title: Just Dance 2018

text: "Just Dance Unlimited" is a subscription-based service for accessing a streaming library of songs from previous "Just Dance" games, and new songs that are exclusive to the service. A three-month subscription to "Just Dance Unlimited" is included as part of the game. All exclusive tracks (except tracks restricted to only "2018") are also playable on "2016" and "2017"s "Unlimited" service. The "2018" game supports "Just Dance Unlimited" on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Wii U, and Nintendo Switch.


title: Just Dance 2018

text: The game was nominated for "Best Family/Social Game" at the 2017 Game Critics Awards. In "Game Informer"s Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards, it took the lead for "Best Music/Rhythm Game". It was also nominated for "Family Game of the Year" at the 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, and for "Family Game" at the 14th British Academy Games Awards. It won the award for "Favorite Video Game" at Nickelodeon's 2018 Kids' Choice Awards, and was nominated for "Fan-Favorite Multiplayer Game" at the Gamers' Choice Awards.


title: Wayne Robson

text: Wayne Robson (April 29, 1946 – April 4, 2011) was a Canadian television, stage, voice and film actor known for playing the part of Mike Hamar, an ex-convict and sometime thief, on the Canadian sitcom "The Red Green Show" from 1993 to 2006, as well as in the 2002 film "Duct Tape Forever".


title: Wayne Robson

text: Robson was also known as the escape artist character Rennes, "the Wren", from the 1997 science fiction film "Cube". He was in the episode “A Miracle of a Rare Device” on The Ray Bradbury Theater in 1989.


title: Wayne Robson

text: Robson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He began his acting career on stage there, but moved with his family to Toronto, Ontario, where he continued stage acting and appeared in Canadian television commercials in the 1970s. After receiving several small character roles in films such as "McCabe & Mrs. Miller" (1971) and "Popeye" (1980), Robson starred in the 1984 film "The Grey Fox" for which he was nominated for a Genie Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Wayne Robson

text: Robson voiced Bloom in the cartoon "Pippi Longstocking" and Matthew Cuthbert in "". He also voiced Professor Cuthbert Calculus on "The Adventures of Tintin" between 1991 and 1992, and voiced Melvin Fish in the animated series "Bob and Margaret". Robson played minor characters in such films as "Finders Keepers" (1984), "One Magic Christmas" (1985), "Parents" (1989), Frank on "The Rescuers Down Under" (1990), "Double, Double, Toil and Trouble" (1993), "Dolores Claiborne" (1995), "Two If by Sea" (1996), "Cube" (1997), "Wrong Turn" (2003), "Welcome to Mooseport" (2004), "The Incredible Hulk" (2008), and "Survival of the Dead" (2009).


title: Wayne Robson

text: He appeared as Christie in the TV movie "The Diviners" (1993) based on the Governor General's Award-winning novel by Margaret Laurence, and as Holly Hunter's ailing father, Tug Jones, in the TV movie "Harlan County War" (2000). Robson was nominated and won several Gemini Awards. He appeared in TV series and miniseries "The New Twilight Zone", "The Good Germany", "Puppets Who Kill", "Relic Hunter", and "Lexx".


title: Wayne Robson

text: Robson died while in rehearsals for "The Grapes of Wrath" at the Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Canada on April 4, 2011 from a heart attack, a few weeks before his 65th birthday.


title: Wayne Robson

text: His son, Louis McKeen Robson (b. 1991), who did a part on "The Red Green Show" with his father, died on December 25, 2016, aged 25.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In Canada, the federal government makes equalization payments to provincial governments to help address fiscal disparities among Canadian provinces based on estimates of provinces' "fiscal capacity"—their ability to generate tax revenues. A province that does not receive equalization payments is often referred to as a "have province", while one that does is called a "have not province". In 2023-24, all provinces and territories will receive $94.6 billion in major federal transfers, including $23.96 billion in equalization payments in 6 provinces.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Equalization payments are one example of what are often collectively referred to in Canada as "transfer payments", a term used in other jurisdictions to refer to cash payments to individuals (see Canadian transfer payments). The purpose of equalization payments is to enable the "have not" provinces to provide public services which are reasonably comparable to those in other provinces, at similar levels of taxation. The money the provinces receive through equalization can be spent in any way the provincial government desires and often help guarantee a standard level of health care, education, and welfare in all the provinces. The definition of "reasonably comparable levels", however, has been the subject of considerable debate among politicians, journalists and academics.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Equalization payments are one form of transfer payments from the federal to the provincial governments which include the Canada Social Transfer (CST) and the Canada Health Transfer (CHT).


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: The territories are not included in the equalization program. Federal funding for them is instead provided through the Territorial Formula Financing (TFF) program.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: A mechanism for the Canadian federal government to provide funds through transfer payments to the provinces has existed since Canadian Confederation, and was first enshrined in the "Constitution Act, 1867" Section 119 as a mechanism for the new federal government to provide further grants to the province of New Brunswick. The Constitution itself enshrines the federal government with significantly greater taxation authorities in Section 91, which is ""The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation"", while the legislatures of the provinces are limited to ""Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial Purposes"".


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: The original program had the goal of giving each province the same per-capita revenue as the two wealthiest provinces, Ontario and British Columbia, in three tax bases: personal income taxes, corporate income taxes and succession duties (inheritance taxes).


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 1962, 50% of natural resource revenues were included as a fourth tax base. At the same time, however, the standard of the two wealthiest provinces was lowered to the national average.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 1967 the system was redesigned to work with every government revenue scheme with the exception of energy; this gave Canada the world's most generous system of equalization payments.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: The rise in energy prices and the resulting increase in provincial natural resource royalties in the late 1970s created several problems for the equalization formula. The need for amendments to the formula became clear when the traditional "have" province of Ontario qualified for equalization payments in 1978. This result went against the spirit of the system and would have led to substantial costs for the federal government; it was agreed that Ontario should be excluded from receiving payments. Multiple changes were made to the Equalization program in the late 1970s and early 1980s:


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: The Canada Act 1982, which amended the constitution, included the rights of the poorer provinces to equalization payments by including the following provision:


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: From 1983–84 to 2014, about 22 per cent of the federal government's spending went towards transfers to provincial and territorial governments.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 2004, the federal government and the provinces agreed to suspend the traditional formula that determined payment amounts and move to fixed funding levels, which were scheduled to grow at a fixed rate – regardless of the economic performance of the provinces.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In March 2005, during the brief premiership of Paul Martin, Finance Minister Ralph Goodale established an expert panel, chaired by Al O'Brien—a former Government of Alberta deputy minister—to produce a report to review Canada's Equalization program and Territorial Formula Financing (TFF). The comprehensive report by the Expert Panel on Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing, was tabled in 2006.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Following the 2006 Canadian federal election, the newly elected Conservative Party led by Stephen Harper committed to a "renewed and strengthened Equalization program", as outlined in the 2006 Canadian federal budget entitled, "Restoring Fiscal Balance in Canada". Based on the Al O'Brien 2006 Expert Panel on Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing report, then Minister of Finance, Jim Flaherty reinstated the formula-driven calculations in the Equalization program and enhanced it by moving to a standard based on the national average. A fiscal capacity cap was added to ensure that equalization-receiving provinces couldn't be raised to a fiscal capacity above that of a non-receiving province (this could potentially arise due to the partial or non-inclusion of resource revenues).


