title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: The ancient Egyptians had experience with building a variety of ships. Some of them survive to this day as Khufu ship. The ships were found in many areas of Egypt as the Abydos boats and remnants of other ships were found near the pyramids.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Sneferu's ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first reference recorded to a ship being referred to by name.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Although quarter rudders were the norm in Nile navigation, the Egyptians were the first to use also stern-mounted rudders (not of the modern type but center mounted steering oars).


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: The first warships of Ancient Egypt were constructed during the early Middle Kingdom and perhaps at the end of the Old Kingdom, but the first mention and a detailed description of a large enough and heavily armed ship dates from 16th century BC.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: When Thutmose III achieved warships displacement up to 360 tons and carried up to ten new heavy and light to seventeen catapults based bronze springs, called "siege crossbow" – more precisely, siege bows. Still appeared giant catamarans that are heavy warships and times of Ramesses III used even when the Ptolemaic dynasty.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho II sent out an expedition of Phoenicians, which reputedly, at some point between 610 and before 594 BC, sailed in three years from the Red Sea around Africa to the mouth of the Nile. Some Egyptologists dispute that an Egyptian pharaoh would authorize such an expedition, except for the reason of trade in the ancient maritime routes.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: The belief in Herodotus' account, handed down to him by oral tradition, is primarily because he stated with disbelief that the Phoenicians "as they sailed on a westerly course round the southern end of Libya (Africa), they had the sun on their right – to northward of them" ("The Histories" 4.42) – in Herodotus' time it was not generally known that Africa was surrounded by an ocean (with the southern part of Africa being thought connected to Asia). So fantastic an assertion is this of a typical example of some seafarers' story and Herodotus therefore may never have mentioned it at all, had it not been based on facts and made with the according insistence.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: This early description of Necho's expedition as a whole is contentious, though; it is recommended that one keep an open mind on the subject, but Strabo, Polybius, and Ptolemy doubted the description. Egyptologist A. B. Lloyd suggests that the Greeks at this time understood that anyone going south far enough and then turning west would have the Sun on their right but found it unbelievable that Africa reached so far south. He suggests that "It is extremely unlikely that an Egyptian king would, or could, have acted as Necho is depicted as doing" and that the story might have been triggered by the failure of Sataspes' attempt to circumnavigate Africa under Xerxes the Great. Regardless, it was believed by Herodotus and Pliny.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Much earlier, the Sea Peoples was a confederacy of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th Dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. The Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah explicitly refers to them by the term "the foreign-countries (or 'peoples') of the sea" in his Great Karnak Inscription. Although some scholars believe that they "invaded" Cyprus and the Levant, this hypothesis is disputed.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Irrigation as the artificial application of water to the soil was used to some extent in ancient Egypt, a hydraulic civilization (which entails hydraulic engineering). In crop production it is mainly used to replace missing rainfall in periods of drought, as opposed to reliance on direct rainfall (referred to as dryland farming or as rainfed farming). Before technology advanced, the people of Egypt relied on the natural flow of the Nile River to tend to the crops. Although the Nile provided sufficient watering for the survival of domesticated animals, crops, and the people of Egypt, there were times where the Nile would flood the area wreaking havoc across the land. There is evidence of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Amenemhet III in the Twelfth Dynasty (about 1800 BC) using the natural lake of the Fayûm as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during the dry seasons, as the lake swelled annually with the flooding of the Nile. Construction of drainage canals reduced the problems of major flooding from entering homes and areas of crops; but because it was a hydraulic civilization, much of the water management was controlled in a systematic way.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: The earliest known glass beads from Egypt were made during the New Kingdom around 1500 BC and were produced in a variety of colors. They were made by winding molten glass around a metal bar and were highly prized as a trading commodity, especially blue beads, which were believed to have magical powers. The Egyptians made small jars and bottles using the core-formed method. Glass threads were wound around a bag of sand tied to a rod. The glass was continually reheated to fuse the threads together. The glass-covered sand bag was kept in motion until the required shape and thickness was achieved. The rod was allowed to cool, then finally the bag was punctured and the sand poured out and reused . The Egyptians also created the first colored glass rods which they used to create colorful beads and decorations. They also worked with cast glass, which was produced by pouring molten glass into a mold, much like iron and the more modern crucible steel.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: The Egyptians were a practical people and this is reflected in their astronomy in contrast to Babylonia where the first astronomical texts were written in astrological terms. Even before Upper and Lower Egypt were unified in 3000 BC, observations of the night sky had influenced the development of a religion in which many of its principal deities were heavenly bodies. In Lower Egypt, priests built circular mudbrick walls with which to make a false horizon where they could mark the position of the sun as it rose at dawn, and then with a plumb-bob note the northern or southern turning points (solstices). This allowed them to discover that the sun disc, personified as Ra, took 365 days to travel from his birthplace at the winter solstice and back to it. Meanwhile, in Upper Egypt, a lunar calendar was being developed based on the behavior of the moon and the reappearance of Sirius in its heliacal rising after its annual absence of about 70 days.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: After unification, problems with trying to work with two calendars (both depending upon constant observation) led to a merged, simplified civil calendar with twelve 30-day months, three seasons of four months each, plus an extra five days, giving a 365-year day but with no way of accounting for the extra quarter day each year. Day and night were split into 24 units, each personified by a deity. A sundial found on Seti I's cenotaph with instructions for its use shows us that the daylight hours were at one time split into 10 units, with 12 hours for the night and an hour for the morning and evening twilights. However, by Seti I's time day and night were normally divided into 12 hours each, the length of which would vary according to the time of year.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Key to much of this was the motion of the sun god Ra and his annual movement along the horizon at sunrise. Out of Egyptian myths such as those around Ra and the sky goddess Nut came the development of the Egyptian calendar, time keeping, and even concepts of royalty. An astronomical ceiling in the burial chamber of Ramesses VI shows the sun being born from Nut in the morning, traveling along her body during the day and being swallowed at night.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: During the Fifth Dynasty six kings built sun temples in honour of Ra. The temple complexes built by Niuserre at Abu Gurab and Userkaf at Abusir have been excavated and have astronomical alignments, and the roofs of some of the buildings could have been used by observers to view the stars, calculate the hours at night and predict the sunrise for religious festivals.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Claims have been made that precession of the equinoxes was known in ancient Egypt prior to the time of Hipparchus. This has been disputed however on the grounds that pre-Hipparchus texts do not mention precession and that "it is only by cunning interpretation of ancient myths and images, which are ostensibly about something else, that precession can be discerned in them, aided by some pretty esoteric numerological speculation involving the 72 years that mark one degree of shift in the zodiacal system and any number of permutations by multiplication, division, and addition."


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Note however that the Egyptian observation of a slowly changing stellar alignment over a multi-year period does not necessarily mean that they understood or even cared what was going on. For instance, from the Middle Kingdom onwards they used a table with entries for each month to tell the time of night from the passing of constellations. These went in error after a few centuries because of their calendar and precession, but were copied (with scribal errors) long after they lost their practical usefulness or the possibility of understanding and use of them in the current years, rather than the years in which they were originally used.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: The Edwin Smith Papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document which attempts to describe and analyze the brain: given this, it might be seen as the very beginnings of neuroscience. However, medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology was largely ineffective. According to a paper published by Michael D. Parkins, 72% of 260 medical prescriptions in the Hearst papyrus had no curative elements. According to Michael D. Parkins, sewage pharmacology first began in ancient Egypt and was continued through the Middle Ages, and while the use of animal dung can have curative properties, it is not without its risk. Practices such as applying cow dung to wounds, ear piercing, tattooing, and chronic ear infections were important factors in developing tetanus. Frank J. Snoek wrote that Egyptian medicine used fly specks, lizard blood, swine teeth, and other such remedies which he believes could have been harmful.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Mummification of the dead was not always practiced in Egypt. Once the practice began, an individual was placed at a final resting place through a set of rituals and protocol. The Egyptian funeral was a complex ceremony including various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in honor of the deceased. The poor, who could not afford expensive tombs, were buried in shallow graves in the sand, and because of the arid environment they were often naturally mummified.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Evidence indicates that Egyptians made use of potter's wheels in the manufacturing of pottery from as early as the 4th Dynasty (c. 2613 to 2494 BC). Chariots, however, are only believed to have been introduced by the invasion of the Hyksos in the Second Intermediate Period (c.1650 BC to c.1550 BC); during the New Kingdom era (c.1550 BC to c.1077 BC), chariotry became central to Egypt's military.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: The Egyptians developed a variety of furniture. There in the lands of ancient Egypt is the first evidence for stools, beds, and tables (such as from the tombs similar to Tutankhamun's). Recovered Ancient Egyptian furniture includes a third millennium BC bed discovered in the Tarkhan Tomb, a c.2550 BC. gilded set from the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, and a c. 1550 BC. stool from Thebes.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Some have suggested that the Egyptians had some form of understanding electric phenomena from observing lightning and interacting with electric fish (such as "Malapterurus electricus") or other animals (such as electric eels). The comment about lightning appears to come from a misunderstanding of a text referring to "high poles covered with copper plates" to argue this but Dr. Bolko Stern has written in detail explaining why the copper covered tops of poles (which were lower than the associated pylons) do not relate to electricity or lightning, pointing out that no evidence of anything used to manipulate electricity had been found in Egypt and that this was a magical and not a technical installation.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Those exploring fringe theories of ancient technology have suggested that there were electric lights used in Ancient Egypt. Engineers have constructed a working model based on their interpretation of a relief found in the Hathor temple at the Dendera Temple complex. Authors (such as Peter Krassa and Reinhard Habeck) have produced a basic theory of the device's operation. The standard explanation, however, for the Dendera light, which comprises three stone reliefs (one single and a double representation) is that the depicted image represents a lotus leaf and flower from which a sacred snake is spawned in accordance with Egyptian mythological beliefs. This sacred snake sometimes is identified as the Milky Way (the snake) in the night sky (the leaf, lotus, or "bulb") that became identified with Hathor because of her similar association in creation.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Under Hellenistic rule, Egypt was one of the most prosperous regions of the Hellenistic civilization. The ancient Egyptian city of Rhakotis was renovated as Alexandria, which became the largest city around the Mediterranean Basin. Under Roman rule, Egypt was one of the most prosperous regions of the Roman Empire, with Alexandria being second only to ancient Rome in size.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Recent scholarship suggests that the water wheel originates from Ptolemaic Egypt, where it appeared by the 3rd century BC. This is seen as an evolution of the paddle-driven water-lifting wheels that had been known in Egypt a century earlier. According to John Peter Oleson, both the compartmented wheel and the hydraulic noria may have been invented in Egypt by the 4th century BC, with the Sakia being invented there a century later. This is supported by archeological finds at Faiyum, Egypt, where the oldest archeological evidence of a water-wheel has been found, in the form of a Sakia dating back to the 3rd century BC. A papyrus dating to the 2nd century BC also found in Faiyum mentions a water wheel used for irrigation, a 2nd-century BC fresco found at Alexandria depicts a compartmented Sakia, and the writings of Callixenus of Rhodes mention the use of a Sakia in Ptolemaic Egypt during the reign of Ptolemy IV in the late 3rd century BC.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Ancient Greek technology was often inspired by the need to improve weapons and tactics in war. Ancient Roman technology is a set of artifacts and customs which supported Roman civilization and made the expansion of Roman commerce and Roman military possible over nearly a thousand years.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Under Arab rule, Egypt once again became one of the most prosperous regions around the Mediterranean. The Egyptian city of Cairo was founded by the Fatimid Caliphate and served as its capital city. At the time, Cairo was second only to Baghdad, capital of the rival Abbasid Caliphate. After the fall of Baghdad, however, Cairo overtook it as the largest city in the Mediterranean region until the early modern period.


