title: Deb Fischer

text: In the general election, Fischer faced Democrat Bob Kerrey, a former Nebraska governor and U.S. senator, who was running for the seat that he had held from 1989 to 2001.


title: Deb Fischer

text: Fischer was re-elected to the U.S. Senate in 2018, defeating Democratic challenger Jane Raybould by a significant margin.


title: Deb Fischer

text: Fischer became the third female U.S. Senator in Nebraska's history, and the first since 1954. She was the first elected to a full term: of the earlier woman Senators, Eva Bowring was appointed in 1954 to occupy the seat vacated by the death of Dwight Griswold until a special election could be held to replace him later that year; Hazel Abel won that special election to finish Griswold's term, but did not seek a full term.


title: Deb Fischer

text: Fischer has expressed support for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution limiting senators to two six-year terms and representatives to three two-year terms. She pledged to "limit herself to two terms in office". She further stated that members of the U.S. Congress should be placed under a lifetime ban from becoming federally registered lobbyists.


title: Deb Fischer

text: The American Conservative Union's Center for Legislative Accountability gave Fischer a lifetime rating of 81.12 as of 2021. The politically liberal Americans for Democratic Action gave her a 2019 score of 0%.


title: Deb Fischer

text: Fischer rejects conclusions by the international scientific community that human emissions of greenhouse gases are the primary cause of global warming in recent decades. In May 2015, a legislative aide said, "the senator acknowledges the climate is changing but believes it is due to natural cycles."


title: Deb Fischer

text: After the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, Fischer said any legislative proposals to restrict people on the terrorist watchlist from buying guns would not stop mass shootings. She said that preventing self-radicalization was more important than restricting gun access.


title: Deb Fischer

text: Fischer supports sending more troops to patrol the United States-Mexico border and opposes college benefits for undocumented immigrants.


title: Deb Fischer

text: In June 2020, Fischer expressed support for the Supreme Court decision in "Bostock v. Clayton County" that "extended Civil Rights Act protections to gay, lesbian and transgender workers", saying, "It's important that we recognize that all Americans have equal rights under our Constitution. I'm fine with it."


title: Deb Fischer

text: Before the January 6, 2021, United States Electoral College vote count, Fischer announced that she would vote to certify the election results. Fischer was on Capitol Hill to participate in the count when Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol. During the attack, Fischer tweeted that "These rioters have no constitutional right to harm law enforcement and storm our Capitol. We are a nation of laws, not some banana republic. This must end now."


title: Deb Fischer

text: On May 28, 2021, Fischer voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the 2021 United States Capitol attack.


title: Deb Fischer

text: Fischer and her husband Bruce operate a family ranch, Sunny Slope Ranch, near Valentine, Nebraska. Their adult sons Adam, Morgan, and Luke own the majority of the stock in the family corporation, while the elder Fischers retain a minority share. In 2020, Fischer and her husband moved to Lincoln, Nebraska.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: William Andrew Murray Boyd (born 7 March 1952) is a Scottish novelist, short story writer and screenwriter.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: Boyd was born in Accra, Gold Coast, (present-day Ghana), to Scottish parents, both from Fife, and has two younger sisters. His father Alexander, a doctor specialising in tropical medicine, and Boyd's mother, who was a teacher, moved to the Gold Coast in 1950 to run the health clinic at the University College of the Gold Coast, Legon (now the University of Ghana). In the early 1960s the family moved to western Nigeria, where Boyd's father held a similar position at the University of Ibadan. Boyd spent his early life in Ghana and Nigeria and, at the age of nine, went to a preparatory school and then to Gordonstoun school in Scotland, and, after that, to the University of Nice in France, followed by the University of Glasgow, where he gained an M.A. (Hons) in English & Philosophy, and finally Jesus College, Oxford. His father died of a rare disease when Boyd was 26.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: Between 1980 and 1983 Boyd was a lecturer in English at St Hilda's College, Oxford, and it was while he was there that his first novel, "A Good Man in Africa" (1981), was published. He was also television critic for the "New Statesman" between 1981 and 1983.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: Boyd was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2005 for services to literature. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and an Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. He has been presented with honorary Doctorates in Literature from the universities of St. Andrews, Stirling, Glasgow, and Dundee and is an honorary fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. Boyd is a member of the Chelsea Arts Club.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: Boyd met his wife Susan, a former editor and now a screenwriter, while they were both at Glasgow University. He has a house in Chelsea, London and a farmhouse and vineyard (with its own appellation "Château Pecachard") in Bergerac in the Dordogne in south-west France.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: In August 2014 Boyd was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: Boyd was selected in 1983 as one of the 20 "Best of Young British Novelists" in a promotion run by "Granta" magazine and the Book Marketing Council. Boyd's novels include: "A Good Man in Africa", a study of a disaster-prone British diplomat operating in West Africa, for which he won the Whitbread Book award and Somerset Maugham Award in 1981; "An Ice-Cream War", set against the background of the World War I campaigns in colonial East Africa, which won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1982; "Brazzaville Beach", published in 1991, which follows a scientist researching chimpanzee behaviour in Africa; and "Any Human Heart", written in the form of the journals of a fictitious male 20th-century British writer, which won the Prix Jean Monnet de Littérature Européenne and was longlisted for the Booker Prize in 2002. "Restless", the tale of a young woman who discovers that her mother had been recruited as a spy during World War II, was published in 2006 and won the Novel of the Year award in the 2006 Costa Book Awards. Boyd's novel "Waiting for Sunrise" was published in 2012. Following "Solo" in 2013, "Sweet Caress" was published in 2015, the fourth novel Boyd has written from a woman's viewpoint. His sixteenth novel, "Trio", was published in 2020.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: In April 2012 Ian Fleming's estate announced that Boyd would write the next James Bond novel. The book, "Solo", is set in 1969; it was published in the UK by Jonathan Cape in September 2013. Boyd used Bond creator Ian Fleming as a character in his novel "Any Human Heart". Fleming recruits the book's protagonist, Logan Mountstuart, to British Naval Intelligence during World War Two.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: Several collections of short stories by Boyd have been published, including "On the Yankee Station" (1981), "The Destiny of Nathalie 'X'" (1995), "Fascination" (2004) and "The Dreams of Bethany Mellmoth" (2017). In his introduction to "The Dream Lover" (2008), Boyd says that he believes the short story form to have been key to his evolution as a writer.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: As a screenwriter Boyd has written a number of feature film and television productions. The feature films include: "Scoop" (1987), adapted from the Evelyn Waugh novel; "Stars and Bars" (1988), adapted from Boyd's own novel; "Mister Johnson" (1990), based on the 1939 novel by Joyce Cary; "Tune in Tomorrow" (1990), based on the Mario Vargas Llosa novel "Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter"; "A Good Man in Africa" (1994), also adapted from his own novel; "The Trench" (1999) an independent war film which he also directed; "Man to Man" (2005), a historical drama which was nominated for a Golden Bear award at the Berlin International Film Festival; and "Sword of Honour", based on the "Sword of Honour" trilogy of novels by Evelyn Waugh. He was one of a number of writers who worked on "Chaplin" (1992). His television screenwriting credits include: "Good and Bad at Games" (1983), adapted from Boyd's short story about English public school life; "Dutch Girls" (1985); "Armadillo" (2001), adapted from his own novel; "A Waste of Shame" (2005) about Shakespeare's composition of his sonnets; "Any Human Heart" (2010), adapted from Boyd's own novel into a Channel 4 series starring Jim Broadbent, which won the 2011 Best Drama Serial BAFTA award; and "Restless" (2012), also adapted from his own novel. Boyd created the miniseries "Spy City" which aired in 2020.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: Boyd adapted two Anton Chekhov short stories – "A Visit to Friends" and "My Life (The Story of a Provincial)" – to create the play "Longing". The play, directed by Nina Raine and performed at London's Hampstead Theatre, starred Jonathan Bailey, Tamsin Greig, Natasha Little, Eve Ponsonby, John Sessions and Catrin Stewart. Previews began on 28 February 2013; the press night was 7 March 2013. Boyd, who was theatre critic for the University of Glasgow in the 1970s and has many actor friends, refers to his ambition to write a play as finally getting "this monkey off my back". A further play by Boyd, "The Argument", described as a Strindberg-like take on human dynamics, was performed at Hampstead Theatre Downstairs in March 2016. Both plays have been published.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: "Protobiography", an autobiographical work by Boyd that recalls his early childhood, was published initially in 1998 by Bridgewater Press in a limited edition. A paperback edition was published in 2005 by Penguin Books. A collection of Boyd's journalism and other non-fiction writing was published in 2005 as "Bamboo".


