title: Camille (album)

text: By November 5, the album had reached the mastering stage and a number of copies were pressed, but Prince abandoned it weeks before its intended release. His reasons for doing so are not entirely clear, though it may have been in part due to Warner Bros.' unwillingness to release an album that would not be attributed to Prince's name. It is unknown how many original printed copies of the album exist, or whether prepared cover artwork was ever finalized, though the catalogue number 25543 was assigned to it. After shelving "Camille", Prince combined the tracks intended for that album (except "Feel U Up") with other unreleased recordings from the period into the proposed triple album "Crystal Ball". Against his wishes, Warner Bros. forced him to trim the tracklist down to a double album, which became "Sign o' the Times" (1987). This release included the "Camille" tracks "Housequake", "If I Was Your Girlfriend", and "Strange Relationship".


title: Camille (album)

text: The remaining tracks from "Camille" would be released through other avenues in subsequent years. "Rebirth of the Flesh" was first released in its original form in 2020 on "Sign o' the Times - Super Deluxe Edition". The NPG Music Club made a 1988 Lovesexy Tour rehearsal recording available in September 2001. "Feel U Up'" was released in 1989 as the B-side of "Partyman". "Shockadelica," originally written (unsolicited) by Prince as the title track for Jesse Johnson's then-forthcoming album titled "Shockadelica" (1986), was later included as a B-side of "If I Was Your Girlfriend". "Good Love" was later released on the "Bright Lights, Big City" film soundtrack in 1988.


title: Camille (album)

text: Two other songs were credited to Camille after the album project was abandoned. The first was "Scarlet Pussy", which was released as the B-side of the 1988 single "I Wish U Heaven" featuring a black label. The second was "U Got the Look", which appeared on "Sign o' the Times" and was also released as a single. Another song was recorded using Camille vocals called "Cosmic Day", it was released alongside "Rebirth of the Flesh" on the super deluxe edition of "Sign o' the Times".


title: Camille (album)

text: Prince later invoked Camille as the guiding force responsible for his next project, "The Black Album" (which contained "Rockhard in a Funky Place", again as the final track). Like "Camille", this album was also shelved shortly before its intended release after Prince experienced a spiritual epiphany and became convinced it was "evil"; he later blamed the album on an entity named Spooky Electric, described as a demonic alter-ego to Camille.


title: Camille (album)

text: A super deluxe edition of "Sign o' the Times" was released on September 25, 2020, which includes outtakes from the "Dream Factory"/"Camille"/"Crystal Ball" sessions as bonus tracks.


title: Kam Fong Chun

text: Kam Fong Chun (born Kam Tong Chun; May 27, 1918 – October 18, 2002) was an American police officer and actor, best known for his role as Chin Ho Kelly, a police detective on the CBS television network series "Hawaii Five-O".


title: Kam Fong Chun

text: Kam Fong Chun was born in the Kalihi neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii. A 1938 graduate of President William McKinley High School, he worked at Pearl Harbor shipyard in his 20s as a boiler maker and was a witness to the attack by the Japanese on December 7, 1941. After the death of his first wife and two eldest children in 1944, he applied for a job as a police officer at the Honolulu Police Department. He served there for 16 years. After his retirement from the police force, he worked as a disc jockey and sold real estate in addition to doing community theater.


title: Kam Fong Chun

text: Chun's life was filled with tragedies. His father had an affair, which led to his parents' divorce and the splitting of the family. The two eldest children went with their father and the younger five, including seven-year-old Chun, lived with their mother. The affair also led to Chun's father being forced out of the family business by his paternal grandfather, which left the family in poverty. Chun watched a brother burn to death as he was painting the family home and someone lit a match. On June 8, 1944, Chun lost his family in a freak air disaster that devastated their home in Honolulu. Two B-25 bombers collided over the Chun residence, killing wife Esther, four-year-old daughter Marilyn and two-year-old son Donald.


title: Kam Fong Chun

text: Chun later married Gladys Lindo in 1949. They had two sons, Dennis and Dickson, and daughters, Brenda and Valerie.


title: Kam Fong Chun

text: Chun's stage name came from a misunderstanding of his first name by his first teacher, who taught him to write Kam Fong Chun instead of his birth name, Kam Tong Chun. Due to confusion as he got older, he later legalized his name to the former. CBS asked him to shorten his name to Kam Fong when he was hired for "Hawaii Five-O".


title: Kam Fong Chun

text: Talk had centered around a remake or a feature film version of the show for years. In 1997, CBS and Stephen J. Cannell ("The Rockford Files", "Baretta", "The Commish") collaborated on a pilot for a possible new "Five-O" series. The pilot would introduce some of the new cast and feature former regulars from the original series, including Fong. According to "Five-O" fan and author of a book on the show, Karen Rhodes, Fong was asked to reprise his role and appear in the pilot. Neither Fong nor any of the other regulars told Cannell that Chin Ho had been killed off at the end of the tenth season. This was only discovered after all of Fong's scenes had been shot, and to excise him from the project would have caused delays and overruns in cost. Hoping that CBS executives would not remember the one episode out of hundreds, Cannell screened the pilot.


title: Kam Fong Chun

text: His son Dennis Chun had a recurring role in the 2010 reboot as HPD Sgt. Duke Lukela. Beginning with the 8th season he was promoted to a series regular.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Bolesław Bierut (; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish communist activist and politician, leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1947 until 1956. He was President of the State National Council from 1944 to 1947, President of Poland from 1947 to 1952, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1948 to 1956, and Prime Minister of Poland from 1952 to 1954. Bierut was a self-educated person. He implemented aspects of the Stalinist system in Poland. Together with Władysław Gomułka, his main rival, Bierut is chiefly responsible for the historic changes that Poland underwent in the aftermath of World War II. Unlike any of his communist successors, Bierut led Poland until his death.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Born in Congress Poland on the outskirts of Lublin, Bierut entered politics in 1912 by joining the Polish Socialist Party. Later he became a member of the Communist Party of Poland and spent some years in the Soviet Union, where he functioned as an agent of the Comintern, educated at the Soviet International Lenin School and similar institutions elsewhere in Europe. He was sentenced to a prison term in 1935 for conducting illegal labor activity in Poland by the anti-communist Sanation government. Having only attended an elementary school for several years before being expelled, he later developed an interest in economics and took some cooperative courses at the Warsaw School of Economics. He joined the cooperative movement in his youth. After his release from prison in 1938, he was employed as an accountant for Społem until the outbreak of the war.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: During the war, Bierut was an activist of the newly founded Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and subsequently the chairman of the State National Council (KRN), established by the PPR. As the Red Army pushed the Nazi Wehrmacht from eastern Poland, liberated Lublin was made the temporary headquarters of the Polish Committee of National Liberation at his initiative. Trusted by Joseph Stalin, Bierut participated in the Potsdam Conference, where he successfully lobbied for the establishment of Poland's western border at the Oder–Neisse line. The conference thus granted Poland the post-German "Recovered Territories" at their maximum possible extent.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: After the 1947 Polish legislative election, marked by electoral fraud, Bierut was made the first post-war President of Poland. In 1952, the new Constitution of the Polish People's Republic (until then known as the Republic of Poland) abolished the position of president and a Marxist–Leninist government was officially imposed. Bierut supported the radical Stalinist policies as well as the systematic introduction of socialist realism in Poland. His regime was marked by a silent terror – he presided over the hunting down of armed opposition members and their eventual murder at the hands of the Ministry of Public Security (UB), including some former members of the Home Army. Under Bierut's supervision, the UB evolved into a notorious secret police which was, according to some sources, responsible for the execution of six thousand people between 1944 and 1956 according to the Hoover Institution. As Poland's "de facto" leader, he resided in the Belweder Palace and headed the Polish United Workers' Party from the party headquarters at New World Street in central Warsaw, known as "Dom Partii". He was also the chief proponent for the reconstruction of Warsaw (rebuilding of the historic district) and the erection of the Palace of Culture and Science.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Bolesław Bierut died of a heart attack on 12 March 1956 in Moscow, after attending the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. His death was sudden, and many theories arose questioning the circumstances in which he died. His body was brought back to Poland and buried with honours in a monumental tomb at the Powązki Military Cemetery.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Bierut was born in Rury, Congress Poland (then part of the Russian Empire), now a part of Lublin, to Wojciech and Marianna Salomea (Wolska) Bierut, peasants from the Tarnobrzeg area, the youngest of their six children. In 1900, he attended an elementary school in Lublin. In 1905, he was removed from the school for instigating anti-Russian protests. From the age of fourteen he was employed in various trades, but obtained further education through self-studies. Influenced by the leftist intellectual Jan Hempel, who in 1910 arrived in Lublin, before World War I Bierut joined the Polish Socialist Party – Left ("PPS – Lewica").