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: This faced criticism from Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador Danny Williams who criticized the Conservative government of breaking their promise of not changing the current formula. This led to the Anything But Conservative movement. In 2009, the fiscal capacity cap was modified and a ceiling and floor on aggregate payments were added.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 2009, under then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Finance Canada created the Total Transfer Protection (TTP) intended to be a temporary policy which would support provinces and territories "in transitioning through current economic challenges". The TTP ensured that if a province experienced a total reduction in federal transfers from equalization payments, combined with Canada Health Transfer (CHT), the Canada Social Transfer (CST), the federal government would cover the loss. In 2010–11, the federal government, under then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper, confirmed that every province would be guaranteed that their transfer would not be less than the previous fiscal year in combined CHT, CST, equalization and Territorial Formula Financing (TFF). Under Harper's TTP plan, from 2010 through 2013, seven provinces, including the four Atlantic provinces, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Quebec received a combined total of over $2.2-billion through the TTP program.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Ottawa cancelled the TTP program in 2014, a political decision said to be directed at pressuring Ontario's ruling Liberals by depriving them of $640 million.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 2017–2018, the total amount of the Equalization program was roughly 18.3 billion Canadian dollars.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In the February 27, 2018, budget, the federal finance department proposed a five-year renewal of the previous equalization and Territorial Formula Financing (TFF)—with changes related to the territories—beginning April 1, 2019, until 2024. The Budget Implementation Act received royal assent on June 20, 2018. The governments of Alberta and Saskatchewan criticized the decision because they believed that there was no real consultation, discussion, or renegotiation on the formula.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Under the renewed plan, the federal government will gradually increase the amount of equalization payments to the provinces from $18.3 billion in 2017–2018 to $22.1 billion by 2022–2023.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: According to the Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) September 3, 2020, report, in 2018–2019 total federal transfers—which included $38.6 billion through the Canada Health Transfer (CHT), $14.2 billion through the Canada Social Transfer (CST), and $19.0 billion through the Equalization transfer—had increased over the ten-year period from $47.1 billion in 2008–2009 to $71.7 billion, which represents an average annual increase of 4.3 per cent with an inflation adjustment of 2.7 per cent a year.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: The fiscal capacity of provinces is measured using a representative tax system, a basic model of provincial and municipal tax systems, covering virtually all own-source revenues. It is made up of estimates of provincial tax bases, actual provincial revenues and population. By using the same tax base definition across all provinces the representative tax system can be used to compare the ability of individual provinces to raise revenues. "Have" provinces are those that generate more tax revenue per person than the national average, while "have-not" provinces have revenue per person below the national average.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: The individual revenue sources are grouped into five categories: personal income taxes, business income taxes, consumption taxes, up to 50 percent of natural resource revenue, and property taxes and miscellaneous.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Each revenue category has a separate tax base. Each province is allocated an "equalization entitlement" equal to the amount by which its fiscal capacity is below the average fiscal capacity of all provinces. This is known as the "10-province standard". Provinces who have a fiscal capacity above the 10-province standard are known as the "have" provinces while those below are the "have-not" provinces. Equalization payments are then determined based on the provinces' relation to this average. The payments are typically adjusted to ensure fairness between the provinces and are designed to provide a net fiscal benefit to receiving provinces from their resources equivalent to half of their per-capita resource revenues. Equalization payments are further adjusted to ensure the program aligns with the overall growth of the Canadian economy (based on a three-year moving average of GDP).


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: According to the Department of Finance, "provinces get the greater of the amount they would receive by fully excluding natural resource revenues, or by excluding 50% of natural resource revenues."


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 2020 it was reported that, for the first time in 55 years, Alberta would be a net receiver (getting more federal spending than federal taxes). As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the province took a major hit, specifically in its main resource export, oil and gas. However, the Department of Finance does not list Alberta as receiving payments. Prior to 1960, Alberta regularly received transfer payments.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: The ongoing gap between the "have" and "have not" provinces is an ongoing economic concern and cause of regional tensions. Much of the gap stems from huge differences in geography, population, and economic activity among provinces, which make any attempt to "equalize" these differences challenging. As shown in the table below, PEI's population is less than 1% of the Canadian total, while Ontario's population is close to 40%. Alberta's GDP per capita is 41% higher than the national average while PEI's is roughly 24% lower—Alberta's GDP per capita is 185% that of PEI yet the average personal income in Alberta is 159% that of PEI.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: However, the stated goal of equalization in Canada is not to equalize economies or ensure that economic outcomes are equal. As stated above, it is to "ensure that provincial governments have sufficient revenues to provide reasonably comparable levels of public services at reasonably comparable levels of taxation". Per capita data is central to measuring if provincial outcomes are comparable.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Source: Statistics Canada: GDP (totals), Population, Canada Revenue Agency: Taxation Statistics 2015 taxation year


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: According to economist Trevor Tombe, "[If] a province cannot raise an 'average amount' with 'average tax rates,' then the federal government will – out of its own general revenue – top up that province to the 'average amount.' There are no transfers of funds between provinces." Equalization payments have mostly been criticized by leaders and residents of the wealthier provinces. The premiers of the most prosperous provinces have criticized the drain on their finances. Recent negotiations surrounding the renewal of the program have created considerable tension among provinces. Due to the zero-sum nature of the formula, increases in entitlements for some provinces necessarily lead to decreases for others. Normally, under the equalization formula, equalization payments go down for every dollar increase in a province's ability to raise taxes. So, for example, if a province's economy booms and the provincial government's potential income tax revenues increase, equalization payments decrease. Economist Michael Smart has argued that this gives have-not provinces an incentive to raise taxes, because any harm higher taxes do to the economy is off-set by higher equalization payments. At a October 25, 2001, talk presented at the "Equalization: Welfare Trap or Helping Hand?" conference, the American economist James M. Buchanan, whose highly cited 1950 article in "The American Economic Review", had introduced original concepts related to federalism and fiscal equity. At the 2001 conference, co-sponsored by AIMS/MEI/FCPP, Buchanan admitted that this idea had flaws, and that it had been criticized for creating a culture of dependence in provinces with relatively low fiscal capacities.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Alberta Finance Minister Joe Ceci in a June 19, 2018, interview with "The Globe and Mail", said that the equalization formula had not worked "for Alberta, even during the depths of our recession—which started in late 2014 and continued '15, '16 and part of '17. I'd like to see changes to it so that we as Albertans can get a better deal from equalization."


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 2018 Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Newfoundland and Labrador received no equalization payments. However, in 2020, Alberta nearly doubled what it received from federal spending in 2019, resulting in a net gain to Alberta of $10.9 billion.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Provinces such as Alberta and Saskatchewan whose economies are "strongly linked to resource extraction" expressed resentment that the equalization formula does not allow them to benefit fairly as it does not consider the weakened economies from 2014 onwards. This combined with the "opposition from municipal and provincial governments, or protests, in other parts of the country" that have succeeded in blocking or slowing down the implementation of "major energy infrastructure projects such as the Energy East pipeline and the Trans Mountain expansion", caused added frustrations.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: According to a December 21, 2018 "Edmonton Journal" article, Jason Kenney (United Conservative Party (UCP) targeted the alleged inequity of the federal equalization program. He said that "[s]ince equalization was created (in 1957), Alberta has received 0.02% of all payments, the last of which was in 1964–1965." Kenney was previously a member of the Stephen Harper federal government which implemented the current as of 2020 equalization formula.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: According to an opinion column article by economist Trevor Tombe, Alberta "pay[s] more and receive[s] less" because of "unequal circumstances". Tombe said that Alberta has a younger population with more high-income earners. It is the province with the smallest number of people who are older than 65, which means that there are fewer CPP and OAS recipients. According to the census, "one in eight Albertans older than 15" earn over $100,000 annually. Only eleven per cent of Canadians live in Alberta. But 21 per cent of "Canada's $100,000-plus earners" live in Alberta. Alberta collects about 21 per cent of "Canada's corporate taxable income". The federal government collects more GST from Alberta because the families with higher incomes also spend more in Alberta. In 2015 Alberta had a net outflow of $27-billion.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In spite of the high incomes and large income from corporate taxes, Alberta has an income tax rate that is much lower than the Canadian average, but by 2017, it also had a $10.5-billion deficit. Tombe said that if Alberta had a tax rate similar to the Canadian average, the province would have a surplus not a deficit. Tombe said that Alberta has the strongest economy in Canada which meant the province can raise revenue. In order for Alberta's economy to weaken to the point of qualifying for equalization payments, its economy would have to shrink by over 33 per cent, which has not happened even during recessions when the price of oil dropped dramatically.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In a referendum on equalization held on 18 October 2021, 61.7% of Alberta voters chose "yes" to the question "Should section 36(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982 Parliament and the government of Canada's commitment to the principle of making equalization payments be removed from the constitution?" While Alberta alone does not have the power to change Canada's constitution, Alberta's premier at that time, Jason Kenney, said "These results have given Alberta's government a powerful mandate to secure changes to equalization and other federal transfers". Arguments made in favour of a "yes" vote included that, while the program is supposed to employ a principle-based formula, "ad hoc" arrangements are often used, such as the exclusion of Quebec hydroelectrical revenues (which works to the advantage of Quebec). Advocates for the "no" side argued that Albertans moving into or out of the province benefit from equalization spending elsewhere, and that equalization is a federal (not provincial) program.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Quebec's high provincial taxes account for its budget surplus, although without equalization Quebec would have had a deficit. Quebec residents pay the highest provincial tax in the country but the lowest federal Tax. Quebec residents pay 16.5% less federal income tax annually than other Canadian provinces due to the Quebec Abatement. This lower direct income tax for Quebec residents is factored in when the federal government transfers (Canada Health Transfer, Canada Social Transfer and Equalization) funds back to the Quebec government.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Alberta Premier Kenney added that, since the inception in 1957 of equalization payments, "Quebec has received equalization money every year of the program, totaling 221 billion dollars or 51 per cent of all payments." According to the Library of Parliament report, Quebec receives a larger proportion mainly because of the large population in Quebec representing almost a quarter of the population of Canada. It is much larger than most other equalization-receiving provinces, In 2007 changes were made to the equalization formula based in large part on the way the formula used property tax revenues as one of the factors. As a result, Quebec's proportion of the total amount increased even more since 2007.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: The equalization formula has been criticized for not factoring in a below market sale of hydro power to domestic users into the calculation of equalization payments. Between 2005 and 2010, Quebec was calculated to have received 51% more equalization ($42.4 B vs $28.1 B) than it would have if the formula was corrected the same for resource extraction and hydroelectricity.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 2018, Quebec received $11.7 billion of the total $19-billion federal program funds, which is the largest of all transfers to the provinces and territories. Quebec will receive the most from equalization payments in the 2019–2020 year.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: On February 28, 2001, Bernard Landry, Parti Québécois leader who took office as Quebec premier on March 8, said that it was "degrading" that Quebec was receiving an extra $1.5 billion in equalization payments in 2001 and that the province had been receiving these payments for over 40 years. Quebec received the "lion's share" of the 2001 equalization payments. In 2000, Quebec economic growth was slower than that of the other six provinces that were also eligible for payments. Landry blamed the federal government for failing to redistribute "real wealth", saying Quebec had been "short-changed" for decades because the federal government did not "spend enough in Quebec on research and industry." Paul Martin, federal finance minister, said Quebec's separatists "pursue political agendas as opposed to economic agendas" and this did not have the "beneficial results for their population".


