sequels, prequels, and stories focusing on minor characters.


title: Markov model

text: In probability theory, a Markov model is a stochastic model used to model pseudo-randomly changing systems. It is assumed that future states depend only on the current state, not on the events that occurred before it (that is, it assumes the Markov property). Generally, this assumption enables reasoning and computation with the model that would otherwise be intractable. For this reason, in the fields of predictive modelling and probabilistic forecasting, it is desirable for a given model to exhibit the Markov property.


title: Markov model

text: There are four common Markov models used in different situations, depending on whether every sequential state is observable or not, and whether the system is to be adjusted on the basis of observations made:


title: Markov model

text: The simplest Markov model is the Markov chain. It models the state of a system with a random variable that changes through time. In this context, the Markov property suggests that the distribution for this variable depends only on the distribution of a previous state. An example use of a Markov chain is Markov chain Monte Carlo, which uses the Markov property to prove that a particular method for performing a random walk will sample from the joint distribution.


title: Markov model

text: A hidden Markov model is a Markov chain for which the state is only partially observable or noisily observable. In other words, observations are related to the state of the system, but they are typically insufficient to precisely determine the state. Several well-known algorithms for hidden Markov models exist. For example, given a sequence of observations, the Viterbi algorithm will compute the most-likely corresponding sequence of states, the forward algorithm will compute the probability of the sequence of observations, and the Baum–Welch algorithm will estimate the starting probabilities, the transition function, and the observation function of a hidden Markov model.


title: Markov model

text: One common use is for speech recognition, where the observed data is the speech audio waveform and the hidden state is the spoken text. In this example, the Viterbi algorithm finds the most likely sequence of spoken words given the speech audio.


title: Markov model

text: A Markov decision process is a Markov chain in which state transitions depend on the current state and an action vector that is applied to the system. Typically, a Markov decision process is used to compute a policy of actions that will maximize some utility with respect to expected rewards.


title: Markov model

text: A partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) is a Markov decision process in which the state of the system is only partially observed. POMDPs are known to be NP complete, but recent approximation techniques have made them useful for a variety of applications, such as controlling simple agents or robots.


title: Markov model

text: A Markov random field, or Markov network, may be considered to be a generalization of a Markov chain in multiple dimensions. In a Markov chain, state depends only on the previous state in time, whereas in a Markov random field, each state depends on its neighbors in any of multiple directions. A Markov random field may be visualized as a field or graph of random variables, where the distribution of each random variable depends on the neighboring variables with which it is connected. More specifically, the joint distribution for any random variable in the graph can be computed as the product of the "clique potentials" of all the cliques in the graph that contain that random variable. Modeling a problem as a Markov random field is useful because it implies that the joint distributions at each vertex in the graph may be computed in this manner.


title: Markov model

text: Hierarchical Markov models can be applied to categorize human behavior at various levels of abstraction. For example, a series of simple observations, such as a person's location in a room, can be interpreted to determine more complex information, such as in what task or activity the person is performing. Two kinds of Hierarchical Markov Models are the Hierarchical hidden Markov model and the Abstract Hidden Markov Model. Both have been used for behavior recognition. and certain conditional independence properties between different levels of abstraction in the model allow for faster learning and inference.


title: Markov model

text: A Tolerant Markov model (TMM) is a probabilistic-algorithmic Markov chain model. It assigns the probabilities according to a conditioning context that considers the last symbol, from the sequence to occur, as the most probable instead of the true occurring symbol. A TMM can model three different natures: substitutions, additions or deletions. Successful applications have been efficiently implemented in DNA sequences compression.


title: Markov model

text: Markov-chains have been used as a forecasting methods for several topics, for example price trends, wind power and solar irradiance. The Markov-chain forecasting models utilize a variety of different settings, from discretizing the time-series to hidden Markov-models combined with wavelets and the Markov-chain mixture distribution model (MCM).


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: The Wings of the Dove is a 1997 British-American romantic drama film directed by Iain Softley and starring Helena Bonham Carter, Linus Roache, and Alison Elliott. The screenplay by Hossein Amini is based on the 1902 novel of the same name by Henry James. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards and five BAFTAs, recognizing Bonham Carter's performance, the screenplay, the costume design, and the cinematography.


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: In 1910 London, Kate Croy (Helena Bonham Carter) lives under the careful watch of her domineering Aunt Maude (Charlotte Rampling). The wealthy Maude has taken the penniless Kate in as her ward, intending to marry her to a rich man and save her from the fate which befell her recently deceased mother when she married Kate's own dissolute father, Lionel (Michael Gambon). Lord Mark (Alex Jennings), a sophisticated aristocrat with a large estate, begins to court Kate with Maude's approval. However, Kate is secretly in love with a young muckraking journalist named Merton Densher (Linus Roache), whom her aunt has forbidden her from pursuing a relationship with because of his humble circumstances. Nonetheless, she has continued to meet with Merton in secret, though he is growing increasingly impatient for her to leave her aunt and marry him.


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: Aunt Maude confronts Kate about her continuing association with Merton and threatens to withdraw her financial support from Kate and her father. Kate reluctantly breaks with Merton and refuses to meet with him anymore. A few months later, at a dinner party given by her aunt, Kate is introduced to the wealthy American orphan and heiress Milly Theale (Allison Elliot), who is on an extended trip through Europe with her travelling companion Susan Stringham (Elizabeth McGovern). The cynical Kate is captivated by Milly's beauty, vivaciousness and humour, and the two form a strong friendship. Kate and Merton reconcile and resume their secret meetings; one day they run into Milly, and Kate introduces Merton as a family friend. Soon after, Milly invites Kate to accompany her and Susan to Venice.


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: Before leaving, Lord Mark secretly reveals to Kate that Milly is terminally ill and that although he desires Kate he needs to marry Milly and her fortune to avoid losing his estates. Aware that Milly is indifferent to Lord Mark but is smitten with Merton, Kate invites Merton to Venice and persuades him to show Milly affection in an effort to seduce her. Kate expects that the orphaned and lonely Milly will leave him her fortune after her death.


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: During Kate's, Milly's, and Merton's excursions through Venice, Kate gradually becomes jealous of Milly's attraction to Merton, so much so that she lures him away one night to have sex. Milly confronts her the next morning, though Kate denies that Merton is her lover. She realises that, if her scheme is to succeed, she must leave Venice without warning Merton. On their own in Venice, Merton's affection for Milly grows and the two form a strong bond, even as her condition worsens. One day Merton spots Lord Mark at a cafe; alarmed, he goes to visit Milly but is denied entry. Susan visits him and Merton realises that Kate has revealed their secret to Lord Mark to sabotage the whole scheme, knowing that Mark would tell Milly as revenge for her rejecting him. Nonetheless, Milly agrees to see Merton and the two share an intimate moment where she forgives him and says that she still loves both him and Kate, despite their actions. A few days later, Milly dies and Merton and Susan attend her funeral.


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: After Merton returns to London, Kate comes to Merton's flat. She asks why he has not come to see her in the weeks he has been back and finds a letter from Milly's lawyers, informing Merton that Milly did indeed bequeath a sizable portion of her estate to him. Merton tells Kate that he will not take the money, and she must marry him without it if they are to be together. They make love and afterwards Kate agrees, with the condition he tells her that he is not still in love with his memory of Milly. He cannot, and Kate leaves him for good, knowing that her conniving has backfired. Merton returns alone to Venice, while in the background we hear Milly's voice repeating her confident assertion that Merton will be coming into his own, and sooner than he thinks.


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: Filming for "The Wings of the Dove" took place over the summer of 1996, with eight weeks spent in London and six in Venice. London exterior locations include Brompton Cemetery on the Fulham Road; Carlton House Terrace in St. James's (Aunt Maud's house); Freemasons' Hall in Great Queen Street (Merton's newspaper office); Kensington Gardens; the National Liberal Club in Whitehall; the Richmond Fellowship; and the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich. Knebworth House in Hertfordshire stood in for Lord Mark's country estate, and Debenham House in Kensington for his London home. Syon House in London was used for the wedding reception scene early in the film. Shepperton Studios was used for the mock-ups of a platform tunnel and passageways representing both Dover Street and Knightsbridge tube stations.