title: Ancient Egyptian technology

text: Inventions in medieval Islam covers the inventions developed in the medieval Islamic world, a region that extended from Al-Andalus and Africa in the west to the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia in the east. The timeline of Islamic science and engineering covers the general development of science and technology in the Islamic world.


title: J. Lee

text: J. Lee (sometimes credited as J Lee) is an American actor, writer, and musician known for playing Lt. Commander John LaMarr on the Fox/Hulu science fiction comedy drama television series "The Orville".


title: J. Lee

text: Lee was born and grew up in St. Louis. He grew up playing piano and plays professionally. "I started playing classical piano when I was 3. I did that all throughout my youth and in high school. I played at Carnegie Hall when I was 12 or 13." He obtained a bachelor's degree from Indiana University's Jacob's School of Music. He worked at Fuzzy Door Productions as a receptionist where he befriended Seth MacFarlane. "People would come up and just have a conversation with me. And Seth and I became cool because when he would come out of his office or the writers room just to get a break, we would just talk about regular life and laugh." He soon began working for MacFarlane on many of his projects, furthering his acting career.


title: Matelotage

text: Matelotage (French for "seamanship") was an agreement amongst pairs of European sailors, in particular buccaneers, in the 17th and early 18th century. As part of this economic partnership, "matelots" would agree to share their incomes, and inherit their partner's property in the case of their death. In addition, they would pledge to protect and fight alongside each other in battle and otherwise act in the other's interest. Not limited to sailors or pirates, matelotage agreements could be made by members of any group, even planters.


title: Matelotage

text: Though most often interpreted as a platonic form of mutual insurance, a few historians believe that matelotage would be more accurately comparable to same-sex marriage or domestic partnership. B. R. Burg argued in "Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition" that in the male-dominated world of piracy, homosexuality was common. A union such as matelotage may have acted as a manner of validating relationships that would otherwise have been considered against contemporary societal norms. Another allusion to matelotage's significance was the disapproval it was shown by colonial authorities. For example, in 1645, Governor of the colony of Tortuga, Jean Le Vasseur, requested to the French government that female prostitutes be sent to the island, supposedly in order to deter matelotage among the buccaneers. Burg's conclusions and research methods are not accepted by most pirate historians. Hans Turley, who also wrote on pirates and homosexual unions, said "the evidence for piratical sodomy is so sparse as to be almost nonexistent."


title: Matelotage

text: At least one written matelotage agreement survives in historical records, between two pirates residing at Port Dolphin on Madagascar in 1699. Other potential pirate matelotage unions such as that of John Swann and Robert Culliford, pirates in the Indian Ocean during the late 17th century are sometimes decribed as romantic but are not referred to as matelotage in British records; Swann was instead referred to as "a great consort of Culliford's, who lives with him." However, consort was a nautical term for ships sailing together or aiding one another, while there is no detailed information on Swann’s actual relationship with Culliford beyond that of living and sailing together, and so the issue of Swann and Culliford's sexual orientation remains open.


title: Severina (singer)

text: Severina Vučković (born 21 April 1972), better known mononymously as Severina, is a Croatian singer-songwriter and actress. In 2006, the Croatian weekly "Nacional" listed her among the 100 most influential Croats, calling her "the only "bona fide" Croatian celebrity".


title: Severina (singer)

text: She represented Croatia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, held in Athens, Greece, with the song "Moja štikla", finishing 12th.


title: Severina (singer)

text: She won the award "Zlatna ptica" for the best selling artist of the decade in Croatia. In 2015, she was the most searched person on Google in Croatia and Slovenia.


title: Severina (singer)

text: Severina's style can be described as pop with various folk and cabaret influences. As a child, she took smaller parts in theatre and opera productions in her native Split. During the 1980s, having won numerous awards at local festivals, she launched her professional career at an early age, which ultimately resulted in her moving to Zagreb in 1989 to expand her career further.


title: Severina (singer)

text: In 1990, she released her first studio album titled "Severina". The album served as her breakthrough to the national platform. It included 10 songs such as: "Vodi me na ples", "Sve do zore" and "Svirajte mi rokeri". Those songs, along with "Budim se s imenom tvojim", "Zamisli" and "Tvoja prva djevojka" from her next eponymous record (released in 1992), became a huge hit among younger fans.


title: Severina (singer)

text: The leading song from her third studio album, "Dalmatinka", became a Croatian evergreen and captured the emotions of many at the time of release. In the song, Severina sang about her love for the native Dalmatia, white color and the Virgin Mary ("First to me is Mary, second to me is white color, and third is your love"). The album had total of 10 songs among which were: "Ne bi ti oprostila", "Ne spavaj mala moja" (cover), "Paloma Nera" and others. Both "Paloma Nera" and "Dalmatinka" became number 1 on national top list.


title: Severina (singer)

text: "Trava zelena" achieved spectacular success. The title song, "Trava zelena", was the most popular song of the year and Severina's primacy on the Croatian media platform became stronger than ever before. The composer of the album was Zrinko Tutic. The album had total of 10 songs including: "Trava zelena", "Vatra i Led", "Mr. Taliman", etc.


title: Severina (singer)

text: "Moja stvar" is her fifth studio album. The album was inspired by rock sounds. The song "Moja stvar" was written and composed by Severina herself.


title: Severina (singer)

text: The album "Djevojka sa sela" was composed and written partially by Zrinko Tutić and partially by Severina herself. The title song "Djevojka sa sela" is one of her biggest hits. It was proclaimed an anthem of Croatian National Football Team while their involvement in European Football Championship during which they ranked at number 3. "Djevojka sa sela" was her last album composed by Tutic and his production company Tutico. They departed after the release because of the dispute over her contract.


title: Severina (singer)

text: Severina's seventh studio album, "Ja sam pjevam", was a continuation of the pop sounds heard on her previous albums. It had total of 10 songs. The composer of this album was Đorđe Novković with whom Severina started working on her next album.


title: Severina (singer)

text: Following the success of her 2001 album "Pogled ispod obrva", Severina's 2002 concert tour "Virujen u te" further confirmed her status of one of the most popular Croatian music artists. This was her first major tour on which she performed in most of the big cities on the Balkans including Sarajevo, Bosnia and Ljubljana, Slovenia.


title: Severina (singer)

text: After a two-year break, she released her 9th studio album "Severgreen" in 2004. This was her first bigger project and public appearance after the sex-tape scandal which occurred in 2003. The album was influenced by jazz music. In 2006, she won the Dora 2006 festival with the song "Moja štikla" and represented Croatia at the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest in Athens, Greece, on 20 May 2006, finishing 13th with 56 points. The song caused some controversy in Croatia when a few journalists and musicologists claimed the song resembled the music of Serbia. However, prominent Croatian ethno-musicians such as Dunja Knebl and Lidija Bajuk disagreed, and both the song's composer Boris Novković and Severina herself have claimed that the song includes Croatian folk music influences from the Dalmatian Zagora (Inner Dalmatia) such as ganga and rere singing and lijerica instrumentation. After the contest she started working on her 10th studio album together with Goran Bregović, one of the most successful music composers in the Balkans.


title: Severina (singer)

text: Severina's long-anticipated 10th studio album "Zdravo Marijo" ("Hail Mary"), mostly composed by Goran Bregović, was released in May 2008. Ater having made several public appearances wearing clothes depicting religious imagery (most notably a tight shirt with an image of the Virgin Mary with Severina showing ample cleavage), some protested the abuse of religious elements, calling them offensive. However, the album has been popular and Severina released four more official music videos for singles "Tridesete" composed by Sezen Aksu, "Gade", "Haljinica Boje Lila" and "Zdravo, Marijo" (title track) composed by Bregović. Following the release of the album, Severina went on to her second big regional tour. On 15 December 2009, Severina released her next single called "Lola", which is the part of the "Miligram" compilation.


