title: Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

text: Some cross-border cooperation exists in areas such as health, business, and infrastructure. Many Haitians travel to the Dominican Republic to find seasonal or long-term work in order to send remittances to their families. Some of these Haitian workers, as well as Dominicans of Haitian descent have reported complaints of discrimination against them by the Dominican majority population. Other Haitians who would seek work, instead remain in Haiti, fearing discrimination on the other side of the border.


title: Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

text: Migration has been taking place since the 1920s, when Haitian laborers were actively encouraged to come work in the thriving Dominican sugar industry. With modernization from the 1960s on, fewer workers were required, and other Dominican industries and services started employing more Haitian workers, often an inexpensive, less regulated labor source with fewer legal protections. Many Haitian women find work in Dominican households, and Haitian men at Dominican construction sites, often leading to the move of an entire family.


title: Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

text: A large number of migrated Haitian workers have continued to live in the Dominican Republic over several generations. The two governments have been unable to agree upon a legal framework to address the nationality of these descendants, leaving around one million people of Haitian ancestry in the Dominican Republic effectively stateless, restricting their access to health care, education and employment opportunities.


title: Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

text: Though migration from Haiti to the Dominican Republic is economically beneficial to both countries, it is one of the leading contributors to tension between the two countries as well; illegal immigration from Haiti resonates high dissonance with the Dominican people. It has led to anti-Haitian feelings and mistrust of the Haitian people. Another problem with Haitian migration into Dominican Republic is that it blurs the line of citizenship. This factor of migration affects not only Dominican economy but its culture as well.


title: Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

text: Travel across the border is quite easy, with daily bus service from Santo Domingo to both Haiti's north and south coasts. Much of the frontier remains very open, with regular crossings to markets on either side. It is possible to drive much of the line and one unfenced north–south highway actually straddles the border.


title: Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

text: After the devastating earthquake of 12 January 2010, countless Haitians fled across the border to escape the quake's effects. The Dominican government was one of the first to send teams to help distribute food and medicine to the victims and made it easier for Haitians to acquire visas to receive treatment in Dominican hospitals. Supplies were transported to Haiti through the Dominican Republic, and many injured Haitians have been treated in Dominican hospitals.


title: Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

text: Haitian refugees were also taken in and supported by many Dominicans, though relations deteriorated as the refugees have remained in the Dominican Republic. This has led to reported concerns among some Dominicans that quake refugees contribute to rising crime, over-crowding, cholera and unemployment. More and more discrimination has been attributed to the massive numbers of Haitian refugees in the Dominican Republic. Over the past years tensions have risen, causing the International Organization for Migration to offer Haitians $50 each plus additional relocation assistance to return to Haiti. More than 1,500 have accepted that assistance and returned.


title: Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

text: In 2016, the baseball federations of the Dominican Republic and Haiti agreed to develop and promote baseball in Haiti (especially at the border), on the basis that sport is a developmental element to foster peace, as well as strengthening friendship and mutual respect between the two peoples. With the support of the Dominican ministry of Sports, the president of the Dominican Baseball Federation (FEDOBE) was thankful and quoted saying "it allows our federation to fulfill the dream of helping Haiti in baseball." He has pledged to put the Haitian Baseball Federation in relation to the international organizations. Coaches will be sent to Haiti for technical courses, referees and scorers by the Dominican Baseball Federation, while the Haitian Federation will support the logistics in the training and training programs.


title: Mack Maine

text: Jermaine Anthony Preyan (born July 28, 1982), better known by his stage name Mack Maine, is an American record executive, songwriter, and rapper from New Orleans, Louisiana. Mack Maine has been the president of Young Money Entertainment since 2009, and is also the founder of his own label, Soothe Your Soul Records.


title: Mack Maine

text: Mack Maine has had a long and fruitful working relationship with Young Money’s flagship artist, Lil Wayne, who is a longtime friend of his. He co-wrote Wayne’s singles “How to Love" and "Got Money", and also co-wrote "So Sophisticated" by Wayne’s close associate Rick Ross; he received formal writing credit on all three.


title: Mack Maine

text: Jermaine Anthony Preyan was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He formed a friendship with Dwayne Carter aka Lil Wayne at the age of eleven. He and Lil Wayne, along with rapper Curren$y and Cortez Bryant attended Eleanor McMain Secondary School. In 2003, he placed 16th out of a thousand contestants in a freestyle battle hosted by MTV; this, combined with a backstage performance at the 2004 BET Awards with Cassidy, led him to becoming a founding member of Young Money Entertainment with Lil Wayne in 2005. In 2008, Mack Maine appeared on the official remix of Lil Wayne's third single from "Tha Carter III", "Got Money," and performed the song with Wayne on Saturday Night Live on September 14. At the 2008 Ozone Awards, he won the "Patiently Waiting: Louisiana" award.


title: Mack Maine

text: In 2009, he performed with Lil Wayne on his "I Am Music" tour, performing every night in his own set, as well as mtvU's Spring Break 2009 concert. He also released a mixtape presented by Don Cannon entitled "This Is Just a Mixtape", featuring appearances from Lil Wayne, Mistah Fab, Gorilla Zoe, Pleasure P, Rick Ross, Mystikal, and Soulja Slim. Mack Maine appears on the Young Money collaboration album, including the first single, "Every Girl". Along with Birdman, Slim, Cortez Bryant, and other past and present Cash Money artists, he starred in Lil Wayne's "Behind the Music" episode, which premiered September 11, 2009.


title: Mack Maine

text: In March 2010, Mack Maine appeared with Snoop Dogg on T-Pain's single, "Ghetto Commandments." He also voiced one of Trap Jesus' gangsters in the Adult Swim special "". Maine was also featured on the music video of Playaz Circle's Hit song with Lil Wayne, "Duffle Bag Boy". On March 17, 2013 Mack Maine released the music video for "Celebrate" featuring Lil Wayne and Talib Kweli.


title: Mack Maine

text: On September 16, 2013, Mack Maine was charged with sexual battery following an incident that occurred on August 22 during Lil Wayne's "Amerika's Most Wanted" tour. Allegedly Maine invited two women onto a tour bus and when they were on it, he put his hand down one woman's clothing, grabbing her breast without her consent. TMZ says the documents claim that when the women wanted to leave the bus, Maine reportedly held the door shut, and punched one of them in her face, breaking her jaw. On September 20, 2013, Mack Maine voluntarily turned himself in to Oklahoma County police, and was released on $9,000 bond.


title: Mack Maine

text: In 2014, Mack expanded his role and joined Lil Wayne’s management team. With that move his goal was to immediately expand Wayne’s business portfolio. First deal he helped closed was Wayne’s partnership with Bumbu. The next deal he brought to the table was Wayne’s sports agency, Young Money APAA sports.


title: Mack Maine

text: In 2018, a settlement was finally reached in which Wayne would be able to release music accordingly. Mack executive produced Tha Carter V and continued to add to the portfolio by securing an American Eagle collab and a partnership with cannibus brand GKUA.


title: Mack Maine

text: As of 2020, he’s executive produced Funeral and also is the producer/booker for Wayne’s new show on Apple Music, Young Money Radio.


title: Mack Maine

text: The BET Awards were established in 2001 by the Black Entertainment Television (BET) network to celebrate African Americans and other minorities in music, acting, sports and other fields of entertainment. The awards are presented annually and broadcasts live on BET.


title: Cessna T-41 Mescalero

text: The Cessna T-41 Mescalero is a military version of the popular Cessna 172, operated by the United States Air Force and Army, as well as the armed forces of various other countries as a pilot-training aircraft.


title: Cessna T-41 Mescalero

text: In 1964, the US Air Force (USAF) decided to use the off-the-shelf Cessna 172F as a lead-in aircraft for student pilots rather than starting them out in the T-37 jet aircraft. The USAF ordered 237 T-41As from Cessna. The first USAF class (67-A) of students began training on the T-41 from the civilian airport in Big Spring, Texas, in August 1965.


title: Cessna T-41 Mescalero

text: The T-41B was the US Army version, with a Continental IO-360 engine and constant-speed propeller in place of the Continental O-300 and 7654 fixed-pitch propeller used in the 172 and the T-41A.


title: Cessna T-41 Mescalero

text: In 1968, the USAF acquired 52 of the more powerful T-41Cs, which used Continental IO-360 and a fixed-pitch climb propeller, for use at the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs.


title: Cessna T-41 Mescalero

text: In 1996, the aircraft were further upgraded to the T-41D, which included an upgrade in avionics and to a constant-speed propeller.


title: Cessna T-41 Mescalero

text: Beginning in 1993, the USAF replaced many of the T-41 fleet with the Slingsby T-3A Firefly for the flight-screening role, and for aerobatic training, which was outside the design capabilities of the T-41. The T-3A fleet was indefinitely grounded in 1997 and scrapped in 2006 following a series of fatal accidents at the US Air Force Academy.


title: Cessna T-41 Mescalero

text: The USAF now trains all its prospective pilots and combat systems officers through a civilian contract with DOSS Aviation known as initial military flight screening, which makes use of the Diamond DA20. This program is conducted for USAF line officer accession programs (e.g., USAFA, AFROTC, and OTS), with said training taking place after these officers have been commissioned as second lieutenants. It is also conducted for USAF officers at the first lieutenant and captain level selected for flight training after an assignment as a nonaeronautically rated officer.


title: Cessna T-41 Mescalero

text: Four T-41s remain at the Air Force Academy for the USAFA Flying Team, as well as to support certain academic classes.


title: Cessna T-41 Mescalero

text: A number of air forces, including Saudi Arabia and Singapore, purchased various civilian models of the Cessna 172 for use in military training, transport, and liaison roles. While similar to the T-41, these aircraft were not T-41s and were powered by the standard 172 powerplants available in the model year purchased. These included the Continental O-300 in pre-1968 aircraft and the 150 and Lycoming O-320 in later 172s.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: Pachyrhinosaurus (meaning in Greek "thick-nosed lizard", from ' (), thick; ' (), nose; and (), lizard) is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period of North America. The first examples were discovered by Charles M. Sternberg in Alberta, Canada, in 1946, and named in 1950. Over a dozen partial skulls and a large assortment of other fossils from various species have been found in Alberta and Alaska. A great number were not available for study until the 1980s, resulting in a relatively recent increase of interest in "Pachyrhinosaurus".


