title: Inon Zur

text: Zur began his career in 1994 by working on soundtracks for movies, such as "Yellow Lotus", featured at the Sundance Film Festival. He signed on to compose for Fox Family for six years, and made soundtracks for various children's television shows, including "Digimon" and "Power Rangers". By 2002, he estimated that he had composed the soundtrack to over 360 "Power Rangers" episodes. He won his first award during this period in his career, a Telly Award for his work on "". While he enjoyed the work, he began to want to go work somewhere "more intriguing, more advanced, and basically a place that people really appreciate music more"; his agent overcame his initial reluctance and convinced him to work in the video games industry. His first video game soundtrack was 2000's "", which he started composing for the game in 1997. Zur moved on to prestigious titles, composing for the award-winning and critically acclaimed "" in 2001 and "Icewind Dale II" in 2002, among many others. "Icewind Dale II" earned him the first of many nominations for video game music awards, that of the Game Audio Network Guild's Music of the Year award. He continued to work on movies and television programs during these years, composing the soundtrack to "Au Pair" in 1999 and the English version of the 2000 anime series "Escaflowne".


title: Inon Zur

text: Zur's latest movie soundtrack to date was that of 2001's "Au Pair II". He has worked on a few television series since then; his last traditional television soundtrack was for "The Bachelor" in 2002, though he has composed music for three webisode series since then. He continued to work on numerous video games, including "" in 2005 and "Crysis" in 2007. He has garnered several nominations for video game music awards, including his first win, for "Men of Valor" in the Best Original Instrumental track category of the 2004 Game Audio Network Guild awards. His latest released titles have been "Fallout 3" and "Prince of Persia" in 2008, "" and the Nintendo DS version of "" in 2009, "" in 2010, and "Fallout 4" in 2015. has earned Zur his third career award, that of Best Original Song – Video Game for "I Am the One" in the 2009 Hollywood Music In Media Awards.


title: Inon Zur

text: Zur penned the original musical score for "" video game, conducting and recording with the London Philharmonia Orchestra and the Pinewood Singers Choir at the legendary Abbey Road Studios in London. In an industry first, a dedicated concert of his music from "War in the North" was performed each evening at the 2011 "Electronic Entertainment Expo" (E3) in Los Angeles. The one-hour concert series was conducted by Zur and performed by The Hollywood Orchestra and Choir with the participation of The Lyris Quartet and solos from celebrated vocalist Aubrey Ashburn.


title: Inon Zur

text: Zur's compositions have been played several times in live concerts. The first of these was a concert held in Seoul, South Korea, on May 30, 2006, dedicated to his music for "Lineage II: Chronicle V: Oath of Blood". On August 20, 2008, music from his soundtrack to "Crysis" was played in Leipzig, Germany, at a "Video Games Live" concert. His music from and "Prince of Persia" was performed at the September 26, 2009 "A Night in Fantasia 2009" concert in Sydney, Australia, by the Eminence Symphony Orchestra. Zur was a special guest at the concert.


title: Inon Zur

text: Zur's compositions frequently are focused on full orchestras, choir and, in some games like "Prince of Persia", ethnic instruments like Arabic flutes and the woodwind duduk. He has often collaborated with the Northwest Sinfonia orchestra from Seattle, though he has on occasion used other orchestras. Whenever Zur works with a real orchestra, he always conducts it himself. He has named some of his musical influences as classical artists such as Sergey Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, and Beethoven, movie composers like John Williams and Jerry Goldsmith, and jazz artists like George Gershwin and Henry McFeeny. While he would one day like to compose music not intended to be part of a larger piece of media, he finds that the pressure of a deadline and the feedback from the developers are crucial in his development process. He feels that his music sounds best when it is in the context given by the media it was made for, though he feels that performances of the music by itself transforms it "from just a soundtrack to an art form on its own". Zur sometimes collaborates with other musicians while composing his game soundtracks; for example, he worked with Florence and the Machine to create a unique rendition of "I'm Not Calling You A Liar" for the "Dragon Age II" soundtrack.


title: Inon Zur

text: Zur typically is brought in to compose for a game once it is mostly complete, though he notes that that is earlier than for films and television—where nothing changes after he starts besides post-production effects—making video game music composition a more "flexible" process. He finds that it is "crucial" for him to play a game before he can compose music for it, even if it only a development version. Rather than compose music based around the setting in the game where it will be played, Zur composes music around the emotion that he wants the player to feel at that point in the game. While he feels that music composition technology has come far enough in recent years to no longer be a limiting factor in his music, he does feel that the music budgets for games limit what he can create. Zur feels that he is considered in the industry to be a very fast composer, which he attributes to his tendency to compose music "intuitively", rather than spending a lot of time planning it out. When not composing, Zur likes to play video games, especially those he has composed for, as well as play basketball and spend time with his family. The types of projects that he would like to work on in the future that he has not yet done are children's games and soundtracks incorporating jazz music.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: The Golden Buddha, officially titled Phra Phuttha Maha Suwanna Patimakon (; ), commonly known in Thai as Phra Sukhothai Traimit (), is a gold Maravijaya Attitude seated Buddharupa statue, with a weight of 5.5 tonnes (5,500 kilograms). It is located in the temple of Wat Traimit, Bangkok, Thailand. At one point in its history the statue was covered with a layer of stucco and coloured glass to conceal its true value, and it remained in this condition for almost 200 years, ending up as what was then a pagoda of minor significance. During relocation of the statue in 1955, the plaster was chipped off and the gold revealed.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: The origins of this statue are uncertain. It is made in the Sukhothai Dynasty style of the 13th–14th centuries, though it could have been made after that time. The head of the statue is egg-shaped, which indicates its origin in the Sukhothai period. Given that Sukothai art had Indian influences and metal figures of the Buddha made in India used to be taken to various countries mostly during the Pala period.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: Some scholars believe the statue is mentioned in the somewhat controversial Ram Khamhaeng stele. In lines 23–27 of the first stone slab of the stele, "a gold Buddha image" is mentioned as being located "in the middle of Sukhothai City," interpreted as being a reference to the Wat Traimit Golden Buddha.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: At some point, the statue was completely plastered over to prevent it from being stolen. The statue was covered with a thick layer of stucco, which was painted and inlaid with bits of coloured glass. It is believed that this plastering-over took place before the destruction of Ayutthaya kingdom by Burmese invaders in 1767. The statue remained among the ruins of Ayutthaya without attracting much attention.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: In 1801, King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) of Siam, after establishing Bangkok as a new capital city of the Kingdom, and after commissioning the construction of many temples in Bangkok, ordered that various old Buddha images should be brought to Bangkok from the ruined temples around the country.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: At the time of King Rama III (1824–1851), the statue, still covered with stucco, was installed as the principal Buddha image in the main temple building of Wat Chotanaram (Wat Phraya Krai) in Bangkok.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: When Wat Chotanaram, located near Chinatown on the site of modern-day Asiatique, fell into disrepair and was closed, the statue was moved to its present location at the nearby Wat Traimit in 1935. At the time, Wat Traimit was a pagoda of minor significance (like hundreds of other Buddhist temples that exist in Bangkok). Since the temple didn't have a building big enough to house the statue, it was kept for 20 years under a simple tin roof. The true identity of this statue had been forgotten for almost 200 years.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: In 1954, a new Viharn building was built at the temple to house the statue. It was moved to its new location on 25 May 1955; there are a variety of accounts of what exactly happened next, but it is clear that during the final attempt to lift the statue from its pedestal, the ropes broke and the statue fell hard on the ground. At that moment, some of the plaster coating chipped off, allowing the gold surface underneath to be seen. Work was immediately stopped so that an evaluation could be made.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: All the plaster was carefully removed and during the process, photos were taken and are now displayed in the Temple for visitors. Pieces of the actual plaster are also on public display. When all the plaster was removed, it was found that the gold statue actually consisted of nine parts that fit smoothly together. A key was also found encased in plaster at its base, which can be used to disassemble the statue, allowing for easier transportation.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: The golden statue was discovered very close to the commemoration of the twenty-fifth Buddhist Era (2500 years since Gautama Buddha's passing) so the Thai news media was full of reports and many Buddhists regarded the occurrence as miraculous.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: On 14 February 2010, a large new building was inaugurated at the Wat Traimit Temple to house the Gold Buddha. The building also contains the Bangkok Chinatown Heritage Centre and an exhibition on the origin of the Gold Buddha.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: The statue is tall and weighs . (According to another account, the statue measures 3.91 meters from base to top, and 3.10 meters across the lap from knee to knee.) It can be disassembled into nine pieces. The statue was housed in a wat in Ayutthaya until the mid 19th century, and its provenance from Ayutthaya excludes the possibility of it having been made after about 1750.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: At US$1,400 per troy ounce, the gold in the statue (18 karat) is estimated to be worth 250 million dollars. The body of the statue is 40% pure, the volume from the chin to the forehead is 80% pure, and the hair and the topknot, weighing 45 kg, are 99% pure gold.