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: From 1915, Bierut was active in the cooperative movement. In 1916, he became trade manager of the Lublin Food Cooperative, and from 1918 was its top leader, declaring the cooperative's "class-socialist" character. During World War I, he stayed at times at Hempel's apartment in Warsaw and took trade and cooperative courses at the Warsaw School of Economics. In Warsaw, he established contacts with Maria Koszutska and in December 1918 some form of association with the newly created Communist Workers' Party of Poland (KPRP), from which, according to his later testimony, he withdrew in fall 1919. Bierut kept assuming ever higher offices in the cooperative movement. In 1919 he and Hempel went to Prague, where they represented the Polish cooperatives at the congress of their Czechoslovak counterparts. Bierut's increasingly radical views, however, eventually hindered his cooperative career and caused his departure from the leadership of the movement, beginning in 1921. From 1921, he officially functioned as a member of the KPRP.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In July 1921 Bierut married Janina Górzyńska, a preschool teacher who had helped him a great deal when his illegal activities forced him to hide from the police. They were married by a priest at the Lublin Cathedral, even though the priest, according to Janina, excused them from the confession requirement. In February 1923 their daughter Krystyna was born, followed by son Jan in January 1925.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In 1922–25, Bierut was a member of the Cooperative Department of the KPRP Central Committee. He worked as an accountant and was active in Warsaw at the Polish Association of Freethinkers. In August 1923, he was sent for party work in the Dąbrowa Basin, to manage the Workers' Food Cooperative. He lived in Sosnowiec, where he brought his wife and daughter and where he experienced the first of his many arrests. Detained repeatedly in various parts of the country, in October 1924 he moved to Warsaw. He had become a full-time conspiratorial party activist and in 1925 was a member of the Temporary Secretariat of the Central Committee and then the head of the Cooperative Department there.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Already trusted by the Soviets and knowing the Russian language well, from October 1925 to June 1926 Bierut was in the Moscow area, sent there for training at the secret school of the Communist International.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Arrested in Warsaw in January 1927, he was released on 30 April, based on personal assurances issued on his behalf by Stanisław Szwalbe and Zygmunt Zaremba. During the Fourth Congress of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP, the new name of the KPRP), which took place from 22 May to 9 August 1927, Bierut became a member of the Temporary Secretariat of the Central Committee again. In November, the party sent him to the International Lenin School in Moscow. He received positive evaluations there, except for not being entirely free of ideological right-wing errors, characteristic, in the school's opinion, of the Polish communist party.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In 1930–31, Bierut was sent by the Comintern to Austria, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. Many details of his activities are not reliably known, but from 1 October 1930 he was an instructor at the Executive Committee of the Comintern. He later claimed having lived in Moscow in 1927–32, except for a nine-month period in 1931, and having been enrolled at the Lenin School until 1930. Jerzy Eisler wrote: "... in light of the Soviet archival materials, in 1927–32 Bierut was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), with his party seniority counted from 1921, the moment he formally joined the Polish communist party." In Moscow he met Małgorzata Fornalska, a KPP activist. They became romantically involved and had a daughter, named Aleksandra, born in June 1932. Soon afterwards Bierut left for Poland, leaving in Moscow for the time being also his legal family, whom he had brought there.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: For several months Bierut was district secretary of the KPP organization in Łódź. After the regional organization was demolished by arrests, in 1933 he became secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish section of the International Red Aid. On 18 December 1933, Bierut was arrested and in 1935 sentenced to seven years in prison. In 1936, while imprisoned, he was excluded "in absentia" from the KPP for an "unworthy of a communist behavior during the investigation and the court trial". The decision was invalidated and reversed by the Comintern on 7 September 1940 (even though the KPP by that time no longer existed). Bierut was found to have been a member of the moderate "majority" faction of the KPP, and the factional infighting in which he participated was determined not to amount to acting against the party.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: He was released from prison on 20 December 1938, based on an earlier amnesty. He lived with his wife and children and worked in Warsaw cooperatives until the outbreak of war. The "Sanation" prison may have saved his life: while he was incarcerated, the KPP was disbanded by the Comintern and most of its leaders murdered in Stalin's purges.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: On 1 September 1939, Nazi Germany attacked Poland. On 6 September the Polish military command issued a radio appeal for all able-bodied men to head east;


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Bierut left Warsaw for Lublin, from where he proceeded to Kovel. Eastern Poland was soon occupied by the Red Army and Bierut was about to spend a part of World War II in the Soviet Union. Form early October, he was employed by the Soviets in political capacities, including vice-chairmanship of a regional election commission before the Elections to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. The two assemblies, once established, voted for the incorporation of the previously Polish territories into the respective Soviet republics.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Bierut spent the rest of 1939, 1940 and the first part of 1941 in the Soviet Union, in Kiev and Moscow, working, making efforts to sanitize his record as a communist and searching for Fornalska, whom he met in Moscow in July 1940 and again in May 1941 in Białystok, where she had moved with Aleksandra. The mother and daughter were evacuated to Yershov in the Soviet Union after the June 1941 outbreak of the Soviet-German war, but Bierut ended up in Minsk. From November 1941, he was employed there by the German occupation authorities as a manager in the trade and food distribution department of the city government. In the summer of 1943, Bierut arrived in Nazi-occupied Poland, likely dispatched there as a trusted Soviet operative. He came to join the leadership of the Polish Workers' Party (PPR), a new communist party founded in January 1942. He may have been recommended for the job by Fornalska; parachuted into the General Government in the spring of 1942, she was in charge of the PPR's radio communications with Moscow. Bierut became a member of the party Secretariat on 23 November 1943.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: While there are many accounts and stories relating to Bierut during the 1939–1943 period, not much is known with certainty about his activities and the accounts are often speculative or amount to hearsay.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Upon his arrival in Warsaw, Bierut became a member of the Central Committee of the PPR, which comprised several individuals. The Secretariat had three members: General Secretary Paweł Finder, Franciszek Jóźwiak and Władysław Gomułka, whom Bierut did not know, but who quickly became his principal rival. Bierut lost his first confrontation over the management of "Trybuna Wolności" ('The Tribune of Freedom'), the party's press organ.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In a major blow to the re-emergent Polish communist party, Finder and Fornalska were arrested by the Gestapo on 14 November 1943. They were executed in July 1944. They were the only people with the knowledge of radio codes needed to communicate with Moscow and such communications were indeed interrupted for several months. On 23 November 1943, the PPR chose Gomułka as its general secretary.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: However, on 31 December 1943, Bierut also assumed an important (as it turned out) office: chairmanship of the State National Council ("Krajowa Rada Narodowa", KRN), a communist-led body established by Gomułka and the PPR. The KRN was declared to be a wartime parliament of Poland and some splinter socialist and agrarian activists were co-opted. Starting with the KRN post, with Gomułka and others, Bierut would play a leading role in the establishment of communist Poland.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In May 1944, the KRN delegation flew into Moscow. They were officially received at the Kremlin by Joseph Stalin; supremacy of the KRN was recognized by the Union of Polish Patriots, which operated in the Soviet Union under communist leadership.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In June 1944 Bierut wrote a letter, meant for the Soviet leadership and addressed to Georgi Dimitrov in Moscow. He accused his Polish communist rival Gomułka of dictatorial tendencies and numerous offenses contrary to communist orthodoxy; if taken seriously, the accusations could have cost Gomułka his life. But they were not and Gomułka did not find out about the letter until 1948, when it was used against him in Poland.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In July 1944, the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) was established in liberated Lublin province. Just before the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, on 31 July 1944, Bierut came to Świder. The next day he crossed the front line and arrived in Lublin, the seat of the PKWN.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Continuing as the KRN president, from August 1944 Bierut was secretly a member of the newly created Politburo of the PPR; he was officially presented to the public as a nonpartisan politician.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: After the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, Bierut arrived in Moscow. On 6–7 August 1944, together with Wanda Wasilewska and Michał Rola-Żymierski, he conducted negotiations with Prime Minister Stanisław Mikołajczyk of the Polish government-in-exile. Mikołajczyk refused their offer of the job of prime minister in a coalition government, which otherwise would be dominated by the communists. Bierut's daughter Krystyna participated in the uprising as a soldier of "Armia Ludowa" and was gravely wounded.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: A KRN and PKWN delegation, led by Bierut, was summoned to Moscow, where it stayed from 28 September to 3 October. Stalin, assisted by Wasilewska, had two meetings with the leaders from Poland, during which he lectured them on a number of issues, but was especially displeased by the lack of progress in implementing the land reform decree passed by the PKWN on 6 September. Stalin urged them to proceed forcefully with the agrarian revolution and to eliminate the great land owners class without further delay or undue legal concerns; Bierut felt that the remarks were addressed to him in particular.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: On 12 October, the anniversary of the Battle of Lenino, the KRN for the first time deliberated in Lublin. The proceedings were interrupted to allow the deputies (including Bierut), together with officials of the PKWN and Nikolai Bulganin representing the Soviet Union, to participate in a field mass celebrated for the occasion and in the military parade that followed. Such participation in religious ceremonies by leading communist politicians continued for a while; it was one of the manifestations of the officially proclaimed after the war democratic and pluralistic policies, which included preservation of religious freedoms. Marshal Rola-Żymierski recalled kneeling together with Bierut before the altar at another field mass in May 1946, on the first anniversary of World War II victory. In conversations with Stanisław Łukasiewicz, his press secretary, Bierut expressed his support for moderate and liberal policies. His personal views were anti-clerical and he thought the reform proposals put forward by Mikołajczyk's Polish People's Party (PSL), the legally existing opposition, would be abandoned in the event of PSL victory.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: A military department of the PPR Central Committee was created on 31 October 1944 and included Bierut and Gomułka, in addition to three generals. Its goal was to politicize the armed forces, currently fighting the war, and to establish a politically reliable officer corps. According to Eisler, Bierut and Gomułka are both responsible for the post-war persecution of many former Home Army soldiers and other groups and individuals. The terror policies, particularly brutal in the 1944–48 period, were directed against declared opponents of the regime, including the legally functioning PSL, and had nor yet involved society as a whole.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In February 1945, the Yalta Conference took place in Crimea. At that time Bierut, together with the PPR leadership and government departments, moved to the capital city of Warsaw. The city was in ruins and its rebuilding and expansion became a major concern and preoccupation for Bierut during the years that followed.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In June 1945, the Provisional Government of National Unity was established in Moscow. In July, Bierut and other Polish leaders participated in the Potsdam Conference, where, together with Stalin, they successfully lobbied for the establishment of Poland's western border at the Oder–Neisse line. The Polish administration in the formerly German lands was to continue until the final delimitation of the frontier in the (future) peace settlement. Poland's newly acquired "Recovered Territories" had thus reached their maximum attainable size.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: On 30 June 1946, the Polish people's referendum took place. It was done in preparation for the Yalta-mandated national elections; affirmative answers to the three questions given were supposed to demonstrate public support for the issues promoted by the communists. The results were falsified.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: On 22 September 1946, the KRN passed the electoral rules and in November set the date; the delayed legislative elections were held on 19 January 1947. The PPR-led coalition, running as the Democratic Bloc, was opposed by Mikołajczyk's PSL. The campaign was conducted in an atmosphere of terror and intimidation. Over 80% of the vote was falsely reported to have been cast for the Democratic Bloc and the PSL was practically eliminated as the legal opposition.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: The newly elected "Sejm" convened on 4 February 1947 and on the following day it elected Bierut President of the Republic of Poland. The installation ceremony was done in a traditional format and ended with the new president uttering the words "so help me God".