title: Severina (singer)

text: Her album and tour "Dobrodošao u klub" ("Welcome to the club" or DUK') held her at the top of Croatian pop music for all of 2012 and 2013, and established her position as the most popular pop singer in Ex-Yu countries. The album had total of 12 songs, 7 of them singles. The first two songs that were released were "Brad Pitt" and "Grad bez ljudi". "Brad Pitt" became one of the biggest hits of 2011. "Italiana", released in the summer of 2012, was viewed more than half a million times in the first 24 hours and has around 60 million views to this day. Later on, she released "Uzbuna", "Dobrodošao u klub" and "Tarapana". In support of the album she embreak on her second headlining Dobrodošao u Klub Tour. She performed, yet again, in every large city in the region. The tour started in Rijeka in March 2013 and continued in Belgrade (in front of 20,000 people), Zagreb (in front of 19,000 people), Sarajevo (in front of 15,000 people), Ljubljana (in front of 11,000 people) and her native Split (in front of 12,000 people). The whole tour sold more than 250,000 tickets.


title: Severina (singer)

text: In 2013, Severina released the song "Hurem", named after Hürrem. Composer and writer of "Hurem" is Andrej Babić, and arrangers are Ivan Popeskić and Branko Berković. In March 2014, she released the song "Alcatraz", called after Alcatraz. The composer and writer of "Alcatraz" is Miloš Roganović and arrangers are Miloš Roganović, Filip Miletić and Dušan Alagić. Soon after, she released the song "Brazil" to support the national football team of Croatia during the World Cup 2014 in Brazil. In July 2014, she released "Uno momento" (One moment), a duet with Serbian band Ministarke. The song was noted for its provocative video clip. The song was composed by Filip Miletić and written by Miloš Roganović. It turned out to be highly popular across the Balkans, becoming a summer hit in Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In October 2014, she released a song with Serbian singer Saša Matić called "More tuge" ("Sea of Sorrow"). Composer is also Matić, writer is Miloš Smiljanić-Žuća and arranger is Dejan Abadić. At the end of 2014 she released the song "Generale" with Croatian band Uciteljice.


title: Severina (singer)

text: At the beginning of 2017 she released the song named "Kao". On 27 March she released the second official video from the upcoming album, "Otrove" featuring Bosnian rapper and producer Jala Brat. The song raised around 15 million views in less than a month, and 29 million views after two months. The third song with its video, "Mrtav bez mene", was released on 5 June. In June 2018 she released a music videos for collaborations with Croatian singer Petar Grašo named "Unaprijed Gotovo" ("Already Done") and with Serbian singer Ljuba Stanković named "Tutorial". In August 2018 she released a music video for a song named "M.A.G.I.J.A." ("M.A.G.I.C.") featuring Jala Brat.


title: Severina (singer)

text: In 2003 Severina landed her first theatre role at the Croatian National Theatre in Rijeka (HNK Rijeka) and played the title role in the rock opera "Karolina Riječka" (English: "Caroline of Rijeka"). Two years later she produced and acted in the monodrama "Čekajući svog čovika" ("Waiting for my Man") at the Kerempuh theatre in Zagreb. In 2007 she was cast for one of the main roles in HNK Rijeka's musical "Gospoda Glembajevi" ("The Glembays"; based upon Miroslav Krleža's 1929 play). Although the decision to cast Severina was met with criticism by some commentators who questioned her acting credentials, the musical premiered in March 2007 with considerable success. Severina also starred in a 2006 Bosnian film "Duhovi Sarajeva" set in Sarajevo. In 2007 she made a 5-minute cameo appearance playing herself in the Slovenian film "Petelinji zajtrk" ("Rooster's Breakfast").


title: Severina (singer)

text: In 2004, Vučković was involved in an internationally reported sex scandal after a sex tape featuring her and Bosnian Croat businessman Milan Lučić leaked onto the Internet, which was reported by the Croatian online tabloid Index.hr. The graphic nature of the video and the fact that Lučić was married when the tape was filmed shocked the public. Vučković sued the website that released the tape for damages, claiming that the video was stolen from her and that it was her intellectual property, but her lawsuit was later dismissed by a Zagreb district court in July 2004.


title: Severina (singer)

text: At the beginning of her career, Severina was reported to have been in a relationship with the singer Zrinko Tutić, who was married at the time. Afterwards, she entered into a relationship with singer Alen Marin of the band "Kojoti". She later entered into a relationship with music producer Ante Pecotić. In 1999, Severina entered into a brief relationship with the Bosnian model Adnan Taletović, whom she met while filming a music video. In 2000, while still in a relationship with Bosnian Croat general Stanko Sopta, she began an affair with Milan Lučić, a married businessman with whom she recorded a sex tape, which was leaked to the public in 2004. At the time of the tape's release, Severina was reported to be in a relationship with Srećko Vargek, but the two soon broke up. Severina soon entered into a relationship with the economist Mate Čuljak. The relationship lasted a year and a half, but the couple broke up one week before Severina's 35th birthday. Severina soon began dating sports entrepreneur Slavko Šainović. After two and a half years of dating, the couple broke up.


title: Severina (singer)

text: In December 2010, Severina met wealthy Serbian businessman Milan Popović at his birthday celebration, where she was hired to perform. They soon began dating, and in August 2011 she announced that she was pregnant with her first child. On 21 February 2012, she gave birth to a boy named Aleksandar in Split. During the period she lived between Belgrade, Vršac and Zagreb. In October 2012, Severina announced that she and Popović have separated and that she has moved back to Zagreb. At the same time it was announced she had her son baptized in a Catholic church in Rijeka. Several months later the couple reunited until separating for good in August 2013. Since then the couple have been embroiled in custody disputes, with Popović claiming he was not allowed access to see their son, a claim Severina denied.


title: Severina (singer)

text: On 22 October 2015, Severina married Serbian footballer Igor Kojić in Bale, Istria. The couple formally divorced in Zagreb on 19 August 2021.


title: Echo Kellum

text: Echo Kellum (born August 29, 1982) is an American actor and comedian. Kellum is best known for his roles as Curtis Holt on The CW drama series "Arrow", Tommy on the FOX sitcom "Ben and Kate", and Hunter on NBC's "Sean Saves the World".


title: Echo Kellum

text: Born in Chicago, Illinois, he moved to Los Angeles in late 2009 to pursue a career in comedy. He is a graduate of The Groundlings, I.O. West, and the Upright Citizens Brigade.


title: Echo Kellum

text: Kellum gained his first major role in 2012 when he was cast in the FOX comedy "Ben and Kate" (then titled "Ben Fox Is My Manny") playing the role of Tommy, the best friend of the titular character Ben (Nat Faxon). Following "Ben and Kate", Kellum was cast as Hunter in NBC's "Sean Saves the World" starring Sean Hayes and Megan Hilty.


title: Echo Kellum

text: In 2015, Kellum was cast in the recurring role of Curtis Holt, based on the DC Comics character Mister Terrific, in the fourth season of The CW drama series "Arrow". Holt is a technological savant and inventor who initially works at Palmer Technologies under the supervision of Felicity Smoak, and later becomes a member of Team Arrow. Kellum also went on to portray the character in the "Arrow" spin-off series "Legends of Tomorrow". In April 2016, it was announced that Kellum would be promoted to series regular for the fifth season of "Arrow". Kellum exited the series during its seventh season in 2019. He returned for two episodes in "Arrow"'s final season.


title: Echo Kellum

text: In 2017, Kellum appeared in Netflix's "Girlfriend's Day" as Madsen, beat poet and a co-worker of Bob Odenkirk's character.


title: Echo Kellum

text: Kellum voices the character "King Joaquín" on the Disney Channel animated series "Elena of Avalor". He also voices multiple characters for the Adult Swim animated series "Rick and Morty".


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: Elizabeth Allen (born Elizabeth Ellen Gillease, January 25, 1929 — September 19, 2006) was an American theatre, television, and film actress and singer whose 40-year career lasted from the mid-1950s through the mid-1990s, and included scores of TV episodes and six theatrical features, two of which (1963's "Donovan's Reef", for which she received a second-place Golden Laurel Award as Top New Female Personality, and 1964's "Cheyenne Autumn") were directed by John Ford.


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: She was a cast member in five TV series: "The Jackie Gleason Show" (1956–1957), "Bracken's World" (1969–1970), "The Paul Lynde Show" (1972–1973), "C.P.O. Sharkey" (1976–1977), and the daytime drama "Texas" (1980–1981), while also maintaining a thriving theatrical career as a musical comedy star and receiving two Tony nominations, in 1962 for "The Gay Life" and in 1965 for "Do I Hear a Waltz?".


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: Allen landed the television role of the "Away We Go!" girl on "The Jackie Gleason Show" in the 1950s. She made numerous television appearances in guest-starring roles on such programs as "The Fugitive", "Kojak", and "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century". She was also a regular cast member on TV's "Bracken's World", "The Paul Lynde Show", "C.P.O. Sharkey", "Another World", and its spin-off, "Texas". Her television, film, and stage career spanned three decades.


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: She was featured with William Shatner in "The Hungry Glass", the 16th episode in the first season of "Boris Karloff's Thriller" in 1961. In 1962, she played a leading role in the first season of "Combat!", in the episode "No Hallelujahs for Glory" as a persistent war correspondent.


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: Allen is perhaps best known on TV for her role as the creepy saleslady in the first-season episode of Rod Serling's original version of "The Twilight Zone", entitled "The After Hours", where actress Anne Francis (playing Miss Marsha White) finally realizes that she is a mannequin and that her month of freedom and living among the humans is over. Allen's saleslady character (seen by no one but Marsha) is the mannequin whose turn in the outside world is up next and has already been delayed by one full day, thus explaining her slightly peeved attitude.


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: In 1963, Allen starred with John Wayne, Dorothy Lamour, and Lee Marvin in the John Ford film "Donovan's Reef". She also starred in "Diamond Head" with Charlton Heston and Yvette Mimieux. Both movies were filmed on location in Hawaii. Allen also appeared with James Stewart in "Cheyenne Autumn" and won a Laurel Award in 1963 as the year's most promising film actor.


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: Allen honed her stage skills by joining and performing with the Helen Hayes Repertory Group before expanding into the big and small screens. Allen was twice nominated for Tony Awards for her performances on Broadway in "The Gay Life", as actor, Supporting or Featured (Musical) (1962) and "Do I Hear a Waltz?", as Best actor in a Musical (1965). She can be heard singing throughout the original cast album of "Waltz", available on CD.


