title: Rankings of academic publishers

text: The Research Impact Measurement Service (RIMS) at the University of New South Wales presented a quantitative methodology of bibliometric comparisons of book publishers. In a "Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology" article, Howard D. White et al. wrote: "Bibliometric measures for evaluating research units in the book-oriented humanities and social sciences are underdeveloped relative to those available for journal-oriented science and technology". The RIMS proposed what they called a "libcitation count", counting the libraries holding a given book as reported in a national (or international) union catalog. In the follow-up literature, comparing research units or even the output of publishing companies became the target of research. White et al. wrote,


title: Rankings of academic publishers

text: Libcitations, according to the RIMS, reflect what librarians know about the prestige of publishers, the opinions of reviewers, and the reputations of authors.


title: Victor Feguer

text: Victor Harry Feguer (1935 – March 15, 1963) was a convicted murderer and the last federal inmate executed in the United States before the moratorium on the death penalty following "Furman v. Georgia", and the last person put to death in the state of Iowa. While the media did not pay much attention to Feguer or his execution at the time, Timothy McVeigh's execution sparked renewed media interest in him.


title: Victor Feguer

text: Feguer was a drifter, native to the state of Michigan. In the summer of 1960, Feguer arrived in Dubuque, Iowa, renting a room at a decrepit boarding house. Soon after arriving, Feguer began phoning physicians alphabetically from the local Yellow Pages and found Dr. Edward Bartels. Feguer claimed that a woman needed medical attention. When Dr. Bartels arrived, Feguer kidnapped and killed him in Illinois. Bartels' body was found in a cornfield there with a single gunshot to the head. A few days later, Feguer was arrested in Birmingham, Alabama, after trying to sell Dr. Bartels' car to James B. Alford, who tipped off the FBI. Alford later told a local newspaper he suspected Feguer was a crook because he had an out-of-state car but no title papers.


title: Victor Feguer

text: Authorities believe that Feguer had kidnapped and killed Dr. Bartels in order to gain access to any drugs that Bartels may have carried to treat patients. Because Feguer transported his hostage across state lines, federal charges were filed against Feguer. In his defense, Feguer claimed a drug addict from Chicago, whom Feguer met in Dubuque, had actually murdered Bartels. Feguer said he killed the drug addict and dumped his body in the Mississippi River. However, authorities could not find any evidence that this other person ever existed.


title: Victor Feguer

text: Feguer was tried and convicted in federal court for these crimes. He was sentenced to death. Feguer submitted an appeal, which was denied. At that point, only President John F. Kennedy could have commuted the death sentence. Iowa's governor, Harold Hughes, an opponent of capital punishment, along with Feguer's attorney, contacted Kennedy to request clemency for Feguer. Kennedy thought the crime was so brutal that he denied their request.


title: Victor Feguer

text: Victor Feguer was held at the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas. He was taken back to Iowa because Leavenworth was not set up at the time to perform executions.


title: Victor Feguer

text: On March 5, 1963, Feguer was taken to the Iowa State Penitentiary at Fort Madison, Iowa and placed in the state's death row to await execution. He remained there for the next ten days until his execution was carried out. He spent those ten days quietly; guards said he was a model prisoner.


title: Victor Feguer

text: For his last meal, Feguer did not want anything fancy; in fact, his request wasn't even really a meal at all. All he wanted was a single olive with the pit still in it. He told guards he hoped an olive tree would sprout from his grave "as a sign of peace".


title: Victor Feguer

text: On March 14, 1963, Feguer sat in an all-night vigil with a Roman Catholic priest. Between 4 and 5 in the morning of March 15, Feguer was given a new suit for his execution. Two guards escorted him to the execution room, and he was executed by hanging. The witnesses included an Associated Press journalist and John Ely, then a member of the Iowa House of Representatives, whose witnessing of the execution reinforced his opposition to the death penalty, leading him to work to abolish the state death penalty in Iowa, which occurred in 1965, but which had no effect on the federal law under which Feguer had been executed. After Feguer was pronounced dead, authorities found the pit from the olive in one of his suit pockets.


title: Victor Feguer

text: The body was removed by a local funeral home. Feguer's death certificate listed "Execution. Fracture Cervical Spinal Column" as the cause of death. Feguer was buried in an unmarked grave in Fort Madison City Cemetery in Iowa wearing a second new suit that was provided for his burial.


title: Victor Feguer

text: Victor Feguer would be the last person to be executed in Iowa. After Feguer's death, it would be nearly 40 years until the next federal execution – that of Timothy McVeigh, carried out on June 11, 2001, in Terre Haute, Indiana.


title: Victor Feguer

text: Iowa abolished capital punishment for all crimes in 1965. Over the years, several attempts have been made to reinstate the death penalty in Iowa. This became a major issue in the 1994 election, as a young girl had recently been murdered, as well as in 2005 after the murder of another young girl. However, the legislature declined to reinstate the death penalty.


title: Victor Feguer

text: Previous Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack made it clear that he would veto legislation that would restore the death penalty, even if it would only be on a limited basis. , Iowa is one of 22 U.S. states to have completely abolished capital punishment.


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: Potti Sreeramulu (IAST: "Poṭṭi Śreerāmulu"; 16 March 1901 – 15 December 1952), was an Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary. Sreeramulu is revered as "Amarajeevi" ("Immortal Being") in the Andhra region for his self-sacrifice for the Andhra cause. He became famous for undertaking a hunger strike for 56 days in support of having separate state for Andhra Pradesh; he died in the process. His death sparked public rioting and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru declared the intent by the newly liberated nation to form Andhra State three days following the death of Sreeramulu. He contributed his life for the formation of a separate Telugu-speaking state from the dominant Tamil-speaking state of Tamil Nadu presidency. His struggles led to the formation of separate Telugu-speaking state called "Andhra state".


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: Sriramulu was born to Guravayya and Mahalakshmamma in 1901 at Padamatapalli in a district that once was itself a region within Nellore district. He was born in a Hindu family of Komati caste. Later, their family was shifted to Madras as famine conditions prevailed in this region. They later lived in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. He completed his high school in Madras and joined the Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute in Bombay to study sanitary engineering. After his college education, Sreeramulu joined the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, Bombay. In 1929, Sreeramulu lost both his wife and his newborn child. Two years later, he resigned from his job and joined Gandhi's Sabarmati Ashram to serve the struggle for Indian Independence.


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: Sreeramulu took part in the Indian Independence Movement and was imprisoned for participating in the 1930 Salt Satyagraha. Between 1941 and 1942, he participated in the individual satyagraha and the Quit India movement and was imprisoned on three occasions. He was involved in the village reconstruction programmes at Rajkot in Gujarat and Komaravolu in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. He joined the Gandhi ashram established by Yerneni Subrahmanyam in Komaravolu. Commenting on Sreeramulu's dedication and fasting ability, Mahatma Gandhi once said, "If only I have eleven more followers like Sreeramulu I will win freedom from British rule in a year."