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: In 1998, Boyd published "", which presents the paintings and tragic biography of a supposed New York-based 1950s abstract expressionist painter named Nat Tate, who actually never existed and was, along with his paintings, a creation of Boyd's. When the book was initially published, it was not revealed that it was a work of fiction, and some were duped by the hoax; it was launched at a lavish party, with excerpts read by David Bowie and Gore Vidal (both of whom were in on the joke), and a number of prominent members of the art world claimed to remember the artist. It caused quite a stir once the truth was revealed. The name "Nat Tate" is derived from the names of the two leading British art galleries: the National Gallery and the Tate Gallery. Boyd, who also paints, made artwork under the pseudonym of Nat Tate and sent it to auction, where it raised funds for an art charity. Nat Tate also appears in "Any Human Heart", also by Boyd, with a wry footnote to the 1998 book.


title: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (soundtrack)

text: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released in 1966 alongside the Western film "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly", directed by Sergio Leone. The score is composed by frequent Leone collaborator Ennio Morricone, whose distinctive original compositions, containing gunfire, whistling, and yodeling permeate the film. The main theme, resembling the howling of a coyote, is a two-note melody that is a frequent motif, and is used for the three main characters, with a different instrument used for each one: flute for Blondie (Man with No Name), arghilofono (ocarina) for Angel Eyes, and human voices for Tuco.


text: Among other elements, the score complements the film's American Civil War scenes, containing the mournful ballad "The Story of a Soldier", which is sung by prisoners as Tuco is being tortured by Angel Eyes. The film's famous climax, a three-way Mexican standoff, begins with the melody of "The Ecstasy of Gold" and is followed by "The Trio".


text: The main theme was a hit in 1968. The soundtrack album was on the charts for more than a year, reaching No. 4 on the "Billboard" pop album chart and No. 10 on the black album chart. The main theme was also a hit for American musician Hugo Montenegro, whose rendition on the Moog synthesizer was a No. 2 "Billboard" pop single in 1968. In 2008, the score was featured in the Grammy Museum at L.A. Live.


text: The album was remastered and re-released on Capitol Records on May 18, 2004, which had ten additional musical cues from the film. A European release by GDM music in 2001 contains even more music, with a running time of 59:30. In 2020, a three-disc release presenting the complete score and the original album was issued by the Spanish label Quartet Records.


text: (*) tracks previously unreleased on the original album issued in 1966.<br>(**) this track is extended and features music previously only heard in the film version of this piece, namely the original ending. The last part of this song is in mono.


title: Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)

text: In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the definite integral of the concentration of a drug in blood plasma as a function of time (this can be done using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry). In practice, the drug concentration is measured at certain discrete points in time and the trapezoidal rule is used to estimate AUC.


title: Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)

text: The AUC (from zero to infinity) represents the "total drug exposure across time". AUC is a useful metric when trying to determine whether two formulations of the same dose (for example a capsule and a tablet) result in equal amounts of tissue or plasma exposure. Another use is in the therapeutic drug monitoring of drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. For example, gentamicin is an antibiotic that can be nephrotoxic (kidney damaging) and ototoxic (hearing damaging); measurement of gentamicin through concentrations in a patient's plasma and calculation of the AUC is used to guide the dosage of this drug.


title: Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)

text: AUC becomes useful for knowing the average concentration over a time interval, AUC/t. Also, AUC is referenced when talking about elimination. The amount eliminated by the body (mass) = clearance (volume/time) * AUC (mass*time/volume).


title: Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)

text: In pharmacokinetics, bioavailability generally refers to the fraction of drug that is absorbed systemically and is thus available to produce a biological effect. This is often measured by quantifying the "AUC". In order to determine the respective AUCs, the serum concentration vs. time plots are typically gathered using C-14 labeled drugs and AMS (accelerated mass spectrometry).


title: Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)

text: Bioavailability can be measured in terms of "absolute bioavailability" or "relative bioavailability".


title: Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)

text: "Absolute bioavailability" refers to the bioavailability of drug when administered via a non-intravenous (non-IV) dosage form (i.e. oral tablet, suppository, subcutaneous, etc.) compared with the bioavailability of the same drug administered intravenously (IV). This is done by comparing the AUC of the non-intravenous dosage form with the AUC for the drug administered intravenously. This fraction is normalized by multiplying by each dosage form's respective dose.


title: Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)

text: "Relative bioavailability" compares the bioavailability between two different dosage forms. Again, the relative AUCs are used to make this comparison and relative doses are used to normalize the calculation.


title: 2020 Australian Open – Men's singles

text: Defending champion Novak Djokovic defeated Dominic Thiem in the final, 6–4, 4–6, 2–6, 6–3, 6–4 to win the men's singles title at the 2020 Australian Open. It was his record-extending eighth Australian Open title and 17th major singles title overall. With the win, Djokovic also regained the world No. 1 singles ranking. Thiem became the first Austrian to reach the final. This was Thiem's third major runner-up finish in as many attempts. The match also marked the first time Djokovic came back to win a major final after trailing two sets to one, having lost each of the last seven times this happened.


title: 2020 Australian Open – Men's singles

text: This was the final Australian Open appearance for former six-time champion Roger Federer. With his third-round win, Federer became the first player to win 100 matches at the Australian Open. He also became the first player to have at least 100 wins at two majors (the other being Wimbledon). Federer's semifinal encounter with Djokovic marked their 50th and final professional meeting; Djokovic won to end their head-to-head at 27–23 in his favor.


title: 2020 Australian Open – Men's singles

text: The following are the seeded players. Seedings are based on ATP rankings on 13 January 2020, while ranking and "points before" are as of 20 January 2020. "Points after" are as of 3 February 2020.


title: 2020 Australian Open – Men's singles

text: † This column shows either the player's points from the 2019 tournament or his 18th best result (shown in brackets). Only ranking points counting towards the player's ranking as of 13 January 2020 are reflected in the column.


title: April Jace

text: April Jace (born April Denise Laune; May 6, 1974 – May 19, 2014) was an American masters track and field athlete who ran in sprinting competitions. She was the 2011 world champion in the women's over-35 4 × 100 meters relay.


title: April Jace

text: April Laune attended Hawthorne High School in Hawthorne, California. She attended college at California State University, Fullerton.


title: April Jace

text: She ran with the Elite Health team and later with the Trojan Masters Club. She was the 2013 Southern California USATF W35 champion at 100 meters. She finished second in the W35 Invitational race at the Mt. SAC Relays behind only American record holder Joy Upshaw. She was ranked as high as number 5 in the United States and was a 2011 World Championship finalist individually in the 100 meters and won a gold medal on the USA 4×100 meters relay team.


title: April Jace

text: Late in the evening on May 19, 2014, police were called to the couple's address in the 5400 block of Brynhurst Avenue, in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, where April was found shot to death. Michael was taken into custody the following day on suspicion of homicide; on May 22, he was charged with murder.


title: April Jace

text: In the trial, based on detective interviews, Deputy District Attorney Tannaz Mokayef said "April Jace was an avid runner and the actor shot her in the legs because he wanted her to feel pain."


title: April Jace

text: Later, Mokayef attributed another quote to her husband, “You like to run so much, why don’t you try running to heaven.”


title: April Jace

text: On May 31, 2016, a jury convicted Michael of second-degree murder in the shooting death of April. On June 10, 2016, he was sentenced to 40 years to life in prison. He is incarcerated at the California State Prison at Centinela, in Imperial County.


title: April Jace

text: April's family released a statement to the Associated Press calling her shooting "a senseless act of domestic violence." Her memorial was held at the Oasis Church in Los Angeles, California. A GoFundMe page was created in support of her three children (aged 5, 8, and 18 at the time of her death).


title: April Jace

text: She had previously worked for the LAUSD and was "a well- liked financial aid counselor" in Biola University's Financial Aid department at the time of her death. The office was closed in her memory, and the Director hailed her work ethic and service to the university's students. A memorial was held at the university's Calvary Chapel. Biola University has set up a Memorial Scholarship in her name.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: The Column of Marcus Aurelius (, ) is a Roman victory column in Piazza Colonna, Rome, Italy. It is a Doric column featuring a spiral relief: it was built in honour of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and modeled on Trajan's Column.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: Because the original dedicatory inscription has been destroyed, it is not known whether it was built during the emperor's reign (on the occasion of the triumph over the Marcomanni, Quadi and Sarmatians in the year 176) or after his death in 180; however, an inscription found in the vicinity attests that the column was completed by 193.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: In terms of the topography of ancient Rome, the column stood on the north part of the Campus Martius, in the centre of a square. This square was either between the temple of Hadrian (probably the Hadrianeum) and the temple of Marcus Aurelius (dedicated by his son Commodus, of which nothing now remains – it was probably on the site of Palazzo Wedekind), or within the latter's sacred precinct, of which nothing remains. Nearby is the site where the emperor's cremation occurred.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: The column's shaft is high, on a high base, which in turn originally stood on a high platform – the column in total is About 3 metres of the base have been below ground level since the 1589 restoration.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: The column consists of 27 or 28 blocks of Carrara marble, each of diameter, hollowed out while still at the quarry for a stairway of 190–200 steps within the column up to a platform at the top. Just as with Trajan's Column, this stairway is illuminated through narrow slits into the relief.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: The spiral picture relief tells the story of Marcus Aurelius' Danubian or Marcomannic wars, waged by him from 166 to his death. The story begins with the army crossing the river Danube, probably at Carnuntum. A Victory separates the accounts of two expeditions. The exact chronology of the events is disputed; however, the latest theory states that the expeditions against the Marcomanni and Quadi in the years 172 and 173 are in the lower half and the successes of the emperor over the Sarmatians in the years 174 and 175 in the upper half.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: One particular episode portrayed is historically attested in Roman propaganda – the so-called "rain miracle in the territory of the Quadi", in which a god, answering a prayer from the emperor, rescues Roman troops by a terrible storm, a miracle later claimed by the Christians for the Christian God.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: In spite of many similarities to Trajan's Column, the style is entirely different, a forerunner of the dramatic style of the 3rd century and closely related to the triumphal arch of Septimius Severus, erected soon after. The figures' heads are disproportionately large so that the viewer can better interpret their facial expressions. The images are carved less finely than at Trajan's Column, through drilling holes more deeply into the stone, so that they stand out better in a contrast of light and dark. As villages are burned down, women and children are captured and displaced, men are killed, the emotion, despair, and suffering of the "barbarians" in the war, are represented acutely in single scenes and in the figures' facial expressions and gestures, whilst the emperor is represented as protagonist, in control of his environment.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: The symbolic language is altogether clearer and more expressive, if clumsier at first sight, and leaves a wholly different impression on the viewer to the whole artistic style of 100 to 150 as on Trajan's Column. There, cool and sober balance – here, drama and empathy. The pictorial language is unambiguous – imperial dominance and authority is emphasised, and its leadership is justified. Overall, it is an anticipation of the development of artistic style into late antiquity, and a first artistic expression of the crisis of the Roman empire that would worsen in the 3rd century.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: In the Middle Ages, climbing the column was so popular that the right to charge the entrance fee was annually auctioned, but it is no longer possible to do so today. Now the Column serves a centrepiece to the Piazza Colonna, in front of the Palazzo Chigi.