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: Three species have been identified. "P. lakustai", from the Wapiti Formation, the bonebed horizon of which is roughly equivalent age to the upper Bearpaw and lower Horseshoe Canyon Formations, is known to have existed from about 73.5–72.5 million years ago. "P. canadensis" is younger, known from the lower Horseshoe Canyon Formation, about 71.5–71 Ma ago and the St. Mary River Formation. Fossils of the youngest species, "P. perotorum", have been recovered from the Prince Creek Formation of Alaska, and date to 70–69 Ma ago. The presence of three known species makes this genus the most speciose among the centrosaurines.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: "Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis", was described in 1950 by Charles Mortram Sternberg based on the holotype incomplete skull NMC 8867, and the paratype incomplete skull NMC 8866, which included the anterior part of the skull but was lacking the right lower mandible, and the "beak". These skulls were collected in 1945 and 1946 from the sandy clay of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation in Alberta, Canada. In the years to come, additional material would be recovered at the Scabby Butte locality of the St. Mary River Formation near Lethbridge, Alberta, from terrestrial sediments considered to be between 74 and 66 million years old. These were among the first dinosaur sites found in the province, in the 1880s. The significance of these discoveries was not understood until shortly after World War II when preliminary excavations were conducted.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: Another "Pachyrhinosaurus" skull was taken out of the Scabby Butte locality in 1955, and then in 1957 Wann Langston Jr. and a small crew excavated additional pachyrhinosaur remains. The University of Calgary has plans to reopen this important site some day as a field school for university-level paleontology students.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: Several specimens, NMC 21863, NMC 21864, NMC 10669 assigned in 1975 by W. Langston, Jr. to "Pachyrhinosaurus" were also recovered at the Scabby Butte locality.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: Another "Pachyrhinosaurus" bonebed, on the Wapiti River south of Beaverlodge in northwestern Alberta, was worked briefly by staff of the Royal Tyrrell Museum in the late 1980s but is now worked annually for a couple weeks each summer (since 2006) by the University of Alberta. Material from this site appears referable to "Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis". In 1974, Grande Prairie, Alberta science teacher Al Lakusta found a large bonebed along Pipestone Creek in Alberta. When the area was finally excavated between 1986 and 1989 by staff and volunteers of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, paleontologists discovered an amazingly large and dense selection of bones—up to 100 per square meter, with a total of 3,500 bones and 14 skulls. This was apparently the site of a mass mortality, perhaps a failed attempt to cross a river during a flood. Found amongst the fossils were the skeletons of four distinct age groups ranging from juveniles to full-grown dinosaurs, indicating that the "Pachyrhinosaurus" cared for their young. The adult skulls had both convex and concave bosses as well as unicorn-style horns on the parietal bone just behind their eyes. The concave boss types might be related to erosion only and not reflect male/female differences.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: In 2008, a detailed monograph describing the skull of the Pipestone Creek pachyrhinosaur, and penned by Philip J. Currie, Wann Langston Jr., and Darren Tanke, classified the specimen as a second species of "Pachyrhinosaurus", named "P. lakustai" after its discoverer.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: In 2013, Fiorillo "et al." described a new specimen, an incomplete nasal bone attributable to "Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum" which was collected from the Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry on the Colville River in Alaska. Fiorillo "et al." named this unique northern Alaskan species after the Texas oil billionaire and benefactor, Ross Perot. This bone, designated DMNH 21460 belongs to an immature individual. This discovery expands the known age profile of this dinosaur genus from this particular site. The specimen has nasal ornamentation that is dorsally enlarged, representing an intermediate stage of growth. Of note, the authors pointed out that the posterior part of the nasal shows evidence for "a degree of integument complexity not previously recognized in other species" of "Pachyrhinosaurus". It was determined that the dorsal surface of the nasal boss bore a thick, cornified pad and sheath.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: Size estimates for the largest "Pachyrhinosaurus" species, "P. canadensis" indicate lengths of and a weight of . The other species, "P. lakustai" and "P. perotorum", have been estimated by Greg Paul at in length and in weight. They were herbivorous and possessed strong cheek teeth to help them chew tough, fibrous plants.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: Instead of horns, their skulls bore massive, flattened bosses; a large boss over the nose and a smaller one over the eyes. A prominent pair of horns grew from the frill and extended upwards. The skull also bore several smaller horns or ornaments that varied between individuals and between species. In "P. canadensis" and "P. perotorum", the bosses over the nose and eyes nearly grew together, and were separated only by a narrow groove. In "P. lakustai", the two bosses were separated by a wide gap. In "P. canadensis" and "P. lakustai", the frill bore two additional small, curved, backward-pointed horns. These were not present in "P. perotorum", and in fact some specimens of "P. lakustai" also lack them, which may indicate that the presence of these horns varied by age or sex.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: Various ornaments of the nasal boss have also been used to distinguish between different species of "Pachyrhinosaurus". Both "P. lakustai" and "P. perotorum" bore a jagged, comb-like extension at the tip of the boss which was missing in "P. canadensis". "P. perotorum" was unique in having a narrow dome in the middle of the back portion of the nasal boss, and "P. lakustai" had a pommel-like structure projecting from the front of the boss (the boss of "P. canadensis" was mainly flat on top and rounded). "P. perotorum" bore two unique, flattened horns which projected forward and down from the top edge of the frill, and "P. lakustai" bore another comb-like horn arising from the middle of the frill behind the eyes.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: The cladogram below shows the phylogenetic position of all currently known "Pachyrhinosaurus" species following Chiba "et al." (2017):


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: During the first few years of development, "P. perotorum" show extremely rapid growth. When the animals were one year old, they had already reached 28% of their adult body size. By age two, they were almost half the size of a mature adult. However, the rate of growth slows considerably after that, and maximum size is not fully attained until about age twenty. The development of characteristics useful in sexual selection, including competition between males, such as pronounced nasal bosses, occurred at approximately nine years of age. This presumably corresponds to the age of sexual maturity.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: Unlike other "Pachyrhinosaurus" species, "P. perotorum" shows highly conspicuous growth banding in the bones, indicating retarded growth during the winter. This is perhaps not surprising, considering that "P. perotorum" experienced much harsher winters than southerly species within the genus.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: "P. lakustai" does not show growth banding early in ontogeny in the specimens that have been examined. However, growth bands are weakly expressed later in ontogeny. This probably indicates rapid growth in youth, followed by gradually decreasing growth rates as the animal neared adulthood. The growth curve of the animal would therefore be somewhat asymptotic, unlike the linear growth found in many ectothermic animals.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: The development of characteristics useful in sexual selection, including competition between males, such as pronounced nasal bosses, occurred when the dinosaur was roughly 73% the size of a full-grown adult. The age of sexual maturity is unknown. Due to the lack of conspicuous growth banding, more detailed analyses of "P. lakustai" growth rates cannot be performed.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: The St. Mary River Formation has not undergone a definitive radiometric dating, however, the available stratigraphic correlation has shown that this formation was deposited between 74 and 66 million years ago, during the Campanian and the late Maastrichtian, during the final regression of the mid-continental Bearpaw Seaway. It ranges from as far south as Glacier County, Montana to as far north as the Little Bow River in Alberta. The St. Mary River Formation is part of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in southwestern Alberta, which extends from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. It is laterally equivalent to the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. The region where dinosaurs lived was bounded by mountains to the west, and included ancient channels, small freshwater ponds, streams, and floodplains.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: "Pachyrhinosaurus" shared its paleoenvironment with other dinosaurs, such as the ceratopsians "Anchiceratops" and "Montanoceratops cerorhynchus", the armored nodosaur "Edmontonia longiceps", the duckbilled hadrosaur "Edmontosaurus regalis", the theropods "Saurornitholestes" and "Troodon", possibly the ornithopod "Thescelosaurus", and the tyrannosaurid "Albertosaurus", which was likely the apex predator in its ecosystem. Vertebrates present in the St. Mary River Formation at the time of "Pachyrhinosaurus" included the actinopterygian fishes "Amia fragosa", "Lepisosteus", "Belonostomus", "Paralbula casei", and "Platacodon nanus", the mosasaur "Plioplatecarpus", the turtle "Boremys" and the diapsid reptile "Champsosaurus". A fair number of mammals lived in this region, which included "Turgidodon russelli", "Cimolestes", "Didelphodon", "Leptalestes", "Cimolodon nitidus", and "Paracimexomys propriscus". Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included mollusks, the oyster "Crassostrea wyomingensis", the small clam "Anomia", and the snail "Thiara". Flora of the region include the aquatic angiosperm "Trapago angulata", the amphibious heterosporous fern "Hydropteris pinnata", rhizomes, and taxodiaceous conifers.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: The Horseshoe Canyon Formation has been radiometrically dated as being between 74 and 67 million years old. It was deposited during the gradual withdrawal of the Western Interior Seaway, during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous period. The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is a terrestrial unit which is part of the Edmonton Group that includes the Battle Formation and the Whitemud Member, both in Edmonton. The valley where dinosaurs lived included ancient meandering estuary channels, straight channels, peat swamps, river deltas, floodplains, shorelines and wetlands. Due to the changing sea levels, many different environments are represented in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, including offshore and near-shore marine habitats and coastal habitats like lagoons, and tidal flats. The area was wet and warm with a temperate to subtropical climate. Just prior to the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary, the mean annual temperature and precipitation in this region dropped rapidly. The dinosaurs from this formation form part of the Edmontonian land vertebrate age, and are distinct from those in the formations above and below.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: Modern life at high elevations in lower latitudes resembles life at low elevation in higher latitudes. There may be parallels to this phenomenon in Cretaceous ecosystems, for instance, "Pachyrhinosaurus" species are found in both Alaska and upland environments in southern Alberta.


