title: Gary Becker

text: In the mid-1960s Becker and Kelvin Lancaster developed the economic concept of a household production function. Both assumed that consumers in a household receive utility from the goods they purchase. Such as for example, when consumers purchase raw food. If it is cooked, a utility arises from the meal. In 1981 Becker published "Treatise on the Family", where he stressed the importance of division of labor and gains from specification.


title: Gary Becker

text: During Becker's time at Chicago in the 1970s, he mostly focused on the family. He had previously done work on birth rates and family size, and he used this time to expand his understanding of how economics works within a family. Some specific family issues covered during this time were marriage, divorce, altruism toward other members of the family, investments by parents in their children, and long-term changes in what families do. All of Becker's research on the family resulted in "A Treatise on the Family" (1981). Throughout the decade, he contributed new ideas and information, and in 1991 an expanded edition of the work was published. His research applies basic economic assumptions such as maximizing behavior, preferences, and equilibrium to the family. He analyzed determinants for marriage and divorce, family size, parents’ allocation of time to their children, and changes in wealth over several generations. This publication was an extensive overview of the economics of the family and helped to unite economics with other fields like sociology and anthropology.


title: Gary Becker

text: At the core of Becker's economic theory on the family, which he developed on the basis of figures for United States families in 1981, is the "rotten kid theorem". He applied the economics of an "altruist" to a family, wherein a person takes actions that improve the well-being of another person, despite more self-interested action being feasible. Becker pointed out that a parent foregoes higher income, by focusing on family work commitments in order to maximize a well-meaning objective. Becker also theorized that a child in a US family may be perfectly selfish because it maximizes its own utility. There have been attempts to test this economic thesis, in the course of which it was found that cross-generational families do not necessarily maximize their joint income.


title: Gary Becker

text: A 2007 article by Gary Becker and Julio Jorge Elias entitled "Introducing Incentives in the market for live and cadaveric organ donations" posited that a free market could help solve the problem of a scarcity in organ transplants. Their economic modeling was able to estimate the price tag for human kidneys (about US$15,000) and human livers (about US$32,000). It is argued by critics that this particular market would exploit the underprivileged donors from the developing world.


title: Chengyu

text: Chengyu () are a type of traditional Chinese idiomatic expression, most of which consist of four characters. "Chengyu" were widely used in Classical Chinese and are still common in vernacular Chinese writing and in the spoken language today. According to the most stringent definition, there are about 5,000 "chéngyǔ" in the Chinese language, though some dictionaries list over 20,000. "Chéngyǔ" are considered the collected wisdom of the Chinese culture, and contain the experiences, moral concepts, and admonishments from previous generations of Chinese. Nowadays, "chéngyǔ" still play an important role in Chinese conversations and education. Chinese idioms are one of four types of formulaic expressions (熟语/熟語, "shúyǔ"), which also include collocations (惯用语/慣用語 "guànyòngyǔ"), two-part allegorical sayings (歇后语/歇後語 "xiēhòuyǔ"), and proverbs (谚语/諺語 "yànyǔ").


title: Chengyu

text: They are often referred to as Chinese idioms or four-character idioms; however, they are not the only idioms in Chinese.


title: Chengyu

text: "Chéngyǔ" are mostly derived from ancient literature, including the pre-Qin classics, poetry from all periods of Chinese history, and late imperial vernacular novels and short stories. A small number were constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries from Western source materials. Among the early classical literature, the lyrical imagery from the "Shijing, the Classic of Poetry," and the detailed and vivid stories recorded in the "Zuozhuan" and the "Shiji" serve as particularly rich source materials for chéngyǔ. Since the "Shijing" poems consist of four-character lines, some chéngyǔ are direct quotes from the "Shijing". For example, ("wàn shòu wú jiāng", lit: "ten-thousand [year] lifespan without bound"), a traditional expression to wish someone a long life (often appearing on bowls and other tableware), quotes the poem "Tian Bao" (, poem #166) in the Lesser Court Hymns section of the "Shijing". More commonly, however, chéngyǔ are created by succinctly paraphrasing or summarizing the original text, usually by selecting the most salient characters from the passage in question and inserting any necessary classical grammatical particles.


title: Chengyu

text: As such, chéngyǔ are fossilized expressions that use the vocabulary and follow the syntactic rules of Literary Chinese. Consequently, they convey information more compactly than normal vernacular speech or writing. They may contain subject and predicate and act as an independent clause (or even twin two-character independent clauses in parallel), or they may play the role of any part of speech in a sentence, acting syntactically as an adjective, adverb, verb, or noun phrase. In both speech and writing, they serve to succinctly convey a complex or multifaceted situation, scene, or concept, and used fittingly and elegantly, they also mark a speaker or writer's erudition.


title: Chengyu

text: The meaning of a chéngyǔ usually surpasses the sum of the meanings carried by the four characters, as chéngyǔ are generally meant to convey the message or moral of the myth, story or historical event from which they were derived. Thus, even after translation into modern words and syntax, chéngyǔ in isolation are often unintelligible without additional explanation. Since they often contain a classical allusion, known as a "diǎngù" (), elementary and secondary school students in greater China learn chéngyǔ as part of the classical curriculum in order to study the context from which the chéngyǔ was born.


title: Chengyu

text: Often the four characters reflect the moral behind the story rather than the story itself. For example, the phrase "" ("", lit: "break the pots and sink the ships") is based on a historical account where the general Xiang Yu ordered his troops to destroy all cooking utensils and boats after crossing a river into the enemy's territory. He won the battle because of this "no-retreat" strategy. Thus, the idiom is used as a verb phrase with the meaning "to make an all-out effort to achieve success by the deliberate removal of recourse or backup." Similar phrases are known in the West, such as "Burning one's boats", "burning one's bridges", "Point of no return" or "Crossing the Rubicon".


title: Chengyu

text: Another example is "" (', lit. "melon field, beneath the plums"). It is an idiom whose meaning relates to the appearance of misconduct or impropriety. It is derived from an excerpt of a Han era poem (, "Yuèfǔ Shī" ""Jūnzǐ Xíng""). The poem includes the lines, "Don't adjust your shoes in a melon field and don't tidy your hat under the plum trees" (, '), admonishing the reader to avoid situations where, however innocent, he might be suspected of doing wrong. The literal meaning of the idiom is impossible to understand without the background knowledge of the origin of the phrase.


title: Chengyu

text: Some idioms have had their literal meanings overtake their original ones. For example, "wind from an empty cave" (, "kōng xué lái fēng"), despite now being used to describe rumors without source, originally referred to rumors with actual, solid sources or reasons. Likewise, "bare-faced facing the emperor" (, "sù miàn cháo tiān") is now used to describe beauty that doesn't require make-up, e.g., when entering court, while its original meaning was "to be confident in one's true look".


title: Chengyu

text: However, not all chéngyǔ have stories to draw morals from. An example is ("yán ér wú xìn", lit: "speaking, yet without trust"), referring to one who cannot be trusted despite what he says, an essentially deceitful person. It is generally acknowledged as a chéngyǔ as it comes from the Analects, a Chinese classic. The idiom is succinct in its original meaning and would likely be intelligible to anyone learned in formal written Chinese, though "yán" () is no longer commonly used as a verb.


title: Chengyu

text: There are a few chéngyǔ that are not four characters in length. An example is the seven-character ("zuì wēng zhī yì bù zài jiǔ", lit: "The Old Drunkard's attention is not directed towards his wine"). This is a direct quote from Ouyang Xiu's essay "An Account of Old Drunkard's Pavilion" (, "Zuiwengting Ji"), in which the author ("Old Drunkard") expresses his true intention of enjoying the scenery of the mountains and rivers as he drinks. As an idiom, it expresses the situation where one does something with an ulterior though benign motive in mind.


title: Chengyu

text: Some chéngyǔ have English equivalents. For example, ("yán bù yóu zhōng", lit: "speak not from the bosom") and "to speak with one's tongue in one's cheek" share idiomatic meanings. The Chinese not having conducted maritime explorations of the North Atlantic during imperial times, the expression ("bīng shān yī jiǎo", lit: "one corner of an ice mountain") is a rare example of a chéngyǔ that emerged in the early 20th century after contact with the West as a translation of the expression "tip of the iceberg," thus sharing both their literal and idiomatic meanings. Another expression ("huǒ zhōng qǔ lì", lit: "extracting chestnuts from the fire") originates from a La Fontaine fable means "to be duped into taking risks for someone else," used in much the same way as the expression "cat's paw" in English is another example of an "international" chéngyǔ. Though they are recent in origin, they are constructed using the vocabulary and syntax of Literary Chinese and fits within the four-character scheme, making them chéngyǔ.


title: Chengyu

text: Chinese idioms can also serve as a guide through Chinese culture. Chéngyǔ teach about motifs that were previously common in Chinese literature and culture. For example, idioms with nature motifs – e.g., mountains (山), water (水), and the moon (月)are numerous. Works considered masterpieces of Chinese literaturesuch as the Four Great Classical Novels – serve as the source for many idioms, which in turn condense and retell the story.


title: Chengyu

text: All Chinese people know idioms, though the total number known by any one individual will depend on their background. Idioms are such an important part of Chinese popular culture that there is a game called


title: Chengyu

text: ("chéngyǔ jiēlóng", lit: "connect the chengyu") that involves someone calling out an idiom, with someone else then being supposed to think of another idiom to link up with the first one, so that the last character of the first idiom is the same as the first character of the second idiom, and so forth.


title: Chengyu

text: The following three examples show that the meaning of the idiom can be totally different by only changing one character.


title: Chengyu

text: "Yojijukugo" is the similar format in Japanese. The term is autological. Many of these idioms were adopted from their Chinese counterparts and have the same or similar meaning as in Chinese. The term refers to an idiom that comes from a specific text as the source. As such, the overwhelming majority of "koji seigo" comes from accounts of history written in classical Chinese. Although a great many of the Japanese four-character idioms are derived from the Chinese, many others are purely Japanese in origin. Some examples:


title: Chengyu

text: The Korean equivalent are Sajaseong-eo (; Hanja: 四字成語). They have similar categorization to Japanese ones, such as () for historical idioms.