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: Locations in Venice include St. Mark's Square and the Palazzo Barbaro. The Palazzo Barbaro was where Henry James wrote the original novel and is believed to have inspired Millie's palazzo as it is described in the book.


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: Costume designer Sandy Powell sought a clear distinction between the outfits the female characters wear in London and Venice, with the London costumes consisting of "chic outfits with the daring feeling of contemporary high fashion, clothes that herald the start of the more provocative "Twenties" fashion". In Venice, Powell sourced luxuriant, loose fitting gowns in lighter colors, reflecting a more "ethnic, North African look". Powell was inspired by the gowns of the early 20th century designer Fortuny; her goal was to reflect the freedom of the characters during their time in the city.


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: A notable departure from Henry James’ text is the inclusion of a sex scene late in the film, with Kate and Merton naked on a bed. “We went into that with our eyes open,” Iain Softley said. “We had no qualms. We felt it was essential in indicating the sort of scene it was, and making it relevant and familiar in the most stark way possible."


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: The film grossed $13,718,385 in the United States and Canada. It grossed £2,142,932 ($3.6 million) in the United Kingdom for a worldwide total of over $17 million.


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 84%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's consensus reads, ""The Wings of the Dove" patiently explores class divisions in early 20th century Europe through the well-written and beautifully acted travails of star-crossed lovers." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 73 out of 100, based on 18 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: In his review in "The New York Times", Stephen Holden called the film a "spellbinding screen adaptation [that] succeeds where virtually every other film translation of a James novel has stumbled...This magnificent film conveys an intimation of what values count the most, of what really matters, but it is also far too intelligent and sympathetic to human frailty to spell them out. You feel them most of all in the characters' unbridgeable silences."


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: Edward Guthmann of the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote ""The Wings of the Dove" was a minor literary work that manages on screen to upstage both "Washington Square" and "The Portrait of a Lady", two superior Henry James novels that came across as stiff and deliberate in recent film translations. This is a breakthrough for Softley, whose earlier films "Backbeat" and "Hackers" only hinted at the style and complexity he displays here, and a wonderful showcase for Roache, Elliott and Bonham Carter, who gives her best performance yet."


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: In "Entertainment Weekly", Owen Gleiberman graded the film A and observed it "has a lush yet aching beauty that seems to saturate you as you watch it. I'm not just talking about visual beauty. I'm speaking of dramatic beauty, the exquisite moment-to-moment tension of characters who reveal themselves layer by layer, flowing from thought to feeling and back again, until thought and feeling become drama. Director Iain Softley has made one of the rare movies that evokes not just the essence of a great novel but the experience of it..."The Wings of the Dove" is, I think, a great film ... that confirms the arrival of major screen talents: director Softley, who works with sublime sensitivity to the intricacies of self-deception; Bonham Carter and Roache, who create a dazzlingly intimate chemistry within the propriety of Jamesian manners; and "The Spitfire Grill"'s Alison Elliott, who, with her beatific charm and Mona Lisa smile, does one of the most difficult things an actress can — she brings goodness itself to life."


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: David Stratton of "Variety" stated the film "gives Helena Bonham Carter one of her best opportunities in a while, one which she seizes with relish, looking vibrant and totally convincing in her pivotal role..."The Wings of the Dove" may be typical of the school of British literary cinema, but Softley's handling of several key elements, including an unusually frank love scene in the later stages, is always inventive. Production values are of the highest standard."


title: The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)

text: Andrew Johnston, writing in "Time Out New York", noted that "Softley and Amini risk making their film seriously anachronistic by emphasizing the plot's pulpish qualities, but the able cast helps make it work." He also observed that "the immaculate production design makes turn-of-the-century London and Venice seem vibrant and real. "Wings" is a masterful and deeply haunting film; it adds genuine relevance to a genre that typically leans toward the static."


title: Koko the Clown

text: Koko the Clown is an animated character created by Max Fleischer. He first appeared as the main protagonist in "Out of the Inkwell" (1918-1929), a major animated series of the silent era. Throughout the series, he goes on many adventures with his canine companion “Fitz the Dog”, who would later evolve into Bimbo in the Betty Boop cartoons.


title: Koko the Clown

text: The character originated when Max Fleischer invented the rotoscope, a device that allowed for animation to be more lifelike by tracing motion picture footage of human movement. The use of the clown character came after two previous tests and a search for an original character. Fleischer filmed his brother Dave in a clown costume. After tracing the film footage amounting to some 2,500 drawings and a year's work, the character that would eventually become Koko the Clown was born, although he did not have a name until 1924. "The Clown"'s appearance owes much to The Yama Yama Man. Dave's clown costume was clearly inspired by one worn by Bessie McCoy, with the additions of a black ruffled collar replacing the big white bow, three pom-pom front buttons, and a prominent cone-shaped cap also with three pom-poms. The white face with slit eyes was a design common among German circus clowns. Both costumes have white gloves with long fingers, white foot coverings, and a hat with the same white pom-pom as in front. A 1922 sheet music drawing makes the connection more explicit, saying "Out of the Inkwell, the New Yama Yama Clown", with a picture of Koko.


title: Koko the Clown

text: Because of the realistic effects displayed in his sample films, the result of Fleischer's Rotoscope, and a past relationship with John R. Bray, he was hired as production manager for John R. Bray Studios, and in 1918 they began "Out of the Inkwell" as an entry in the "Bray Pictograph Screen Magazine" released through Paramount (1918), and later Goldwyn (1919-1921). Aside from the novelty of the Rotoscoped animation, this series combined live-action and animation centered on Max Fleischer as the creative cartoonist and "Master" of "The Clown." "The Clown" would often slip from Max's eye and go on an adventure, pull a prank on his creator. Fleischer wrote, and animated the early shorts along with Roland Crandall, with Dave directing the live action filming, performing on camera as "The Clown" for Rotoscoping, and assisted with the animation and Roto tracings.


title: Koko the Clown

text: The series was very popular, and in 1921 Max and Dave Fleischer formed their own studio, Out of the Inkwell Films, Inc. Their films were distributed through the States Rights method through Warner Brothers, Winkler Pictures, Standard, and finally The Red Seal Pictures Corporation. The "Clown" was named Ko-Ko in 1924 when Dick Huemer came to the studio as their animation supervisor, having animated on the "Mutt and Jeff" series for eight years. He redesigned the "Clown" for more efficient animation production and moved the Fleischers away from their dependency upon the Rotoscope for fluid animation. Huemer created Ko-Ko's canine companion, Fitz. Most importantly, Huemer set the drawing style that gave the series its distinctive look. The illustration at the heading is an example by Huemer.


title: Koko the Clown

text: In the films produced from 1924 to 1927, the clown's name was hyphenated, "Ko-Ko". The hyphen was dropped due to legal issues associated with the bankruptcy of the Fleischer's partnership company, The Red Seal Pictures Corporation. Alfred Weiss presented the Fleischers with a new Paramount contract beginning in mid-1927, and "Out of the Inkwell" was retitled as "The Inkwell Imps". The series continued for two years until July 1929, ending with "Chemical Koko." Due to alleged mismanagement under Alfred Weiss, the Inkwell Studios filed bankruptcy in January 1929, and Koko was put into retirement for two years. In 1931, the legal entanglements regarding Koko were resolved, and he returned to the screen beginning with "The Herring Murder Case" (1931) and became a regular in the new Fleischer "Talkartoons" series with costars, Betty Boop and Bimbo. Koko's last theatrical appearance was in the "Betty Boop" cartoon, "Ha! Ha! Ha!" (1934), a remake of an "Out of the Inkwell" silent, "The Cure" (1924).