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: During the Edmontonian, in North America's northern biome, there is a general trend of reduced centrosaurine diversity, with only "Pachyrhinosaurus" surviving. "Pachyrhinosaurus" appears to have been part of a coastal fauna characterized by an association with "Edmontosaurus".


title: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: "P. canadensis" coexisted with ankylosaurids "Anodontosaurus lambei" and "Edmontonia longiceps", the maniraptorans "Atrociraptor marshalli", "Epichirostenotes curriei", the troodontid "Albertavenator" curriei, the alvarezsaurid theropod "Albertonykus borealis", the ornithomimids "Dromiceiomimus brevitertius", "Ornithomimus edmontonicus", and an unnamed species of "Struthiomimus", the bone-head pachycephalosaurids "Stegoceras", and "Sphaerotholus edmontonensis", the ornithopod "Parksosaurus warreni", the hadrosaurids "Edmontosaurus regalis", "Hypacrosaurus altispinus", and "Saurolophus osborni", the ceratopsians "Anchiceratops ornatus", "Arrhinoceratops brachyops", "Eotriceratops xerinsularis", "Montanoceratops cerorhynchus", and the tyrannosaurids "Albertosaurus" sarcophagus and a possible species of "Daspletosaurus", which were the apex predators of this paleoenvironment. Of these, the hadrosaurs dominated in terms of sheer number and made up half of all dinosaurs who lived in this region. Vertebrates present in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation at the time of "Pachyrhinosaurus" included reptiles, and amphibians. Sharks, rays, sturgeons, bowfins, gars and the gar-like "Belonostomus" made up the fish fauna. Reptiles such as turtles and crocodilians are rare in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and this was thought to reflect the relatively cool climate which prevailed at the time. A study by Quinney et al. (2013) however, showed that the decline in turtle diversity, which was previously attributed to climate, coincided instead with changes in soil drainage conditions, and was limited by aridity, landscape instability, and migratory barriers. The saltwater plesiosaur "Leurospondylus" was present and freshwater environments were populated by turtles, "Champsosaurus", and crocodilians like "Leidyosuchus" and "Stangerochampsa". Evidence has shown that multituberculates and the early marsupial "Didelphodon coyi" were present. Vertebrate trace fossils from this region included the tracks of theropods, ceratopsians and ornithopods, which provide evidence that these animals were also present. Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included both marine and terrestrial invertebrates.


title: Canadian Club

text: Canadian Club is a brand of Canadian whisky produced by Beam Suntory. Popularly known as CC, Canadian Club was created by Hiram Walker and Sons, an evolution of a brand around a product that took place over the second half of the nineteenth century. Hiram Walker merged with Gooderham & Worts, Ltd. in 1926, yielding Hiram Walker-Gooderham & Worts, Ltd.


title: Canadian Club

text: Hiram Walker founded his distillery in 1858 in Detroit. He first learned how to distill cider vinegar in his grocery store in the 1830s before moving on to whisky and producing his first barrels in 1854. However, with the Prohibition movement gathering momentum and Michigan already becoming "dry," Walker decided to move his distillery across the Detroit River to Windsor, Ontario. From here, he was able to export his whisky and start to develop Walkerville, a model community that Walker financed to provide housing and services for his employees.


title: Canadian Club

text: Walker's whisky was particularly popular in the late 19th century gentlemen's clubs of the United States and Canada; hence it became known as "Club Whisky." Walker originally positioned the whisky as a premium liquor, pitching it not only on its smoothness and purity but also its five-year oak barrel aging.


title: Canadian Club

text: Club Whisky became very popular and American distillers petitioned for the inclusion of the word "Canada" on the bottle to distinguish it from their competing whiskies, thinking it would hamper the popularity of Walker's. This backfired, only making Club Whisky more exclusive. Walker saw this and changed the label again in 1889 adding the word "Canadian" to the top of the label, distinguishing Walker's recipe for his whisky from the other processes of the time. In 1890, the word "Canadian" was moved down from the top of the label and incorporated into the name of the whisky.


title: Canadian Club

text: Walker's distillery passed to his sons upon his death in 1899. At one point, the Walkers employed almost the entire population of Walkerville, where they built police and fire stations, brought in running water and installed street lights. In 1890, the Canadian government acknowledged Walkerville as a legal town. It was incorporated into Windsor in 1935.


title: Canadian Club

text: During the years of Prohibition, one of the distillery's most important clients was Chicago gangster Al Capone, who smuggled in thousands of cases of Canadian Club via a route from Windsor to Detroit.


title: Canadian Club

text: Canadian Club has received the royal warrants of Queen Victoria, Edward VII, George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II. Hiram Walker & Sons is the only North American distiller to have been granted a royal warrant.


title: Canadian Club

text: The Walker distillery remains in production in Windsor. Canadian Club is now part of the Jim Beam portfolio. It is its number four–selling alcoholic product, behind Jim Beam bourbon whiskey, Sauza Tequila, and DeKuyper cordials.


title: Canadian Club

text: During the Whisky War between Canada and Denmark, Canadian Club was the usual bottle left by the Canadians.


title: Canadian Club

text: In 1967, Hiram Walker & Sons launched their "Hide A Case" advertising campaign that enticed drinkers to seek out cases of Canadian Club hidden at exotic locations throughout the world, including Mount Kilimanjaro, Angel Falls, Mount St. Helens and the Swiss Alps. The Mount Kilimanjaro case was not discovered until a Dutch journalist happened upon it in the mid-1970s. A small number of cases, such as one hidden above the Arctic Circle, were never found.


title: Canadian Club

text: The first "Hide A Case" campaign officially ended in 1971. A second was started in 1975, where cases were hidden in places intended to be easier to access, such as in Death Valley and on top of a skyscraper in New York City. This second campaign ended in 1981; between it and the first, 22 cases were hidden and at least 16 recovered.


title: Canadian Club

text: A print ad for the drink would serve as inspiration for the pre-title sequence of the 1977 Bond movie, "The Spy Who Loved Me".


title: Canadian Club

text: In the 2007 IndyCar Series season, they were main the sponsor for Andretti Green Racing #27 driver, Dario Franchitti during their championship winning season, which also included winning the 2007 Indianapolis 500.


title: Canadian Club

text: The "Hide A Case" campaign was revived in 2010. According to the contest website, there is a $100,000 grand prize, among other prizes, for the contest's latest incarnation.


title: Canadian Club

text: Canadian Club was a frequent product placement in the AMC show Mad Men, often being the drink of choice for the main character Don Draper.


title: Canadian Club

text: Canadian Club whisky comes in seven versions, and as a straight rye. All are 80 proof (40% alcohol by volume) except where noted otherwise.


title: Canadian Club

text: Canadian Club is also produced in limited quantities in older agings (15 years and up) for special markets. For the whisky's 150th anniversary in 2008, a 30-year-old version was released in a very limited bottling.


title: Terrytoons

text: Terrytoons was an American animation studio in New Rochelle, New York, that produced animated cartoons for theatrical release from 1929 to 1973 (and briefly returned between 1987 and 1996 for television in name only). Terrytoons was founded by Paul Terry, Frank Moser, and Joseph Coffman, and operated out of the "K" Building in downtown New Rochelle. The studio created many cartoon characters including Fanny Zilch, Mighty Mouse, Heckle and Jeckle, Gandy Goose, Sourpuss, Dinky Duck, Little Roquefort, the Terry Bears, Dimwit, and Luno; Terry's pre-existing character Farmer Al Falfa was also featured often in the series.


title: Terrytoons

text: The "New Terrytoons" period of the late 1950s through the mid-1960s produced such characters as Clint Clobber, Tom Terrific, Deputy Dawg, Hector Heathcote, Hashimoto-san, Sidney the Elephant, Possible Possum, James Hound, Astronut, Sad Cat, The Mighty Heroes, and Sally Sargent.


title: Terrytoons

text: Ralph Bakshi got his start as an animator, and eventually as a director, at Terrytoons. Terrytoons shorts were originally released to theaters by 20th Century Fox. CBS later purchased the Terrytoons library and its theatrical library is now owned by Paramount Pictures.


title: Terrytoons

text: Terry first worked for Bray Studios in 1916, where he created the Farmer Al Falfa series. He would then make a Farmer Al Falfa short for Edison Pictures, called "Farmer Al Falfa's Wayward Pup" (1917), and some later cartoons were made for Paramount Pictures.


title: Terrytoons

text: Around 1921, Terry founded the Fables animation studio, named for its "Aesop's Film Fables" series, in conjunction with the studio of Amedee J. Van Beuren. Fables churned out a Fable cartoon every week for eight years in the 1920s.


title: Terrytoons

text: In 1928, Van Beuren, anxious to compete with the new phenomenon of talking pictures, released Terry's "Dinner Time" (released October 1928). Van Beuren then urged Terry to start producing actual sound films, instead of post-synchronizing the cartoons. Terry refused, and Van Beuren fired him in 1929. Almost immediately, Terry and much of his staff started up the Terrytoons studio near his former studio. One staff member during that time was Art Babbitt, who went on to become a well-known Disney animator.


title: Terrytoons

text: Through much of its history, the studio was considered one of the lowest-quality houses in the field, to the point where Paul Terry noted, "Let Walt Disney be the Tiffany's of the business. I want to be the Woolworth's!" Terry's studio had the lowest budgets and was among the slowest to adapt to new technologies such as sound (in about 1930) and Technicolor (in 1938). While its graphic style remained remarkably static for decades, it actually followed the sound cartoon trend of the late 1920s and early 1930s very quickly. Background music was entrusted to one man, Philip Scheib, and Terry's refusal to pay royalties for popular songs forced Scheib to compose his own scores.