title: Golden Buddha (statue)

text: The Buddha is represented in the traditional pose of "Bhumisparsha Mudra" (touching the earth with the right hand to bear witness Lord Buddha's enlightenment at Bodh Gaya and victory over Mara). The original statues of Sukhothai sit on a common pedestal form. The flame that crowns the "ushnisha" is an innovation of Sukhothai that symbolises the splendour of spiritual energy. The line of the hairdressing forms a "V" shape in the root of the hairs, underlined by the elegant curve of the eyebrows that join above the aquiline nose, all according to the prescribed rules. The three wrinkles in the neck and the much elongated ear lobes, signs of his former status of prince, also form part of the code, as do the wide shoulders and the chest inflated.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: Bachir Boumaaza (born 9 June 1980), known by the online pseudonym Athene, is a Belgian internet personality and Twitch streamer and YouTuber. He is best known as a World of Warcraft content creator. He is the founder of Gaming for Good and has been involved in numerous charity gaming events to raise money for charities such as Save the Children.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: Born in Borgerhout, Antwerp, Belgium, Boumaaza is the son of a Moroccan-Belgian couple. Both his parents worked in the Justice Department. Boumaaza claimed, in his book "Mijn egotrip", that his childhood was chaotic due to the cultural differences between his mother and father. Being confronted with social issues, including racism and poverty, he says he was instilled with a sense of responsibility to change these conditions. Boumaaza was introduced to video games at a young age.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: Boumaaza entered politics in 2000, and joined the progressive party, Young Green. The party was the youth organization of Groen, formerly known as Agalev. He was, at the age of 20, chosen as a political candidate for Agalev and participated in the Belgian local elections, 2000.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: In 2005, Boumaaza co-founded the Belgian political organization, NEE. Boumaaza operated as the official spokesperson and led the organization. NEE was a political movement aimed at voters who felt dissatisfied with the political climate. As voting is mandatory in Belgium, NEE provided people with the ability to cast blank votes in dissatisfaction. NEE would therefore not occupy their seat in case of election. NEE participated in both the Belgian local elections, 2006 and in the Belgian federal election, 2007 but did not receive enough votes to earn a seat in the city council or senate.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: Boumaaza began making YouTube videos in 2007. He initially focused on "World of Warcraft" videos. In his earliest video, he played a character called Athene, an arrogant, conceited gamer. Boumaaza has also supplemented his online video presence by broadcasting himself live on Twitch.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: The original Athene series was created in 2007. Boumaaza played the role of a conceited "World of Warcraft" player named Athene. His YouTube video "Best Paladin of The World pwning nubs on My Heart Will Go On from Celine Dion" marked the beginning of the series. The original series revolved around the strange and fictional character, Athene, and included in-game commentary of "World of Warcraft" as well as a personal storyline that followed Athene's everyday life.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: During his time playing "World of Warcraft", Boumaaza attained four world records for reaching the game's level cap, and was the first person to reach levels 80 and 85. By 2013, Boumaaza's YouTube videos had been watched more than 382 million times, and his channel had reached nearly 600,000 subscribers.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: The series also featured a mockumentary named "Wrath of the 1337 King" which followed Athene's everyday life. In 2008, Athene created videos with a group called "iPower", primarily focused on his "World of Warcraft" character. The videos made frequent use of misleading titles such as "Sex and Porn is fun" and "Get free sex". Boumaaza's then girlfriend Tania appears in many of the videos and their corresponding thumbnails. Spokesman Reese Leysen said "The way to get lots of views on YouTube is to have a mix of sexiness and total absurdity." The channel's first 20 videos were viewed more than 20 million times.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: Boumaaza had been making some videos as part of a contract with Machinima. In 2013, Boumaaza posted a video to YouTube announcing that he would be leaving Machinima in response to its treatment of YouTube creators.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: As part of the "Sharecraft 2012 Save the Children Challenge", Boumaaza partnered with Razer and DC Entertainment to raise more than US$1 million for charity organization Save the Children. In 2013, Boumaaza created the charitable project "Gaming for Good" to raise money for Save the Children. The project partnered with video game publishers and developers to offer games in exchange for donations to the charity. Through streams on his Twitch account, Boumaaza raised more than US$10 million. By March 2015 the project had raised more than US$20 million in total, and Boumaaza was an official ambassador for Save the Children.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: In September 2013, Gaming for Good coordinated a fundraising event called "The Siege". The Siege was a "World of Warcraft" event where two top guilds, Midwinter and Method raced to complete a raid. The campaign raised over U$2 million over the weekend, quadrupling the initial goal of $500,000. Boumaaza travelled to Liberia to film a documentary on the Ebola crisis. In 2015, Boumaaza assembled a team of livestreamers called The Avengers - a reference to the Marvel superhero team "The Avengers" - who, over the course of 10 days, raised more than 320,000 euros.


title: Athene (gamer)

text: Boumaaza is currently the face of an organization called The Singularity Group. In 2019, video game journalist Chris Bratt published the result of a year-long investigation into Boumaaza and the organization, alleging that Boumaaza is responsible for emotional abuse, misogyny and manipulation of members of the organisation, quoting interviews with ex-members, and showing clips of Boumaaza himself making various statements. Boumaaza denied certain allegations, and called the report a "hit piece".


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: Le bonheur de vivre ("The Joy of Life") is a painting by Henri Matisse. Along with Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon", "Le bonheur de vivre" is regarded as one of the pillars of early modernism. The monumental canvas was first exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants of 1906, where its cadmium colors and spatial distortions caused a public expression of protest and outrage.


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: In the painting, nude women and men cavort, play music, and dance in a landscape drenched with vivid color. In the central background of the piece is a group of figures that is similar to the group depicted in his painting "The Dance" (1909–10).


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: Art historians James Cuno and Thomas Puttfarken have suggested that the inspiration for the work was Agostino Carracci's engraving of after the by the 16th-century Flemish painter Paolo Fiammingo. Based on the many similarities with the engraving, in particular its theme of pastoral fantasy and its composition with the circle of dancers in the background, Cuno came to the conclusion that Carracci's engraving had a decisive influence on the final composition of "Le Bonheur de Vivre".


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: Since the 1980s, art historians have debated the importance of tracing exact sources of inspiration, arguing that this distracts from Matisse's intervention. Though Matisse invokes the tradition of the pastoral landscape, his colors, forms, and figures refuse clear or simple meanings or associations.


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: This painting seems to be Matisse's considered response to the hostility his Fauvist work had met with in the Salon d'Automne in 1905. He made many preparatory sketches of the figures and a cartoon of the composition.


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: When it was exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants in 1906, it was widely criticized for its ambiguous theme and lack of stylistic consistency. Some critics even worried that this was the end of French painting.


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: French Pointillist painter Paul Signac, who had purchased some of Matisse's earlier works, wrote: Matisse, whose attempts I have liked up to now, seems to me to have gone to the dogs. Upon a canvas of two-and-a-half meters, he has surrounded some strange characters with a line as thick as your thumb. Then he has covered the whole thing with flat, well-defined tints, which—however pure—seem disgusting.However, other artists found it inspirational. "Pablo Picasso, who, in an effort to outdo Matisse in terms of shock value, immediately began work on his watershed "Les Demoiselles D’Avignon,"" writes Martha Lucy, associate curator at the Barnes Foundation. This "irritated" Matisse.


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: But by the 1920s, the painting was accepted as a modern masterpiece. Matisse himself considered it one of his most important artworks.


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: Art critic Hilton Kramer wrote that "Le bonheur de vivre" was "the least familiar of modern masterpieces," because it was long held by the Barnes Foundation, which did not allow color reproductions for many years, while the museum itself was until 2012 located in suburban Merion, Pennsylvania.


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: "Le bonheur de vivre" features a large amount of cadmium sulfide-based yellow. Portions of the painting containing cadmium sulfide are turning white or brown, degrading the work. University of Delaware Professor Robert L. Opila, in collaboration with Barbara Buckley, head of conservation at the Barnes, and Jennifer Mass, a senior scientist and head of the Scientific Research and Analysis Laboratory at Winterthur, studied the paint's material microstructure in an attempt to determine why the cadmium sulfide is changing color.


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: “It is a very disheartening phenomenon, considering the painting’s position in history,” says Opila, professor of materials science at UD.


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: Preliminary tests carried out by UD doctoral student Jonathan Church at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France, show that carbon dioxide is reacting with the cadmium sulfide, causing the formation of cadmium carbonate, which is white. Also, the presence of chloride in the paint appears to be acting as a catalyst for the deterioration. Opila and his research team theorize that the binder, an oil similar to linseed oil, may be turning brown.


title: Le bonheur de vivre

text: “The scientific studies being undertaken will contribute significantly to the preservation of the painting and to our understanding of the change that has taken place to the visual appearance of the painting,” says Buckley.


title: Paul Darrow

text: Paul Darrow (born Paul Valentine Birkby; 2 May 1941 – 3 June 2019) was an English actor. He became best known for playing Kerr Avon in the BBC science fiction television series "Blake's 7" between 1978 and 1981. His many television roles included two appearances in another BBC science fiction series, "Doctor Who", playing Captain Hawkins in "Doctor Who and the Silurians" (1970) and Tekker in "Timelash" (1985). He was also the voice of "Jack" on independent radio stations JACKfm and Union JACK, whose lines included dry-witted comments pertaining to current events.


title: Paul Darrow

text: Darrow was born Paul Valentine Birkby in Chessington, Surrey, on 2 May 1941. He received his formal education at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, before studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. While at RADA, he shared a flat with fellow actors John Hurt and Ian McShane.


title: Paul Darrow

text: His television appearances include: "Emergency – Ward 10", "The Saint", "Z-Cars", "Dixon of Dock Green", "Within These Walls", as the Sheriff of Nottingham in the 1975 BBC series "The Legend of Robin Hood", as Mr. Tallboy in the 1973 adaptation of Dorothy L. Sayers' "Murder Must Advertise", as Thomas Doughty in the television film "Drake's Venture", "Dombey and Son", "Maelstrom", "Making News", "Pie in the Sky", "Hollyoaks", "Toast of London" and "Little Britain". He provided the voiceover for Biblical quotations in Richard Dawkins's "The Root of All Evil?". He had a one-off appearance in the 1990 series of "Cluedo" but did not play the murder victim. He was also the presenter of the BBC3 reality series "Hercules" (2004).


title: Paul Darrow

text: Darrow appeared as the character Avon, for which he was best known, in all but the first episode of "Blake's 7". Proud of his work on that series, Darrow acted as its most prolific spokesman, both in the UK and the US, during the late 1980s. In the mid-to-late 1990s, he purchased the rights to "Blake's 7" and attempted to produce a big-budget follow-up mini-series, "Blake's 7: A Rebellion Reborn". According to Darrow, it would have begun 25 years after the ending of the original series and might have included an ageing Avon passing the torch to a new generation.


title: Paul Darrow

text: His film credits are few, but include roles as doctors in "The Raging Moon" (1971) and the Bond movie "Die Another Day" (2002), for which he filmed but much of his material was deleted before the film went on release to cinemas. Darrow appears briefly in the final product.