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: Between 1943 and 1944, he worked for the widespread adoption of "charkha" textile-spinning in Nellore district. He was known for taking food provided by all households, regardless of caste or creed. He undertook three fasts, during 1946-1948, in support of Dalit (a heterogenous group of oppressed Hindu castes then referred to by Gandhi and his supporters by the contentious, though well intentioned, term "Harijan") rights to enter holy places, such as the temples of Nellore. He fasted in support of Dalit entry rights to the Venu Gopala Swamy Temple in Moolapeta, Nellore, rights which were eventually secured. He again fasted to receive favourable orders, passed by the Madras government, to further uplift the Dalit community.


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: As a result, the government instructed District Collectors to attend to measures of Dalit upliftment for at least one day per week. During the last stages of his life, Sreeramulu stayed in Nellore and worked for Dalit upliftment, walking the city with slogan placards calling for Dalit upliftment, barefoot and with no umbrella against the sun. Some locals thought him insane, and he was chastised by the upper-castes and his own Komati community for his solidarity with the Dalit cause.


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: In an effort to protect the interests of the Telugu people in Madras Presidency, and to preserve the culture of Andhra people, he attempted to force the government to listen to public demands for the separation of the Andhra region from the Madras Presidency, based on linguistic lines and with Madras as its capital. He went on a lengthy fast, stopping when Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru promised to support creation of Andhra State. Despite this concession, little progress was made on the issue, largely due to the Telugu people's insistence on retention of Madras as their future capital. The JVP (Jawahar, Vallabhbhai, Pattabhi) committee, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya, would not accept that proposal.


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: With the Andhra State still not granted, Sreeramulu resumed his hunger strike, at the Madras house of Maharshi Bulusu Sambamurti on 19 October 1952, despite the entreaties of supporters who stated that retention of Madras was a futile cause. Despite the Andhra Congress committee's disavowal of the fast, this action captured the public attention.


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: Despite strikes and demonstrations by the Andhra people, the government made no clear statement regarding the formation of the new state, and Sreeramulu died during the night of 15 December 1952. Only one person before him in modern Indian history, Jatin Das, actually fasted to death; all the others either gave up or were arrested and force fed or hospitalised.


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: In his death procession, people shouted slogans praising his sacrifice, with thousands more joining as the procession reached Mount Road, Madras. The procession broke into a riot and accompanying destruction of public property. As the news spread, disorder broke out in Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Bhimavaram, Tadepalligudem, Rajahmundry, Eluru, Guntur, Tenali, Ongole, Kanigiri and Nellore. Police fatally shot seven people in Anakapalle and Vijayawada. The popular agitation continued for three to four days disrupting normal life in Madras and Andhra regions. On 19 December 1952, Prime Minister Nehru announced that a separate Andhra state would be formed.


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: On 1 October 1953, the Telugu speaking Andhra State was established with its capital in Kurnool. Later, the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State, called Telangana was merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad became the capital city which was formed on 1 November 1956.


title: Potti Sreeramulu

text: The house where Potti Sreeramulu died is 126 Royapettah High Road, Mylapore, Chennai; it has been preserved as a monument of importance by the state government of Andhra State.


title: Alice Patten

text: Alice Patten is an English actress, and the daughter of Chris Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, a prominent British Conservative politician and the last Governor of Hong Kong. She has played a key role in the Bollywood film "Rang De Basanti" (2006). Her role earned her praise from film critics in India. She lived in Hong Kong from 1992 to 1997.


title: Alice Patten

text: In 2005 and 2006, she appeared in English Touring Theatre's "Hamlet", playing Ophelia opposite Ed Stoppard's "Prince of Denmark".


title: Alice Patten

text: In 2006, she appeared in the Bollywood film "Rang De Basanti" as Sue McKinley, a young British woman who comes to India to make a documentary film about the British rule in the Indian subcontinent. In 2008, she played Thea in "Hedda", a new version of Ibsen's "Hedda Gabler", at London's Gate Theatre and, in 2009, she guest-starred as Arthur's mother "Ygraine" in the BBC fantasy drama series "Merlin".


title: Alice Patten

text: Patten also played the role of Vicky Anderson, in an episode of "New Tricks", the daughter of an English-born Hong Kong businessman, Douglas Anderson, who had been involved in questionable building deals in Hong Kong, shortly before the end of British rule in 1997.


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: "Chapter 4: Sanctuary" is the fourth episode of the first season of the American streaming television series "The Mandalorian". It was written by the series' showrunner Jon Favreau, directed by Bryce Dallas Howard, and released on Disney+ on November 29, 2019. The episode stars Pedro Pascal as The Mandalorian, a lone bounty hunter who goes into hiding with "the Child". The episode received one Primetime Emmy Awards nomination.


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: On Sorgan, a sparsely populated forested swamp planet, a village of farmers is pillaged by raiders. The Mandalorian soon lands on Sorgan looking to hide from the Guild with "the Child". In a local restaurant, they come across a suspicious mercenary who identifies herself as Cara Dune (Gina Carano), a former Rebel shocktrooper who had left her position and is hiding on the planet, which she asks the Mandalorian to leave. Back at the "Razor Crest", the Mandalorian is approached by two of the villagers hoping to hire him to drive off the raiders. He accepts in return for lodging in the isolated village and uses their payment to hire Dune for extra help. Once at the village, a widowed mother named Omera (Julia Jones) takes them in and offers them food. Dune and the Mandalorian find a set of tracks in the mud outside the village and identify that the raiders have a powerful Imperial All-Terrain Scout Transport. Dune insists the villagers leave and make their home elsewhere, but they refuse and decide to fight, which the Mandalorian accepts.


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: The Mandalorian and Dune show the farmers how to defend themselves and then set up traps in the krill ponds for the AT-ST. The Mandalorian and Dune infiltrate the raiders' camp to provoke them into attacking. The AT-ST then chases them back to the village but stops short of the krill ponds. The Klatooinian raiders then attack the villagers, while the AT-ST shoots the village with artillery fire. Dune then gets beneath the AT-ST, shooting into one of the viewports. The AT-ST takes the bait and steps into the pond, sinks, and then falls over. The Mandalorian then throws a thermal detonator into the walker, blowing it up, and the raiders flee back into the forest. A few weeks later, with peace having returned, the Child plays happily with the other children. The Mandalorian tells Dune and Omera that he plans to leave the Child there as he feels it would be a better life. However, a Kubazi bounty hunter from the Guild takes aim at the Child from the trees. Before he can fire, Dune shoots him from behind. The Mandalorian realizes the Child has to stay under his protection. He bids farewell to Omera and Dune, and leaves the village.


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: The episode was directed by Bryce Dallas Howard, who is the second woman to direct a live-action "Star Wars" project. According to Howard, Jon Favreau and Dave Filoni allowed individual episode directors the freedom to "put our stamp on everything". She said this surprised her father, Ron Howard, who directed Lucasfilm "". The episode was written by showrunner Favreau. Favreau expected the episode to be difficult to shoot due to the forest, the water, and the mech. He picked Howard believing she would not be intimidated by how hard the task was, and thought she did a great job. Pedro Pascal was not present during the filming of the episode due to previous commitments to King Lear on Broadway. Stunt actors filled in as body doubles onscreen while Pascal performed all of the vocal elements in post production.