title: Terrytoons

text: Paul Terry took pride in producing a new cartoon every other week, regardless of the quality of the films. Following the success of Disney's "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937) Paul Terry considered making an animated feature film adaptation of "King Lear" starring Farmer Al Falfa. However, after seeing the commercial failures of Disney's "Pinocchio" and "Fantasia" (both 1940) and Max Fleischer's "Mr. Bug Goes to Town" (1941), he decided to abandon the project. Until 1957, screen credits were very sparse, listing only the writer (until 1950, solely John Foster; then Tom Morrison thereafter), director (Terry's three main directors were Connie Rasinski, Eddie Donnelly, and Mannie Davis), and musician (musical director Philip A. Scheib).


title: Terrytoons

text: Terrytoons' first distributor was Educational Pictures, specialists in short-subject comedies and novelties. Audio-Cinema in the early 1930s backed the production of Terrytoons, and distributed the Educational library internationally, except in the United Kingdom and Ireland where the library was distributed by Educational and Gaumont-British in partnership with the Ideal Film Company.


title: Terrytoons

text: The Fox Film company (from 1935, 20th Century Fox) then released Educational shorts to theaters in the 1930s, giving the Terry cartoons wide exposure. After 20th Century-Fox withdrew its support from Educational Pictures, the company both backed and distributed Terrytoons. Farmer Al Falfa was Terry's most familiar character in the 1930s; Kiko the Kangaroo was spun off the Farmer Al Falfa series. Most of the other cartoons featured generic animal characters. One of the stock designs was a scruffy dog with a black patch around one eye; Terry ultimately built a series around this character, now known as Puddy the Pup.


title: Terrytoons

text: Paul Terry may have realized that Educational was in financial trouble because he found another lucrative outlet for his product. In 1938, he arranged to release his older cartoons through home-movie distributor Castle Films. Educational went out of business within the year, but 20th Century Fox continued to release Terrytoons to theaters for the next two decades. With a new emphasis on "star" characters, Terrytoons featured the adventures of Super Mouse (later renamed Mighty Mouse), the talking magpies Heckle and Jeckle, silly Gandy Goose, Dinky Duck, mischievous mouse Little Roquefort, and The Terry Bears.


title: Terrytoons

text: Despite the artistic drawbacks imposed by Terry's inflexible business policies, Terrytoons was nominated four times for the Academy Award for Animated Short Film: "All Out for V" in 1942, "My Boy, Johnny" in 1944, "Mighty Mouse in Gypsy Life" in 1945, and "Sidney's Family Tree" in 1958.


title: Terrytoons

text: The studio was sold outright by the retiring Paul Terry to CBS in 1955, but 20th Century Fox (TCF) continued distribution. The deal closed the following year in 1956, and it became a division of the CBS Films subsidiary. Later, in 1957 CBS put it under the management of UPA alumnus Gene Deitch, who had to work with even lower budgets.


title: Terrytoons

text: Deitch's most notable works at the studio were the "Tom Terrific" cartoon segments for the "Captain Kangaroo" television show. He also introduced a number of new characters, such as Sidney the Elephant, Gaston Le Crayon, John Doormat, and Clint Clobber.


title: Terrytoons

text: Before Deitch was fired in 1959, Bill Weiss took complete control of the studio. Under his supervision, "Heckle and Jeckle" and "Mighty Mouse" went back into production. Besides the three core directors of the Terry era who were still involved as animators and directors, two Famous Studios stalwarts joined the crew, Dave Tendlar and Martin Taras. Other new theatrical cartoon series included "Hector Heathcote", "Luno" and "Hashimoto San". The studio also began producing the "Deputy Dawg" series for television in 1959. Another television production for the "Captain Kangaroo" show was "The Adventures of Lariat Sam", which was written in part by Gene Wood, who would later become the announcer for several TV gameshows including "Family Feud".


title: Terrytoons

text: Phil Scheib continued as the studio's musical director through the mid-1960s when he was replaced by Jim Timmens and Elliott Lawrence.


title: Terrytoons

text: The best-known talent at Terrytoons in the 1960s was animator/director/producer Ralph Bakshi, who started with Terrytoons in the 1950s as an opaquer, and eventually helmed the "Mighty Heroes" series. Bakshi left Terrytoons in 1967 for Paramount's own cartoon studio, which closed its cartoon unit later that year. He would later go on to produce "" for television in 1987, which was also produced by John Kricfalusi of "Ren & Stimpy" fame.


title: Terrytoons

text: After the departure of Bakshi, the studio petered out, and finally closed in 1973. As a result of the FCC banning TV networks from owning cable television and syndication of television programs, CBS created Viacom International to handle all network programs beyond TV production and network broadcasting. On July 4, 1971, Viacom International spun off from CBS; neither Viacom International nor CBS had any interest in Terrytoons. The Terrytoons film library was still regularly re-released to theaters by Fox. The studio's last short was an unsold TV pilot called "Sally Sargent", about a 16-year-old girl who is a secret agent. Soon after "Sally Sargent" was completed, Viacom International ended their relationship with Fox and re-releases ceased. Terrytoons’ existence soon came to an end.


title: Terrytoons

text: Art Bartsch, who kept the studio running after Bakshi left, would soon die along with Connie Rasinski, and Bob Kuwahara, reducing the studio to a ghost studio with executive producer Bill Weiss and story supervisor Tom Morrison; Viacom kept the studio open until 1972. By October 1972, Viacom International announced that Terrytoons will leave New Rochelle and relocate to Viacom International's office in New York City. By December 29, Viacom sold the now abandoned New Rochelle studio, and the company's fate was forever sealed.


title: Terrytoons

text: Bill Weiss continued Terrytoons production from his New York City office with the 1970s Terrytoons cartoons (especially "Mighty Mouse" and "Deputy Dawg") being syndicated to many local TV markets, and they were a staple of after-school and Saturday-morning cartoon shows for over three decades, from the 1950s through the 1980s, until the television rights to the library were acquired by USA Network in 1989. However, any new cartoons of the studio's stars came from other studios.


title: Terrytoons

text: In the late 1970s, Filmation Studios licensed the rights to make a new Mighty Mouse series from Viacom International. Meanwhile, Bakhsi would return to Fox in 1977 with his feature-length films, "Wizards", followed by "Fire and Ice" in 1983, a latter collaboration with veteran comic book artist Frank Frazetta. In 1987, Ralph Bakshi produced "", which lasted for two seasons. Bakshi and John Kricfalusi inspired the staff to try to get as much Jim Tyer-style drawing in the show as possible. Tyer, a stand-out Terry animator of the original cartoons with a unique style, became a strong influence on the artists of the Bakshi series. Kricfalusi would later go on to create "Ren & Stimpy" for Nickelodeon, one of the first of the three animated shows to air on the network to be dubbed as "Nicktoons" (alongside both "Doug" and "Rugrats") which would go to spawn other famous properties from said network such as "SpongeBob SquarePants", "The Fairly OddParents", "Dora the Explorer", "", "Invader Zim", "PAW Patrol", "Hey Arnold!", "", and "My Life as a Teenage Robot". During that same time, Fox would rebound their success in the animation field—from their line of adult animated television shows such as "The Simpsons", "Family Guy", "Futurama", "American Dad!", "Bob's Burgers", "Archer", and "King of the Hill", to their line of theatrical animated franchises such as "Ice Age", "Rio", "Dr. Dolittle", "Night at the Museum", "Alvin and the Chipmunks", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid", "Anastasia", "", and "Dragon Ball Z"―and by 1994 Fox would sell its Terrytoons theatrical distribution to Paramount. However, through the years that have followed since the last Terrytoons TV series material in 1988, the rights have been scattered as a result of prior rights issues and the corporate changes involving Viacom and CBS. Since CBS Corporation re-merged with Viacom to form ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global), reuniting CBS with Paramount, on December 4, 2019, Paramount Pictures now owns the theatrical distribution on behalf of Paramount Animation and CBS Entertainment Group, while CBS Media Ventures owns the television distribution on behalf of CBS Eye Animation Productions to the Terrytoons film library. However, some Terrytoons shorts are believed to be in the public domain and have been issued on low-budget VHS tapes and DVDs. On January 5, 2010, the first official release of any Terrytoons material by CBS DVD was issued in the form of the complete series of "Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures".


title: Terrytoons

text: In 1999, Nickelodeon attempted to revive the Terrytoons characters as part of a TV series called "Curbside". "Curbside" would have been a parody of late-night talk shows with Heckle and Jeckle serving as hosts of the show, along with their assistant Dinky Duck, and would have featured new cartoons featuring Terrytoon characters like Deputy Dawg, Sidney the Elephant, and Mighty Mouse. However, it was never picked up, making it the only Terrytoons show that was never officially released. In 2002, the Terrytoons characters returned to television in original commercials for Brazilian blue cheese (for what is now America's Dairy Farmers) and fine wine.


title: Terrytoons

text: Among the many licensed Terrytoons products are comic books, mainly published throughout the 1940s and 1950s. The company's characters — including Mighty Mouse, the magpies Heckle and Jeckle, Dinky Duck, Gandy Goose, and Little Roquefort — were initially licensed to Timely, a predecessor of Marvel Comics, in 1942. St. John Publications took over the license from 1947 to 1956, Pines Comics published Terrytoons comics from 1956 to 1959, Dell Comics made an attempt from 1959 to 1962 (and again later from 1966 to 1967), and finally Western Publishing published Mighty Mouse comics from 1962 all the way up to 1980.


title: Terrytoons

text: The lead title, "Terry-Toons Comics", was published by Timely from Oct. 1942–Aug. 1947. With issue #60 (Sept. 1947), publication of the title was taken over by St. John Publications, which published another 27 issues until issue #86 (May 1951). The series continued in 1951 (with duplicate issues #85-86) as "Paul Terry's Comics", publishing another 41 issues until May 1955, when it was canceled with issue #125.


title: Terrytoons

text: Timely launched the Mighty Mouse series in 1946. The first St. John Terrytoons comic was "Mighty Mouse" #5 (Aug. 1947), its numbering also taken over from the Timely run. That series eventually ran 71 issues with St. John, moving to Pines for 16 issues from Apr. 1956 to Aug. 1959, to Dell for 12 issues from Oct./Dec. 1959–July/Sept. 1962, and Western for 17 issues from Oct. 1962 to Jan. 1980 (with a hiatus from Sept. 1965 to Mar. 1979), finally ending with issue #172.