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: Her other notable stage productions on the Great White Way and beyond included "Romanoff and Juliet", "Lend an Ear", "Sherry!", "California Suite", "The Pajama Game", "The Tender Trap", "Show Boat", and "South Pacific", and culminating in the 1980s Broadway musical "42nd Street", as fading star Dorothy Brock. In 1983, she appeared as Dr. Gwen Harding on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light".


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: Allen quietly retired from show business in 1996, after touring numerous cities throughout the world for over a decade with her "42nd Street" role from Broadway. This was her last, significant acting job after appearing in "Texas" for two seasons.


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: In the late 1970s, Allen ventured into retail business, as she operated a dress store in a San Fernando Valley shopping mall. Entertainment columnist Dick Kleiner reported: "She found a vacant store, rented it, decorated it. She does all her own buying and delivering ... and a lot of the selling." She told Kleiner that she thought it wise "for an actor to have something going for her when there is nothing doing on the acting front."


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: She was married briefly to Baron Karl von Vietinghoff-Scheel, but they divorced and she never remarried. Allen later appeared on the game show "Tattletales" in the 1970s as the partner of Charles Nelson Reilly, though Reilly was gay in real life. This was done so that Reilly could appear on the show.


title: Elizabeth Allen (actress)

text: Allen died from kidney disease, aged 77, in Fishkill, New York. She was predeceased by her only sibling, brother Joseph L. Gillease, and survived by her sister-in-law, Marion Gillease, her nephew and godson, Patrick J. Gillease, her niece, Erin Gillease Phelan, and two grand-nieces, Alicia Phelan and Alexandria Phelan.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: Destroy All Humans! is a 2005 action-adventure video game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by THQ for PlayStation 2 and Xbox. The game is the first installment in the "Destroy All Humans!" franchise, and is set in 1959 in the United States, and parodies the lifestyles, pop culture, and political attitudes of this time period. The player controls Cryptosporidium 137 (a reference to the protozoan parasite "Cryptosporidium"), a member of the fictional Furon race of alien life, who has come to Earth to harvest DNA from humans to continue the cloning process of his species. "Destroy All Humans!" received generally positive reviews from critics. The original was ported to PlayStation 4 in 2016 alongside its sequel. A full remake of the game was released on July 28, 2020.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: "Destroy All Humans!" is set in the United States in the year 1959 and consists of six settings; "Turnipseed Farm" (a Southern farm community, in Tennessee), "Rockwell" (a Nebraska town), "Santa Modesta" (a parody of Santa Monica), "Area 42" (a parody of Area 51 but based in New Mexico instead), "Union Town" (an Eastern seaboard industrial city) and "Capitol City" (a parody of Washington, D.C.).


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: All buildings and structures in these environments can be destroyed (save for trees and rocks), and humans can become alarmed by Crypto's presence at these locations. While some run or hide, others are armed and fight back. An alert system, much like "Grand Theft Auto's" "wanted level" denotes how much attention Crypto has attracted. Depending on the alert level, police, military, and eventually the Majestic will attempt to defend civilians from Crypto.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: Neutral NPCs frequently refer to pop culture of the late 1950s such as the Edsel, Marilyn Monroe and 'Ike' Dwight D. Eisenhower when scanned by Crypto. In keeping with the Cold War setting, hostile NPCs refer to Crypto as a 'commie' with his various actions covered up in news stories as communist attacks.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: Military technology in the game is depicted as being far more advanced than it actually was in the 1950s, with the US Army having possession of sentry guns, automated anti-air batteries, gigantic, ultra-radioactive tesla coils, and mechanized walkers. The Majestic group also seems to be equipped with energy weapons and reverse-engineered Furon technology.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: The hub of the game is the Furon mothership in orbit around Earth, which vaguely resembles the Alien mothership from "Close Encounters of the Third Kind". From there, players can receive missions, upgrade weapons, and view unlocked content. This is also the portal to each of the game's Earth settings.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: Furons: Coming from the planet Furon, mistaken for Gorta in 'Destroy All Humans!' by the Majestic, in the Proxima Centauri system. Pox corrects the planet's name in 'Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon'. The "Furons" are aliens that have a similar appearance to the Greys, aside from having mouths full of sharp teeth. Furons are named after diseases (such as Orthopox and Cryptosporidium), and are a highly advanced race who use their technology for harsh, unsympathetic science and vicious war. Unregulated atomic weaponry caused a fatal mutation in the Furon race whereby they could no longer reproduce due to their lack of genitalia. Using their advanced biotechnology, they began cloning themselves, rendering each Furon virtually immortal, memories and personalities being technologically transferred to each new clone. However, with each new clone errors appeared in the genetic material, leading to unpredictable results. Without an infusion of uncorrupted Furon D.N.A., they will clone themselves into extinction.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: The game begins with a Furon, Cryptosporidium-136, hovering over a launch site with military personnel testing a rocket. The rocket is launched and destroys the ship carrying Crypto-136, and leaves him fatally wounded. Crypto-136 is later captured by the U.S. Army. Sometime later, Cryptosporidium-137 travels to Earth with another Furon, Orthopox-13. Cryptosporidium (nicknamed 'Crypto') comes with the intention of rescuing 136, while Orthopox (nicknamed "Pox") desires to extract human brain stems for study. Crypto arrives at Turnipseed Farm in the Southern United States, where Pox mistakes cows for Earth's dominant life-form. The Majestic agency is alerted to the Furon presence when Crypto decimates an army brigade passing through the area. Pox, communicating with Crypto through a hologram-like device, then reveals to Crypto that the reason he requires human brain stems is because they contain pure Furon D.N.A. handed down to them by Furon scouts eons ago when the Furons stopped on Earth for "shore leave" following a war with Mars, which was rendered uninhabitable by the Furon Empire.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: After several missions in the Midwestern town of Rockwell and the California suburb of Santa Modesta, Crypto and Pox become aware of the Majestic and begin crippling government attempts to stop them by performing acts such as destroying Area 42 with an atomic bomb and defeating his recurring foe, Armquist, the head of the army. Throughout the game, Crypto's various acts are covered up by the government and media, which attribute them either to freak accidents or to Communism.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: After being temporarily captured in Union Town, the game climaxes in Capitol City, where Crypto assassinates President Huffman and brutally slaughters all members of Congress. Soon, the U.S. government seemingly surrenders to the Furons. Crypto meets Silhouette, the leader of Majestic, in front of the Capitol. After a brief scuffle with Silhouette, Crypto discovers that "he" is a woman. Silhouette unveils the Robo-Prez, which is a towering mech controlled by President Huffman's brain. Crypto defeats Robo-Prez in his flying saucer and then defeats Silhouette in a final battle at the Octagon. As Silhouette dies, she reveals that there are other Majestic divisions all over the world. Crypto, however, is confident that without Silhouette's leadership, Majestic will be totally powerless to resist the Furon takeover.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: The game ends with Huffman making a televised speech, assuring America that the recent events were the work of communists, who have poisoned the U.S. water supply, and that as a result testing centers have been set up all across the country to scan people for harmful toxins. People are then shown being herded reluctantly by Army soldiers into strange machines, apparently for brain stem extraction. Huffman is then revealed to be Crypto in disguise.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: In "Destroy All Humans!", players assume the role of Cryptosporidium 137 (Crypto for short), a warrior and member of the Furons, a race of war-like extraterrestrials with a large empire constantly seizing new worlds through conquest. After centuries of warfare against inferior species using unchecked nuclear weaponry left their species impotent and without genitalia, the Furons were unable to sexually reproduce and became forced to turn to cloning as a means of reproduction, as well as a process by which to achieve immortality. However, after generations of clones, the Furon DNA is degrading, and each clone is becoming less and less stable.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: Fortunately for the Furons, one of their scout ships came across Earth many millennia ago while returning from the conquest of Mars. The Furon space travelers impregnated the "nubile" ancestors of the human race to "let off a little steam", inserting a strand of Furon DNA into the human gene pool.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: Because of this, each human contains a small amount of Furon DNA in their genetic code. Crypto is sent to Earth to harvest this DNA from human brain stems, locate and rescue his previous clone, Cryptosporidium-136, and spearhead a Furon invasion of Earth. The game is set up in a sandbox fashion. The player has a selection of weapons and mental abilities at their disposal, as well as access to Crypto's flying saucer. "Destroy All Humans!" implements the Havok physics engine, allowing for ragdoll effects on bodies and destructible environments.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: The saucer is equipped with a "Death Ray" which can burn humans, vehicles, and buildings; the "Abducto Beam", a tractor ray that can lift up people and objects and hurl them into the air; the Quantum Deconstructor; a highly powerful nuclear weapon that can launch radioactive bombs that utterly destroy everything in its radius; and the "Sonic Boom", a bomb that can explode on contact and shock the blast radius like a tremor.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: On foot, Crypto has an arsenal of four weapons, of which include the Zap-O-Matic, a gun that emits an electric charge, shocking its victims; the Anal Probe, a powerful rod that goes into the victim's rectum and uproots a DNA-enriched brain: the Disintegrator Ray, which turns the target's flesh and organs into ashes and renders only a charred skeleton; and the Ion Detonator, the Furon equivalent of a grenade launcher. He also is equipped with an upgradable jet pack to help him traverse long distances.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: The Furons have a psychokinetic ability nicknamed "HoloBob" to imitate the appearance of any nearby human. This allows a Furon to travel amongst humans unnoticed. The HoloBob requires PSI energy, called "concentration" in the game, which can be continually replenished by reading the thoughts of unknowing humans or other animals. This disguise is not without flaw, as the Majestic have the ability to see through and destroy the disguise. Crypto will flash red when near a Majestic agent; if he comes too close, the disguise will vanish. Additionally, he is able to use an ability known as "PK" or PsychoKinesis that allows one to psychokinetically move objects around.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: The game was conceived of by Matt Harding while he was working at Pandemic Studios, as after Microsoft rejected the more family-friendly game concept "Oddballs", he jokingly suggested "a game where you kill everyone", suggesting the title "Destroy All Humans". Being a science fiction fan, Harding even thought of using the concept of playing as an alien invader, something that he had not seen in a video game and served as a "premise for getting to do mindless destruction that makes sense". Harding never worked on the game, feeling he lacked the "energy or interest" to "spend two years of [his] life writing a game about killing everyone". He even contested why along with the on-foot action resembling "Grand Theft Auto", there were flying saucer missions - "If you’ve got a spaceship, why would you ever get out?" - but pushed for a satirical game, something the rest of Pandemic embraced by taking the game on a comedic approach. Harding left soon after on his Asian walkabout and began recording some of the footage that eventually became the "Where The Hell Is Matt?" videos. The game also sponsored ECW One Night Stand.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: "Destroy All Humans!" received "generally positive" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: GameZone enjoyed the depth of destruction: "The levels themselves have the potential for a lot of damage". IGN praised the presentation of the game, stating as "Phenomenal. Good behind the scenes extras. Great cutscenes. Excellent layout. Really, nicely done", but they thought the game could use a more in-depth stealth aspect: "As it happens, not developing stealth to its fullest potential turns out to be one part of a greater underlying problem with "Destroy All Humans"". TeamXbox cited excellent graphics, saying that ""Destroy All Humans!" is delightful to gaze at".


