title: Teesside University

text: In 2015, £6 million was invested in the refurbishment and extension of the university's Orion Building – this includes a three-storey glass extension to house new, industry-standard equipment. It was announced in August 2015, that a further £2.5 million is to be invested in the award-winning Students' Union, and £2 million on campus catering facilities. The library is also expected to see a £5 million investment.


title: Teesside University

text: A £2.5 million health and fitness centre opened at Teesside University's Middlesbrough campus in January 2016.


title: Teesside University

text: Teesside University provides accommodation in self-catered rooms which are mostly reserved for first year undergraduate students. Accommodation is also available for international students, postgraduates, staff and undergraduates.


title: Teesside University

text: The university has a range of managed residences (halls, houses and flats). Further places are available through the university managed housing scheme (properties owned by private landlords but managed by the university).


title: Teesside University

text: In 2015, the university acquired Teesside Central, adding 75 en-suite apartments to its accommodation portfolio. This accommodation is known as Central Halls.


title: Teesside University

text: Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, or MIMA, is a contemporary art gallery in the centre of Middlesbrough, run in partnership with Teesside University.


title: Teesside University

text: The university opened its original Darlington campus in the former Eastbourne Secondary School in the Eastbourne area of Darlington. A new £13 million Darlington campus opened in 2011 at Central Park. Today the Darlington campus is known as the Centre for Professional and Executive Development (CPED).


title: Teesside University

text: The university is set to open a London campus in the Here East complex (the former Olympic media centre) near the Hackney Wick area of London.


title: Teesside University

text: The Vice-Chancellor is Professor Paul Croney, who took up the position in May 2015 when Professor Graham Henderson retired. In April 2005, the university welcomed Lord Sawyer as its Chancellor, succeeding the university's first ever Chancellor, European Commissioner Leon Brittan.


title: Teesside University

text: In research, the university offers an array of routes of study resulting in the qualification of MPhil, PhD, MProf and DProf.


title: Teesside University

text: The Students' Union is led by students for students with three current students elected by the student body to hold the positions of President Education, President Activities and President Welfare in March of each year. They take their posts from July to the end of June each year and have the option to seek re-election for a second and final term if they wish.


title: Teesside University

text: As the officer trustees they sit on a wider board of trustees who oversee the running of the Students' Union which also includes external trustees drawn from the worlds of local government, business, charity and the public sector.


title: Teesside University

text: The union was named Students' Union of the Year at the Bar Entertainment and Dance Association Awards in 2004 and Club Mirror Students' Union of the Year in 2002, as well as finishing runner-up in the latter award in 2007. In 2002/2003, the Students' Union also won the Sport England Volunteer Investment Programme Award, while the Union's bar, The Terrace Bar, was awarded "Best Bar None" status in 2006 and 2008, overcoming competition from universities from across the two regions of the North East and Yorkshire before going on to win four Best Bar None Middlesbrough Awards 2009 recognising outstanding standards of staff training and strong focus on the safety of customers. The Students' Union also won the 2007 "It's Not Funny" competition, winning a live comedy performance featuring Bill Bailey, Marcus Brigstocke, Andrew Maxwell and Simon Amstell. More recently the SU was shortlisted for NUS Students' Union of the Year in 2014, secured the AQS accreditation for the SU Link and gold in the National Best Bar None Awards 2015 recognising exceptional standards in its social spaces The Terrace and The Hub.


title: Teesside University

text: From 2014 the Students' Union has received over £8.5 million to refurbish its building and facilities.


title: Teesside University

text: Conservative Party candidate and filmmaker John Walsh made a film of the 2010 General Election entitled "ToryBoy The Movie" in 2011. The film's re-release in 2015 caused controversy after it was not shown at Teesside University. According to the film-maker, the film was booked by the Student Union, but at the last minute the screening was abruptly halted. The Student Union said the booking was never confirmed. The North Crowd featured an interview with John Walsh on their website where they showed the actual print work that was created by the Student Union


title: Teesside University

text: In academia there are Shirley Congdon, Anne Curry, Jack Hodgson (historian), Julie Mennell and Nicole Westmarland.


title: Teesside University

text: In politics and government: Vera Baird QC, former Member of Parliament for Redcar and former Solicitor General for England and Wales (MA in Local History in c.2004). David Bowe (politician) Jacob Young (politician), Emily Brothers, Deborah Cadman, Khairul Khalil, Ray Mallon, Paul Marsden and Jill Mortimer.


title: Teesside University

text: In the arts and media, Stephen Uppal, actor in "Hollyoaks" (BA (Hons) English Studies in 2002), Wendy Craig, Jamie Dornan, Skin (musician), Mackenzie Thorpe, Rupert Williamson, Tom Blenkinsop and Brendan Cleary.


title: Teesside University

text: Sports people include Ajaz Akhtar, Christian Burgess, Ben Everson, Johanna Jackson, Beth Mead, Chris Newton and Sophie Spence.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Vista Outdoor Inc. is an American designer, manufacturer, and marketer of outdoor sports and recreation products. It operates in two markets: shooting sports and outdoor products. It is a "house of brands" with more than 40 labels and subsidiaries. It trades under "VSTO" on the New York Stock Exchange. Vista Outdoor is the parent company to many ammunition makers, including Federal, CCI, and Remington. In mid 2022, Vista Outdoor announced its intent to split into different companies with new names and stock symbol; One company will focus on sporting goods while the other will focus on ammunition and firearms accessories.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Alliant Techsystems (ATK), entered the ammunition and outdoor products business in 2001. ATK grew through acquisitions and a large increase in demand for ammunition for police, hunting, and other private use.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: ATK told its regulators in December 2014 that it intended first to merge its defense and satellite businesses with Orbital Sciences, and then spin off its sporting ammunition business as a stand-alone public company to be named Vista Outdoor. Vista Outdoor signed an agreement for a $350 million secured loan with a term of five years and a $400 million revolving line of credit. Proceeds were partially used to pay down debt. ATK and Orbital filed a joint proxy statement and prospectus describing the share issuance with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 17, 2014. The same month, the Department of Justice approved to the merger and spinoff.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: ATK spun-off Vista Outdoor after merging with Orbital Sciences and became Orbital ATK on February 9, 2015. Anyone holding ATK common stock at the end of the business day on February 2, 2015, received two shares of Vista Outdoor common stock. Eligible shareholders had their brokerage account credited or received a book-entry account statement reflecting their ownership. Vista Outdoor was thus initially 100% owned by ATK shareholders. Vista Outdoor stock traded on a "when-issued" basis from January 29, 2015, to February 9, 2015. It began "regular way" trading on the New York Stock Exchange on February 10, 2015, under the ticker symbol "VSTO." Shareholders were not required to make any payment or take action of any kind. This transaction was conducted on a tax-free basis. U.S. shareholders generally did not have to recognize a gain or loss for federal tax purposes.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: On February 25, 2016, BRG Sports announced its acceptance of a $400-million cash and earn-out deal to sell its "Action Sports" business to Vista Outdoor. Vista gained control of the Bell Sports, Giro, Blackburn, and C-Preme brands.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: On May 1, 2018, Vista Outdoor announced that it would consider selling its gun manufacturing subsidiaries and Bell, Giro, Blackburn, and Jimmy Styks, to focus on its core brands for outdoors enthusiasts. Months earlier, Vista announced that it was attempting to sell eyewear brands Bolle, Serengeti, and Cebe. The company said its move out of the firearms business had nothing to do with recent boycotts. CEO Christopher Metz said the move had been planned in advance and that Savage Arms and Stevens would require too much investment to rectify their lack of handguns, which make up half the gun market in the US. Metz said he expects the asset sales to be completed by the 2020 fiscal year. Metz said the company would focus heavily on what it called its "heritage ammunition business."


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Vista Outdoor announced on July 9, 2018, that it had reached an agreement with a European private equity fund to sell the Bollé, Cébé and Serengeti eyewear brands.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: On July 9, 2019, Vista Outdoor completed the sale of Savage Arms and Stevens Arms for $170 million to a group of investors led by Savage's management. Vista received immediate gross proceeds of $158 million and a $12-million five-year note. Vista said it will use this money, after paying associated taxes, to reduce its debt.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: On October 13, 2020, Vista Outdoor acquired certain assets related to Remington Outdoor Company's ammunition and accessories businesses, including Remington's Lonoke, AR manufacturing facility and the Remington brand and trademarks, for $81.4 million. Vista Outdoor used a combination of approximately $51 million of cash on hand and approximately $30 million from its asset-based revolving credit facility to complete this transaction.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: In July 2022, Vista Outdoor announced that it would be acquiring Fox Racing for $540 million. The acquisition is expected to close in the second quarter of 2023.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: On January 11, 2017, Vista Outdoor disclosed that it expected to record "a material asset impairment charge in its hunting and shooting accessories reporting unit" for the third quarter of its fiscal year 2017. Vista reported that "the Company's preliminary analysis indicates the impairment charge will be in the range of $400 million to $450 million."