title: Paul Darrow

text: Darrow recorded voice-overs and straplines for UK JACKfm station in Oxfordshire. He also provided the voice of the character Grand Moff Tarkin in the computer game "". He also voiced the character of Zarok in the PlayStation game "MediEvil"; his recordings were re-used in the game's 2019 remake. Darrow appeared in "Emmerdale" from 13 July 2009, playing Eddy Fox, Alan Turner's friend; he knows Turner as "Tank". He also played the character of Kaston Iago in the "Kaldor City" audio releases.


title: Paul Darrow

text: Darrow also provided the voice of a main character in the PC game "". The actress Glynis Barber, who played Soolin in "Blake's 7", provided the voice for the main female character. The game was narrated by Tom Baker of "Doctor Who" fame.


title: Paul Darrow

text: Darrow played the role of Sam Vimes in the 1998/99 touring production of the play based on Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel "Guards! Guards!".


title: Paul Darrow

text: In 2004, Darrow was the subject of the fourth volume of MJTV's "The Actor Speaks" audio CDs, featuring frank interviews and dramatic pieces, alongside guest Peter Miles, with a piece specifically written by Tanith Lee.


title: Paul Darrow

text: Darrow narrated the 2008 audio book of Terry Nation's classic children's story "Rebecca's World: Journey to the Forbidden Planet" (2008)


title: Paul Darrow

text: In 2012, Darrow returned to the role of Kerr Avon in Big Finish Productions' "Blake's 7: The Liberator Chronicles", a series of dramatic readings which take place during Series One, Two and Three of the original show. He also reprised the part in "Blake's 7: The Classic Audio Adventures", a full-cast audio drama series.


title: Paul Darrow

text: In 2015, Darrow starred as Paul Rand, the enigmatic business man in charge of the business institute Atlas in the interactive video game "". A sequel was planned in 2016, but never came to fruition.


title: Paul Darrow

text: On 27 October 2018, Darrow appeared on (and won) a celebrity sci-fi edition of the quiz show "Pointless", along with fellow "Blake's 7" star Michael Keating.


title: Paul Darrow

text: In the mid-1960s Darrow married the actress Janet Lees-Price. They were married almost fifty years, until her death in 2012, and lived in later life in Billingshurst, West Sussex.


title: Paul Darrow

text: In his last years Darrow suffered a decline in health. In 2014, he had an aortic aneurysm, and due to complications during its treatment, surgeons had to amputate both his legs. He died on the morning of 3 June 2019 at the age of 78. The 2019 remake of "MediEvil", which featured Darrow as the voice of the main antagonist Zarok, was dedicated to his memory.


title: Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi

text: Giuseppe Garibaldi is an Italian aircraft carrier, the first through-deck aviation ship ever built for the Italian Navy, and the first Italian ship built to operate fixed-wing aircraft. She is equipped with short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft and helicopters. "Giuseppe Garibaldi" was involved in combat air operations off Somalia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Libya.


text: The "Giuseppe Garibaldi" is the fourth ship of the Italian Navy to be named after the 19th-century Italian General Giuseppe Garibaldi. All four ships, including the missile cruiser, together with an image of Garibaldi, are depicted in the crest.


text: Built by Fincantieri (Italcantieri) at the Monfalcone shipyards on the Gulf of Trieste, she was laid down on 26 March 1981, launched on 11 June 1983, and commissioned on 30 September 1985. "Garibaldi" is classed as an anti-submarine warfare carrier (ASW), and she is based in Taranto.


text: The ship is powered by four Fiat COGAG gas turbines built under license from GE, offering a sustained power of 81,000 hp (60 MW). Driving two shafts the ship has a maximum speed of and can travel for at around .


text: The ship was equipped with four Otomat Mk2 short range surface-to-surface missile system installed at the stern of the vessel (removed in 2003 to improve the flight deck and satellite communications) and two ILAS three triple tube torpedo launchers. Defences are provided by two eight-cell SAM launchers firing the SARH "Aspide" missile, and three Oto Melara Twin 40L70 DARDO CIWS.


text: The ship also has several countermeasures, including two SCLAR twenty-barrel launchers for chaff, decoy, flares, or jammers, the SLQ-25 Nixie and SLAT anti-torpedo systems and ECM systems.


text: The air arm consists of a maximum of sixteen AV-8B Harrier IIs and two search and rescue helicopters, or eighteen Agusta helicopters or a mix of helicopters and fighters. The flight deck is the characteristic off-axis design with a 6.5-degree ski-jump for STOL aircraft; she is long and wide.


text: A 1937 law gave control of all national fixed-wing air assets to the Italian Air Force, and the navy was only permitted to operate helicopters. At the time of the ship's commissioning of "Garibaldi", the Italian Naval Aviation did not receive her Harriers, so she was reclassified as an "Incrociatore portaeromobili" (Italian for "Aircraft carrying cruiser"). Until 1988 only Italian helicopters landed on her deck, as well as Royal Navy Sea Harriers during NATO joint maneuvers. The ban on fixed-wing aircraft was lifted in 1989, and the Italian Navy acquired Harrier II fighters to fly from the "Giuseppe Garibaldi".


text: In 2009 "Giuseppe Garibaldi" was replaced as the flagship of the Italian Navy by the new and larger carrier .


text: In 1999 with the Kosovo War in the Balkans, Italy committed Harrier AV-8B II+ fighters embarked aboard "Giuseppe Garibaldi" from 13 May to early June 1999. The planes carried out 30 sorties in 63 hours of flight. The aircraft used Mk 82 GBU-16 bombs and AGM-65 Maverick missiles. The Italian naval force, in addition to the aircraft carrier "Giuseppe Garibaldi" with her air group, included the .


text: Following the attacks of 11 September 2001 and the war on terror declared by U.S. President Bush, Italy participated in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. "Giuseppe Garibaldi" was engaged as the command ship of GRUPNAVIT I, 1 Italian Shipping Group, which also included "Zeffiro", the patrol team and the airman supplier in Etna. The group set sail from Taranto on 18 November 2001. They trained in the Indian Ocean from 3 December 2001 to 1 March 2002 and returned to Taranto on 18 March 2002. During the mission, the AV-8B Harrier unit carried out 288 missions for a total of 860 hours of flight. Tasks carried out included interception/interdiction, sea and air support, and aircraft interdiction in Afghanistan.


text: Participating in the 2011 military intervention in Libya after the transfer of authority to NATO and the decision to participate in strike air-ground operations, the Italian government assigned under NATO command four Italian Navy AV-8B plus (from Garibaldi) in addition to Italian air force aircraft. As of 24 March, the Italian Navy was engaged in Operation Unified Protector with the light aircraft carrier "Garibaldi", the "Maestrale"-class frigate and the auxiliary ship . Additionally the and "Maestrale"-class frigate were patrolling off the Sicilian coast in an air-defence role. In total, until the end of the mission in Libya, the eight Italian Navy AV-8Bs flying from the carrier "Giuseppe Garibaldi" dropped 160 guided bombs during 1221 flight hours.


title: Bill Nye Saves the World

text: Bill Nye Saves the World is an American television show streaming on Netflix hosted and created by Bill Nye. It is both a sequel and a revival of sorts of Bill Nye The Science Guy, which is also created by Bill Nye. The show's byline was, "Emmy-winning host Bill Nye brings experts and famous guests to his lab for a talk show exploring scientific issues that touch our lives", with the series' focus placed on science and its relationship with politics, pop culture, and society. Unlike Nye's previous show "Bill Nye the Science Guy" (which is revived in this show) which was intended for children, "Bill Nye Saves the World" is intended for adults (especially those adults who watched "Bill Nye the Science Guy" when they were children during its original run in the 1990s). As such, some episodes have Nye discuss topics that would be considered inappropriate to mention to minors.


title: Bill Nye Saves the World

text: Though the show was hosted by Nye, five correspondents assist in the presentation of the show. These include fashion model Karlie Kloss, science YouTuber and educator Derek Muller, comedian Nazeem Hussain, comedian and writer Joanna Hausmann, and the TV host and producer Emily Calandrelli. The show's theme song was produced by Tyler, the Creator. The thirteen-episode first season premiered on April 21, 2017. A six-episode second season premiered on December 29, 2017, and a six-episode third season was released on May 11, 2018. Reception to the series has been mixed, with the first season being reviewed more positively by critics than audiences.


title: Bill Nye Saves the World

text: The thirteen-episode first season premiered on April 21, 2017. It explores topics such as climate change, alternative medicine, and video games from a scientific point of view, while also refuting myths and anti-scientific claims.


title: Bill Nye Saves the World

text: On June 15, 2017, Nye announced on his Facebook page that the series had been renewed for a six-episode second season, which premiered on December 29, 2017.


title: Bill Nye Saves the World

text: On April 9, 2018, Netflix announced the show had been renewed for a six-episode third season, released on May 11, 2018.


title: Bill Nye Saves the World

text: "Bill Nye Saves the World" received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics but negative from audiences. The first season has an aggregate rating of 63/100 based on 5 reviews from Metacritic and a Rotten Tomatoes score of 73% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10, while receiving only 28% audience approval based on over 500 user ratings. The performance segments of the show have been the focus of criticism. In particular, Rachel Bloom's performance in episode 9 has been described as "strange", "out of place", and a "painful couple of minutes". Conversely, NPR's "Fresh Air" said the show is "fun to watch," working well with Nye's "consistent reliance on scientific and provable facts." "Vox" praised Nye's unapologetic talking style, though worried this may alienate some viewers.


title: Lucy Gaskell

text: Lucy Gaskell (born 10 July 1980) is a British actress. She studied at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in 1998.


title: Lucy Gaskell

text: Gaskell made her professional stage debut in the Oxford Stage Company's production of "The Cherry Orchard" which toured the UK in June/July 2003. Gaskell was nominated for the Best Newcomer 2003 award by the Royal Television Society for her role in "Cutting It".


title: Lucy Gaskell

text: Gaskell is known for the roles of Ruby Ferris in the BBC One drama series "Cutting It" and Kirsty Clements in "Casualty". She has also appeared in television and in theatre in numerous roles including "Waking the Dead", "Holby City", and "Where the Heart Is". Other recent roles include Kathy Costello Nightingale in the 2007 "Doctor Who" episode "Blink" and Judy in "Lesbian Vampire Killers". In 2010 she began a recurring role in the BBC horror drama "Being Human" as Sam, the love interest of main character George. From 2010 to 2011, she starred in "Casualty", playing nurse Kirsty Clements, starring alongside schoolfriend Georgia Taylor, who plays Dr Ruth Winters. When she joined "Casualty" she said in interviews that she was contracted indefinitely, but her pregnancy meant that she left after only one year.