title: Column of Marcus Aurelius

text: About three metres of the base have been below ground level since 1589 when, by order of pope Sixtus V, the whole column was restored by Domenico Fontana and adapted to the ground level of that time. Also a bronze statue of the apostle St. Paul was placed on the top platform, to go with that of St. Peter on Trajan's Column (27 October 1588). (Originally the top platform had a statue of Marcus Aurelius, but it was removed and switched with St.Paul after Christianity took reign as the dominant religion.) That adaptation also removed the damaged or destroyed original reliefs on the base of garland-carrying victories and (on the side facing the via Flaminia ) representations of subjected barbarians, replacing them with the following inscription mistakenly calling this the column of Antoninus Pius, which is now recognised as lost:


title: Maryna Viazovska

text: Maryna Sergiivna Viazovska (, ; born 2 December 1984) is a Ukrainian mathematician known for her work in sphere packing. She is full professor and Chair of Number Theory at the Institute of Mathematics of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland. She was awarded the Fields Medal in 2022.


title: Maryna Viazovska

text: Viazovska was born in Kyiv, the oldest of three sisters. Her father was a chemist who worked at the Antonov aircraft factory and her mother an engineer. She attended a specialized secondary school for high-achieving students in science and technology, Kyiv Natural Science Lyceum No. 145. An influential teacher there, Andrii Knyazyuk, had previously worked as a professional research mathematician before becoming a secondary school teacher. Viazovska competed in domestic mathematics Olympiads when she was at high school, placing 13th in a national competition where 12 students were selected to a training camp before a six-member team for the International Mathematical Olympiad was chosen. As a student at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, she competed at the International Mathematics Competition for University Students in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005, and was one of the first-place winners in 2002 and 2005. She co-authored her first research paper in 2005.


title: Maryna Viazovska

text: Viazovska earned a master's from the University of Kaiserslautern in 2007, PhD from the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2010, and a doctorate (Dr. rer. nat.) from the University of Bonn in 2013. Her doctoral dissertation, "Modular Functions and Special Cycles", concerns analytic number theory and was supervised by Don Zagier and Werner Müller.


title: Maryna Viazovska

text: She was a postdoctoral researcher at the Berlin Mathematical School and the Humboldt University of Berlin and a Minerva Distinguished Visitor at Princeton University. Since January 2018 she has held the Chair of Number Theory as a full professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland after a short stint as tenure-track assistant professor.


title: Maryna Viazovska

text: In 2016, Viazovska solved the sphere-packing problem in dimension 8. Her dimension 8 solution quickly led to collaboration with others, and a solution in dimension 24. Previously, the problem had been solved only for three or fewer dimensions, and the proof of the three-dimensional version (the Kepler conjecture) involved long computer calculations. In contrast, Viazovska's proof for 8 and 24 dimensions is "stunningly simple".


title: Maryna Viazovska

text: As well as for her work on sphere packing, Viazovska is also known for her research on spherical designs with Bondarenko and Radchenko. With them she proved a conjecture of Korevaar and Meyers on the existence of small designs in arbitrary dimensions. This result was one of the contributions for which her co-author Andriy Bondarenko won the Vasil A. Popov Prize for approximation theory in 2013.


title: Maryna Viazovska

text: In 2016, Viazovska received the Salem Prize and, in 2017, the Clay Research Award and the SASTRA Ramanujan Prize for her work on sphere packing and modular forms. In December 2017, she was awarded a 2018 New Horizons Prize in Mathematics.


title: Maryna Viazovska

text: She was an invited speaker at the 2018 International Congress of Mathematicians. For 2019 she was awarded the Ruth Lyttle Satter Prize in Mathematics and the Fermat Prize. She is one of the 2020 winners of the EMS Prize. In 2020, she also received the National Latsis Prize awarded by the Latsis Foundation. She was elected to the Academia Europaea in 2021. She was appointed Senior Scholar at the Clay Mathematics Institute in July 2022.


title: Maryna Viazovska

text: She was awarded the Fields Medal in July 2022, making her the second woman (after Maryam Mirzakhani), the second person born in the Ukrainian SSR and the first with a degree from a Ukrainian university to ever receive it. She was honored as one of the BBC 100 Women in December 2022.


title: Maryna Viazovska

text: Viazovska met her husband, Daniil Evtushinsky, at an after-school physics group for schoolchildren. He is also a researcher at EPFL, in physics. They have two children, a son and a daughter.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: "Someone Saved My Life Tonight" is a song, with music by English musician Elton John and lyrics by Bernie Taupin, from John's 1975 album "Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy." It was released as a single on 23 June 1975, the only single released from the album. Like the rest of the album, the song is autobiographical; it tells the story of an attempted suicide by John.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: At 6 minutes and 45 seconds, it was long for a single, but owing to the highly personal nature of the lyrics, John refused to let it be cut down to a more typical single length. Despite the length it peaked on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart at No. 4 and in Canada on the "RPM" Top Singles chart at No. 2. It would be his last single for eight years to feature the original Elton John Band of John, Dee Murray, Davey Johnstone, and Nigel Olsson, as John fired Murray and Olsson following the recording of the album.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: The song concludes side one of the album's narrative, chronicling the early history of John and lyricist, Bernie Taupin, and their struggles to find their place within the music industry. When released as the album's only single in 1975, it reached No. 4 on The US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, and entered the top 25 on the UK Singles Chart. In the U.S., it was certified Gold on 10 September 1975 by the RIAA. In Canada, the single narrowly missed being his ninth number one, hitting No. 2 on the RPM 100 national Top Singles chart on 30 August.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: Taupin's lyric refers to a time in 1968, before John was popular as a musician, when John was engaged to be married to girlfriend Linda Woodrow. John and Woodrow were sharing a flat with Taupin in Furlong Road in Highbury, London, hence the opening line "When I think of those East End lights." John did not love his girlfriend, and felt trapped by the relationship. Feeling desperate, John contemplated suicide, and even made a half-hearted attempt at asphyxiating himself with a gas oven in his home. He took refuge in his friends, especially Long John Baldry, who convinced John to abandon his plans to marry, in order to salvage and maintain his musical career. His parents arrived the next day, in a van, to take him home. As a sign of respect and gratitude to Baldry, Taupin wrote him into the song as the "someone" in the title, and also as "Sugar Bear".


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: According to Taupin in the documentary "Two Rooms", about the professional and personal relationship between him and John, he was the one who found John. John had turned on the gas oven and had laid down on the floor, next to it. But, he had also opened the kitchen window, rendering the attempt ineffective.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: The lyric "And butterflies are free to fly" is a reference to a famous quote from Dickens' "Bleak House": "I only ask to be free. The butterflies are free. Mankind will surely not deny to Harold Skimpole what it concedes to the butterflies." A few years prior to the song's release, the same quotation had inspired the title of the 1972 American comedy-drama film "Butterflies Are Free", an adaptation of the 1969 play of the same title by Leonard Gershe.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: "Cash Box" said that "Tschaikovsky would feel proud about Elton's punctuated chords — those high harmonies are perfect for summertime."


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: Comparisons were drawn to the earlier John/Taupin composition "Skyline Pigeon", as both songs contain the metaphor of a creature flying free towards the sky to signify escape from marriage, with the creature in this case being a butterfly.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: Some radio stations altered the song or refused to play it due to the use of the phrase "Damn it" in the second verse.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: In the liner notes to the Deluxe Edition of "Captain Fantastic and The Brown Dirt Cowboy," writer Paul Gambaccini related a recollection from producer Gus Dudgeon. During the recording of the song's lead vocal, Dudgeon said he was pushing John for more in terms of his delivery of the vocal, not paying attention to the lyric. According to Gambaccini, guitarist Davey Johnstone leaned over and told Dudgeon, "You know he's singing about killing himself." Dudgeon was apparently mortified by the revelation and relented.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: At 6:45 this was one of John's longest singles and was supposed to be edited to a shorter version for radio consumption. However, John refused to let MCA Records cut it down, saying that it was to be released as a whole, and the record company acquiesced. Its B-Side song, "House of Cards", was recorded by UK singer Linda Kendrick.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: John has played the song live many times from its release until 1986, and again from 1995 to present. Two of the best known recorded performances coming during the Central Park concert in September 1980 and his visit in Rio de Janeiro in November 1995 during the final leg of Made in England Tour.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: Mariah Carey used an interpolation of the song in a house record she co-wrote with David Morales titled "Fly Away (Butterfly Reprise)" which appears on her album "Butterfly".


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: Sheryl Crow alludes to the lyrics of the song in "Always on Your Side" (a song on her 2005 album "Wildflower") with the lyric "If butterflies are free to fly, why do they fly away?"