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: In the local restaurant, an animal bares its fangs hisses at the Child. The creature is called a Loth-cat, and first appeared in animated series "Star Wars Rebels" and is native to the planet Lothal.


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: In November 2018, Gina Carano was cast as Cara Dune. Additional guest starring actors cast for this episode include Julia Jones as Omera, Isla Farris as Winta, Asif Ali as Caben, Eugene Cordero as Stoke, Tiffany Thomas, Aydrea Walden and Trula Marcus as Sorgan farmers, Sala Baker as the Klatoonian raider captain, and Ida Darvish as the common house proprietor. Brendan Wayne and Lateef Crowder are credited as stunt doubles for The Mandalorian. Wayne worked closely with Pascal to develop the character's on screen movements for the episode. Barry Lowin is credited as additional double for The Mandalorian, while Amy Sturdivant and Lauren Mary Kim are credited as stunt doubles for Cara Dune and Omera, respectively. "The Child" was performed by various puppeteers.


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: Ludwig Göransson composed the musical score for the episode. The soundtrack album for the episode was released on November 29, 2019.


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode holds an approval rating of 89% with an average rating of 7.4/10, based on 27 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Under director Bryce Dallas Howard's deft guidance, "Sanctuary" scales down on big action-set pieces to find intimate character moments, exposing a deeper sense of humanity underneath "The Mandalorian" metal suit."


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: Liz Shannon Miller of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a grade A−, comparing it to Akira Kurosawa's "Seven Samurai" (1954), "High Plains Drifter" (1973), and "Once Upon a Time in the West" (1968). Miller wrote: "It's pretty impressive, how vigorously The Mandalorian is celebrating and incorporating classic Western tropes with each new episode, leaving no doubt whatsoever as to what creator Jon Favreau is trying to do here." She also praised the direction saying "episode director Bryce Dallas Howard makes sure that every beat is clean and precise, with an emotionally satisfying conclusion." Bryan Young of "/Film" compared the episode's plot to "Seven Samurai". He praised Julia Jones, calling her a scene stealer, and praised Howard's direction. Young was critical of the music, calling it a near miss, as he did not feel it fit the tone of the episode. Tyler Hersko of "IndieWire" gave the episode a grade C+ and said the show had not "done much to subvert audience expectations" and was "still playing things safe, but that doesn't mean it isn't a consistently enjoyable affair." In particular, he praised the crew for bringing the AT-ST to life on the small screen, "it's glowing red cockpit pierces the shadows like a monster's eyes in a horror film, and its janky, heavy movements make it truly seem like a terrifying war machine."


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: Gina Carano as Cara Dune received positive responses from fans and critics. Will Thorne of "Variety" praised her fighting skills and compared Cara Dune to Gamora from the "Guardians of the Galaxy" films. Joanna Robinson of "Vanity Fair" called the character a "prime showcase for Carano" and the first role to capitalize on her "real-life, distinct blend of inherent sweetness and physical toughness".


title: Chapter 4: Sanctuary

text: The episode was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series.


title: Mary Katharine Ham

text: Mary Katharine Ham (born April 5, 1980) is an American journalist. She is a contributing editor for Townhall Magazine, a writer at "The Federalist", and a CNN contributor. She previously worked as a Fox News contributor and an editor-at-large for Hot Air.


title: Mary Katharine Ham

text: Ham wrote for the "Richmond County Daily Journal", Townhall.com where she was a columnist and managing editor, and "The Washington Examiner". Her video blog series for Townhall.com, HamNation, won a Golden Dot award for Best Vlog of 2006 from the Institute for Politics, Democracy & the Internet and her HamNation video, "Sopranos DC," was voted "Video of the Year" in the 2007 Weblog Awards. The series ended in June 2008.


title: Mary Katharine Ham

text: Ham was a host of The Morning Majority (5–9 a.m., Monday–Friday) on WMAL (simulcast on 105.9 FM and 630 AM) in Washington, D.C., until March 5, 2012.


title: Mary Katharine Ham

text: At the 2014 Conservative Political Action Conference, she was presented with the American Conservative Union Blogger of the Year award.


title: Mary Katharine Ham

text: In October 2022, Ham wrote that she had been quiet-suspended from work at CNN for seven months after commenting on colleague Jeffrey Toobin's sexual activities while at work.


title: Mary Katharine Ham

text: Ham was married to Jacob Brewer, a White House aide. The couple married in 2011; two years later, Ham gave birth to their first child, a girl. Brewer died from serious injuries sustained in a bicycle accident on September 19, 2015. Ham gave birth to their second child, a girl, in late 2015.


title: Mary Katharine Ham

text: Ham remarried on March 7, 2020, to a man "who has no social media presence". As of February, 2022, Ham has three daughters.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: Jemimah Jessica Rodrigues ( ; born 5 September 2000) is an Indian cricketer. She is an allrounder on the Mumbai women's cricket team and was in the Under-17 Maharashtra hockey team.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: In June 2018, she was awarded with the Jagmohan Dalmiya Award presented by cricketer MS Dhoni for Best Domestic Junior Women's Cricketer by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) at Jharkhand.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: Jemimah Rodrigues was born and brought-up in Bhandup, Mumbai, India along with her two brothers, Enoch and Eli. She is a practising Christian. At the age of four years, she started playing season cricket. They moved to another corner of the city that is at Bandra West at a very young age to avail of better sports facilities. Her father, Ivan Rodrigues, was a junior coach in her school and she grew up bowling to her brothers.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: Jemimah’s father, Ivan, who has been coaching her since the very beginning, started the girls’ cricket team at her school. Jemimah enjoyed playing both hockey and cricket as a youth.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: Jemimah Rodrigues studied in St. Joseph's Convent High School, Mumbai and later in Rizvi College of Arts, Science & Commerce.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: Jemimah Rodrigues was selected for the Maharashtra under-17 and under-19 hockey teams. Her cricket U-19 debut was at the age of 12-and-a-half, during the 2012-13 cricket season. She was picked when only 13 for the under-19 state cricket team.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: Jemimah says that her father is her primary coach and her "Hero" and she owe all the success to him. Rodrigues is the second woman after Smriti Mandhana to score a double century in a 50 over cricket match. She scored 202* in just 163 balls in Aurangabad against Saurashtra team in November 2017. This score included 21 boundaries. Just before this match, she also scored 178 off 142 balls against Gujarat team in the under-19 tournament.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: She was named in the Indian squad for the three-match ODI series against South Africa to be played in February 2018. She made her Women's Twenty20 International cricket (WT20I) debut for India Women against South Africa Women on 13 February 2018. She made her Women's One Day International cricket (WODI) debut for India Women against Australia Women on 12 March 2018.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: In October 2018, she was named in India's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies. Ahead of the tournament, she was named as the player to watch in the team. Following the conclusion of the tournament, she was named as the standout player in the team by the International Cricket Council (ICC).