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 2017, the Coalition Avenir Québec said that since 2003, federal equalization payments to Quebec had tripled to more than $11 billion. The party's leader, François Legault, found it "shameful". In 2019, CAQ Finance Minister Eric Girard wrote in a Financial Post op-ed, argued reiterate the party support to "raise Québec's potential GDP growth to two per cent in order to close the wealth gap with the rest of Canada and assume greater economic leadership within the federation". He ended the article by stating "Someday, Québec will no longer receive equalization payments, and this will be a great day for Québec and Canada."


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Federal MP and People's Party of Canada leader Maxime Bernier said that the equalization program leads provinces into what he calls a "poverty trap", where they become dependent on government funds. In a speech in 2010, advocating for more autonomy within Quebec, he argued that "It's true that other provinces, such as Manitoba and the three Maritime Provinces, get even more equalization money per capita than Quebec, and so are even more dependent on Ottawa. But that's not an excuse. As a Quebecer, I am not really proud of the fact that we are a poor province that gets equalization money." In May 2019, the People's Party of Canada called for a new equalization formula, that would respect the Constitution, that would give lower income provinces, like Quebec, incentives to develop pro-growth economic policies thereby avoiding the "welfare trap".


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Also in the same year, Shawn Graham, Premier of New Brunswick pledged to make the province self-sufficient, that is to no longer depend on federal equalization payments, by 2026.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 2007, because of amendments made to the equalization formula in terms of measuring property tax revenues, Prince Edward Island's proportion of the total amount increased considerably. In 2013–2014, Prince Edward Island had the highest per capita equalization payment at $2,326 per capita.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: Until the 2009–2010 fiscal year, Ontario was the only province to have never received equalization payments. In 2009–2010, due to the global Great Recession, Ontario began to receive equalization payments with its first payment amounting to $347-million.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: The equalization formula is "based on a three-year average of economic growth". Since the 2008 recession, the Ontario economy got stronger which resulted in lower equalization payments.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 2012–2013 Ontario's equalization payments increased to a peak of $3.3-billion. It was projected to be $2-billion in 2014–2015. Late January 2012, based on access to the uncensored version of a 2006 censored federal report by Peter Gusen, then director of federal-provincial relations at the finance department, entitled 'An Operational Expenditure Need Equalization Formula for Canada', the "Toronto Star" alleged that Ontario and BC were shortchanged in the equalization system because wages and cost-of-living expenses were never taken into account by Ottawa.


title: Equalization payments in Canada

text: In 2014, Ontario would have qualified for the TTP payment for the first time, worth $640-million. In 2013 Stephen Harper ended the TTP program. According to a December 12, 2013 "Globe and Mail" article, cancelling the program was a political decision by the federal Conservatives. It would raise their "bottom line, while forcing Ontario's minority Liberal government to find the difference ahead of a budget that [had] the potential of triggering a provincial election." In 2013–2014, Ontario's per capita payments were the lowest at $230.20.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: Neoclassical metal is a subgenre of heavy metal that is heavily influenced by classical music and usually features very technical playing, consisting of elements borrowed from both classical and speed metal music. Deep Purple's Ritchie Blackmore pioneered the subgenre by merging classical melodies and blues rock. Later, Yngwie Malmsteen became one of the most notable musicians in the subgenre, and contributed greatly to the development of the style in the 1980s. Other notable players in the genre are Randy Rhoads, John Petrucci, Michael Romeo, Jason Becker, Tony MacAlpine, Vinnie Moore, Uli Jon Roth, Stéphan Forté, Wolf Hoffmann, Timo Tolkki, and Marty Friedman.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: Although the genre is mainly associated with guitarists (especially lead guitarists), keyboardists like Jens Johansson, Michael Pinnella, Alex Staropoli and Janne Wirman are also found playing in this style, with Jon Lord as an early influence on the genre.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: Neoclassical metal takes its name from a broad conception of classical music. In this it is a concept distinct from how neoclassicism is understood within the classical music tradition. Neoclassical music usually refers to a movement in musical modernism which developed roughly a century after the end of the Classical period and peaked during the years in between the two World Wars.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: On the other hand, neoclassical metal music does not restrict itself to a return to classical aesthetic ideals, such as equilibrium and formalism. Its influences include both the Romantic musical period and the Baroque period of the seventeenth and first half of the eighteenth centuries. The music of late Baroque composers such as Vivaldi, Handel and Bach was often highly ornate. Neoclassical metal musicians such as Yngwie Malmsteen and Joshua Perahia are inspired by this aspect of Baroque music and also by later composers such as the violinist Niccolò Paganini in using runs and other decorative and showy techniques in their performances.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: Neoclassical metal music thus looks to classical music as broadly understood by the general public and not to the more specialist technical definition used within classical circles.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, there were many works that influenced this subgenre, Deep Purple's Concerto for Group and Orchestra being the most important one. Other bands, like Rainbow, also featured neoclassical influences. Early classical influences within hard rock and heavy metal are most notably found in the playing of Jon Lord, Keith Emerson, Ritchie Blackmore, Uli Jon Roth and Randy Rhoads. But it was in the 1980s when neoclassical metal became a distinct subgenre.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: Heavy metal guitar technique developed rapidly from its late-1960s beginnings to its late-1980s peak, but before the 1980s, few metal guitarists displayed the advanced technical proficiency which is a hallmark of the neoclassical metal style. The popularization and growth of neoclassical metal is closely related to the ascension of the guitar "shredding" movement.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: The "golden age" of neoclassical metal in the middle to late 1980s revolved around the sizeable roster of flashy electric-guitar soloists who recorded mostly instrumental albums for Mike Varney's Shrapnel Records label. Swedish guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen, widely regarded as the originator and still-reigning king of neoclassical metal, was brought to the United States by Varney to sign with Shrapnel Records in 1982.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: Many subsequent Shrapnel artists, including Tony MacAlpine, Vinnie Moore, Joey Tafolla, Michael Angelo Batio, Paul Gilbert, David T. Chastain, Jason Becker, and Marty Friedman, emerged in the latter 1980s as exemplars of the neoclassical style.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: In recent years, appreciation of the neoclassical metal oeuvre has been largely confined to guitarists in more of an underground setting, as the style is not well known beyond the realm of guitarists. Today, there are many more bands that contribute as a whole as opposed to the "solo" musicians in the past.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: A common practice in the genre is to transcribe classical pieces and play them in a rock/metal band format or as a solo artist such as Tina Setkic. The Baroque and Classical periods have been particularly influential to the genre because of their unique sound and techniques that blend into a rock setting effectively.


title: Neoclassical metal

text: A common feature of Neoclassical metal is the diminished seventh. It can be a useful tool for modulation, as it's possible to move by minor thirds through the chord, then use the diminished 7th as a leading tone to resolve to the tonic. Pentatonic scales are also prevalent (as in the vast majority of rock and metal styles). A scale often used by neoclassical metal musicians is the harmonic minor scale, which is similar to the natural minor, but has a raised 7th (in the case of E, the D goes to D#).


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: Domestic Disturbance is a 2001 American psychological thriller film directed by Harold Becker and starring John Travolta, Vince Vaughn, Teri Polo, Steve Buscemi, and Matt O'Leary.


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: In Southport, Maryland, Susan Morrison, recently divorced from her husband Frank, a struggling boat builder, is marrying a younger and wealthier man, Rick Barnes. Danny, Susan and Frank's twelve-year-old son, is clearly unhappy that his mother is remarrying. Susan asks Frank to allow Rick to go sailing with him and Danny, to help Danny bond with and accept Rick as a stepfather.


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: After the wedding, Danny and Rick play a game of catch, where Rick clearly becomes agitated with Danny's ambivalent playing style and starts criticizing him harshly. The revelation that Susan and Rick are having a baby worsens the situation. After finding out about the baby, Danny stows away in Rick's Chevy Suburban, planning to drop off it en route and visit his father. But while Danny is inside, he sees Rick murdering mysterious stranger Ray Coleman, who earlier attended the wedding unannounced, claiming to be an ex-business associate of Rick.