title: Vista Outdoor

text: For fiscal year 2019, Vista Outdoor had sales of $2.1 billion. It lost $648 million. Vista reduced its debt load from $738 million to $581 million due to its sale of Savage Arms.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Responding to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's call for ammunition after Russia invaded Ukraine, Vista Outdoor, supplier of ammunition to Ukraine's military since 2015, pledged to donate 1 million rounds of small-caliber ammunition to the country's armed forces. Vista's ammunition companies Federal and Remington also started selling T-shirts on their websites to raise money for Ukrainian refugees.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Many of Vista's brands are associated with shooting and hunting. The company also makes gear for camping, hiking, skiing, and biking such as flashlights, headlamps, lanterns, helmets, goggles, GPS locators, etc. As of 2019, Vista Outdoor earned about 50% of its profits from businesses units related to shooting sports, such as ammunition makers Federal Premium and CCI.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Also known as Bushnell Outdoor Products, Bushnell specializes in optics. Its products include binoculars, spotting scopes, telescopes, night vision equipment, GPS devices, laser rangefinders, riflescopes, holographic weapon sights, game cameras, and other high-end optical equipment.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: David P. Bushnell founded Bushnell Corporation in 1948 during his service in Allied-occupied Japan. In 1999, private equity firm Windpoint Partners acquired Bushnell. In 2007, Bushnell was acquired by MidOcean Partners, another private equity firm, in a leveraged buyout. In 2008, Bushnell acquired the assets of Simmons Outdoor Corporation from Meade Instruments. ATK announced its acquisition of Bushnell on September 5, 2013, for $985 million in cash, subject to post-closing adjustments.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Cascade Cartridge, usually called CCI Ammunition, is based in Lewiston, Idaho. Initially, CCI made centerfire primers for government use. As of March 2015, it mainly manufactures rimfire ammunition but also makes centerfire handgun ammunition, primers for reloading and industrial purposes, and shotgun shells.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: CCI was founded in 1951 by Dick Speer, brother of Speer Bullets founder Vernon Speer. CCI was previously known as the Speer Ammunition Company.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Federal Cartridge, usually styled Federal Premium, is located in Anoka, Minnesota where it employs roughly 1,000 workers. It was founded in 1922 by Charles L. Horn. Federal Premium manufactures finished shotshell, centerfire, and rimfire ammunition, as well as powder, primer, and shell casings. Federal Premium introduced its Hydra-Shok line of handgun ammunition in 1988 after the FBI requested a bullet with better terminal ballistics than traditional cup-and-core projectiles. Federal Premium manages Vista Outdoor's relationship with the Lake City Army Ammunition Plant.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Kyle Reeves and Jeremy Wilkens founded Jimmy Styks in 2009 in Huntington Beach, California. In July 2015, Vista Outdoor announced its intent to purchase Jimmy Styks for $40 million upfront with additional payments to the founders, who are staying with the company, triggered by meeting financial targets over the next three years. Jimmy Styks makes stand-up paddleboards and accessories. Vista Outdoor will integrate Jimmy Styks into its outdoor products division. This purchase price was a multiple of about 5.5 times the expected 2015 calendar year EBITDA.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: In January 2016, Vista Outdoor announced that it would use its relationships with retailers to expand the number of stores that offer Jimmy Styks products.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Remington Ammunition was formed after Vista Outdoor acquired the Remington brand and ammunition facility in Lonoke, AR in the now defunct Remington Outdoor Company's bankruptcy auction. After shutting down due to Remington's bankruptcy, the Lonoke ammunition plant was retooled in early 2021, ramping up production and running 24/7. Notably, the firearm side of Remington Outdoor Company was not purchased by Vista Outdoor and was reorganized into RemArms. RemArms licenses the Remington brand from Remington Ammunition.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Vista Outdoor announced the acquisition of Camp Chef in September 2016. They offer various products including camp stoves, barbecue grills, pellet grills, smokers, fire pits. Vista Outdoor paid a purchase price of $74 million (excluding tax effects), with $60 million in cash paid at closing and $14 million in an earn-out. The effective multiple of the transaction was approximately 6.4x Camp Chef's expected calendar year 2016 EBITDA.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: In May 2022, Vista Outdoor announced the acquisition of launch monitor and golf simulator manufacturer Foresight Sports. The acquisition valued at $475 million is aimed to aid Vista's Bushnell brand in expanding into new segments.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: In July 2022, Vista Outdoor bought Fox Racing for $540 million. This amount could be increased by $50 million through an earn-out. Fox Racing CEO Jeffrey McGuane will continue in his position following the merger. Fox Racing makes apparel and accessories for mountain biking, motorcross, and BMX.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: In July 2022, Vista Outdoor announced the acquisition of Simms Fishing Products for $192.5 million. Simms makes waders and other fishing equipment. Simms is based in Bozeman, Montana.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: QuietKat is a manufacturer of electric bicycles. Vista Outdoor acquired QuietKat in May 2021. The company is famous for a Super Bowl advertisement featuring a Jeep-branded electric bike.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Metz was named CEO of Vista Outdoor on October 9, 2017. He is responsible for Vista Outdoor's and its subsidiaries' daily operations. Metz is also a managing partner at Kellwood Company. He served as the CEO and president of Arctic Cat from 2014 to 2017. Metz was the managing director of Sun Capital Partners from 2005 until 2014. Metz worked for Black & Decker from 1992 until 2005, where he held numerous positions in senior management. Metz holds an undergraduate degree from the University of Delaware and an MBA from the Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Vista Outdoor's debt was over $1 billion when Metz was hired in 2017. As of December 2019, that debt has been reduced to $562 million. A large portion of this debt reduction is attributable to selling Savage Arms and other subsidiaries. Metz moved Vista Outdoor's headquarters back to Minnesota to cut costs but also to take advantage of what it sees as a favorable business environment in Minnesota.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Mark W. DeYoung was Vista Outdoor's first chairman and CEO. DeYoung retired from Vista Outdoor in July 2017. Independent board member Michael Callahan was acting as interim CEO and chairman as of the same date.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Before heading Vista Outdoor, DeYoung was president and CEO of Alliant Techsystems (ATK) from 2010 to 2015. During his tenure, ATK completed acquisitions of Savage Arms and Bushnell. In 2015, DeYoung led the transaction that spun-off ATK's sporting goods business to create Vista Outdoor and merged ATK's aerospace and defense units with Orbital Sciences forming Orbital ATK. DeYoung previously headed ATK's Armament Systems group, the company's largest business. Under DeYoung, this unit expanded into new markets and increased its revenue from $600 million in fiscal year 2003 to $2.1 billion in fiscal year 2010.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: DeYoung started his career with Hercules Aerospace in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1985. He held numerous management positions at Hercules in its solid rocket motor and composite structures businesses. After ATK acquired Hercules in 1995, DeYoung continued to advance and held roles in finance, operations, composite structures, human resources, and munitions. DeYoung earned an undergraduate degree in business at Weber State University, in Ogden, Utah. He holds an MBA from Westminster College in Salt Lake City, Utah where he taught management and finance and was named "Adjunct Professor of the Year." DeYoung is also a member of Orbital ATK's board of directors.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Under DeYoung, Vista Outdoor took on about $1 billion of debt to finance a series of acquisitions. Many of the companies that were acquired started encountering problems after post-acquisition departures of their founders and senior executives.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Vista Outdoor has about 5,800 employees worldwide, with 4,000 in the United States. The company has manufacturing and support facilities spread over 11 American. states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Canada. It has overseas sales and sourcing operations in Mexico, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. For example, 1,200 of Vista Outdoor's employees staff an ammunition factory in Lewiston, Idaho.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: In June 2015, Vista announced that it would build its new corporate headquarters at Station Park in Farmington City, Utah. As of June 2015, construction was expected to begin during the summer of the same year, with completion expected in the middle of 2016. Station Park is a mixed-use development next to a commuter rail station.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: The company's headquarters were moved to Utah after they applied for and received targeted tax credits from the Utah state government. In its application, Vista Outdoor said it would invest about $10 million in a new facility where about 90 highly-paid employees would work. Counting medical benefits, these employees would be paid about $125 million over seven years. Utah economic development officials expected about $6.7 million in new tax revenue from the project over this period.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: In January 2016, Vista opened a factory in American Fork, Utah to manufacture Gold Tip and Bee Stinger archery products. The new factory is significantly larger than the facility it replaced. The additional space is used for research and development, improved production processes, and better employee amenities.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Vista opened a $35-million ammunition plant in Lewiston, Idaho, in 2017. As of February 2019, Vista employed about 1,135 people in Lewiston. Employment at Vista's Lewiston factory peaked at 1,500 in 2016. Since then, Vista has been reducing its headcount to save costs. This is necessary due to the sharp drop in ammunition sales that followed the election of President Donald Trump. In January 2019, the company asked workers to volunteer for early retirement, but only 20 workers in Lewiston accepted Vista's offer.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: In November 2018, Vista closed its corporate headquarters in Farmington, Utah in order to reduce costs. Vista Outdoor relocated its headquarters to Anoka, Minnesota, near its ammunition factory there.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Vista Outdoor announced that Bozeman, Montana will be the location of its headquarters for outdoor products. Gallatin County will be a major focus of development.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: As part of the 2018 NRA boycott, activists asked retailers to stop selling all Vista Outdoor products over the company's support of the National Rifle Association and manufacturing of assault weapons. Some bicycle shops in Oregon stopped selling Vista Outdoor products. Some cancelled orders or returned stock.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Mountain Equipment Co-op (MEC), with 22 stores across Canada, was pressured by their members to stop selling Vista Outdoor products because it supports the NRA. MEC carries camping and bike gear from Vista Outdoor. MEC stopped orders from Vista Outdoor.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Recreational Equipment, Inc. (REI) stopped ordering Vista Outdoor products due to Vista's lack of action on reducing gun violence. REI lifted its ban on Vista Outdoor products and started carrying them again in September 2019. REI is one of Vista Outdoor's largest customers.