title: Chengyu

text: Four word idioms or any idiom in Vietnamese are known as thành ngữ (chữ Hán: 成語, literally "set phrase/speech"). A large amount of idioms originating from Classical Chinese have been borrowed into the language, but there exists native counterparts to the Classical Chinese idioms. There are also many idioms that are Vietnamese in origin. Vietnamese idioms can be classified into Sino-Vietnamese idioms (Vietnamese: thành ngữ Hán Việt, chữ Hán Nôm: 成語漢越) and native Vietnamese idioms (Vietnamese: thành ngữ thuần Việt, chữ Hán Nôm: 成語純越) that were once written in chữ Nôm, are now written in the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.


title: Cura (software)

text: Cura is an open source slicing application for 3D printers. It was created by David Braam who was later employed by Ultimaker, a 3D printer manufacturing company, to maintain the software. Cura is available under LGPLv3 license. Cura was initially released under the open source Affero General Public License version 3, but on 28 September 2017 the license was changed to LGPLv3. This change allowed for more integration with third-party CAD applications. Development is hosted on GitHub. Ultimaker Cura is used by over one million users worldwide and handles 1.4 million print jobs per week. It is the preferred 3D printing software for Ultimaker 3D printers, but it can be used with other printers as well.


title: Cura (software)

text: Ultimaker Cura works by slicing the user’s model file into layers and generating a printer-specific g-code. Once finished, the g-code can be sent to the printer for the manufacture of the physical object.


title: Cura (software)

text: The open source software, compatible with most desktop 3D printers, can work with files in the most common 3D formats such as STL, OBJ, X3D, 3MF as well as image file formats such as BMP, GIF, JPG, and PNG.


title: Cura (software)

text: Release 3.0 introduced plugin capability. Users can develop their own plugins or use plugins commercially available. Plugins simplify workflow for users by allowing them to quickly perform tasks like opening a file from a menu or exporting a file from an application. Starting with Release 4.0, users can rate plugins using a star system.


title: Cura (software)

text: Cura was named Software Tool of the Year at the international 2019 3D Printing Industry Awards ceremony in London.


title: Metinvest

text: Metinvest is an international group of steel and mining companies that owns operations in Ukraine, Italy, Bulgaria, the UK and the US, mines ore and coal, produces coke, smelts steel and produces rolled products, pipes and other steel products. The group's assets are managed by Metinvest Holding LLC.


title: Metinvest

text: It is Ukraine's largest producer of iron ore and steel. In 2021, the World Steel Association ranked the group 42nd among the top 50 steel companies in the world.


title: Metinvest

text: Steelmaking capacity is 15 million tonnes per year. In 2021, Metinvest was ranked among the world's top 10 iron ore producers.


title: Metinvest

text: The group's facilities are located near major transport hubs and seaports, which gives additional advantages in supplying products to customers in Ukraine and elsewhere in the world.


title: Metinvest

text: The main shareholders of the group are SCM (71.24%) and Smart Holding(23.76%), which participate in the management of Metinvest on a partnership basis. Metinvest Group's main holding company is Metinvest B.V. (Netherlands, registration number 24321697).


title: Metinvest

text: From 2006 to 2013, the company was led by Ihor Syryy. In 2009, he was named the best top manager in Ukraine. Since 2013, the company has been headed by Yuriy Ryzhenkov. In 2020, he entered the list of Ukraine's top 25 CEOs.


title: Metinvest

text: Metinvest Group is present in all major markets around the world, including Europe, the Middle East and Africa, North, Central and South America, and Asia.


title: Metinvest

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> – "On 15 March 2017, Metinvest Group announced the total loss of control over the operations of these assets."


title: Metinvest

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> — For comparability of production numbers, hot metal and crude steel output at Ilyich Steel in 2010 was accounted for the entire year.


title: Metinvest

text: <nowiki>**</nowiki> — The total volume of semi-finished products excludes those re-rolled at the group's plants. These volumes are eliminated as intercompany sales for purposes of Metinvest's consolidated results


title: Metinvest

text: Metinvest reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2019 at 8,461 Kt (-956 /-10.2% y-o-y). There have been no significant reductions in emissions in recent years.


title: Metinvest

text: In December 2006, Metinvest acquired a 100% stake in Lehman-Ukraine LLC, a wholesale metal trading company, and an additional 27% stake in Yenakiyeve Iron and Steel Works (EMZ, Donetsk region).


title: Metinvest

text: In October 2007, Metinvest became the first Ukrainian member of the World Steel Association (Worldsteel; formerly the International Iron and Steel Institute, or IISI)


title: Metinvest

text: In November 2007, the group acquired 82.5% of Ingulets Iron Ore Mining and Processing Plant (Ingulets GOK, in Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovsk region), one of Ukraine's largest mining companies.


title: Metinvest

text: In January 2008, Metinvest completed the acquisition of a 100% stake in the rolling businesses of Trametal S.p.A. (Italy) and Spartan UK Ltd (UK) from Italy's Malacalza family.


title: Metinvest

text: In June 2008, SRK Consulting conducted the first JORC-compliant audit of Metinvest's open-pit reserves (Northern GOK, Central GOK and Ingulets GOK).


title: Metinvest

text: In July 2008, Metinvest acquired a 51% stake in NPO Incor & Co LLC (New York, Donetsk region), one of Europe's largest chemical producers.


title: Metinvest

text: In April 2009, Metinvest completed the acquisition of a 100% stake in United Coal Company, one of the leading coking coal producers in the US


title: Metinvest

text: In September 2009, Metinvest became the first Ukrainian company to receive Climate Action certification from the World Steel Association.


title: Metinvest

text: In January 2010, Metinvest published its first social report in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), an international sustainability reporting standard.


title: Metinvest

text: In July 2010, Metinvest and Ilyich Iron and Steel Works (Ilyich Steel, Mariupol, Donetsk region) decided to merge their assets


title: Metinvest

text: In October 2010, Metinvest consolidated a 90.2% interest in Makiivka Steel CJSC (Makiivka, Donetsk region).


title: Metinvest

text: In December 2010, the group completed the registration of its products under European Regulation No 1907/2006 (REACH).


title: Metinvest

text: In July 2011, Metinvest acquired 50% of the steel business of Industrial Group, which operated Zaporizhstal PJSC (Zaporizhzhia), one of Europe's largest steelmaking companies


title: Metinvest

text: In 2012, during the First National Steel Construction Market Participants' Conference in Kyiv, Metinvest was one of 12 Ukrainian companies that initiated the creation of the industry association Steel Industry Directory – Trade Associations, and later became one of its founders.


title: Metinvest

text: In May 2013, Metinvest acquired a 39.74% stake in Zaporizhneupor PJSC (Zaporizhzhia), Ukraine's largest producer of refractory products.


title: Metinvest

text: In 2013, SCM Group and Smart-Holding transferred to Metinvest 23.5% in Central Mining and Processing Plant PJSC, 15% in Northern Mining and Processing Plant PJSC, 26% in Zaporozhkoks PJSC, 31.3% in Donetskkoks PJSC and 3.1% in Ingulets Iron Ore Mining and Processing Plant PJSC.


title: Metinvest

text: In July 2014, SCM and Smart-Holding announced the completion of the merger of their mining and metals assets within Metinvest B.V.


title: Metinvest

text: In 2015, Metinvest established Metinvest-Promservice, a company specialising in maintenance and repair of equipment at all the group's steel assets and third-party organisations.


title: Metinvest

text: In March 2016, Metinvest signed a social partnership agreement with the Mariupol Development Foundation.


title: Metinvest

text: In August 2016, the Zaporizhzhia Foundry and Mechanical Plant (ZLMZ) started operating in Zaporizhzhia.


title: Metinvest

text: In March 2017, Metinvest reported that it had lost control over Yenakiieve Steel and its Makiivka branch, Yenakiieve Coke, Khartsyzsk Pipe, Komsomolskoye mining company, Krasnodon Coal PJSC, Donetsk Coke PJSC and Metalen LLC, a joint Ukrainian-Swiss venture, following its refusal to re-register these enterprises in the unrecognised Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR)


title: Metinvest

text: In 2018, Metinvest bought a 23.71% stake in metallurgical coke producer Yuzhcoke (Southern Coke; formerly Evraz Yuzhcoke, Kamianske, Dnipropetrovsk region) and acquired 100% of the shares in galvanised steel producer Unisteel (Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovsk region)


title: Metinvest

text: In 2018, Metinvest acquired a 24.99% stake in Pokrovske Colliery and Sviato-Varvarynska Beneficiation Factory (Pokrovsk and Pokrovsk district, Donetsk region), which together form Ukraine's largest coal mining complex


title: Metinvest

text: In 2019, the group acquired a 49.37% stake in Dniprovskyy Coke and Chemical Plant (DKHZ, formerly Dniprodzerzhinskyy Coke and Chemical Plant named after S. Ordzhonikidze, Kamianske, Dnipropetrovsk region).


title: Metinvest

text: In March 2020, Metinvest completed the purchase of a roughly 73% stake in Dniprovskyi Coke and Chemical Plant (Dnipro Coke)


title: Metinvest

text: In June 2020, Metinvest was ranked among the top 10 global steel companies by Sustainalytics, a leading provider of research, ratings and data on environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues. The company scored 32 points on a scale from 0 (lowest risk) to 100 (highest risk) according to the ESG risk assessment methodology


title: Metinvest

text: In June 2020, Metinvest founded Ukraine's first private mining and metallurgical university, Metinvest Polytechnic, to provide training in the engineering professions demanded by Ukrainian industry


title: Metinvest

text: In 2020, Metinvest spent about $6m to fight the coronavirus throughout the year. The group supplied oxygen to Ukrainian hospitals and donated medicine and equipment.


title: Metinvest

text: In 2020, Metinvest shareholder Rinat Akhmetov allocated UAH300 million to help Ukraine overcome the pandemic, uniting the efforts of the Charity Fund, DTEK and Metinvest companies and FC Shakhtar, which became partners in the anti-crisis headquarters in the west and east of the country


title: Metinvest

text: In March 2021, Metinvest gained control over Pokrovske Coal Group, Ukraine's largest producer of coking coal, which includes Pokrovske Colliery and Sviato-Varvarynska Beneficiation Factory


title: Metinvest

text: In July 2021, Metinvest won the tender for the sale of the production complex of Dneprovskyi Iron Steel Works (DMK, Kamianske, Dnipropetrovsk region)


title: Metinvest

text: In December 2021, Metinvest Pokrovskugol is established to manage the operational and administrative changes at the Pokrovske Colliery Group


title: Metinvest

text: In February 2022, Dniprovskyi Metallurgic Plant (DMK) and Dnipro Coke (DKHZ) merge under the name Kamet Steel.