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: Danny reports the murder to his father and to the local police. Rick, however, has managed to dispose of most of the evidence, and is widely considered a pillar of the local community as he invested his money in the area, whereas Danny has a history of lying and misdemeanors. Frank believes his son, though, stemming from Rick's notable unease around Ray at the ceremony and the fact that Danny never lies to him.


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: Frank does some investigating of his own and unearths Rick's criminal past, which now stands to put his son and ex-wife at risk. Frank learns that Rick's true identity is Jack Parnell, a criminal who was acquitted while his partners, Ray among them, were convicted because he framed them all for the crime. Ray had planned to get revenge on Jack by exposing him at the wedding. Jack tries to kill Frank by setting his boathouse on fire, but Frank manages to escape and expose Jack's true identity to the police, who begin heading for Susan's house.


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: At the house, Susan also realizes the truth when she sees a large burn on Jack's arm, having heard about the fire at the boathouse minutes earlier. She tries to escape with Danny, but Jack knocks her out and takes Danny as a hostage, intending to flee. Frank arrives to confront Jack, and they both engage in a vicious fight, ending when a tied-up Danny pushes Jack into a fuse box, electrocuting and killing him. Susan has no serious physical injury from the conflict, aside from suffering a miscarriage. The police apologize to both Danny and Frank for not believing them about Jack, and the reunited father and son follow Susan as she is taken to the hospital via ambulance.


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: In April 2001, while shooting the film in Wilmington, North Carolina, actor Steve Buscemi was slashed in the face while intervening in a bar fight between his friend Vince Vaughn, screenwriter Scott Rosenberg and a local man, Timothy Fogerty, who allegedly instigated the brawl.


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: Paramount Pictures held the world premiere of "Domestic Disturbance" at the studio on October 30, 2001. The film's stars were in attendance as well as many other guest celebrities. The film was then officially released on November 2, 2001 in 2,910 theaters throughout the United States. It did not prove to be a financial success, grossing only $45,246,095 domestically. By the end of its run, the film was only able to gross $54 million worldwide from its $75 million budget.


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: "Domestic Disturbance" was received poorly by critics, and gains a 24% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 100 reviews, with an average rating of 4/10. The consensus reads: "Well-made but extremely predictable, "Domestic Disturbance" is an average thriller that may work better on TV." On Metacritic, it holds a score of 29 out of 100, based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: Roger Ebert awarded it one-and-a-half stars out of a possible four, reciting an anecdote about how the Chicago film critics had been shown the wrong last reel. He saw the correct one the following Monday, and scathingly said of it in his review: "The earlier reel was lacking the final music. Music is the last thing wrong with that reel."


title: Domestic Disturbance

text: Matt O'Leary was nominated for a Young Artist Award, for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actor. However, star John Travolta was nominated for a Razzie for Worst Actor (also for "Swordfish"). Vaughn and Travolta later worked in "Be Cool" together.


title: Colonna family

text: The House of Colonna, also known as "Sciarrillo" or "Sciarra", is an Italian noble family, forming part of the papal nobility. It was powerful in medieval and Renaissance Rome, supplying one pope (Martin V) and many other church and political leaders. The family is notable for its bitter feud with the Orsini family over influence in Rome, until it was stopped by papal bull in 1511. In 1571, the heads of both families married nieces of Pope Sixtus V. Thereafter, historians recorded that "no peace had been concluded between the princes of Christendom, in which they had not been included by name".


title: Colonna family

text: According to tradition, the Colonna family is a branch of the Counts of Tusculum — by Peter (1099–1151) son of Gregory III, called Peter "de Columna" from his property the Columna Castle in Colonna, in the Alban Hills. Further back, they trace their lineage past the Counts of Tusculum via Lombard and Italo-Roman nobles, merchants, and clergy through the Early Middle Ages — ultimately claiming origins from the Julio-Claudian dynasty and the gens Julia whose origin is lost in the mists of time but which entered the annals for the first time in 489 BC with the consulship of Gaius Julius Iulus.


title: Colonna family

text: The first cardinal from the family was appointed in 1206, when Giovanni Colonna di Carbognano was made Cardinal Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano. For many years, Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo (elevated in 1193) was identified as a member of the Colonna family and therefore its first representative in the College of Cardinals, but modern scholars have established that this was based on false information from the beginning of the 16th century.


title: Colonna family

text: Giovanni Colonna (born c. 1206) nephew of Cardinal Giovanni Colonna di Carbognano, made his solemn vows as a Dominican around 1228 and received his theological and philosophical training at the Roman "studium" of Santa Sabina, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, "Angelicum". He served as the Provincial of the Roman province of the Dominican Order and led the provincial chapter of 1248 at Anagni. Colonna was appointed as Archbishop of Messina in 1255.


title: Colonna family

text: Margherita Colonna (died 1248) was a member of the Franciscan Order. She was beatified by Pope Pius IX in 1848.


title: Colonna family

text: At this time, a rivalry began with the pro-papal Orsini family, leaders of the Guelph faction. This reinforced the pro-Emperor Ghibelline course that the Colonna family followed throughout the period of conflict between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. Ironically according to their own family legend, the Orsini are also descended from the Julio-Claudian dynasty of ancient Rome.


title: Colonna family

text: In 1297, Cardinal Jacopo disinherited his brothers Ottone, Matteo, and Landolfo of their lands. The latter three appealed to Pope Boniface VIII, who ordered Jacopo to return the land, and furthermore hand over the family's strongholds of Colonna, Palestrina, and other towns to the Papacy. Jacopo refused; in May, Boniface removed him from the College of Cardinals and excommunicated him and his followers.


title: Colonna family

text: The Colonna family (aside from the three brothers allied with the Pope) declared that Boniface had been elected illegally following the unprecedented abdication of Pope Celestine V. The dispute led to open warfare, and in September, Boniface appointed Landolfo to the command of his army, to put down the revolt of Landolfo's own Colonna relatives. By the end of 1298, Landolfo had captured Colonna, Palestrina and other towns, and razed them to the ground. The family's lands were distributed among Landolfo and his loyal brothers; the rest of the family fled Italy.


title: Colonna family

text: The exiled Colonnas allied with the Pope's other great enemy, Philip IV of France, who in his youth had been tutored by Cardinal Egidio Colonna. In September 1303, Sciarra and Philipp's advisor, Guillaume de Nogaret, led a small force into Anagni to arrest Boniface VIII and bring him to France, where he was to stand trial. The two managed to apprehend the pope, and Sciarra reportedly slapped the pope in the face in the process, which was accordingly dubbed the "Outrage of Anagni". The attempt eventually failed after a few days, when locals freed the pope. However, Boniface VIII died on 11 October, allowing France to dominate his weaker successors during the Avignon papacy.


title: Colonna family

text: The family remained at the centre of civic and religious life throughout the late Middle Ages. Cardinal Egidio Colonna died at the papal court in Avignon in 1314. An Augustinian, he had studied theology in Paris under St. Thomas of Aquinas to become one of the most authoritative thinkers of his time.


title: Colonna family

text: In the 14th century, the family sponsored the decoration of the Church of San Giovanni, most notably the floor mosaics.


title: Colonna family

text: In 1328, Louis IV of Germany marched into Italy for his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor. As Pope John XXII was residing in Avignon and had publicly declared that he would not crown Louis, the King decided to be crowned by a member of the Roman aristocracy, who proposed Sciarra Colonna. In honor of this event, the Colonna family was granted the privilege of using the imperial pointed crown on top of their coat of arms.


title: Colonna family

text: The celebrated poet Petrarch, was a great friend of the family, in particular of Giovanni Colonna and often lived in Rome as a guest of the family. He composed a number of sonnets for special occasions within the Colonna family, including "Colonna the Glorious, the great Latin name upon which all our hopes rest". In this period, the Colonna started claiming they were descendants of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.


title: Colonna family

text: At the Council of Constance, the Colonna finally succeeded in their papal ambitions when Oddone Colonna was elected on 14 November 1417. As Martin V, he reigned until his death on 20 February 1431.


title: Colonna family

text: In 1627 Anna Colonna, daughter of Filippo I Colonna, married Taddeo Barberini of the family Barberini; nephew of Pope Urban VIII.


title: Colonna family

text: In 1728, the Carbognano branch (Colonna di Sciarra) of the Colonna family added the name Barberini to its family name when Giulio Cesare Colonna di Sciarra married Cornelia Barberini, daughter of the last male Barberini to hold the name and granddaughter of Maffeo Barberini (son of Taddeo Barberini).


title: Colonna family

text: The Colonna family have been Prince Assistants to the Papal Throne since 1710, though their papal princely title only dates from 1854.


title: Colonna family

text: The main 'Colonna di Paliano' line is represented today by Prince Marcantonio Colonna di Paliano, Prince and Duke of Paliano (b. 1948), whose heir is Don Giovanni Andrea Colonna di Paliano (b. 1975), and by Don Prospero Colonna di Paliano, Prince of Avella (b. 1956), whose heir is Don Filippo Colonna di Paliano (b. 1995).


title: Colonna family

text: The 'Colonna di Stigliano' line is represented by Don Prospero Colonna di Stigliano, Prince of Stigliano (b. 1938), whose heir is his nephew Don Stefano Colonna di Stigliano (b. 1975) principe frederico giuseppe born 1954


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: Richard Jones is a British music producer, songwriter, bass guitar player and founding member of the rock band The Feeling.