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: On 16 November 1947, during the opening ceremony of the Polish Radio broadcasting station in Wrocław, President Bierut made a speech entitled "For the dissemination of culture". "The artistic and cultural creative process should reflect the great breakthrough that the nation is experiencing. It should, but so far it isn't", he said. Bierut called for greater centralization and planning in culture and art, which, according to him, should form, educate and engross society. The speech was a harbinger of the upcoming norm of socialist realism in Poland.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Sometimes, Bierut on his own undertook special interventions with Stalin. He repeatedly and at different times asked Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria about the whereabouts of the missing Polish communists (former members of the disbanded KPP), many of whom were murdered in the Great Purge in the 1930s, but others may have survived. He also kept looking for the missing family of Fornalska. While Stalin and Beria discouraged and ridiculed Bierut's efforts, in some cases his exertions brought positive results. Besides the communists, mostly surviving women, Bierut was able to bring back to Poland many other Poles, including former Home Army soldiers exiled in the Soviet Union.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Bierut was a gallant man, well-liked by women. His wife Janina did not live with him and was not known to many of his associates. She occasionally visited him in his offices and seemed intimidated by the surroundings and her husband's position. On the other hand, his son and two daughters had seen Bierut frequently; they spent with him holidays and vacations and he appeared to genuinely enjoy their company. Bierut's actual female partner, after Fornalska's arrest, was Wanda Górska. She worked as his secretary and in other capacities, controlled access to him and visitors often thought of her as Bierut's wife.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Gomułka, general secretary of the PPR (and until that time the principal figure in post-war Polish communist establishment), was accused of a "right-wing nationalistic deviation" and removed from his position during a plenary meeting of the Central Committee in August 1948. The move was Stalin-orchestrated and Stalin's choice to fill the vacated job was President Bierut, who had thus become both the top party leader and top state official.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: The historic PPS was practically taken over by the PPR at the Unification Congress, held in Warsaw in December 1948. The resulting "Marxist–Leninist" Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) was nearly synonymous with the state and Bierut became its first general secretary. The Three-Year Plan of post-war rebuilding and economic consolidation ended in 1949 and was followed by the Six-Year Plan, which intensified the industrialisation process and brought extensive urbanization of Poland.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In November 1949, Bierut asked the Soviet government to make available Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky, a Polish-Soviet politician and famous World War II commander, for service in the government of Poland. Rokossovsky subsequently became a Marshal of Poland and Minister of National Defense.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In early August 1951, Bierut had his main rival Gomułka and his wife arrested. Gomułka, though imprisoned, refused to cooperate with his accusers and displayed remarkable ability to defend himself, while Bierut's people bungled the prosecution. According to Edward Ochab, though, Stalin and Beria ordered the arrest and trial of Gomułka, while Bierut and Jakub Berman tried to protect him and caused delays in the proceedings. Informal political reforms, slow to take hold after Stalin's death, eventually materialized and in December 1954 Gomułka was released.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: During the lifetime of Stalin, Bierut was strictly subservient to the Soviet leader. Bierut routinely received instructions from Stalin over the telephone or was summoned to Moscow for consultations. Bierut still had far more power in Poland than any of his successors as First Secretary of the PZPR. He ruled jointly with his two closest associates, Berman and Hilary Minc. Security issues, including the widespread persecution of opposition, he also consulted with Stanisław Radkiewicz, head of the Ministry of Public Security.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: The apogee of Bierut's cult, promoted by the authorities over a number of years, was the celebration of his sixtieth birthday on 18 April 1952. It included various industrial and other production or accomplishment commitments undertaken by institutions and individuals. The University of Wrocław and some state enterprises were named in his honor. The History Department of the party's Central Committee prepared a special book about Bierut and his life, while Polish poets, including some notable ones, generated a book of poems dedicated to the leader. Many postage stamps dedicated to Bierut were issued.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: As the PZPR leadership felt ready to sanction its rule in a fundamental legal document, a new constitution was being worked on. On 26 May 1951, the "Sejm" passed a statute concerning the preparation and passing of the constitution. The Constitutional Committee, led by Bierut, commenced its deliberations on 19 September. In the fall of 1951, a Russian translation of the draft constitution was examined by Stalin, who inserted dozens of corrections, subsequently implemented in the Polish text by Bierut. The officially proclaimed national public discussion resulted in hundreds of other proposed changes. After all the delays and the necessary extension of the term of the "Sejm", the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic was officially proclaimed on 22 July 1952.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: The Polish People's Republic ("Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa") was the new name of the state. The "Sejm" was designated as the highest national authority; it represented "the working people of towns and villages". The office of the president was eliminated and replaced with the collegial Council of State, elected by the "Sejm" from its members. The first chairman of the new council was Aleksander Zawadzki. Bierut replaced Józef Cyrankiewicz as prime minister in November 1952. The constitution, amended many times, remained in force until a new Constitution of Poland came into effect in October 1997, in what was then the Republic of Poland.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: The regime's relations with the Catholic Church kept deteriorating. The authorities imprisoned Bishop Czesław Kaczmarek and interned Poland's primate, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In the Soviet Union, changes were initiated by the new leader of the communist party, Nikita Khrushchev. The "collective leadership" concept, promoted first in the Soviet Union, made its way to other communist countries, including Poland. It meant, among other things, giving top party and state functions to different officials.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: The Second Congress of the PZPR deliberated from 10 to 17 March 1954 in Warsaw. Bierut's party chief's title was changed from general secretary to first secretary. Because of the separation of functions requirement, Bierut remained only a party secretary and Cyrankiewicz returned to the post of prime minister. The Six-Year Plan was modified and some of the heavy industrial investment resources were shifted toward production of consumer articles.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: When Khrushchev, a guest at the congress, inquired about the reasons for the continuing imprisonment of Gomułka, Bierut professed his own ignorance on that issue.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union deliberated on 14–25 February 1956. Afterwards, Bierut did not return to Poland with the rest of the Polish delegation, but remained in Moscow, hospitalized with bad influenza, which turned into pneumonia and heart complications.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: On 3 March, during a conference of PZPR activists in Warsaw, Stefan Staszewski and others severely criticized the current party leadership, including the absent Bierut.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Bierut died of a heart attack on 12 March 1956, having read the text of Nikita Khrushchev's "Secret Speech", in which Khrushchev criticized Stalin's cult of personality.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Bierut, however, would not die until sixteen days after that speech and four members of the delegation of Polish students who studied in Moscow, who met him on 25 February 1956, told Eisler that the first secretary showed signs of physical distress already at that time.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: The deceased leader was given a splendid funeral in Warsaw. A period of national mourning was declared. Catholic bishops conceded to the demand that church bells ring all over the country on the day of the funeral.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: In a radio address on 14 March, Helena Jaworska, chairperson of the board of the Union of Polish Youth, eulogized Bierut on behalf of the Polish youth. She recalled Bierut's war and post-war activities and declared that "the beloved friend of the youth has departed". She spoke of the "great son of the Polish nation" and "a beautiful, loved person".


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: The funeral, which took place on 16 March, was transmitted by the Polish Radio over many hours. Warsaw residents were given a day-off from work to be able to participate. Large crowds of people gathered and joined the funeral procession, which began at the Palace of Culture and Science and proceeded toward the Powązki Military Cemetery, where the burial took place and where, for logistic reasons, only invited guests and delegations could enter.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Khrushchev, who participated in Bierut's funeral, stayed in Warsaw for several days and attended the Sixth Plenum of the PZPR Central Committee. On 20 March, Edward Ochab was chosen there as the party's new first secretary. Prime Minister Cyrankiewicz delivered a detailed account of the history of Bierut's illness, going back to the early spring of 1950, when Bierut experienced his first myocardial infarction. The report was not made public.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: According to historian Andrzej Garlicki, Bierut died just in time to make possible the political elimination of Berman and Minc and the triumphal return of Gomułka. Had Bierut lived much longer, the de-Stalinization process in Poland could have been stalled.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Soon after Bierut's death, on 18 April 1956, a merchant ship newly built in Gdańsk Shipyard was named "Bolesław Bierut".


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: During Gomułka's rule as first secretary (1956–70), the memory of Bierut was marginalized. After 1970, First Secretary Edward Gierek brought Bierut back into public consciousness. Some books about him were published and in July 1979, on the 35th anniversary of communist Poland, Bierut's monument was erected in Lublin. Bierut's legend was sustained and cultivated during the 1970s. Gierek and his team, according to Eisler, idealized Bierut and his period and introduced a soft version of Stalinism, lacking the terror component of the original.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: During the brief but turbulent Solidarity period, the University of Wrocław attempted to reclaim its original name, but the Ministry of Higher Education declined to implement the faculty resolution in January 1982.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: On 1 June 1987, a factory in Skierniewice was given Bierut's name, which was likely the last such outcome. In 1989, the University of Wrocław got its old name back, Bierut's monument in Lublin was taken down, and soon all the mention of Bierut was removed from public space. However, memorials dedicated to countless many public and other figures and groups, judged compromised by their activities or connections with the communist regime, as well as other objects and names, including monuments of Soviet World War II soldiers or Polish Eastern Front soldiers, met the same fate.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Historian Zenobiusz Kozik wrote of the "important role of Bierut in the deep social, economic and civilizational processes of those years. Processes that caused the rapid economic development of the country and great cultural advancement of entire groups and social spheres, especially the great masses of young people. (Regardless of the negative results and side effects, especially destroying the value of existing structures and the unconditional breaking of continuity). The civilizational advancement of Poland influenced the judgements regarding Bierut's place in the history of Poland, especially for a certain generation".


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Eisler countered this argument by writing of "the brutal and bloody reckoning with soldiers of the independence-seeking underground, clandestine murders, fake political trials, and also the falsified referendum of 1946 and the elections of the following year, and finally the Sovietization of Poland in practically all areas of public life".