title: Koko the Clown

text: Koko's first color appearance was a cameo in the cartoon "Toys Will Be Toys" (1949), one of the revived "Screen Songs" series produced by Famous Studios. In 1958, Max Fleischer set out to revive "Out of the Inkwell" for television, and a series of 100 color episodes were produced in 1960–1961 by Hal Seeger using the voice talents of Larry Storch. Only two episodes have surfaced.


title: Aroma compound

text: An aroma compound, also known as an odorant, aroma, fragrance or flavoring, is a chemical compound that has a smell or odor. For an individual chemical or class of chemical compounds to impart a smell or fragrance, it must be sufficiently volatile for transmission via the air to the olfactory system in the upper part of the nose. As examples, various fragrant fruits have diverse aroma compounds, particularly strawberries which are commercially cultivated to have appealing aromas, and contain several hundred aroma compounds.


title: Aroma compound

text: Generally, molecules meeting this specification have molecular weights of less than 310. Flavors affect both the sense of taste and smell, whereas fragrances affect only smell. Flavors tend to be naturally occurring, and the term "fragrances" may also apply to synthetic compounds, such as those used in cosmetics.


title: Aroma compound

text: Aroma compounds can naturally be found in various foods, such as fruits and their peels, wine, spices, floral scent, perfumes, fragrance oils, and essential oils. For example, many form biochemically during the ripening of fruits and other crops. Wines have more than 100 aromas that form as byproducts of fermentation. Also, many of the aroma compounds play a significant role in the production of compounds used in the food service industry to flavor, improve, and generally increase the appeal of their products.


title: Aroma compound

text: An odorizer may add a detectable odor to a dangerous odorless substance, like propane, natural gas, or hydrogen, as a safety measure.


title: Aroma compound

text: High concentrations of aldehydes tend to be very pungent and overwhelming, but low concentrations can evoke a wide range of aromas.


title: Aroma compound

text: Animals that are capable of smell detect aroma compounds with their olfactory receptors. Olfactory receptors are cell-membrane receptors on the surface of sensory neurons in the olfactory system that detect airborne aroma compounds. Aroma compounds can then be identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry, which involves a human operator sniffing the GC effluent.


title: Aroma compound

text: In mammals, olfactory receptors are expressed on the surface of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity.


title: Aroma compound

text: In 2005–06, fragrance mix was the third-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (11.5%). 'Fragrance' was voted Allergen of the Year in 2007 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. A recent academic study in the United States has shown that "34.7 % of the population reported health problems, such as migraine headaches and respiratory difficulties, when exposed to fragranced products".


title: Aroma compound

text: The composition of fragrances is usually not disclosed in the label of the products, hiding the actual chemicals of the formula, which raises concerns among some consumers. In the United States, this is because the law regulating cosmetics protects trade secrets.


title: Aroma compound

text: In the United States, fragrances are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration if present in cosmetics or drugs, by the Consumer Products Safety Commission if present in consumer products. No pre-market approval is required, except for drugs. Fragrances are also generally regulated by the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 that "grandfathered" existing chemicals without further review or testing and put the burden of proof that a new substance is not safe on the EPA. The EPA, however, does not conduct independent safety testing but relies on data provided by the manufacturer.


title: Aroma compound

text: A 2019 study of the top-selling skin moisturizers found 45% of those marketed as "fragrance-free" contained fragrance.


title: Aroma compound

text: In 2010, the International Fragrance Association published a list of 3,059 chemicals used in 2011 based on a voluntary survey of its members, identifying about 90% of the world's production volume of fragrances.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Kolten Kaha Wong (born October 10, 1990) is an American professional baseball second baseman for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals and Milwaukee Brewers. He made his MLB debut in 2013. Wong bats left-handed and throws right-handed.


title: Kolten Wong

text: From Hilo, Hawaii, Wong starred in baseball at Kamehameha Hawaii High School and for the University of Hawaii at Manoa. The St. Louis Cardinals selected Wong in the first round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft, and promoted him to the major leagues two years later. He was named the National League Rookie of the Month for May 2014. Wong was the Cardinals' starting second baseman for the majority of his tenure with the team, and won two Gold Gloves and three Fielding Bible Awards with the club. During the 2020 offseason, the Cardinals declined Wong's player option for the 2021 season, making him a free agent for the first time in his career. He then signed with Milwaukee, with whom he played two seasons, before he was traded to the Mariners following the 2022 season.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Kolten Wong is the son of Kolen "Kaha" Wong, who played college baseball at the University of Southern California (USC), and spent two years in the minor leagues with the Reno Silver Sox in Class-A. Despite batting .280 in 157 games, the elder Wong returned home to Hilo, Hawaii, to raise his family. He rose to prominence as a baseball coach in Hawaii. Instead of pursuing a steady career, he took whatever jobs would afford him the most time to teach Kolten the game and about working out, which he emphasized on a daily basis. In time, Kolten Wong befriended mixed martial artist and Ultimate Fighting Championship star B. J. Penn, whose father, Jay Dee Penn, correspondingly befriended Kaha Wong. The Penns ran a gym which allowed Kaha Wong to train children how to swing a bat.


title: Kolten Wong

text: To train as a baseball player, Wong spent two hours daily cutting trees with an axe to improve his strength, and daily sessions in a batting cage. He participated in the Cal Ripken World Series in Aberdeen, Maryland where he led his team, Pacific Southwest, to the championship. He also played in the 2007 Senior League Baseball World Series, with his team from Hilo American Little League. His younger brother, Kean, played in the Junior Little League World Series.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Wong was a two-sport star at Kamehameha Hawaii High School in Keaau, Hawaii, playing baseball and football. As a baseball standout, Wong batted .600 during his senior year and was named a co-winner for the 2008 Hawaii Baseball Player of the Year honor. Wong was a top scholar as well.


title: Kolten Wong

text: The Minnesota Twins drafted him in the 16th round of the 2008 Major League Baseball draft. A scout from the Twins presented Wong with a $75,000 contract offer, which he refused, stating that "after taxes, it's not even that much". Wong chose not to sign, opting to attend the University of Hawaii, where he played college baseball for the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors.


title: Kolten Wong

text: In a game against Loyola Marymount in his freshman year, he hit three home runs (HR). The Rainbow Warriors won a Western Athletic Conference (WAC) tournament in his sophomore year and a regular season championship. Against Louisiana Tech in the WAC tournament, he hit the game-tying and game-winning home runs. Wong was a three-time first-team All-WAC selection.


title: Kolten Wong

text: As a freshman, he played center field and batted .341 with 11 HR. During his sophomore year, he hit .357 with a .534 slugging percentage (SLG), .436 on-base percentage (OBP), 19 stolen bases and 40 runs batted in (RBIs). Playing for the Orleans Firebirds of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL) in 2010, he was named a CCBL All-Star and the Pat Sorenti Most Valuable Player. His batting average (.341) ranked him third in the CCBL that summer, his slugging (.452) was fourth, OBP (.426) second, and stolen bases (22) second, while making just four errors in 145 chances for a .972 fielding percentage. Wong was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2016.


title: Kolten Wong

text: During his junior year at Hawaii, Wong led the team in batting average at .378 and was fourth in the WAC; he also finished fourth in the WAC in SLG (.560) and third in OBP at .492. Other totals included 48 runs scored, 11 doubles, seven home runs, 23 stolen bases, and 42 bases on balls. Wong was named a "Baseball America" All-American in 2011. He finished his college career with a .358 batting average (245 hits in 684 at-bats), 47 doubles, 25 home runs, 145 RBIs, a .563 SLG and .449 OBP. He stole 53 bases in 71 attempts.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Eligible for the amateur draft after his junior season at Hawaii, the Cardinals selected Wong in the first round, with the 22nd overall selection, of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. According to MLB.com, he was the #4-ranked prospect in the Cardinals organization. He made his professional debut that season with the Quad Cities River Bandits of the Class A Midwest League. In 47 games, he batted .335 with 15 doubles, five home runs, 25 RBIs, and nine stolen bases.