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: Jones attended the BRIT School in Croydon. He cites Paul McCartney and John Deacon among his influences. He also admires Jaco Pastorius and James Jamerson for their "technicality".


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: Prior to The Feeling signing to Island records in 2005 Jones worked primarily as a session bass guitarist and toured as a member of Sophie Ellis-Bextor's band in 2001–2003 to promote her 2001 album "Read My Lips". An April 2002 concert from Shepherd's Bush Empire featuring Jones was released on DVD as "Watch My Lips". He also appears frequently on a bonus feature on the DVD, a video diary about life on the road during the tour. Since then Jones has played bass on all of Ellis-Bextor's studio albums and on many tours in between work with the Feeling.


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: He performed in the closing ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games on 12 August 2012 with Ed Sheeran, Nick Mason and Mike Rutherford.


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: During 2016-17 Jones joined Bryan Adams band on bass guitar duties during his Get Up tour as cover for long term bassist Norm Fischer.


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: in 2018 Ed Harcourt and Jones co-organised a fundraising concert to help raise funds to save the All Star Boxing gym in Queen's Park from closure


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: in 2019 Richard played bass guitar as part of the band for the 'A Not So Silent Night' Christmas concerts in Dublin and London with Rufus Wainwright, Martha Wainwright, Chrissie Hynde, Guy Garvey and Neil Tennant which were held to benefit the Kate McGarrigle fund.


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: In 2019 Jones announced the formation of new group Loup Garoux with long-term collaborator and friend Ed Harcourt and drummer of Senseless Things and Gorillaz, Cass Browne. The band played their first live dates supporting Supergrass in March 2020.


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: Jones put together the CarFest Supergroup, on behalf of Virgin radio DJ Chris Evans, who released a live double album for the anniversary of Evans' music and motoring festival with the profits going to a number of charities including the Teenage Cancer Trust and the Starlight Children's Foundation. Vocalists/musicians on the album include Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Roger Daltrey, KT Tunstall, Gary Kemp and Ricky Wilson.


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic Jones and his wife Sophie Ellis-Bextor broadcast live weekly "Kitchen Disco" concerts featuring herself and her family, streamed live from their kitchen on Instagram. According to Sophie, Jones came up with the concept and also films, edits and deals with the technical aspects of the broadcasts as well as appearing wearing animal masks


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: Jones married British pop star Sophie Ellis-Bextor on 25 June 2005 in Italy. Jones has said "something kind of smacked us in the face. The chemistry was incredible – it was like nothing I've ever experienced", Their first baby was born, two months early, only eight months after they started going out together.


title: Richard Jones (The Feeling)

text: Jones mentioned in a 2011 Flaps Podcast that he was learning to fly. He also talks about obtaining his private pilot's licence and his passion for flying in an interview for "Pilot" magazine in 2013. Nick Mason drummer of Pink Floyd and Richard discuss their friendship and flying together in a profile piece for the independent in 2013


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: Prasoon Joshi (born 16 September 1971) is an Indian poet, writer, lyricist, screenwriter, and communication specialist and marketer. He is the CEO of McCann World group India and Chairman APAC (Asia Pacific), a subsidiary of the global marketing firm McCann Erickson. He was appointed as the Chairperson of the Central Board of Film Certification on 11 August 2017.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: Prasoon has received the Filmfare Best Lyricist Award three times, in 2007 and 2008 and again in 2014 for the Hindi movie "Bhaag Milkha Bhaag". He has also received the National Film Award for Best Lyrics twice, for his work in "Taare Zameen Par" (2007), and "Chittagong" (2013). He was awarded Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2015, for his contributions towards the field of Arts, Literature and Advertising. He is one of the trustees of IGNCA, a member of Nehru Memorial Museum & Library Society Panel and is among the select 120 members of the National Committee for Commemoration of 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: Prasoon Joshi spent his earliest years in the north Indian state of Uttarakhand (then part of Uttar Pradesh). His father, D.K. Joshi, was the Additional Director of the state's Education Service. These early years all across the northern India – and spending time in places like Almora, Nainital (where his extended family and relatives still live), Tehri, Chamoli Gopeshwar, and later Rampur, Meerut and Delhi – gave Prasoon a remarkable feel for the real Indian pulse that he is now celebrated for in his screenplays, dialogues, lyrics, and advertising. His mother, Sushma Joshi, a lecturer in political science, performed for the All India Radio for over three decades. His parents are qualified classical vocalists and daily home life for the young Prasoon was marked with academic discipline, a rich vein of the artistic life and a strong sense of music and culture.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: He started writing early in life and published his first book at age 17, "Main Aur Woh", a 'conversation with himself'. Two more books Dard So Raha Hai and Samadhan followed establishing him as an author.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: His book, "Sunshine Lanes", a collection of his songs, was launched at the Jaipur Literature Festival in January 2013.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: Prasoon's latest book ‘"Thinking Aloud’ " a collection of essays on emerging India was published in 2016.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: Prasoon did his BSc and post graduation in Physics, then elected to pursue an MBA from Institute Of Management Technology, Ghaziabad. During his MBA education he decided to fuse his love for culture and art and his faculty for the commercial dynamic and make his career in advertising.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: Prasoon started his career with Ogilvy & Mather in Delhi. In just 10 years, he was appointed the Executive Creative Director of the Mumbai office. In early 2002, he joined McCann-Erickson as Executive Vice-President and National Creative Director. By 2006, he was the Regional Creative Director for South and South East Asia. In December 2006 he was promoted to Executive Chairman for McCann Worldgroup India and Regional Creative Director for Asia Pacific.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: Joshi is known for creating brand-building work for multinational brands including Nestle, Coca cola, Microsoft, Mastercard, L’Oréal, Intel X Box, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, Perfetti, J&J, as well as Indian Brands like Britannia, Saffola, Dabur, ITC foods, TVS motors, Reliance, Reliance Jio, Paytm, RadioMirchi, and media brands like  NDTV India ("Sach dikhate hain hum"), Times Now, CNBC, CNN IBN, and the Cannes-winning "Thanda matlab Coca-Cola" campaign with Aamir Khan.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: His Happydent television commercial was listed by Bob Garfield of AdvertisingAge as one of his personal choices for the Cannes Gold in 2007, and it was chosen by a Gunn Report poll as one of the 20 best ads of the 21st century.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: His works were utilized for various social campaigns in India: Swacch Bharat, education, polio eradication, malnutrition, women empowerment, child rights, against student suicide, and UN millennium goals. His contribution was acknowledged for the 2014, and subsequently 2019 elections.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: Prasoon made his debut as a film lyricist with Rajkumar Santoshi's "Lajja", a critical and commercial success, and this soon led to Yash Chopra's "Hum Tum" and a string of highly successful Bollywood films like "Fanaa", "Rang De Basanti", "Taare Zameen Par", "Black" and "Delhi 6". With "Rang De Basanti" (2006), he also became a dialogue writer.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: He won the Filmfare Best Lyricist Award for "Chand Sifarish" from the film "Fanaa" in 2007 and for "Maa" from "Taare Zameen Par" in 2008. He has won the prestigious National Award twice. The first for his work in Taare Zameen Par and the second one in 2013 for Chittagong.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: As a CBFC chairman he has maintained the fine balance between the filmmakers and societal sensitivities, instituted dialogue discussion instead of controversy and has played a big role in digitising CBFC functionality.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: In 2008, he was invited as the Cannes Jury chairman and in 2009, he was named among the exclusive 10-member Cannes Titanium and Integrated Jury at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival. In 2006, he was chosen a 'Young Global Leader 2006' by the Forum of Young Global Leaders, an affiliate of the World Economic Forum, In 2007, he was asked to be a judge of the nationally popular reality singing competition "Dhoom Macha De" on NDTV Imagine. Joshi was part of the select three-member Core Creative Advisory Committee for the Commonwealth Games 2010 opening and closing ceremonies, with Shyam Benegal and Javed Akhtar.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: When Prasoon watched the film "Sikander", he was inspired by it and wrote a song called "Dhoop ke sikke". Later, this song was incorporated in the film.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: Prasoon Joshi and Aamir Khan have decided to prepare 50 short films on malnutrition after being invited by the prime minister of India. According to Mr. Joshi, Aamir and himself got along well because they do not compromise their work.


title: Prasoon Joshi

text: Prasoon's wife Aparna works in the field of preserving and promoting Indian classical and folk music and is the co-founder of the India Music Summit. They have been married for over a decade and have a daughter named Aishaanya.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: This article describes the uses of various verb forms in modern standard English language. This includes:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The uses considered include expression of tense (time reference), aspect, mood and modality, in various configurations.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For details of how inflected forms of verbs are produced in English, see English verbs. For the grammatical structure of clauses, including word order, see English clause syntax. For certain other particular topics, see the articles listed in the adjacent box. For non-standard dialect forms and antique forms, see individual dialect articles and the article, thou.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The verb "be" has a larger number of different forms ("am", "is", "are", "was", "were", etc.), while the modal verbs have a more limited number of forms. Some forms of "be" and of certain other auxiliary verbs also have contracted forms ("s", " 're", " 've", etc.).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In English, verbs frequently appear in combinations containing one or more auxiliary verbs and a nonfinite form (infinitive or participle) of a main (lexical) verb. For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The first verb in such a combination is the finite verb, the remainder are nonfinite (although constructions in which even the leading verb is nonfinite are also possible – see below). Such combinations are sometimes called compound verbs; more technically they may be called verb catenae, since they are not generally strict grammatical constituents of the clause. As the last example shows, the words making up these combinations do not always remain consecutive.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For details of the formation of such constructions, see English clause syntax. The uses of the various types of combination are described in the detailed sections of the present article. (For another type of combination involving verbs – items such as "go on", "slip away" and "break off" – see Phrasal verb.)