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: "Maxim" gave it a score of eight out of ten and said: "Set up like "Grand Theft Alien", there are tons of missions to complete, though you can also just roam around, killing filthy humans and destroying their stuff". "The Sydney Morning Herald" gave it four stars out of five and said: "The freedom to create chaos is terrific but some missions lack variety". "The New York Times" also gave it a favorable review, but commented that "it's a shame the gameplay lacks the almost flawless perfection of Destroy All Humans' story and presentation". "Detroit Free Press" gave it three stars out of four, calling it "goofy fun, and that makes up for a lot of its failings. But I couldn't quite forgive the occasional tedium and fairly short length enough to give it a better rating".


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: Due to the game's success several sequels have been made: "Destroy All Humans! 2", which takes place in the 1960s and marks the first time Crypto invades across the globe, "Destroy All Humans! Big Willy Unleashed", a spin-off set in the 1970s in which Pox and Crypto run a fast-food chain, and "Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon", which also takes place in the 1970s and begins with Crypto and Pox running a lucrative gambling casino called the "Space Dust," who work to uncover a conspiracy set on destroying the Furon race.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: THQ announced in 2005 that Fox Broadcasting has purchased the rights to the game and is planning a computer-animated comedy, based on the game, to air in prime time. Jim Dauterive, previously of "King of the Hill", was to be a writer and executive producer of the TV version of "Destroy All Humans!" Nothing has been unveiled and the project is presumably canceled. The show is also referenced in "Destroy All Humans! 2", in the Salad Days bonus video, in which Pox and Crypto reminisce on the past game, and talk about the possibilities of the game's future.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

text: In 2019, THQ Nordic announced a remake of "Destroy All Humans!", set for a release in 2020 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The remake was in development at Black Forest Games and featured content that was cut from the original release. The remake is built in Unreal Engine 4.


title: The Yardbirds discography

text: The Yardbirds were an English rock group that had a string of Top 40 radio hits in mid-1960s in the UK and the US and introduced guitarists Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page. Their first album released in the UK, "Five Live Yardbirds" (1964), represented their early club performances with Clapton. The Yardbirds' first American album, "For Your Love" (1965), was released to capitalise on their first hit, and to promote the group's first US tour. However, Clapton had already decided to pursue a different musical direction and was replaced by Beck. Several popular singles with Beck followed, including a second American album, "Having a Rave Up with the Yardbirds" (1965), that, as with their previous album, was a split release featuring songs with both Clapton and Beck.


title: The Yardbirds discography

text: In 1966, the Yardbirds recorded their first studio album of all original material. Released in the UK as "Yardbirds" and in the US as "Over Under Sideways Down", the album acquired the nickname "Roger the Engineer" after a caption on the English cover drawn by rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja. Shortly after its release, bassist Paul Samwell-Smith left the group and was replaced by Page. Page soon switched to second lead guitar, with Dreja taking over on bass. This lineup only produced two songsthe psychedelic "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago" (1966), which was the group's last song to reach the charts in the UK, and "Stroll On", the proto-heavy metal remake of "Train Kept A-Rollin'" they performed for the film "Blowup" (1966).


title: The Yardbirds discography

text: The dual lead lineup with Beck and Page did not last long; Beck had become increasingly unhappy with the constant touring and left the group, with Page remaining as the sole guitarist. The period as a quartet with Page was the Yardbirds' most stable and lasted nearly two and a half years. In the US, they continued to release singles and an album, "Little Games" (1967). The records, overseen by pop producer Mickie Most, were mostly out-of-step with the audience's shift to an album-oriented, more diverse sound. However, the Yardbirds' frequent concert appearances at counter-culture venues were well-received. They were able to perform more experimental fare, such as "Dazed and Confused", the Page solo acoustic guitar piece "White Summer", and expanded, reworked versions and medleys of some of their earlier songs, as documented on the Page-produced "Yardbirds '68" (2017). After a last American tour, the group disbanded in the summer of 1968.


title: The Yardbirds discography

text: Since their breakup, a number of new albums have appeared. Besides numerous anthologies, albums featuring additional live recordings and various demos and outtakes from 1963–1968 have been released. Although some have received favourable reviews, music critic Richie Unterberger has noted the great number of substandard releases throughout the world. In 1994, original drummer Jim McCarty and rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja began performing and recording as the Yardbirds. Recordings with various singers and guitarists have been released.


title: The Yardbirds discography

text: The Yardbirds were signed to EMI and their records were released through the Columbia Graphophone Company in the UK and Epic Records in the US. In other countries, the group's releases were handled by a variety of labels, including affiliates of Columbia and Epic, Capitol (Canada), Riviera (France), Ricordi International (Italy), Odeon (Japan), and CBS (international). Sometimes, Yardbirds' records appeared on several labels in the same territory (in Germany, there were releases by Columbia, Epic, and CBS) and were reconfigured from the original UK and US records.


title: The Yardbirds discography

text: In their native UK, Columbia only issued two albums during the Yardbirds' career, "Five Live Yardbirds" (1964) and "Yardbirds", popularly referred to as "Roger the Engineer" (1966). For Epic in the US, Yardbirds' manager Giorgio Gomelsky produced two albums, "For Your Love" (1965) and "Having a Rave Up with the Yardbirds" (1965), which were collections of new material mixed in with singles and live recordings featuring both Clapton and Beck. Epic subsequently issued "Over Under Sideways Down" (the US reconfiguration of "Yardbirds", 1966), "The Yardbirds' Greatest Hits" (1967), and the Mickie Most-produced "Little Games" (1967). Reconfigurations of the Epic "For Your Love" were released in Canada (Capitol's "Heart Full of Soul") and other countries. All albums were released on 12-inch 33⅓ rpm LP records. Where two catalogue numbers are given, the album was released in monaural and stereo versions, otherwise it is mono only.


title: The Yardbirds discography

text: In an early bid to promote the group, manager Gomelsky arranged for the Yardbirds to serve as backing musicians for a British tour by American bluesman Sonny Boy Williamson II. Recordings during the 1963–1964 tour were later released in 1966, after the Yardbirds had a string of Top 40 hits. In 1966, after Page joined the group, the Yardbirds contributed a remake of "Train Kept A-Rollin'", titled "Stroll On", for the Michelangelo Antonioni film "Blow-up" (1966). In 1967, MGM Records issued the soundtrack album.


title: The Yardbirds discography

text: In the UK, singles were the only source of many of the Yardbirds' songs, until the first anthology albums were released in the 1970s. In the US, these were usually included on albums. Two singles released in Germany and Italy in 1966 remained unavailable on album until the 1980–1990s compilations by Charly Records. The last three Epic singles (unreleased in the UK) did not appear on an album until the 1991 expanded "Little Games Sessions and More" album. All singles and extended play (EPs) were released on 7-inch 45 rpm records.


title: The Yardbirds discography

text: A large number of Yardbirds anthologies of recordings originally produced by their first manager Gomelsky have been issued by numerous record companies over the years. These do not include songs recorded with other producers after March 1966, such as "Over Under Sideways Down", "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago", and "Little Games". Often, the albums are a haphazard mix of studio and live recordings from the Clapton and early Beck eras. Music critic Richie Unterberger wrote:


title: The Yardbirds discography

text: However, a few early Epic anthologies and the Rhino Records set "Ultimate!" (2001) managed to cross license material from the different producers. Many albums of live recordings focusing on performances with Clapton or Beck have appeared and, in 2017, the Page-produced "Yardbirds '68" was released. One studio album and several live albums recorded by the post-1999 reconstituted Yardbirds have been issued.


title: Detention (video game)

text: Detention () is a horror adventure video game created and developed by Taiwanese game developer Red Candle Games for Steam. It is a 2D atmospheric horror side-scroller set in the 1960s Taiwan under martial law. The game also incorporates religious elements based on Taiwanese culture and mythology. The game was released on 13 January 2017. A demo version was released on Steam Greenlight on 13 June 2016.


title: Detention (video game)

text: The game's concept originates with the Red Candle Games co-founder Shun-ting "Coffee" Yao. In February 2017, a novel based on the game was published by novelist Ling Jing. A live action film adaptation distributed by Warner Bros. Taiwan was released on 20 September 2019.


title: Detention (video game)

text: Set in 1960s Taiwan of the White Terror period, students Wei and Ray find themselves trapped and vulnerable in Greenwood High School (), which is located in a remote mountainous area. The place they once knew has changed in unsettling ways, haunted by evil creatures known as the "lingered" (). While hiding from the rampaging monsters, the protagonists unveil mysteries that slowly reveal the dark past of the cursed school.