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: This song is referenced frequently by Father Callahan in Stephen King's book "" and is referenced several more times through the course of The Dark Tower series.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: This song is featured in the trailer for the 2002 film "Moonlight Mile" directed by Brad Silberling, starring Susan Sarandon, Dustin Hoffman and Jake Gyllenhaal. The film is partially based on Silberling dealing with the aftermath of the murder of his girlfriend, actress Rebecca Schaeffer.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: Axl Rose covered parts of the song on his piano as an intro to "November Rain" during the 2009–2010 Chinese Democracy World Tour.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: The comedy film "Hamlet 2" features the song, sung by a gay men's chorus, within the titular play. The song was covered by The Ralph Sall Experience for the 2008 film.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: In the "Simpsons" episode "I'm with Cupid", which features Elton John playing himself, Apu irritates John by deliberately punning that "Someone saved your life tonight" after his quick response prevents the singer being struck by a crashing plane.


title: Someone Saved My Life Tonight

text: "Someone Saved My Life Tonight" was also well known among die-hard Elton John fans for its flip-side, "House of Cards," a track recorded along with the album's other songs, but left off the final edit of the album. As far as anyone knows, it could well be the album's only recorded outtake. (A Taupin lyric for "Dogs in the Kitchen" was included with the original LP and Deluxe Edition CD issue Lyric booklet, but it is unknown whether the song was ever finished with music and recorded.) "House of Cards," meanwhile, was a long-awaited track on CD, finally surfacing on "Rare Masters," though left off the remastered CD re-release of "Captain Fantastic" in 1995. It was, however, included on the Deluxe Edition re-release as one of the bonus tracks, finally joining the album with which it was originally recorded.


title: Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin

text: Nusrat al-Islam, officially known as Jama'a Nusrat ul-Islam wa al-Muslimin' (, JNIM; , GSIM English: "Support Group for Islam and Muslims") is a militant jihadist organisation in the Maghreb and West Africa formed by the merger of Ansar Dine, the Macina Liberation Front, Al-Mourabitoun and the Saharan branch of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. It is the official branch of Al-Qaeda in Mali, after its leaders swore allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri.


title: Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin

text: On 2 March 2017, Iyad Ag Ghaly, Al Murabitoun's deputy leader, Hassan Al Ansari, Yahya Abu Hammam, Amadou Kouffa, and Abu Abderaham al-Sanhaji appeared in a video declaring the creation of Jama'a Nusrat ul-Islam wa al-Muslimin, and their allegiance to al-Qaeda Emir Ayman al-Zawahiri, AQIM's Emir, Abdelmalek Droukdel, and Taliban Emir, Hibatullah Akhundzada. They also praised killed al-Qaeda leaders Osama Bin Laden and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. On 16 March, Abdelmalek Droukdel released an audio message, approving the union between the groups. On 19 March, Al-Qaeda issued a statement approving the new group and accepting their oath of allegiance.


title: Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin

text: Two leaders sanctioned by the US Treasury's office were named as Ali Maychou and Bah Ag Moussa. Moussa was a former Malian army colonel who led an operation in March 2019 against the Malian Armed Forces base in Dioura that killed at least 21 Malian soldiers. Maychou was a native of Morocco who had claimed responsibility for a JNIM attack on a military camp that housed Malian troops in Gao, killing dozens. The Treasury office said Maychou held an operational role in JNIM's activities, while Moussa acted on behalf of JNIM's leader Iyad Ag Ghaly. In 2021, two additional leaders were designated as Specially Designated Global Terrorists: Sidan Ag Hitta and Salem ould Breihmatt.


title: Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin

text: The French government declared that 50 jihadists linked to the al-Qaeda group were killed in central Mali during an operation launched by the French anti-jihadist Barkhane force on 30 October 2020. The French force also confiscated arms and material and captured four of the jihadists live, as per French Defense Minister Florence Parly. The French authorities also confirmed the death of a key JNIM leader Bah ag Moussa with four of his group. He was in charge of terrorist operations and training new extremist recruits. France has deployed more than 5,000 troops in the Sahel region to combat insurgents.


title: Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin

text: On March 29, 2021, a force of about 100 members raided a camp of UN Peacekeepers in Northern Mali, approximately from the Algerian border. Four of the Chadian Peacekeepers were killed in the assault, and 34 wounded. Initial reports suggested that approximately 20 of the jihadists had been killed, a number that was later revised to 40, including Abdallaye Ag Albaka. Ag Albaka was described as "a right-hand man to Iyad Ag Ghaly", and unofficially as the Number 3 man in the organization.


title: Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin

text: The Center for Strategic and International Studies describes JNIM as ""an al Qaeda-affiliated Salafi-jihadist insurgent organization that seeks to replace established state authority with a conservative interpretation of Islamic law.""


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: Payless (formerly known as Payless ShoeSource Inc.) is an international discount footwear chain. Established in 1956 by cousins Louis and Shaol Pozez, Payless was a privately held company owned by Blum Capital, and Golden Gate Capital. In 1961, it became a public company as the Volume Shoe Corporation which merged with The May Department Stores Company in 1979. In the 1980s, Payless was widely known in the U.S. for its Pro Wings line of discount sneakers, which often had Velcro straps instead of laces. In 1996, Payless became an independent publicly held company. In 2004, Payless announced it would exit the Parade chain and would close 100 Payless Shoe outlets. On August 17, 2007, the company acquired the Stride Rite Corporation and changed its name to Collective Brands, Inc. The company had a total revenue for 2011 of US$ 3.4 billion. The company also has a stunt premium banner, Palessi Shoes. Payless is currently owned by a group of investors led by Alden Global Capital and Axar Capital Management.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: It was announced on May 1, 2012, that the company would be purchased by Wolverine World Wide, Blum Capital, and Golden Gate Capital for US$1.32 billion. On December 13, 2016 it was reported that all Payless shoe stores were to be closed in Australia with the loss of 730 jobs. On July 14, 2014, Authentic Brands Group acquired some assets from Payless's division Collective Licensing International, LLC, which included brands such as Airwalk, Hind sports clothing, Vision Street Wear, and Above The Rim.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: In 2019, North American stores including their e-commerce platform filed for bankruptcy. The filing excluded stores outside of North America, which will continue to operate. Payless emerged from bankruptcy on January 16, 2020, and on August 18, 2020, Payless officially dropped 'ShoeSource' from its name, and launched its ecommerce website.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: Circa 1962–63, Volume Shoe company purchased the original Hill Brothers Shoe Company based in Kansas City, Missouri and converted all 25 of their stores to the "Payless" name. In 1971, Volume Shoe obtained the second Hill Brothers Shoe Store chain that was started in St. Louis, Mo in 1956 by Al Melnick and Sol Nathanson with the assistance and aid of the original Hill Brothers in Kansas City. The St. Louis version of "'Hill Brothers Self Service Shoe Store'" went from 3 to 103 stores in the Midwest and South between 1956 and 1971. Volume Shoe originally operated the 103 stores under the "Hill Brothers Self Service" name.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: Starting in 1972, Volume Shoe began to consolidate stores in proximity and convert others to the "Payless" brand. The St. Louis operation of "'Hill Brothers Self Service'" stores were known for their bare bones minimalism and the slogan "two for five – man alive!", that is, women and children's shoes were two pair for five dollars.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: On June 27, 2006, Payless announced that it was launching a new logo created to represent a more stylish, upscale and contemporary company. This is the first rollout of stores in 2012 and beyond.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: Payless, operating as Collective Brands, Inc. formed a division called Collective Licensing International, LLC (CLI) in January 2004, which was based in Englewood, Colorado. CLI held and owned various clothing and sport brands, particularly "youth lifestyle brands" and board-sport brands such as Airwalk, Vision Street Wear, Sims, Lamar and LTD, World Snowboarding Championships, Sugarboards, Carve, genetic, Dukes, Rage, Ultra-Wheels, Hind, Spot Bilt and Skate Attack. The primary purpose of the division was to develop brands and provide them with marketing and branding guidance in various markets.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: On July 14, 2014, Authentic Brands Group acquired some assets from Payless's division Collective Licensing International, LLC.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: In April 2017, the company, struggling with the migration of retail shopping to e-commerce, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It planned to immediately liquidate nearly 400 stores in the United States and Canada. Prior to the bankruptcy, heavily loaded with debt due to a private equity buy out, the company's credit rating was downgraded by Moody's. It has $100 million in loans that will come due in the next five years. The company's bankruptcy announcement was part of a trend of retail closures in 2016–2017 known as the retail apocalypse.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: Payless emerged from bankruptcy court protection in August 2017. The company was the first among a group of retailers going through bankruptcy since 2016 to successfully complete the process of restructuring.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: On February 14, 2019, Payless filed for bankruptcy again for a second time and this time they closed all 2,100 stores in the United States by May 2019. On February 19, 2019, it announced would also close 248 stores in Canada. The 790 stores across Latin America and the other stores internationally would not be affected. Texas A&M University marketing professor and interim director Cheryl H. Bridges then surmised that Payless did not heed the changing retail landscape and "reinvent its stores" quickly enough to stay competitive in a more crowded market.


title: Payless (footwear retailer)

text: Payless emerged from bankruptcy on January 16, 2020, with plans to re-launch a U.S. e-commerce site. On August 18, 2020, Payless, officially dropping 'Shoesource' from its name, did relaunch its e-commerce website. It also announced plans to open between 300 and 500 free-standing stores in North America over the next five years.


title: Where Is Anne Frank

text: Where Is Anne Frank is a 2021 animated magic realism film directed by Israeli director Ari Folman. The film follows Kitty, Anne Frank's imaginary friend to whom she addressed her diary, manifesting in contemporary Amsterdam. Seeking to learn what happened to her creator, Kitty attracts worldwide attention and interacts with undocumented immigrants.


title: Where Is Anne Frank

text: "Where Is Anne Frank" was shown out of competition at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival on 9 July 2021. It was released in France on 8 December 2021 by Le Pacte, on 15 December 2021 in Belgium by Cinéart, on 16 March 2022 in Luxembourg, and on 30 March 2022 in the Netherlands.


title: Where Is Anne Frank

text: "A year from now" in Amsterdam, the glass casing over the first volume of Anne Frank's diary's in the Anne Frank House shatters. As ink from a fountain pen drips onto the pages, the words lift off and manifest into Kitty, a red-haired teenage girl dressed in 1940s clothes and Anne's imaginary friend while writing her diary. Confused by the absence of Anne and her family, Kitty discovers she's invisible and intangible to people while inside the Anne Frank House as she sees civilians tour the museum. Flashbacks to Anne writing her diary in the 1940s show how Kitty remembers the recorded events as if Anne spoke to her while writing.