title: Metinvest

text: Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the group has suspended production at Ilyich Steel and Azovstal in Mariupol. These enterprises suffered from shelling and suspended operations. As a result of Russia's aggression, the group as a whole reduced the production capacity of its enterprises by more than 40%


title: Metinvest

text: During the first 100 days of the war, Metinvest spent more than UAH1.5 billion to help the Ukrainian army, civilians and employees.


title: Metinvest

text: In 2022, Metinvest and DTEK, in coordination with the Rinat Akhmetov Foundation, created the Saving Lives humanitarian project, which had already helped 85,000 Ukrainians as of June 2022


title: Metinvest

text: As of June 2022, Metinvest shareholder Rinat Akhmetov had donated €100 million to the Ukrainian Armed Forces and humanitarian aid to the population since the start of the Russian invasion.


title: Metinvest

text: In 2020, three Metinvest enterprises Ilyich Steel, Azovstal and Pokrovske Coal were among the top ten environmental polluters in Ukraine.


title: Metinvest

text: Metinvest was the first Ukrainian member of the World Steel Association, which demands that its members comply with the principles of environmentally responsible business.


title: Metinvest

text: To reduce the environmental impact in Mariupol, Metinvest decommissioned the open-hearth furnace production at Azovstal in 2011 and at Ilyich Steel in 2015. In 2012, three obsolete coke batteries at Azovstal were also decommissioned and the sinter plant was mothballed. In 2020, Metinvest completed the reconstruction of the sinter plant gas treatment facilities at Ilyich Steel at a cost of over $160 million. The new treatment system was designed to reduce dust emissions by 90% and sulphur oxide emissions by 43%


title: Metinvest

text: In 2015, Zaporizhstal completed construction of a new hydrochloric acid pickling line with a pickling liquor regeneration unit. The cost of the project was about $77 million. After the launch of the line, the plant completely stopped discharging used pickling solutions into the Dnipro River.


title: Metinvest

text: In 2019, Azovstal reconstructed the aspiration system in the foundry yard and under-bunker rooms of blast furnace No. 3. The cost of the project was over $14 million. Air emissions were reduced by 88% and met European environmental standards


title: Metinvest

text: In 2017, Northern GOK replaced the gas cleaning equipment of the Lurgi 552-B roasting machine. The project, costing about $14 million, made it possible to achieve emission concentrations of up to 50 mg per cubic metre, which meets Ukrainian environmental standards


title: Metinvest

text: In 2011–2020, Metinvest allocated $3.5 billion to projects with an environmental component and $1 billion to purely environmental projects. In 2021 the group stated its intention to invest another $0.5 billion in environmental projects over the next five years


title: Metinvest

text: In 2011–2020, environmental investments enabled the group to reduce emissions of pollutants by 37%, including a 51% reduction in dust emissions and a 45% reduction in emissions to water bodies


title: Metinvest

text: During construction, 13, 600 tonnes of steel structures were used, of which 5, 500 tonnes were made by Metinvest.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: Lee Min-hyuk (, born November 3, 1993), better known as Minhyuk, is a South Korean singer and MC. He debuted in the South Korean boy group Monsta X, formed in 2015 through the Mnet's survival show "No.Mercy" under Starship Entertainment.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: Beginning in December 2014, he competed in the Mnet's survival show "No.Mercy". In the finale of the show, he was the final member of the seven contestants confirmed to be debuting in Starship Entertainment's new boy group Monsta X.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In October 2018, Minhyuk is a credited writer for their song "널하다" ("I Do Love U"), from Monsta X's second studio album "Take.1 Are You There?".


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In June 2019 he released a mixtape single "옹심이" ("Ongsimi"), with a music video released through Starship Entertainment's YouTube channel. The single featured his fellow group member Joohoney, and was described by Minhyuk as "EDM Hip Trot".


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: Beginning late 2019, Minhyuk began expanding his individual activities, including being part of the three MCs for SBS's "Inkigayo", alongside Naeun and Jaehyun, hosting the show weekly every Sunday, starting in October.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: For Monsta X's sixth studio album "All About Luv", he is a credited writer and composer on three of their tracks.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In July 2020, Minhyuk launched the "Vogue Ship Show" on Naver Now, a weekly radio show that focuses on creating art while connecting with fans. Most episodes host guests, usually other idols, including members of g.o.d., labelmates such as Jeong Se-woon, and members of Cravity, as well as group members from Monsta X.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In August, it was announced that he would be featured on the soundtrack for "She's My Type", released through Daum. The song "Have a Goodnight", was released on September 11, as a duet with group member Shownu. Minhyuk was also announced as MC for the new KT Seezn program "Back to the Idol", alongside Eunhyuk.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In November, he appeared on "King of Mask Singer" with the identity of "Baepsae", winning the first two rounds he competed in, but losing in the third round.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In June 2021, Minhyuk and Hyungwon appeared as part of the cast for the Youtube channel "Inssa Oppa". The two played different "sub-characters" for each episode to introduce the latest trends and G-Market global shop products.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In July, he also joined the cast of the variety show "Our Neighborhood Class" as the youngest member. The show focused on the "makeover" of neighborhoods across the country, as well as returning for the second season of "Back to the Idol", which began airing in mid-August, with Eunhyuk.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In March 2022, Minhyuk and Hyungwon returned in the sixth season of "Inssa Oppa". For the concept of this season, these two will move freely to any desired time, such as the past, present, and future, under the concept of "what if" and perform situational plays on various themes. On March 15, he went to the Valentino Beauty's launch event pop-up store in Seoul. Minhyuk tested positive for COVID-19 on March 31.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: On August 25, he visited the Montblanc's pop-up store in Seoul, which was held under the brand's global campaign "On The Move".


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: On October 14, he and Leeseo of Ive attended the premium American ice cream brand Häagen-Dazs' special exhibition "Melting Point", in collaboration with Lotte Department Store, held in Seoul.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: On November 28, Minhyuk alongside celebrities, such as Kim Da-mi, Lee Joo-myung, and Irene Kim, attended the Fendi's special collection pop-up store, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the baguette bag, held in Seoul.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: Minhyuk, as an individual and a member of Monsta X, showed a heavy presence within the group with his delicate appearance and soft voice that caught the eye at once, and shows a higher level of performance through steady efforts, making a mark on music fans. Based on his bright personality, he took on the role of "vitamin" for the team, further strengthening the teamwork of the group. He gradually expanded his activities outside the group and established himself as a "trend" in the broadcasting industry, and has been active as a "scene stealer" between stages with his pleasant hosting skills. He expanded his musical realm and received rave reviews from the prominent American business magazine "Forbes", making him active as an irreplaceable "all-round entertainer".


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In November 2021, as part of Monsta X's promotional campaign for traditional Korean culture, Minhyuk and Hyungwon participated in a video narration for the YouTube series "Kimchi Universe 3", jointly produced by Daesang Jonggajib and World Kimchi Research Institute together with Professor Seo Kyung-duk of Sungshin Women's University. The video explains how "kimchi" became known all over the world through the 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Seoul Olympics, culminating with Gimjang, the traditional practice of preparing and preserving "kimchi", being registered on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2013.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In 2016, Minhyuk alongside Kihyun held a special exhibition "Moment in November" at the Space Art 1 in Jung-gu, Seoul from November 26 to 27. Under the theme of "moment", this exhibition consists of Kihyun's photos and Minhyuk's calligraphy and drawings. A space was also prepared for them to see the before and after Monsta X's debut photos, undisclosed polaroids, childhood photos, their cherished items, as well as events for fans, due to the warm response from domestic and foreign fans, and to repay the support they showed during the group's activities.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In 2022, Minhyuk works for the album artwork of Monsta X's eleventh EP "Shape of Love". He showed his affection for fans, by putting the words written by the fan cafe on the canvas, photos of the concert hall, and the memories of Monbebe in one place, as well as mobilizing a photo book.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In July 2021, he became the global ambassador of the French premium mineral water brand Evian through the fashion magazine "Esquire Korea"s August cover issue. On July 16, Minhyuk and Shownu also appeared in the fashion magazine "W Korea" promoting the German premium luggage brand Rimowa. In August, he was chosen as global brand Korean muse for the American clothing brand Champion and will be part of the 2021 F/W pictorial.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In February 2022, Minhyuk became one of the faces of the Korean cosmetic and skincare brand Olive Young's Vegan Beauty campaign, along with group member Joohoney and his labelmate Liz of Ive. In April, he became the first muse for the Korean fashion shoes and accessories brand Shoopen. On July 7, Minhyuk became the new face and exclusive model in Korea and Japan for the skincare brand Floun. On November 16, he was selected as an advertising model of the American sports culture brand NFL's 2022 F/W season through the fashion magazine "Dazed Korea". On November 28, the skincare brand Floun renewed Minhyuk's exclusive model contract.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In November 2016, proceeds from the 2-days special exhibition "Moment in November" were donated in the names of Minhyuk, Kihyun, and fan club, Monbebe.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In April 2019, he donated to the Sokcho forest fire under the name of his fan club, Monbebe, as well as drew a relay donation from fans.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In November 2020, Minhyuk alongside Monbebe, donated ,933,113 to the international relief and development NGO Save the Children Korea, in commemoration of his birthday, and to help children suffering from COVID-19.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In November 2021, he donated 00,000 through the idol fandom community service My Favorite Idol, for his birthday. It will be delivered to the Miral Welfare Foundation and used as a fund for the disabled who are isolated due to COVID-19.


title: Lee Min-hyuk (singer, born 1993)

text: In October 2022, Minhyuk alongside celebrities, such as Park Bo-gum, Jung Hae-in, and Lee Se-young, agreed to wear grandma's handicraft brand Marco Rojo's products, such as rings and bracelets, which also advocates a social lifestyle brand, starting with the purpose of creating sustainable jobs for elderly women, who have reduced social participation, as well as having difficulties in becoming economically independent. On October 28, he attended in fashion magazine "W Korea"s breast cancer awareness campaign "Love Your W" charity event, alongside his group member Hyungwon, held at the Four Seasons Hotel in Gwanghwamun, Seoul.