title: Terrytoons

text: St. John's Terrytoons comics include the field's first 3-D comic book, "Three Dimension Comics" #1 (Sept. 1953 oversize format, Oct. 1953 standard-size reprint), featuring Mighty Mouse. According to Joe Kubert, co-creator with the brothers Norman Maurer and Leonard Maurer, it sold an exceptional 1.2 million copies at 25 cents apiece at a time when comics cost a dime.


title: Terrytoons

text: Dell Comics published eight issues of a "New Terrytoons" title from June/Aug. 1960 to March/May 1962.


title: Terrytoons

text: Many of the characters (such as Mighty Mouse, Heckle and Jeckle, Dinky Duck, Deputy Dawg, and others) were slated to make cameos in the 1988 film "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", but only the Timid Pig, Looey Lion, and a character resembling Gandy Goose appeared. They can all be seen during the film's finale. They were also planned to appear in the deleted scene of Marvin Acme's funeral.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: Osowiec Fortress (Polish: "Twierdza Osowiec", Russian: "Крепость Осовец") is a 19th-century fortress built by the Russian Empire, located in what is now north-eastern Poland. It saw heavy fighting during World War I when it was defended for several months by its Russian garrison against German attacks.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: The fortress was built in the years 1882–1892 as one of the defensive works to protect the western borders of Russia against Germany, and continuously modernised afterwards to cope with advances in heavy siege artillery. In 1889–1893, military engineer Nestor Buinitsky took an important part in the creation of the fortress. It was located on the river Biebrza about 50 km from the border with the German province of East Prussia, in the one place where the marshlands of the river could be crossed, hence controlling a vital chokepoint. The extensive marshlands and bogs that surrounded it made attacks upon it difficult. The strategic Belostok–Lyck–Königsberg rail line also ran through the fortress and crossed the Biebrza river there. The fortress saw heavy fighting during the beginning of World War I in the eastern front from September 1914 until the Russian Army abandoned it in August 1915. In the interwar years the fortress was used by the Polish Army. During the German invasion of Poland in 1939 it was bypassed and did not see much fighting.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: Today, some parts of the fortress are accessible to tourists, especially the parts within the boundaries of Biebrza National Park. The visitor information center of the park is located in Osowiec-Twierdza, a small settlement located within the boundaries of the fortress. Other parts of the fortress still belong to the Polish Army and access is restricted.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: In September 1914, Russian field defenses surrounding the fortress were attacked by 40 infantry battalions of the German 8th Army; the attackers enjoyed significant numerical superiority. By 21st of September, the German advance brought the fortress proper within range of German artillery; further reinforced with 60 additional guns of calibres up to 203mm, but these could only be brought into action on 26 September. Two days later, a German frontal assault was repelled by Russian artillery. The day afterwards, two Russian flanking counter-attacks forced German artillery to relocate, taking the fortress outside of German artillery range.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: Attempting to cut the railway line between Białystok and Warsaw, the Germans attacked the Osowiec fortress, which was lightly defended by a few Russian battalions. Two days of heavy bombardment by the Germans commenced on 14 February, followed by a second bombardment during the last week of the month. However, German infantry attacks were repelled, and the situation devolved into positional warfare for the next several months.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: It is sometimes incorrectly claimed that Russian counter-battery fire destroyed two German heavy mortars; these guns were withdrawn for operations elsewhere.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: The Germans launched a full frontal offensive on the fortress at the beginning of July; the attack included 14 battalions of infantry, one battalion of sappers, 24–30 heavy siege guns, and 30 batteries of artillery equipped with poison gases led by Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg. Russian defences were manned by 500 soldiers of the 226th Infantry Regiment Zemlyansky, and 400 militia.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: The Germans knew the Russians did not have any gas masks so they chose to use chlorine gas. The Germans waited until 4 a.m. on 6 August for favourable wind conditions, when the attack opened with regular artillery bombardment combined with chlorine gas. The ensuing battle was known as the Attack of the Dead Men. The Russians put on wet rags on their faces to filter some of the gas. Most died but some survived the gas attack. Even while suffering severe chemical burns the Russians were able to repel the attack due to German forces panicking at the sight of the Russian men, covered in blisters and coughing up their own respiratory organs, with the Germans subsequently retreating. The Russian garrison suffered heavy losses, but some soldiers survived even after the final charge, and chlorine gas barrage. This offensive by the remaining Russian troops was dubbed the "Attack of the Dead Men", as the near deceased soldiers resembled the undead, still charging despite being badly injured.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: The Russians did not hold Osowiec for much longer. The Germans threatened to encircle the fortress with the capture of Kovno and Novogeorgiesk. The Russians demolished much of Osowiec and withdrew on 18 August.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: After the First World War, the Second Polish Republic refurbished parts of Osowiec and used it to house Polish army units, including the Central School of Non-Commissioned Officers of the Border Protection Corps.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: The 135th Reserve Infantry Regiment was formed from the school after Germany invaded Poland at the beginning of the Second World War. The Poles abandoned the fortress on 13 September. The Germans captured it and passed it to the Soviet 20th Motor Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade on 25 September. Osowiec was subsequently garrisoned by the Soviet 10th Army. The Germans recaptured Osowiec on 27 June 1941 during Operation Barbarossa; one use of the fortress was as an ammunition dump there. On 14 August 1944, the Soviet 49th and 50th Armies captured three of the forts during the Osovets Offensive of Operation Bagration. Fort II remained in German hands until January 1945, when it was abandoned during the Vistula–Oder Offensive.


title: Osowiec Fortress

text: In 1953, the fortress was regarrisoned by a Polish Air Force ammunition depot, which was absorbed into the 11th Regional Materiel Base in 1998. In 2011, the Osowiec garrison became part of the 2nd Regional Logistics Base.


title: Carolyn Keene

text: Carolyn Keene is the pseudonym of the authors of the Nancy Drew mystery stories and The Dana Girls mystery stories, both produced by the Stratemeyer Syndicate. In addition, the Keene pen name is credited with the Nancy Drew spin-off, "River Heights, and the Nancy Drew Notebooks.


title: Carolyn Keene

text: Edward Stratemeyer, the founder of the Syndicate, hired writers, beginning with Mildred Wirt, later Mildred Wirt Benson, to write the manuscripts for the Nancy Drew books. The writers were paid $125 for each book and were required by their contract to give up all rights to the work and to maintain confidentiality.


title: Carolyn Keene

text: Benson is credited as the primary writer of Nancy Drew books under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. Harriet Adams (Stratemeyer's daughter) rewrote the original books and added new titles after the withdrawal of Benson.


title: Carolyn Keene

text: Other ghostwriters who used this name to write Nancy Drew mysteries included Leslie McFarlane, James Duncan Lawrence, Walter Karig, Nancy Axelrad, Patricia Doll, Charles S. Strong, Alma Sasse, Wilhelmina Rankin, George Waller Jr., Margaret Fischer, and Susan Wittig Albert. Also involved in the Nancy Drew writing process were Harriet Stratemeyer Adams's daughters, who gave input on the series and sometimes helped to choose book titles; the Syndicate's secretary, Harriet Otis Smith, who invented the characters of Nancy's friends Bess and George; and the editors at Grosset & Dunlap.


title: Carolyn Keene

text: In 1979, the Stratemeyer Syndicate changed publishers to Simon & Schuster, a move that the former publishers, Grosset & Dunlap, went to court to prevent, claiming a breach of contract. The decision was made in favor of the Syndicate, stating that they could choose which publisher they would like to use for subsequent entries in the series.