title: Where Is Anne Frank

text: After dark, two drunk men smash Anne's bedroom window with rocks after seeing Kitty turn on a light, drawing the police's attention and scaring her into fleeing with the diary. Not knowing what happened to the Franks and the time since World War II, Kitty tries to file a missing person report at the police station for Anne. Bemused, the police point her to several places in Amsterdam named after Anne Frank before trying to arrest her when they learn Kitty has Anne's diary. Kitty escapes and meets a boy named Peter, whom she saw stealing wallets in the Anne Frank House yesterday, initially mistaking him for Anne's boyfriend. While skating with him, Kitty discovers how straying too far from the diary will dissolve her into ink. Peter takes her back to the Anne Frank House in the morning after Kitty nearly dies from separation from Anne's diary. After Kitty spends the day sleeping, Peter comes looking for her the next morning, leading the police to seize him for disruption. Knowing him for a burglar, they interrogate him about Kitty but refuse to believe his account about her magical status.


title: Where Is Anne Frank

text: At night, Peter returns to the Anne Frank House, explaining how he's learned how Kitty's powers work. She exits to meet him, drawing the attention of the police and forcing them both to flee again. Kitty trades one of Auguste van Daan's stashed high-price watches for modern clothes and visits the 6th Montessori School Anne Frank's library to catch up on history. She reviews several different published editions of Anne's diary before checking out Otto Frank's memoir and going to the play about Anne. When she criticizes the actors for misquoting Anne, the audience recognizes her from the news and swarms her. Kitty escapes and meets up with Peter, who takes her to a shelter where refugee illegal immigrants live. Awa, a little girl, explains their plight and shows Kitty how her father plans to build a hot air balloon for them to escape.


title: Where Is Anne Frank

text: Kitty confronts Peter about not explaining that Anne and most of her family died. Determined to retrace Anne's footsteps, Kitty and Peter travel by train to Westerbork, Auschwitz, and Bergen-Belsen. Kitty reads Otto's memoir and watches Hanneli Goslar's recordings, becoming more depressed. Upon arriving at Anne and Margot's memorial stone in Bergen-Belsen, a devastated Kitty collapses while sobbing before Peter convinces her to return to Amsterdam with him. When they return to the shelter, they discover the government has scheduled to deport the refugees back to their homelands tomorrow. With her new experiences, Kitty becomes empowered to help them, spray-painting Awa's father's hot air balloon to reveal her location to the world.


title: Where Is Anne Frank

text: With a crowd gathered the next day, Kitty makes an emotional speech, accusing the world of deifying Anne and mishandling her message of helping and saving people. She threatens to burn Anne's diary unless the government agrees to shelter the refugees. Seeing Kitty afraid of what could happen, Peter offers to take her back to the Anne Frank House to live as an immortal, invisible spirit. Despite her fear of death, she declines, as they have fallen in love. After a short deliberation, the officials and police accept Kitty's terms. She hands the diary to Awa, who delivers it to the authorities as Kitty leaves with Peter. After separating from Anne's diary for three hours, Kitty shares a passionate kiss with a distraught Peter before dissolving into ink and dispersing into the wind.


title: Where Is Anne Frank

text: "Where Is Anne Frank" was an initiative of the Anne Frank Fonds developed in partnership with UNESCO, the Claims Conference, the Foundation of the Memory of the Shoah, and various other organizations. The producers originally planned to shoot the movie entirely in stop motion, with the characters to be later replaced in traditional 2D animation. However, they ultimately used 2D animation for most of the film and used stop-motion sets for the background in some scenes.


title: Where Is Anne Frank

text: "Where Is Anne Frank" has garnered an 80% approval rating and an average rating of 6.90/10 on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 50 critics. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Where Is Anne Frank" approaches a well-known story from a fresh angle while powerfully placing it in the context of the horrific tragedy that surrounds it." Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 56 out of 100 based on five critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: Where Is Anne Frank

text: Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" wrote, "The story of Anne Frank and her diary is retold in this fervent, heartfelt and visually wonderful animated film." Sheri Linden of "The Hollywood Reporter" said the film "expresses the story's unspeakable sadness with eloquence and sensitivity." Pete Hammond of "Deadline Hollywood" called it "a complete Anne Frank story reinvention that should resonate in the hearts of the young audience at which it is aimed."


title: Madhu Sapre

text: Madhu Sapre (born 14 July 1971) is an Indian supermodel from Maharashtra. She won Femina Miss India pageant in 1992.


title: Madhu Sapre

text: In the 1990s, Sapre was an athlete who rose to fame when she started modeling at a very young age. As Miss India she represented India at the 1992 Miss Universe pageant, where she was the 2nd runner up.


title: Madhu Sapre

text: Madhu says "All the officials had told us that our answers had to be truthful," she says, "and coming from the heart. Nobody told us we had to be politically correct. I said what my heart told me and I lost. According to me India has been in poverty for many years, so it was not going to suddenly change in one year by my becoming the prime minister. But there are other areas like art and sports in which we can improve. And being a sportsgirl I had suffered because we don't have the equipment and the grounds in India. In the brief time you get to answer I wanted to say all this but perhaps because of my inadequacy in English, I could not express myself." She has also acted in the 2003 film "Boom".


title: Madhu Sapre

text: Milind Soman, a male supermodel and her then-boyfriend, posed nude with her in a print ad for Tuff Shoes. The social service branch of the Mumbai police had registered a case in August 1995 after Sapre and Soman posed in the nude, wearing only shoes and a python wrapped around them. Another case was filed under the Wildlife Protection Act against the advertising agency for illegal use of the python. The accused include the publishers and distributors of two magazines that featured the controversial ad, the advertising agency, the two models and the photographers. The case lasted for 14 years, after which the courts acquitted the accused.


title: Madhu Sapre

text: Sapre lives in Riccione, a small town on the east coast of Italy with her husband, Italian businessman Gian Maria Emendatori and shuttles between India and Italy. They have a daughter together named Indira.