title: Vista Outdoor

text: Running Room, a 122-store Canadian chain, canceled pending orders and stopped buying CamelBak products but sold remaining stock. They cited customer support for dropping the brand and said their health and fitness focus was incompatible with guns.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Abortion in Poland is legal only in cases when the pregnancy is a result of a criminal act or when the woman's life or health is in danger. The last change in the Act on Pregnancy Planning of the Republic of Poland took place on 27 January 2021, when publication of the judgment of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal in the "Dziennik Ustaw RP" took place.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Poland is one of the only few countries in the world where abortion became largely outlawed since the 1990s after decades of permissive liberalized legislation during the communist–era Polish People's Republic. In 2010, about 10 to 15% of abortions on Polish pregnant women had to be carried out outside Poland due to the strict restraints within their own country. Poland's abortion law is also one of the most restrictive in the European Union (EU) and Europe in general, along with a group of other traditionally Roman Catholic countries of the region (e.g. Malta, Liechtenstein, the Vatican, Monaco and Andorra).


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Unlike in other countries where abortion is banned, women in Poland are not subject to a penalty for illegal termination of pregnancy; the medical personnel ordering and carrying out the abortion are subject to criminal penalties including imprisonment. Consent of a physician is required for circumstance (1) above, while abortions in view of circumstance (2) above must be certified by a prosecutor. Parental consent is always required if the woman seeking abortion is a minor.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: In addition, persuading a woman to carry out an illegal termination of her pregnancy is a criminal act.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Until 1932, abortion was banned in Poland without any exceptions (although an abortion performed in order to save the pregnant woman's life in the absence of any other means to do so, might have been unenforced, as an act of necessity). In that year, the new Penal Code legalised abortion only when there were medical reasons and, for the first time in Europe, when the pregnancy resulted from a criminal act.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: This made Poland the first country in Europe outside the Soviet Union to legalize abortion in cases of rape and threat to maternal health. Except during the German occupation during the Second World War, this law was in effect from 1932 to 1956. In Nazi Germany, which included territories of Poland from 1939 to 1945, the law allowing unlimited abortions by Polish women was in force since 9 March 1943. This was the only time in the history of Poland when abortion was legal on request, and in fact, abortion for Poles was often forced by Nazis, especially in German concentration camps such as Waltrop-Holthausen and Ravensbrück.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: In 1956, the Sejm legalised abortion in cases where the woman was experiencing "difficult living conditions". The interpretation of the change in the law varied from a restrictive interpretation in the late 1950s, to one in which abortion was allowed on request in the 1960s and 1970s. It was not uncommon that women from countries where abortions were restricted, such as Sweden, travelled to Poland to carry out abortions which were accessible and affordable there.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: The procedural requirements needed for obtaining a legal abortion were changed several times over the years, in 1956, 1959, 1969, 1981 and 1990.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: The most important change was that of 1990, after the end of Communist rule, when the Ordinance of 30 April 1990 made access to abortion more difficult. Another major change came in 1993, when the law was further tightened, removing entirely "difficult living conditions" as a ground for abortions. As such, abortions could be legally obtained only in cases of serious threat to the life or health of the pregnant woman, as attested by two physicians, cases of rape or incest confirmed by a prosecutor, and cases in which prenatal tests, confirmed by two physicians, demonstrated that the fetus was seriously and irreversibly damaged. In 1996, the law was amended to allow abortion on social grounds. However, this law was struck down in 1997 by the Constitutional Court.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: In June 2011, Polish anti-abortion NGOs collected over 500,000 signatures for a proposed bill to ban abortion in Poland altogether. The bill, while rejected by a majority of the MPs, got enough support to be sent to a Sejm committee for further amendments. The move was criticised by two right-wing opposition parties, Law and Justice and Poland Comes First, which expressed their support for the bill. The left-wing Democratic Left Alliance pursues a pro-choice policy and was against the bill. The ruling Civic Platform, while considering itself in favour of the current legislation, was divided on the matter; more than 60 of the party's MPs voted in favour of the bill.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Poland is one of Europe's most strongly Catholic countries. Despite the Catholic Church opposing abortion, polls show that a majority of Polish people would prefer it to be easier to get an abortion in Poland. However, in 2020, Bishops and lay Catholic groups pressured the governing Law and Justice party to impose a stricter law. This included preventing abortions in the case of foetal abnormalities, which accounted for 98% of all abortions at the time. The Law and Justice party support traditional Catholic values but changing the law was problematic. There was opposition both in parliament and on the streets. In 2016 an estimated 100,000 people, mostly women, protested to block any attempt to tighten the law.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Abortion rights advocates say those numbers reflect the restrictions already in effect, which make it all but impossible for Polish women to obtain a legal abortion, prompting them to seek an illegal abortion or to have an abortion abroad.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: "In practice it takes weeks, sometimes months," to obtain a legal abortion, said Karolina Wieckiewicz, a lawyer and activist with the group Abortion Without Borders (). "Some people decide to risk the battle in Poland; others look for alternatives."


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Dunja Mijatovic, the human rights commissioner of the Council of Europe, which advocates for rights and democratic rule, noted that situation in criticizing the court decision.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: On 22 October 2020, the Polish Constitutional Tribunal found that abortion on eugenic grounds is unconstitutional as it discriminates against the unborn on the grounds of his/her state of health and violates the right to life of every human being, as protected by Article 38 of the Polish Constitution.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: The chief justice, Julia Przyłębska, said in a ruling that existing legislation – one of Europe's most restrictive – that allows for the abortion of malformed fetuses was incompatible with the constitution. After the ruling goes into effect, abortion will only be permissible in Poland in the case of rape, incest or a threat to the mother's health and life, which make up only about 2% of legal terminations conducted in recent years.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Support was expressed by Kaja Godek, who additionally supports the prohibition of abortion when conception occurs as a result of rape. The anti-abortion activist was asked on Radio Zet about the remaining cases of termination of pregnancy. The second option allows abortion if the pregnancy resulted from a prohibited act, such as rape (up to 12 weeks from conception). Godek stated, "I trust that this regulation will also be abolished, because we are for the full protection of life. A child conceived of rape is also a victim of rape. It has the right to conceive."


title: Abortion in Poland

text: On 27 January 2021, the judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal entered into force following its publication in the Journal of Laws.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: The death of a 37-year-old pregnant woman, after her doctors told her they could not perform an abortion of her dead foetus as the foetus's twin was still alive, led to increased protests from women's and abortion-rights activists. The family, as well as the women's rights group All-Poland Women's Strike blame the death on the 2020 verdict, claiming it had a chilling effect on Polish doctors.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: In September 2015, a civil initiative to introduce a complete ban on abortion was rejected in the Sejm. 178 MPs backed the measure, while 206 voted against.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: In April 2016, Polish organizations proposed amended legislation to ban abortion in all cases except to save the woman's life. The bill included penalties to abortion providers with up to five years' imprisonment. The bill passed and was debated in the Sejm from 22 September 2016. The Sejm voted, with the majority in favour of continuing work on the bill. A competing bill proposing liberalization of abortion laws, supported by a civil initiative that succeeded in gathering the required number of signatures, was rejected outright in the same session of the Sejm. If the ban had passed, Poland's abortion restrictions would have mirrored those of Malta and the Vatican, the two countries in Europe with the strongest restrictions on abortion.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: On 22 September 2016, on the day when the bill to ban abortion was debated in the Sejm, the Razem party organized a demonstration called "Czarny Protest" ("Black Protest"), initiated by party member Małgorzata Adamczyk. This was part of a larger campaign, in which people published selfies in black clothing in social media, tagged #czarnyprotest (#blackprotest). In the subsequent days, similar protests were being organized in other Polish cities, such as Wrocław, Łódź and Kraków. Thousands of people took part in the protests in various parts of Poland. On 1 October 2016, a large protest also took place near the Sejm building, organized by Barbara Nowacka of Inicjatywa Polska, who had collected signatures under a citizens' bill to liberalize the Polish abortion law.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: On 3 October 2016, thousands of Polish women went on strike to oppose the proposed legislation for a total ban on abortion. The event was called "Czarny Poniedziałek" ("Black Monday") and was originally proposed in a Facebook post by Polish actress Krystyna Janda. The women modeled their strike on the successful strike for women's rights in Iceland in 1975, refusing to attend school, work, or participate in domestic chores. The pro abortion protesters marched in Warsaw, Gdańsk, Łódź, Wrocław, and Kraków, and demonstrators across Europe marched in solidarity. Approximately 98,000 protestors showed up to decry the new bill. Supporters of the new legislation held counterprotests and Catholic Masses to express alignment with the abortion ban.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: By 5 October 2016, politicians were distancing themselves from the proposed legislation. On 6 October, lawmakers voted the bill down with plans to present a counterproposal from the government.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: In 2016, "Foreign Policy" magazine included Agnieszka Dziemianowicz-Bąk of the Razem party and Barbara Nowacka of Inicjatywa Polska on its annual list of the 100 most influential global thinkers for their role in organizing protests against a total ban on abortion in Poland. In 2018, Forbes magazine included Marcelina Zawisza on its annual European Forbes 30 Under 30 list in the "Law & Policy" category for her role as a co-founder of Razem and one of the organizers of "black protest".