title: Kolten Wong

text: After earning a promotion to the Springfield Cardinals of the Class AA Texas League in 2012, Wong batted .287 with 52 RBIs and 21 stolen bases. He was selected for the 2012 All-Star Futures Game. Wong finished the year playing in the Arizona Fall League (AFL), where he batted .324 with 12 RBIs and five stolen bases. He was selected for the AFL "Top Prospect" team for second base after the season concluded.


title: Kolten Wong

text: The Cardinals promoted Wong to the Memphis Redbirds of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League in , where he spent most of the year. Putting together a 20-game hitting streak in May, Wong collected 30 hits in 70 at bats (AB). He also had 10 multi-hit games during that streak. His totals at Memphis included a .303 batting average with 10 home runs, 45 RBIs, and 20 stolen bases in 107 games, before the Cardinals called him up to the Major Leagues on August 16. He participated in his second All-Star Futures Game in July. He appeared in 32 MLB games, collecting nine hits in 59 AB with one double for a .153 batting average. In December, the Cardinals named him their Minor League Player of the Year for 2013.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Manager Mike Matheny named Wong to the 2013 Cardinals' postseason roster. He played in seven total games between the National League Division Series (NLDS), National League Championship Series (NLCS) and World Series. He made his World Series debut in Game 3 against the Boston Red Sox as a defensive substitution and collected a hit in the bottom of the eighth inning in his only Series plate appearance. Wong also appeared in Game 4 when Matheny inserted him as a pinch runner in the ninth inning. However, Boston closer Koji Uehara picked him off first base for the final out of the game, the only occasion in which a World Series game ended on a pickoff play. Boston won the game, 4–2, and went on to win the Series, 4–2.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Wong became the de facto starter out of spring training for 2014. The Cardinals had traded third baseman David Freese and second baseman Matt Carpenter moved to third base. The Cardinals signed veteran free agent Mark Ellis to provide insurance and guidance for him. Wong struggled early, batting .225 in April, and was demoted to Memphis. He returned to the MLB club in May after hitting .344 with two homers, five steals, and an .867 on-base plus slugging (OPS) in 15 games, and also developed a modified swing.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Batting .333 with the Cardinals in May, Wong recorded the highest average for rookies with a minimum of 40 plate appearances. He also made no defensive errors. Wong's plus-7 defensive runs saved led NL second basemen despite spending time in the minor leagues. He was therefore named the National League Rookie of the Month. On June 3, he hit his first career MLB home run, a grand slam against the Royals ace James Shields. But when he reaggravated a shoulder injury sustained earlier in the month, the Cardinals placed Wong on the 15-day disabled list (DL) on June 21. After returning from the DL, Wong hit a double to tie the score 2–2 in the second inning of a July 8 contest against the Pittsburgh Pirates. With the score tied 4–4 in the bottom of the ninth of that game, he hit his first walk-off home run off Ernesto Frieri. In a seven-game span beginning with a return from that DL stint and ending with the beginning of the All-Star break, he hit five home runs.


title: Kolten Wong

text: After enduring three games with three strikeouts each in a previous eight-game period, Wong finished a triple short of the cycle in an August 2 game against division rival Milwaukee Brewers. His first career multi-home run game came five days later in a 3-for-4 performance with two home runs against the Red Sox. Against the Baltimore Orioles on August 10, he notched his second career four-hit game in an 8–3 victory. He batted .254 after being recalled from Memphis, including a .315 average against left-handed pitching. Wong started 100 games at second base, finishing with a .249 batting average, 12 home runs, 54 RBI, 42 runs scored and led the club with 20 stolen bases.


title: Kolten Wong

text: The Cardinals won the National League Central Division. In Game 3 of the NLDS versus the Los Angeles Dodgers, his seventh-inning, two-run homer broke a tie and provided the final margin in the Cardinals' 3–1 victory. In Game 2 of the NLCS against the San Francisco Giants on October 12, Wong hit his second career MLB walk-off home run, a solo shot that secured a 1–1 tie in the series for the Cardinals. This was the fourth postseason walk-off home run in franchise history, following Ozzie Smith (1985 NLCS), Jim Edmonds (2004 NLCS), and Freese (2011 World Series). In MLB postseason history, Wong became the third second baseman to accomplish the walk-off feat, after Bill Mazeroski (1960 World Series) and Jeff Kent (2004 NLCS). For the 2014 postseason, Wong appeared in eight games, hitting three home runs and three doubles. He finished third in the National League Rookie of the Year Award voting.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Wong contributed to the Cardinals' early success in 2015. On April 22 against the Washington Nationals, he had three hits – including a home run – and fielded would-be base hits from Yunel Escobar and Wilson Ramos (fifth and sixth innings) on the third base side of second, and turned and threw both out. He hit his second career regular-season walk-off home run against Pittsburgh on May 3 in the 14th inning for a 3–2 decision. During an eight-game hitting streak through May 10, he batted .517 (15-for-29) with two home runs. For the season, he batted .262 with 28 doubles, four triples, 11 home runs, and 71 runs scored.


title: Kolten Wong

text: On March 2, 2016, Wong agreed to a five-year extension with the Cardinals worth $25.5 million, with $12.5 million team option for 2021. He struggled early, batting .222 with a .571 OPS through June 5, and the Cardinals demoted him to Memphis the next day. With Memphis, Wong began to gain experience as a center fielder. In his debut with Memphis, he hit two home runs, including a grand slam, in an 8−5 win over Colorado Springs. The Cardinals recalled Wong on June 17. His ninth-inning, RBI double in the July 27 game against the New York Mets drove in the game-winning run for a 5−4 final score, where Jeurys Familia’s consecutive-saves streak had ended one batter earlier to Yadier Molina at 52, the third-longest in major league history. Wong finished 2016 with a .240 batting average, five home runs, 23 RBIs, and a .682 OPS.


title: Kolten Wong

text: In 2017, Wong bounced back strong despite playing in only 108 games. He hit .285 with four home runs and 42 RBIs along with walking a career high 41 times.


title: Kolten Wong

text: On May 5, 2018, Wong hit a walk-off home run against Chicago Cubs reliever Luke Farrell in the bottom of the ninth inning. His 2-run home run helped St. Louis to an 8–6 victory. On June 2, Wong hit a walk-off home run versus Richard Rodríguez of the Pittsburgh Pirates for a 3–2 win. It was Wong's fourth career walk-off home run. Wong finished his 2018 campaign batting .249 with nine home runs and 38 RBIs along with tallying 19 Defensive Runs Saved in 127 games. Wong was nominated for a Gold Glove, his first ever nomination, but fell short to DJ LeMahieu.


title: Kolten Wong

text: On March 28, 2019, Wong hit a two-run home run in his first at bat of the season against the Milwaukee Brewers, and hit another later in the game. Wong finished his 2019 regular season slashing .285/.361/.423 with 11 home runs, 59 RBIs, and 24 stolen bases over 148 games. He led the major leagues in bunt hits (11). On defense, he had a 14 Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) rating, the best in the major leagues among second basemen. He was nominated for a Gold Glove for the second straight season, and won the award for the first time in his career.


title: Kolten Wong

text: In a shortened 2020 season, Wong batted .265/.350/.326 with one home run and 16 RBIs over 53 games with a .989 fielding percentage. He was awarded his second consecutive Gold Glove after leading major league second basemen in defense runs saved, defensive WAR, double plays turned, and double plays started. The Cardinals declined his team option for 2021, thus making him a free agent for the first time in his career.


title: Kolten Wong

text: On February 5, 2021, Wong signed a two-year, $18 million (with a club option for 2023) deal with the Milwaukee Brewers. After the 2022 season, the Brewers exercised the $10 million option for the 2023 season.


title: Kolten Wong

text: On December 2, 2022, the Brewers traded Wong to the Seattle Mariners for Abraham Toro and Jesse Winker.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Wong grew up an Atlanta Braves fan. His brother, Kean, is also an MLB second baseman. They have a sister, Kiani, who is a softball player at Hawaii. On December 19, 2013, Wong's mother, Keala, died from cancer.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Wong is of Hawaiian, Chinese, Filipino, and Portuguese descent. Wong's paternal great-grandparents were Chinese.