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: Peter Buck (December 19, 1930 – November 18, 2021) was an American physicist, restaurateur, and philanthropist. He co-founded the Subway fast-food restaurant chain.


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: Buck was born on December 19, 1930 to Ervin and Lillian Bernice "Molly" (Draper) Buck, who owned a farm in South Portland, Maine. He had a younger brother named David. He and his brother grew up and worked on his parents' farm. He graduated from South Portland High School in 1948. He graduated from Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, in 1952. He then earned master's and doctoral degrees in physics at Columbia University.


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: In 1957 Buck went to work for General Electric at the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory in Schenectady, New York. There, he performed tests and calculations on atomic power plants being developed for U.S. Navy submarines and surface ships. In 1965 he joined United Nuclear, in White Plains, New York, calculating the power distribution and refueling requirements of nuclear power plants. He finished his engineering career at Nuclear Energy Services in Danbury, Connecticut.


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: Buck loaned partner and family friend Fred DeLuca $1,000 in 1965 and advised him to open a sandwich shop to help him pay for college at the University of Bridgeport in Bridgeport, Connecticut. They named the restaurant after Buck, calling it "Pete's Super Submarines". Together Buck and De Luca formed "Doctor's Associates" to oversee operations as the restaurant business expanded. Though neither the first nor the second restaurants were financial successes, they continued to expand their operations. By 1973, they had 16 locations throughout Connecticut and, in 1974, they began franchising out the restaurants. They also introduced a new logo and changed the name of their operation from what was then "Pete's Subway" to "Subway Sandwiches".


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: Subway continued to grow over the ensuing years and by 2010 became the largest fast food chain worldwide, with 33,749 restaurants. In 2015, Buck was ranked No. 261 on the "Forbes" 400 list of wealthiest people, with an estimated net worth of $1.6 billion.


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: The Peter and Carmen Lucia Buck Foundation (PCLB) was formed in 1999 as a private family foundation to manage their family's philanthropy. The Internet Archive received support from PCLB.


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: Buck personally made major donations to the Smithsonian Institution, where he served as a trustee of the National Museum of Natural History, including the 23.10 carat Carmen Lúcia Ruby, given to the museum's gem collection. It is thought to be one of the finest Burmese rubies known. Curator Jeffrey Post called the gem “the most important addition to the collection in the 20 years that I’ve been here.”


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: In 2008, Bowdoin College awarded Buck an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree. He gave a grant to Bowdoin College in 2009 that completed its capital campaign. Consequently, the college's new fitness center bears his name.


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: As of 2020, Buck was the seventh-largest landowner in the United States by acreage, according to landreport.com, acquiring land for the purpose of open space conservation.


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: Buck married Haydee Piñero in 1955, whose father Jesús T. Piñero was the first native governor of Puerto Rico. They had three children together: Christopher, Kenneth and Cynthia (Kenneth and Cynthia predeceased him). The marriage ended in divorce. He later married Carmen Lúcia Passagem. They had a son together, William. They were married over 20 years when she died in 2003.


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: Buck had a lifelong interest in aviation. For many years he owned and piloted a glider and remained an active member and supporter of the Soaring Society of America and the Valley Soaring Club.


title: Peter Buck (restaurateur)

text: Buck was a long-time resident of Danbury, Connecticut. He died in Danbury on November 18, 2021, a month before his 91st birthday.


title: Norma Crane

text: Norma Crane (born Norma Anna Bella Zuckerman; November 10, 1928 — September 28, 1973) was an American actress of stage, film, and television best known for her role as Golde in the 1971 film adaptation of "Fiddler on the Roof". She also starred in "They Call Me Mister Tibbs!" and "Penelope". Crane was born in New York City, but raised in El Paso, Texas.


title: Norma Crane

text: Born to a Jewish family in New York City and raised in El Paso, Crane studied drama at Texas State College for Women in Denton, and was a member of Elia Kazan's Actors Studio. She made her debut on Broadway in Arthur Miller's play "The Crucible".


title: Norma Crane

text: Throughout the 1950s, she appeared on a variety of live television dramas, first gaining recognition in a televised adaptation of George Orwell's "1984". She played Ellie Martin in Vincente Minnelli's film version of "Tea and Sympathy". She appeared in the 1956 "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" episode "There Was an Old Woman" the 1958 episode "The Equalizer" and the 1959 episode “Appointment at Eleven”. Also in 1959, she portrayed “Tilda” on the TV Western "Gunsmoke".


title: Norma Crane

text: She guest-starred four times on the CBS western television series "Have Gun – Will Travel" with Richard Boone. She appeared on an episode of ABC's "The Untouchables" as Lily Dallas, a ruthless gang leader, and she appeared in two other episodes.


title: Norma Crane

text: In 1960, Crane appeared as Sarah Prentice in the episode "River Champion" of the NBC Western series "Riverboat" starring Darren McGavin. A few weeks later, Crane was cast as Sarah in the episode "Deadly Tomorrow" of the ABC adventure series "The Islanders", set in the South Pacific.


title: Norma Crane

text: In 1961, Crane guest-starred in the title role in the episode "The Return of Widow Brown" of the NBC Western "The Deputy". Later that year she re-appeared on "Gunsmoke" in an episode entitled "Perce", as well as in an episode of "The Asphalt Jungle". In 1965, Crane guest-starred as Mrs. Mavis Hull in "The Fugitive" episode "Masquerade" and a 1968 episode of "The Flying Nun".


title: Norma Crane

text: Crane died of breast cancer at 44 in Los Angeles, California, two years after the release of "Fiddler on the Roof" (1971), her last film. She is interred at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.


title: Law of thought

text: The laws of thought are fundamental axiomatic rules upon which rational discourse itself is often considered to be based. The formulation and clarification of such rules have a long tradition in the history of philosophy and logic. Generally they are taken as laws that guide and underlie everyone's thinking, thoughts, expressions, discussions, etc. However, such classical ideas are often questioned or rejected in more recent developments, such as intuitionistic logic, dialetheism and fuzzy logic.


title: Law of thought

text: According to the 1999 "Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy", laws of thought are laws by which or in accordance with which valid thought proceeds, or that justify valid inference, or to which all valid deduction is reducible. Laws of thought are rules that apply without exception to any subject matter of thought, etc.; sometimes they are said to be the object of logic. The term, rarely used in exactly the same sense by different authors, has long been associated with three equally ambiguous expressions: the law of identity (ID), the law of contradiction (or non-contradiction; NC), and the law of excluded middle (EM).


title: Law of thought

text: Sometimes, these three expressions are taken as propositions of formal ontology having the widest possible subject matter, propositions that apply to entities as such: (ID), everything is (i.e., is identical to) itself; (NC) no thing having a given quality also has the negative of that quality (e.g., no even number is non-even); (EM) every thing either has a given quality or has the negative of that quality (e.g., every number is either even or non-even). Equally common in older works is the use of these expressions for principles of metalogic about propositions: (ID) every proposition implies itself; (NC) no proposition is both true and false; (EM) every proposition is either true or false.


title: Law of thought

text: Beginning in the middle to late 1800s, these expressions have been used to denote propositions of Boolean algebra about classes: (ID) every class includes itself; (NC) every class is such that its intersection ("product") with its own complement is the null class; (EM) every class is such that its union ("sum") with its own complement is the universal class. More recently, the last two of the three expressions have been used in connection with the classical propositional logic and with the so-called protothetic or quantified propositional logic; in both cases the law of non-contradiction involves the negation of the conjunction ("and") of something with its own negation, ¬(A∧¬A), and the law of excluded middle involves the disjunction ("or") of something with its own negation, A∨¬A. In the case of propositional logic, the "something" is a schematic letter serving as a place-holder, whereas in the case of protothetic logic the "something" is a genuine variable. The expressions "law of non-contradiction" and "law of excluded middle" are also used for semantic principles of model theory concerning sentences and interpretations: (NC) under no interpretation is a given sentence both true and false, (EM) under any interpretation, a given sentence is either true or false.


title: Law of thought

text: The expressions mentioned above all have been used in many other ways. Many other propositions have also been mentioned as laws of thought, including the dictum de omni et nullo attributed to Aristotle, the substitutivity of identicals (or equals) attributed to Euclid, the so-called identity of indiscernibles attributed to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and other "logical truths".


title: Law of thought

text: The expression "laws of thought" gained added prominence through its use by Boole (1815–64) to denote theorems of his "algebra of logic"; in fact, he named his second logic book "An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities" (1854). Modern logicians, in almost unanimous disagreement with Boole, take this expression to be a misnomer; none of the above propositions classed under "laws of thought" are explicitly about thought per se, a mental phenomenon studied by psychology, nor do they involve explicit reference to a thinker or knower as would be the case in pragmatics or in epistemology. The distinction between psychology (as a study of mental phenomena) and logic (as a study of valid inference) is widely accepted.


title: Law of thought

text: Hamilton offers a history of the three traditional laws that begins with Plato, proceeds through Aristotle, and ends with the schoolmen of the Middle Ages; in addition he offers a fourth law (see entry below, under Hamilton):


title: Law of thought

text: More than two millennia later, George Boole alluded to the very same principle as did Aristotle when Boole made the following observation with respect to the nature of language and those principles that must inhere naturally within them:


title: Law of thought

text: The law of non-contradiction (alternately the 'law of contradiction'): 'Nothing can both be and not be.'


title: Law of thought

text: In other words: "two or more contradictory statements cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time": ¬(A∧¬A).


title: Law of thought

text: In the words of Aristotle, that "one cannot say of something that it is and that it is not in the same respect and at the same time". As an illustration of this law, he wrote:


title: Law of thought

text: In accordance with the law of excluded middle or excluded third, for every proposition, either its positive or negative form is true: A∨¬A.


title: Law of thought

text: As the quotations from Hamilton above indicate, in particular the "law of identity" entry, the rationale for and expression of the "laws of thought" have been fertile ground for philosophic debate since Plato. Today the debate—about how we "come to know" the world of things and our thoughts—continues; for examples of rationales see the entries, below.


title: Law of thought

text: In one of Plato's Socratic dialogues, Socrates described three principles derived from introspection:


title: Law of thought

text: The law of non-contradiction is found in ancient Indian logic as a meta-rule in the "Shrauta Sutras", the grammar of Pāṇini, and the "Brahma Sutras" attributed to Vyasa. It was later elaborated on by medieval commentators such as Madhvacharya.