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: As in many other languages, the means English uses for expressing the three categories of tense (time reference), aspect and mood are somewhat conflated (see tense–aspect–mood). In contrast to languages like Latin, though, English has only limited means for expressing these categories through verb conjugation, and tends mostly to express them periphrastically, using the verb combinations mentioned in the previous section. The tenses, aspects and moods that may be identified in English are described below (although the terminology used differs significantly between authors). In common usage, particularly in English language teaching, particular tense–aspect–mood combinations such as "present progressive" and "conditional perfect" are often referred to simply as "tenses".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Verb tenses are inflectional forms which can be used to express that something occurs in the past, present, or future. In English, the only tenses are past and non-past, though the term "future" is sometimes applied to periphrastic constructions involving modals such as "will".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Present tense is used, in principle, to refer to circumstances that exist at the present time (or over a period that includes the present time) and general truths (see gnomic aspect). However the same forms are quite often also used to refer to future circumstances, as in "He's coming tomorrow" (hence this tense is sometimes referred to as "present-future" or "non-past"). For certain grammatical contexts where the present tense is the standard way to refer to the future, see conditional sentences and dependent clauses below. It is also possible for the present tense to be used when referring to no particular real time (as when telling a story), or when recounting past events (the historical present, particularly common in headline language). The present perfect intrinsically refers to past events, although it can be considered to denote primarily the resulting present situation rather than the events themselves.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The present tense has two moods, indicative and subjunctive; when no mood is specified, it is often the indicative that is meant. In a present indicative construction, the finite verb appears in its base form, or in its "-s" form if its subject is third-person singular. (The verb "be" has the forms "am", "is", "are", while the modal verbs do not add "-s" for third-person singular.) For the present subjunctive, see English subjunctive. (The present subjunctive has no particular relationship with present time, and is sometimes simply called the subjunctive, without specifying the tense.)


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For specific uses of present tense constructions, see the sections below on simple present, present progressive, present perfect, and present perfect progressive.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Past tense forms express circumstances existing at some time in the past, although they also have certain uses in referring to hypothetical situations (as in some conditional sentences, dependent clauses and expressions of wish). They are formed using the finite verb in its preterite (simple past) form.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Certain uses of the past tense may be referred to as subjunctives; however the only distinction in verb conjugation between the past indicative and past subjunctive is the possible use of "were" in the subjunctive in place of "was". For details see English subjunctive.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For specific uses of past tense constructions, see the sections below on simple past, past progressive, past perfect, and past perfect progressive. In certain contexts, past events are reported using the present perfect (or even other present tense forms—see above).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: English lacks a morphological future tense, since there is no verb inflection which expresses that an event will occur at a future time. However, the term "future tense" is sometimes applied to periphrastic constructions involving modals such as "will", "shall", and "going to". For specific uses of future constructions formed with "will/shall", see the sections below on simple future, future progressive, future perfect, and future perfect progressive.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The morphological present tense can be used to refer to future times, particularly in conditional sentences and dependent clauses.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The morphologically past variants of future modals can be used to create a periphrastic "future-in-the-past" construction. Here the sentence as a whole refers to some particular past time, but "would win" refers to a time in the future relative to that past time. See .


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: "Simple" forms of verbs are those appearing in constructions not marked for either progressive or perfect aspect ("I go", "I don't go", "I went", "I will go", etc., but not "I'm going" or "I have gone").


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Simple constructions normally denote a single action (perfective aspect), as in "Brutus killed Caesar", a repeated action (habitual aspect), as in "I go to school", or a relatively permanent state, as in "We live in Dallas". They may also denote a temporary state (imperfective aspect), in the case of stative verbs that do not use progressive forms (see below).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For uses of specific simple constructions, see the sections below on simple present, simple past, simple future, and simple conditional.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The progressive or continuous aspect is used to denote a temporary action or state that began at a previous time and continues into the present time (or other time of reference). It is expressed using a form of the auxiliary verb "to be" (conjugated appropriately for tense etc.) together with the present participle ("-ing" form) of the main verb: "I am reading; Were you shouting?"; "He will be sitting over there".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Certain stative verbs make limited use of progressive aspect. Their non-progressive forms (simple or non-progressive perfect constructions) are used in many situations even when expressing a temporary state. The main types are described below.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For specific uses of progressive (continuous) constructions, see the sections below on present progressive, past progressive, future progressive, and conditional progressive. For progressive infinitives, see . For the combination of progressive aspect with the perfect ("he has been reading") see perfect progressive.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The perfect aspect is used to denote the circumstance of an action's being complete at a certain time. It is expressed using a form of the auxiliary verb "have" (appropriately conjugated for tense etc.) together with the past participle of the main verb: "She has eaten it"; "We had left"; "When will you have finished?"


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Perfect forms can also be used to refer to states or habitual actions, even if not complete, if the focus is on the time period before the point of reference ("We had lived there for five years"). If such a circumstance is temporary, the perfect is often combined with progressive aspect (see the following section).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The implications of the present perfect (that something occurred prior to the present moment) are similar to those of the simple past, although the two forms are generally not used interchangeably—the simple past is used when the time frame of reference is in the past, while the present perfect is used when it extends to the present. For details, see the relevant sections below. For all uses of specific perfect constructions, see the sections below on the present perfect, past perfect, future perfect, and conditional perfect.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: By using non-finite forms of the auxiliary "have", perfect aspect can also be marked on infinitives (as in "should have left and "expect to have finished working"), and on participles and gerunds (as in having seen the doctor"). For the usage of such forms, see the section below on perfect and progressive non-finite constructions.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Although all of the constructions referred to here are commonly referred to as perfect (based on their grammatical form), some of them, particularly non-present and non-finite instances, might not be considered truly expressive of the perfect aspect. This applies particularly when the perfect infinitive is used together with modal verbs: for example, "he could not have been a genius" might be considered (based on its meaning) to be a past tense of "he cannot/could not be a genius"; such forms are considered true perfect forms by some linguists but not others. For the meanings of such constructions with the various modals, see English modal verbs.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The perfect and progressive (continuous) aspects can be combined, usually in referring to the completed portion of a continuing action or temporary state: "I have been working for eight hours". Here a form of the verb "have" (denoting the perfect) is used together with "been" (the past participle of "be", denoting the progressive) and the present participle of the main verb.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In the case of the stative verbs, which do not use progressive aspect (see the above section on the progressive), the plain perfect form is normally used in place of the perfect progressive: "I've been here for half an hour" (not *"I've been being here...").


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For uses of specific perfect progressive (perfect continuous) constructions, see the sections below on the present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive, future perfect progressive, and conditional perfect progressive. For perfect progressive infinitives, participles and gerunds, see .


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Indicative mood, in English, refers to finite verb forms that are not marked as subjunctive and are not imperatives or conditionals. They are the verbs typically found in the main clauses of declarative sentences and questions formed from them, as well as in most dependent clauses (except for those that use the subjunctive). The information that a form is indicative is often omitted when referring to it: the simple present indicative is usually referred to as just the simple present, etc. (unless some contrast of moods, such as between indicative and subjunctive, is pertinent to the topic).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Certain types of clause, mostly dependent clauses, use a verb form identified with the subjunctive mood. The present subjunctive takes a form identical to the bare infinitive, as in "It is necessary that he be restrained." There is also a past subjunctive, distinct from the indicative only in the possible use of "were" in place of "was" in certain situations: "If I were you, ..."


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: An independent clause in the imperative mood uses the base form of the verb, usually with no subject (although the subject "you" can be added for emphasis). Negation uses "do"-support (i.e. "do not" or "don't"). For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Sentences of this type are used to give an instruction or order. When they are used to make requests, the word "please" (or other linguistic device) is often added for politeness:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: First person imperatives (cohortatives) can be formed with "let us" (usually contracted to "let's"), as in "Let's go". Third person imperatives (jussives) are sometimes formed similarly, with "let", as in "Let him be released".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The status of the conditional mood in English is similar to that of the future tense: it may be considered to exist provided the category of mood is not required to be marked morphologically. The English conditional is expressed periphrastically with verb forms governed by the auxiliary verb "would" (or sometimes "should" with a first-person singular subject; see "shall" and "will"). The modal verb "could" is also sometimes used as a conditional (of "can").