title: Kolten Wong

text: In November 2015, Wong married Alissa Noll. They met while both attending the University of Hawaii, where she was a track and field athlete. They reside in Honolulu, Hawaii during the offseason, and also owned a home in Creve Coeur, Missouri, but sold it after Wong signed with Milwaukee. In March 2021, Wong announced they were expecting their first child. Their son was born that September.


title: Kolten Wong

text: Wong began fundraising to help families impacted by the 2018 lower Puna eruption in May 2018 by creating a GoFundMe page that has raised over $58,000.


title: Ancestral background of presidents of the United States

text: The ancestral background of presidents of the United States has been relatively consistent throughout American history. With the exception of John F. Kennedy, Martin Van Buren, and perhaps Dwight D. Eisenhower, every president has ancestors from Great Britain, which in turn make many of them distantly related to one another. Kennedy was of pure Irish descent, Van Buren was of Dutch lineage; and Eisenhower was of German and Swiss heritage. Barack Obama is the only president to have recent ancestry from outside Western Europe; his paternal family is of the Luo people of East Africa. He is also believed to be a direct descendant of John Punch, a colonial-era slave born in modern-day Cameroon. Despite speculation, there is no evidence that any of America’s presidents have had any Indigenous American ancestry.


text: The most common ethnic groups in the Thirteen Colonies were those hailing from either Great Britain or Northern Ireland. Those of other backgrounds (such as Irish, Dutch, German, or French) would see attempts to assimilate them into the dominant English and predominately Protestant culture.


text: Some nativist political groups within the United States were adamantly opposed to identifying with a foreign nation and would coin those who did as hyphenated Americans. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were outspoken opponents of hyphenated Americans, with Wilson once remarking, "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him, carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic when he gets ready."


text: Summary: Dutch5 English38 French12 German11 Irish5 Kenyan (Luo)1 Scottish19 Swiss3 Ulster Scots21 Welsh15


title: Saimin

text: Saimin is a noodle soup dish common in the contemporary cuisine of Hawaii. Traditionally consisting of soft wheat egg noodles served in a hot garnished with diced green onions and a thin slice of , modern versions of saimin include additional toppings such as "char siu", sliced Spam, sliced egg, or shredded nori. When Chinese dumplings are added to the noodle soup, it is seen on menus as the heartier "wonton min". All saimin establishments have their own, often secret recipe for the soup base, but primarily use and dried shrimp as major ingredients. Common table condiments mixed in the saimin broth are Chinese hot mustard and soy sauce, added in small quantities according to each individual's taste. Many local residents of Hawaii also enjoy barbecued teriyaki beef sticks (skewers) or American hamburgers as a side dish.


title: Saimin

text: Saimin was developed during Hawaii's plantation era and is a testament to the history of cultural influences found in the Hawaiian Islands. It is a local comfort food eaten all year round at any time of day for breakfast, lunch, dinner, or as a late-night snack. Initially consumed by the working class, saimin can now be seen on the menus of Hawaii's restaurants from fast food chains to upscale five-star hotel restaurants. It is commonly eaten at sporting events as well, with concession stands offering the hot noodle soup alongside popcorn and nachos. Saimin is also available as a pre-cooked packaged food much like instant ramen.


title: Saimin

text: "Saimin" is a compound of two Chinese words: (), meaning small, and (), meaning noodle. Although the term "saimin" itself is accepted to have Chinese origins, Mandarin speaking residents of China would not recognize the written word; however, Cantonese speaking residents would, as the word is still used commonly in written Cantonese today. The first recorded use of the romanized word in Hawaii dates as far back as 1908, but was most likely spoken in the local dialect much earlier. In Hawaii's contemporary pidgin language, saimin has become a hyponym or blanket term for noodle soups, particularly instant ramen (e.g., "And one day, I come home from school and Blu and Maisie are eating dry saimin sprinkled with the soup stock").


title: Saimin

text: The precise origins of saimin as a dish is debatable. It is certain that saimin, along with much of the contemporary cuisine in Hawaii, is closely related to the immigration of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, and Portuguese field workers during the plantation era of Hawaii beginning in the 1850s. As the popular belief goes, these plantation laborers of various ethnic backgrounds would return from the fields and share communal meals. For example, a Korean family may have had extra green onions growing in their yard, the Portuguese would have some extra pork from making sausage, the Chinese would share some noodles, while the Japanese provide some for the meal. At this point, they would all throw their ingredients into a pot and share what was created. It may be through these improvised communal meals that saimin was possibly born.


title: Saimin

text: This common, yet supposed history of saimin's origins is highly debatable, since there are recorded accounts of much racial tension between the various ethnic groups during this time. Interracial activity was highly limited and the groups were more than often segregated, leaving little chance for these imagined communal meals.


title: Saimin

text: Among the immigrant population in Hawaii, one of the largest (besides the Chinese) and most influential (besides the Caucasian) immigrants were the Japanese and it is theorized that saimin was created by this ethnic group wanting to eat ramen. Instead of a full replication, they were limited to the ingredients readily available to them in Hawaii, resulting in the creation of saimin. There are also records of Japanese immigrants peddling saimin in Hawaii as early as 1915, giving them a decent standing as its fore-bearer.


title: Saimin

text: However, the Japanese ramen theory also has some complications. During the same time period, ramen was not the widely popular phenomenon in Japan as it is known today and would not be considered a food Japanese immigrants immediately associate with their homeland. To drive this point further, if indeed Japanese immigrants were attempting to recreate ramen in Hawaii, the common Japanese language did not use the word until about the 1950s. In Japan it was first known as . Saimin noodles themselves are closer in characteristic to the curly yellow-colored Chinese egg noodles found in wonton noodles as opposed to the straight white wheat noodles consumed in Japan, giving Chinese immigrants an edge as the first developers of saimin.


title: Saimin

text: Many newspaper clippings of Hawaii's yesteryears mentioning saimin are exclusively associated with the Chinese population and their neighborhoods. The majority of these associations are also subtly derogatory, suggesting a less desirable, low-class representation of their community. That being so, it may become a sensitive issue crediting Chinese immigrants with saimin's origins even with strong written evidence behind this theory. Whichever the case, the clash of cultures in Hawaii makes it difficult to precisely pinpoint the exact beginning of saimin, but in turn makes this dish unique with roots set deeply in Hawaii's history.


title: Saimin

text: Saimin was first sold as a menu item in the early 1900s from unmarked and unnamed 'saimin wagons' as "an immigrant family's first step into American entrepreneurship". The noodles, broth, and toppings were made from scratch and prepared by hand in their homes. With all the components ready to assemble and serve, they would wheel out to a spot wherever there were plantation laborers looking for a cheap and quick bite to eat. As these families earned more money, they were able to set up shop at fixed locations. The first of these saimin stands could be found near the old plantation towns and farms of Hawaii as early as the 1930s, feeding hungry fieldworkers for as little as $0.05 a bowl.


title: Saimin

text: As Hawaii gradually moved from an agricultural economy towards a more service-based economy in the 1960s and 1970s, saimin stands moved away from the plantation fields with many more establishments opening near sporting venues, movie theaters, pool halls, and schools. Due to its timely preparation and warm broth, it became popular as a quick late night snack for young adults after a night out on the town. Also at this time several public schools throughout Hawaii began offering saimin as a regular option for students who did not want to eat the scheduled weekly menu.


title: Saimin

text: It was not until the opening of Honolulu Stadium and its addition to the concession stand's menu when saimin became acknowledged as a popular fast food and put under a national spotlight. Chuck Tanner, retired Major League Baseball player for the Boston Braves and former manager of minor league baseball team the Hawaii Islanders in 1969 and 1970, recalled, "During the games, fans ate corn on the cob. They had some soup. . . won ton or something. I don't know. And they had these sticks with beef on them."