title: Carolyn Keene

text: In 1985, the Syndicate was bought by publishers Simon & Schuster; the Drew books are now handled by Mega-Books, a New York book packager.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes (RAOB) is one of the largest fraternal movements in the United Kingdom, The order started in 1822 and has since spread throughout the former British Empire and elsewhere in the world. It is known as the "Buffs" to members.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Buffalo Lodges have existed widely throughout the former British Empire. Buffalo lodges have also existed in other countries not associated with the empire or its successor the Commonwealth of Nations such as the United States of America. Lodges have existed onboard ships, at army bases, and Royal Air Force bases. Bletchley Park had a lodge at its local pub. Most of the post-Second World War West German Lodges were related to the British Forces. In the United Kingdom hundreds of pubs have been home to Buffalo Lodges.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The largest Buffalo order in history, based purely on the number of dispensations issued, is the Grand Lodge of England (the Birmingham section). The GLE has issued over 10,672 "dispensations" to establish lodges in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and other places around the world.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: There are still a number of lodges worldwide that come under the Grand Lodge of England directly, such as Eastern Lodge 8686 in Nova Scotia.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Membership within the affiliated orders requires that a man must be 18 years of age or over and must be a "True and Loyal Supporter of the British Crown and Constitution". There are Buffalo lodges which do not come under the affiliated orders and that have different requirements. Lodges of the RAOB that have been set up in countries such as the United States have amended their rules to simply require that a prospective member be a "True and Loyal Supporter of the Constitution" of the country in which they operate.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Buffalo lodge is a fun fraternity in which men of any religious or political views are allowed to join. Discussion of politics and religion are forbidden from meetings. The standard of dress is usually a shirt and tie, coat or jacket, and dress pants. The Lodge is structured like an "Ancient City". The chief officer is called the Worthy Primo, and subordinate officers, as city officers. Officers wear chain collar regalia, whilst individual members have their own regalia or medals, known as jewels. Meetings are begun when members are standing and the Worthy Primo constitutes the lodge. This process varies depending on the Buffalo order. Once this formal part of lodge is complete, the lodge moves into "harmony". During harmony, mock charges are held, or brothers are asked to render items of harmony, which usually includes jokes or songs, sometimes accompanied by instruments if allowed in the respective Buffalo banner.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Most lodges meet together for fellowship and mutual social enjoyment. The desire to cultivate the spirit of brotherhood, to pool funds, for the purposes of helping others. To keep alive the old traditions, ceremonies and usages of the movement.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Buffalo order for the most part has never been a registered friendly society. Unlike a friendly society, the Buffalos do not provide a system of benefits funded by contributions. The order in its various forms is a collective funded by the charitable giving of its members. Benevolent funds are being supported by and large by the voluntary giving of its members. The only fixed charges being the "Registration Fee", and "Initiation Fee". In most orders these are split between the lodge and the Grand Lodge, in others this is retained entirely by the minor lodge.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: For much of its history Buffalo Lodges functioned as a means of raising funds to help sick and indigent members, their families, and dependents of former members. Charity has always been at the heart of the Buffaloes and as the movement grew so did the benevolent aspirations culminating in the establishment of orphanages and convalescent homes. The Buffs are regarded as charitable organisations.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In the lodges there is a small amount of ritual and ceremony. Officers wear ornate chain collars and their respective jewels. The use of aprons is not widespread at regular meetings of Buffalo lodges. New members are "initiated". After two years and having gained their intermediate certificate, the new member is then "raised" to the degree of a Certified Primo. The Knight Order of Merit and Roll of Honour degrees are granted to those who have been members of ten years or more after the raising to the second degree.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Buffalo order has three tiers: Minor (Private) Lodges, Provincial Grand Lodges (under a local governing body) and the Grand Lodge. Each Province may also have a Knights Chapter and Roll of Honour (ROH) Assembly. In the Grand Council Order, there is no Roll of Honour Assembley whilst in other Buffalo Orders, the Roll of Honour Assembly is called an RoH Chapel.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Members of the Buffalo order can attain up to four levels "learning." The levels are the grades within the Buffalo movement and are called "Degrees". To attain the final level takes 10 years. In the early days, there were two degrees. The Kangaroo or First Degree, and the Primo or Second Degree.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In 1872, a higher order within the Buffaloes was formed called "The Knights of the Golden Horn", with its Headquarters in Hull and local units called Encampments set up around Great Britain. The KGH was established as a higher body to carry out and conduct ceremonies. In 1888 a number of Encampments of the Knights of the Golden Horn, split off, and became independent. Full separation did not occur from RAOB until 1926. Today the Grand United Order Knights of the Golden Horn remain in existence.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Another higher order was created within the Buffaloes called the Guild Companions of the Ark. It opened in 1887 by five Primos of the Order, and only had one lodge, Armenia. The Companions of the Ark disappeared before the Great Depression.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Minor Lodge's are structured along the lines of an "ancient" City. The Lodge room is properly known as "the city". There are 13 officers in a Lodge in total though in the Grand Executive Banner, there are two additional Officers, The City Physician and City Barber:


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Order is structured on the lines of the classic fraternal structure, of Local Minor Lodges, Provincial Governing Authorities and a Grand Body, often styled as the Grand Lodge. All Members are known by the appellation of "Brother" with degree honorifics used in lodges.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Knights Chapters and RoH assemblies exist for members of those degrees and are operated alongside the Provincial Grand Lodges but have no function other than as ceremonial bodies. Chapters are responsible for the 3rd degree ceremony. RoH assemblies the 4th degree Ceremony.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Buffaloes were once a very large worldwide fraternal movement made up of a number of "Orders" and over 15,000 Lodges having been established around the globe at one point or another. The Largest Buffalo Order is the Grand Lodge of England (originally the Birmingham section) with over 10,672 Lodges having been issued dispensations since 1897 or before then.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: By the 1850s there existed dozens of Lodges across Britain, with Mother Lodges or District Lodges, acting as the head of the movement in their respective area. Each of these Lodges or Mother Lodges worked their own ritual and had their own rules. In order to create uniformity in rules, rituals and operation, The first National Governing Body, the Grand Primo Lodge of England, was organised in 1866 as a result of a meeting of delegates from various Lodges. In the years following, Various schisms emanated from the Grand Primo Lodge, owing to disagreements and in fighting. The first of these was the Grand Surrey Lodge. In 1874 the Grand Primo Lodge had 112 Lodges under it. In 1897 the mother of all divisions occurred and Lodges either went with the Metropolitan movement or the Provincial (or Birmingham) Movement. The two movements would rename themselves as the Grand Lodge of England Limited (Metropolitan) and the Grand Lodge of England (Birmingham).


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Grand Lodge of England Limited, is simply known as "the limited section", whilst the Grand Lodge of England Inc, is known as the GLE. The GLE is the largest of the Buffaloe Orders. There have been a number of Buffalo Orders, thus leading to a general opinion that there have been close to 20,000 Buffalo Lodges formed since the movement began in 1822 all the result of schism after schism. The Grand Surrey Lodge, The Grand Surrey Banner (Mother Lodge) and Grand Surrey Banner (Mother Banner), Grand Middlesex Banner and Grand Executive Banner being examples of these. In their day these various Orders were competing against each other with lodges of each order often meeting in the same town and it was not unusual to find in a reasonable sized town four or more Buffalo lodges of four different orders. Over time the established orders have settled their differences and now largely co-operate.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: All of the different RAOB orders are very similar, save for minor differences and peculiarities. Each has Minor Lodges, which are the basic unit of the whole movement. Overseeing Minor Lodges are what is known as "Governing Authorities" and, over those, a "Grand Lodge" (or Council), made up of Grand Primo, Officers as well as delegates representing Governing Authority areas. Each Buffalo Order has a Rule Book, Manual of Instruction and Ceremony Lectures issued by the parent body. There are generally 4 Degrees of membership. Kangaroo (1st degree) Primo (2nd degree) Knight of Merit (3rd Degree) and the Roll of Honour (4th Degree).


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Grand Lodge of England was one half of two banners born from the separation of the Grand Primo Lodge, in 1897.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In the various banners, each Grand Lodge or Grand Council holds annual meetings known as "conferences" to which delegates from all the provinces attend, and at which remits are passed, and other matters dealt with.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Seditious Meetings Acts of the 19th century affected the gatherings of clubs throughout Britain. To counteract this and show the Buffaloes were not subversive to the interests of the state, the Order described itself as the "Loyal Order of Buffaloes". The addition of "antediluvian" (meaning before the time of the flood in the Bible and referring to the Order's principles) occurred in the 1850s. Hence the honorifics of "royal" and "antediluvian" are simply a decoration. The movement under the Home Orders has always professed a Loyalty to the Crown and the Order was widespread amongst the British Armed Forces during the 20th century. Reference to before the flood is questionable. The usage of such an appellation being to impress upon the minds of members and the public that the movement has great antiquity. This would make sense given the preposterous list of ancient members used in the old Initiation Ceremonies.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The use of the word "Royal" in any organisational or business title in the United Kingdom requires a royal warrant from a reigning monarch. Under legislation in Section 4 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994, the Lord Chamberlain's Office has the right to take legal action if permission for the term "royal" is not granted. As the Buffaloes have been using the prefix "royal" since the 1840s, the Lord Chamberlain's Office permits its continued use on the grounds of long usage.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Dispensation is the name given within the RAOB to the lodge warrant or charter. The name Dispensation appears to originate from the City of Lushington, which had a certificate on the wall of its meeting room, called the Dispensation.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The dispensations of lodges are issued by the Governing Body of each Order to the Minor Lodges formed under them. Such dispensation empowers the Lodges to exist and operate as part of the Order, and to initiate gentlemen into that Order.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Latin motto of Buffalo orders is "No Man Is At All Times Wise" () and it has the maxim of "Justice, Truth and Philanthropy". The Grand Lodge of England also has its own motto, used by itself and its affiliated branches on the official seal, which is "In things Essential Unity, In things Doubtful Liberty and in all things Charity."


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Over the years there have been Lodges formed that were associated with various industries and professions, or named in honour of people, such as respected lodge members or prominent people in the community.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Having been started by actors and stagehands, other lodges were formed by members of the Theatre profession. There have been many actors and entertainers' lodges, including up until the late 20th century in London. In Newcastle Upon Tyne in 1884, the Joey Grimaldi 150 was opened under Dispensation issued by the Grand Primo Lodge of England and is an example of a Lodge that at its formation, was connected with the Theatrical trade <Joey Grimaldi Lodge History, Snowdon Owen</ref>. However over the years this seems to have changed greatly and by the time of its closure in 2018, there were no entertainers or theatre members.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: There was also a Lodge that met at or in the vicinity of the Shaftsbury Theatre. Often the Lodges formed by those connected to the theatre and entertainment business had names that either demonstrated clearly their association such as simply "The Theatre Lodge", or that were named in honour of a famous theatrical personage's such as "Garrick Lodge" or "Sheridan Lodge".


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Over the years there have been some well-known men associated with the movement, encompassing all professions and trades including the legal Profession. There was a Royal Courts of Justice Lodge GLE Ltd being an example of a Lodge connected to the Legal profession it met at the Ins of Court


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: There was a Dreadnought Lodge GLE Limited, clearly a Naval Lodge. There have been Lodges connected with the Home Guard, simply using the name "Home Guard". Lodges connected with Railways often called "Railway Lodge" or something else Railway related such as "Locomotive Lodge". Coal miners lodges such as Mt Rochfort Lodge No 29 GLNZ (4656 GLE). Naval and Passenger liner lodges usually have a ships name, that is not the case with the Oriana-based lodge whose name was "Princess Alexandra" and was numbered "10051" on the Roll of the Grand Lodge of England. The now closed Leyland Lodge, was originally formed by the management of the Leyland Motor Company in the 1920s. Kings Own Military Lodge had a close connection with the British forces.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Some lodges were named simply in honour of famous personages of the day, such as General Redvers Buller or Edith Cavell. Other Lodges have been named in honour of well-respected past members such as the Mervyn Payne Lodge.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The AB Toast used by the Grand Lodge of England was penned by Bro. J Ord-Hume to the Tune of Sandon Lead Kindly Light.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In so far as the recorded history goes, a club was formed in the Harp Tavern, Drury Lane London, by actors and entertainers in the mid 18th century, and may have included the owners of the theatre itself. The club was called the "City of Lushington" and was styled along the lines of a mock "City Council", possibly in parody of the "City of London". Named the "City of Lushington" (possibly after the drink "lush") The club had a "Lord Mayor" and "Four Aldermen". The Lord Mayor was a pompous figure in a wig and robe. The Aldermen were in charge of the four wards of the city, the aptly named "Poverty", "Juniper", "Suicide", and "lunatic" wards. In these Wards the members sat. This club was immensely popular, leading to restriction on membership as the room could not accommodate all the prospective citizens of the city. This left quite a few of the lesser lights of the acting and theatre business including stagehands. out in the cold. In 1822 a Buffalo Society was formed in the same meeting room as the City of Lushington, and with references to the City of Lushington, such as the title and style of the Lodge Officers and the naming of the Lodge Room as "the City" practices which continue to this day. The Buffalo Society was formed by the artist Joseph Lisle and comedian William Sinnett, along with stagehands and theatre technicians, in August 1822. It drew its then name of "The Buffaloes" from a popular song of the time: "We'll chase the Buffalo". The Buffalo Society is mentioned in Peirce Egan's "an end to life in London".