title: Lucy Gaskell

text: Gaskell has been married to actor Mark Bonnar since 28 December 2007. They have two children: Martha, born July 2011, and Samuel, born June 2015.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Theodore Bevry Olson (born September 11, 1940) is an American lawyer, practicing at the Washington, D.C., office of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher. Olson served as United States Assistant Attorney General of the Office of Legal Counsel (1981–1984) under President Ronald Reagan and United States Solicitor General (2001–2004) under President George W. Bush.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Theodore Olson was born in Chicago, the son of Yvonne Lucy (Bevry) and Lester W. Olson. He grew up in Mountain View, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. He attended Los Altos High School where he graduated in 1958. In 1962, Olson graduated "cum laude" from the University of the Pacific with a degree in communications and history where he was a charter member of the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity chapter. He earned his J.D. degree from the UC Berkeley School of Law in 1965. At Berkeley, Olson served as a contributor to the "California Law Review" and was a member of Order of the Coif.


title: Theodore Olson

text: In 1965, Olson joined the Los Angeles, California, office of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher as an Associate. In 1972, he was named Partner.


title: Theodore Olson

text: From 1981 to 1984, Olson served as an Assistant Attorney General (Office of Legal Counsel) in the Reagan administration. While serving in the Reagan administration, Olson was Legal Counsel to President Reagan during the Iran-Contra Affair's investigation phase.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Olson was also the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel when then President Ronald Reagan ordered the Administrator of the EPA to withhold the documents on the ground that they contained "enforcement sensitive information." This led to an investigation by the House Judiciary Committee that later produced a report suggesting Olson had given false and misleading testimony before a House subcommittee during the investigation. The Judiciary Committee forwarded a copy of the report to the Attorney General, requesting the appointment of an independent counsel investigation.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Olson argued that the Independent Counsel took executive powers away from the office of the President of the United States and created a hybrid "fourth branch" of government that was ultimately answerable to no one. He argued that the broad powers of the Independent Counsel could be easily abused or corrupted by partisanship. In the Supreme Court Case "Morrison v. Olson", the Court disagreed with Olson and found in favor of the Plaintiff and independent counsel Alexia Morrison.


title: Theodore Olson

text: He returned to private law practice as a partner in the Washington, D.C., office of his firm, Gibson Dunn.


title: Theodore Olson

text: A high-profile client in the 1980s was Jonathan Pollard, who had been convicted of selling government secrets to Israel. Olson handled the appeal to United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. Olson argued the life sentence Pollard received was in violation of the plea bargain agreement, which had specifically excluded a life sentence. Olson also argued that the violation of the plea bargain was grounds for a mistrial. The Court of Appeals ruled (2‑1) that no grounds for mistrial existed.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Olson argued a dozen cases before the Supreme Court prior to becoming Solicitor General. In one case, he argued against federal sentencing guidelines; and, in a case in New York state, he defended a member of the press who had first leaked the Anita Hill story. Olson successfully represented presidential candidate George W. Bush in the Supreme Court case "Bush v. Gore", which effectively ended the recount of the contested 2000 Presidential election.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Olson was nominated for the office of Solicitor General by President Bush on February 14, 2001. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 24, 2001, and took office on June 11, 2001. In 2002, Olson argued for the federal government in the Supreme Court case "Christopher v. Harbury" (536 U.S. 403). Olson maintained that the government had an inherent right to lie: “There are lots of different situations where the government quite legitimately may have reasons to give false information out.” In July 2004, Olson retired as Solicitor General and returned to private practice at the Washington office of Gibson Dunn.


title: Theodore Olson

text: In 2006, Olson represented a defendant journalist in the civil case filed by Wen Ho Lee and pursued the appeal to the Supreme Court. Lee sued the federal government to discover which public officials had named him as a suspect to journalists before he had been charged. Olson wrote a brief on behalf of one of the journalists involved in the case, saying that journalists should not have to identify confidential sources, even if subpoenaed by a court. In 2011, Olson represented the National Football League Players Association in the 2011 NFL lockout.


title: Theodore Olson

text: In 2009, he joined with President Clinton's former attorney David Boies, who was also his opposing counsel in "Bush v. Gore", to bring a federal lawsuit, "Perry v. Schwarzenegger", challenging Proposition 8, a California state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage. His work on the lawsuit earned him a place among the Time 100's greatest thinkers. In 2011, Olson and David Boies were awarded the ABA Medal, the highest award of the American Bar Association. In 2014, Olson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Brendan V. Sullivan, Jr.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Apple Inc. hired Olson to fight the FBI–Apple encryption dispute court order to unlock an iPhone, which ended with the government withdrawing its case.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Olson also represented New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady in the Deflategate scandal, which ended with Brady electing not to pursue Supreme Court appeal of a four-game suspension.


title: Theodore Olson

text: In 2017, Olson represented a group of billboard advertisers in a lawsuit against the City of San Francisco. The group challenged a city law requiring soda companies to include in their advertisements warnings that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with serious health risks like diabetes. The suit claimed that the law is an unconstitutional restriction on commercial speech. In September 2017, a panel of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals agreed with Olson and provisionally barred the city's mandated warnings.


title: Theodore Olson

text: In March 2018, Olson turned down an offer to represent Donald Trump in the probe of Russian interference in the 2016 election.


title: Theodore Olson

text: In November 2019, Olson represented the DACA recipients in the Supreme court case "Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California". On June 18, the Supreme Court upheld the program due to the failure of the Trump Administration to follow the Administrative Procedure Act while rescinding DACA.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Olson has been married four times. His first marriage was to Karen Beatie whom he met in college at the University of the Pacific. Olson's second wife was Jolie Ann Bales, an attorney and a liberal Democrat. Olson's third wife, Barbara Kay Olson (née Bracher), an attorney and conservative commentator, was a passenger aboard the hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 that crashed into a sector of the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. Her original plan was to fly to California on September 10, but she delayed her departure until the next morning so she could wake up with her husband on his birthday. Before she died, she called her husband to warn him about the flight. Some of the phone call was recorded and can still be heard today. On October 21, 2006, Olson married Lady Evelyn Booth, a tax attorney from Kentucky and a lifelong Democrat.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Olson was a founding member of the Federalist Society. He has served on the board of directors of "American Spectator" magazine. Olson was a prominent critic of Bill Clinton's presidency, and he helped prepare the attorneys of Paula Jones prior to their Supreme Court appearance. Olson served Giuliani's 2008 presidential campaign as judicial committee chairman. In 2012 he participated in Paul Ryan's preparation for the vice presidential debate, portraying Joe Biden. He is one of the outspoken advocates for gay marriage in the Republican Party.


title: Theodore Olson

text: Prior to President Bush's nomination of D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals Judge John G. Roberts, Olson was considered a potential nominee to the Supreme Court of the United States to fill Sandra Day O'Connor's post. Following the withdrawal of Harriet Miers' nomination for that post, and prior to the nomination of Third Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Samuel Alito, Olson's name was again mentioned as a possible nominee.


title: Theodore Olson

text: In September 2007, Olson was considered by the Bush administration for the post of Attorney General to succeed Alberto Gonzales. The Democrats, however, were so vehemently opposed that Bush nominated Michael Mukasey instead.


title: Chinese alphabet

text: There have been Chinese alphabets, that are pre-existing alphabets adapted to write down the Chinese language. However, the standard Chinese writing system uses a non-alphabetic script with an alphabet for supplementary use. There is no original alphabet native to China. China has its Pinyin system though sometimes the term is used anyway to refer to logographic Chinese characters ("sinograms"). It is more appropriately used, though, for phonemic transcriptions such as pinyin. However, there were attempts to replace the whole Chinese script with alphabets but failed in the end, so the Chinese characters were kept. Simplified Chinese characters replaced Traditional Chinese characters, which the original form is still used today in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau. Simplified Chinese is used in mainland China and Singapore.


title: Chinese alphabet

text: For another phonetic script in widespread use in Taiwan (often called an alphabet but actually a semi-syllabary) see:


title: Chinese alphabet

text: Under the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), an alphabetic script called 'Phags-pa was used to write Late Middle Chinese (as well as Tibetan and Mongolian).


title: Rhodochrosite

text: Rhodochrosite is a manganese carbonate mineral with chemical composition MnCO. In its (rare) pure form, it is typically a rose-red color, but impure specimens can be shades of pink to pale brown. It streaks white, and its Mohs hardness varies between 3.5 and 4. Its specific gravity is between 3.5 and 3.7. It crystallizes in the trigonal system, and cleaves with rhombohedral carbonate cleavage in three directions. Crystal twinning often is present. It is transparent to translucent with refractive indices of "nω"=1.814 to 1.816, "nε"=1.596 to 1.598. It is often confused with the manganese silicate, rhodonite, but is distinctly softer. It is officially listed as one of the National symbols of Argentina.


title: Rhodochrosite

text: Rhodochrosite forms a complete solid solution series with iron carbonate (siderite). Calcium, (as well as magnesium and zinc, to a limited extent) frequently substitutes for manganese in the structure, leading to lighter shades of red and pink, depending on the degree of substitution. It is for this reason that the most common color encountered is pink.


title: Rhodochrosite

text: Rhodochrosite occurs as a hydrothermal vein mineral along with other manganese minerals in low temperature ore deposits as in the silver mines of Romania where it was first found. Banded rhodochrosite is mined in Capillitas, Argentina.


title: Rhodochrosite

text: It was first described in 1813 in reference to a sample from Cavnic, Maramureş, present-day Romania. According to Dimitrescu and Radulescu, 1966 and to Papp, 1997, this mineral was described for the first time in Sacaramb, Romania, not in Cavnic, Romania. The name is derived from the Greek word ῥοδόχρως meaning "rose-colored".