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: In October 2018, looking at her striking achievements, Rodrigues was signed by a Sports Marketing firm Baseline Ventures, having to manage all her commercial interests. On 1 March 2019, she attended a ceremony of the Indian cricket Team's new jersey launch for the ICC 2019 World Cup, where other cricketers including Harmanpreet Kaur, MS Dhoni, Virat Kohli, Ajinkya Rahane, and Prithvi Shaw were also present. In January 2020, she was named in India's squad for the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup in Australia.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: In May 2021, she was named in India's Test squad for their one-off match against the England women's cricket team. In the summer of 2021, Rodrigues competed in the inaugural Hundred competition for the Northern Superchargers. She excelled with the bat, averaging 41.50 and also posting the highest score of the women's Hundred with 92* against Welsh Fire. She was the second-highest run-scorer in the women's Hundred tournament with 249 runs. In August 2021, Rodrigues was also named in India's Test squad for their series against Australia.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: She also plays for Melbourne Renegades in the 2021 WBBL. In February 2022, she was retained by Northern Superchargers for the 2022 edition of the Hundred.


title: Jemimah Rodrigues

text: In July 2022, she was named in India's team for the cricket tournament at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is a set of reconstructive surgical procedures that alter typically male facial features to bring them closer in shape and size to typical female facial features. FFS can include various bony and soft tissue procedures such as brow lift, rhinoplasty, cheek implantation, and lip augmentation.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Faces contain secondary sex characteristics that make male and female faces readily distinguishable, including the shape of the forehead, nose, lips, cheeks, chin, and jawline; the features in the upper third of the face seem to be the most important, and subtle changes in the lips can have a strong effect.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: For some transgender women, FFS is medically necessary to treat gender dysphoria. It can be just as important or even more important than genital forms of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) in reducing gender dysphoria and helping trans women integrate socially as women; data on these sorts of outcomes are limited by small study size and confounding variables like other feminization procedures. While most FFS patients are transgender women, some cisgender women who feel that their faces are too masculine will also undergo FFS.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: FFS candidates should wait until the bones of their skull have stopped growing before undergoing FFS. The way to determine if the bones of the skull have stopped growing is to take successive radiographs of the mandible and wrist bones to make sure that bone growth has stopped.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Some studies have shown that the shape of the forehead is one of the key differences between cisgender males and cisgender females. Hairline correction, forehead recontouring, eye socket recontouring, and brow lift are procedures often performed at the same time, with rhinoplasty in mind.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: In males, the hairline is often higher than in females and usually has receded corners above the temples that give it an "M" shape. The hairline can be moved forward and given a more rounded shape, either with a procedure called a "scalp advance" wherein the scalp is lifted and repositioned, or with hair transplantation.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Cisgender males tend to have a horizontal ridge of bone running across the forehead just above eyebrow level called the brow ridge (or "brow bossing"), which includes the "supraorbital rims" (the lower edge, on which the eyebrows sit). Cisgender males also tend to have indented temples and a flatter forehead than females.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: The brow ridge is usually solid bone and can simply be ground down. The section of bossing between the eyebrows (the glabella) sits over a hollow area called the frontal sinus. The frontal sinus is hollow, and thus it can be more difficult to remove bossing there. If the bone over the frontal sinus is thick enough the bossing can be removed by simply grinding down the bone. However, in some people, the wall of bone is so thin that it is not possible to grind the bossing away completely without breaking through the wall into the frontal sinus.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: FFS surgeons have taken two main approaches to resolving this problem. The most conservative approach is to grind down the wall of bone as far as possible without breaking through, and then build up the area around any remaining bossing with hydroxyapatite bone cement which can smooth out any visible step between remaining bossing and the rest of the forehead. In these cases, some additional reduction in the bossing can sometimes be achieved by thinning the soft tissues that sit over it. Alternatively, FFS surgeons can perform a procedure called a forehead reconstruction or cranioplasty where the glabella bone is taken apart, thinned and re-shaped, and reassembled in the new feminine position with small titanium wires or titanium orthopedic plate and screws. The data on which approach is better is limited and does not provide guidance. The risks of cranioplasty include the skull not healing properly, movement of the bone fragments, and the formation of cysts; these can usually be corrected by another procedure.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Cisgender men tend to have lower eyebrows relative to the position of their brow ridges when compared to cisgender women. Cis men's eyebrows tend to be below their brow ridges while cis women's eyebrows tend to be above their brow ridges. Accordingly, FFS to raise the eyebrows results in a face with a more womanly appearance.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: In some studies, the eye shape has been shown to be the key differentiating feature between cis males and females. Cis female eye sockets tend to be smaller, located higher on the face, to have more sharply angled outer edges, and to be closer together at their inner edges (the intercanthal distance). Some FFS alter the orbit shape; data on outcomes is limited.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Cis males tend to have larger, longer, and wider noses than cis females; also, the tip of the female nose will more often visibly point slightly upwards than that of a male. Hence, the procedure involves removing bone and cartilage and remodelling what remains. In most cases this is performed in an open procedure, but endonasal procedures have been used; in all cases when reducing the nose there is a risk of interfering with nasal valve function. Standard rhinoplasty procedures are generally used. There is limited data on outcomes.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Cis females often have more forward projection in their cheekbones as well as fuller cheeks overall, with a triangle formed by the cheekbones and the point of the chin. Planning of cheek contouring is done while planning reshaping of the chin. The cheeks are reshaped by cutting away bone and repositioning the facial bones. Augmenting the cheeks with implants or with fat harvested from other parts of the body is common. Risks of implants include infection, and the implant moving and becoming asymmetrical; fat can eventually be absorbed.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Subtle changes to the shape and structure of lips can have a strong influence on feminization. The distance between the base of the nose and the top of the upper lip tends to be longer in males than in females and the upper lip is longer; when a female mouth is open and relaxed, the upper incisors are often exposed by a few millimeters.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: An incision is usually made just under the base of the nose and a section of skin is removed. When the gap is closed it has the effect of lifting the top lip, placing it in a more feminine position and often exposing a little of the upper incisors. The surgeon can also use a lip lift to roll the top lip out a little, making it appear fuller.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Cis females often have fuller lips than cis males, so lip filling is often used in feminization. Injectable fillers are low-risk but tend to be absorbed after six months or so, and many implants have higher complication rates like infection or rejection. Use of fat harvested from the person can result in lumps and does not last long. The longest lasting and least risky results appear to arise from use of acellular dermis products.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: The chins of cis males tend to be longer and wider than those of cis females, with a more square base, and to project outward more than female chins. Cis male jawlines tend to extend outward from the chin at a wider angle than those of cis females, and to have a sharp corner at the back. Notably, however, many cis females have jaws and chins with these same characteristics.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: The chin can be reduced in length either by bone shaving or with a procedure called a "sliding genioplasty", where a section of bone is removed. The jaw can be reshaped through jaw reduction surgery; sometimes this is done through the mouth. The chewing muscles can also be reduced to make the jaw appear narrower.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: The biggest risk in these procedures is damage to the mental nerve that runs through the chin and jaw; other risks include damage to tooth roots, infection, nonunion, and damage to the mentalis muscle that controls the lower lip and is at the edges of the chin.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Cis males tend to have a much more prominent Adam's apple than cis females following puberty. The Adam's apple can be reduced with a procedure called a chondrolaryngoplasty; the goal of the procedure is to reduce the size without leaving a scar. There are risks of damage to the vocal cords and destabilization of the epiglottis.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: Beautification and rejuvenation procedures are often performed at the same time as facial feminisation. For example, it is common for eye bags and sagging eyelids to be corrected with a procedure called "blepharoplasty" and many feminization patients undergo a face and neck lift.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: FFS techniques are derived from maxillofacial, otolaryngology, and plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: FFS began in 1982 when Darrell Pratt, a plastic surgeon who performed sex reassignment surgeries, approached Douglas Ousterhout with a request from a transgender woman patient of Pratt's; the patient wanted plastic surgery to make her face appear more feminine, since people still reacted to her as though she were a man. Ousterhout's prior practice had involved reconstructing faces and skulls of people who had had birth defects, accidents, or other trauma. Ousterhout was interested in helping but knew that he did not know what a "female face" was, so he investigated by first reading the physical anthropology from the early 20th century to identify what features were "female", then deriving measurements defining those features from a series of cephalograms taken in the 1970s, and then working with a set of several hundred skulls to see if he could reliably differentiate which were females and which were males using those measurements. Ousterhout then began working out what surgical techniques and materials he already used could be applied in order to transform a male face into a female face. He pioneered most of the procedures involved in FFS and was involved in their subsequent improvements as well.