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Harponian Lodge is regarded as the first Buffalo Lodge, formed in 1822 by actors and stagehands denied membership in the City of Lushington. The date of closure of that first Buffalo Lodge is unknown.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: From the outset the Buffalo Society existed for social convivial enjoyment and for benevolent purposes. By way of small fines, donations and fees, money would be raised to assist an indignant member who was in need.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Buffalo Lodges were spread across London and further abroad by the members of the theatrical profession who were Buffs who travelled around for work. Wherever they went new Lodges were formed. When a lodge opened in a new area, it became a "Mother Lodge", from which subsequent Minor Lodges would be opened. The Mother Lodge would support and advise new lodges on rules and administration of membership. These Mother Lodges developed into the body responsible for administration and organisation, and as the Order grew District Grand Lodges and later Provincial Grand Lodges were opened.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: One of the "big" centres of the movement in its early days was the St Georges Tavern, home of the Grand Surrey Lodge, a popular haunt of those in the Theatre business. Several Lodges owed their allegiance to the Surrey Lodge, who was Mother to a number of Lodges. Later on, the first schism from the Grand Primo Lodge would be by those connected to the Surrey Lodge.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Well known proprietors of the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane in the 18th and 19th centuries respectively were David Garrick and later, Brinsley Sheridan. During Garrick's time managing the Theatre, it was rebuilt twice, whilst during Sheridans tenure, the Theatre burnt down and was rebuilt. It is one of the oldest Theatres still operating in Great Britain today. Some of the names of early GLE Lodges being "Garrick" and "Brinsley Sheridan", two of the proprietors of the Theatre Royal. Another of those early GLE lodges of interest is The Clown Lodge No 32, most likely founded by Clowns whilst the Shakespeare Lodge and Joey Grimaldi Lodge No 150 were both formed in Newcastle upon Tyne by actors and entertainers.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: A Lodge in Liverpool, Albion Lodge No 1, is currently at the top of the roll of the Grand Lodge of England (Birmingham Section). Its number is deceiving as the lodge was not the first to be formed under the Grand Primo Lodge. Albion has held that distinction for some time of being No 1 on the GLE (Birmingham Section Roll). In the 1920s the GLE (Birmingham Section) undertook a renumbering of lodges, with lodges moving up one to fill in spaces left by closed lodges. It was at that time that Albion became No 1.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Charles Vivian, an actor and member of the Buffaloes was a key founding father of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks in the United States.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Buffaloes went wherever the members went. The RAOB reached Australia by the 1870s. In New Zealand, the early Lodges were concentrated in the Canterbury region and were established in the 1880s.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: By the end of the 19th century, various orders of Buffaloes had spread from England to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, Northern Ireland, Scotland, the Middle East, India, Africa, Gibraltar and Cyprus.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In 1901 the first Lodge in Scotland, Clan Ord, was opened, by Bro's Johnson and Ord Hume. On the 23rd of May 1902, the Royal Edinburgh Lodg No 854 was opened. on the Roll of the Grand Lodge of England (Birmingham section). This was the second Scottish Lodge. The Third lodge to be opened up in Scotland was St Kentgern 858 in Glasgow. On February 25, 1903. Bro. J Ord Hume officially opened the Maritime Lodge No 897 GLE in Australia on behalf of the Grand Lodge of England.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The movement achieved a significant goal with the opening of one of its first orphanages, Aldridge, in 1904. This was funded by a Hapenny registration fee in every Lodge under the Grand Lodge of England. There were that many members and lodges meeting back then that the scheme paid for itself.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: By 1915 the Grand Lodge of England were already into the 1000 series of numbers. By the end of 1919 the Grand Lodge of England reached over the 3000 series. In the 1920s Lodge numbers in the GLE Order were in the 4000-5000 series.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The First World War led to temporary or even permanent closure of many Lodges due to the enlistment of members. The Buffs supported the war effort through supplying motor ambulances to bring wounded soldiers back from the front lines. Initially six motorised ambulances were purchased and sent with each one operated by volunteer Buffs. More followed, with the figure quoted being between 18 and 22.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Three Buffalo Lodges were formed in the back of Motor Ambulances. On their return after the war, the ambulances formed the first ambulance service in England.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In 1919 Ye Petitor Lodge No 2674 was opened which would become No 1 on the roll of Grand Lodge of New Zealand. Also in 1919, a Lodge was opened in Iraq at the Royal Air Force base. Lodges continued to be extended around the globe as well as in China, India and Germany.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The first RAOB Lodge in Germany was opened in 1920 and connected with the British Armed Forces. By 1926 a Provincial Grand Lodge of the Rheinland was opened. By that stage several Minor Lodges were in operation.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In 1926, Lord Alverstone succeeded in persuading the Order to purchase Grove House, Harrogate, for use as an orphanage to which every active member contributed a ha'penny (half of one old penny). When the orphanage was no longer a requirement after the state took over responsibility for orphans, the Order began a new charity fund which is still in place today.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: On 5 October 1930 the Airship the R101 Crashed in France and the resulting fire, killed most of those on board which included at least 24 members of the RAOB Bedford Province including Lord Thmomson the Air Minister.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In the 1930s a very remote Buffalo Lodge was formed, the "Up the Khyber" Lodge in India, up near the border with Afghanistan, at the furthestmost British outpost.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In the 1930s the Grand Lodge of South Africa were supplied a number of dispensations in the 6000 series. This explains an anomaly why some South African Lodges continued to be opened under the 6000 series, long after that series had been surpassed by the GLE.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Grand Council RAOB was formed in 1924 as a result of a conference of various independent Buffalo orders in Great Britain, led by the Grand Surrey Banner. The outcome was the formation of the Grand Council which then issued new dispensations to all Lodges. In New Zealand for instance, the Grand Surrey Banner Lodge No 3010 become New Zealand No 1. It lost its original English-issued number.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Lodges continued to operate through the war years throughout the British Empire, where and when they could meet. During the Second World War, the order offered Grove House for use as a military hospital.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Two lodges stand out has having been unique during the war years. They were the Changi Prisoner of War Lodge, formed without dispensation, in Changi POW Camp. The other was the Hohenfels Lodge in Stalag 383.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The post-war period was a boom time for the order, particularly in the British forces. There was a lodge opened in Japan as part of Japan occupation forces following the end of the war. There were Lodges opened in Royal Air Force bases all over West Germany. There was a Buffalo Lodge set up on Christmas Island. There was a Lodge opened in Korea during the Korean War as well and Lodges opened in Malaya, and Borneo and Singapore. Buffalo Lodges were opened in Royal Air Force bases in Great Britain while new Lodges were also opened in communities such as Jinja, in Uganda.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In 1949, an international convention in Glasgow reported over 1000 attendees from around 4000 lodges and was to celebrate 130 years of the Order. Sir Andrew Murray, the Lord Provost, addressed the conference.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The order continued to expand well into the 1960s. One such lodge that was formed in the 1950s under the Grand Lodge of England direct being the Eastern Lodge No 8686, Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia, Canada. New lodges continued to be formed including at Sharjah Air Force Base and Lodges at other bases, still under the RAF.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: There were over two thousand lodges under the GLE formed in the years following the Second World War. Between 1945 and 1985 new dispensations issued went from the mid 7000 series to the mid 10,000 series.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The RAOB expanded in West Germany following the Second World War with up to six provincial grand lodges being formed to manage the dozens of lodges established. Most of those lodges were connected directly with the Royal Air Force.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The early Lodges in Asia had been set up associated with the Maritime sector, British Army and industries. Hong Kong was where you would expect to find such lodges. The first Lodge in Hong Kong was in the 3000 series numbers under the GLE (Birmingham) and so would have been formed in or around 1919–1920. Singapore was the next place, and several Lodges were formed there before the Japanese invasion of the Second World War. A "Lodge" was opened in Changi POW Camp of which a history has been compiled by Bro Mick Walker RoH of the Grand Lodge of England.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Following the end of the Second World War, there was a Lodge formed by members of the Japan Occupation Forces. A Lodge was opened in Korea during the time of the Korean War, and was associated with the Cameron Highlanders. New Lodges were formed also in Singapore, one of which was the "Enterprise" Lodge GLE. Another Lodge was associated with a Royal Air Force Base.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: From the mid-1950s Lodges spread across South East Asia due greatly to the influx of British servicemen as a result of increasing tensions in the region that culminated in the Malayan Emergency. By 1965 There were Lodges in Borneo, Singapore, Malaysia. Virtually all of these Lodges were "military" lodges and met at the various British Army Bases and Camps. One such lodge was Straits Commonwealth Lodge.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Buffs continued to exist in South East Asia after the conflict. The Rumah Pantai Lodge GLE on Borneo was formed in 1980 by the merger of two old Military Lodges. Rumah Pantai soldiered on until 2015 by which time it was the last RAOB Lodge in Asia.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The post Second World War years were undeniably a golden age for the Buffaloes. Worldwide membership increased and the number of Lodges expanded to reach their zenith in the 1960s-early 1970s. It was at this time to, in the post war period leading up to 1970, that the largest number of RAOB lodges in the Armed Forces came about.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: As with many organisations dating from the pre-Victorian period, there has been a noticeable decline in membership since a boom in the 1970s. With the reduction in the size and scale of the British Armed Forces, and social changes as mentioned, the Buffaloes movement has shrunk in size, and a significant number of Lodges around the world have closed.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Grand Lodge of England remains the largest Buffalo Order, it now only has 700 or less active Lodges. Some of the most historic Lodges remain open such as Albion No 1 in Liverpool. There are Grand Lodges within the GLE system in operation in New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Cyprus, and Northern Ireland.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The earliest known Lodges were United No 1 and Anchor 631, both of the Grand Surrey Banner, set up in the 1880s.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In 1921, Several Lodges operating under the Grand Surrey Banner, Grand Surrey Lodge and Grand Lodge of England Limited seceded to the Grand Lodge of England (Birmingham section) taking up the numbers 4004–4016 on the Roll of the said Grand Lodge of England. In the same year, the Grand Lodge of England granted a Warrant for the formation of a Grand Lodge of South Africa and Rhodesia. This was inaugurated on the 21st of August 1921. The First Grand Primo being Bro. Lawrence Pascoe KoM