title: Law of thought

text: John Locke claimed that the principles of identity and contradiction (i.e. the law of identity and the law of non-contradiction) were general ideas and only occurred to people after considerable abstract, philosophical thought. He characterized the principle of identity as "Whatsoever is, is." He stated the principle of contradiction as "It is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be." To Locke, these were not innate or "a priori" principles.


title: Law of thought

text: Gottfried Leibniz formulated two additional principles, either or both of which may sometimes be counted as a law of thought:


title: Law of thought

text: In Leibniz's thought, as well as generally in the approach of rationalism, the latter two principles are regarded as clear and incontestable axioms. They were widely recognized in European thought of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, although they were subject to greater debate in the 19th century. As turned out to be the case with the law of continuity, these two laws involve matters which, in contemporary terms, are subject to much debate and analysis (respectively on determinism and extensionality). Leibniz's principles were particularly influential in German thought. In France, the "Port-Royal Logic" was less swayed by them. Hegel quarrelled with the identity of indiscernibles in his "Science of Logic" (1812–1816).


title: Law of thought

text: "The primary laws of thought, or the conditions of the thinkable, are four: – 1. The law of identity [A is A]. 2. The law of contradiction. 3. The law of exclusion; or excluded middle. 4. The law of sufficient reason." (Thomas Hughes, "The Ideal Theory of Berkeley and the Real World", Part II, Section XV, Footnote, p. 38)


title: Law of thought

text: Arthur Schopenhauer discussed the laws of thought and tried to demonstrate that they are the basis of reason. He listed them in the following way in his "On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason", §33:


title: Law of thought

text: Later, in 1844, Schopenhauer claimed that the four laws of thought could be reduced to two. In the ninth chapter of the second volume of "The World as Will and Representation", he wrote:


title: Law of thought

text: The title of George Boole's 1854 treatise on logic, "An Investigation on the Laws of Thought", indicates an alternate path. The laws are now incorporated into an algebraic representation of his "laws of the mind", honed over the years into modern Boolean algebra.


title: Law of thought

text: Boole begins his chapter I "Nature and design of this Work" with a discussion of what characteristic distinguishes, generally, "laws of the mind" from "laws of nature":


title: Law of thought

text: Contrasted with this are what he calls "laws of the mind": Boole asserts these are known in their first instance, without need of repetition:


title: Law of thought

text: Boole then clarifies what a "literal symbol" e.g. x, y, z... represents—a name applied to a collection of instances into "classes". For example, "bird" represents the entire class of feathered winged warm-blooded creatures. For his purposes he extends the notion of class to represent membership of "one", or "nothing", or "the universe" i.e. totality of all individuals:


title: Law of thought

text: Given these definitions he now lists his laws with their justification plus examples (derived from Boole):


title: Law of thought

text: Logical OR: Boole defines the "collecting of parts into a whole or separate a whole into its parts" (Boole 1854:32). Here the connective "and" is used disjunctively, as is "or"; he presents a commutative law (3) and a distributive law (4) for the notion of "collecting". The notion of "separating" a part from the whole he symbolizes with the "-" operation; he defines a commutative (5) and distributive law (6) for this notion:


title: Law of thought

text: Lastly is a notion of "identity" symbolized by "=". This allows for two axioms: (axiom 1): equals added to equals results in equals, (axiom 2): equals subtracted from equals results in equals.


title: Law of thought

text: Nothing "0" and Universe "1": He observes that the only two numbers that satisfy xx = x are 0 and 1. He then observes that 0 represents "Nothing" while "1" represents the "Universe" (of discourse).


title: Law of thought

text: The notion of a particular as opposed to a universal: To represent the notion of "some men", Boole writes the small letter "v" before the predicate-symbol "vx" some men.


title: Law of thought

text: Exclusive- and inclusive-OR: Boole does not use these modern names, but he defines these as follows x(1-y) + y(1-x) and x + y(1-x), respectively; these agree with the formulas derived by means of the modern Boolean algebra.


title: Law of thought

text: Armed with his "system" he derives the "principle of [non]contradiction" starting with his law of identity: x = x. He subtracts x from both sides (his axiom 2), yielding x − x = 0. He then factors out the x: x(x − 1) = 0. For example, if x = "men" then 1 − x represents NOT-men. So we have an example of the "Law of Contradiction":


title: Law of thought

text: This notion is found throughout Boole's "Laws of Thought" e.g. 1854:28, where the symbol "1" (the integer 1) is used to represent "Universe" and "0" to represent "Nothing", and in far more detail later (pages 42ff):


title: Law of thought

text: In his chapter "The Predicate Calculus" Kleene observes that the specification of the "domain" of discourse is "not a trivial assumption, since it is not always clearly satisfied in ordinary discourse ... in mathematics likewise, logic can become pretty slippery when no D [domain] has been specified explicitly or implicitly, or the specification of a D [domain] is too vague (Kleene 1967:84).


title: Law of thought

text: As noted above, Hamilton specifies "four" laws—the three traditional plus the fourth "Law of Reason and Consequent"—as follows:


title: Law of thought

text: Hamilton opines that thought comes in two forms: "necessary" and "contingent" (Hamilton 1860:17). With regards the "necessary" form he defines its study as "logic": "Logic is the science of the necessary forms of thought" (Hamilton 1860:17). To define "necessary" he asserts that it implies the following four "qualities":


title: Law of thought

text: In the 19th century, the Aristotelian laws of thoughts, as well as sometimes the Leibnizian laws of thought, were standard material in logic textbooks, and J. Welton described them in this way:


title: Law of thought

text: The sequel to Bertrand Russell's 1903 "The Principles of Mathematics" became the three-volume work named "Principia Mathematica" (hereafter "PM"), written jointly with Alfred North Whitehead. Immediately after he and Whitehead published "PM" he wrote his 1912 "The Problems of Philosophy". His "Problems" reflects "the central ideas of Russell's logic".


title: Law of thought

text: In his 1903 "Principles" Russell defines Symbolic or Formal Logic (he uses the terms synonymously) as "the study of the various general types of deduction" (Russell 1903:11). He asserts that "Symbolic Logic is essentially concerned with inference in general" (Russell 1903:12) and with a footnote indicates that he does not distinguish between inference and deduction; moreover he considers induction "to be either disguised deduction or a mere method of making plausible guesses" (Russell 1903:11). This opinion will change by 1912, when he deems his "principle of induction" to be par with the various "logical principles" that include the "Laws of Thought".


title: Law of thought

text: In his Part I "The Indefinables of Mathematics" Chapter II "Symbolic Logic" Part A "The Propositional Calculus" Russell reduces deduction ("propositional calculus") to 2 "indefinables" and 10 axioms:


title: Law of thought

text: From these he "claims" to be able to "derive" the law of excluded middle and the law of contradiction but does not exhibit his derivations (Russell 1903:17). Subsequently, he and Whitehead honed these "primitive principles" and axioms into the nine found in "PM", and here Russell actually "exhibits" these two derivations at ❋1.71 and ❋3.24, respectively.


title: Law of thought

text: By 1912 Russell in his "Problems" pays close attention to "induction" (inductive reasoning) as well as "deduction" (inference), both of which represent just two "examples" of "self-evident logical principles" that include the "Laws of Thought."


title: Law of thought

text: Induction principle: Russell devotes a chapter to his "induction principle". He describes it as coming in two parts: firstly, as a repeated collection of evidence (with no failures of association known) and therefore increasing probability that whenever A happens B follows; secondly, in a fresh instance when indeed A happens, B will indeed follow: i.e. "a sufficient number of cases of association will make the probability of a fresh association nearly a certainty, and will make it approach certainty without limit."


title: Law of thought

text: He then collects all the cases (instances) of the induction principle (e.g. case 1: A = "the rising sun", B = "the eastern sky"; case 2: A = "the setting sun", B = "the western sky"; case 3: etc.) into a "general" law of induction which he expresses as follows:


title: Law of thought

text: He makes an argument that this induction principle can neither be disproved or proved by experience, the failure of disproof occurring because the law deals with "probability" of success rather than certainty; the failure of proof occurring because of unexamined cases that are yet to be experienced, i.e. they will occur (or not) in the future. "Thus we must either accept the inductive principle on the ground of its intrinsic evidence, or forgo all justification of our expectations about the future".


title: Law of thought

text: In his next chapter ("On Our Knowledge of General Principles") Russell offers other principles that have this similar property: "which cannot be proved or disproved by experience, but are used in arguments which start from what is experienced." He asserts that these "have even greater evidence than the principle of induction ... the knowledge of them has the same degree of certainty as the knowledge of the existence of sense-data. They constitute the means of drawing inferences from what is given in sensation".


title: Law of thought

text: Inference principle: Russell then offers an example that he calls a "logical" principle. Twice previously he has asserted this principle, first as the 4th axiom in his 1903 and then as his first "primitive proposition" of "PM": "❋1.1 Anything implied by a true elementary proposition is true". Now he repeats it in his 1912 in a refined form: "Thus our principle states that if this implies that, and this is true, then that is true. In other words, 'anything implied by a true proposition is true', or 'whatever follows from a true proposition is true'. This principle he places great stress upon, stating that "this principle is really involved – at least, concrete instances of it are involved – in all demonstrations".


title: Law of thought

text: He does not call his inference principle "modus ponens", but his formal, symbolic expression of it in "PM" (2nd edition 1927) is that of "modus ponens"; modern logic calls this a "rule" as opposed to a "law". In the quotation that follows, the symbol "⊦" is the "assertion-sign" (cf "PM":92); "⊦" means "it is true that", therefore "⊦p" where "p" is "the sun is rising" means "it is true that the sun is rising", alternately "The statement 'The sun is rising' is true". The "implication" symbol "⊃" is commonly read "if p then q", or "p implies q" (cf "PM":7). Embedded in this notion of "implication" are two "primitive ideas", "the Contradictory Function" (symbolized by NOT, "~") and "the Logical Sum or Disjunction" (symbolized by OR, "⋁"); these appear as "primitive propositions" ❋1.7 and ❋1.71 in "PM" (PM:97). With these two "primitive propositions" Russell defines "p ⊃ q" to have the formal logical equivalence "NOT-p OR q" symbolized by "~p ⋁ q":


title: Law of thought

text: In other words, in a long "string" of inferences, after each inference we can detach the "consequent" "⊦q" from the symbol string "⊦p, ⊦(p⊃q)" and not carry these symbols forward in an ever-lengthening string of symbols.