title: Facial feminization surgery

text: In the US as of 2006, the procedure cost between $20,000 and $40,000, about twice the cost of sexual reassignment surgery. In Europe prices are considerably lower; as of 2017, a complete FFS costs between €10,000 and €25,000.


title: Team Asobi

text: Team Asobi is a Japanese video game developer based in Tokyo. A first-party studio for Sony Interactive Entertainment, Team Asobi was originally formed in 2012 as part of Japan Studio, but formally spun off into an independent studio within Sony's PlayStation Studios in June 2021.


title: Team Asobi

text: Team Asobi was first formed in 2012 as internal part of Japan Studio based in Tokyo by Nicolas Doucet. The team's name is derived from the Japanese word "Asobu", meaning "To Play". After forming, they worked on technical demos and went on to develop "The Playroom" (2013), a pre-downloaded augmented reality game designed to demonstrate the use of the PlayStation Camera and DualShock 4 for the PlayStation 4. Doucet and several members of his team had been developers for games for the EyeToy and had brought their knowledge forward for use on "The Playroom". Team Asobi also created a virtual reality version "The Playroom VR" to demonstrate the PlayStation VR unit with its release in 2016. "The Playroom" introduced a small robotic character, then named "A5081" which visually resembles the word "ASOBI", and became the reference for the Astro Bot character used in their later games, "Astro Bot Rescue Mission" (2018) and "Astro's Playroom" (2020).


title: Team Asobi

text: Across late 2020 and early 2021, several staff members of Japan Studio, outside those of Team Asobi, announced their departure; Sony later affirmed that by April 2021, Japan Studio would be refocused around Team Asobi based on the success of "Astro's Playroom". In June 2021, Sony announced that Team Asobi had been transitioned to a standalone studio within PlayStation Studios. Doucet remains Asobi's studio director and creative director following this transition.


title: Sounding the Seventh Trumpet

text: Sounding the Seventh Trumpet is the debut studio album by American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold, released on July 24, 2001, through Good Life Recordings. The album was later reissued on March 19, 2002, through Hopeless Records, featuring a slightly different cover art. Although the album only sold 300 copies in its first week of release, it has sold 370,000 copies worldwide, with 310,000 sold in the United States, as of November 2010.


title: Sounding the Seventh Trumpet

text: The title 'Sounding the Seventh Trumpet' takes its name from the Book of Revelation, specifically referencing chapter 11 and the sounding of the last (seventh) trumpet, showing the end of the world. Valary DiBenedetto (M. Shadows' future wife) performs vocals on the track "The Art of Subconscious Illusion." The album was released on vinyl for the first time in 2008 in the US.


title: Sounding the Seventh Trumpet

text: "Sounding the Seventh Trumpet" was recorded in eight days in November 2000, with a budget of only $2,000. When the band members got into the studio, The Rev recorded all the drums in one take, and the other members of the band added their parts to what he had laid down. Zacky Vengeance played lead guitar originally. When Synyster Gates joined the band in early 2001, they recorded a heavy metal version of "To End the Rapture", with Gates playing lead guitar. This version was first seen on the "Warmness on the Soul" single, and was later featured on the re-release of "Sounding the Seventh Trumpet". This is the only album to feature bassist Justin Sane, who is also credited as playing piano in the original releases. He was briefly replaced by Dameon Ash as a touring bassist during the album's touring cycle, who was then replaced by Johnny Christ.


title: Sounding the Seventh Trumpet

text: The release date of this album's initial version is theorized in many sources. On the band's official website, it's given as January 31, 2001. However, on archived versions of the website, news updates explain that the album, distributed by Lumberjack Distributions, was originally planned for a late April 2001 release. Due to unknown reasons, it had to be pushed back multiple times, at first for a June 10, then for a June 20 release. A Loudwire article about the album's 17th anniversary gives July 24 as the actual release date. It was later rereleased on March 19, 2002.


title: Sounding the Seventh Trumpet

text: "Sounding the Seventh Trumpet" was generally well received by critics. AllMusic rated the album three stars out of five and wrote: ""Sounding the Seventh Trumpet" is a magnificent album that is suitable for any fan of metal music, as Avenged Sevenfold has a firm grasp on all that is extreme." The review also praised the tracks "Darkness Surrounding" and "We Come out at Night" as being "...excellent metalcore masterpieces, as the vocal harmonies add to these cuts to evolve the songs into fully atmospheric sonic blasts."


title: Sounding the Seventh Trumpet

text: Avenged Sevenfold later released the "Warmness on the Soul", which featured a video for the single "Warmness on the Soul". The video depicted the band wandering through city streets as M. Shadows' wife, Valary, searches for them.


title: Jo Woo-ri

text: Jo Woo-ri (born March 29, 1992) is a South Korean actress. She starred in television series such as "Medical Top Team" (2013), "Modern Farmer" (2014), "A Daughter Just Like You" (2015), "Descendants of the Sun" (2016) and "Gangnam Beauty" (2018).


title: Benjamin Kowalewicz

text: Benjamin Ian Kowalewicz (; born December 16, 1975) is a Canadian singer and songwriter. He is the lead vocalist of rock band Billy Talent.