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Szwalbe related that Bierut tried to persuade him that "every social revolution has to result in victims, including innocent ones." "Bierut considered himself a student of Stalin. He found making statements and declarations with the intent of obfuscating reality to be purposeful and justified (like Stalin did), and also the liquidation of the so-called adversaries in the process of the so-called successive stages of the revolution...".


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: According to the historians Eleonora and Bronisław Syzdek, Bierut "brought to mind no associations with a figure of despot or dictator". "He knew how to listen and express himself competently, although formally he completed only five grades of elementary schooling and trade-cooperative courses. The knowledge he possessed, he acquired through self-education." "People from Bierut's immediate surroundings, whom he always treated with proper respect, while keeping the necessary distance in formal relations, to this day have retained a sympathetic view of him and try to defend the former president of People's Poland against negative judgements".


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: Leon Chajn spoke of Bierut: "Refined, tactful, composed. Not an eagle, but valued intelligence in others. A great patriot, enthusiast of Stalin's concepts but opponent of his methods." Stanisław Łukasiewicz wrote about Bierut: "Always read a lot and wrote a lot, especially in prison. The years spent in prison were for him the period of his university studies."


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: "a."After his arrival in Minsk, in September 1941, Bierut met Anastasia Kalesnikova, a woman fifteen years his junior and wife of the composer Isaac Luban, who had fled to Moscow leaving his family in Minsk. Bierut obtained "Aryan" (non-Jewish) documents for the family and moved into their apartment. Reportedly, Bierut and Kalesnikova had a daughter. After the war, Kalesnikova lived in Minsk again and was discreetly supported financially by Bierut. In 1974, suffering from material hardship, she wrote to First Secretary Edward Gierek of the PZPR, introducing herself as a "friend, wife and helper of his great fellow countryman, the outstanding party activist Bolesław Bierut". She asked for Polish retirement pay for herself and her family and the Polish authorities satisfied her request.


title: Bolesław Bierut

text: "b."In a sense, Bierut's patriotism was recognized by Primate Stefan Wyszyński: "People of Mr Bierut type honestly care for the future of Poland. At the present time, they see no other opportunity to serve Poland than through communizing of the country." In the 1952 "Sejm" elections, Wyszyński himself voted for Bierut.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: General elections were held in Brazil on 6 October 2002, with a second round of the presidential election on 27 October. The elections were held in the midst of an economic crisis that began in the second term of the incumbent president, Fernando Henrique Cardoso of the centre-right Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). Due to constitutional term limits, Cardoso was ineligible to run for a third consecutive term.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the Workers' Party (PT), a former labor leader and federal deputy for São Paulo, ran for president for a fourth time. Lula had previously lost in the 1989, 1994, and 1998 presidential elections, being defeated by Cardoso in the latter two. Lula somewhat moderated his political approach in the 2002 presidential campaign, writing a document now known as the "Letter to the Brazilian People" to ease fears that he would transition Brazil into a full-fledged socialist economy. Staying true to this turn to the center, Lula chose José Alencar, a millionaire textile businessman and Senator from Minas Gerais associated with the centre-right Liberal Party (PL), as his running mate.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: Following a tense intra-party battle over who would run to succeed Cardoso on the PSDB ticket, former Minister of Health José Serra was ultimately selected by the party to be its standard bearer for President in 2002. Rita Camata, a federal deputy for Espírito Santo and member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), was chosen as his running mate. In the beginning of the election cycle, Governor of Maranhão Roseana Sarney (PFL) looked to be the most viable centre-right candidate. However, a corruption scandal forced Sarney out of the race, allowing the PSDB to remain the paramount centre-right force in the 2002 cycle.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: The election took place in the aftermath of an economic crisis that hit Brazil during Cardoso's second term. Lula's pivot to the centre worked, picking up the support of key centrist and centre-right politicians such as former President José Sarney in the process. In the first round, Lula would lead Serra by a wide margin, only failing to prevent a runoff because of votes that went to other left-wing candidates. In the second round, Lula would defeat Serra by a landslide, winning every state except for Alagoas. In 2003, Lula took office as President of Brazil, becoming the first leftist elected to the office following the fall of the military dictatorship in Brazil.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: During the second term of the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration, a serious economic crisis began in Brazil as an impact of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Commencing shortly after the 1998 elections, when Cardoso was re-elected, as a currency crisis, it resulted in a decrease in growth and employment rates and a rise in public debt.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: In an environment of distrust and uncertainty for investment, many investors feared the measures that were going to be taken if a left-wing candidate won the election. As a matter of fact, when Workers' Party candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Lula) would rise in the polls, the so-called "Brazil risk" index, which measures the confidence of investors in the country, would also rise.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: The media called this the "Lula risk", indicating that if Lula was to win the election, the economy would fail. Lula was then forced to sign a text that became known as "Carta aos Brasileiros" ("Letter to the Brazilian people"), promising that if he won the election, he would not change the economic policy of Brazil. Many in the left-wing saw this as a shift to the center from Lula and his Workers' Party, which openly defended a transition to socialist economy in the 1989 presidential election.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: With incumbent President Fernando Henrique Cardoso ineligible to run for a third consecutive term due to term limits, the dominant centre-right PSDB was forced to find a new candidate for the 2002 election. Given that Cardoso was elected with the help of a broad centre-right coalition, there existed fear among PSDB officials that another candidate would be unable to maintain his coalition.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: José Serra, who had served as Minister of Health under Cardoso, was eventually chosen as the party's nominee. Outgoing President Cardoso was initially favorable to the prospect of Governor of Ceará Tasso Jereissati serving as the PSDB's presidential nominee in 2002. According to a report by "The Economist", Jereissati enjoyed broader support among the PSDB's coalition partners than Serra, whose performance on the campaign trail was considered lackluster. Additionally, some PSDB insiders and political scientists feared that Serra would perform poorly in the northeast, and believed that Jereissati would do better in the region owing to being from Ceará.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: In addition to Serra and Jereissati, who were the subject of most speculation, other potential PSDB candidates were speculated on, including members of the Cardoso administration. Economist and education official Paulo Renato Souza, who served as Cardoso's Minister of Education, was occasionally mentioned as a potential PSDB candidate, though he declined to run. Pedro Malan, an economist who served as Minister of Finance under Cardoso, was also the subject of some 2002 speculation, though he similarly chose not to contest the election for the PSDB.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: Both Governor of São Paulo Geraldo Alckmin and President of the Chamber of Deputies Aécio Neves were also the subject of some media speculation, though neither entered the race; Alckmin would later represent the PSDB in the 2006 and 2018 presidential elections, while Neves would be the party's presidential candidate in 2014.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, known as Lula, was a fixture of the Brazilian Left going into the 2002 election. Well-known for his role in the 1980 steelworkers' strike, the former labor leader and federal deputy for São Paulo served as the PT's presidential candidate in 1989, 1994, and 1998. Nevertheless, Lula faced some opposition within his own party, who felt that he shouldn't lead the party after losing the past three presidential elections. Senator Eduardo Suplicy of São Paulo contested the nomination for as the candidacy of the PT. Suplicy was well-known for being an early supporter of a universal basic income, and party leadership encouraged his participation in the party's preliminary election to mobilize and unite the party's base. Suplicy would lose to Lula with just over 15% of the preliminary vote. During the campaign, Suplicy accused party leadership of favoring Lula, publicly demanding that pro-Lula party president José Dirceu be impartial in the election.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: Former Governor of the Federal District Cristovam Buarque was named as a possible centrist challenger to Lula in the PT preliminary election. Buarque, who had supported Democratic Labour Party (PDT) candidate Leonel Brizola rather than Lula in the 1989 presidential election, was known for his independence from party leadership. A member of the party's moderate wing, he was an early supporter of PT moving to the political centre, advocating for privatization of some state industries. Buarque ended up not running for President, and would join Lula's administration as Minister of Education in 2003 before leaving the party altogether.


title: 2002 Brazilian general election

text: On the other hand, some members of the party's left-wing who felt Lula that was too moderate urged Mayor of Belém Edmilson Rodrigues to contest the party' nomination. Edmilson did not end up running for the party's nomination, and would later leave the party to join the left-wing Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL).