title: Law of thought

text: The three traditional "laws" (principles) of thought: Russell goes on to assert other principles, of which the above logical principle is "only one". He asserts that "some of these must be granted before any argument or proof becomes possible. When some of them have been granted, others can be proved." Of these various "laws" he asserts that "for no very good reason, three of these principles have been singled out by tradition under the name of 'Laws of Thought'. And these he lists as follows:


title: Law of thought

text: Rationale: Russell opines that "the name 'laws of thought' is ... misleading, for what is important is not the fact that we think in accordance with these laws, but the fact that things behave in accordance with them; in other words, the fact that when we think in accordance with them we think "truly"." But he rates this a "large question" and expands it in two following chapters where he begins with an investigation of the notion of "a priori" (innate, built-in) knowledge, and ultimately arrives at his acceptance of the Platonic "world of universals". In his investigation he comes back now and then to the three traditional laws of thought, singling out the law of contradiction in particular: "The conclusion that the law of contradiction is a law of "thought" is nevertheless erroneous ... [rather], the law of contradiction is about things, and not merely about thoughts ... a fact concerning the things in the world."


title: Law of thought

text: His argument begins with the statement that the three traditional laws of thought are "samples of self-evident principles". For Russell the matter of "self-evident" merely introduces the larger question of how we derive our knowledge of the world. He cites the "historic controversy ... between the two schools called respectively 'empiricists' [ Locke, Berkeley, and Hume ] and 'rationalists' [ Descartes and Leibniz]" (these philosophers are his examples). Russell asserts that the rationalists "maintained that, in addition to what we know by experience, there are certain 'innate ideas' and 'innate principles', which we know independently of experience"; to eliminate the possibility of babies having innate knowledge of the "laws of thought", Russell renames this sort of knowledge "a priori". And while Russell agrees with the empiricists that "Nothing can be known to "exist" except by the help of experience,", he also agrees with the rationalists that some knowledge is "a priori", specifically "the propositions of logic and pure mathematics, as well as the fundamental propositions of ethics".


title: Law of thought

text: This question of how such "a priori" knowledge can exist directs Russell to an investigation into the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, which after careful consideration he rejects as follows:


title: Law of thought

text: His objections to Kant then leads Russell to accept the 'theory of ideas' of Plato, "in my opinion ... one of the most successful attempts hitherto made."; he asserts that " ... we must examine our knowledge of universals ... where we shall find that [this consideration] solves the problem of "a priori" knowledge.".


title: Law of thought

text: Unfortunately, Russell's "Problems" does not offer an example of a "minimum set" of principles that would apply to human reasoning, both inductive and deductive. But "PM" does at least provide "an" example set (but not the minimum; see Post below) that is sufficient for "deductive" reasoning by means of the propositional calculus (as opposed to reasoning by means of the more-complicated predicate calculus)—a total of 8 principles at the start of "Part I: Mathematical Logic". Each of the formulas :❋1.2 to :❋1.6 is a tautology (true no matter what the truth-value of p, q, r ... is). What is missing in "PM"’s treatment is a formal rule of substitution; in his 1921 PhD thesis Emil Post fixes this deficiency (see Post below). In what follows the formulas are written in a more modern format than that used in "PM"; the names are given in "PM").


title: Law of thought

text: Russell sums up these principles with "This completes the list of primitive propositions required for the theory of deduction as applied to elementary propositions" (PM:97).


title: Law of thought

text: Starting from these eight tautologies and a tacit use of the "rule" of substitution, "PM" then derives over a hundred different formulas, among which are the Law of Excluded Middle ❋1.71, and the Law of Contradiction ❋3.24 (this latter requiring a definition of logical AND symbolized by the modern ⋀: (p ⋀ q) = ~(~p ⋁ ~q). ("PM" uses the "dot" symbol for logical AND)).


title: Law of thought

text: At about the same time (1912) that Russell and Whitehead were finishing the last volume of their Principia Mathematica, and the publishing of Russell's "The Problems of Philosophy" at least two logicians (Louis Couturat, Christine Ladd-Franklin) were asserting that two "laws" (principles) of contradiction" and "excluded middle" are necessary to specify "contradictories"; Ladd-Franklin renamed these the principles of exclusion and exhaustion. The following appears as a footnote on page 23 of Couturat 1914:


title: Law of thought

text: In other words, the creation of "contradictories" represents a dichotomy, i.e. the "splitting" of a universe of discourse into two classes (collections) that have the following two properties: they are (i) mutually exclusive and (ii) (collectively) exhaustive. In other words, no one thing (drawn from the universe of discourse) can simultaneously be a member of both classes (law of non-contradiction), "but" [and] every single thing (in the universe of discourse) must be a member of one class or the other (law of excluded middle).


title: Law of thought

text: As part of his PhD thesis "Introduction to a general theory of elementary propositions" Emil Post proved "the system of elementary propositions of Principia [PM]" i.e. its "propositional calculus" described by PM's first 8 "primitive propositions" to be "consistent". The definition of "consistent" is this: that by means of the deductive "system" at hand (its stated axioms, laws, rules) it is impossible to derive (display) both a formula S and its contradictory ~S (i.e. its logical negation) (Nagel and Newman 1958:50). To demonstrate this formally, Post had to add a primitive proposition to the 8 primitive propositions of PM, a "rule" that specified the notion of "substitution" that was missing in the original PM of 1910.


title: Law of thought

text: Given PM's tiny set of "primitive propositions" and the proof of their consistency, Post then proves that this system ("propositional calculus" of PM) is "complete", meaning every possible truth table can be generated in the "system":


title: Law of thought

text: Then there is the matter of "independence" of the axioms. In his commentary before Post 1921, van Heijenoort states that Paul Bernays solved the matter in 1918 (but published in 1926) – the formula ❋1.5 Associative Principle: p ⋁ (q ⋁ r) ⊃ q ⋁ (p ⋁ r) can be proved with the other four. As to what system of "primitive-propositions" is the minimum, van Heijenoort states that the matter was "investigated by Zylinski (1925), Post himself (1941), and Wernick (1942)" but van Heijenoort does not answer the question.


title: Law of thought

text: Kleene (1967:33) observes that "logic" can be "founded" in two ways, first as a "model theory", or second by a formal "proof" or "axiomatic theory"; "the two formulations, that of model theory and that of proof theory, give equivalent results"(Kleene 1967:33). This foundational choice, and their equivalence also applies to "predicate logic" (Kleene 1967:318).


title: Law of thought

text: In his introduction to Post 1921, van Heijenoort observes that both the "truth-table and the axiomatic approaches are clearly presented". This matter of a proof of consistency both ways (by a model theory, by axiomatic proof theory) comes up in the more-congenial version of Post's consistency proof that can be found in Nagel and Newman 1958 in their chapter V "An Example of a Successful Absolute Proof of Consistency". In the main body of the text they use a model to achieve their consistency proof (they also state that the system is complete but do not offer a proof) (Nagel & Newman 1958:45–56). But their text promises the reader a proof that is axiomatic rather than relying on a model, and in the Appendix they deliver this proof based on the notions of a division of formulas into two classes K and K that are mutually exclusive and exhaustive (Nagel & Newman 1958:109–113).


title: Law of thought

text: The (restricted) "first-order predicate calculus" is the "system of logic" that adds to the propositional logic (cf Post, above) the notion of "subject-predicate" i.e. the subject x is drawn from a domain (universe) of discourse and the predicate is a logical function f(x): x as subject and f(x) as predicate (Kleene 1967:74). Although Gödel's proof involves the same notion of "completeness" as does the proof of Post, Gödel's proof is far more difficult; what follows is a discussion of the axiom set.


title: Law of thought

text: Kurt Gödel in his 1930 doctoral dissertation "The completeness of the axioms of the functional calculus of logic" proved that in this "calculus" (i.e. restricted predicate logic with or without equality) that every valid formula is "either refutable or satisfiable" or what amounts to the same thing: every valid formula is provable and therefore the logic is complete. Here is Gödel's definition of whether or not the "restricted functional calculus" is "complete":


title: Law of thought

text: This particular predicate calculus is "restricted to the first order". To the propositional calculus it adds two special symbols that symbolize the generalizations "for all" and "there exists (at least one)" that extend over the domain of discourse. The calculus requires only the first notion "for all", but typically includes both: (1) the notion "for all x" or "for every x" is symbolized in the literature as variously as (x), ∀x, Πx etc., and the (2) notion of "there exists (at least one x)" variously symbolized as Ex, ∃x.


title: Law of thought

text: The restriction is that the generalization "for all" applies only to the "variables" (objects x, y, z etc. drawn from the domain of discourse) and not to functions, in other words the calculus will permit ∀xf(x) ("for all creatures x, x is a bird") but not ∀f∀x(f(x)) [but if "equality" is added to the calculus it will permit ∀f:f(x); see below under Tarski]. Example:


title: Law of thought

text: Kleene remarks that "the predicate calculus (without or with equality) fully accomplishes (for first order theories) what has been conceived to be the role of logic" (Kleene 1967:322).


title: Law of thought

text: This first half of this axiom – "the maxim of all" will appear as the first of two additional axioms in Gödel's axiom set. The "dictum of Aristotle" (dictum de omni et nullo) is sometimes called "the maxim of all and none" but is really two "maxims" that assert: "What is true of all (members of the domain) is true of some (members of the domain)", and "What is not true of all (members of the domain) is true of none (of the members of the domain)".


title: Law of thought

text: But the first half of this "dictum" ("dictum de omni") is taken up by Russell and Whitehead in PM, and by Hilbert in his version (1927) of the "first order predicate logic"; his (system) includes a principle that Hilbert calls "Aristotle's dictum"


title: Law of thought

text: This axiom also appears in the modern axiom set offered by Kleene (Kleene 1967:387), as his "∀-schema", one of two axioms (he calls them "postulates") required for the predicate calculus; the other being the "∃-schema" f(y) ⊃ ∃xf(x) that reasons from the particular f(y) to the existence of at least one subject x that satisfies the predicate f(x); both of these requires adherence to a defined domain (universe) of discourse.