title: Benjamin Kowalewicz

text: Kowalewicz, of Polish descent, was born December 16, 1975, in Pierrefonds, Quebec, and raised in Streetsville, Ontario. He attended Our Lady of Mount Carmel Secondary School, where he was a drummer in a band named To Each His Own.


title: Benjamin Kowalewicz

text: In To Each His Own, Kowalewicz met Jonathan Gallant. Kowalewicz moved from drummer to vocals and rhythm guitar, and Aaron Solowoniuk was recruited to play drums. The three would then meet Ian D'Sa to form a band called Pezz. Pezz released their first album, "Watoosh!", in 1998. After being threatened with a lawsuit by an American band who was also using the name Pezz, Kowalewicz suggested the name Billy Talent, taken from a character from Michael Turner's "Hard Core Logo". Kowalewicz focused his work on vocals only, and Billy Talent was born. In this time, Kowalewicz worked in a number of positions at Toronto radio station 102.1 the Edge, as an assistant for The Ongoing History of New Music host Alan Cross, to contribute funds towards Billy Talent's first album.


title: Benjamin Kowalewicz

text: Kowalewicz is featured in the song "Smiling Politely" by Cancer Bats from their album "Hail Destroyer". He was featured in the song "Wake Up the Town" by Anti-Flag, which was a bonus track on their 2008 album "The Bright Lights of America".


title: Benjamin Kowalewicz

text: His home in the Parkdale neighbourhood of Toronto was featured on the Canadian home decorating show Designer Guys. The episode is entitled "Punk Meets Traditional".


title: Benjamin Kowalewicz

text: Kowalewicz can also play guitar and drums. He wrote drums for "The Ex" which appears on Billy Talent's self-titled album.