title: Detention (video game)

text: During the White Terror Period in Taiwan, Greenwood High School junior student Wei Chung-ting () falls asleep in class as Instructor Bai () arrives to ask teacher Miss Yin Tsui-han () about a certain book list. The scene fades and he awakens to find the campus deserted due to an incoming typhoon. While leaving, he encounters a senior, Fang Ray-Xin (), asleep on the auditorium stage. With the school's bridge exit flooded by the river, they decide to wait out the storm in Wei's classroom. Wei leaves to look for a telephone, and the game shifts to Ray waking up in the auditorium again, this time in a nightmarish version of the school with Wei's corpse hanging upside down from the stage ceiling. After performing a ritual where she cuts Wei's throat and collects his blood, Ray wanders the rest of the school, avoiding different kinds of ghosts, solving puzzles, and finding clues, as her story is slowly pieced together.


title: Detention (video game)

text: Ray was once a bright student but developed depression due to problems at home. The school notices her falling grades and sends her to speak with the school counselor, Chang Ming-hui (). She and Chang develop a romantic relationship, though she is unaware that Chang helps Miss Yin smuggle banned books for a secret club where Wei and several other students are also members. After they finish counseling sessions, Chang ends their relationship, leaving Ray heartbroken. She overhears Chang and Miss Yin in the auditorium arguing about how his relationship with Ray can endanger their book club, and she misinterprets this as Miss Yin being in a relationship with Chang as well. She passes out on the stage, leading to the events at the start of the game when Wei wakes her up.


title: Detention (video game)

text: On the night of the typhoon, Ray gets Wei to tell her about the book club and how Miss Yin is involved. She later convinces Wei to give her a copy of the book list. Inspired by the way her mother got rid of her abusive and philandering father by framing and reporting him to the authorities, Ray gives the list to Instructor Bai, a military officer, hoping it would get Miss Yin fired. However, this led to the arrest of Wei and the other student members, while Miss Yin fled the country. Chang, on the other hand, was executed. Believing herself responsible for Chang, Wei, and the other students' deaths, coupled with the bullying she received, Ray jumped off a school building. The player is actually playing as Ray's soul going through a cycle of purgatory as her soul refuses to accept her guilt.


title: Detention (video game)

text: Towards the end, Ray's shadow appears and asks her a series of questions. If Ray refuses to acknowledge her actions and guilt, the shadow states that she and Ray are not the same, and Ray walks down a path beside a river of blood, with Wei, Chang, and Miss Yin telling her the cycle will not end. She enters the auditorium where people applaud her as her shadow awards her with a noose. Ray hangs herself, and the auditorium fades into its abandoned state in the present, implying Ray's soul will repeat the cycle.


title: Detention (video game)

text: If she accepts her guilt, the true ending is unlocked. Ray finds a paper airplane containing a message of love and farewell from Chang and heads to his office. She witnesses Chang's arrest, and he tells Ray that people should be born to live freely without fear of oppression.


title: Detention (video game)

text: The game shifts to the present. Wei, now a middle-aged man, (revealed to be the unnamed man Ray would see wandering the school earlier in the game) is revealed to be alive and was sentenced to fifteen years of imprisonment with hard labor but was pardoned following the end of the White Terror. His journal reveals Miss Yin spent the rest of her life abroad as an activist but died of lung cancer before she could return home. Wei heads to his old classroom and sits at his desk as Ray's ghost sits across him.


title: Detention (video game)

text: During the prototype stage, "Detention" was originally meant to be a horror game called Devilpolis () by Coffee Yao. Yao felt that the game did not have a core story. So they scrapped the original idea and made their second prototype with a Taiwanese dystopia setting inspired by George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four". Later, he decided rather than to make a fictional setting, he could make use of Taiwan's existing history and set the story during Taiwan's period of military rule. The school setting and the name of the game (, "return to school" in Chinese) were meant to resonate with the general public as a shared human experience. As the project expanded in scale, Yao was joined by 5 others and together founded the studio Abyss Watcher (), later renamed Red Candle Games. The game officially started development in February 2015.


title: Detention (video game)

text: "Detention"s background music was composed by Taiwanese composer Weifan Chang who made use of Taiwanese elements like the suona used in Taiwanese funerary music. In addition, the soundtrack includes songs by Teng Yu-hsien that were banned by the military government in the 1960s such as "Bāng Chhun-hong" and "The Torment of a Flower". The soundtrack was released with the game on Steam as a DLC.


title: Detention (video game)

text: The game received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. "Rely on Horror" gave the game a 9 out of 10, saying that "every facet of "Detention" moves in one harmonious lockstep towards an unavoidable tragedy, drowning out the world around you." Upon the game's release in January 2017, the user review on Steam was overwhelmingly positive. "Detention" topped the game ranking on Steam in Taiwan and reached 6th in Steam ranking globally within 3 days of its release.


title: Detention (video game)

text: "Detention" as well as Red Candle's next game "Devotion" will be preserved at the Harvard-Yenching Library, the largest collection of East Asian works maintained at an American university.


title: Detention (video game)

text: Red Candle sold production rights for a film to 1 Production Film Co. on 21 June 2017. The film of the same name stars Gingle Wang as Fang Ray Shin and it was released in Taiwan on 20 September 2019.


title: Detention (video game)

text: A television series adaptation named "Detention: The Series" was announced for Netflix. Produced in collaboration with Taiwan Public Television Service (PTS), the Chinese-language original series premiered worldwide on Netflix exclusively on 5 December 2020. The TV show acts as a direct sequel to the plot of the video game and the movie.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The temple was founded by Prince Shōtoku in 607, but according to the "Nihon Shoki", in 670 all buildings were burned down by lightning. However, reconstructed at least 1,300 years ago, the Kondō (main hall) is widely recognized as the world's oldest wooden building.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: A fire that broke out during the dismantling and repair of the Kondō on January 26, 1949 destroyed a mural of the Asuka period, a national treasure, and shocked the Japanese. Based on this accident, the day when the fire broke out is now fire prevention day for cultural properties.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: In 1993, Hōryū-ji Temple, along with Hokki-ji, was registered as Japan's first UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name of "Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area".