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: The 2021 season was the Houston Texans' 20th season in the National Football League, and their first and only under head coach David Culley. For the first time since 2010, long-time defensive end J. J. Watt was not on the roster, as he had signed with the Arizona Cardinals on March 5, 2021, reuniting him with former Texans teammate DeAndre Hopkins, who was traded to the Cardinals the season prior. It also was the first time since 2013 without long-time head coach Bill O'Brien, as he was fired just four games into the 2020 season when the Texans began 0–4.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: In addition, Deshaun Watson, the starting quarterback since 2017, was inactive the entire season due to a fallout with team management and several allegations of sexual assault. Though he was never released, suspended, or placed on any reserve list, he was ruled out each week for "non-injury-related" reasons. Veteran free agent signing Tyrod Taylor and rookie Davis Mills split time as the starting quarterback in Watson's stead throughout the season. Due to injury and poor performance by Taylor, Mills would be the starting quarterback for most of the season. Mills would finish the season with 2,664 passing yards, breaking the franchise record for most passing yards in a season by a rookie quarterback.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: After winning their season opener against the Jacksonville Jaguars, the Texans would go on an eight-game losing streak before winning against the Tennessee Titans in week 11. After a Week 13 loss to the Indianapolis Colts, the Texans became the first team to be eliminated from playoff contention for the second consecutive year. With a 41–29 upset victory over the Los Angeles Chargers in week 16, the Texans matched their win total from the previous season, at four.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: Following the season, head coach David Culley and offensive coordinator Tim Kelly were fired. Watson would also be traded to the Cleveland Browns in the following off-season.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: NFL Network began announcing its annual top 100 list on August 15, 2021. Two players were named to the list.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: Tyrod Taylor started at quarterback for the Texans, leading the team 57 yards downfield on his first drive, before the drive stalled at Green Bay's 19-yard line; the Texans would settle for a 37-yard field goal from Ka'imi Fairbairn to take a 3–0 lead. This was the only drive Taylor would play, going 4-of-4 for 40 yards. Rookie quarterback Davis Mills entered the game on Houston's next drive, being sacked once and throwing an incomplete pass as the Texans went three-and-out. After the rough start, Mills would settle in and lead the Texans on two scoring drives, resulting in ten points. Late in the 2nd quarter, Green Bay quarterback Jordan Love was sacked and fumbled the ball, with Jaleel Johnson recovering for Houston at the Green Bay 17-yard line; however, Mills would throw an interception on the very next play. Mills would briefly appear in the 2nd half before Jeff Driskel took over midway in the 3rd quarter. Driskel would remain the Texans' quarterback for the rest of the game; Driskel would only complete one pass out of six attempts for 2 yards. Late in the 4th quarter, Houston cornerback Tremon Smith intercepted a Kurt Benkert pass.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: The three Texans' quarterbacks finished with a combined 16/32 for 149 yards, no touchdowns, and one interception.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: The Cowboys received the opening kickoff, with Houston defensive end Jacob Martin causing a fumble on the third play of the game, with Charles Omenihu recovering it for the Texans. Tyrod Taylor started at quarterback for Houston, leading the offense on a short drive that ended with a 2-yard touchdown run from Mark Ingram II Taylor would play for most of the 1st quarter before Davis Mills came in with 0:22 left; Taylor finished 2-of-5 for 10 yards. In the third quarter, cornerback Lonnie Johnson Jr. intercepted a Ben DiNucci pass and returned it 53 yards for a pick six touchdown. Shyheim Carter picked off a DiNucci pass in the 4th quarter, returning it 5 yards to the 50-yard line. Jeff Driskel took over at quarterback on the next drive, leading the team down to the red zone before the drive stalled, settling for a 24-yard field goal from Ka'imi Fairbairn to give the Texans a 20–14 lead. Late in the 4th quarter, with the Cowboys trying to win the game, strong safety Terrence Brooks intercepted DiNucci, sealing the victory for the Texans.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: The Texans only had 220 yards of offense versus the Cowboys' 308, but committed no turnovers while Dallas turned the ball over four times. The three Houston quarterbacks finished for a combined 13-of-23 for 131 yards.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: Kicker Ka'imi Fairbairn suffered an injury during pregame warmups, with safety Justin Reid handling the kickoffs for the Texans; Reid would not attempt any field goals or extra points, with the team opting to go for it on 4th down and attempt a two-point conversion after touchdowns. Tyrod Taylor started at quarterback and played until midway of the 2nd quarter. Taylor left the game after losing a fumble on a sack, finishing 6-of-9 for 31 yards. Davis Mills would play for the rest of the game, going 10-of-27 for 106 yards with two touchdowns, but also threw three interceptions and lost a fumble. Taylor and Mills finished for a combined 16-of-36 for 115 yards, two touchdowns, and three interceptions.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: The Texans kicked off the 2021 season and the David Culley era at home against AFC South rival the Jacksonville Jaguars and Trevor Lawrence, the first overall pick in the 2021 NFL Draft. The Texans' defense picked off Lawrence three times while the offense committed no turnovers. With the win, the Texans started 1–0 for the first time since 2016; additionally, the Texans were the only AFC South team to win during week 1.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: Starting quarterback Tyrod Taylor suffered a hamstring injury during the first half, with rookie Davis Mills replacing him for the second half.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: Rookie quarterback Davis Mills started his first NFL game as Tyrod Taylor was still recovering from a hamstring injury. After a slow start, Mills would lead the offense on a quick scoring drive to end the half with a 1-yard pass to Anthony Miller, but kicker Joey Slye missed the extra point. The offense would continue to be inconsistent throughout the 2nd half, with Mills constantly being pressured by Carolina's defense.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: The Texans committed five turnovers, with quarterback Davis Mills throwing four interceptions and tight end Jordan Akins losing a fumble and only had 109 yards of total offense. The Texans were shutout for the first time since 2016. The 40 point loss is also the largest in franchise history.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: The Texans had a 22–9 lead early in the 3rd quarter, but the Patriots would score 16 unanswered points, including Nick Folk's game-winning field goal with 17 seconds left in the 4th. Houston kicker Ka'imi Fairbairn missed two extra point attempts and a 56-yard field goal.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: With the loss, the Texans' dropped to 1–6, losing their sixth game in a row. Following the game, head coach David Culley announced that quarterback Tyrod Taylor, who suffered a hamstring injury in week 2, would be returning to practice during the week.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: Houston only had 190 yards of total offense compared to Tennessee's 420, but the Titans turned the ball over five times during the game and turned it over on downs twice. Tennessee quarterback Ryan Tannehill threw four interceptions, three of which happened in Houston territory. During a punt return, Chester Rogers muffed a punt that was recovered by Tremon Smith for Houston at the Tennessee 5-yard line.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: Starting quarterback Tyrod Taylor was benched in the third quarter in favor of rookie Davis Mills. Taylor finished 5-of-13 for 45 yards with an interception. With the loss, the Texans were the first team to be eliminated from playoff contention. This loss also marked the first time in franchise history the Texans were shut out at home during the regular season.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: At the end of the first half, kicker Ka'imi Fairbairn made a 61-yard field goal, setting a franchise record for longest field goal made.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: With the win, the Texans swept the Jacksonville Jaguars for the fourth season in a row. This was also the first victory for rookie quarterback Davis Mills.


title: 2021 Houston Texans season

text: The Houston Texans hosted the Los Angeles Chargers for the penultimate home game of the season, with both teams missing several players due to the NFL's COVID-19 protocols. The game was close for the first three quarters, but a 24-point fourth quarter by the Texans put the game out of reach for the Chargers, including scoring 14 unanswered points in under a minute. Running back Rex Burkhead finished the game with a career high 149 rushing yards, the most by a Texans' running back since Carlos Hyde in week 9 of the 2019 season. With the win, the Texans improved to 4–11, matching their win total from the previous season.


title: Nissan Cima

text: The is a luxury sedan produced by Nissan for the Japanese market. The car's name is derived from Spanish for "summit". Earlier generations installed a hood ornament with an image of an acanthus leaf. The acanthus leaf was commonly used by classical Greeks to make a wreath for use as a crown.


title: Nissan Cima

text: In Japan, the Cima has traditionally been Nissan's rival to the Toyota Crown Royal Saloon G and later the Majesta. The Cima in the first two generations was a more luxurious and larger version of the Cedric and Gloria, with the Cima sharing the V8 engine from the earlier flagship President, Nissan's alternative to the Toyota Century. The Cima was introduced in 1988 and was based on an elongated Cedric/Gloria chassis. With its phenomenal sales—about 64,000 units sold the first year and 120,000 in four years—the car became a symbol of the "bubble economy".


title: Nissan Cima

text: The Cedric Cima was sold at "Nissan Motor Stores", while the Gloria Cima was sold at "Nissan Prince Stores". Later generations of the Cima shared the same platform as the President, with the Cima being a shorter version, thereby allowing Nissan to continue offering the Cima at "Nissan Prince Store" locations. The later iterations of the Cima were exported to the United States as the Infiniti Q45. The Q45 was discontinued after 2006, however the Cima and the President continued in production until August 2010, leaving the Fuga to become the lone flagship. April 2012, the Cima nameplate was resurrected, and resumed "flagship" status in Japan as a longer wheelbase version of the Fuga Hybrid.


title: Nissan Cima

text: In January 2021, Nissan announced that the Cima had been considered for cancellation for a second time, with production being halted at the end of 2020 while the current Nissan Japan website still lists it as available for new orders with a hybrid powertrain only in three trim levels. According to the Nissan Factory website at Tochigi, the Cima was renewed October 2021. It was announced on March 31, 2022 that Nissan is planning to end production of the Cima.


title: Nissan Cima

text: Up until 1989, the Japanese tax bracket dictated a division point at the car being long, wide, with a 2-liter engine. Both the Cedric/Gloria and its arch-rival, the Toyota Crown were stretched to this very limit, with larger engined versions also available. The bigger versions received larger bumpers to take advantage of the absence of exterior dimension restrictions, but were still somewhat of a half measure as the bodywork itself remained narrow.


title: Nissan Cima

text: When rumors came that Toyota was developing a larger, wider extension of the Crown, called the "4000 Royal Saloon G", Nissan acted hastily to add a full-sized version of the Cedric and Gloria. Nissan, however, was unable to get the wide version ready for the narrow version's launch in June 1987. The half-year gap in development, however, brought about many changes in design. The wider version was originally sold as the Cedric Cima or Gloria Cima, depending on which sales channel was being used. This generation was manufactured exclusively as a 4-door hardtop, with no B-pillar between the front and rear side glass windows. The interior was very lavish using genuine lacquer wood inserts throughout the interior and the upholstery was a choice between Connolly leather or a silk-wool combination. It was offered as the Type I Limited, the Type II-S or Type II Limited AV with the turbocharged engine and a color CRT interactive display for climate, navigation and sound system functions provided by Fujitsu Ten and a Sony CD changer which were earlier installed in the GT coupe. The steering wheel had a stationary center hub while the steering wheel rotated around it, providing stereo and cruise control buttons on the hub regardless of where the steering wheel was. There was an optionally available cellular phone installed in the armrest console and the center hub was available with cellphone buttons to dial numbers, connect or disconnect calls.


title: Nissan Cima

text: The Y31 Cima is available with a VG30DE or a turbocharged VG30DET. The turbocharged version was especially popular, leading the Japanese media to coin the term "the Cima phenomenon". The Cedric Cima was sold at dealerships "Nissan Motor" where the Laurel could be found in Japan, and the Gloria Cima was sold at Nissan dealerships "Nissan Prince" that sold the Skyline. The Cima was available with an electronically controlled air suspension and a center console color CRT-display for multiple audio and video and climate control functions.