title: Benjamin Kowalewicz

text: Kowalewicz provided guest vocals for Rammstein guitarist Richard Kruspe's side project Emigrate. He provided co-lead vocals for the song "1234" on Emigrate's album "A Million Degrees", as well as performing in the song's music video with a cameo appearance from Billy Talent bandmate Ian D'Sa.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Christianity is the second largest religion in Egypt. The history of Egyptian Christianity dates to the Roman era as Alexandria was an early center of Christianity.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: The vast majority of Egyptian Christians are Copts who belong to the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an Oriental Orthodox Church. As of 2019, Copts in Egypt "are generally understood to make up approximately 10 percent" of the nation's population, with an estimated population of 9.5 million (figure cited in the "Wall Street Journal", 2017) or 10 million (figure cited in the Associated Press, 2019). Smaller or larger figures have also been cited, in the range of "somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population," with the Egyptian government estimating lower numbers and the Coptic Orthodox Church estimating much higher numbers. A lack of definite, reliable demographic data renders all estimates uncertain. Outside of Egypt, there are roughly 1 million members of the Coptic Orthodox abroad. Estimates of the percentage of Egyptian Christians who are Coptic Orthodox range from approximately 90% to approximately 95%. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is headed by the Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy See of Saint Mark, currently Pope Tawadros II.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Other than the Coptic Orthodox Church, two other Oriental Orthodox churches have members in Egypt: the Armenian Apostolic and Syriac Orthodox churches.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: A minority of Egyptian Christians belong to the Coptic Catholic Church. Approximately 2.5% of Egyptian Christians belong to the Coptic Catholic Church. In 2007, the "Annuario Pontificio" estimated the total membership of the Coptic Catholic Church to be 161,327, divided into seven eparchies, with nine bishops and 164 parishes. Other particular churches of the worldwide Catholic Church with members in Egypt include the Melkites, Maronites, Syriac Catholics, Armenian Catholics, and Chaldean Catholics. Most Latin rite Catholics in Egypt are expatriates.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa is the presence of Eastern Orthodoxy in Egypt. Its membership has steadily declined, and was approximately 110,000 in 1980.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: There are a small number of Protestants among Egypt's Christian populations. This includes the Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile), Anglicans (about half expatriates), and the Armenian Evangelical Church. There are smaller numbers of adherents of the Assemblies of God, Christian Brethren, Free Methodist, Pentecostals, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Churches of Christ, among others. Between 1,000 and 1,500 Jehovah's Witnesses live in Egypt. The "Adventist Atlas" estimated 852 members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Egypt as of 2008.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Scattered among the various churches are a number of converts from Islam to Christianity. A 2015 study estimated that there were 14,000 such believers in Egypt.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: In Egypt, Copts have relatively higher educational attainment, relatively higher wealth index, and a stronger representation in white collar job types, but limited representation in security agencies. The majority of demographic, socioeconomic, and health indicators are similar among Copts and Muslims.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: In Egypt, Copts have relatively higher educational attainment, relatively higher wealth index, and a stronger representation in white collar job types, but limited representation in security agencies. The majority of demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators are similar among Copts and Muslims. Historically; many Copts were accountants, and in 1961 Coptic Christians owned 51% of the Egyptian banks. A Pew Center study about religion and education around the world in 2016, found that around 26% of Egyptian Christians obtain a university degree in institutions of higher education.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: According to the scholar Andrea Rugh Copts tend to belong to the educated middle and upper-middle class, and according to scholar Lois Farag "The Copts still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20% of total state capital, 45% of government employment, and 45% of government salarie". According to scholar J. D. Pennington 45% of the medical doctors, 60% of the pharmacists of Egypt were Christians.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: A number of Coptic business and land-owning families became very wealthy and influential such as the Egyptian Coptic Christian Sawiris family that owns the Orascom conglomerate, spanning telecommunications, construction, tourism, industries and technology. In 2008, "Forbes" estimated the family's net worth at $36 billion. According to scholars Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein argue that Copts have relatively higher educational attainment and relatively higher wealth index, due to Coptic Christianity emphasis on literacy and that Coptic Christianity encouraged the accumulation of human capital.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Egyptian Christians believe that the Patriarchate of Alexandria was founded by Mark the Evangelist around AD 33, and Christianity entered Egypt because of The Apostle Mark.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: By AD 300 it is clear that Alexandria was one of the great Christian centres. The Christian apologists Clement of Alexandria and Origen both lived part or all of their lives in that city, where they wrote, taught and debated. Anthony the Great, one of the most revered early Christian saints, also hailed from Egypt.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: With the Edict of Milan in 313, Constantine I ended the persecution of Christians. Over the course of the 4th century, paganism was suppressed and lost its following, as the poet Palladas bitterly noted. Graffiti at Philae in Upper Egypt proves worship of Isis persisted at its temples into the 5th century.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Alexandria became the centre of the first great schism in the Christian world, between the Arians, named for the Alexandrian priest Arius, and their opponents, represented by Athanasius, who became Archbishop of Alexandria in 326 after the First Council of Nicaea rejected Arius's views. The Arian controversy caused years of riots and rebellions throughout most of the 4th century. In the course of one of these, the great temple of Serapis, the stronghold of paganism, was destroyed. Athanasius was alternately expelled from Alexandria and reinstated as its Archbishop between five and seven times. Another religious development in Egypt was the monasticism of the Desert Fathers, who renounced the material world in order to live a life of poverty in devotion to God.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Under Muslim rule, the Copts were cut off from the mainstream of Christianity and were compelled to adhere to the Pact of Umar covenant. They were assigned to Dhimmi status. Their position improved dramatically under the rule of Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century. He abolished the Jizya (a tax on non-Muslims) and allowed Copts to enroll in the army. Pope Cyril IV, 1854–61, reformed the church and encouraged broader Coptic participation in Egyptian affairs. Khedive Isma'il Pasha, in power 1863–79, further promoted the Copts. He appointed them judges to Egyptian courts and awarded them political rights and representation in government. They flourished in business affairs.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Some Copts participated in the Egyptian national movement for independence and occupied many influential positions. Two significant cultural achievements include the founding of the Coptic Museum in 1910 and the Higher Institute of Coptic Studies in 1954. Some prominent Coptic thinkers from this period are Salama Moussa, Louis Awad and Secretary-General of the Wafd Party Makram Ebeid.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: In 1952, Gamal Abdel Nasser led some army officers in a coup d'état against King Farouk, which overthrew the Kingdom of Egypt and established a republic. Nasser's mainstream policy was pan-Arab nationalism and socialism. The Copts were severely affected by Nasser's nationalization policies, though they represented about 10–20% of the population. In addition, Nasser's pan-Arab policies undermined the Copts' strong attachment to and sense of identity about their Egyptian pre-Arab, and certainly non-Arab identity which resulted in permits to construct churches to be delayed along with Christian religious courts to be closed.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Many Coptic intellectuals hold to "Pharaonism," which states that Coptic culture is largely derived from pre-Christian, Pharaonic culture, and is not indebted to Greece. It gives the Copts a claim to a deep heritage in Egyptian history and culture. Pharaonism was widely held by Coptic scholars in the early 20th century. Most scholars today see Pharaonism as a late development shaped primarily by western Orientalism, and doubt its validity.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Religious freedom in Egypt is hampered to varying degrees by discriminatory and restrictive government policies. Coptic Christians, being the largest religious minority in Egypt, are also negatively affected. Copts have faced increasing marginalization after the 1952 coup d'état led by the Free Officers Movement, a group of army officers led by Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. Until recently, Christians were required to obtain presidential approval for even minor repairs in churches. Although the law was eased in 2005 by handing down the authority of approval to the governors, Copts continue to face many obstacles and restrictions in building new churches. These restrictions do not apply for building mosques, although in August 2017, the Parliament of Egypt removed the legal restrictions that limited the construction of new churches.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: In 2006, one person attacked three churches in Alexandria, killing one person and injuring 5–16. The attacker was not linked to any organisation and described as "psychologically disturbed" by the Ministry of Interior. In May 2010, The Wall Street Journal reported increasing waves of mob attacks by Muslims against ethnic Copts. Despite frantic calls for help, the police typically arrived after the violence was over. The police also coerced the Copts to accept "reconciliation" with their attackers to avoid prosecuting them, with no Muslims convicted for any of the attacks. In Marsa Matrouh, a Bedouin mob of 3,000 Muslims tried to attack the city's Coptic population, with 400 Copts having to barricade themselves in their church while the mob destroyed 18 homes, 23 shops, and 16 cars.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Members of U.S. Congress have expressed concern about "human trafficking" of Coptic women and girls who are victims of abductions, forced conversion to Islam, sexual exploitation, and forced marriage to Muslim men.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: Boutros Boutros-Ghali is a Copt who served as Egypt's foreign minister under President Anwar Sadat. Today, only two Copts are on Egypt's governmental cabinet: Finance Minister Youssef Boutros Ghali and Environment Minister Magued George. There is also currently one Coptic governor out of 25, that of the upper Egyptian governorate of Qena, and the first Coptic governor in a few decades. In addition, Naguib Sawiris, an extremely successful businessman and one of the world's 100 wealthiest people, is a Copt. In 2002, under the Mubarak government, Coptic Christmas (January 7) was recognized as an official holiday. However, many Copts continue to complain of being minimally represented in law enforcement, state security, and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of their religion. Most Copts do not support independence or separation movement from other Egyptians.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: While freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Egyptian constitution, according to Human Rights Watch, "Egyptians are able to convert to Islam generally without difficulty, but Muslims who convert to Christianity face difficulties in getting new identity papers and some have been arrested for allegedly forging such documents." The Coptic community, however, takes pains to prevent conversions from Christianity to Islam due to the ease with which Christians can often become Muslim. Public officials, being conservative themselves, intensify the complexity of the legal procedures required to recognize the religion change as required by law. Security agencies will sometimes claim that such conversions from Islam to Christianity (or occasionally vice versa) may stir social unrest, and thereby justify themselves in wrongfully detaining the subjects, insisting that they are simply taking steps to prevent likely social troubles from happening. In 2007, a Cairo administrative court denied 45 citizens the right to obtain identity papers documenting their reversion to Christianity after converting to Islam. However, in February 2008 the Supreme Administrative Court overturned the decision, allowing 12 citizens who had reverted to Christianity to re-list their religion on identity cards, but they will specify that they had adopted Islam for a brief period of time.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: In August 2013, following the 3 July 2013 Coup and clashes between the military and Morsi supporters, there were widespread attacks on Coptic churches and institutions in Egypt by Sunni Muslims.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: "USA Today" reported that "forty churches have been looted and torched, while 23 others have been attacked and heavily damaged". The Facebook page of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party was "rife with false accusations meant to foment hatred against Copts", according to journalist Kirsten Powers. The Party's page claimed that the Coptic Church had declared "war against Islam and Muslims" and that "The Pope of the Church is involved in the removal of the first elected Islamist president. The Pope of the Church alleges Islamic Sharia is backwards, stubborn, and reactionary." On August 15, nine Egyptian human rights groups under the umbrella group "Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights", released a statement saying, In December … Brotherhood leaders began fomenting anti-Christian sectarian incitement. The anti-Coptic incitement and threats continued unabated up to the demonstrations of June 30 and, with the removal of President Morsi … morphed into sectarian violence, which was sanctioned by … the continued anti-Coptic rhetoric heard from the group's leaders on the stage … throughout the sit-in.


title: Christianity in Egypt

text: On February 25, 2016 an Egyptian court convicted four Coptic Christian teenagers for contempt of Islam, after they appeared in a video mocking Muslim prayers.


title: Regalia

text: Regalia is a Latin plurale tantum word that has different definitions. In one rare definition, it refers to the exclusive privileges of a sovereign. The word originally referred to the elaborate formal dress and dress accessories of a sovereign, but now the word usually refers to any type of elaborate formal dress and dress accessories.


title: Regalia

text: The word stems from the Latin substantivation of the adjective "regalis", "regal", itself from "rex", "king". It is sometimes used in the singular, "regale".