title: Hōryū-ji

text: A tree ring survey conducted in 2001 revealed that the shinbashira of the five-story pagoda were cut down in 594, before it burned down in 670.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The temple was originally commissioned by Prince Shōtoku; at the time it was called Wakakusadera, a name that is still sometimes used. This first temple is believed to have been completed by 607. Hōryū-ji was dedicated to Yakushi Nyorai, the Buddha of healing and in honor of the prince's father. Excavations done in 1939 confirmed that Prince Shotoku's palace, the Ikaruga-no-miya (), occupied the eastern part of the current temple complex, where the Tō-in () sits today. Also discovered were the ruins of a temple complex which was southwest of the prince's palace and not completely within the present temple complex. The original temple, named by modern historians and archaeologists Wakakusa-garan (), was lost, probably burned to the ground after being hit by lightning in 670. The temple was reconstructed but slightly reoriented in a northwest position, which is believed to have been completed by around 711. The temple was repaired and reassembled in the early twelfth century, in 1374, and 1603.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: During the Kamakura period, as the cult of Shōtoku rose to prominence in Japan, Hōryū-ji became an important site for veneration of the long-dead prince. Ritual practices dedicated to Prince Shōtoku increased in number during this time. A memorial service for the prince called the ceremony of Shōryō-e became an annual event at Hōryū-ji in the early 12th century, and it is still practiced at the temple and other temples associated with Prince Shōtoku to this day. The Kamakura and early Heian period also brought new additions to Hōryū-ji, including the dedication of several new halls in the Eastern and Western compounds to venerate the Prince as the incarnation of the bodhisattva Kannon. The growth of the Shōtoku cult from the 7th century onward propelled the rise of Hōryū-ji as a well-known temple in Japan. By the end of Tokugawa rule in the mid-1800s, the temple was receiving extensive funds from the shogunate on a regular basis. Furthermore, the temple grew and maintained close relations with the Hossō sect throughout the Edo period.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Beginning in the early years of the Meiji period, significant political shifts in Japan brought new challenges for Hōryū-ji. Shinto was instated as the official state religion in 1868, resulting in government confiscation of many Buddhist lands, strict government supervision and categorization of Buddhist temples, and a steep decrease in financial support for Hōryū-ji itself. The recategorization of officially recognized Buddhist sects by the government, which occurred soon after the start of Meiji rule, did not recognize the Hossō sect as a formal institution of Japanese Buddhism. When the seat of the Hossō sect, Kōfuku-ji, was shut down for a time during the Meiji restoration, Hōryū-ji became affiliated with Shingon Buddhism. However, after the government changed its position and allowed Buddhist temples to choose their own affiliated sect in the late 19th century, Hōryū-ji renewed its affiliation with the Hossō school.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Due to the lack of resources during the early Meiji period, the monks at Hōryū-ji decided to donate many of the temple's treasures for museum display. They were able to secure compensation for this donation, improving the financial situation of the temple. Conservation work at the site began in 1895, but culminated in 1934, when a massive restoration project at Hōryū-ji began. The project was interrupted during the Second World War, when large portions of the temple itself were dismantled and hidden in the hills surrounding Nara. However, due to the policy of the United States of America regarding the preservation of cultural sites in Nara and Kyoto, the entire site was spared from bombings during the war. The restoration project resumed after the war and concluded in 1985. Much of the temple complex was repaired from centuries of environmental damage. During the restoration, older paintings of the temple were used to determine the original layout of the complex, and many of the living quarters built during the intervening years were demolished.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Today, the temple can be identified as the headquarters of the Shōtoku sect, and is a popular site for pilgrimage. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Hōryū-ji is also an attractive site for tourists. According to the temple's website, it is currently home to over 180 of Japan's designated National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties, and was the first structure in Japan to become a World Heritage Site. Hōryū-ji also still holds frequent events in a variety of locations in the complex, and many of its structures are open to the public.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The current temple is made up of two areas, the Sai-in () in the west and the Tō-in () in the east. The western part of the temple contains the Kondō (, sanctuary Hall) and the temple's five-story pagoda. The Tō-in area holds the octagonal Yumedono Hall (, Hall of Dreams) and sits 122 meters east of the Sai-in area. The complex also contains monk's quarters, lecture halls, libraries, and dining halls.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The reconstructed buildings embrace significant cultural influences from the Three Kingdoms of Korea, particularly those of Baekje, from Eastern Han to Northern Wei of China, as well as from ancient Greek architecture, especially on the columns.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The reconstruction has allowed Hōryū-ji to absorb and feature a unique fusion of early Asuka period style elements, added with some distinct ones only seen in Hōryū-ji, such as the extremely small proportions of the fifth story of the pagoda, which buildings constructed in later years lack. It is also home to unique examples of early Japanese architecture, such as the Tamamushi Shrine.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: There are many features that suggest the current precinct of Hōryū-ji is not entirely related to the Asuka period style in the same way as other works from the period. Scholars note that the style of Hōryū-ji is more "conservative" than other examples from the period, such as Yakushiji.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The five-story pagoda, located in Sai-in area, stands at 32.45 meters in height (122 feet) and is one of the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world. The wood used in the central pillar or axis mundi of the pagoda is estimated through a dendrochronological analysis to have been felled in 594. The axis mundi rests three meters below the surface of the massive foundation stone, stretching into the ground. At its base, a relic believed to be a fragment of the bones of the Buddha is enshrined. Around it, four sculpted scenes from the life of the Buddha face in the four cardinal directions. The pagoda is five-storied but, as is customary for pagodas, there is no access to the interior.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The kondō, located side by side to the pagoda in Sai-in, is another one of the oldest wood buildings extant in the world. The hall measures 18.5 meters by 15.2 meters. The hall has two stories, with roofs curved in the corners. Only the first story has a double roof. This was added later in the Nara period with extra posts to hold up the original first roof because it extended more than four meters past the building.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Due to a fire that broke out on January 26, 1949, severe damage was caused to the building, mainly its first floor, and the murals. As a result of the restoration (completed in 1954), it is estimated that about fifteen to twenty percent of the original seventh century Kondo materials is left in the current building, while the charred members were carefully removed and rebuilt to a separate fireproof warehouse for future research.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Through a recent dendrochronological analysis carried out using the materials preserved during the restorations done in the 1950s, it has turned out that some of them were felled prior to 670, suggesting a possibility that the current kondō was already under construction when "the fire in 670", as recorded in the "Nihon Shoki", burned the former Wakakusa-garan down.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The hall holds the famous Shaka Triad, together with a bronze Yakushi and Amida Nyorai statues, and other national treasures. The wall paintings shown today in the Kondō are a reproduction from 1967.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Yumedono is one of the main constructions in the Tō-in area, built on the ground which was once Prince Shōtoku's private palace, . The present incarnation of this hall was built in 739 to assuage the Prince's spirit. The hall acquired its present-day common name in the Heian period, after a legend that says a Buddha arrived as Prince Shōtoku and meditated in a hall that existed here. The hall also contains the famous Yumedono Kannon (also Kuse-, or Guze Kannon); which is only displayed at certain times of the year.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The treasures of the temple are considered to be a time capsule of Buddhist art from the sixth and seventh century. Many of the frescoes, statues, and other pieces of art within the temple, as well as the architecture of the temple's buildings themselves show the strong cultural influence from China, Korea and India, as well as aspects of Buddhist practice in Japan.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The Tokyo National Museum holds over 300 objects which were donated to the Imperial Household by Hōryū-ji in 1878. Some of these items are on public display, and all are available for study as part of the museum's digital collection.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Kudara Kannon is one of the best representative Buddhist sculptures in the Asuka period, with Guze Kannon in Yumedono. Probably made in the early – middle 7th century, it is 209 cm in height and has a quite slim figure. While frontality is a prominent characteristic of the Shaka Triad by Tori Busshi, this statue intends to be seen rather from a side. Most parts of it are made of camphor. Initially some parts, such as its bare body, were finished with lacquer, and colored vividly, but the lacquer has severely degraded over time.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The origin of the statue is veiled in mystery. Ancient catalogs for Hōryūji's treasures, even one written in the late Kamakura period, never mention it. The first surviving record which referred to it was from 1698 C.E. and implies that it was moved from somewhere sometime after the Kamakura period. The record calls it Kokūzō Bosatsu (Ākāśagarbha Bodhisattva), not Kannon Bosatsu (Guanyin), and says "it came from Baekje, but was made in India." At least in the Edo period, no official records remained about its origin, which continues to be shrouded in legend.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Although it is referred to as the "Kudara Kannon" today, its name in the oral tradition was Kokūzō Bosatsu. In 1911, a crown created for the statue was discovered in a storehouse of Hōryūji. The crown was characterized with a curved Amitabha, a typical attribute for Kannon statues. Since then, it has been commonly known to be a depiction of Kannon. The name "Kudara Kannon" firstly appeared in a book published in 1917.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Today, it is widely accepted that the statue was made in Japan. The statue is carved from camphor, which was a very typical medium for Japanese Buddhist sculptures in the 7th century. Furthermore, the style of flower ornaments in the crown closely resemble those of Guze Kannon and the Four Devas in the Kondō.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The influences on the style could stem from a variety of places. The Northern Qi, Northern Zhou or Sui dynasties are all possibilities. The relative rarity of surviving Chinese Buddhist sculptures makes it difficult to pinpoint the potential influences on the sculpture from China.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The murals of the kondō comprise fifty walls; four larger walls, eight mid-sized walls and thirty-eight small wall areas inside the building. The original murals were removed after the fire incident in 1949 and are kept in a non-public treasure house. Twenty small wall paintings, unscathed from the 1949 fire, are in their original places while reproductions replaced the parts that were removed due to damage.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: It is generally believed that the paintings on the large walls represent the Pure Land ( ) with Shaka, Amida, Miroku and Yakushi Nyorai Buddhas. Some of the artistic choices, including the way the robes are modeled, are similar to murals found in Ajanta Caves (India) or Dunhuang (China.) Also observed are Tang and Indian flavors of the Bosatsu and Kannon drawn on the sides of the Amida.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Judging from the early Tang influences, the present day consensus on the time of creation of the paintings is end of the 7th century. Thus ruling out the possibilities of authorship by those early 7th-century figures who were once believed to be the creator, e.g. Tori or Donchō, there is no clear or accepted author of this work.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: Tori Busshi is credited with the casting of this massive Buddhist statue. It is a triad and so Sakyamuni, the center Buddha, is attended by two other figures, Bhaisajyaguru to its right and Amitābha to its left. The statues are dated to 623 and the style originates in Northern Wei art. The style of the statue is also known as Tori style and is characterized by the two-dimensionality of the figure and the repetitive pattern-like depictions of the cloth the triad sits upon. At each corner of the triad stand four wooden Shitennō statues from the end of the Asuka period. They are the oldest examples of Shitennō statues in Japan.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The Tamamushi Shrine is a small wooden Buddhist shrine that is currently stored in the Great Treasure Repository of Hōryū-ji. The shrine is named for the many wings of the tamamushi beetle that once adorned it but have since deteriorated. The shrine was likely created before the year 693, perhaps even dating back to before the construction of Hōryū-ji. It is notable for its smallness (it measures only 226 centimeters in height) and for the fact that it is the oldest surviving shrine of its kind in East Asia. The paintings that cover building and dais are of Jataka tales, bodhisattvas, the Four Heavenly Kings, and other buddhist iconography. The front panels of the building show the Four Guardian Kings clad in armor with long flowing scarves. On the side doors are bodhisattvas holding lotus blossoms and forming a "mudra". On the back is represented a sacred landscape with heights topped with pagodas. The dais shows on its front relics, seated monks making offerings, and "apsara". On the back is depicted Mount Sumeru. The right side shows a scene from the "Nirvana Sutra", where the Buddha offers his life in return for more of the sacred teachings, before being caught in his plummet by Indra. On the left panel of the dais is a scene from the "Golden Light Sutra" of a bodhisattva removing his upper garments before casting himself from a cliff to feed a hungry tigress and her cubs.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The statue of Yakushi of the original temple was saved during the fire of 670. While the temple was being rebuilt the Shaka Triad was commissioned or had been already cast.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: This Kannon is a statue that supposedly is the representation of Prince Shotoku. It is approximate six feet and one inch and some sources believe that Shotoku was that height. It is 197 centimeters in height. The kannon is made of gilded wood. It is suggested that the statue was made to assuage the dead prince's spirit based on the fact that the halo was attached to the statue by a nail driven through the head. The statue bears a close resemblance to extant portraiture of the prince.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The Kannon retains most of its gilt. It is in superb condition because it was kept in the Dream Hall and wrapped in five hundred meters of cloth and never viewed in sunlight. The statue was held to be sacred and was never seen until it was unwrapped at the demand of Ernest Fenollosa, who was charged by the Japanese government to catalogue the art of the state and later became a curator at the Boston Museum of Fine Art. Art historians suggest that this figure is based on the Tori Busshi style.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: The "Nihon Shoki" records the arrival of a carpenter and a buddhist sculptor in 577, along with the monks, from Baekje to Japan in order to build temples locally. These experts are recorded to have stationed in Naniwa, or present-day Osaka, where the Shitennō-ji was built.


title: Hōryū-ji

text: There is no record, on the other hand, as to who exactly were the people that have engaged in the construction of Hōryū-ji, although the "Nihon Shoki" records the existence of 46 temples in 624. The bracket work of Hōryū-ji resembles that of the partial remainder of a miniature Baekje gilt bronze pagoda.


title: Panj Takht

text: A takht, or taḵẖata () literally means a throne or seat of authority and is a spiritual and temporal centre of Sikhism. There are five Takhts, which are five gurudwaras that have a very special significance for the Sikh community. The first and the most important was established by Guru Hargobind in 1609, 'Akal Takht' (the Throne of the Timeless God) and is just opposite the gate of Harmandir Sahib – The Golden Temple, Amritsar. While the Harmandir Sahib, or Golden Temple, represents Sikh spiritual guidance, the Akal Takht symbolizes the dispensing of justice and temporal activity. It is the highest seat of temporal authority of the Khalsa and the seat of the Sikh religion's earthly authority. There, the Guru held his court and decided matters of military strategy and political policy. Later on, the Sikh Nation (Sarbat Khalsa) took decisions here on matters of peace and war and settled disputes between the various Sikh groups. The Sarangi singers sung the ballads of the Sikh Gurus and warriors at the place and robes of honour (saropas) were awarded to persons who rendered distinguished services of the community of men in general. In December 2010, the Deccan Odyssey train, taken on charter from Government of Maharashtra, started with the aim to have a journey across four Sikh takhts, with a flight by devout and sightseers to the fifth takht (Takht Sri Patna Sahib). A special train named "Panj Takht Special train" for the pilgrimage of five Sikh takhts, was flagged off on 16 February 2014.