title: Saimin

text: Saimin became less popular in the 1980s and 1990s as the appearance of other exciting noodle soup dishes made their way to Hawaii such as tonkotsu ramen and pho. As other forms of noodle soup grew in popularity, many saimin institutions closed, leaving saimin as a comfort food of nostalgic value to the older generation in Hawaii.


title: Saimin

text: Several saimin establishments including saimin noodle factories and restaurants have become local landmarks in Hawaii and have attracted out-of-state visitors venturing off the traditional tourist-beaten paths. There are many that have closed their doors, such as Shiroma's Saimin in Waipahu, Washington Saimin in Makiki, Hall Saimin in Kalihi, Likelike Drive In, and most recently Dillingham Saimin (formally known as Boulevard Saimin). Some local institutions still in existence with decades under their belts are Jane's Fountain, The Old Saimin House, Palace Saimin, Meg's Drive In, Shiro's Saimin Haven, Forty-Niner Restaurant, and Sekiya's Restaurant & Delicatessen on Oahu. Also notable are Nori's Saimin & Snacks on the Big Island, Sam Sato's on Maui, and Hamura's Saimin on Kauai, which was given the James Beard Foundation's America's Classic honor in 2006.


title: Saimin

text: McDonald's, an American fast-food giant based in Oak Brook, Illinois, became aware of the saimin phenomenon in the Hawaiian islands in the late 1960s. Maurice J. "Sully" Sullivan, legendary Hawaii entrepreneur and owner of Foodland Super Market Limited, had purchased and opened the first McDonald's restaurant in Hawaii in 1968 at his flagship grocery store. He opened several more McDonald's franchises, and for 12 straight months, McDonald's Hawaii became the highest-grossing group of franchises in the world. Sullivan wanted to serve his favorite meal, saimin, at his McDonald's restaurants, knowing all too well that his restaurants would boom with its introduction to the menu.


title: Saimin

text: Sullivan invited executives from the McDonald's corporation, including owner and business tycoon Ray Kroc for dinner at two family-owned, "hole-in-the-wall" saimin stands in Honolulu: Washington Saimin and Boulevard Saimin. That night, Sullivan convinced Kroc to expand McDonald's menu for the first time in its corporate history to include a local "ethnic" food. Researchers worked extensively with Washington Saimin to develop a recipe for McDonald's Hawaii. Sullivan secured deals with Ajinomoto, a local Japanese saimin noodle factory and fishcake supplier, to manufacture a special soup base.


title: Saimin

text: Saimin was one of McDonald's Hawaii's most popular menu items. Later, Sullivan introduced breakfast platters consisting of Portuguese sausage, eggs, and steamed white rice; Spam, eggs, and rice; and a Breakfast deluxe, a combination of the two, to his menu, capitalizing on the local food phenomena.


title: Saimin

text: On June 29th, 2022, McDonald's Hawaii announced that it would no longer offer saimin on its menu. The item was discontinued because Okahara Saimin, the chain's supplier, closed due to its owners' retirement at the end of May.


title: Saimin

text: Much like its close counterpart ramen, saimin was also developed as an instant noodle in 1963 by Shimoko & Sons saimin brand, better known to locals as S&S saimin. Unlike instant ramen, S&S saimin noodles require refrigeration or freezing and are not dry. The noodles are also pre-cooked, making it a ready-to-eat food by simply adding hot water with a soup base packaged separately. Instant saimin has since become a staple in many Hawaii households because of its quick and easy preparation, in addition allowing the consumer to add any toppings they desire.


title: Saimin

text: S&S is a large contributor to popularizing saimin since the name brand sponsored many local television shows between the late 1960s and early 1980s. During this time, S&S sent 20 children to Disneyland through a contest held with the beloved children's program, The Checkers and Pogo Show. The saimin brand also sponsored the "S&S Junk Show", a karaoke-based amateur singing program which ran for 15 seasons.


title: Saimin

text: The S&S saimin brand was acquired by the Japanese multinational drink company Ito En in 1987. The brand was later sold to Hawaii-based noodle and pasta manufacturer Sun Noodle in 2006.


title: Saimin

text: Some saimin establishments may have the option to substitute the traditional thin egg noodles for the thicker udon noodle, or sometimes mixing both, creating something seen on local menus as "saidon". A soup-less pan-fried version similar to Japanese yakisoba and Chinese lo mein is simply known as "fried saimin". This variation is particularly popular at carnivals, fairgrounds, and catered parties since it can be prepared in large quantities and consumed at room temperature. "Fried saimin" is also served as a side dish in okazuya bento and plate lunch.


title: Task Force 121

text: Task Force 121 was a United States Department of Defense special operations task force. TF121 was a multi-service force from Joint Special Operations Command, made up of operators from the U.S. Army's Delta Force, 75th Ranger Regiment, and 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment, the U.S. Navy's SEAL Team Six, the CIA's Special Activities Division, U.S. Air Force Combat Controllers, Pararescuemen, Tactical Air Control Party operators, and Special Operations Weather Technicians, the Aviation Tactics Evaluation Group (AvTEG), and the Joint Communications Unit. Two companies of armor from the U.S. Army 4th Infantry Division provided armor support.


title: Task Force 121

text: TF121 was a combination of the now defunct Task Force 5 and Task Force 20, which operated in Afghanistan and Iraq respectively. Acting on the apparent logistic redundancy of keeping two separate task force teams for Iraq and Afghanistan, General John Abizaid decided to combine both teams into a single streamlined force, forming the TF121. The force was approximately 1,500 soldiers with its own support capabilities.


title: Task Force 121

text: Task Force 20's primary goal was to capture or kill "High-value targets" (HVTs), such as Iraqi Mujahideen leaders and former Ba'ath party regime members and leaders. Task Force 20 operators were directly involved in the 4-hour firefight between 101st Airborne soldiers and Saddam Hussein's sons, Uday and Qusay Hussein. The two sons were killed in the shootout. The apprehending of the most wanted man in Iraq, Saddam Hussein, in Operation Red Dawn directly involved Task Force 121 operators and members of the Army's 4th Infantry Division.


title: Task Force 121

text: Task Force 20 was also involved in what the US military calls a tragic accident on 27 July 2003. At least three Iraqis were killed in western Baghdad's Mansour district, when US soldiers from Task Force 20 opened fire on cars that overshot a military cordon. The drivers apparently had missed the cordon when they turned into the area from an unblocked side street.


title: Task Force 121

text: TF121's primary mission was the apprehension of High Value Targets and was organized in such a way that it has a close relationship with intelligence personnel and has timely and unhindered access to any relevant data gathered by intelligence assets in the area. Such an option is invaluable to any Special Operations team, and especially so to one whose primary mission is hunting elusive fugitives whose hideouts change frequently and randomly.


title: Task Force 121

text: Many TF121 groups were assigned Special Operations CIRA (Communications Intelligence Reconnaissance and Action) personnel with expertise in relevant fields. These operators work closely with the intelligence agencies tied to TF121 and work to pinpoint and identify HVTs aggressively.


title: Task Force 121

text: On 21 July 2003, Saddam's sons Uday and Qusay were killed in a firefight with TF20 operators and soldiers from 101st Airborne. On 13 December 2003, Operation Red Dawn netted HVT #1, Saddam Hussein. After intelligence narrowed down the target to two possible locations, TF121 coordinated the raid with 600 soldiers from the 4th Infantry Division's 1st Brigade Combat Team and Apache Troop 1-1 Cavalry Regiment, 4th Brigade, 1st Armored Division.


title: Task Force 121

text: According to an internal army investigation leaked to the "Washington Post", Task Force 121 was responsible for the illegal abuse of detainees in secret interrogation facilities in Iraq. In 2006, after the unit had changed its name to Task Force 6-26, a Human Rights Watch report recorded evidence of continued abuse, including beatings and waterboarding.


title: Vinaya Prasad

text: Vinaya Prakash ( Bhat), also credited as Vinaya Prasad, is an Indian actress who has primarily featured in Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil films and TV series besides acting in Telugu language films. She has won the State Best Actress Award for her performances in "Aathanka" (1993) and "Bannada Hejje" (2001).