title: Law of thought

text: To supplement the four (down from five; see Post) axioms of the propositional calculus, Gödel 1930 adds the "dictum de omni" as the first of two additional axioms. Both this "dictum" and the second axiom, he claims in a footnote, derive from "Principia Mathematica". Indeed, PM includes both as


title: Law of thought

text: The latter asserts that the logical sum (i.e. ⋁, OR) of a simple proposition p and a predicate ∀xf(x) implies the logical sum of each separately. But PM derives both of these from six primitive propositions of ❋9, which in the second edition of PM is discarded and replaced with four new "Pp" (primitive principles) of ❋8 (see in particular ❋8.2, and Hilbert derives the first from his "logical ε-axiom" in his 1927 and does not mention the second. How Hilbert and Gödel came to adopt these two as axioms is unclear.


title: Law of thought

text: Alfred Tarski in his 1946 (2nd edition) "Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of the Deductive Sciences" cites a number of what he deems "universal laws" of the sentential calculus, three "rules" of inference, and one fundamental law of identity (from which he derives four more laws). The traditional "laws of thought" are included in his long listing of "laws" and "rules". His treatment is, as the title of his book suggests, limited to the "Methodology of the Deductive Sciences".


title: Law of thought

text: Rationale: In his introduction (2nd edition) he observes that what began with an application of logic to mathematics has been widened to "the whole of human knowledge":


title: Law of thought

text: To add the notion of "equality" to the "propositional calculus" (this new notion not to be confused with "logical" equivalence symbolized by ↔, ⇄, "if and only if (iff)", "biconditional", etc.) Tarski (cf p54-57) symbolizes what he calls "Leibniz's law" with the symbol "=". This extends the domain (universe) of discourse and the types of functions to numbers and mathematical formulas (Kleene 1967:148ff, Tarski 1946:54ff).


title: Law of thought

text: In a nutshell: given that "x has every property that y has", we can write "x = y", and this formula will have a truth value of "truth" or "falsity". Tarski states this Leibniz's law as follows:


title: Law of thought

text: Principia Mathematica "defines" the notion of equality as follows (in modern symbols); note that the generalization "for all" extends over predicate-functions f( ):


title: Law of thought

text: Hilbert 1927:467 adds only two axioms of equality, the first is x = x, the second is (x = y) → ((f(x) → f(y)); the "for all f" is missing (or implied). Gödel 1930 defines equality similarly to PM :❋13.01. Kleene 1967 adopts the two from Hilbert 1927 plus two more (Kleene 1967:387).


title: Law of thought

text: George Spencer-Brown in his 1969 "Laws of Form" (LoF) begins by first taking as given that "we cannot make an indication without drawing a distinction". This, therefore, presupposes the law of excluded middle. He then goes on to define two axioms, which describe how distinctions (a "boundary") and indications (a "call") work:


title: Law of thought

text: These axioms bare a resemblance to the "law of identity" and the "law of non-contradiction" respectively. However, the law of identity is proven as a thorem (Theorem 4.5 in "Laws of Form") within the framework of LoF. In general, LoF can be reinterpreted as First-order logic, propositional logic, and second-order logic by assigning specific interpretations to the symbols and values of LoF.


title: Law of thought

text: All of the above "systems of logic" are considered to be "classical" meaning propositions and predicate expressions are two-valued, with either the truth value "truth" or "falsity" but not both(Kleene 1967:8 and 83). While intuitionistic logic falls into the "classical" category, it objects to extending the "for all" operator to the Law of Excluded Middle; it allows instances of the "Law", but not its generalization to an infinite domain of discourse.


title: Law of thought

text: 'Intuitionistic logic', sometimes more generally called constructive logic, is a paracomplete symbolic logic that differs from classical logic by replacing the traditional concept of truth with the concept of constructive provability.


title: Law of thought

text: The "generalized" law of the excluded middle is not part of the execution of intuitionistic logic, but neither is it negated. Intuitionistic logic merely forbids the use of the operation as part of what it defines as a "constructive proof", which is not the same as demonstrating it invalid (this is comparable to the use of a particular building style in which screws are forbidden and only nails are allowed; it does not necessarily disprove or even question the existence or usefulness of screws, but merely demonstrates what can be built without them).


title: Law of thought

text: 'Paraconsistent logic' refers to so-called contradiction-tolerant logical systems in which a contradiction does not necessarily result in trivialism. In other words, the principle of explosion is not valid in such logics. Some (namely the dialetheists) argue that the law of non-contradiction is denied by dialetheic logic. They are motivated by certain paradoxes which seem to imply a limit of the law of non-contradiction, namely the liar paradox. In order to avoid a trivial logical system and still allow certain contradictions to be true, dialetheists will employ a paraconsistent logic of some kind.


title: Law of thought

text: (cf Kleene 1967:49): These "calculi" include the symbols ⎕A, meaning "A is necessary" and ◊A meaning "A is possible". Kleene states that:


title: Law of thought

text: 'Fuzzy logic' is a form of many-valued logic; it deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact.


title: You Cannot Kill David Arquette

text: You Cannot Kill David Arquette is a 2020 American documentary film, directed by David Darg and Price James. It follows David Arquette attempting to return to wrestling after his acting career stalls.


title: You Cannot Kill David Arquette

text: In December 2019, it was announced David Darg and Price James had directed a documentary film following David Arquette, over the course of two years, with Patricia Arquette, Rosanna Arquette, Richmond Arquette, Courteney Cox, and Ric Flair set to appear in the film.


title: You Cannot Kill David Arquette

text: The film was scheduled to have its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 20, 2020. The festival was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Shortly after, Super LTD acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released to drive-in theatres on August 21, 2020, and via digital platforms and on-demand on August 28.


title: You Cannot Kill David Arquette

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, ""You Cannot Kill David Arquette" -- nor can you deny the sheer watchability of this unusual and surprisingly affecting documentary."


title: You Cannot Kill David Arquette

text: Owen Gleiberman gave a positive review for "Variety" and complimented how the film handles the merger between kayfabe in professional wrestling and reality: "At the end of "You Cannot Kill David Arquette", we’re drawn into a wrestling narrative that the documentary wants you to believe, even as it stands on the outside looking in. Is Arquette a has-been actor trumping up his biggest failure so that he can exploit it? Or is he a lionhearted wrestler who finds triumph by going the distance? The weird thing is that there’s no difference."


title: You Cannot Kill David Arquette

text: For "Film Pulse", Adam Patterson gave a generally positive review, but pondered if Arquette could be well received by the audience as an underdog: "This [...] may be a hard pill to swallow for some, considering he has had a seemingly successful career, lives in a beautiful home and has a family who cares for him deeply."


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: "Valar Dohaeris" is the third season premiere episode of the HBO fantasy television series "Game of Thrones". Written by executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Daniel Minahan, it aired on March 31, 2013.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: The premiere continued where the second season left off, with the Lannisters consolidating their power at King's Landing in the aftermath of the Battle of the Blackwater. Meanwhile, Jon Snow meets the "King beyond the Wall," and Daenerys leaves Qarth for Slaver's Bay.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: The episode's title translates to "all men must serve" in the High Valyrian language in George R. R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" novels, which the series adapts. The title mirrors that of season 2's finale, "Valar Morghulis" – "all men must die” with this episode title meaning “all men must serve.”


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: The episode received mostly positive reviews, set a new ratings record for the series, and was one of the most torrented episodes for an HBO series.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: The White Walkers’ attack leaves few Night's Watch survivors. Samwell Tarly is saved by the direwolf Ghost and Lord Commander Jeor Mormont, who reprimands Sam for failing to warn of the approaching army and orders the survivors back to the Wall.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: At the wildling camp, Jon Snow mistakes Tormund Giantsbane for the King-beyond-the-Wall, but Mance Rayder reveals himself and questions Jon's motives for deserting the Night's Watch. Jon earns Mance's approval, declaring that he wants "to fight for the side that fights for the living".


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: Newly knighted Ser Bronn returns to the service of Tyrion Lannister, whose father Tywin, new Hand of the King, agrees to recognize Tyrion's accomplishments during the Battle of Blackwater but refuses to name him heir to Casterly Rock and viciously insults him.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: Petyr Baelish offers to smuggle Sansa Stark out of King's Landing. Ros tells Shae to look out for Sansa, especially when dealing with Baelish.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: King Joffrey Baratheon and his betrothed Lady Margaery Tyrell travel through Flea Bottom, when Margaery exits her litter to visit an orphanage as Joffrey hides. At dinner, Joffrey trades insults with his mother, in contrast to the harmonious Tyrells.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: Stranded Davos Seaworth is rescued by the pirate Salladhor Saan, and recounts seeing his son Matthos die. Salladhor reveals he is leaving the service of Stannis, who is in seclusion at Dragonstone and will only speak with Melisandre, who is burning people alive because they are “servants of darkness.” Davos, intending to kill Melisandre, persuades Salladhor to bring him to Stannis.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: Discovering Stannis is indifferent to his survival and that Melisandre believes him responsible for Stannis’ defeat, Davos tries to attack Melisandre but is thrown in the dungeons.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: Robb Stark and his forces discover Gregor Clegane has abandoned Harrenhal and slaughtered the prisoners. Lord Roose Bolton sympathizes with Lord Rickard Karstark's frustration that Catelyn Stark let Jaime Lannister go, assuring Karstark that his best hunter is after Jaime. Robb finds a survivor, Qyburn.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: Reaching Astapor in Slaver's Bay with her fast-growing dragons, Daenerys Targaryen considers buying an army of the "Unsullied", renowned eunuch soldiers. A warlock masked as a young girl attempts to assassinate Daenerys with a scorpion-like creature, but is thwarted by Ser Barristan Selmy, Kingsguard to Daenerys' father, who swears his allegiance to her.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: The episode was written by showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It was based mainly on the first chapters of "A Storm of Swords", the third novel in George R. R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" series. Specifically, it adapts material from chapters Samwell I, Jon I, Davos I, Davos II, Tyrion I, Daenerys I, Davos III, and Daenerys II from "A Storm of Swords" and chapter Daenerys V of "A Clash of Kings".


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: Some of the twists that open the third book were used in the previous season's finale (mainly Robb's marriage and the White Walkers attacking the Night's Watch). Conversely, Barristan Selmy saving Daenerys from the manticore was borrowed from her last chapter in the second book "A Clash of Kings".