title: Rhodochrosite

text: Its main use is as an ore of manganese, which is a key component of low-cost stainless steel formulations and certain aluminium alloys. Quality banded specimens are often used for decorative stones and jewelry. Due to its being relatively soft, and having perfect cleavage, it is very difficult to cut, and therefore rarely found faceted in jewelry.


title: Rhodochrosite

text: Manganese carbonate is extremely destructive to the amalgamation process used in the concentration of silver ores, and were often discarded on the mine dump.


title: Rhodochrosite

text: Rhodochrosite is Argentina's "national gemstone". Colorado officially named rhodochrosite as its state mineral in 2002.


title: Protostome

text: Protostomia () is the clade of animals once thought to be characterized by the formation of the organism's mouth before its anus during embryonic development. This nature has since been discovered to be extremely variable among Protostomia's members, although the reverse is typically true of its sister clade, Deuterostomia. Well known examples of protostomes are arthropods, molluscs, annelids, flatworms and nematodes. They are also called schizocoelomates since schizocoely typically occurs in them.


title: Protostome

text: Together with the Deuterostomia and Xenacoelomorpha, these form the clade Bilateria, animals with bilateral symmetry, anteroposterior axis and three germ layers.


title: Protostome

text: In animals at least as complex as earthworms, the first phase in gut development involves the embryo forming a dent on one side (the blastopore) which deepens to become its digestive tube (the archenteron). In the sister-clade, the deuterostomes (), the original dent becomes the anus while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the mouth. The protostomes (from Greek 'first' + 'mouth') were so named because it was once believed that in all cases the embryological dent formed the mouth while the anus was formed later, at the opening made by the other end of the gut.


title: Protostome

text: It is now known that the fate of the blastopore among protostomes is extremely variable; while the evolutionary distinction between deuterostomes and protostomes remains valid, the descriptive accuracy of the name "protostome" is disputable.


title: Protostome

text: Protostome and deuterostome embryos differ in several other ways. Many protostomes (the Spiralia clade) undergo spiral cleavage during cell division instead of radial cleavage.


title: Protostome

text: Spiral cleavage happens because the cells' division planes are angled to the polar major axis, instead of being parallel or perpendicular to it.


title: Protostome

text: Another difference is that secondary body cavities (coeloms) generally form by schizocoely, where the coelom forms out of a solid mass of embryonic tissue splitting away from the rest, instead of by enterocoelic pouching, where the coelom would otherwise form out of in-folded gut walls.


title: Protostome

text: The common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes was evidently a worm-like aquatic animal of the Ediacaran. The two clades diverged about 600 million years ago. Protostomes evolved into over a million species alive today, compared to about 60,000 deuterostome species.


title: Protostome

text: Protostomes are divided into the Ecdysozoa (e.g. arthropods, nematodes) and the Spiralia (e.g. molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths, and rotifers). A modern consensus phylogenetic tree for the protostomes is shown below.


title: Protostome

text: The timing of clades radiating into newer clades is given in mya (millions of years ago); less certain placements are indicated with dashed lines.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: The Battle of B-R5RB or the Bloodbath of B-R5RB () was a massive-scale virtual battle fought in the MMORPG space game "EVE Online" in January 2014 (YC 116 in-game), possibly the largest player-versus-player battle in gaming history at the time. The 21-hour-long conflict pitted the Clusterfuck Coalition and Russian alliances (CFC/Rus) against the N3 Coalition and Pandemic Legion alliance (N3/PL), and involved over 7,548 player characters with a maximum of 2,670 players in the B-R5RB system at one time. The in-game cost of the losses totaled over 11 trillion Interstellar Kredit (ISK), an estimated theoretical real-world value of US$300,000 to $330,000 (equivalent to between US$ and $ in ), as derived from the contemporaneous market value of PLEX, an item purchasable with real currency that can be redeemed either for subscription time or traded for in-game currency.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: Part of a larger conflict known as the Halloween War, the fight started after a single player controlling a space station in the N3/PL-controlled star system B-R5RB accidentally failed to make a scheduled in-game routine maintenance payment, which made the star system open to capture. Being a key staging area used by N3/PL in the war, the CFC and Russian coalitions began pouring players into the system in a swift offensive, and N3/PL moved in a large fleet of players as a response. A massive battle erupted in the system, and numerous smaller engagements occurred throughout the game universe as players attempted to block reinforcements from joining the battle. CFC/Rus gained a clear win by inflicting heavy losses on N3/PL and successfully capturing B-R5RB. The losses totaled 576 capital ships, including 75 Titans (the largest ships available to players), along with thousands of smaller vessels.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: To commemorate the sheer size and cost of the battle, the game's creators, CCP Games, erected a permanent monument in the system B-R5RB named "The Titanomachy", consisting of non-salvageable capital ship wrecks.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: "Eve Online" is an MMORPG space game in which players engage in a variety of activities including mining, piracy, manufacturing, trading, exploration, and combat. Players may form corporations (clans, guilds or alliances in other video games), and these corporations in turn can formally join in alliance with other corporations. Many of these alliances create informal coalitions to work toward common goals and fight competing alliances. Despite the prevalence of coalitions in the game, there is no formal in-game mechanic providing for these "super-alliances". The Halloween War was a conflict in the game universe which started around Halloween in late October 2013 and pitted the CFC and an alliance of Russian coalitions and their allies against the N3 and Pandemic Legion coalitions and their allies. B-R5RB, located in the Immensea region, served as the staging ground for all Pandemic Legion fleets. A few days before the fighting in B-R5RB, the CFC and Russian coalition suffered a decisive loss to N3 and Pandemic Legion forces in the Battle of HED-GP in the Catch region, due to the N3/PL's "Wrecking Ball" formation of Titan and Supercarrier "supercapital" ships in the center of a huge sphere of mainly Archon-class carriers (one of the most popular and effective types at the time).


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: On January 27, 2014 (YC 116 in-game), the one-year anniversary of the immense Battle of Asakai, player corporation , a member of Nulli Secunda, which in turn is a part of the N3/Pandemic Legion coalition, mistakenly failed to make a scheduled payment to in-game security force CONCORD. (Manfred Sideous of Pandemic Legion claimed that the missed payment resulted from a bug, as he had enough ISK in his holding corporation wallet and had autopay checked.) This failed payment resulted in the star system B-R5RB losing its sovereign status, which meant that other players could capture the system without needing to wait for the normal "reinforcement timers" (real time waiting periods of several days designed to allow defenders to rally).


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: An enemy scout discovered Nulli Secunda quietly attempting to regain control with their Territorial Claim Units (TCU). At around 14:00 UTC, with an hour remaining before Nulli Secunda could regain control, the CFC and Russian coalition sent a capital fleet to the station. RAZOR Alliance took the station, and the Russians destroyed the N3/PL Territorial Claim Unit and set up its own TCU in order to establish control. Capturing the B-R5RB system would enable the CFC and Russian coalition to trap Pandemic Legion assets, including hundreds of capital and sub-capital ships, thus preventing those ships from joining the war. CFC and Russian coalition forces scrambled to gain control of the system, with thousands of players logging on and preparing their fleets.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: Pandemic Legion and N3 moved to retake the system, but the Russians destroyed all Territorial Claim Units anchored in the system. N3/PL then deployed their super-carrier and carrier fleet in the "Wrecking Ball" formation just off the system's space station, a formation which had previously defeated the CFC and Russian alliance. As the conflict was a surprise and occurred on a Monday workday, CFC and Rus decided to take advantage and gain field superiority before N3 and PL could respond and so deployed their entire capital fleet to the system. Meanwhile, they deployed their sub-capital fleets to N3 staging systems, including I-NGI8 and GXK-7F, to delay any reinforcements.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: Each side then attempted to rush all available pilots into the system, and the game's time dilation software engaged. Time dilation is a game feature created by developer CCP Games to handle heavy loads on the game server without the game lagging or disconnecting players. In time dilation, the game slows to ten percent normal speed, with each second of game time displaying as ten seconds of real time. The two sides traded Titan kills every hour, when their Doomsday weapons could fire again, and the system became filled with warp disruption bubbles, making extraction difficult. For a while neither side gained any real advantage, though CFC/Rus managed to on-line their Territorial Claim Units and held a slight lead in the number of enemy Titans destroyed. Throughout the engagement, related battles played out across the entire game universe as fleets tried to block reinforcements, destroy fleeing capitals and super-capitals, or trap pilots attempting to enter the fray.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: The tide of the battle started to turn when Manfred Sideous, the initial N3/PL fleet commander, handed control to Vince Draken, CEO of Northern Coalition. Vince Draken managed to concentrate fire on and destroy several CFC/Rus Titans, and forced some additional Russian Titans to leave the system with depleted shields and armor. However, N3/PL overestimated their success and began to focus their attacks on the Titan belonging to Sort Dragon, the commander of all remaining Russian forces in the field. This Titan had very high damage resistance, and Sort Dragon drew upon his entire fleet to assist in repairing it, enabling it to hold out much longer than most other Titans up to that point. By the time his Titan fell, the CFC/Rus had managed to destroy five N3/PL Titans, putting the alliance well ahead. James Carl, a member of the N3/Pandemic Legion coalition, reported to the Associated Press that "It looks like CFC is winning, but we're hoping now that all of our US players are online, we'll turn the tide". But when the US time zone players logged on and reinforcements became available, PL did not see the numbers they had expected, and the CFC blockaded adjacent systems to prevent them joining the battle. Eventually, N3/PL could no longer destroy any Titans, and ordered a retreat. They switched their fire onto CFC/Rus's Dreadnoughts in an attempt to take out as many ships as possible during retreat. Due to their spy network under Intelligence Commander Tobias Deidorm, CFC knew that N3/PL had ordered a retreat and deployed Interdictors and Heavy Interdictors to prevent the withdrawal. N3/PL lost several more Titans, Super Carriers, and Capitals in the extraction, with many trapped by the warp disruption bubbles strewn throughout the battle area. The battle definitively ended when the "Eve" universe went offline for its regular daily maintenance at 11:00 UTC on January 28, disconnecting all players.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: Over 7,548 unique characters participated in the overall battle, of which 6,058 participated directly in the B-R5RB system with a maximum of 2,670 in system at the same time. These numbers included 717 unique player corporations and involved 55 unique player alliances. Joystiq called the battle potentially the largest recorded PvP battle in any game to date. The 21-hour-long conflict resulted in the loss of 75 Titans, 13 supercarriers, 370 Dreadnoughts, and 123 Carriers, along with thousands of smaller ships and innumerable fighters and drones. N3 and Pandemic Legion lost 59 Titans, while the CFC and Russian coalition lost only 16.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: An estimated 11 trillion ISK in assets was lost during the battle, and media outlets reported the battle as the biggest and most expensive in "EVE Online"'s history, estimating that the battle cost US$300,000–330,000 in real-world money. This estimate comes from a figure listed in the official report by CCP Games, which the report based on a theoretical conversion of pilot license extensions, or PLEX, into real-world USD. While direct conversion of real currency into ISK, or vice versa, is strictly prohibited, and PLEX units are purchasable in-game, additional PLEX units can be purchased for US$20, and it is from this theoretical real-world value that the estimated dollar amounts lost in the battle are drawn. However, this does not mean this amount of real-world money was expended, as many ships were purchased through in-game currency or corporation assets.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: Alexander Gianturco, who goes by the in-game character The Mittani, CEO of Goonwaffe (the largest corporation in the Goonswarm Federation alliance and hence the largest alliance in the CFC), reported to "Polygon" near the end of the battle:


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: Also near the end of the battle, Ali Aras wrote on TheMittani.com, an "EVE Online"-devoted website, that the "kills made here decide not only this war, but the next, and the next after that". He also highlighted some of the economic repercussions, including the increase in the price of Tritanium, which he viewed as an upshot of "the flurry of industrial production to come".


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: Following the Battle of B-R5RB, Pandemic Legion withdrew from the Southeast theater and formed an agreement with the CFC which allowed them to evacuate billions of assets from the B-R5RB system. Other N3 forces retreated in from the south, and in the following few days CFC alliances managed to capture a total of 23 systems in the regions Immensea, Catch, Tenerifis, and Feythabolis from N3/Pandemic Legion alliances. The CFC then withdrew from the southeast theater. In the weeks after, the Russian bloc suffered internal troubles, allowing N3 to regain all of the territory lost after B-R5RB and conquer most of the Russian bloc's territory. In the longer term, B-R5RB established CFC, later re-branded as The Imperium, as the predominant superpower in "EVE Online", with little serious resistance challenging the coalition for the next two years.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: Due to the media attention given to the battle, it, like Asakai the year before, inspired thousands of people to join the game. In the 30 days after B-R5RB, new player subscriptions increased 10 percent (although most players quit after one month of gameplay). This resulted in a minimum of US$50,000 in additional revenue for CCP Games.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: The total number of players in the B-R5RB system peaked at 2,670, which was less than the previously largest battle in "Eve" at 6VDT-H, which had 4,070 players in the main battle. B-R5RB however had many smaller related battles playing out, meaning it involved more players in total. The number of players was later surpassed by the battle of 9-4RP2, with over 6,000 players in system and many more in related battles. However, due to technical issues with the larger battle, B-R5RB remains the second largest battle in the "EVE Online" universe in terms of resources destroyed. An even larger battle at FWST-8, in 2020, saw 8,825 players participating in total, with a peak of 6,557 located in the system, breaking two Guinness World Records for the "Largest Multiplayer Videogame PVP Battle" and the "Most Concurrent Participants in a Multiplayer Videogame PvP Battle", making it the current largest battle in the game in terms of player count. B-R5RB remained the most expensive battle. However, on December 31, 2020, the Massacre of M2-XFE broke the record of largest total destruction in a single battle.


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: Once the game went into downtime, developer CCP Games announced that it would create an in-game monument in the B-R5RB star system to commemorate the battle. "Titanomachy" was created using brand-new Titan wreck models introduced with "EVE Online": Rubicon's 1.1 release which came out immediately following the battle. The name references both the Titan-class ships used in the game and the war in Greek mythology between the Titans and the Olympian gods. CCP Games posted on the "EVE Online" website that they planned to install "Titanomachy" during downtime of January 31, and were "hard at work placing the wrecks in a hauntingly beautiful arrangement". Placed around the seventh planet in the B-R5RB system, the installation is "off grid" from the space station. CCP Games stated:


title: Battle of B-R5RB

text: The history of the battle and the installed memorial was labeled by historian Daniel Fandino "must-see" for players as well as the general public who might otherwise not be interested in the game.


title: Theological virtues

text: Theological virtues are virtues associated in Christian theology and philosophy with salvation resulting from the grace of God. Virtues are traits or qualities which dispose one to conduct oneself in a morally good manner. Traditionally they have been named Faith, Hope, and Charity (Love), and can trace their importance in Christian theology to Paul the Apostle in 1 Corinthians 13, who also pointed out that “the greatest of these is love.”


title: Theological virtues

text: The medieval Catholic philosopher Thomas Aquinas explained that these virtues are called theological virtues "because they have God for their object, both in so far as by them we are properly directed to Him, and because they are infused into our souls by God alone, as also, finally, because we come to know of them only by Divine revelation in the Sacred Scriptures".


title: Theological virtues

text: The first mention in Christian literature of the three theological virtues is in St. Paul's first letter to the Thessalonians 1:3, "...calling to mind your work of faith and labor of love and endurance in hope..." In 1 Thessalonians 5:8, he refers to this triad of virtues again, "But since we are of the day, let us be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love and the helmet that is hope for salvation."


title: Theological virtues

text: In 1 Corinthians 13, Paul places the greater emphasis on Charity (Love). "So faith, hope, love remain, these three; but the greatest of these is love." First, because it informs the other two: "It bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things." According to Augustine of Hippo, from a temporal perspective, love lasts, while "Hope isn't hope if its object is seen," and faith gives way to possession. This view is shared by Gregory of Nyssa.


title: Theological virtues

text: Aquinas found an interconnection of practical wisdom ("prudentia") and moral virtue (e.g. courage without prudence risks becoming mere foolhardiness). This is frequently termed "the Unity of the Virtues."


title: Theological virtues

text: Aquinas stated that theological virtues are so called "because they have God for their object, both in so far as by them we are properly directed to Him, and because they are infused into our souls by God alone, as also, finally, because we come to know of them only by Divine revelation in the Sacred Scriptures".


title: Theological virtues

text: In his treatment of the virtues, Aquinas viewed the theological virtues as being the product of habitual grace. According to Aquinas, this grace, through the theological virtues, allows humanity to become agents in meritorious action that is beyond their own natural ability. In this way it is supernatural.


title: Theological virtues

text: Aquinas says "Faith has the character of a virtue, not because of the things it believes, for faith is of things that appear not, but because it adheres to the testimony of one in whom truth is infallibly found". (De Veritate, xiv, 8)


title: Theological virtues

text: Aquinas further connected the theological virtues with the cardinal virtues. He views the supernatural inclinations of the theological virtues, caused by habitual grace, to find their fulfillment in being acted upon in the cardinal virtues.


title: Theological virtues

text: The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that faith, hope and love "dispose Christians to live in a relationship with the Holy Trinity. They have God for their origin, their motive, and their object -- God known by faith, hoped in, and loved for His own sake."


title: Theological virtues

text: Among essential beliefs, the Moravian Church teaches that "God creates; God redeems; God blesses. And we respond in faith, in love and in hope." As such, Moravian Christians teach to judge themselves "by how deep our faith is, how expansive our love is, and how life affirming our hope is."


title: Theological virtues

text: Churches of the Anglican Communion also follow Augustine and Aquinas. "Faith is a matter of knowledge of God which perfects the intellect...Hope is a matter of the perfection of the will...Love is a matter of perfection itself as love is the perfection of all powers." Richard Hooker said regarding faith, that its'principal object is that eternal verity which hath discovered the treasures of hidden wisdom in Christ'; of hope that its 'highest object is that everlasting goodness which in Christ doth quicken the dead'; of charity, that its 'final object is that incomprehensible beauty which shineth in the countenance of Christ the Son of the Living God'.("Ecclesiastical Polity", bk.i, chap. xi)


title: Theological virtues

text: A person receives the theological virtues by their being "infused"—through Divine grace—into the person. The theological virtues are so named because their object is the divine being (theos).


title: Theological virtues

text: The moral virtues are acquired by practice and habit. Catholic moral theology holds that the theological virtues differ from the cardinal virtues in that they cannot be obtained by human effort, but are infused by God into a person. The Episcopal Church shares this view. "As distinct from the cardinal virtues which we can develop, the theological virtues are the perfection of human powers given by the grace of God." Like the cardinal virtues, an individual who exercises these virtues strengthens and increases them, i.e., they are more disposed to practice them.


title: Theological virtues

text: Following St. Augustine, Aquinas also recognized a separate but related type of moral virtue which is also infused by God. The distinction lies both in their source and end. The moral virtue of temperance recognizes food as a good that sustains life, but guards against the sin of gluttony. The "infused" virtue of temperance disposes the individual to practice fasting and abstinence. The infused moral virtues are connected to the theological virtue of Charity.


title: Theological virtues

text: Pope Benedict XVI wrote three encyclicals about the theological virtues: "Deus caritas est" (about love), "Spe salvi" (about hope), and "Lumen fidei" (about faith: this encyclical was written both by Pope Benedict XVI and by Pope Francis).


title: Apple keyboards

text: Apple Inc. has designed and released dozens of keyboard models since the introduction of the Apple II in 1977. The current models in use are dual-mode (Bluetooth and USB) keyboards with integrated batteries: Magic Keyboard (silver only), and Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad (silver or space gray). Both share a similar look and feel, based on a very thin aluminum chassis and laptop-style low-profile keys, sitting much closer to the tabletop than traditional keyboard designs.


title: Apple keyboards

text: To serve the functionality of the Macintosh operating systems (and because of historical differences), the Apple Keyboard's layout differs somewhat from that of the ubiquitous IBM PC keyboard, mainly in its modifier and special keys. Some of these keys have unique symbols defined in the Unicode block Miscellaneous Technical. Features different from other keyboards include:


title: Apple keyboards

text: Apple's very first offering, the Apple I, was initially sold as a naked PCB without a keyboard (or a case), although some resellers and users fitted their own cases with built-in keyboards and Apple cooperated with at least one such reseller.