title: Madhu Sapre

text: She met Emendatori through mutual friends while he was in India on a holiday. They got married in 2001, after which she moved to Riccione.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Daufuskie Island, located between Hilton Head Island and Savannah, is the southernmost inhabited sea island in South Carolina. It is long by almost wide – approximate surface area of (5,000 acres). With over of beachfront, Daufuskie is surrounded by the waters of Calibogue Sound, the Intracoastal Waterway and the Atlantic Ocean. It was listed as a census-designated place in the 2020 census with a population of 557.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Accessible only by ferry or barge, and with a full-time population of just over 400, Daufuskie Island contains environmental preserves, private communities, resorts, Gullah houses, diverse art galleries and history. The island was named a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places due to its Gullah and Civil War history. The island is also the setting of Pat Conroy's memoir "The Water Is Wide" recounting Conroy's experiences teaching on Daufuskie in the 1960s.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Daufuskie Island has been inhabited for thousands of years, as evidenced by ancient piles of discarded oyster shells exhibiting pottery shards from all phases of the hunter-gathering period. Prior to European arrival numerous Indian tribes inhabited the Lowcountry and islands. Culturally and linguistically these tribes were of Muskogean stock. "Daufuskie" comes from the Muscogee language and means "sharp feather", for the island's distinctive shape.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: As early as 1523, Spanish explorers were sailing the southeastern coast of North America in search of potential settlements. By 1565, the Spanish had settled in St. Augustine, Florida, and were pushing up the coast establishing and maintaining additional colonies. Concurrent with these 16th-century ambitions for settlement, the French also made attempts at colonization in South Carolina Lowcountry areas. By the mid-1600s the English began to explore the southern coast. Prosperous Caribbean planters sponsored several expeditions to South Carolina. Captain William Hilton and Robert Sandford both made voyages to Port Royal Sound and vicinity. In July 1666 Sanford entered Calibogue Sound between Hilton Head and Daufuskie.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: It was during this period of early exploration that Spanish settlers introduced their distinctive Iberian horses to the Southeastern coast. Today the descendants of these horses are known as "Carolina Marsh Tacky". These sturdy, intelligent horses are particularly well adapted to the swampy and marshy lowcountry region. Examples of this rare breed can still be found on Daufuskie.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: In 1684, Spanish soldiers enlisted the help of native warriors to fight Scottish settlers in Port Royal, and thus began the uneasy and difficult history of native entanglement in European settlement history. The inevitable clash of cultures culminated with the so-called Yamasee uprising that consisted of three brutal battles on the southwestern shore of Daufuskie Island between 1715 and 1717 that gave this piece of land the name it still bears today, Bloody Point.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The quest for religious freedom ultimately brought two European families to Daufuskie Island—the great-grandson of French Huguenot David Mongin, and the daughter of Italian Prince Filippo de Martinangelo who escaped the Inquisition. The story of these two founding families is intertwined throughout their long history, and both rose to become powerful island plantation owners.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The American Revolution brought divided loyalties to the lowcountry. Daufuskie received the nickname "Little Bermuda" during the Revolution due to the residents' Loyalist sentiments. After the Revolution, Daufuskie thrived with the introduction of world-famous sea island cotton, a variety prized by European mills. High quality, sea island cotton exceeded all other long-staple cottons in fiber length, as well as fineness and strength. It was during this period of strong economic growth that several large plantation mansions were constructed.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The building of American wooden tall ships triggered the demand for timber from live oak trees abundant on Daufuskie. This hardwood species, unique to the southeastern coast, was prized by shipbuilders for its strength and resistance to rot, as well as its naturally curved limbs. Daufuskie was in the center of the "live oaking" trade crucial to the development of US maritime power. Shipwrights traveled to Daufuskie and the lowcountry to fell the oaks, hew them, and lug the pieces by oxen to coastal landings. The USS "Constitution"—"Old Ironsides"—was constructed with live oak.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Prior to the Civil War, there were eleven plantations on Daufuskie. Large homes were constructed on several of these tracts – Oakley Hall at Bloody Point, Melrose, and Haig Point. The mansion at Haig Point was unique as it was built of tabby. It was the largest tabby domestic building erected in coastal South Carolina.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Introduced in the southeast by early Spanish settlers, tabby is a type of concrete made by burning oyster shells to create lime, then mixing it with water, sand, ash and broken oyster shells. Three of the best-preserved, tabby-walled single slave dwellings still standing in Beaufort County can be found today at Haig Point.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Early in the Civil War, Union forces occupied the Beaufort-area islands. Union troops on Daufuskie supported the siege and reduction of Fort Pulaski protecting the Savannah River entrance. This Union presence caused white plantation owners to flee, leaving property and slaves behind. After the war, Daufuskie's remoteness allowed Gullah culture to survive and flourish through the generations.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The Gullah language is a legacy of the original slaves and later laborers who remained once the plantations folded. The lowcountry was remote until the mid-20th century, but the isolation of Daufuskie created the perfect climate for the language and manners of the Gullah people to remain remarkably well preserved. The local dialect is heavily influenced by West African languages and rural English. Daufuskie is in the center of the Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Following the Civil War the farming, mining, and timber industries were re-established in Beaufort County and the lowcountry. This activity meant the waterways around Daufuskie, with its critical position between Port Royal and Savannah, became very busy. Navigation aids became necessary to support the increased volume of shipping. In 1873 the Haig Point Range Lights were constructed on the island's northern end. This was followed by the Bloody Point Range Lights in 1883 built to assist ships approaching the Savannah River entrance.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: From the 1880s the oyster industry flourished on Daufuskie. By the turn of the century the island had a population of 2,000-3,000, most of whom worked in this lucrative shellfish trade. The flat coastline, saltmarsh estuary, and natural oyster reefs, combined with a lengthy spawning season, make waters surrounding Daufuskie the perfect habitat for growing abundant clusters of meaty, briny oysters. Daufuskie oysters were known as far away as Bar Harbor and New York. It is reported that the Tsar of Russia preferred Daufuskie oysters.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Eventually, in the 1950s, pollution closed the oyster beds and the island's economy declined. Electricity came to the island in 1953 and telephones in 1972; however, with few opportunities for work, the population shrank to less than a hundred people, leaving a legacy of rich Gullah history. In the 1980s developers started making plans to make Daufuskie Island a residential development destination, and the planned developments of Bloody Point, Melrose, Haig Point, and Oakridge were born. Despite this progress and development, the island's historic district has remained untouched to preserve the Gullah culture, and today the entire island is on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The island's shoreline and tidal range are conducive to the lengthy spawning season of oysters. On the island, the oysters grow in clusters rather than individually. The natives of the island valued the natural abundance of oysters. Massive mounds of shucked oyster shells found on the island stand as testament to the extensive use of oysters on the island by its native residents. Native Americans used the meat of the oysters as food and used shells to fashion tools, fertilizers, and tabby. The oyster industry began on Daufuskie Island in the 1880s, when an Italian immigrant named Luigi Paolo Maggioni leased oyster beds and opened a raw shuck oyster house. Later in 1893, he opened the L.P. Maggioni and Company Oyster Factory. The factory harvested, shucked, steamed, and canned oysters to ship to Savannah. The success of the company brought several others to the island. Several shucking shacks and factories remained on the island after the L.P. Maggioni Company moved to Savannah, Georgia. The oyster industry flourished as people as far away as Bar Harbor and New York considered Daufuskie Island oysters a delicacy. “Daufuski” brand oysters with the distinctive Indian chief label were shipped worldwide, reportedly even enjoyed by Tsar Nicolas II of Russia. The 1930s depression and World War II caused the oyster industry to decline as many left the island for better job opportunities. The industry faced more setbacks as pollution from the Savannah River in the 1950s contaminated the island oyster beds. New wage and hour laws increased labor costs, resulting in the cannery closing after the 1986 spring season. Fortunately, mom-and-pop shops continue to sell oysters on the island.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: To the northeast is the Haig Point Club, a private, member-owned residential club with around 150 year-round residents and over 225 homes.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: South of Haig Point was the Melrose Resort and residential community. Farther south on the eastern side of the island is Oak Ridge, a small undeveloped oceanfront community, followed by Bloody Point, a semi-private residential community.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Melrose Resort remains in disrepair as of April 2019, and the former owner faces charges for using resort money to pay for his own expenses.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The western part of the island is unincorporated land. About 100 residents live in a variety of accommodations, from cabins and small houses to waterfront homes with private docks. This section of the island received federal designation as a historic district in the early 1980s. According to a study conducted by the Savannah College of Art and Design, the island has excellent examples of Gullah homes that have not been altered. There are descendants of the Gullah people living in this area on land which they have owned since just after the Civil War. The Historic District is also known for its artisan shops, "quirky restaurants" and one coffee shop (located in the Mary Fields School where author Pat Conroy once taught), wildlife and historic church. Most of the Historic District is traversed by historic winding dirt roads lined with Live Oaks, most of them looking very much the same as they did at least a century ago, including School Road, Benjie's Point, Prospect Road, Bryant Road, and Pappy's Landing.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: A census in 2007 by the local Daufuskie Island Fire and Rescue Department counted a total of just 429 residents living full-time on the entire island. Rock musician John Mellencamp built a house on the island and uses it as a retreat.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Daufuskie Island is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Beaufort County, in the U.S. state of South Carolina. In covers the population of Daufuskie Island, the southernmost inhabited sea island in South Carolina and a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. It was first listed as a census-designated place (CDP) in the 2020 census with a population of 557.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The island is home to the First Union African Baptist Church, which is Daufuskie's oldest building, and is still in use today as a place of worship.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: There are two historic lighthouses on Daufuskie Island: the Bloody Point Lighthouse, built in 1883, and the Haig Point Lighthouse, built ten years earlier.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The island is part of Beaufort County, South Carolina, and has an elected council. The Daufuskie Island Council serves as the official voice between Daufuskie and the county and other stakeholder groups.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Daufuskie had a long-standing tradition of self-governance, with the Beaufort County Sheriff's office responding only to emergencies. Due to an influx of tourism, the island requested a greater police presence to monitor visitors in 2018. The now-consistent police presence is resulting in an increased number of tickets and warnings for residents and visitors alike for golf cart registrations and open containers.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Daufuskie Island School is a Beaufort County public school built in 1997. It is a modern facility with two classrooms, lunchroom and library. The students are in multigrade classrooms: pre-K through 2nd grade and 3rd grade through 5th grade. Generally there are around 15-18 students each year, and the school has significant community support and many volunteers on the island.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Students in grades 6–12 are transported to Hilton Head Middle School and Hilton Head High School by a ferry. On Daufuskie, these students take a small school bus to the ferry. Once the students reach Hilton Head, they are picked up by a county school bus and taken to their appropriate school campus. The entire trip is about an hour and ten minutes each morning and afternoon. The students often do their homework or simply nap during the boat ride.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: There are no bridges that connect Daufuskie with mainland South Carolina; therefore all island access must come by boat. A public ferry makes several daily transits between Buckingham Landing in the Bluffton area and Melrose Landing on Daufuskie.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Beaufort County provides a subsidized ferry that transports residents. The Haig Point Club has its own private ferry service. There are also several private companies that provide 25-30 minute water taxi services to the island. Residents of the clubs, as well as some of the other residents on the island, use golf carts and bicycles to travel around the island, although there are also some regular vehicles.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The Daufuskie Island Conservancy is one of several local organizations charged with preserving the ecosystem, flora and fauna, and quality of life on Daufuskie Island.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Daufuskie Island boasts a wide variety of nature and animal life. One of the notable animals that inhabit the island is the fox squirrel. The bald eagle is also one of the creatures found on the island.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Daufuskie Island has a humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and cool, refreshing winters.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The Jimmy Buffett song "Prince of Tides" (from his 1988 album "Hot Water") laments the development of Daufuskie and loss of the Gullah culture.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: Pat Conroy's 1972 book "The Water Is Wide" is set on Daufuskie, fictionalized as Yamacraw Island. The book recounts Conroy's experiences teaching on the island in 1969. The book won Conroy a humanitarian award from the National Education Association and an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. The book was made into a feature film, "Conrack", starring Jon Voight in 1974. The novel was also produced as "The Water Is Wide" in 2006, a Hallmark Hall of Fame TV movie starring Jeff Hephner.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: One episode of the National Geographic Channel television series "Diggers" (S2, E10; 2013) featured professional treasure hunters Tim Saylor and George "KG" Wyant visiting Daufuskie seeking pirates' gold.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The March 2014 issue of "Architectural Digest" magazine featured the Daufuskie part-time home of singer John Mellencamp.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: "Travel + Leisure" magazine designated restaurant Marshside Mama's, at the County Landing on Daufuskie, as one of the "Ten Best Beach Bars" in America.


title: Daufuskie Island

text: The Travel Channel show "Bizarre Foods America" featured a segment with Daufuskie native Sallie Ann Robinson on a show (S1, E8; 2012) dedicated to Lowcountry and Gullah food and culture.


title: Hess's law

text: Hess's law of constant heat summation, also known simply as Hess' law, is a relationship in physical chemistry named after Germain Hess, a Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician who published it in 1840. The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a chemical reaction is independent of the sequence of steps taken.


title: Hess's law

text: Hess's law is now understood as an expression of the fact that the enthalpy of a chemical process is independent of the path taken from the initial to the final state (i.e. enthalpy is a state function). According to the first law of thermodynamics, the enthalpy change in a system due to a reaction at constant pressure is equal to the heat absorbed (or the negative of the heat released), which can be determined by calorimetry for many reactions. The values are usually stated for reactions with the same initial and final temperatures and pressures (while conditions are allowed to vary during the course of the reactions). Hess's law can be used to determine the overall energy required for a chemical reaction that can be divided into synthetic steps that are individually easier to characterize. This affords the compilation of standard enthalpies of formation, which may be used to predict the enthalpy change in complex syntheses.