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In certain uses, the conditional construction with "would/should" may also be described as "future-in-the-past".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For uses of specific conditional constructions, see the sections below on simple conditional, conditional progressive, conditional perfect, and conditional perfect progressive, as well as the section on conditional sentences (and the main article on English conditional sentences).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The active voice (where the verb's subject is understood to denote the doer, or agent, of the denoted action) is the unmarked voice in English. To form the passive voice (where the subject denotes the undergoer, or patient, of the action), a periphrastic construction is used. In the canonical form of the passive, a form of the auxiliary verb "be" (or sometimes "get") is used, together with the past participle of the lexical verb.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Passive voice can be expressed in combination together with tenses, aspects and moods, by means of appropriate marking of the auxiliary (which for this purpose is not a stative verb, i.e. it has progressive forms available). For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The uses of these various passive forms are analogous to those of the corresponding tense-aspect-mood combinations in the active voice.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The passive forms of certain of the combinations involving the progressive aspect are quite rare; these include the present perfect progressive ("it has been being written"), past perfect progressive ("it had been being written"), future progressive ("it will be being written"), future perfect progressive ("it will have been being written"), conditional progressive ("it would be being written") and conditional perfect progressive ("it would have been being written"). Because of the awkwardness of these constructions, they may be paraphrased, for example using the expression "in the process of" ("it has been in the process of being written", "it will be in the process of being written", and similar).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Negation of verbs usually takes place with the addition of the particle "not" (or its shortened form "n't") to an auxiliary or copular verb, with "do"-support being used if there is otherwise no auxiliary. However, if a sentence already contains a negative word ("never", "nothing", etc.), then there is not usually any additional "not".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Questions (interrogative constructions) are generally formed using subject–auxiliary inversion, again using "do"-support if there is otherwise no auxiliary. In negative questions, it is possible to invert with just the auxiliary ("should we not help?") or with the contracted negation ("shouldn't we help?").


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For full details on negation and question formation, see "do"-support, English auxiliaries and contractions, and the Negation and Questions sections of the English Grammar article.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: English has the modal verbs "can", "could", "may", "might", "must", "shall", "should", "will", "would", and also (depending on classification adopted) "ought (to)", "dare", "need", "had (better)", "used (to)". These do not add "-s" for the third-person singular, and they do not form infinitives or participles; the only inflection they undergo is that to a certain extent "could", "might", "should" and "would" function as preterites (past tenses) of "can", "may", "shall" and "will" respectively.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: A modal verb can serve as the finite verb introducing a verb catena, as in "he might have been injured then". These generally express some form of modality (possibility, obligation, etc.), although "will" and "would" (and sometimes "shall" and "should") can serve—among their other uses—to express future time reference and conditional mood, as described elsewhere on this page.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "simple past" or "past simple", sometimes also called the "preterite", consists of the bare past tense of the verb (ending in "-ed" for regular verbs, and formed in various ways for irregular ones, with the following spelling rules for regular verbs: verbs ending in -e add only –d to the end (e.g. live – lived, not *liveed), verbs ending in -y change to -ied (e.g. study – studied) and verbs ending in a group of a consonant + a vowel + a consonant double the final consonant (e.g. stop – stopped) —see English verbs for details). In most questions (and other situations requiring inversion), when negated, and in certain emphatic statements, a periphrastic construction consisting of "did" and the bare infinitive of the main verb is generally used instead—see "do"-support.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The simple past is used for a single event in the past, for past habitual action, or for a past state:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: However, for action that was ongoing at the time referred to, the past progressive is generally used instead. For stative verbs that do or do not use progressive aspect when expressing a temporary state, see § Progressive aspect. For the use of "could see" in place of "saw" etc., see "have got" and "can see" below.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The simple past is often close in meaning to the present perfect. The simple past is used when the event is conceived as occurring at a particular time in the past, or during a period that ended in the past (i.e. it does not last up until the present time). This time frame may be explicitly stated, or implicit in the context (for example the past tense is often used when describing a sequence of past events).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Various compound constructions exist for denoting past habitual action. The sentence "When I was young, I played football every Saturday" might alternatively be phrased using "used to" ("... I used to play ...") or using "would" ("... I would play...").


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In exceptional cases, the present simple can be used instead of the past simple as a stylistic tool, both as a way of literary expression and in everyday speech. Typical examples include telling jokes (as in "Three men walk into a bar"), emotional storytelling (as in "So I come home and I see this giant box in front of my door") and referring to historical events (as in "King Henry wins his last victory in 1422.").


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The past simple is also used without past reference in some instances: in condition clauses and some other dependent clauses referring to hypothetical circumstances (see and below), and after certain expressions of wish. For the past subjunctive ("were" in place of "was"), see English subjunctive. For the use of the past tense in indirect speech and similar contexts, see below.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "past progressive" or "past continuous" construction combines progressive aspect with past tense, and is formed using the past tense of "be" ("was" or "were") with the present participle of the main verb. It indicates an action that was ongoing at the past time being considered:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For stative verbs that do not use the progressive aspect, the simple past is used instead ("At three o'clock yesterday we were in the garden").


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The past progressive is often used to denote an action that was interrupted by an event, or for two actions taking place in parallel:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The past progressive can also be used to refer to past action that occurred over a range of time and is viewed as an ongoing situation:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: That could also be expressed using the simple past, as "I worked...", which implies that the action is viewed as a unitary event (although the effective meaning is not very different).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The past progressive shares certain special uses with other past tense constructions; see , , , and .


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "past perfect", sometimes called the "pluperfect", combines past tense with perfect aspect; it is formed by combining "had" (the past tense of the auxiliary "have") with the past participle of the main verb. It is used when referring to an event that took place prior to the time frame being considered. This time frame may be stated explicitly, as a stated time or the time of another past action:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Compare "He had left when we arrived" (where his leaving preceded our arrival), with the form with the simple past, "He left when we arrived" (where his leaving was concurrent with or shortly after our arrival). Unlike the present perfect, the past perfect can readily be used with an adverb specifying a past time frame for the occurrence. For example, while it is incorrect to say *"I have done it last Friday" (the use of "last Friday", specifying the past time, would require the simple past rather than the present perfect), there is no such objection to a sentence like "I had done it the previous Friday". The past perfect can also be used for states or repeated occurrences pertaining over a period up to a time in the past, particularly in stating "for how long" or since when". However, if the state is temporary and the verb can be used in the progressive aspect, the past perfect progressive would normally be used instead. Some examples with the plain past perfect:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "past perfect progressive" or "past perfect continuous" (also known as the "pluperfect progressive" or "pluperfect continuous") combines perfect progressive aspect with past tense. It is formed by combining "had" (the past tense of auxiliary "have"), "been" (the past participle of "be"), and the present participle of the main verb.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Uses of the past perfect progressive are analogous to those of the present perfect progressive, except that the point of reference is in the past. For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: This form is sometimes used for actions in the past that were interrupted by some event (compare the use of the past progressive as given above). For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: This implies that I stopped working when she came in (or had already stopped a short time before); the plain past progressive ("I was working...") would not necessarily carry this implication.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: If the verb in question does not use the progressive aspect, then the plain past perfect is used instead (see examples in the previous section).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The past perfect progressive may also have additional specific uses similar to those of the plain past perfect; see , , , and .


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "simple present" or "present simple" is a form that combines present tense with "simple" (neither perfect nor progressive) aspect. In the indicative mood it consists of the base form of the verb, or the "-s" form when the subject is third-person singular (the verb "be" uses the forms "am", "is", "are"). However, with non-auxiliary verbs it also has a periphrastic form consisting of "do" (or third-person singular "does") with the bare infinitive of the main verb—this form is used in questions (and other clauses requiring inversion) and negations, and sometimes for emphasis. For details of this, see "do"-support.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The principal uses of the simple present are given below. More examples can be found in the article Simple present.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In colloquial English it is common to use "can see", "can hear" for the present tense of "see", "hear", etc., and "have got" for the present tense of "have" (denoting possession). See "have got" and "can see" below.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For the present subjunctive, see English subjunctive. For uses of modal verbs (which may be regarded as instances of the simple present) see English modal verbs.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "present progressive" or "present continuous" form combines present tense with progressive aspect. It thus refers to an action or event conceived of as having limited duration, taking place at the present time. It consists of a form of the simple present of "be" together with the present participle of the main verb and the ending "-ing".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: This often contrasts with the simple present, which expresses repeated or habitual action ("We cook dinner every day"). However, sometimes the present continuous is used with "always", generally to express annoyance about a habitual action:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Certain stative verbs do not use the progressive aspect, so the present simple is used instead in those cases (see above).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: It also appears with future reference in many condition and time clauses and other dependent clauses (see below):