title: Panj Takht

text: Akal Takhat Sahib means Eternal Throne. It is also part of the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar. Its foundation was laid by Guru Hargobind Ji, the sixth Sikh Guru. The Akal Takhat is situated opposite to Harmandir Sahib and is connected by a passage. The building of the Akal Takht opposite the Golden Temple has a special meaning. While the Golden Temple stands for spiritual guidance the Akal Takhat symbolizes the dispensing of justice and temporal activity. In earlier days all Sikh warriors sought blessings here before going to battle fields. During the 18th century while Sikhs were fighting a guerrilla war in the forests they used to gather at the Akal Takht on special occasions such as Vaisakhi. Here the community used to have general meetings and approve resolutions. The Akal Takht is the oldest of the Five Takhats.


title: Panj Takht

text: Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib is situated at Anandpur Sahib. It is the birthplace of the Khalsa, which was founded here by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699. Some of the weapons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji are displayed here.


title: Panj Takht

text: Takht Sri Damdama Sahib (Talwandi Sabo) is situated in the village of Talwandi Sabo near Bathinda. Guru Gobind Singh stayed here for about a year and compiled the final edition of Guru Granth Sahib also known as the Damdama Sahib Bir in 1705. Damdama Sahib was proclaimed the fifth takht on November 18, 1966.


title: Panj Takht

text: Takht Sri Patna Sahib is situated in Patna city which is also the capital of Bihar state. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born here in 1666 and He spent His early childhood here before moving to Sri Anandpur Sahib. Besides being the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Patna was also visited by Guru Nanak Dev Sahib Ji and Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji at different points of time. Here also stayed Guru Gobind Singh Ji's mother who is Mata Gujri Ji. In the house of salis rai jaohri.


title: Panj Takht

text: Takht Sri Hazur Sahib is situated in Nanded in Maharashtra state. In 1708, Guru Gobind Singh Ji (the tenth spiritual leader of the Sikhs) came to Nanded, His permanent abode. It was he who preached amongst the Sikhs that there need not be any Human Guru for them after Him and they should take Guru Granth Sahib Ji as their living Guru and there will be no difference between Him and the Guru Granth Sahib Ji. A monument has been constructed at the place where Guru Gobind Singh Ji left his body to merge with the omnipresent, known as the Angitha Sahib (funeral pyre). The Takht has been constructed around the Angitha Sahib, and is collectively known as Thakt Sachkand Sri Hazoor Sri Abchal Nagar Sahib.


title: Panj Takht

text: According to the Nihangs Budha Dal is the fifth takhat. They state that the Guru proclaimed them the fifth takht and the SGPC removed them as the fifth takht. Although no historical source mentions Budha Dal as a takht.


title: Panj Takht

text: A proposal for a sixth Sikh takht at Guru Nanak Dev’s birth place in Nankana Sahib in Pakistan has sparked a debate in the Sikh community, and among historians and scholars.


title: Panj Takht

text: Shiromani Akali Dal (Delhi) president and former president of Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee (DSMGC) Paramjit Singh Sarna has stirred a controversy by demanding that Gurdwara Janamasthan Nankana Sahib in Pakistan be declared the sixth takht (seat of authority) of Sikhs. Acting jathedar of Akal Takht, Giani Harpreet Singh was the first to censure the demand, saying: “This is a baseless demand which belittles the concept of Panch Pardhani (significance of five) in Sikhism like five articles of faith, five beloved ones (Panj Payaras) and five bania.” The proposal was ignored afterwards.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: K-219 was a Project 667A "Navaga"-class ballistic missile submarine (NATO reporting name Yankee I) of the Soviet Navy. It carried 16 R-27U liquid-fuel missiles powered by UDMH with nitrogen tetroxide (NTO), and equipped with either 32 or 48 nuclear warheads.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: "K-219" was involved in what has become one of the most controversial submarine incidents during the Cold War on Friday 3 October 1986. The 15-year-old vessel, which was on an otherwise routine Cold War nuclear deterrence patrol in the North Atlantic northeast of Bermuda, suffered an explosion and fire in a missile tube. While underway a submerged seal in a missile hatch cover failed, allowing high-pressure seawater to enter the missile tube and owing to the pressure differential rupture the missile fuel tanks, allowing missile's liquid fuel to mix and ultimately combust. Though there was no official announcement, the Soviet Union claimed the leak was caused by a collision with the submarine .


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: Although "Augusta" was operating within the area, both the United States Navy and the commander of "K-219", Captain Second Rank Igor Britanov, deny that a collision took place.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: The incident was novelized in the book "Hostile Waters", which reconstructed the incident from descriptions by the survivors, ships' logs, the official investigations, and participants both ashore and afloat from the Soviet and the American sides.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: Shortly after 0530 Moscow time, seawater leaking into silo six of "K-219" reacted with missile fuel, producing chlorine and nitrogen dioxide gases and sufficient heat to explosively decompose additional fuming nitric acid to produce more nitrogen dioxide gas. "K-219" weapons officer Alexander Petrachkov attempted to deal with this by disengaging the hatch cover and venting the missile tube to the sea. Shortly after 0532, an explosion occurred in silo six. "K-219" had previously experienced a similar casualty; one of her missile tubes was already disabled and welded shut, having been permanently sealed after an explosion caused by reaction between seawater leaking into the silo and missile fuel residue.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: An article in "Undersea warfare" by Captain First Rank, Igor Kurdin, Russian Navy – "K-219"s previous XO (executive officer) – and Lieutenant Commander Wayne Grasdock, USN described the explosion occurrence as follows:


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: Two sailors were killed outright in the explosion, and a third died soon afterward from toxic gas poisoning. Through a breach in the hull, the vessel immediately started taking on sea water, quickly sinking from its original depth of to eventually reach a depth in excess of . Sealing of all of the compartments and full engagement of the sea water pumps in the stricken compartments enabled the depth to be stabilised.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: Up to 25 sailors were trapped in a sealed section, and it was only after a conference with his incident specialists that the Captain allowed the Chief Engineer to open the hatch and save the 25 lives. It could be seen from instruments that although the nuclear reactor should have automatically been shut down, it was not. Lt. Nikolai Belikov, one of the reactor control officers, entered the reactor compartment but ran out of oxygen after turning just one of the four rod assemblies on the first reactor. Twenty-year-old enlisted seaman Sergei Preminin then volunteered to shut down the reactor by following the instructions of the Chief Engineer. Working with a full-face gas mask, he successfully shut down the reactor. A large fire had developed within the compartment, raising the pressure. When Preminin tried to reach his comrades on the other side of a door, the pressure difference prevented him from opening it, and he subsequently died of asphyxiation in the reactor compartment.For his actions, Sergei Preminin was posthumously awarded the title "Hero of the Russian Federation."


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: In a nuclear safe condition, and with sufficient stability to allow it to surface, Captain Britanov surfaced "K-219" on battery power alone. He was then ordered to have the ship towed by a Soviet freighter back to her home port of Gadzhiyevo, away. Although a towline was attached, towing attempts were unsuccessful, and after subsequent poison gas leaks into the final aft compartments and against orders, Britanov ordered the crew to evacuate onto the towing ship, but remained aboard "K-219" himself.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: Displeased with Britanov's inability to repair his submarine and continue his patrol, Moscow ordered Valery Pshenichny, "K-219" security officer, to assume command, transfer the surviving crew back to the submarine, and return to duty. Before those orders could be carried out the flooding reached a point beyond recovery and on 6 October 1986 the "K-219" sank to the bottom of the Hatteras Abyssal Plain at a depth of about 6,000 m (18,000 ft). Britanov abandoned ship shortly before the sinking. "K-219" full complement of nuclear weapons was lost along with the vessel.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: Preminin was posthumously awarded the Order of the Red Star for his bravery in securing the reactors. Britanov was charged with negligence, sabotage, and treason. He was never imprisoned, but waited for his trial in Sverdlovsk. On 30 May 1987, Defense Minister Sergey Sokolov was dismissed as a result of the Mathias Rust incident two days earlier, and replaced by Dmitry Yazov; the charges against Britanov were subsequently dismissed.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: In 1997, the British BBC television film "Hostile Waters", co-produced with HBO and starring Rutger Hauer, Martin Sheen, and Max von Sydow, was released in the United States by Warner Bros. It was based on the book by the same name, which claimed to describe the loss of "K-219". In 2001, Captain Britanov filed suit, claiming Warner Bros. did not seek or get his permission to use his story or his character, and that the film did not portray the events accurately and made him look incompetent. After three years of hearing, the court ruled in Britanov's favor. Russian media reported that the filmmaker paid a settlement totaling under $100,000.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: After the release of the movie, the U.S. Navy issued the following statement regarding both the book and the movie:


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: An article on the U.S. Navy's website posted by Captain 1st Rank (Ret.) Igor Kurdin (former XO of "K-219") and Lieutenant Commander Wayne Grasdock denied any collision between "K-219" and "Augusta". Captain Britanov also denies a collision, and he has stated that he was not asked to be a guest speaker at Russian functions, because he refuses to follow the Russian government's interpretation of the "K-219" incident.


title: Soviet submarine K-219

text: In a BBC interview recorded in February 2013, Admiral of the Fleet Vladimir Chernavin, the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy at the time of the "K-219" incident, says the accident was caused by a malfunction in a missile tube, and makes no mention of a collision with an American submarine. The interview was conducted for the BBC2 series "The Silent War".