title: Hess's law

text: Hess's law states that the change of enthalpy in a chemical reaction is the same regardless of whether the reaction takes place in one step or several steps, provided the initial and final states of the reactants and products are the same. Enthalpy is an extensive property, meaning that its value is proportional to the system size. Because of this, the enthalpy change is proportional to the number of moles participating in a given reaction.


title: Hess's law

text: In other words, if a chemical change takes place by several different routes, the overall enthalpy change is the same, regardless of the route by which the chemical change occurs (provided the initial and final condition are the same). If this were not true, then one could violate the first law of thermodynamics.


title: Hess's law

text: Hess's law allows the enthalpy change (Δ"H") for a reaction to be calculated even when it cannot be measured directly. This is accomplished by performing basic algebraic operations based on the chemical equations of reactions using previously determined values for the enthalpies of formation.


title: Hess's law

text: Combination of chemical equations leads to a net or overall equation. If the enthalpy changes are known for all the equations in the sequence, their sum will be the enthalpy change for the net equation. If the net enthalpy change is negative (formula_1), the reaction is exothermic and is more likely to be spontaneous; positive Δ"H" values correspond to endothermic reactions. (Entropy also plays an important role in determining spontaneity, as some reactions with a positive enthalpy change are nevertheless spontaneous due to an entropy increase in the reaction system.)


title: Hess's law

text: Hess's law states that enthalpy changes are additive. Thus the value of formula_2 for a single reaction can be calculated from tabulated enthalpies of formation of products and reactants as follows:


title: Hess's law

text: Here, the first sum is over all products p and the second over all reactants r, formula_4 is the stoichiometric coefficient of product p, formula_5 is the stoichiometric coefficient of reactant r, formula_6 is the enthalpy of formation of product p, formula_7 is the enthalpy of formation of reactant r, and the superscript indicates standard state values. This may be considered as the sum of two (real or fictitious) reactions:


title: Hess's law

text: The concepts of Hess's law can be expanded to include changes in entropy and in Gibbs free energy, since these are also state functions. The Bordwell thermodynamic cycle is an example of such an extension that takes advantage of easily measured equilibria and redox potentials to determine experimentally inaccessible Gibbs free energy values. Combining Δ"G" values from Bordwell thermodynamic cycles and Δ"H" values found with Hess's law can be helpful in determining entropy values that have not been measured directly and therefore need to be calculated through alternative paths.


title: Hess's law

text: For entropy, the situation is a little different. Because entropy can be measured as an absolute value, not relative to those of the elements in their reference states (as with Δ"H" and Δ"G"), there is no need to use the entropy of formation; one simply uses the absolute entropies for products and reactants:


title: Mektoub, My Love: Canto Uno

text: Mektoub, My Love: Canto Uno is a 2017 French romantic drama film directed by Abdellatif Kechiche. The film is an adaptation of François Bégaudeau's novel "La Blessure, la vraie". It was screened in the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival. A sequel, entitled "", was released in 2019.


title: Mektoub, My Love: Canto Uno

text: In 1994, Amin a former medical student looking to become a screenwriter, returns from Paris to his hometown of Sète. While there he falls for Ophélie, a young woman who is engaged to another man, but who is having an affair with Amin's cousin Tony.


title: Mektoub, My Love: Canto Uno

text: In 2017 Kechiche announced he was auctioning off the Palme d'or he had received for his previous film "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" in order to finish the film. Producers for "Mektoub" had withdrawn funds during post-production after discovering that Kechiche intended to split "Mektoub" into two or three films. Kechiche did find the funds necessary to finish the film and succeeded in splitting the film with the sequel, "" premiering in 2019.


title: Mektoub, My Love: Canto Uno

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 55%, based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the film has a score of 59 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Dean Heller

text: Dean Arthur Heller (born May 10, 1960) is an American businessman and politician who served as a United States senator for Nevada from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 15th secretary of state of Nevada from 1995 to 2007 and U.S. representative for from 2007 to 2011. He was appointed to the U.S. Senate by Governor Brian Sandoval and elected to a full term in the 2012 election. Heller unsuccessfully ran for a second term in 2018, losing to Democrat Jacky Rosen. He was an unsuccessful candidate for governor of Nevada in 2022.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller was born in Castro Valley, California, to Janet (née MacNelly) and Charles Alfred "Jack" Heller, a mechanic and stock car driver. moved to Carson City, Nevada with his family when he was nine months old. He has five siblings.


title: Dean Heller

text: He graduated from Carson High School in 1978, and was accepted into the University of Southern California, where he earned his BBA, specializing in finance and securities analysis, from the USC Marshall School of Business in 1985. At USC, Heller joined the Sigma Nu social fraternity.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller served two terms in the Nevada Assembly from 1990 to 1994. He represented Carson City, the capital of Nevada. During his time in the Nevada Assembly, Heller worked as a senior commercial banking consultant for Bank of America (1990–1995).


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller was elected secretary of state of Nevada in 1994 and reelected in 1998 and 2002, serving from 1995 to 2007, when he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. As Secretary of State, Heller made Nevada the first state in the nation to implement an auditable paper trail to electronic voting machines.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller decided to run for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2005 in Nevada's 2nd congressional district, after ten-year incumbent Republican Jim Gibbons decided to run for Governor of Nevada. On August 15, 2006, he won the Republican primary with 36% of the vote. He narrowly defeated State Assemblywoman Sharron Angle by 421 votes. Angle received 35% of the vote and former state Assemblywoman Dawn Gibbons (wife of the incumbent) received 25% of the vote.


title: Dean Heller

text: In the general election, Heller defeated Democratic nominee and University of Nevada Regent Jill Derby, by a 49% to 46% margin. Derby carried Washoe County, home to Reno and the largest county in the district. However, Heller ran up enough of a margin in the rest of the district to win. He was likely helped by Gibbons' presence atop the ticket; Gibbons carried his former district in a landslide in his successful run for governor. It was only the third close race in the district since its creation in 1983.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller won the Republican primary again, this time defeating James W. Smack 86% to 14%. In a rematch, Heller defeated Derby in the general election, 52% to 41%. This time he won every county in the district except Clark County.


title: Dean Heller

text: In 2009, Heller was rumored to be a candidate to challenge embattled incumbent Republican Governor Jim Gibbons or Democratic United States Senator Harry Reid in 2010. He declined to run for Nevada Governor or U.S. Senator and instead chose to run for reelection.


title: Dean Heller

text: He was challenged in the Republican primary again. He defeated Patrick J. Colletti 84%–16%. He won reelection to a third term, defeating Nancy Price 63%–36%.


title: Dean Heller

text: During his tenure, Heller was Vice Chairman of the Congressional Western Caucus, playing a leading role in advocating for issues that impact western U.S. states. He opposed the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP).


title: Dean Heller

text: In March 2011, after U.S. Senator John Ensign announced his resignation, Heller declared that he would run for the United States Senate in 2012 to succeed him. Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval then appointed Heller to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by Ensign's resignation. Heller took office on May 9, 2011.


title: Dean Heller

text: In his bid for a full Senate term, Heller faced Nevada's 1st congressional district U.S. Representative Shelley Berkley in November 2012. Heller defeated Berkley, 45.9% to 44.7%.


title: Dean Heller

text: In August 2017, Las Vegas businessman Danny Tarkanian, a strong supporter of President Donald Trump, announced that he would mount a primary challenge to Heller. Tarkanian stated that "we are never going to make America great again unless we have Senators in office that fully support President Trump and his America-First agenda" and explained that he wanted to "repeal Obamacare and end illegal immigration."


title: Dean Heller

text: In September 2017, NBC News reported that Heller was "widely considered the most endangered Senator up for reelection in next year's midterm cycle." He was described as facing "substantial opposition from both conservatives within his own party and a general electorate trending Democratic" and as having "a difficult relationship with President Donald Trump." At a fundraiser, Nevada Republicans were supportive of Trump but critical of Heller.


title: Dean Heller

text: On February 1, 2018, President Trump told Republican National Committee members that he would travel to Nevada to campaign for Heller in a competitive Republican primary. In March 2018, Trump persuaded Tarkanian to drop his challenge to Heller. Tarkanian said that he would instead run for the United States House of Representatives in Nevada's 3rd congressional district with Trump's full support and the incumbent Democrat Jacky Rosen retiring to challenge Heller.


title: Dean Heller

text: In the November 2018 general election, Heller was defeated by Democratic challenger Jacky Rosen. Rosen received 50% of the vote to Heller's 45%, with a variety of third party candidates receiving 5% of the total vote. While Heller carried 15 of Nevada's 17 county-level jurisdictions, Rosen carried the two largest, Clark (home to Las Vegas) and Washoe (home to Reno). Ultimately, Heller could not overcome a 92,000-vote deficit in Clark County.


title: Dean Heller

text: On May 23, 2013, Heller introduced into the U.S. Senate. The bill is an official companion measure to the Good Samaritan Search and Recovery Act of 2013 (H.R. 2166; 113th Congress), introduced in the House by Nevada Representative Joe Heck. The bills would require the federal government to issue permits within 48 hours to volunteer search and rescue groups that would allow them to search federal lands. Heller argued that "the last thing families who have lost loved ones need is the federal government to stand in the way of recovering their remains."


title: Dean Heller

text: In 2013, Heller was one of 18 Senators who voted against the bill to reopen the government during the United States government shutdown of 2013. Regarding the vote, Heller said: "I wanted to be able to support a deal, but this proposal makes no underlying structural changes that will prevent this exact same crisis from happening again in the very near future. Considering this legislation does nothing to place our nation on sound fiscal footing or cultivate a growth economy that will produce jobs in the long term, I cannot support it."