title: Abortion in Poland

text: This protest inspired a similar event in Ireland, Strike 4 Repeal, to repeal the Ireland's Eighth Amendment which banned abortion in nearly all cases.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: What was especially powerful about the Black Protest was the fact that there were events organized in smaller locations, too.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: The protest activities included not only demonstrating in the streets but also (depending on the location) high school students strikes, men's support events, queer community solidarity events, sending letters, changing profile pictures in the social media, fundraising events, entrepreneurs support, doctoral students' strike, prenatal testing, collective meditation, a running race, etc.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Symbols of the protest included umbrellas and coat hangers. Specific weather conditions on 3 October 2016 contributed to establishing a symbol of the latest women's protests in Poland. It was raining during that day but still, thousands of people attended events, bringing their umbrellas to demonstrations to protect themselves from the rain. It also had its symbolic dimension - crowds visually changed into a sea of umbrellas which embodied the purpose of the Black Protest - protecting women from proposed legislation that would restrict their reproductive rights. Coat hangers were brought to the demonstrations as a symbol of the simplest and most primitive instrument that could be used for conducting abortion. Earlier in 2016 (in April), coat hangers were also sent by citizens to the contemporary Prime Minister of Poland, Beata Szydło, as a protest against her support for the abortion ban.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: However, though social media has empowered Polish women, for some it has led to being ostracized by family members or colleagues, and has even cost them their careers. Among the best-known instances was that of Ewa Wnorowska, an educator in Zabrze who has dedicated her life to helping students at a school for children with disabilities. On the day of the first Black Protest, as the movement in support of women's rights in Poland became known, she took a photograph with eleven other colleagues, all wearing black, to show solidarity with the cause. Unbeknownst to her at the time of posting, the photograph gained national traction; it was being splashed over Polish newspapers, social media, and debated far and wide. One of her male colleagues reposted the image with inflammatory comments, and lodged a formal complaint in front of the Disciplinary Board of Education against her. Since then, Human Rights Watch published a 75-page report in February 2019 titled "'The Breath of the Government on My Back': Attacks on Women's Rights in Poland", which has found that government agencies have dragged employees who support women's rights protests or collaborate with women's rights groups before disciplinary hearings and threatened their jobs. The report argued that these were not exceptional cases. A climate of fear arose in Poland, where cases like Wnorowska's were used to show ordinary people that speaking out against the government has consequences.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Although the strikes did not result in a complete reversal of anti-abortion laws in Poland, it brought the conversation of women's reproductive rights to national attention. Thousands of women wore black in solidarity with the cause. Moreover, the protest succeeded in deterring the government from passing a proposed law that would restrict all abortions.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: On 22 October 2020, the Constitutional Tribunal, consisting mainly of judges appointed by the ruling party Law and Justice (PiS), declared the law authorising abortions for malformed fetuses to be unconstitutional, effectively banning most of the small number of official abortions carried out in Poland. Street protests by people opposed to the ruling took place on 22 October, and in 60 Polish towns on the night of 23 October, and again on 24 October, in the town centres, in front of PiS offices, and in front of the office of religious administrations. On 25 October, protesters staged sit-ins in Catholic churches, disrupting Sunday Mass in several cities, including Katowice and Poznań.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: On 23 October, the prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki issued an order for the Military Gendarmerie to help the civilian police in the "protection of safety and public order" starting from 28 October 2020; a nationwide women's strike was scheduled for that day. The official reason for the order was the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. "TVN24" commented that the order was issued during the women's rights protests. The Polish Ministry of Defence stated on Twitter that the Military Gendarmerie's policing role was "standard" and unrelated to the women's rights protests.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: UN independent human rights experts criticize the Poland court's ruling for a near complete ban on abortions on the grounds of fatal or severe foetal impairment. They also called the Polish authorities to respect the rights of men and women protesting against the court's ruling.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: On 30 October 2020, about 100,000 people took to the streets of Warsaw in a protest against the Polish authorities over the ruling on abortion rights.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Confederation wants to "protect human life from the moment of conception". Ruling Law and Justice supports abortion only in case of danger to woman's health and rape. Civic Platform wants to allow abortion for socioeconomic reasons. The Left supports abortion on demand up to the 12th week of pregnancy.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: In a 2014 poll on abortion by the CBOS Public Opinion Research Center, 65% of Poles viewed abortion as immoral and unacceptable and only 27% viewed it as acceptable, a drop of 4% compared to an older poll from 2009. In a CBOS poll from February 2014, more than half of the participants (55%) opposed the right to abortion on request. Furthermore, 71% of the participants believed abortion on request was inappropriate. At the same time, over one-third (37%) thought that abortion should be permitted.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Surveys indicate a conservative turn in the 1990s. Although the supporters of legal abortion prevailed, the difference continuously narrowed. In 2006, when the discussion about introducing a constitutional ban on abortion was publicly conducted, the opponents of legal abortion were for the first time more numerous than supporters of abortion rights. At present the proportions have returned to 2007 levels, when both groups were about equal in size.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Most Poles accept abortion in cases when it is legal under current law. The support for abortion rights when mother's life is in danger is almost universal (87%). Over three-quarters of respondents think that it should be available for women whose pregnancy threatens their health (78%), or was caused by rape or incest (78%). Three-fifths (60%) support the right to abortion if it is known that the child would be disabled.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: The support for legal abortion in cases when it is currently banned is much lower. About a quarter think that it should be legal if the woman is in a difficult material (26%) or personal (23%) situation. Almost one in five respondents (18%) think abortion should be legal if a woman does not want to have a child.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: A poll from 2013 showed that 49% of Poles support current legislation on abortion, 34% think it should be liberalised and 9% think it should be more restrictive.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: A CBOS poll from 2013 found that 75% of Poles think abortion is "always wrong and can never be justified". Only 7% thought there was "nothing wrong with it and could always be justified".


title: Abortion in Poland

text: In a Pew Research poll from 2017, 8% of Polish respondents believed abortion should be legal in all cases and 33% that it should be legal in most cases. On the other hand, 38% believed that it should be illegal in most cases and 13% that it should be illegal in all cases.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: In a poll from 2019, 58% of respondents said that "Women in Poland should have the right to abortion on demand up to the 12th week of pregnancy", 35% was against and 7% of respondents had no opinion on that topic.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: A poll undergone during the first week of the October-November 2020 Polish protests found that 22% of respondents support abortion on demand to the 12th week of pregnancy, 62% support it only in certain circumstances, 11% support making abortion fully illegal while 5% are undecided.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: An OKO.press poll from May 2022 found that 66% of Polish respondents supported allowing abortion up to the 12th week of pregnancy. According to this poll, 83% of women and 80% of men aged 18 to 39 supported abortion. In comparison, 57% of men and 52% of women aged 60 or older supported abortion. Support for abortion also differed between rural and urban Poles, with 78% of respondents living in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants supporting abortion, compared to only 58% of respondents from rural areas.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Another pool (conducted in October 2022) made by Rzeczpospolita (Polish political journalistic magazine) showed that 13.5% asked respondents wanted the abortion law to be liberalized on demand up to 12th week of pregnancy. 26% of people wanted to liberalize current law by turning back to laws existing before October 2020 (in case of fetal abnormalities, rape and incest, and danger to the health of life of the mother). 12.3% want to keep current legislation. 5.3% want abortion to be totally banned and 6.6% has no stance on this matter.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: The Polish Ministry of Health publishes yearly official data on legal abortions and their reasons. The number has been stable over the years, between 1,000 and 2,000. In 2019, there were 1,110 legal abortions, 1,074 of them were for cases of fetal defects. Among these, 271 were for Down syndrome without other anomalies, and 60 cases were for Patau syndrome or Edwards syndrome without other anomalies.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Estimates vary as to how many illegal abortions are carried out each year. The , a feminist NGO, gives a range between and abortions, and about a quarter of all Polish women had terminated a pregnancy. The "Public Opinion Research Center" has the same estimate.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: The BBC reported estimates of illegal abortions per year ranging between 10,000 and 150,000, compared to only 1,000–2,000 legal abortions.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Another way to guess the number of illegal abortions in Poland is to look at worldwide behavior and trends. According to Sedgh, Singh, Henshaw and Bankole in a 2012 article published in "The Lancet", drawing on various reports, the number of fertile women (aged 15–44) who undergo an abortion ranges between about 10 to 40 abortions per 1,000 women, for the 2000s, "in all regions of the world, regardless of the status of abortion laws"; this would imply lower to upper estimates of yearly abortions by Polish women of about 75,000 to 300,000.


title: Abortion in Poland

text: Some women seek abortions abroad with Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovakia being among the more popular destinations for abortions. The UK, Austria, and Ukraine are also countries some women travel to for abortions.