title: Vinaya Prasad

text: Vinaya Prasad hails from Udupi district of Karnataka state. Prasad made her film debut with a small role in G. V. Iyer's "Madhwacharya" in 1988. She worked in smaller character roles before playing the leading lady in "Ganeshana Maduve" opposite Anant Nag. The film was a huge success and she went on to act in many more films in not only Kannada but also Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu. Some of her notable Kannada films include "Ganeshana Maduve", "Neenu Nakkare Haalu Sakkare", "Gauri Ganesha", "Mysore Jaana" and "Suryodaya". She starred in a supporting role in the all-time blockbuster "Manichitrathazhu", opposite Mohanlal. In Tamil, Prasad has acted as the heroine in the hit movie "Thaikulame Thaikulame" with Pandiarajan and Urvashi starring. In Telugu, her movies include "Indra", "Donga Dongadi" and "Andhrudu", for which her performance won a lot of praise.


title: Vinaya Prasad

text: After a successful career as a lead actress, Prasad switched over to character roles in South Indian films and remains a sought-after actress in Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu movies. Prasad is also an effective compere and singer. Prasad has compered several important events like Vasantha Habba in Nrityagram and the annual Dasara procession in Mysore. She has starred in the longest-running and most popular daily soap opera on Malayalam TV, "Sthree", which aired from late 1998 to mid 2000 on Asianet television channel. The popularity of this soap made her a household name among Malayalis. In 2006, she returned to the Malayalam small screen to reprise her role as Indu in the sequel to the original "Sthree", also named, "Sthree".


title: Vinaya Prasad

text: Vinaya is from the Udupi district in Karnataka and was raised in Udupi. In 1988 she married V. R. K Prasad, an award-winning director and editor of Kannada films, who expired at a young age. In 2002 Vinaya married Jyotiprakash and currently resides in Bangalore with her husband and daughter, Prathama Prasad. Jyotiprakash has a son named Jai Atre from his previous marriage who is into film direction and screenwriting in Mumbai.


title: Y. V. Subba Reddy

text: Yerram Venkata Subba Reddy is an Indian politician who served as the member of parliament to the 16th Lok Sabha from Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency), Andhra Pradesh. He won the 2014 Indian general election being a Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party candidate.


title: Y. V. Subba Reddy

text: In 2019, he has been appointed as the Chairman of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, which is equivalent to Minister rank in Andhra Pradesh Government.


title: Y. V. Subba Reddy

text: Born in Medarametla, in Prakasam District to Yerram Chinna Poli Reddy and Yerram Pitchamma, he is married to Ms. Swarnalatha Reddy, the younger sister of Ms Y. S. Vijayamma (Mother of Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy).


title: Evan Ndicka

text: Obite Evan Ndicka (born 20 August 1999) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt.


title: Evan Ndicka

text: Ndicka is an academy graduate of Auxerre and made his senior debut for the club in January 2017, aged 17. He spent the next season-and-half at the club, making 14 senior appearances before joining Bundesliga side Eintracht in July 2018.


title: Evan Ndicka

text: Having joined Ligue 2 side Auxerre at the age of 13, Ndicka progressed through the club's academy and made his professional debut on 27 January 2017, starting in a 1–0 win over Clermont. He signed his first professional contract with the club on 5 February. He ultimately made 14 appearances for the club over the next season and half before signing for Bundesliga side Eintracht Frankfurt for a reported fee of €5.5m.


title: Evan Ndicka

text: On 5 July 2018, Ndicka signed for Eintracht on a five-year deal. He quickly became an important member of the first-team squad and featured regularly for the club in the league and the Europa League. In February 2019, his performances earned him the Bundesliga Rookie of the Month award, a monthly title awarded to the highest performing under-23 player in a particular month, and saw him also nominated for the Rookie of the Season award. From then, he missed only one match for the remainder of the season as the club narrowly missed out on Champions League qualification.


title: Evan Ndicka

text: Ndicka was born in France and is of Cameroonian descent. He represented France at U16 and U17 level and was called up to the U18 team for the first time by manager Bernard Diomède in March 2017.


title: The Truth Beneath

text: The Truth Beneath (, lit. "There Is No Secret") is a 2016 South Korean thriller film directed by Lee Kyoung-mi, her second directorial outing after 2008's "Crush and Blush", and co-written by Park Chan-wook. The film stars Son Ye-jin and Kim Joo-hyuk.


title: The Truth Beneath

text: Kim Yeon-hong (Son Ye-jin) appears to have a perfect life. She is beautiful, is married to a charismatic young politician (Kim Joo-hyuk), and her adolescent daughter who used to be a troublesome child is now doing better at school. Her husband, Kim Jong-chan, decides to run for office against the powerful incumbent, No Jae-soon (Kim Eui-sung). A few days before the elections, Yeon-hong and Jong-chan's daughter, Kim Min-jin (Shin Ji-hoon), goes missing. At first, they assume she has run off to seek their attention as she had done before. However, Yeon-hong soon finds out that the friend Min-jin she said she was going to meet does not exist. Then Yeon-hong learns from the school her daughter attends that she had an eccentric friend named Choi Mi-ok (Kim So-hee) and they were both bullied by their classmates.


title: The Truth Beneath

text: While questioning Mi-ok, Yeon-hong notices the girl is wearing an expensive watch that looks like her daughter's despite coming from a poor family. Yeon-hong becomes suspicious and tells this to Jong-chan. However, her husband is more preoccupied with his campaign. Yeon-hong then hacks into her daughter's email account and finds leaked examination papers sent by a young female teacher at her school. Yeon-hong knows the teacher since she once invited Jong-chan to the school as a guest speaker. The teacher eventually admits she leaked the papers but only to help Min-jin and Mi-ok improve their grades so that they can become popular to avoid getting bullied.


title: The Truth Beneath

text: As the police detectives fail to find any leaks, a desperate Yeon-hong goes to a shaman to find her daughter. However, it is all too late when the police finds Min-jin's dead body in the woods. A traumatized Yeon-hong blames her husband for their daughter's murder to get the city's sympathy vote since he refuses to tell the detectives where he and his driver were during the night Min-jin went missing. Despite his daughter's murder, Jong-chan is convinced by his party's president to continue his campaign.


title: The Truth Beneath

text: Yeon-hong continues with her own investigation and finds an abandoned building where Min-jin and Mi-ok would practice their music. Yeon-hong convinces the police to hypnotize Mi-ok but it is not helpful. They then run a lie detector test on Mi-ok which reveals she is lying when she denies burying Min-jin's body but passes when she confesses that she did not kill her best friend. It is then revealed that Mi-ok is actually the daughter of Jong-chan's driver. Yeon-hong theorizes that Mi-ok was jealous of Min-jin for being rich and killed her out of jealousy. However, she has no evidence to prove it. Yeon-hong then breaks into Min-jin and Mi-ok's secret hideout and finds money hidden away in a bag. When Mi-ok shows up, Yeon-hong captures her and forces her to tell the truth about Min-jin's murder.


title: The Truth Beneath

text: Mi-ok finally reveals that she and Min-jin became best friends after discovering they both shared the same taste in music. Min-jin then starts to suspect their teacher is having an affair. They then give the teacher a car air freshener with a hidden camera inside, which records the teacher having wild sex in her car with her secret lover. Min-jin and Mi-ok then uses the recordings to blackmail their teacher for exam papers. Since Mi-ok's family is poor, Min-jin then blackmails the teacher for money. One night, the two girls are out playing in the rain when a car runs over Min-jin while Mi-ok is hiding in the bushes. While the driver exits the car to take a photo of Min-jin's dead body, Mi-ok sneaks into the car and runs over the killer as well. She then carries Min-jin's body away and buries it in the woods after taking the contract killer's phone with her. Mi-ok is sure her teacher arranged for her and Min-jin to be killed. Yeon-hong takes the phone and is shown hatching a plan to kill the person who sent the contract killer to murder her daughter.