title: Apple keyboards

text: Starting in 1977, the first real Apple keyboards were built into the cases of the Apple II series and the later Apple III series systems. These first keyboards had chocolate brown keycaps with white legends. The Apple II and Apple II+ keyboard had 52 keys, the Apple III keyboard, which included a numeric pad and some other additional keys, had 74. In 1983, the new Apple IIe and Apple III+ models introduced a beige keyboard with smaller black legends. In the same year, Apple introduced its first separate keyboard with the Lisa; it incorporated a numeric keypad and lighter taupe-colored keycaps. It connected via a unique TRS port. The Macintosh updated the look somewhat and separated the (optional) numerical keypad from the alphanumeric unit, all of which connected by telephone-style modular cables. By 1986, the Macintosh Plus re-integrated the numerical keypad and became the standard for all successive keyboards. However, it also marked the last of the beige Apple-II-era designs which were usurped by the newer Snow White design language.


title: Apple keyboards

text: From the end of 1986 until mid-1998, all new Apple keyboards were "Platinum" gray and connected via the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB). The Apple IIe and IIc line continued with integrated keyboards, as did the PowerBook portable line of course, those of the latter being a darker gray color called "Smoke". During the 90s, Apple offered various styles of keyboard, including the large extended keyboards which included the features of their IBM PC AT counterparts.


title: Apple keyboards

text: The release of the first iMac in October 1998 introduced a matching compact, translucent-plastic keyboard based on laptop technology and marked the transition from ADB to USB. In July 2000, it was replaced with the full-sized Pro Keyboard, having slightly translucent black keys and a clear case. The PowerBook and iBook integrated keyboards followed suit with translucent keys first in bronze (PowerBook), then in black (PowerBook) and white (iBook). Coinciding with the introduction of the iMac G4 in 2002, Apple started making its keyboards white. On the Bluetooth Wireless Keyboard, Apple removed the adjustable feet from the back of the keyboard, giving it a solid base. This design was later quietly introduced on the wired version. The Aluminum PowerBooks added another color, opaque aluminum with sometimes-backlit translucent legends, to the array of keyboard styles in use.


title: Apple keyboards

text: On August 7, 2007, Apple introduced their current generation of keyboards. The new model is much thinner than its predecessors, requiring less wrist flexing and a slightly lower hand position for most users. Taking a cue from the portables, it has an aluminum enclosure, and the USB ports have been, once again, relocated to the right and left ends of the keyboard case. Software function and hardware control keys have a new arrangement, and there are keys associated with specific features of macOS, such as Dashboard. In order to properly use these new features, a computer must be updated as of the initial ship date of the keyboards, usually with the built-in Software Update.


title: Apple keyboards

text: On March 3, 2009, Apple introduced an additional keyboard to their latest line of keyboards. The new keyboard is similar to the wireless keyboard due to the absence of the numeric keypad, however it is a wired keyboard with two USB 2.0 ports similar to the standard keyboard. Until this time the typical keyboard with the numeric keypad was titled "Apple Keyboard", now the more-compact keyboard carries the name "Apple Keyboard" and the standard keyboard with numeric keys is titled "Apple Keyboard with Numeric Keypad".


title: Apple keyboards

text: Apple's older ADB (Apple Desktop Bus) keyboards are compatible with other ADB-based systems, such as those from Next and Sony (and vice versa for their non-Apple ADB keyboards). When using a USB adapter (such as the Griffin iMate), they function similarly to Apple's later USB keyboards, although there can be problems using such setups with later versions of macOS. Although external ADB ports ceased to be used after the Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White), Apple still used ADB as the internal protocol for their laptop keyboards and trackpads until the last-generation PowerBooks and iBooks; for this reason, ADB drivers can still be found in Mac OS X 10.5 but not Mac OS X 10.6. Even with these operating systems, it is possible to use ADB devices with a USB adapter.


title: Apple keyboards

text: Apple's USB keyboards are mostly compatible with Windows computers, and can be remapped; the Command key works as the Windows key, the key as the Alt key, the Help key as the key, and the key as the key. On the slightly older all-white models, the volume keys function as they would on a Macintosh, and the eject key has no function. With the new models released in August 2007 the volume, brightness, Exposé, dashboard, eject and media controls no longer work without installing Apple's Boot Camp software. This software allows for the volume, brightness, eject, and media controls buttons to work properly.


title: Apple keyboards

text: The additional function keys placed where the Print Screen/SysRq, Scroll Lock, and Pause/Break keys are on most IBM PC keyboards (F13/F14 through F15/F16) do not work as those keys in Windows without a special driver. Apple has since released a driver, though it is only available bundled with Boot Camp.


title: Apple keyboards

text: The USB keyboard is also combined with a two-port USB hub, with the hub being USB 1.1 on older keyboards and USB 2.0 on the May 2003 Rev B. 2005 and August 2007 model.


title: Apple keyboards

text: The Numeric Keypad IIe was Apple's first external keypad. Released as an option specifically for the popular Apple IIe computer in 1983, it helped correct some of the II series' shortcomings. Later the Platinum IIe would incorporate the numeric keypad into its built-in keyboard.


title: Apple keyboards

text: The first keyboard not to be integrated into the CPU case like the Apple II and III series before it. It was designed for and came with the Apple Lisa. Like the Apple III before it, it was intended to be a business computer and included an integrated numeric keypad. Like all Apple computers before it, it came in a beige case to match the CPU and connected by a unique TRS connector. In addition it carried over the use of the "open" Apple key from the Apple III as a command key (though it was represented by the "closed" Apple character) and included a pullout reference guide hidden under the keyboard.


title: Apple keyboards

text: Introduced and included with the original Macintosh in 1984, it debuted with neither arrow keys to control the cursor nor an integrated numeric keypad. It used a telephone cord-style RJ-11 connector to the case (also used with the Amstrad PCW series of computers). The keyboard pinouts are "crossed" so it isn't possible to use a standard telephone cord as a replacement; doing so will result in damage to the keyboard or the computer. The keyboard also introduced a unique command key similar to the "open" Apple Key on the Lisa.


title: Apple keyboards

text: Like the Apple IIe before it, the Macintosh provided an optional external keypad which also included arrow keys that daisy chained to the CPU via the telephone-cord connectors. Though introduced with the Macintosh in January 1984, Apple did not ship it until September 1984 at a retail price of US$99.


title: Apple keyboards

text: This version of the numeric keypad, compared to M0120, uses symbols on the Clear and Enter keys, instead of text.


title: Apple keyboards

text: Introduced and included with the Macintosh Plus in 1986, it was an extended keyboard that had a built-in numeric keypad. In 1987 it was updated to Apple's new Platinum gray color. It continued to use the telephone-cord style connector to the system and was interchangeable with the M0110. Though Apple switched all other keyboards to Apple Desktop Bus connectors by this time, this keyboard was manufactured unchanged for four more years until the Plus was discontinued in 1990.


title: Apple keyboards

text: This was the first Apple keyboard to use the new Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) connector first seen on the Apple IIGS. Designed to be compatible with both the Macintosh and Apple product lines, it was the first to combine both the Macintosh command key and Apple II "open" Apple key legends. Entirely Platinum gray in color (later Macintosh Plus keyboards had a platinum gray case with darker gray keys called "Smoke"), it was also the first to use Snow White design language that was similar to the Apple IIc. However, it duplicated the extended design established by the Plus. It was also the first to include an external power/reset button and an extra ADB port.


title: Apple keyboards

text: Also known as the "Apple Standard Keyboard", it was the first to officially use this name. Apple would later reuse the name for a series of successive keyboards. The "Apple Keyboard" was a more solid version of the "Apple Desktop Bus Keyboard" and optionally included with the Macintosh II and SE in 1987. The heftier design solidified visually the power performance embodied by the upgraded Macs. Aside from weight the main difference was the significantly thicker frame width. It was the first keyboard to be sold separately from the system, giving the customer a choice of the basic or advanced keyboards offered by Apple.


title: Apple keyboards

text: Apple's advanced keyboard, the first to be sold optionally, was essentially a redesigned version of the "Apple Keyboard," with an enhanced extended keyboard with FKeys and other PC-style keys. It included template guides above the top row of function keys to accommodate shortcut key references which accommodate many software packages. It was the heaviest of all the Macintosh keyboards and set the standard for many typists. It was sold separately from any Apple computer and retailed for US$163.


title: Apple keyboards

text: Introduced and sold with the Macintosh Classic and LC in 1990, this keyboard was almost identical to the original ADB Keyboard, but included flip-down feet to change the typing angle and a design change that gave the frame and keys a more streamlined appearance. Internally, the M0487 differed from the original M0116, as the M0487 did not use mechanical keyswitches (save for the Caps Lock). In 1993, the Macintosh TV, the first Mac introduced in all black, came with an identical black Keyboard II (using the same model number). This keyboard marked the return of Apple including a standard keyboard together with the computer itself.


title: Apple keyboards

text: A minor update to the "Apple Extended Keyboard" to coincide with the release of the Macintosh IIsi in 1990, it added an adjustable height feature.


title: Apple keyboards

text: The Apple Adjustable Keyboard, which was sold as an optional upgrade, was Apple's 1993 entry into the ergonomically adjustable keyboard market. It was often criticized for its flimsy construction. It came with a separate keypad (not sold separately), the first to do so since the original Macintosh keyboard.


title: Apple keyboards

text: In the mid-1990s Apple released the Apple Newton sub-mini keyboard to allow a quick input alternative to the Newton's handwriting recognition, which required extensive training to become useful. It connected via the Newton's serial interface. Many Mac users favoring the portable size were able to use it on a Mac utilizing a third-party enabler. Like the iPhone that would come 10 years later, the Newton also included a virtual keyboard.


title: Apple keyboards

text: This was the first major redesign of the Apple keyboard, featuring more fluid, curving lines to match the look of the new Apple product style. It was an unpopular replacement for the "Apple Extended Keyboard II" in 1994. Significantly lighter than its predecessors, it had a much softer and quieter key interface that was unpopular with many typists. It also included only one ADB port for mice or other pointing devices, concealed on the underside, with the keyboard's cable permanently attached. The Extended II had an ADB port on either side of the keyboard, allowing the keyboard cable or mouse to be attached to the side preferred by the user. This keyboard was also produced in black using the same model number (like the "Apple Keyboard II" for the Macintosh TV), for inclusion with the black Performa 5420 released primarily in Europe, and the black Power Macintosh 5500 released in Asia.


title: Apple keyboards

text: Bundled with the "Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh" in 1997, this keyboard once again excluded an integrated keypad, though unlike the "Adjustable Keyboard" none was offered. Based on a "PowerBook" form factor it also included an optional built-in trackpad and leather palm rests. This was the last ADB keyboard Apple would produce, and was not sold separately.


title: Apple keyboards

text: Released and sold with the iMac in 1998 this became the new standard for all Macintosh models for the next two years. It was the first to use translucent plastics, first in Bondi blue, then in a darker gray called "Graphite" for the PowerMac G4 line and fruit-colored for each of the five first color variations of the iMac. It had a built-in retractable support leg. It also marked a return to the standard keyboard with integrated keypad with the enhanced cursor keys above the keypad. The keyboard had a power key on the top right side (implemented by shorting the D-line to ground), and was the last keyboard to have one. This keyboard can be used with Windows (although the power key has no function).