title: Tha Last Meal

text: Tha Last Meal is the fifth studio album by American rapper Snoop Dogg. It was released on December 19, 2000. It was his third and final studio album released on No Limit, his first album on his newly founded label Doggy Style in the United States, and as referenced in the album title, his last record partially owned by his former label Death Row Records. The album was produced by Dr. Dre, Timbaland and Soopafly, among others. The album included the singles "Snoop Dogg (What's My Name Pt. 2)", "Lay Low", "Loosen' Control" and "Wrong Idea". The album was generally met with positive reception with many critics citing it as one his best albums.


title: Tha Last Meal

text: The single "Snoop Dogg (What's My Name II)" was nominated for "Music Video of the Year" at The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards 2001. The album was nominated "Album of the Year" at the same ceremony.


title: Tha Last Meal

text: The single "Wrong Idea" was also included in Bad Azz's second album "Personal Business" released on Doggystyle. The video for the single was also attributed as a Bad Azz track that featured Snoop. "Tha Last Meal" was the final album from Snoop on No Limit Records.


title: Tha Last Meal

text: "Rolling Stone" - 3.5 stars out of 5 - "[His] strongest album since 1993's "Doggystyle"...Snoop's chronic-marinated flow, all menthol-cool and deadpan droop, sounds as smooth as ever."


title: Tha Last Meal

text: "Spin" - 6 out of 10 - "This Meal finds him riding the Dre cache, trying to convince us he's still 'G'ed-up from the feet up'... Timbaland stuttering out the obvious singles...but Dre's laconic thumps-by-the-pound anchor most of the album."


title: Tha Last Meal

text: "Vibe" - 3.5 discs out of 5 - "Deeply steeped in P-funkology...these days, Snoop's songs are simply fun to listen to...nothing groundbreaking, just good solid Snoop-rap."


title: Tha Last Meal

text: "Tha Last Meal" debuted at number nine on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 397,000 copies in its first week, marking the highest debut of the week. It serves as Snoop Dogg's fifth consecutive top-ten album in the United States. In its second week, the album jumped to number five on the "Billboard" 200, selling 248,000 copies. in the third week, the album reached its peak position, reaching the number four in the "Billboard" 200, selling 164,000 copies. The album spent four consecutive weeks on the top-ten of the "Billboard" 200. It serves as Snoop's fifth consecutive album to debut at number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and remained at top for four consecutive weeks. On February 26, 2001, "Tha Last Meal" was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 1 million copies in the United States. In the year of 2001, the album it selling 1.27 million copies, ranking as the 68th best-selling album of the year. As of March 2008, the album sales 2.068 million copies in the United States, marking the third best-selling album by Snoop Dogg's in the country, behind "Doggystyle" (1993) and "Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told" (1998).


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: The Department of Health (DOH; ) is the executive department of the government of the Philippines responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services by all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care, the regulation of all health services and products. It is the government's over-all technical authority on health. It has its headquarters at the San Lazaro Compound, along Rizal Avenue in Manila.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: The head of the department is currently Maria Rosario Vergeire as Officer-in-charge and is nominated by the president of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The health secretary is a member of the Cabinet.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: Americans assembled a military Board of Health on Sept. 10, 1898, with its formal organization on September 29. Upon its creation, Dr. Frank S. Bourns is assigned as president while Dr. C. L. Mullins is assigned as assistant surgeon. The purpose of this Board of Health was to care for injured American troops but as the hostilities between Filipinos and Americans waned in 1901, a civilian Board of Health was now deemed appropriate with Dr. L. M. Maus as the first health commissioner.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: In the early 1900s, 200,222 lives including 66,000 children were lost; three percent of the population was decimated in the worst epidemic in Philippine health history. In view of this, the Americans organized and erected several institutions, including the Bureau of Governmental Laboratories, which was built in 1901 for medical research and vaccine production.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: The Americans, led by Dean Worcester built the UP College of Medicine and Surgery in 1905, with Johns Hopkins University serving as a blueprint, at the time, one of the best medical schools in the world. By 1909, nursing instruction was also begun at the Philippine Normal School. In terms of public health, the Americans improved on the sewer system and provided a safer water supply.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: In 1915, the Bureau of Health was reorganized and renamed into the Philippine Health Service. During the succeeding years leadership and a number of health institutions were already being given to Filipinos, in accordance with the Organic Act of 1916. On January 1, 1919, Dr. Vicente De Jesus became the first Filipino to head the Health portfolio.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: In 1933, after a reorganization, the Philippine Health Service reverted to being known as the Bureau of Health. It was during this time that it pursued its official journal, "The Health Messenger" and established Community Health and Social Centers, precursors to today's Barangay Health Centers.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: By 1936, as Governor-General Frank Murphy was assuming the post of United States High Commissioner, he would remark that the Philippines led all oriental countries in terms of health status.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: When the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated, Dr. Jose F. Fabella was named chief of the Bureau of Health. In 1936, Dr. Fabella reviewed the Bureau of Health's organization and made an inventory of its existing facilities, which consisted of 11 community and social health centers, 38 hospitals, 215 puericulture centers, 374 sanitary divisions, 1,535 dispensaries and 72 laboratories.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: In the 1940s, the Bureau of Health was reorganized into the Department of Health and Public Welfare, still under Fabella. During this time, the major priorities of the agency were tuberculosis, malnutrition, malaria, leprosy, gastrointestinal disease, and the high infant mortality rate.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: When the Japanese occupied the Philippines, they dissolved the National Government and replaced it with the Central Administrative Organization of the Japanese Army. Health was relegated to the Department of Education, Health and Public Welfare under Commissioner Claro M. Recto.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: In 1944, President Manuel Roxas signed Executive Order (E.O.) No. 94 into law, calling for the creation of the Department of Health. Dr. Antonio C. Villarama as appointed Secretary. A new Bureau of Hospitals and a Bureau of Quarantine was created under DOH. Under E.O. 94, the Institute of Nutrition was created in 1948 to coordinate various nutrition activities of the different agencies.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: On February 20, 1958, Executive Order 288 provided for the reorganization of the Department of Health. This entailed a partial decentralization of powers and created eight Regional Health Offices. Under this setup, the Secretary of Health passed on some of responsibilities to the regional offices and directors.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: One of the priorities of the Marcos administration was health maintenance. From 1975 to the mid-1980s, four specialty hospitals were built in succession. The first three institutions were spearheaded by First Lady Imelda Marcos. The Philippine Heart Center was established on February 14, 1975, with Dr. Avelino Aventura as director. Second, the Philippine Children's Medical Center was built in 1979. Then in 1983, the National Kidney and Transplant Institute was set up. This was soon followed by the Lung Center of the Philippines, which was constructed under the guidance of Health Minister Dr. Enrique Garcia.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: With a shift to a parliamentary form of government, the Department of Health was transformed into the Ministry of Health on June 2, 1978, with Dr. Clemente S. Gatmaitan as the first health minister. On April 13, 1987, the Department of Health was created from the previous Ministry of Health with Dr. Alfredo R. A. Bengzon as secretary of health.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: On December 17, 2016, Health Secretary Paulyn Jean Rossel-Ubial announced that in 2017 the government will start paying the hospital bills and medicines of poor Filipinos. She said that the Department of Health (DOH) is capable of taking care of the hospital bills and medicines of poor Filipinos owing to its bigger budget starting in 2017.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: A total of ₱96.336 billion was allocated to the DOH in the 2017 national budget, which includes funds for the construction of additional health facilities and drug rehabilitation centers. Ubial said poor patients in government hospitals do not even have to present Philhealth cards when they avail of assistance. She added that poor patients will no longer be billed by government hospitals.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: Ubial said President Rodrigo Duterte is keen on implementing the program to help poor Filipinos in all parts of the country. She said Philhealth will remain a partner of government hospitals in serving the poor. [https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/12/18/1654653/free-hospitalization-poor-filipinos-2017-doh-chief <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>]


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: Senator Loren Legarda, chair of the Senate committee on finance said that the proposed ₱3.35-trillion national budget for 2017 will provide healthcare assistance to all Filipinos, said an additional ₱3 billion was allocated to the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) to ensure coverage for all Filipinos.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: “The Department of Health (DOH) said there are some eight million Filipinos still not covered by PhilHealth. It is our duty, in serving the public, to extend basic healthcare protection to all our people. That is why we pushed for the augmentation of the PhilHealth’s budget so that in 2017, we achieve universal healthcare coverage,” she said.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: Legarda said universal healthcare coverage means that any non-member of PhilHealth will automatically be made a member upon availment of healthcare service in a public hospital.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: In early January 2020, the Philippines has confirmed the case of Novel coronavirus disease. However, in March, the Philippines went to national lockdowns, citing the beginning of stay-at-home orders, mask mandate, and with social distancing, while it was relatively successful in containing the virus. In February 2021, COVID-19 vaccines has reached the Philippines and began to the administrated.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: The Department of Health was criticized after in a 2021 study saying that the Philippines was 2nd to the last in the world in terms by how effective the Philippine government did response to the pandemic. It was heavily criticized by DOH Secretary Francisco Duque III.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: On 11 February 2022, COVID-19 response has officially ended in the Philippines that the country will likely becoming the transition from pandemic to the endemic phase until now.


title: Department of Health (Philippines)

text: At present, the department is headed by the Secretary of Health, with eight undersecretaries and eight assistant secretaries heading the following teams:


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: Kearney is the county seat of Buffalo County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 30,787 in the 2010 census. It is home to the University of Nebraska at Kearney. The westward push of the railroad as the Civil War ended gave new birth to the community.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: Kearney is located at (40.700731, -99.081150) on I-80 with access to the major markets of Omaha-Lincoln, Denver, Kansas City, Des Moines, Wichita and Cheyenne, Kearney is at the center of a seven-state region and 20 million people.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: Kearney is the principal city of the Kearney, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of Buffalo and Kearney counties.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 30,787 people, 12,201 households, and 7,015 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 12,738 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.3% White, 1.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 3.1% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.3% of the population.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: There were 12,201 households, of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.5% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.96 .