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller campaigned to be elected Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee for the 114th U.S. Congress, but was defeated by Mississippi Senator Roger Wicker on November 13, 2014.


title: Dean Heller

text: A Republican, Heller was ranked as the 5th most bipartisan member of the U.S. Senate during the first session of the 115th United States Congress by the Bipartisan Index, a metric created by The Lugar Center and Georgetown's McCourt School of Public Policy to better gauge congressional bipartisanship.


title: Dean Heller

text: During the Obama administration, there was a degree of friction between Heller and the president. In 2010, Heller criticized Obama for using Las Vegas as a synonym for wasting money. Heller said: “Nevada has one of the most distressed economies in the country, and the President has done little to focus on job creation over the past year.” Heller's relationship with President Trump has undergone considerable evolution. During the 2016 campaign, Heller said Trump "denigrates human beings" and suggested that he wouldn't vote for him, although he later said that he did. In February 2018, the AP noted that Heller, who “had been publicly chided by President Donald Trump months earlier” was now “working closely with the White House.” A “steady rapprochement” had taken place “between the swing-state senator and loyalty-loving president,” stated the AP.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller voted against federal funding for abortion. In 2017 he supported abortion access in cases of rape, incest, or life-endangering harm to the mother.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller came under right-wing criticism in spring 2017, after he told a Reno audience that he had “no problem” funding Planned Parenthood.


title: Dean Heller

text: In 2021, in launching his campaign for Governor, he shifted to much stronger opposition to abortion, saying, "As governor, I'll get the most conservative abortion laws that we can have in this state, regardless with who's controlling the Legislature at the time." He also said, "I like what Texas did," referring to the Texas Heartbeat Act, which prohibited abortion after about the sixth week of gestation. The law contains an exception for abortions carried out to save the mother's life. Although the law prohibits perpetrators of rape or incest from enforcing the law concerning fetuses they have conceived, it does not contain a carve-out allowing all abortions of fetuses conceived by rape or incest.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller supported the initiative by President Barack Obama to normalize relations with Cuba, and was part of a bipartisan delegation to Havana.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller opposed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 that created the Troubled Asset Relief Program characterizing the bill as "a massive bailout of Wall Street". He also opposed the Auto Industry Financing and Restructuring Act of 2008.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller has voted in support of the development of domestic oil, gas and coal. He has also supported tax incentives for renewable energy.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller has confronted the former Trump administration "over its plans to reopen" the Yucca Mountain facility, a large nuclear waste repository near Las Vegas, Nevada. Specifically, Heller is against Trump seeking $47.7 billion in his administration's budget request for fiscal year 2019 "to restart the licensing process for Yucca Mountain". In a letter to the Senate's Energy and Water panel, he called the idea a "breach of state sovereignty", citing "health and safety risks and potentially catastrophic financial risks" involved with the project's approval.


title: Dean Heller

text: The National Rifle Association endorsed Heller during his 2012 U.S. Senate run. From 1998 through 2016, the NRA donated $122,802 to Heller's political campaigns.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller voted in 2011 to allow veterans to register guns bought overseas in the U.S. During his 2012 campaign, he hosted a campaign rally at a gun store in Las Vegas.


title: Dean Heller

text: In 2013, Heller voted against legislation to limit gun magazine capacity, ban assault weapons and to expand background checks on gun sales at gun shows and made on the internet. In the past he has supported more restrictive background checks but voted against them due to fear that a national gun registry could be created.


title: Dean Heller

text: During the 2016 presidential election campaign, Heller said that he was "vehemently opposed" to Donald Trump. By May 2018, "The New York Times" wrote that Heller had come to recently embrace Trump. "CNN" noted that Heller had "aligned himself closely" with Trump after the President in 2017 threatened to support a primary challenge against him. Following the threat, Heller flip-flopped on health care (ultimately supporting a conservative bill to repeal the Affordable Care Act), supported Trump's immigration reform proposal, and avoided direct criticism of Trump for several months. In March 2018, Trump endorsed Heller in his Senate bid, convincing primary challenger Danny Tarkanian to drop out of the race.


title: Dean Heller

text: In 2018, Heller repeatedly confronted the Trump administration over its plans to reopen the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.


title: Dean Heller

text: In April 2018, Heller said that he did not support legislation to protect Special Counsel Robert Mueller from being fired by Trump, saying "I don't think that's going to happen so I don't think there's a need for legislation." Heller said that he did not want the President to fire Mueller but that Mueller should quickly wrap up the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.


title: Dean Heller

text: Since Joe Biden defeated Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election, Heller has repeatedly refused to acknowledge Biden winning the presidency.


title: Dean Heller

text: During the debate prior to the federal healthcare law's passage, Heller said that members of Congress should be forced to join any government-run healthcare plan proposed in early versions of the healthcare law.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller questioned the constitutionality of the law following its passage, and called on Nevada Attorney General Catherine Cortez Masto to join a multi-state lawsuit challenging it.


title: Dean Heller

text: In June 2013, Heller called Obamacare a “colossal monstrosity,” but in April 2014, The Hill named him as one of several “anxious Senate Republicans” who were worried that Republican leaders were “focusing too much this election year on Obamacare.”


title: Dean Heller

text: In June 2017, Heller held a joint press conference with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval, where Heller fervently opposed the American Health Care Act, the Republican Party's repeal and replacement bill for the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Heller said that he could not support a bill "that takes away insurance from tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of thousands of Nevadans."


title: Dean Heller

text: At a Republican Senate meeting held at the White House July 19, 2017, President Trump said "Look, he wants to remain a senator, doesn't he? And I think the people of your state, which I know very well, I think they're gonna appreciate what you hopefully will do." to Heller and the media. A few days later, Heller voted yes to allow debate on legislation to repeal and replace the ACA. Heller was one of seven Republicans who voted 'no' to repealing the ACA without a replacement. Two days later, he voted in favor of "skinny" repeal of the Affordable Care Act. The July 2017 attempt to repeal failed when Republican Senators John McCain, Susan Collins, and Lisa Murkowski voted against the "skinny" repeal proposal. In August 2017, when asked about the Senate's health care votes, Heller said that he was "real pleased at the way this thing turned out".


title: Dean Heller

text: In September 2017, Senators Graham, Cassidy, Heller, Johnson and Santorum proposed another health care reform bill, commonly referred to as "Graham-Cassidy" or "Graham-Cassidy-Heller-Johnson". This bill did not come up for a vote in the Senate, after three Republican Senators said they would not vote for it, making it mathematically impossible to pass.


title: Dean Heller

text: In December 2017, at least 10 protestors were removed from a LIBRE Initiative public event with Senator Heller. Cancer patient and health care activist Laura Packard was escorted out after questioning him about his health care votes.


title: Dean Heller

text: During his 2018 re-election campaign, Heller said that he had authored a bill that would have kept in place protections for preexisting conditions; according to CNN, this was false: the Graham-Cassidy bill would have "actually weakened Obamacare's protections for those with pre-existing conditions. Had that legislation become law, states could have opted to once again allow carriers to base premiums on a person's medical history and to sell skimpier policies that don't cover Obamacare's 10 essential health benefits. Those with pre-existing conditions could have found themselves unable to afford insurance or able to only buy bare bones policies that wouldn't have covered all the treatments they need."


title: Dean Heller

text: In 2010, Heller voted against the DREAM Act, which would have provided a path to citizenship for unauthorized immigrant minors provided that they join the military or go to university. He voted for the comprehensive immigration reform bill created by the "Gang of Eight" in 2013. By February 2018, Heller had moved further to the right on immigration. Heller suggested that he was supportive of Trump's proposed immigration reforms, saying "I have a tendency to support what the president’s trying to do, and that’s probably the position that’s closest to where I am." Trump's proposed immigration reforms would cut legal immigration, increase border security spending, and offer a pathway to citizenship for 1.8 million undocumented immigrants (a far lower number than in the Gang of Eight bill). "Politico" wrote that Heller has "often projected a moderate stance on immigration" but that supporting President Trump's immigration policies could be "useful heading into a primary challenge" from Danny Tarkanian.


title: Dean Heller

text: Heller opposed Trump's 2017 executive order to impose a temporary ban on entry to the U.S. to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries, saying: "I agree that better vetting and border protection measures are necessary to our current immigration system. That's why I support the thorough vetting of individuals entering our country. However, I am deeply troubled by the appearance of a religious ban. The use of an overly broad executive order is not the way to strengthen national security. I encourage the Administration to partner with Congress to find a solution."


title: Dean Heller

text: In a February 2018 interview, Heller said he was optimistic that the two parties would eventually agree on a solution to the DACA issue. In April 2018, Heller said he wanted Congress to find "relief for DACA recipients."


title: Dean Heller

text: In 2015, Heller authored an amendment which provided training for airport security and border patrol personnel to identify victims of human trafficking. The amendment was successfully added to a bill to combat human trafficking.


title: Dean Heller

text: Part of Heller's 2012 campaign platform revolved around his stance on Israel and the nation's relationship with the United States. Heller advocates for American assistance to Israel so that the country will have the ability to defend itself and supports punishments for Iran's pursuit of weapons of mass destruction.


title: Dean Heller

text: In 2011 Heller introduced the Jerusalem Embassy and Recognition Act of 2011, legislation that reaffirms the United States' commitment to Israel to relocate the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.


title: Dean Heller

text: On January 3, 2017, he joined fellow GOP U.S. Senators Ted Cruz (R-TX) and Marco Rubio (R-FL) in introducing a new Jerusalem Embassy and Recognition Act shortly after being sworn into the new 115th Congress. The legislation was intended to eliminate a waiver loophole in the 1995 law to move the Embassy to Jerusalem, and recognize Jerusalem as Israel's official capital.