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Ottoman cuisine is the cuisine of the Ottoman Empire and its continuation in the cuisines of Turkey, the Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East and Northern Africa.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: The Ottoman palace kitchen registers ("matbah-i amire defterleri") are important primary sources for studies of early modern Ottoman cuisine containing information on ingredients and names of food dishes cooked by the palace kitchens.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Many cookbooks were published beginning in the 19th century reflecting the cultural fusions that characterized the rich cuisine of Istanbul's elites in the Late Ottoman period as new ingredients like tomatoes became widely available. There are few extant recipe collections before this era.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: The earliest Ottoman cookbook is credited to Muhammad Shirvânî's 15th-century expansion of the earlier Arabic "Kitab al-Tabikh" by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: "Diwan Lughat al-Turk" (the earliest Turkish language dictionary) is often consulted as a source for the influence of Turkic cuisine, although scholars caution against uncritically assuming the words still meant the same thing hundreds of years later in geographically distant Anatolia.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Ottoman cuisine represents the synthesis of Central Asian, Persian, Balkan, Arab and Byzantine culinary traditions, enriched by the introduction of new spices and ingredients during the Columbian Exchange. Maxime Rodinson has argued that food historians "need to show that [foods] do not have a common, parallel origin in Graeco-Roman cooking before we adduce any oriental influence" because, according to Rodinson, Latin Europe, Islam and the Byzantine Empire all evolved from "the civilization of antiquity". This type of "mutual exchange and enrichment" is a typical feature of culinary history.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: The Seljuk-era foodways of the Turkic tribes were influenced by the cultures they had encountered during their migrations from the Altay Mountains to Anatolia, including Persian cuisine. "Ayran" is often considered to be part of the central Asian heritage of the Turkic tribes. Pilaf dishes exist in both Central Asian and Persian cuisine making it difficult to trace the path of diffusion back to its starting point.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Ottoman trade introduced new ingredients to the empire's regional cuisines, contributing to the evolving, unique character of Ottoman foodways. Levantine cuisine was enriched by the new ingredients from Asia and the Americas. Fernand Braudel credits the Ottomans with introducing rice, sesame and maize to the region.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Although tomatoes had entered the cuisine by the 1690s, they are not found in the few recipe manuscripts that survive from the 18th century. Ayşe Fahriye has recipes for both green tomatoes ("kavata") and red tomatoes ("domates") in "Ev Kadını". Some of the recipes like tomato pilaf and dolma are still common in modern Turkish cuisine. Fahriye's 1882 cookbook is the last mention of green tomatoes in Ottoman cooking. Mehmet Kamil's influential 1844 manuscript includes recipes for tomato stew, stuffed tomato "dolma" and tomato pilaf.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: The influence of Ottoman cuisine in Europe beginning in the early 16th century is seen in dishes like "sharbat", which spread first to Italy after Franceso I de'Medici requested a recipe for "Turkish sorbette" in 1577. Rice pudding, described in contemporaneous sources as "Turkish-style rice", was served at the wedding of Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara in 1529. Similar to the Western-style confection "nougat", "koz halva" is found in the cuisines of Central Europe, where it is called ('Turkish honey') in Hungarian, and in Austria and southern Germany.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: The Ottoman Empire spanned three continents, representing a wide range of climate zones and flora and fauna, and so the cuisine includes not only the cuisine of the Ottoman Palace, but a rich diversity of regional specialties.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: The iconic Ottoman stuffed pastry "börek" may be related to the triangular "sanbusak" pastries of Safavid cuisine. The cognate term "senbuse" appears in Turkish sources as early as the 13th century, becoming corrupted as "samsa". ("Samsa" are often associated with Uzbek cuisine.)


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: The term "börek" does not appear in Kashgari's dictionary but two recipes for "pirak" are recorded in the 14th century "Yinshan Zhengyao", a Chinese cookery manuscript from the Mongol Yuan era. The description of Danishmend Gazi's wedding feast in "Danishmendname" mentions both samsa and "well-buttered böreks".


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Ottoman banquets in the 19th century served a mix of Alafranga and alaturca foods. At these dinners, "börek" was sometimes replaced by the similar French pastry, or .


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: The pastry "boyoz" (etymologically linked to the Spanish "bollos" meaning "small loaves") may date to the arrival of Sephardic Jews in 1492. In modern times the pastry is found mainly in the city of Izmir where it represents the cultural heritage and contributions of Ottoman Jews.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Bread was made with wheat and classified according to the quality and origin of the flour. Istanbul's demand for grain could not be met by local production alone and it received shipments from the Thracian coastlands, western Anatolia, Dobruja, Macedonia and Thessaly.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Many types of bread were baked in the palace kitchens—flat white bread (), loaves of good quality whole wheat () and white bread () and filo (). The addition of seeds like sesame and aniseed, or spices like cloves, was considered a luxury. Evliya Çelebi noted "the fine white Mudejar francala bread", referring to the European-style bread baked by the Mudéjar in Galata.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Sugar was still prohibitively costly in the 17th century; far more common were honey and syrups like "pekmez", made with grapes.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: The wheat berry pudding "aşure", in modern times a part of the Islamic holy day Ashura, has roots in the harvest rituals of the Neolithic period, since which time domesticated wheat is known to have been cultivated at Karaca Dağ.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: There are multiple competing theories of the origin of "baklava", variously ascribing it to the Ancient Roman "placenta cake", Perisan "lauzinaj" or the influence of Central Asian desserts, found also in the milky layered dessert "güllaç". Dernschwam describes a baklava-like dish made by cooking thin wafers of starch flour and egg white, then filling with layers of sugared nuts with rosewater and nutmeg to create a dessert about as thick as a finger.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Dernschwam describes "zerde" as rice pudding that is cooked in honeyed water and colored with saffron, garnished with toasted almonds and served with fruits. "Muhallebi" is also listed among the foods Dernschwam encountered on his travels.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Visiting Europeans noted with interest the Ottoman manner of serving sweet dishes between other courses, instead of at the end of the meal as the custom was in France and other European countries. German army officer Helmuth von Moltke whilst serving in the Ottoman Empire noted the unusual presentation of courses with the sweet courses served between roasts and other savory dishes. Edward Lear's account of a banquet in Ottoman Albania similarly notes the unexpected order of courses, roast meats followed by honeyed pastries, fruits followed by shellfish, savory and salted meats and stews followed by chocolate, and so on, he says, innumerable courses were served in confounding permutations of sweet, sour and salty combinations.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Dolma were made by stuffing whole fruits and vegetables, or by wrapping leaves around a filling, either minced meat or spiced pilaf.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Dernschwam described a stuffed vegetable dish of young pumpkins and aubergines (which he calls ""), stuffed with cubed mutton and garlic filling, and served with yogurt. He also describes the dish called "sarma" as stuffed vine leaves cooked with sour plums.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Coffeehouses developed first in the Ottoman Empire and spread to Italy, then across Europe. There were coffeehouses, sharbat shops and "bozahanes" around the port of Galata where imported coffee, sugar and other colonial goods arrived to Istanbul in the 18th century. Bozahanes were one of the most popular public hangouts in 15th and 16th century Bursa until overshadowed by the coffeehouses in the 17th centuries. These were lucrative businesses that generated tax revenue and rent.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Thomas Smith mentions boza in the 17th century "Epistola de moribus ac institutis Tucarum": "They also have other liquors peculiar to them of which I shall only mention "Bozza" made from millet."


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: The most beautiful fish market in the world is located on the marina, on a street where fish shops occupy both sides, offering large quantities of fish of all varieties...The Greeks run many taverns/cabarets in Galata, where they attract many rascals...


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Anchovies were a favorite in the coastal city of Trabzon. One of the many dishes recorded by Evliya Çelebi in his Book of Travels ("Seyahatnâme") is an anchovy dish from Trebizond. Cooked in a stoneware pan, the anchovies are arranged in rows and covered with a cinnamon and black pepper scented mixture of leeks, celery, parsley and onions. The vegetable and fish layers alternate to fill up the pan, and olive oil is poured over the top. Çelebi described the dish as "like congealed light, and one who eats it is full of light ... This fish is indeed a table from heaven".


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Many different fruits and nuts are recorded in the palace records. Pomegranates were sourced from villages around the Marmara Sea. Üsküdar's fields and meadows had been converted to vineyards by the end of the 16th century. Oranges were not introduced until the 18th century, tangerines even later. Bananas, pineapples and other tropical fruits are not mentioned in any known records from the 19th-century imperial kitchens.


title: Ottoman cuisine

text: Fruits were used to make sharbat and compotes. Sugar was too expensive for all but the wealthiest members of Ottoman society, and desserts, compotes and "sharbat" were more likely to be sweetened with dry fruits, molasses or honey. There were hundreds of shops in 17th-century Istanbul specializing in preparations of the Ottoman-style compote "hoşaf", often taken at the end of a meal.