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: The median age in the city was 29 years. 22.2% of residents were under age 18; 20.5% were between ages 18 and 24; 25.6% were aged 25 to 44; 20.6% were aged 45 to 64; and 11.1% were aged 65 years or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 29,952 people, 10,549 households, and 6,160 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,498.5 people per square mile (964.6/km). There were 11,099 housing units at an average density of 1,010.9 per square mile (390.3/km). The racial makeup of the city was 95.18% White, 0.63% African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.92% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.68% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.08% of the population.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: There were 10,549 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.96 .


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under age 18, 23.9% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 17.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: The median income for a household in the city was $34,829, and the median income for a family was $46,650. Males had a median income of $30,150 versus $22,366 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,713. About 7.4% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: In the late 1840s, American settlers traveling westward arrived in significant numbers along the Mormon Trail and Overland Trails. This marked the beginning of Kearney's role as a crossroads on major east-west transportation arteries. In 1848, to safeguard westward migrants traveling through the region, the US Army established a military fort several miles southeast of the present city. Named after famed frontier military officer Stephen W. Kearny, Fort Kearny would become the namesake of the present city and serve as a comfort station for gold prospectors, Pony Express riders, and Union Pacific Railroad workers until 1871.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: The first permanent settlement in the area was called Dobytown, located southeast of the present-day Kearney. The "e" in Kearney was added by mistake sometime afterwards by postmen who consistently misspelled the town name; eventually the spelling became nomenclature.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: The region expanded in 1866 with the arrival of the Union Pacific Railroad. The fixing of a junction point with the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1871 anticipated the establishment of a townsite in the summer of that year. The city of Kearney was incorporated on December 3, 1873, the townsite being fixed a mille north of the Platte River. In 1874, Kearney was chosen to be the seat of Buffalo County, experiencing great population, economic, and infrastructural expansion in subsequent years that transformed the nascent city into the local business, education, and transportation center it remains to this day. This boom would be sustained through the next twenty-years, fueled by a post-Civil War period of frenzied economic expansion and wealth generation (Gilded Age) that was transforming the whole nation. Enterprising investors poured into the burgeoning community from the East and elsewhere, hoping to enrich themselves through ambitious speculative development schemes that, more often than not, turned out to be ill-conceived and economically unsustainable. An irrigation canal, electric street railway, and a five-story opera house were some of the projects to ultimately make it off the drawing board. These flush times would grind to a sudden halt as a result of the agricultural depression and economic crisis of the early 1890s.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: In 1912, a Catholic Diocese was centered here. This status was removed in 1917, with the creation of other dioceses. In 1997, the city began to be used as a titular see by the Catholic Church.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: The council-manager form is used in Kearney. The City Council makes legislative and policy-making decisions. There are five members elected citywide to serve four-year terms which are staggered. The council manager form of government was adopted in 1950. Michael W. Morgan currently serves as city manager.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: The council appoints a city manager to implement policies, prepare a budget, appoints department heads, and recommends areas that the council needs to attend. There are five members elected citywide serving staggered four-year terms. One member of the City Council is chosen by the council to be Mayor. Stanley Clouse is the Mayor.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: Companies headquartered in Kearney include Citizens Telecommunications Company of Nebraska and The Buckle.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: According to Buffalo County Economic Development, the top non-manufacturing employers in the city are:


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: The city operates Kearney Regional Airport located east of the city. Commercial air service is available via United Express with twice-daily service to Denver International Airport, as well as a daily non-stop flight to O'Hare Airport in Chicago, IL. The Union Pacific Railroad east-west main line runs through Kearney. Greyhound Bus Lines stops to pick up or discharge passengers in Kearney at 112 W. Talmadge Rd.


title: Kearney, Nebraska

text: Kearney is home to several museums, many of which reflect its location on the California, Mormon, Oregon, and Pony Express trails, and the Lincoln Highway.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Anandpur Sahib Resolution was a statement with a list of demands made by the Punjabi Sikh political party, the Shiromani Akali Dal, in 1973.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: After the tenure of chief minister Gurnam Singh in the Punjab, newly demarcated in 1966, the Shiromani Akali Dal, were able to capture only one seat at the elections to Indian parliament in 1971 from Punjab's 13 seats. In the Punjab Assembly, following the March 1972 Punjab election, their tally was reduced to 24 seats out of 117, and the Punjab Government passed into the hands of the Congress Party, with Giani Zail Singh as chief minister.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: Following this defeat, the Akali Dal appointed a sub-committee on 11 December 1972, to reflect upon the situation and to reiterate and clarify the party platform. The 12-member committee consisted of Surjit Singh Barnala, Gurcharan Singh Tohra, Jiwan Singh Umranangal, Gurmeet Singh, Dr. Bhagat Singh, Balwant Singh, Gian Singh Rarewala, Amar Singh Ambalavi, Prem Singh Lalpura, Jaswinder Singh Brar, Bhag Singh, and Major General Gurbakhsh Singh of Badhani. The first meeting of the sub-committee took place at Amritsar. The venue then shifted to Chandigarh where the committee completed its task in ten successive meetings. Counsel was available to the sub-committee of Sirdar Kapur Singh, whose impress was carried by the draft emerging from its deliberations. The document was adopted unanimously by the working committee of the Shiromani Akali Dal at a meeting held at Anandpur Sahib on 16–17 October 1973 and came to be known as the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. It was endorsed in the form of a succession of resolutions at the 18th All India Akali Conference of the Shiromani Akali Dal at Ludhiana on 28–29 October 1978.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The resolution included both religious and political issues. It asked for recognising Sikhism as a religion separate from Hinduism. It also demanded that power be generally devoluted from the Central to state governments, and more autonomy to Punjab.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The resolution declaring its goals which would make the state, of a quasi independent status, left only the powers of Foreign Relations, Defense, Currency and


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: General Communications subject to the jurisdiction of the central government. Indira Gandhi, the leader of the Akali Dal's rival Congress, viewed the Anandpur Sahib Resolution as a secessionist document.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The document reached prominence in the 1980s when the Akali Dal and Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale joined hands to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in 1982 in order to implement the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to demands such as a larger share of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Akali Dal officially stated that the Anandpur Sahib Resolution did not envisage an autonomous Sikh State of Khalistan. Its president Harchand Singh Longowal declared:


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: After the Operation Bluestar, Rajiv Gandhi reached a compromise with Longowal called Rajiv-Longowal Accord, on 24 July 1985. The government accepted the demands of Akali Dal who in turn agreed to withdraw their agitation. The accord attracted opposition from several orthodox Sikh leaders of Punjab as well as from the politicians of Haryana. Some of its promises could not be fulfilled due to the disagreements. Harchand Singh Longowal was assassinated by the Sikh militants opposed to the accord.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: 2. Preservation and keeping alive the concept of distinct and sovereign identity of the Panth and building up of appropriate condition in which the national sentiments and aspirations of the Sikh Panth will find full expression, satisfaction and facilities for growth.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: 3. Eradication of poverty and starvation through increased production and more equitable distribution of wealth and also the establishment of a just social order sans exploitation of any kind.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: 4. Vacation of discrimination on the basis of caste, creed or any other ground in keeping with basic principles of Sikhism.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: 5. Removal of disease and ill health, checking the use of intoxicants and provision of full facilities for the growth of physical well-being so as to prepare and enthuse the Sikh Nation for the national defence. For the achievement of the aforesaid purposes, the Shiromani Akali Dal owed society as its primary duty to inculcate among the Sikh; religious fervour and a sense of pride in their great socio-spiritual heritage through the following measures:


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (a). Reiteration of the concept of unity of God, meditation on His Name, recitation of gurbani, inculcation of faith in the Holy Sikh Gurus as well as in Guru Granth Sahib Ji and other appropriate measures for such a purpose.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (b). Grooming at the Sikh Missionary College the Sikh youth with inherent potential to become accomplished preachers, ragis, dhadis and poets so that the propagation of Sikhism, its tenets and traditions and its basic religious values could be taken up more effectively and vigorously.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (c). Baptising the Sikhs on a mass scale with particular emphasis on schools and colleges wherein the teachers as well as the taught shall be enthused through regular study circles.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (e). Generating a feeling of respect for Sikh intellectuals including writers and preachers, who also would be enthused to improve upon their accomplishments.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (f). Streamlining the administration of the gurdwaras by giving better training to their workers. Appropriate steps would also be taken to maintain gurdwara building in proper condition. The representatives of the party in the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee would be directed to focus their resources towards these ends.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (g). Making suitable arrangements for error free publications of gurbani, promoting research in the ancient and modern Sikh history, translating holy gurbani into other languages and producing first-rate literature on Sikhism.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (h). Taking appropriate measures for the enactment of an All India Gurdwaras Act with a view to improving the administration of the gurdwaras throughout the country and to reintegrate the traditional preaching sects of Sikhism like Udasis and Nirmalas, without in any way encroaching upon the properties of their maths.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (i). Taking necessary steps to bring the Sikh gurdwaras all over the world under a single system of administration with a view to running them according to the basic Sikh forms and to pool their resources for the propagation of Sikhism on a wider and more impressive scale.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (j). Striving to free access to all those holy Sikh shrines, including Nanakana Sahib, from which the Sikh Panth has been separated, for their pilgrimage and proper upkeep.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: Resolutions adopted, in the light of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution, at open session of the 18th All India Akali Conference held at Ludhiana on 28–29 October 1978, under the presidency of Jathedar Jagdev Singh Talwandi are as under:


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Shiromani Akali Dal realizes that India is a union and republican geographical entity of different languages, religions and cultures. To safeguard the fundamental rights of the religious and linguistic minorities, to fulfill the demands of the democratic traditions and to pave the way for economic progress, it has become imperative that the Indian constitutional infrastructure should be given a real federal shape by redefining the Central and State relation and rights on the lines of the aforesaid principles and objectives.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The concept of total revolution given by Lok Naik Jaya Parkash Narain is also based upon the progressive decentralization of powers. The climax of the process of centralization of powers of the states through repeated amendments of the Constitution during the Congress regime came before the countrymen in the form of the Emergency (1975), when all fundamental rights of all citizens was usurped. It was then that the programme of decentralization of powers ever advocated by Shiromani Akali Dal was openly accepted and adopted by other political parties including Janata Party, C.P.I. (M), D.M.K., etc.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: Shiromani Akali Dal has ever stood firm on this principle and that is why after a very careful consideration it unanimously adopted a resolution to this effect first at the All India Akali Conference, Batala, then at Anandpur Sahib which has endorsed the principle of State autonomy in keeping with the concept of federalism.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: As such, the Shiromani Akali Dal emphatically urges upon the Janata Government to take cognizance of the different linguistic and cultural sections, religious minorities as also the voice of millions of people and recast the constitutional structure of the country on real and meaningful federal principles to obviate the possibility of any danger to the unity and integrity of the country and, further, to enable the states to play a useful role for the progress and prosperity of the Indian people in their respective areas by a meaningful exercise of their powers.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: This momentous meeting of the Shiromani Akali Dal calls upon the Government of India to examine carefully the long tale of the excesses, wrongs, illegal actions committed [against the Sikhs] by the previous Congress Government, more particularly during the Emergency, and try to find an early solution to the following problems:


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (b) The long-standing demand of the Shiromani Akali Dal for the merger in Punjab of the Punjabi-speaking areas, to be identified by linguistic experts with village as a unit, should be conceded.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (c) The control of headworks should continue to be vested in Punjab and, if need be, the Reorganization Act should be amended.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (d) The arbitrary and unjust Award given by Mrs. Indira Gandhi during the Emergency on the distributions of Ravi-Beas waters should be revised on the universally accepted norms and principles, and justice be done to Punjab.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (e) Keeping in view the special aptitude and martial qualities of the Sikhs, the present ratio of their strength in the Army should be maintained.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: (f) The excesses being committed on the settlers in the Tarai region of the Uttar Pradesh in the name of Land Reforms should be vacated by making suitable amendments in the ceiling law on the Central guidelines.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The chief sources of inspiration of the economic policies and programme of the Shiromani Akali Dal are the secular, democratic and socialistic concepts of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. Our economic programme is based on three principles:


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: While drafting its economic policies and programme, the Shiromani Akali Dal in its historic Anandpur Sahib Resolution has laid particular stress on the need to break the monopolistic hold of the capitalists foisted on the Indian economy by 30 years of Congress rule in India. This capitalist hold enabled the Central government to assume all powers in its hands after the manner of Mughal imperialism. This was bound to thwart the economic progress of the states and injure the social and economic interests of the people. The Shiromani Akali Dal once again reiterates the Sikh way of life by resolving to fulfil the holy words of Guru Nanak Dev:


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: "He alone realizes the true path who labors honestly and shares with others the fruits of that labor."


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Shiromani Akali Dal calls upon the Central and the State governments to eradicate unemployment during the next ten years. While pursuing this aim, special emphasis should be laid on amelioration the lot of the weaker sections, scheduled and depressed classes, workers, landless and poor farmers and urban poor farmers and urban poor. Minimum wages must be fixed for all of them.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Shiromani Akali Dal urges Punjab government to draw up such an economic plan for the state as would turn it into the leading state during the next ten years by raising per capita income to Rs. 3,000 and by generating an economic growth rate of 7% per annum as against 4% at the national level.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Shiromani Akali Dal gives first priority to the redrafting of the taxation structure in such a way that the burden of taxation is shifted from the poor to the richer classes and an equitable distribution of national income ensured.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The main plank of the economic programme of the Shiromani Akali Dal is to enable the economically weaker sections of the society to share the fruits of national income.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Shiromani Akali Dal calls upon the Central government to make an international airport at Amritsar which should also enjoy the facilities of a dry port. Similarly, a Stock Exchange should be opened at Ludhiana to accelerate the process of industrialization and economic growth in the State. The Shiromani Akali Dal also desires that suitable amendments should be made in the Foreign Exchange rules for free exchange of foreign currencies and thereby removing the difficulties being faced by the Indian emigrants.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Shiromani Akali Dal emphatically urges upon the Indian government to bring about parity between the prices of the agricultural produce and that of the industrial raw materials so that the discrimination against such states that lack these materials may be removed.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Shiromani Akali Dal demands that the exploitation of the produces of cash crops like cotton, sugarcane, oil seeds, etc., at the hand of traders should be stopped forthwith and for this purpose arrangements be made for purchase by government of these crops at remunerable prices. Besides, effective steps should be taken by government for the purchase of cotton through the Cotton Corporation.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Shiromani Akali Dal strongly feels that the most pressing national problem is the need to ameliorate the lot of millions of exploited persons belonging to the scheduled classes. For such a purpose the Shiromani Akali Dal calls upon the Central and State governments to earmark special funds. Besides, the state governments should allot sufficient funds in their respective budgets for giving free residential plots both in the urban and rural areas to the Scheduled Castes.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Shiromani Akali Dal also calls for the rapid diversification of farming. The shortcomings in the Land Reforms Laws should be removed, rapid industrialization of the State ensured, credit facilities for the medium industries expanded and unemployment allowance given to those who are unemployed. For remunerative farming, perceptible reduction should be made in the prices of farm machinery like tractors, tubewells, as also of the inputs.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: This huge gathering of the Shiromani Akali Dal regrets the discrimination to which the Punjabi language is being subjected in adjoining States of Himachal, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, etc. It is its firm demand that in accordance with the Nehru Language Formula, the neighboring states of Punjab should give "second" language status to Punjabi because of fairly large sections of their respective populations are Punjabi-speaking.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The meeting regrets that against the "claims" of the refugees who had migrated to Jammu and Kashmir as a result of the partition of the country, no compensation had been provided to them even after such a long time and these unfortunate refugees had been rotting in the camps ever since then.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: This Akali Dal session, therefore, forcefully demands that their claims should be settled soon and immediate steps should be taken to rehabilitate them even if it involves an amendment to section 370 of the Constitution.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The 18th session of the All India Akali Conference take strong exception to the discrimination to which the minorities in other states are being subjected and the way in which their interests are being ignored.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: As such, it demands that injustice against the Sikhs in other states should be vacated and proper representation should be given them in government service, local bodies and state legislatures, through nominations, if need be.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The 18th session of the All India Akali Conference notes with satisfaction that mechanization of farming in the country has led to increase in the farm yield and as a result the country is heading toward self-sufficiency in foodgrain.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: However, the session feels that poor farmers are unable to tale to mechanization because of the enormity of the cost involved.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: As such, the Shiromani Akali Dal urges upon the Government of India to abolish the excise duty on tractors, so that with the decrease in their prices, the smaller farmers may also be able to avail themselves of farm machinery and contribute to increase in agricultural produce of the country.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: This conference of the Shiromani Akali Dal appeals to the Central and State governments to pay particular attention to the poor and laboring classes and demands that besides making suitable amendments in the Minimum Wages Act, suitable legal steps be taken to improve the economic lot of the laboring class, to enable it to lead respectable life and play a useful role in the rapid industrialization of the country.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: This session seeks permission from the Government of India to install a broadcasting station at the Golden Temple, Amritsar, for the relay of Gurbani Kirtan for the spiritual satisfaction of those Sikh who are living in foreign lands.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The session wishes to make it clear that the entire cost of the proposed broadcasting project would be borne by the Khalsa Panth and its overall control shall vest with the Indian Government. It is hoped that the Government would have no hesitation in conceding this demand after due consideration.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: This mammoth gathering of the Shiromani Akali Dal strongly urges upon the Government of India to make necessary amendments in the following enactment for the benefit of the agricultural classes who have toiled hard for the sake of larger national interests:


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: 1. Hindu Succession Act be suitably amended to enable a woman to get rights of inheritance in the properties of her father-in-law instead of the father's.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: 2. The agricultural lands of the farmers should be completely exempted from the Wealth Tax and the Estate Tax.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: This vast gathering of the Shiromani Akali Dal strongly impresses upon the Government of India that keeping in vies that economic backwardness of the scheduled and non-scheduled castes, provisions proportionate to their population should be made in the budget for utilization for their welfare. A special ministry should be created at the centre as a practical measure to render justice to them on the basis of reservations.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The session also calls upon the government that in keeping with the settlement already made, no discrimination should be made between the Sikh and Hindu Harijans in any part of the country.


title: Anandpur Sahib Resolution

text: The Congress government is called upon to vacate the gross injustice, discrimination done to Punjab in the distribution of Ravi-Beas waters. The Central government must also give approval for the immediate establishment of six sugar and four textile mills in Punjab so that the State may be able to implement its agro-industrial policy.


title: Milestones (Miles Davis album)

text: Milestones is a studio album by American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer Miles Davis. It was recorded with his "first great quintet" augmented as a sextet and released in 1958 by Columbia Records.


title: Milestones (Miles Davis album)

text: Tenor saxophonist John Coltrane's return to Davis' group in 1958 coincided with the "modal phase" albums: "Milestones" and "Kind of Blue" (1959) are both considered essential examples of 1950s modern jazz. Davis at this point was experimenting with modes – scale patterns other than major and minor.


title: Milestones (Miles Davis album)

text: Davis plays both trumpet and piano on "Sid's Ahead", a blues which is reminiscent of "Walkin'". He plays trumpet in the ensemble passages and solos on trumpet but moves to the piano to accompany the saxophonists in Garland's absence. "Billy Boy" is a solo feature for Garland and the rhythm section.


title: Milestones (Miles Davis album)

text: In a five-star review, AllMusic's Thom Jurek called "Milestones" a classic album with blues material in both bebop and post-bop veins, as well as the "memorable" title track, which introduced modalism in jazz and defined Davis' subsequent music in the years to follow. Andy Hermann of "PopMatters" felt that the album offers more aggressive swinging than "Kind of Blue" and showcases the first session between saxophonists Coltrane and Cannonball Adderley, whose different styles "feed off each other and push each musician to greater heights." Jim Santella of "All About Jazz" said that the quality of the personnel Davis enlisted was "the very best", even though the sextet was short-lived, and that "Milestones" is "a seminal album that helped shape jazz history."


title: Milestones (Miles Davis album)

text: "The Penguin Guide to Jazz" selected the album as part of its suggested "Core Collection", calling it "one of the very great modern-jazz albums."


title: Milestones (Miles Davis album)

text: "Milestones" was originally released in mono, as well as in electronically re-channeled stereo (also called pseudo-stereo). The album was remixed and remastered in stereo for "The Complete Columbia Recordings of Miles Davis with John Coltrane" and, in 2001, reissued in stereo on the Columbia/Legacy label.


title: Select (SQL)

text: A SELECT statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or more database tables or database views. In most applications, codice_1 is the most commonly used data manipulation language (DML) command. As SQL is a declarative programming language, codice_1 queries specify a result set, but do not specify how to calculate it. The database translates the query into a "query plan" which may vary between executions, database versions and database software. This functionality is called the "query optimizer" as it is responsible for finding the best possible execution plan for the query, within applicable constraints.


title: Select (SQL)

text: codice_1 is the most common operation in SQL, called "the query". codice_1 retrieves data from one or more tables, or expressions. Standard codice_1 statements have no persistent effects on the database. Some non-standard implementations of codice_1 can have persistent effects, such as the codice_15 syntax provided in some databases.


title: Select (SQL)

text: Queries allow the user to describe desired data, leaving the database management system (DBMS) to carry out planning, optimizing, and performing the physical operations necessary to produce that result as it chooses.


title: Select (SQL)

text: A query includes a list of columns to include in the final result, normally immediately following the codice_1 keyword. An asterisk ("codice_17") can be used to specify that the query should return all columns of the queried tables. codice_1 is the most complex statement in SQL, with optional keywords and clauses that include:


title: Select (SQL)

text: The following example of a codice_1 query returns a list of expensive books. The query retrieves all rows from the "Book" table in which the "price" column contains a value greater than 100.00. The result is sorted in ascending order by "title". The asterisk (*) in the "select list" indicates that all columns of the "Book" table should be included in the result set.


title: Select (SQL)

text: The example below demonstrates a query of multiple tables, grouping, and aggregation, by returning a list of books and the number of authors associated with each book.


title: Select (SQL)

text: Under the precondition that "isbn" is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named "title" only exists in the "Book" table, one could re-write the query above in the following form:


title: Select (SQL)

text: However, many vendors either do not support this approach, or require certain column-naming conventions for natural joins to work effectively.


title: Select (SQL)

text: SQL includes operators and functions for calculating values on stored values. SQL allows the use of expressions in the "select list" to project data, as in the following example, which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional "sales_tax" column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the "price".


title: Select (SQL)

text: Queries can be nested so that the results of one query can be used in another query via a relational operator or aggregation function. A nested query is also known as a "subquery". While joins and other table operations provide computationally superior (i.e. faster) alternatives in many cases, the use of subqueries introduces a hierarchy in execution that can be useful or necessary. In the following example, the aggregation function codice_36 receives as input the result of a subquery:


title: Select (SQL)

text: Since 1999 the SQL standard allows named subqueries called common table expressions (named and designed after the IBM DB2 version 2 implementation; Oracle calls these subquery factoring). CTEs can also be recursive by referring to themselves; the resulting mechanism allows tree or graph traversals (when represented as relations), and more generally fixpoint computations.


title: Select (SQL)

text: A derived table is the use of referencing an SQL subquery in a FROM clause. Essentially, the derived table is a subquery that can be selected from or joined to. Derived table functionality allows the user to reference the subquery as a table. The derived table also is referred to as an "inline view" or a "select in from list".


title: Select (SQL)

text: In the following example, the SQL statement involves a join from the initial Books table to the derived table "Sales". This derived table captures associated book sales information using the ISBN to join to the Books table. As a result, the derived table provides the result set with additional columns (the number of items sold and the company that sold the books):


title: Select (SQL)

text: Given a table T, the "query" will result in all the elements of all the rows of the table being shown.


title: Select (SQL)

text: With the same table, the query will result in the elements from the column C1 of all the rows of the table being shown. This is similar to a "projection" in relational algebra, except that in the general case, the result may contain duplicate rows. This is also known as a Vertical Partition in some database terms, restricting query output to view only specified fields or columns.


title: Select (SQL)

text: With the same table, the query will result in all the elements of all the rows where the value of column C1 is '1' being shown in relational algebra terms, a "selection" will be performed, because of the WHERE clause. This is also known as a Horizontal Partition, restricting rows output by a query according to specified conditions.


title: Select (SQL)

text: With more than one table, the result set will be every combination of rows. So if two tables are T1 and T2, will result in every combination of T1 rows with every T2 rows. E.g., if T1 has 3 rows and T2 has 5 rows, then 15 rows will result.


title: Select (SQL)

text: Although not in standard, most DBMS allows using a select clause without a table by pretending that an imaginary table with one row is used. This is mainly used to perform calculations where a table is not needed.


title: Select (SQL)

text: The SELECT clause specifies a list of properties (columns) by name, or the wildcard character (“*”) to mean “all properties”.


title: Select (SQL)

text: Often it is convenient to indicate a maximum number of rows that are returned. This can be used for testing or to prevent consuming excessive resources if the query returns more information than expected. The approach to do this often varies per vendor.


title: Select (SQL)

text: According to PostgreSQL v.9 documentation, an SQL window function "performs a calculation across a set of table rows that are somehow related to the current row", in a way similar to aggregate functions.


title: Select (SQL)

text: The name recalls signal processing window functions. A window function call always contains an OVER clause.


title: Select (SQL)

text: codice_38 may be used for a "simple table" on the returned rows, e.g. to return no more than ten rows:


title: Select (SQL)

text: ROW_NUMBER can be non-deterministic: if "sort_key" is not unique, each time you run the query it is possible to get different row numbers assigned to any rows where "sort_key" is the same. When "sort_key" is unique, each row will always get a unique row number.


title: Select (SQL)

text: The codice_39 window function acts like ROW_NUMBER, but may return more or less than "n" rows in case of tie conditions, e.g. to return the top-10 youngest persons:


title: Select (SQL)

text: The above code could return more than ten rows, e.g. if there are two people of the same age, it could return eleven rows.


title: Select (SQL)

text: This clause currently is supported by CA DATACOM/DB 11, IBM DB2, SAP SQL Anywhere, PostgreSQL, EffiProz, H2, HSQLDB version 2.0, Oracle 12c and Mimer SQL.


title: Select (SQL)

text: Microsoft SQL Server 2008 and higher supports codice_37, but it is considered part of the codice_10 clause. The codice_10, codice_44, and codice_37 clauses are all required for this usage.