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: One of the more notable members of the Order in South Africa was Bro.John Christie P.B. who was Leader of the South African Labour Party from 1946 to 1953.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The earliest Buffalo Lodges were formed in Australia, in Sydney, the 1860s–1870s. A couple of articles appeared in various Buffalo Magazines in Australasia dealing of those early days.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Lodges spread all over Australia under a number of different Buffalo Orders: the Grand Surrey Lodge, the Grand Surrey Banner, the Grand Lodge of England. There was also a Grand Marine Banner.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In 1902, Bro. J Ord-Hume was appointed as a Grand Lodge of England Travelling Commissioner, with the power to open Lodges in his travels abroad to Australia. Maritime Lodge was recorded as the first GLE Lodge in Australia.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In 1914 the Grand Marine Banner merged with another Buffalo order to form the Grand Australasian Banner. This Order is unique in that it has a fifth degree, the Roll of Honour Chain Collar.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Around the time of the Second World War, Lodges were extended under the GLE and GAB to Papua and New Guinea (later Territory of Papua and New Guinea and independent Papua New Guinea).


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In the early 1980s an attempt was made to form a GAB lodge in New Zealand. This was opposed by the Grand Council in New Zealand.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Today the Grand Lodge of Queensland, Grand Lodge of Victoria, Grand Lodge of New South Wales East, Grand Lodge New South Wales West, Grand Lodge of South Australia & Grand Lodge of Tasmania still exist, as does the Grand Australasian Banner in the following states - Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales & Tasmania.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: There have been around 400 Buffalo Lodges established in New Zealand in the period from the 1880s to 2000. As of May 2022, there remain at least 78 minor lodges in operation, spread across four orders. The Grand Lodge of New Zealand of the GLE with at least 60 minor lodges, the Grand Council with 14 minor lodges, and Progressive Lodge of New Zealand with five. Of these, the Grand Council and Progressive Lodge have no Lodges outside of the North Island.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The earliest surviving references to Buffalo Lodges operating in New Zealand are to be found in a now rare out of print book. The History of Lyttleton Lodge No 8, by Bro. James Tihema RoH. Tihema delves into the subject of the early Lodges in Canterbury, of the Lodges established under the Grand Surrey Lodge in the 1880s. There was a Grand Lodge of New Zealand formed, under the Grand Surrey Lodge. There were at least 6 Minor Lodges formed in the Canterbury Region including the masonic sounding "Royal Arch of Friendship Lodge" opened in Ashburton, and the "Royal Lyttleton Lodge No 756".


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: According to old New Zealand Buffalo Review reports from Lyttleton Lodge No 8, the present day Lyttleton Lodge No 8 was formed in the early 1920s from the merger of the old Grand Surrey Lodge in Canterbury with the new emerging Grand Lodge of England movement. Lyttleton Lodge is often referred to in the old RAOB GLNZ Journals as Lyttleton 6461 just as Ye Petitor would often report under the Name and Number Ye Petitor 2674


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In Petone Wellington in 1916, Bro Earnest Lacy RoH led the formation of the first Lodge in Wellington, established under the Grand Surrey Banner. It was called Tuatahi Lodge no 2041 GSB, Tuatahi being Maori for "One" or "First". From this Lodge was begun a short lived Grand New Zealand Banner.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: At the end of the First World War soldiers in the Torquay Demobilization Camp formed the Ye Petitor Lodge No 2674. A GLE dispensation was granted to the lodge in 1919. The lodge was then transported to Christchurch, New Zealand. In 1922, at the formation of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand, Ye Petitor 2674 became No 1 on the Roll of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand of GLE. It was not the only GLE lodge to be formed in New Zealand prior to 1922. Other Lodges included Auckland City Lodge in Auckland.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Attempts to establish a Grand Lodge of New Zealand of GLE are known to have begun in 1920. The first recorded meetings of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand of GLE were in Christchurch in February 1922. On Sunday 19 March 1922 the First Grand Lodge was elected with Bro. W.G Brooks RoH being the first Grand Primo of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand of GLE Edwin Clark in his history of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand states, based on original minutes, that a motion was passed for the Grand Lodge Dispensation to be framed.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: According to the original minutes as mentioned by Edwin Clark in his history of the first 25 years of Grand Lodge, the meetings of the new Grand Lodge were to be held at 8pm, on the last Thursday of each month.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Lodges formed under The Grand Lodge of New Zealand of GLE would continue to have an English GLE Number issued to them until at least as late as 1930.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Grand Lodge of England Granted the Grand Lodge of New Zealand its independence around 1931. It is still in fraternal accord with the GLE and is part of the GLE banner, but is independent of the Grand Lodge of England.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The First Buffalo Lodge to be formed on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island was the Mt Rochfort Lodge No 29 located on Denniston opened in 1924. Its English Number was 4656. The founder and therefore, father of Buffaloism on the West Coast of the South Island, was a Bro. James Henry Insull RoH. He was originally from Abistillery South Wales and came out to Denniston from the old Counrty in 1923. Other key members of Mt Rochfort Lodge in the early years was Bro. Harry Pearson, Bro Thomas J Thomas and Bro James Smalley.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: Other Lodges would be formed. Kowhai No 40 in Westport, Prosperity 62 in Fairdown, Harbour Lodge 73 in Greymouth, Runanga 74 in Dunollie, Blackball No 80 in Blackball.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: One member well known was Bro. Storey Worgan RoH. He was born on Denniston in 1899. For many years he was very active in the Runanga Lodge No 74, and eventually serve as Provincial Grand Primo of the West Coast.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Mt Rochfort Lodge lasted on Denniston until the 1960s, its regular meeting place being the RSA hall on Denniston. One of the members to join in 1962 was the publican and miner Johnny Cotter. The years since 1962, saw the Lodge relocated to Waimangaroa, where it purchased its own hall. From the late 1970s there was a membership decline in Mt Rochfort Lodge greatly owing to changing fortunes on the coast. The Mt Rochfort Lodge No 29 laboured on until it closed in 1997, the then Secretary signing off with the words "Closed in Sorrow".


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The West Coast is now a remote area under the Grand Lodge of New Zealand. The most recent Grand Primo being a Bro. More RoH LM.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The first Māori Provincial Grand Primo was Bro. Tai Tuhimata KoM, who was installed as Provincial Grand Primo of Auckland for 1958–1959.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Grand Council came about as a result of the amalgamation in Great Britain, of the Grand Surrey Banner and a number of smaller Buffalo Orders in the period 1925–26. As a result, all Lodges formerly under the Grand Surrey Banner became Grand Council Lodges. By that stage, there existed a Colonial Grand Lodge based in Auckland, that oversaw the Grand Surrey Banner Lodges in New Zealand. On the formation of the Grand Council, local numbers were permitted for use in numbering the Grand Council Lodges in New Zealand.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The first Grand Surrey Banner Lodge in New Zealand for which there exists some evidence, was Tuatahi Lodge 2041 in Petone. Opened in 1916. Fom surviving evidence, it had gone into its own banner by 1920 and as such, ceased to exist under the Grand Surrey Banner. The Members would return to the Grand Surrey Banner/Grand Council later, when the Grand New Zealand Banner collapsed.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In 1922 the Lord Jellicoe Lodge No 3010 G.S.B. was opened in Devonport Auckland by Naval Brothers. Under Grand Council, it would become Lord Jellicoe (NZ) No 1. Also in 1922, under the Grand Surrey Banner, the Chatham Lodge3037 GSB on HMS Chatham was opened. This Lodge became NZ No 2 of Grand Council.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: The Past Present and Future Lodge No 3038 Grand Surrey Banner was opened in September 1922 in the Queens Hall, Paget Street, Ponsonby in Auckland. Early members include a Bro Charles Reeves, Bro H Bonsey, Primo Rye and Bro. Hopkins. As of May 2022 the Lodge is still in operation, now in Avondale, in Auckland. It is the oldest Buffalo Lodge in the North Island of New Zealand.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In both 1922-23 the Grand Surrey Banner Lodges in New Zealand were controlled from Great Britain. In 1924, a Colonial Grand Lodge was formed, with local Grand Presidents and Grand Officers.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: In 1947 the New Zealand Sub Council of Grand Council was granted charter from the Grand Council in England. The First Grand President of New Zealand Sub Council was Bro. Charles Coggins RoH, a locomotive engineer on the New Zealand Government Railways, who was later killed in the Kaukapakapa railway accident in 1952. In 1955, a lodge was opened in Auckland, in honour of Charles Coggins, founder members included Bro John Hurt RoH and Bro Fulljames.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: During the 1950s the New Zealand Sub Council of Grand Council continued the trend of expanding membership.


title: Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes

text: A Quinquennial Conference was held by the New Zealand Sub Council in 1957, in which a commemorative booklet was produced.