title: Nissan Cima

text: Japanese actress Kazue Ito had originally purchased this generation at the age of 24 and continued to own and drive the car. While the car had accumulated more than , Nissan offered to restore and replace all worn out parts without cost to her. The process took about 8 months from April 2021 and completed on December 7 of the same year. The car was presented at the Nissan Ginza showroom in Tokyo to Ito, and it was also announced in a Nissan press release on the same date, which coincided with her birthday. The total cost of the restoration is said to have exceeded the cost of the original Cima, which was ¥5 million in 1990, or .


title: Nissan Cima

text: Following the Y32 Cedric/Gloria's June 1991 launch, the Cima was redesigned and introduced in August 1991. The car is simply known as the Cima, and remained the flagship offering at "Nissan Prince Store" locations alongside the Skyline and Gloria. Later in the year, Toyota launched the independent Crown Majesta competing with the sport-oriented trim levels. The collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble resulted in lower sales for either car, compared to Nissan's previous Y31 model and Toyota's S130 model Crown Royal Saloon G.


title: Nissan Cima

text: Initially the Cima was only available with the VH41DE series V8, a short-stroke version of the VH45DE found in the first Infiniti Q45. The air suspension introduced in the previous generation was replaced with Full-Active Suspension that was available on the US-spec Q45. Its appearance was said to reflect a more British appearance, both inside and out. An analog clock, found on most US-spec Infiniti during the same time period, also appeared in this vehicle. AWD and a V6 engine were also added to the options list.


title: Nissan Cima

text: Unlike the previous, JDM only models, the third-generation Cima was also marketed overseas—as the second generation Infiniti Q45. Instead of the VH45DE engine, Nissan used the VH41DE due to reduced yearly road tax obligation while also offering the turbocharged V6 with smaller displacement. In 1999, the Cima was exclusive to reorganized Nissan JDM "Nissan Red Stage" dealerships , while the President was exclusive to "Nissan Blue Stage" locations. AWD was still offered in Japan only and it was the first car markteted in Japan with side airbags as standard equipment. As this generation was sold at Japanese Nissan dealerships next to the Skyline, the Cima was given a performance-car appearance to capitalize on the popularity of the Skyline.


title: Nissan Cima

text: The fourth-generation Cima arrived in January 2001. The timing was early in the Nissan Revival Plan, so the Cima did not have the Skyline's FM platform. Instead, it features an updated version of the old President platform, with an updated rear suspension. However, Nissan's updated design identity was thoroughly worked into both the exterior and interior. This Cima became known for its unique 7-reflector headlights. The Cima was sold in the US as the Infiniti Q45. This model continued to be Nissan's rival to the Crown Majesta, and also competed for customers for three years with the Japan only Mitsubishi Proudia, however Mitsubishi chose to use front wheel drive.


title: Nissan Cima

text: The "VK45DD" direct-injection V8 features in the Japanese Cima, alongside the VQ30DET, both producing . The V8 in the Infiniti version produces . A BOSE sound system was offered in June 2002. A LHD version of this generation was offered for sale in China at the Shanghai Auto Show in April 2003. Due to tightening emissions restrictions, the turbocharged vehicle was no longer offered on the V6 engine starting July 2005. The Q45 was no longer exported to the US after MY 2006. This generation of the Cima is very similar to the President.


title: Nissan Cima

text: In August 2010, Nissan announced that it had stopped the production of both the Cima and President, which share the same chassis. The two models needed safety upgrades to comply with the latest safety regulations, but lackluster sales showed that the company would not be able to recoup costs. In light of Nissan stopping development on a Cima/President successor, the Fuga has become the flagship in its lineup.


title: Nissan Cima

text: When the Fuga assumed the role as flagship sedan of Nissan Japan August 2010, it became the first time that Nissan didn't sell a premium luxury V8 sedan in Japan since 1964; the Fuga's North American cousin, the Infiniti M56, is offered with a V8 shared with the Infiniti QX56.


title: Nissan Cima

text: Nissan revived the Cima nameplate as the long wheelbase version of the Fuga Hybrid. Instead of a V8 engine, the HGY51 Cima is a hybrid sedan equipped with the 3.5L V6 hybrid VQ engine with maximum power of at 6800 rpm and maximum torque of at 5000 rpm) with an advanced ‘HM34’ electric motor with maximum power output of and maximum torque of and high-output lithium-ion battery with a quick charge/discharge function. It also comes with Nissan's "Intelligent Dual Clutch Control", a one-motor two-clutch parallel hybrid system, that offers direct response, superb driving feel and low fuel consumption. Sales of this flagship hybrid sedan in Japan began May 21, 2012. It is a resurrection of a 1960s and 1970s styling trend called "coke bottle styling".


title: Nissan Cima

text: The reintroduction of the Cima to Japanese customers was done to offer an alternative to Toyota's limousines called the Century and the S210 series Crown Majesta which the Cima is now the direct alternative.


title: Nissan Cima

text: On April 16, 2014, it was announced that the current Cima will be offered in North America as the Infiniti Q70L beginning with the 2015 model year. A few Cimas were exported to other Asian countries such as Singapore by parallel import.


title: Nissan Cima

text: From April 26, 2012 until November 30, 2016, Mitsubishi Motors sold a rebadged version of the HGY51 Cima under the Dignity nameplate. Aside from badging and some minor details, the Dignity was identical to the Cima.


title: Filipino name

text: Filipinos have various naming customs. They most commonly blend the older Spanish system and Anglo-American conventions, where there is a distinction between the "Christian name" and the "surname". The construct containing several middle names is common to all systems, but having multiple "first" names and only one middle and last name is a result of the blending of American and Spanish naming customs.


title: Filipino name

text: Today, Filipinos usually abide by the Spanish system of using both paternal and maternal surnames, with the latter used as the "middle name". The particle "y" is used only for legal purposes and is otherwise dropped. The middle name in its natural sense would have been the second name if the person had one, but is never counted as an individual's given name.


title: Filipino name

text: In ancient times, the Tagalogs had a naming system that changed via family dynamics. A Tagalog man (especially a chief) would lose his name, take his first born's name, and become known as "son's/daughter's father"; rather than his offspring adopting his surname like today. If he was baptized into Christianity, he would take a Spanish "Christian name" but retain his native name as surname. For example, Calao's father became Don Luis Amanicalao (Lord Luis, a chief of Tondo, Calao's Father). This also applied to mothers (e.g., Inanicao) etc. One also gained numerous "poetic" titles (i.e., "pamagat"; lit. "to have something to go before", today literally translated as "title", from where the prenom "Gat" is derived) from his renown/actions (e.g. valiance in battle) or other naming means (like a naming feast for those without offspring).


title: Filipino name

text: Historical examples: Manila/Tagalog chiefs listed in the Tondo Conspiracy (1587–88) "Phelipe Amarlangagui/Amarlangagui" ('Felipe, Ama ni Langawi'), "Luis Amanicalao" (Luis, Ama ni Calao), and "Omaghicon/Amaghikon" (Ama ni Hikon).


title: Filipino name

text: Another example is found in the only surviving baybayin writings; i.e., the Sto. Thomas Land Titles (1613-1625). In Document B (1625), Line 12, a certain "Amadaga" was named. The contract stated that the owner of the land adjacent to the one sold in the contract was "Maria Gada" who had acquired it from "Amadaga". Although no other context was given in the document, it is quite possible that "Maria Gada" is the daughter of "Ama ni Gada" (misspelled) and inherited the land from him as a legacy.


title: Filipino name

text: Filipinos may have one or more official given names (as registered in their birth certificates and baptismal certificates) and various types of temporary or permanent nicknames. Filipinos commonly give themselves or each other nicknames and monikers. Some nicknames are carried for life, while others are used only with certain groups; a person can have multiple nicknames at different ages or among different groups of people.


title: Filipino name

text: Long given names can be shortened in various ways. "Emmanuel" can become "Eman", "Manuel", "Manolo", "Manny", or "Manoy"; and "Consolación" would be shortened to "Connie", "Cons", "Sol", or "Chona".


title: Filipino name

text: Filipino women with two given names such as "María Cristina" or "María Victoria" may choose to abbreviate the very common "María" (in honor of the Virgin Mary) as "Ma". (with a full stop), thus rendering these given names as "Ma. Cristina" or "Ma. Victoria". Filipino males with two given names such as "José Mariano" or "José Gerardo" could follow the same practice of abbreviating "José" as "Jo.", though this is not as consistent. Another common practice seen in other cultures (most commonly with Spanish conventions) is to elide or combine multiple given names into one nickname. The aforementioned "María Cristina" and "María Victoria" may thus acquire the nicknames "Maricris" and "Marivic". Thus the Filipino names "Maricel", "Maritoni", "Marijo", "Maritess", and "Maricon" come from "Maria Celia (or Celeste)", "María Antonieta " (or "Antonia")", "María Josefa" (or "Josefina)", "María Teresa", and "María Concepción" (or either "Consuelo" or "Consolación") respectively.


title: Filipino name

text: A related custom is that parents combine their given names to create a name for their child. For example:


title: Filipino name

text: Some first names like "Lodegrano" or "Lorimer" may have been invented on the spot by the parents, or derived from some partially remembered foreign term. Other coined first names have unusual spellings or spellings which are pronounced differently.


title: Filipino name

text: Honorifics and titles are sometimes used in place of a person's actual name. As such, titles for family elders are often used by the younger persons and then adopted by the wider community: "Apo" (grandson/granddaughter). "Lolo" (grandfather) and "Lola" (grandmother) are used for senior elders; "Tatay/Itay/Ama" (father) or "Tito/Tiyo/Tsong" (uncle) and "Nanay/Inay/Ina" (mother) or "Tita/Tiya/Tsang" (aunt) for middle-aged elders; "Manong" or "Kuya" (elder brother) and "Manang" or "Ate" (elder sister) for anyone slightly older than the person speaking.


title: Filipino name

text: People in the Filipino community are often addressed by their military or police rank, professional titles or job descriptions, either with or without their names (e.g., "Architect", "Attorney", "Engineer", "Teacher" etc.) instead of "Mister", "Miss", "Ms", or "Mrs". especially when the addressee's name is not yet known by the speaker. This applies to all people that are living and working in the Philippines. "Sir" and "Madam/Ma'am" are usually not used before a nickname.