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: "Valar Dohaeris" introduces the Irish actor Ciarán Hinds as the Wildling leader and Night's Watch deserter Mance Rayder, one of the latest Season 3 roles to be cast. The producers explained that casting Mance was a great challenge because he was someone who had become "King beyond the Wall" not by birthright but by convincing all the tribes to unite under his leadership. They had to find an actor with the charisma required to portray this. Unusual for a production such as "Game of Thrones", the first scene Hinds filmed was the first one where his character appears: the meeting with Jon Snow at his tent.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: The season premiere also marks the first appearance of guest stars Kristofer Hivju as the Wildling Tormund Giantsbane, Nathalie Emmanuel as the slave Missandei, and Anton Lesser as the wounded prisoner Qyburn. The three castings were announced at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2012.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: With this episode, Rose Leslie (Ygritte) and Oona Chaplin (Talisa) are promoted to series regulars, after guest starring in the second season. After being absent for the entire second season, Ian McElhinney returns as Ser Barristan Selmy. Actor Ian Whyte, previously cast as a White Walker in the first season, was recast as the huge Ser Gregor Clegane in the second and appears in the episode as the giant seen in the wildlings camp.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: David J. Peterson, who created the Dothraki language for the first season of the show, was entrusted by the producers to design a new constructed language to depict Valyrian, the tongue of the fallen Valyrian Empire. After immersing himself in the fictional background, Peterson ended devising two languages: High Valyrian, the oldest form that was spoken at the height of the Empire and that in its purest form still exists as a language of scholarship and refinement, and the Slaver's Bay variety of Low Valyrian, a creolized version that is spoken in local dialects around the Slaver's Bay. The relationship between the two languages would be similar to the one between Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: To translate sentences in Low Valyrian such as the ones spoken by Kraznys mo Nakloz and Missandei during the episode, Peterson would first write them into High Valyrian, and then apply a series of phonological, semantic and grammatical changes to the text.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: The production continued to use the Paint Hall studios in Belfast for most interior shoots. The scene of Daenerys at sea was filmed at the Linen Mill Film & Television Studios at Banbridge, using the same ship built for Theon's arrival in Pyke and used as Stannis' flagship in season 2. The beach of Downhill Strand returned as the island of Dragonstone.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: The old city of Dubrovnik was again used for the exterior shots of the capital, King's Landing. Tyrion and Bronn are seen walking on the famed city walls, and the scene where Lord Baelish visits Sansa at the docks was filmed in the old port between Fort Lovrijenac and the Pila Gates.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: Also repeating from last season, the scenes beyond the Wall were filmed in Iceland. The Wildling's camp was built in a new location, on a lava field in the Mývatn Lake region in the North, a few hours from the town of Akureyri. Building the camp took months of work from the art department and weeks of construction by the local crew. Although the scenes at the Icelandic exteriors were filmed at minus 11 degrees Celsius, the interior of Mance's tent was filmed on one of the soundstages at the Paint Hall. The fires burning inside the tent made the set very hot, and the actors suffered the heat wearing heavy furs designed for Arctic climates.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: To depict the slaver city of Astapor, the production used the Moroccan city of Essaouira. The Unsullied are introduced in the city ramparts of "Skala de la Ville", the 18th-century sea bastion that runs along the northern cliffs, and during the closing scene when Barristan reveals himself, the Genoese-built citadel by the harbour can be clearly seen.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: The episode is dedicated to the memory of cinematographer Martin Kenzie, who worked in the photography department and died of cancer while the third season was being filmed on July 16, 2012.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: "Valar Dohaeris"'s first airing was seen by 4.4 million viewers; the total rose to 6.7 million viewers once the two repeats of the night are taken into account. Both figures represented a viewership record for the show. In the United Kingdom, the episode was seen by 1.173 million viewers on Sky Atlantic, being the channel's highest-rated broadcast that week.


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: The episode received critical acclaim. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 21 reviews of the episode and judged 100% of them to be positive with an average score of 7.5 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "'Valar Dohaeris' overextends itself trying to reintroduce a multitude of characters and plotlines, but is strengthened by its brilliantly acted two-person scenes (and three growing baby dragons)." In an advance review for "The Daily Beast", Jace Lacob wrote that the season premiere lacks "energy and intensity, but provides a necessary foundation," and that the season, like the novel it is based on, "takes a little to get going." Matt Fowler, writing for "IGN", gave the episode an 8.6/10, writing that "while understandably not showing us everyone, Game of Thrones returned in fine form with dragons, zombies and giants." Neela Dabnath of "The Independent" felt that "Valar Dohaeris" was a strong start to Season 3 and "deftly picked up the various story strands from the last season ... even if it was just a series of brief check-in." She also praised the show for taking "creative liberties which always pay off in bucket loads," commenting on how this can "add to Martin’s world and flesh it out in new ways."


title: Valar Dohaeris

text: Forbes.com writer Erik Kain stated he felt "Valar Dohaeris" did "exactly what it needed to do," by bringing the viewers "back up to speed on the broader conflict and the various minor character conflicts and positioning for power. The ball hasn’t really been moved forward at all, but our feet are on sturdy ground to move forward." He did however express some disappointment over how some elements of the episode differed from its source material in regards to the reintroduction of the character Barristan Selmy and the apparent absence of the character Strong Belwas. Reviewing the episode for "The Guardian", Sarah Hughes felt that "Valar Dohaeris" "didn't really feel like a season opener," and that the opening scene was "a little disorientating." However she enjoyed the scenes in King's Landing and lauded Stephen Dillane's brief performance. Commenting on the Daenerys' plot, she felt her storyline was advancing quite quickly. She also felt that the Barristan Selmy reveal was handled well as; "there are certain conventions that work better on page than screen and the hidden identity trope is one of them. By getting the reveal out of the way early, Benioff and Weiss can concentrate on the potential rivalry between Barristan and Jorah."


title: Careful What You Wish For (film)

text: Careful What You Wish For is a 2015 American erotic thriller film directed by Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum, and starring Nick Jonas, Isabel Lucas, Graham Rogers, and Dermot Mulroney. The film was released on June 10, 2016, by Starz Digital. Its plot is heavily inspired by the 1981 film "Body Heat".


title: Careful What You Wish For (film)

text: Doug Martin (Nick Jonas) is a young adult spending the summer with his parents at their lake house. When rich investment banker Elliot Harper (Dermot Mulroney) moves in next door, Doug finds himself immediately drawn to Elliot's young wife, Lena Harper (Isabel Lucas). Elliot hires Doug to work on his sailboat, and this gives Doug an excuse to interact with Lena, who is often alone due to Elliot traveling for business. Eventually Lena and Doug begin an affair, starting with Doug losing his virginity to Lena. Lena gets them pre-paid cellphones to communicate on, and constantly warns Doug about Elliot's possessive and jealous nature. Lena also shows signs of physical abuse, which she says are from Elliot.


title: Careful What You Wish For (film)

text: One night Lena calls Doug over to her house, where he finds Elliot dead on the floor. Lena claims he attacked her and she accidentally killed him when she fought back. After some major trepidation on Doug's part, Lena convinces him to help her cover up her part in Elliot's death. Soon after, an insurance investigator named Angie Alvarez (Kandyse McClure) shows up to investigate Elliot's death, due to the large settlement of 10 million dollars Lena is now set to receive from his life insurance. Suspicion quickly falls on Doug, and he grows nervous from the increased attention on him by both Angie and the town Sheriff (Paul Sorvino). Eventually he realizes that Lena has been manipulating him the whole time, intending to frame him for Elliot's murder; she claims that instead of a consensual affair Doug had been stalking her and raped her, and then killed Elliot in a jealous rage. Doug's attempts to prove his innocence are thwarted at every turn, presumably by Lena. For example, a gardener of the Harpers who had seen Doug and Lena together turns up murdered before the police can talk to him.


title: Careful What You Wish For (film)

text: With the police ready to arrest him and with Lena having received the insurance money, Doug follows her to a hotel she is at with Angie, intending to retrieve one of the pre-paid cellphones he and Lena used from her person for evidence. It is there that Doug realizes that Angie is actually Lena's lover and has been her accomplice since the beginning. At first it seems that Lena will leave Doug to take the rap, however in a last gesture of love she decides to leave Doug the cell phone, which contains the exonerating evidence he needs. Angie and Lena flee the country on a private plane.


title: Careful What You Wish For (film)

text: In the closing voice-over, Doug explains how he was eventually sent to prison, but on reduced charges for a short period of time. Lena and Angie are still on the run. He contemplates if he would do it all over again.


title: Careful What You Wish For (film)

text: Jake Nava had initially been set to direct the film for Troika Pictures, and shooting was set to begin in July 2010.


title: Careful What You Wish For (film)

text: In September 2012, it was announced that Isabel Lucas had joined the cast of the film, with Elizabeth Allen directing the film from a script by Chris Frisina, and with Hyde Park-Image Nation, Troika Pictures and Merced Media Partners financing and producing the film. In January 2013, a casting call for the film was held. In March 2013, it was announced that Nick Jonas had joined the cast of the film, portraying a man who starts an affair with the wife of an investment banker. That same month, it was announced that Dermot Mulroney had joined the cast of the film, portraying an investment banker who is married to Lena. In April 2013, it was announced that Graham Rogers had joined the cast of the film, in the role of Doug's best friend. That same month, it was also announced that Paul Sorvino had been cast in the film, portraying a sheriff.


title: Careful What You Wish For (film)

text: Production on the film began on April 22, 2013, in North Carolina, and concluded in May 2013. The film was partially financed by $1,193,150 (approximately 25% of the film's costs) in film production tax credits allocated by the State of North Carolina's Department of Revenue.


title: Careful What You Wish For (film)

text: Prior to production on the film, Hyde Park International sold international distribution rights to the film in Germany, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Middle East, Turkey, Portugal, South Africa and Indonesia. The film aired in Spain on August 22, 2015, to a success of 1.4 million viewers during the first airing. In March 2016, Starz Digital acquired U.S distribution rights to the film. The film was scheduled to be released on June 10, 2016.


title: Careful What You Wish For (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 17% based on 24 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads "Audiences yearning for a modern update on the erotic thriller formula will be sorely disappointed by this turgid incarnation, hobbled by stale plotting and a curious lack of sensuality."