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: It can also refer to something taking place not necessarily at the time of speaking, but at the time currently under consideration, in the case of a story or narrative being told in the present tense (as mentioned above under present simple):


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "present perfect" (traditionally called simply the "perfect") combines present tense with perfect aspect, denoting the present state of an action's being completed, that is, that the action took place before the present time. (It is thus often close in meaning to the simple past tense, although the two are not usually interchangeable.) It is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary "have" (namely "have" or "has") and the past participle of the main verb.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The choice of present perfect or past tense depends on the frame of reference (period or point in time) in which the event is conceived as occurring. If the frame of reference extends to the present time, the present perfect is used. For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: If the frame of reference is a time in the past, or a period that ended in the past, the past tense is used instead. For example: "I wrote a letter this morning" (it is now afternoon); "He produced ten plays" (he is now dead or his career is considered over, or a particular past time period is being referred to); "They never traveled abroad" (similarly). See under Simple past for more examples. The simple past is generally used when the occurrence has a specific past time frame—either explicitly stated ("I wrote a book in 1995; "the water boiled a minute ago), or implied by the context (for example, in the narration of a sequence of events). It is therefore normally incorrect to write a sentence like *"I have written a novel yesterday"; the present perfect cannot be used with an expression of past time such as "yesterday".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: With "already" or "yet", traditional usage calls for the present perfect: "Have you eaten yet? Yes, I've already eaten." Current informal American speech allows the simple past: "Did you eat yet? Yes, I ate already.", although the present perfect is still fully idiomatic here and may be preferred depending on area, personal preference, or the wish to avoid possible ambiguity.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Use of the present perfect often draws attention to the present consequences of the past action or event, as opposed to its actual occurrence. The sentence "she has come" probably means she is here now, while the simple past "she came" does not. The sentence, “Have you been to the fair?” suggests that the fair is still going on, while the sentence, “Did you go to the fair?” could mean that the fair is over. (See also "been" and "gone" below.) Some more examples:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: It may also refer to an ongoing state or habitual action, particularly in saying "for how long", or "since when", something is the case. For example,


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: This implies that I still live in Paris, that he still holds the record and that we still eat together every morning (although the first sentence may also refer to some unspecified past period of five years). When the circumstance is temporary, the present perfect progressive is often appropriate in such sentences (see below); however, if the verb is one that does not use the progressive aspect, the basic present perfect is used in that case too:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The present perfect may refer to a habitual circumstance, or a circumstance being part of a theoretical or story narrative being given in the present tense (provided the circumstance is of an event's having taken place previously):


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The present perfect may also be used with future reference, instead of the future perfect, in those dependent clauses where future occurrence is denoted by present tense (see below). For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For the possibility of a present perfect subjunctive, see English subjunctive. For special use of the present perfect of "get" to express possession or obligation, see "have got" below. For the use of "have been" in place of "have gone", see "been" and "gone" below.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "present perfect continuous" (or "present perfect progressive") construction combines some of this perfect progressive aspect with present tense. It is formed with the present tense of "have" ("have" or "has"), the past participle of "be" ("been"), and the present participle of the main verb and the ending "-ing".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: This construction is used for ongoing action in the past that continues right up to the present or has recently finished:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In these sentences the actions are still continuing, but it is the past portion of them that is being considered, and so the perfect aspect is used. (A sentence without perfect aspect, such as "I am sitting here for three hours", implies an intention to perform the action for that length of time.) With stative verbs that are not used in the progressive, and for situations that are considered permanent, the present perfect (non-progressive) is used instead; for examples of this see above.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The term "simple future", "future simple" or "future indefinite", as applied to English, generally refers to the combination of the modal auxiliary verb "will" with the bare infinitive of the main verb. Sometimes (particularly in more formal or old-fashioned English) "shall" is preferred to "will" when the subject is first person ("I" or "we"); see "shall" and "will" for details. The auxiliary is often contracted to" 'll"; see English auxiliaries and contractions.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: This construction can be used to indicate what the speaker views as facts about the future, including confident predictions:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: However English also has other ways of referring to future circumstances. For planned or scheduled actions the present progressive or simple present may be used (see those sections for examples). There is also a "going-to" future, common in colloquial English, which is often used to express intentions or predictions ("I am going to write a book some day"; "I think that it is going to rain"). Use of the "will/shall" construction when expressing intention often indicates a spontaneous decision:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Use of present tense rather than future constructions in condition clauses and certain other dependent clauses is described below under and .


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The modal verbs "will" and "shall" also have other uses besides indicating future time reference. For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For more examples see "will" and "shall" in the article on modal verbs, and the article "shall" and "will".


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "future progressive" or "future continuous" combines progressive aspect with future time reference; it is formed with the auxiliary "will" (or "shall" in the first person; see "shall" and "will"), the bare infinitive "be", and the present participle of the main verb. It is used mainly to indicate that an event will be in progress at a particular point in the future:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The usual restrictions apply, on the use both of the future and of the progressive: simple rather than progressive aspect is used with some stative verbs (see ), and present rather than future constructions are used in many dependent clauses (see and below).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The same construction may occur when "will" or "shall" is given one of its other uses (as described under ), for example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "future perfect" combines aspect with future time reference. It consists of the auxiliary "will" (or sometimes "shall" in the first person, as above), the bare infinitive "have", and the past participle of the main verb. It indicates an action that is to be completed sometime prior to a future time of perspective, or an ongoing action continuing up to a future time of perspective (compare uses of the present perfect above).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For the use of the present tense rather than future constructions in certain dependent clauses, see and below.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The same construction may occur when "will" or "shall" is given one of its other meanings (see under ); for example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "future perfect progressive" or "future perfect continuous" combines perfect progressive aspect with future time reference. It is formed by combining the auxiliary "will" (or sometimes "shall", as above), the bare infinitive "have", the past participle "been", and the present participle of the main verb.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Uses of the future perfect progressive are analogous to those of the present perfect progressive, except that the point of reference is in the future. For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For the use of present tense in place of future constructions in certain dependent clauses, see and below.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The same construction may occur when the auxiliary (usually "will") has one of its other meanings, particularly expressing a confident assumption about the present:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "simple conditional" or "conditional simple", also called "conditional present", and in some meanings "future-in-the-past simple", is formed by combining the modal auxiliary "would" with the bare infinitive of the main verb. Sometimes (particularly in formal or old-fashioned English) "should" is used in place of "would" when the subject is first person ("I" or "we"), in the same way that "shall" may replace "will" in such instances; see "shall" and "will". The auxiliary is often shortened to" 'd"; see English auxiliaries and contractions.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The simple conditional is used principally in a main clause accompanied by an implicit or explicit condition ("if"-clause). (This is described in more detail in the article on English conditional sentences; see also below.) The time referred to may be (hypothetical) present or future. For example:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: In some varieties of English, "would" (or "'d") is also regularly used in the "if"-clauses themselves ("If you'd leave now, you'd be on time"), but this is often considered nonstandard. This is widespread especially in spoken American English in all registers, though not usually in more formal writing. There are also situations where "would" is used in "if"-clauses in British English too, but these can usually be interpreted as a modal use of "would" (e.g. "If you would listen to me once in a while, you might learn something"). For more details, see .


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The auxiliary verbs "could" and "might" can also be used to indicate the conditional mood, as in the following:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: See also and . For other possible meanings of "would" and "should" (as well as "could" and "might"), see the relevant sections of English modal verbs.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "conditional (present) progressive" or "conditional continuous" combines conditional mood with progressive aspect. It combines "would" (or the contraction "d", or sometimes "should" in the first person, as above) with the bare infinitive "be" and the present participle of the main verb. It has similar uses to those of the simple conditional (above), but is used for ongoing actions or situations (usually hypothetical):


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For the use of "would" in condition clauses, see above (see also and below). For use in indirect speech constructions, see . For other uses of constructions with "would" and "should", see English modal verbs. For general information on conditionals in English, see English conditional sentences (and also below).


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "conditional perfect" construction combines conditional mood with perfect aspect, and consists of "would" (or the contraction "d", or sometimes "should" in the first person, as above), the bare infinitive "have", and the past participle of the main verb. It is used to denote conditional situations attributed to past time, usually those that are or may be contrary to fact.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: For the possibility of use of "would" in the condition clauses themselves, see (see also below). For more information on conditional constructions, see below, and the article English conditional sentences.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The same construction may have "future-in-the-past" meanings (see Indirect speech). For other meanings of "would have" and "should have", see English modal verbs.


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: The "conditional perfect progressive" or "conditional perfect continuous" construction combines conditional mood with perfect progressive aspect. It consists of "would" (or sometimes "should" in the first person, as above) with the bare infinitive "have", the past participle "been" and the present participle of the main verb. It generally refers to a conditional ongoing situation in hypothetical (usually counterfactual) past time:


title: Uses of English verb forms

text: Similar considerations and alternative forms and meanings apply as noted in the above sections on other conditional constructions.