title: Filipino name

text: People with the same name as their father are registered as "Junior" (abbreviated to "Jr".) or numbered with Roman numerals (III, IV, V, etc.); their father adds "Senior" ("Sr".) after his surname or suffix. Inevitably, the younger person tends to be nicknamed "Junior", "Jun" or "Junjun" permanently. This can also be applied to numerals; i.e., the nickname can be "Third" or "Fourth". Because of this, a family will necessarily bestow a variety of unofficial nicknames to distinguish the various people with nearly identical official given names.


title: Filipino name

text: Many nicknames are bestowed by parents or other elders on children while they are still toddlers (e.g., "Boy", "Toto/Totoy" (young boy), "Girlie", "Baby", etc.) and these nicknames are often carried by the person throughout their lives. These names may follow a certain pattern in certain cases, such as beginning with a certain letter of the alphabet (e.g., "Diego Arnel", "Diamond Amelia"), such that all their initials will be the same (e.g. "DAZL" if the middle name is "Zulueta" and the surname is "Lim"). An example is former Senator Joker Arroyo's brother, Jack. Children can also be named after certain themes, such as countries, car trademarks, and popular brand names. For instance, World Champion boxer and incumbent Senator Manny Pacquiao named his two daughters "Queen Elizabeth" and "Princess".


title: Filipino name

text: The Filipino given name "Dranreb" was invented by reversing the spelling of the English name "Bernard", while someone calling himself "Nosrac" bears the legal name "Carson". Joseph Ejército Estrada, the 13th president of the Philippines, began as a movie actor and received his nickname "Erap" as an adult; it comes from "Pare" spelled backwards (from Spanish "compadre", which means "fellow godparent").


title: Filipino name

text: An old custom is to replace or insert Filipino phonemes into a Spanish or English name: "Mariano" becomes "Nano", "Edwin" becomes "Aweng", "Eduardo" becomes "Dwarding", "Roberto" becomes "Berting", "Ponciano" becomes either "Popoy", "Onse", or "Syano". Sometimes there is a tendency to convert a grandiose given name into something more mundane, such as when "John Paul" becomes "JayPee", "Peter John" becomes "Peejong", "Anthony" becomes "Tonyo" and "María Elena" becomes "Ineng" or "Inyang". Complementary to this is the practise of anglicizing (with the implication of "modernising") a Spanish given name. Thus, "José Roberto" becomes "Joseph Robert" (further shortened to "Joebert") and "Eduardo" becomes "Edward" and then "Eddy" or "Eddie Boy" (sometimes further shortened to "Daboy").


title: Filipino name

text: The variety of Filipino names, some of them with negative connotations in the English language, often take English speakers by surprise. However, most Filipinos usually don't notice these negative connotations unless they are pointed out.


title: Filipino name

text: Many Filipino celebrities and high-status personalities, such as actors and politicians, are often more well known by their nicknames than their actual given names. One example of this is film and television celebrity German Moreno who is more known by the nickname "Kuya Germs" ("kuya" = elder brother).


title: Filipino name

text: Though most Filipinos adopted Spanish surnames, some preserved surnames that derive from words in indigenous languages, like Tagalog, Visayan (Cebuano and Hiligaynon), Ilocano, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan. Many indigenous surnames derive from words displaying qualities of people, especially those related to strength (e.g., Tagalog "Macaraeg" and "Panganiban"), defiance (e.g. Tagalog "Dimayuga"), or settlement (e.g. Cebuano/Hiligaynon "Magbanua").


title: Filipino name

text: Most indigenous surnames are spelled closely following the Spanish-derived orthographic conventions of the time. Many of these words are spelled differently today in the various Philippine languages (following spelling reforms since the late 19th century).


title: Filipino name

text: Unlike their lowlander counterparts, Igorots living in the Cordillera Central in northern Luzon were not conquered by the Spaniards and preserved their naming customs from foreign influence. Each group had their own naming customs, but generally, like Indonesian names, there is only one given name and no surname to speak of. The given name's meaning is usually connected to natural phenomena or objects, such as "danum" for water. Only the Igorots who have had interacted with Spaniards and lowlanders for trade were given a name that follows the binomial "first name"-"surname" system, such as Mateo Cariño and Mateo Carantes.


title: Filipino name

text: At the beginning of the 20th century and the advent of the American occupation of the Philippines, the Igorots' naming customs slowly conformed with the national legal naming system used today, aided by the evangelization efforts of American Protestant missionaries. Most older people, however, still keep the singular given name given to them by their parents while also using the "Christian names" to conform to Philippine law. The singular given names of some individuals living in the early 20th century have since been adopted as a surname by their descendants.


title: Filipino name

text: Almost all Filipinos had Spanish or Spanish-sounding surnames imposed on them for taxation purposes, but a number of them have indigenous Filipino surnames. On November 21, 1849, Governor General Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa issued a decree stating that Filipinos should adopt Spanish surnames to make census counting easier. Some Filipinos retained their native pre-colonial names, especially those who were exempted from the Clavería decree such as the descendants of rulers of the "Maginoo" or noble class. These surnames of the native nobility include Lacandola, Macapagal, Macabulos, and Tupas whom each descended from different Datus. They were allowed to keep the name to claim tax exemptions.


title: Filipino name

text: The Spanish surname category provides the most common surnames in the Philippines. At the course of time, some Spanish surnames were altered (with some eventually diverged/displaced their original spelling), as resulted from illiteracy among the poor and farming class bearing such surnames, creating confusion in the civil registry and a sense of detachment from their better-off relatives. Except for the "ñ", Filipino surnames from Spanish are written without accents due to US-imported typewriters used in civil registry that lack special characters.


title: Filipino name

text: Chinese Filipinos whose ancestors came to the Philippines from 1898 onward usually have single syllable Chinese surnames. On the other hand, most Chinese ancestors came to the Philippines prior to 1898 usually have multiple syllable Chinese surnames such as Gokongwei, Ongpin, Pempengco, Yuchengco, Teehankee, and Yaptinchay among such others. These were originally full Chinese names which were transliterated in Spanish orthography and adopted as surnames.


title: Filipino name

text: Common Chinese Filipino surnames are: Ong/Wong (Wang, 王), Lee/Dy/Sy (Li, 李), Chan/Tan (Chen, 陈), Lao/Lew (Liu, 刘), Tiong/Chong (Zhang, 张), Yung/Yana/Auyong/Awyoung (Yang, 杨), Ng/Uy/Wee (Huang, 黄), Tiu/Chiu/Chio/Chu (Zhao, 赵).


title: Filipino name

text: There are also multiple syllable Chinese surnames that are Spanish transliterations of Hokkien words. Surnames like Tuazon (Eldest Grandson, 大孫), Dizon (Second Grandson, 二孫), Samson/Sanson (Third Grandson, 三孫), Sison (Fourth Grandson, 四孫), Gozon/Goson/Gozum (Fifth Grandson, 五孫), Lacson (Sixth Grandson, 六孫) are examples of transliterations of designations that use the Hokkien suffix -son (孫) used as surnames for some Chinese Filipinos who trace their ancestry from Chinese immigrants to the Philippines during the Spanish Colonial Period. The surname "Son/Sun" (孫) is listed in the classic Chinese text Hundred Family Surnames, perhaps shedding light on the Hokkien suffix -son used here as a surname alongside some sort of accompanying enumeration scheme.


title: Tongmenghui

text: The Tongmenghui of China (or T'ung-meng Hui, variously translated as Chinese United League, United League, Chinese Revolutionary Alliance, Chinese Alliance, United Allegiance Society, ) was a secret society and underground resistance movement founded by Sun Yat-sen, Song Jiaoren, and others in Tokyo, Japan, on 20 August 1905, with the goal of overthrowing China's Qing dynasty. It was formed from the merger of multiple late-Qing dynasty Chinese revolutionary groups.


title: Tongmenghui

text: The Tongmenghui was created through the unification of Sun Yat-sen's Xingzhonghui (Revive China Society), the Guangfuhui (Restoration Society) and many other Chinese revolutionary groups. Among the Tongmenghui's members were Huang Xing, Li Zongren, Zhang Binglin, Chen Tianhua, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, Tao Chengzhang, Cai Yuanpei, Li Shizeng, Zhang Renjie, and Qiu Jin.


title: Tongmenghui

text: In 1906, a branch of the Tongmenghui was formed in Singapore, following Sun's visit there; this was called the Nanyang branch and served as headquarters of the organization for Southeast Asia. The members of the branch included Wong Hong-kui (黃康衢; Huang Kangqu), Tan Chor Lam (陳楚楠; Chen Chu'nan; 1884–1971) and Teo Eng Hock (張永福; Zhang Yongfu; originally a rubber shoe manufacturer). Tan Chor Lam, Teo Eng Hock and Chan Po-yin (陳步賢; Chen Buxian; 1883–1965) started the revolution-related "Chong Shing Chinese Daily Newspaper" (中興日報, 中興 meaning China revival), with the inaugural issue on 20 August 1907 and a daily distribution of 1,000 copies. The newspaper ended in 1910, presumably due to the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. Working with other Cantonese people, Tan, Teo and Chan opened the revolution-related Kai Ming Bookstore (開明書報社, 開明 meaning open wisdom) in Singapore. For the revolution, Chan Po-yin raised over 30,000 yuan for the purchase and shipment (from Singapore to China) of military equipment and for the support of the expenses of people travelling from Singapore to China for revolutionary work.


title: Tongmenghui

text: In 1909, the headquarters of the Nanyang Tongmenghui was transferred to Penang. Sun Yat-Sen himself was based in Penang from July to December 1910. During this time, the 1910 Penang Conference was held to plan the Second Guangzhou Uprising. The high-powered Preparatory Meeting of Dr. Sun Yat Sen's supporters was subsequently held in Ipoh - at the villa of Teh Lay Seng, chairman of Tungmenghui Ipoh at Jalan Sungai Pari - to raise funds. The Ipoh leaders were Teh Lay Seng, Wong I Ek, Lee Guan Swee and Lee Hau Cheong. The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula. An amount of $47, 683 Straits Settlement Dollars was raised. The Tongmenghui also started a newspaper, the "Kwong Wah Jit Poh", with the first issue published in December 1910 from 120 Armenian Street, Penang.