title: The Truth Beneath

text: Later that day over dinner, Yeon-hong tells her husband that although No Jae-son most likely had nothing to do with their daughter's death, he must use the sympathy vote to win the election. Later that night, while her husband is celebrating his victory, Yeon-hong calls up the person who hired the contract killer and forces them to come to the scene of the crime or else she will leak the sex video onto the net. The person then shows up and it is not the teacher, but Jong-chan. Through flashbacks, we see that the man the teacher was having an affair with is none other than Jong-chan. After Min-jin blackmailed her teacher, the teacher told Jong-chan she is being blackmailed by two of her own students but does not tell him it is his own daughter and her best friend. Jong-chan unwittingly hired the contract killer to murder his own daughter. Yeon-hong ties her husband up and beats him in anger. She then uploads his sex video onto the internet as he watches helplessly.


title: Federal Protective Service (United States)

text: The Federal Protective Service (FPS) is the uniformed police division of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). It is also "the federal agency charged with protecting and delivering integrated law enforcement and security services to facilities owned or leased by the General Services Administration (GSA)"—over 9,000 buildings—and their occupants.


text: FPS is a federal law enforcement agency which employs approximately 900 law enforcement officers who receive their initial training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC). FPS provides integrated law enforcement and security services to U.S. federal buildings, courthouses, and other properties administered by the General Services Administration (GSA) and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS).


text: In support of their mission, FPS contracts with private security firms to provide a further 13,000 armed protective security officers (PSO) providing access control and security response within federal buildings. These PSOs are not federal law enforcement officers but private security employees trained by FPS. FPS also protects non-GSA properties as authorized and carries out various other activities for the promotion of homeland security as the Secretary of Homeland Security may prescribe, to include providing a uniformed police response to National Security Special Events, and national disasters.


text: The FPS was a part of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement until October 2009, when it was transferred to the National Protection and Programs Directorate. As part of the NPPD's transformation into the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), the FPS was further moved to the Department's Management Directorate.


text: The Federal Protective Service is a branch of the Management Directorate and a component of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Functioning as the police force of the Secretary of Homeland Security. The FPS is responsible for policing, securing and ensuring a safe environment in which federal agencies can conduct their business. The Service does this by investigating threats posed against over 9,000 federal facilities nationwide and has personnel deployed at 2,300 of them.


text: The FPS's work focuses directly on the interior security of the nation and the reduction of crimes and potential threats to federal facilities throughout the nation. Uniformed FPS officers/inspectors and special agents respond to calls for assistance, conduct investigations and provide crime prevention tips, as well as assist in emergency planning by the departments and agencies occupying the buildings for which the agency is responsible.


text: All federal facilities under FPS control receive a thorough building security assessment on a recurring schedule. During this assessment representatives of all agencies in the facility are interviewed to gather information on the specific mission they perform within the facility, and intelligence and crime statistics for the area are reviewed, as are existing security countermeasures. Based on the findings and working with the agencies housed in the facility, security countermeasures are added or adjusted. This allows for tailored security for each individual facility versus a one-size-fits-all approach.


text: Newly hired sworn FPS law enforcement personnel attended Uniform Police Training Program for 13 weeks, followed by FPS add on training for an additional 13 weeks at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center location in Glynco, Georgia. Furthermore, following graduation, new FPS law enforcement officers undergo additional post academy training, as well as career-continuous training, and are assigned to an FPS office in one of eleven regions throughout the country. FPS law enforcement officers also undergo additional training, depending on their assignment to special units within the service.


text: The origins of FPS date to 1790 (a year after the US Marshals Service), with the enactment of the Residence Act, authorizing President George Washington to appoint three commissioners to create a federal territory for a permanent seat of federal government. Prior to the formal establishment of Washington & the District of Columbia, commissioners hired six night watchmen to protect designated buildings the government was intended to occupy. FPS traces its origins to the appointment of these six night watchmen.


text: FPS has resided in a number of different agencies over the years. The act of June 1, 1948, authorized the Federal Administrator to appoint special policemen for duty in connection with the policing of all buildings owned and occupied by the United States. In 1949, Congress enacted the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, which consolidated real property functions within the newly created General Services Administration (GSA). The FPS force, known at the time as the United States Special Police, came under the supervision of the Protection Division of the Public Building Service (PBS). In 1971, the Administrator of GSA signed an order formally establishing the Federal Protective Force, later known as FPS, and the Civil Service Commission authorized the special classification title of Federal Protective Officer (FPO).


text: Initially, the main function of FPS was protection, as an integral part of building operations. For the most part, the force held fixed posts and performed duties that would be considered safety functions today, such as: eliminating fire and safety hazards, patrolling buildings, detecting fires, and providing the first line of defense in fighting fires; and answering visitor questions, assisting citizens, rendering first aid, and directing traffic when necessary. By 1960, the mission of FPS had become the first line of defense against bomb threats, bombings, vandalism, mass demonstrations, and violence against Federal buildings.


text: In 1980, Fidel Castro instigated a wave of emigration from Cuba to the United States using the harbor town of Mariel for debarkation. The thousands of refugees were eventually distributed to military installations in several states (Fort Chaffee, AR, Fort McCoy, WI, Fort Indiantown Gap, PA) and Puerto Rico to await permanent resettlement. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and Border Patrol were understaffed to provide civilian law enforcement officers needed to maintain order within the installations. The Federal Protective Service, then administratively placed under the General Service Administration's Public Building Service, was among several federal authorities asked to provide additional on-site officers for the duration of the event. Federal Protective Officers from across the country frequently served in the camps, and also during the riot at Fort Chaffee.


text: More recently, the role of the FPS officer has undergone further changes. The FPS has shifted its emphasis from the fixed guard post concept of security to a mobile police patrol and response. FPS contracts private security companies to guard fixed posts. FPS officers perform all duties attendant to the normal interpretation of a police officer function including maintaining law and order, preventing or deterring disturbances, and investigating both felonies and misdemeanors. The Civil Service Commission developed standards for FPS applicants, which included background investigations, and physical examinations.


text: On August 28, 1996, the Federal Protective Service arrested Civil Rights Movement historian Randy Kryn and 10 others who were protesting in a demonstration at the Kluczynski Federal Building in downtown Chicago during that year's Democratic National Convention.


text: Pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, FPS was transferred to the Department of Homeland Security and retained its responsibilities for protecting the buildings, grounds, and property owned, occupied, or secured by the federal government under GSA's jurisdiction. In addition to GSA facilities, the Act also provides FPS with the authority to protect properties held by DHS components that were not under GSA jurisdiction. FPS was moved from GSA, Public Building Services, to DHS, effective March 1, 2003. Within DHS, FPS became a part of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). On October 28, 2009, President Barack Obama signed legislation that transferred FPS from ICE to the National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPPD) of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Today, FPS is responsible for policing, securing, and ensuring a safe environment in which federal agencies can conduct business by reducing threats posed against approximately 9,000 Federal government facilities throughout the United States.


text: On December 26, 2007, President George W. Bush signed H.R. 2764 Omnibus spending bill into law which included a provision that FPS maintains, by July 31, 2008, not fewer than 1,200 full-time staff and 900 full-time Police Officers, Inspectors, and Special Agents who, while working, are directly engaged on a daily basis protecting and enforcing laws at Federal buildings. This amendment to H.R. 2674 was introduced by Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton and was successfully included in the bill and signed into law largely due to the efforts of the American Federation of Government Employees Local 918-FPS and the grassroots efforts of its membership.


text: In March 2008, Del. Eleanor Holmes Norton, chair of the responsible House of Representatives subcommittee, said, "We're seeing the near collapse of the Federal Protective Service". A GAO report, which included incidents that occurred before H.R. 2764 passed, documented lapses that had occurred on federal government property, including the theft of a trailer of surveillance equipment from an FBI parking deck. A GAO investigator said that budget cuts were causing reduced effectiveness. The service has seen its budget and staff cut since it became a part of the Department of Homeland Security in March 2003.