title: Tongmenghui

text: After Shanghai was occupied by the revolutionaries in November 1911, the Tongmenghui moved its headquarters to Shanghai. After the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, the headquarters was moved to Nanjing. A general meeting was held in Nanjing on 20 January 1912, with thousands of members attending. Hu Hanmin, who represented the Provisional President Sun Yat-sen, moved that the Tongmenghui oath be changed to "overthrow the Manchu government, consolidate the Republic of China, and implement the "Min Sheng Chu I". Wang Jingwei was elected as Chairman, succeeding Sun. Wang resigned the following month, and Sun resumed the chairmanship.


title: Tongmenghui

text: After the establishment of the Republic of China, the Tongmenghui transformed itself into a political party on 3 March 1912, in preparation for participation in constitutional and parliamentary activities. It issued a Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, which consisted of 34 articles, meaning it had 10 more than the constitutional proposal made when the Tongmenghui was a secret society. The leadership election was held on the same day, with Sun Yat-sen elected as Chairman, Huang Xing and Li Yuanhung as Vice-Chairmen. In May 1912, the Tongmenghui moved its headquarters to Beijing. At that time, the Tongmenghui was the largest party in China, with branches in Guangdong, Szechuan, Wuhan, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Anqing, Fuzhou and Tianjin. It had a membership of about 550,000. In August 1912, the Tongmenghui formed the nucleus of the Kuomintang, the governing political party of the republic.


title: Tongmenghui

text: In 1904, by combining republican, nationalist, and socialist objectives, the Tongmenghui came up with their political goal: to expel the Manchu rulers, to revive "Zhonghua", to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people. (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權 "Qūchú dálǔ, huīfù Zhōnghuá, chuànglì mínguó, píngjūn dì quán"). The Three Principles of the People were created around the time of the merging of Revive China Society and the Tongmenghui.


title: Battle Born (album)

text: Battle Born is the fourth studio album by American rock band the Killers. It was released in the United Kingdom on September 17, 2012, by Vertigo Records and in the United States the following day by Island Records. The phrase "Battle Born" appears on the state flag of Nevada and is the name of the recording studio owned by the band, where the majority of the album was recorded.


title: Battle Born (album)

text: Recorded following an extended hiatus, the band worked with five producers during the recording of the album: Steve Lillywhite, Damian Taylor, Brendan O'Brien, Stuart Price, and Daniel Lanois.


title: Battle Born (album)

text: Following the completion of the band's Day & Age World Tour in January 2010, the Killers announced that the band would be entering an extended hiatus. During this time, frontman Brandon Flowers and bassist Mark Stoermer released solo albums, "Flamingo" (2010) and "Another Life" (2011), respectively, while drummer Ronnie Vannucci Jr. released a studio album with his side-project, Big Talk, and recorded with Mt. Desolation. Regarding the band's hiatus, Flowers noted, "Dave needed to see his kid and rest up. That was just how it worked. And so we ended up going off and doing solo things, and spending our time that way, and that was good, too. It was a good experience. It definitely taught us different ways of thinking about music."


title: Battle Born (album)

text: In October 2011, the band ended its hiatus to begin work on a fourth studio album. Initial sessions were strained, with Flowers noting that the band members spent "about a week just eyeballing each other in a room." The composition of the album's first single, "Runaways", marked a turning point in their reunion, with Flowers noting: "That and 'Miss Atomic Bomb' were the backbone of this record. They made me feel we were on the right track."


title: Battle Born (album)

text: Working at their Las Vegas studio, Battle Born, the band worked with producers Steve Lillywhite, Damian Taylor, Brendan O'Brien, Stuart Price, and Daniel Lanois. Initially, the band had wanted to work with just one, but scheduling difficulties led to the need for multiple producers.


title: Battle Born (album)

text: On June 7, 2012, the Killers released a trailer for "Battle Born". The track listing was announced on August 16. The album's first single was "Runaways", which received its first radio play on July 10. The single was leaked on Tumblr only hours before its official radio preview. "Battle Born" was released on September 17, 2012, in the United Kingdom and on September 18 in the United States. A week later, on September 25, the album was released as a vinyl disc.


title: Battle Born (album)

text: "Battle Born" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 64, based on 27 reviews.


title: Battle Born (album)

text: The Killers themselves have always gone for the gold, boldly aiming to fill exotic stadiums with full-throated anthems about big ideas. Like the band's previous output, "Battle Born" only knows how to be epic: Opener "Flesh and Bone" begins as a glitchy Soft Cell throwback before rapidly expanding into a glorious fireworks-and-brimstone sermon, while "Miss Atomic Bomb" drives into the desert sunset in a convertible fueled by echoey guitars and glistening-eyed nostalgia. These are big songs, determined to deliver photo-finish climaxes every few seconds.


title: Battle Born (album)

text: With stagey soundscapes more Meat Loaf than Springsteen, and lines overloaded with postcard imagery ("Your star-spangled heart took a train for the coast"), you struggle to find the energy till the third or fourth listen, when "Heart of a Girl" (co-written with Daniel Lanois) and "From Here on Out" (which sounds just like the Eagles) reveal themselves to be the sweetest, most sincere explorations of a kind of US rock that will always raise hairs on the necks of those who like this sort of thing.


title: Battle Born (album)

text: "Battle Born" was voted the second Best Album of 2012 by the readers of "Rolling Stone" magazine. Fuse's staff listed it as the 23rd Best Album of 2012.


title: Battle Born (album)

text: "Battle Born" debuted at number three on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 113,000 copies in its opening week. , it had sold 344,158 copies in the United States. The album debuted atop the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 93,989 copies—at that point the third highest opening tally of 2012—becoming the band's fourth consecutive number-one studio album in the United Kingdom. It had sold 371,000 copies in the United Kingdom . "Battle Born" also debuted at number three on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 12,000 copies. The album reached the top 10 in 20 countries and became the 45th best-selling album worldwide of 2012, with sales of one million copies by the end of 2012.


title: The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants

text: The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants is an American animated television series produced by DreamWorks Animation Television. It is based on the film, "", which is based on the "Captain Underpants" book series by Dav Pilkey. The series was released on Netflix on July 13, 2018.


title: The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants

text: The series revolves around the adventures of pranksters and comic book artists George Beard and Harold Hutchins, and their strict principal Mr. Krupp, who was hypnotized by George & Harold to become their creation: Captain Underpants, a brief-wearing superhero in a red cape and underpants.


title: The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants

text: Captain Underpants turns back into Krupp after getting hit with water at the end of almost every episode/adventure.


title: The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants

text: The second season involves Melvinborg, a cyborg 20 years from the future, who was disguised as Dr. Vil Endenemys, eventually taking over the school and replacing Mr. Krupp, so he can get Melvin, a child genius and George and Harold's enemy, into Eliteanati Academy.


title: The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants

text: The third season involves George and Harold heading to a summer camp, with them having to deal with Mr. Krupp being the camp instructor and the eventful hijinx of the camp owned by the Federation of United National Camps (AKA the F.U.N.C.).


title: The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants

text: On December 12, 2017, Netflix and DreamWorks Animation Television announced that there would be an animated series to follow-up the film, entitled "The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants". It premiered on the streaming service on July 13, 2018, and was executive-produced by Peter Hastings. A second season was announced and to be released on February 8, 2019. The third season was announced to be released on July 19, 2019. A new series, which contained six episodes, was announced to be released on July 10, 2020.


title: The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants

text: In October 2019, Netflix released a 46-minute Halloween special of the series titled "The Spooky Tale of Captain Underpants: Hack-a-Ween". In February 2020, an interactive special titled "Captain Underpants: Epic Choice O' Rama" was released. In December 2020, a 46-minute Christmas special titled "Captain Underpants: Mega Blissmas" was released. A fifth season will be released on July 7, 2023.


title: The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants

text: The series was first released on Netflix on July 13, 2018. The second season was released on February 8, 2019, and the third season was released on July 19, 2019. The series also aired in the UK on CITV.


title: THW Kiel

text: THW Kiel is a handball club from Kiel, Germany. Currently, they compete in the Handball-Bundesliga and are the record champion with 22 titles.


title: THW Kiel

text: 2007 and 2012 were the most successful years in the club's history, as THW completed the treble, winning the domestic league, the domestic cup, and the EHF Champions League. In 2012, the team won every league game, a first in any top flight German team sports.


title: THW Kiel

text: They ended the 2019–20 season as winners of the EHF Champions League and champions of the Handball-Bundesliga.


title: Seychellois Creole people

text: Seychellois Creole people are an ethnic group native to Seychelles, who speak Seychellois Creole. They are the predominant ethnic group in the country.


title: Seychellois Creole people

text: The majority of the people living in the Seychelles are referred to as Seychellois. They are of Creole, East African and Malagasy origin. However, some Seychellois also have French, British, Chinese and/or Indian origins (among others).


title: Seychellois Creole people

text: Originally slaves from Africa and other parts of the world who were transported to the Seychelles islands to work on various fields and plantations. They were known for being the last slaves to be introduced to the Indian Ocean. The Seychellois people are a mix of the descendants of slaves that were brought to the islands by the French and British.


title: Seychellois Creole people

text: Today, Seychellois are dispersed throughout Seychelles. They number roughly 76,000, which is more than 70% of the entire Seychellois population. The Seychellois are the dominant group in politics.


title: Seychellois Creole people

text: The Seychellois people are proud of their African heritage and set up a Creole institute in Mahé to help promote their culture and to help others understand it. Unlike Mauritius, where Creole has no official status, the Seychelles have made Creole (specifically Seychellois Creole) one of their three official languages, along with French and English.


title: Seychellois Creole people

text: Like most of the country's population, the majority of Seychellois identify as Christians. Most of them are Catholic, with Protestant, Anglican, Adventist and other Christian denominations in the minority. The remainder of the population are either Hindu, Buddhist or Muslim.