title: Regalia

text: The term can refer to the rights, prerogatives, and privileges that are held exclusively by any sovereign, regardless of title (emperor, grand duke, etc.). An example of that is the right to mint coins, and especially coins that bear one's own effigy. In many cases, especially in feudal societies and generally weak states, such rights have in time been eroded by grants to, or usurpations by, lesser vassals.


title: Regalia

text: Some emblems, symbols, or paraphernalia possessed by rulers are a visual representation of imperial, royal, or sovereign status. Some are shared with divinities, either to symbolize a god(ess)'s role as, say, king of the Pantheon (e.g. Brahman's scepter) or to allow mortal royalty to resemble, identify with, or link to, a divinity.


title: Regalia

text: The term 'crown jewels' is commonly used to refer to regalia items that are designed to lend luster to occasions such as coronations. They feature some combination of precious materials, artistic merit, and symbolic or historical value. Crown jewels may have been designated at the start of a dynasty, accumulated through many years of tradition, or sent as tangible recognition of legitimacy by some leader such as the pope to an emperor or caliph.


title: Regalia

text: Each culture, even each monarchy and dynasty within one culture, may have its own historical traditions, and some even have a specific name for its regalia, or at least for an important subset, such as:


title: Regalia

text: Thus the Imperial Regalia of Japan (, or "Three Sacred Treasures"), also known as the Three Sacred Treasures of Japan as follows:


title: Regalia

text: Since 690, the presentation of these items to the emperor by the priests at the shrine are a central part of the imperial enthronement ceremony. As this ceremony is not public, the regalia are by tradition only seen by the emperor and certain priests, and no known photographs or drawings exist.


title: Regalia

text: Some regalia objects are presented and/or used in the formal ceremony of enthronement/coronation. They can be associated with an office or court sinecure (cfr. archoffices) that enjoys the privilege to carry, present and/or use it at the august occasion, and sometimes on other formal occasions, such as a royal funeral.


title: Regalia

text: Apart from the sovereign himself, attributes (especially a crown) can be used for close relatives who are allowed to share in the pomp. For example, in Norway, the queen consort and the crown prince are the only other members of the royal family to possess these attributes and share in the sovereign's royal symbolism.


title: Regalia

text: In the Roman Empire, the color Tyrian purple, produced with an extremely expensive Mediterranean mollusk extract, was in principle reserved for the imperial court. The use of this dye was extended to various dignitaries, such as members of the Roman senate, who wore stripes of Tyrian purple on their white togas, for whom the term purpuratus was coined as a high aulic distinction.


title: Regalia

text: In late imperial China, the color yellow was reserved for the emperor, as it had a multitude of meanings. Yellow was a symbol of gold, and thus wealth and power, and since it was also the color that symbolized the center in Chinese cosmology (the five elements, or "wu xing(五行)"), it was the perfect way to refer to the emperor, who was always in the center of the universe. Consequently, peasants and noblemen alike were forbidden to wear robes made entirely out of yellow, although they were allowed to use the color sparingly.


title: Regalia

text: In republics, the presidential sash, common especially in Latin American countries but appearing elsewhere in the world as well, has a role similar to that of royal regalia: distinguishing the head of state.


title: Regalia

text: Academic dress is a traditional form of clothing for academic settings, primarily tertiary (and sometimes secondary) education, worn mainly by those who have been admitted to a university degree (or similar), or hold a status that entitles them to assume them (e.g., undergraduate students at certain old universities). It is also known as academicals and, in the United States, as academic regalia.


title: Regalia

text: Another example of non-royal regalia is the traditional dress that is worn by Native American peoples in the United States, and First Nations peoples in Canada for ceremonial purposes, such as Pow Wow dancing.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The Winnipeg Jets were a professional ice hockey team based in Winnipeg. They began play in the World Hockey Association (WHA) in 1972. The club joined the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1979 after the NHL merged with the WHA. Due to mounting financial troubles, in 1996 the franchise moved to Phoenix, Arizona and became the Phoenix Coyotes (now the Arizona Coyotes). The team played their home games at Winnipeg Arena.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: On December 27, 1971, Winnipeg was granted one of the founding franchises in the WHA. The original owner was Ben Hatskin, a local figure who made his wealth in cardboard shipping containers. The team took their name from the Winnipeg Jets of the Western Canada Hockey League.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The Jets' first signing was Norm Beaudin (earning the player the moniker of "the Original Jet"), while the first major signing was Bobby Hull. Hull's acquisition, partially financed by the rest of the WHA's teams, gave the league instant credibility and paved the way for other NHL stars to bolt to the upstart league.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The Jets were the first North American club to seriously explore Europe as a source of hockey talent. Winnipeg's fortunes were bolstered by acquisitions such as Swedish forwards Anders Hedberg and Ulf Nilsson, who starred with Hull on the WHA's most famous and successful forward line (nicknamed "the Hot Line"), and defenceman Lars-Erik Sjoberg, who would serve as the team's captain and win accolades as the WHA's best defenceman. Behind these players and other European stars such as Willy Lindstrom, Kent Nilsson, Veli-Pekka Ketola, leavened by players such as Peter Sullivan, Norm Beaudin and goaltender Joe Daley, the Jets were the most successful team in the short-lived WHA. The team made the finals in five of the WHA's seven seasons, winning the Avco World Trophy three times, including in the league's final season against Wayne Gretzky and the Edmonton Oilers.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: Another notable accomplishment was the Jets' 5–3 victory over the Soviet National team on January 5, 1978.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: In the WHA's last season, Kent Nilsson scored 107 points, while Morris Lukowich had 65 goals, and Peter Sullivan had 46 goals and 86 points. During the Avco Cup Finals, Gary Smith gave up the last goal in WHA history to Dave Semenko in a 7–3 Jets win.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The 1976, 1978 and 1979 Avco Cup winning Winnipeg Jets were inducted into the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame in the team category.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: By 1978–79, the vast majority of the WHA's teams had folded, but the Jets were still going strong. After the season, the Jets were absorbed into the NHL along with the Nordiques, Oilers and Hartford Whalers. Pre-merger inter-league exhibitions had shown that the 1978–79 WHA Jets were the competitive equal of most NHL teams, with the possible exceptions of the three-time defending Stanley Cup champion Montreal Canadiens and the rising New York Islanders.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: However, the Jets had to pay a very high price for a berth in the more established league. They had to give up three of their top six scorers – the core of the last WHA champion – in a reclamation draft. They were also forced to draft 18th out of 21 teams. In the draft, they opted to protect defenceman Scott Campbell, who had shown a good deal of promise in the last WHA season. However, Campbell suffered from chronic asthma that was only exacerbated by Winnipeg's frigid weather. The asthma drove him out of the league entirely by 1982.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: Upon entering the NHL, the Jets were based in the Smythe Division of the Campbell Conference. However, with a decimated roster, the Jets finished dead last in the league for their first two seasons in the NHL, including a horrendous nine-win season in 1980–81 that still ranks as the worst in Jets/Coyotes history. This stands in marked contrast to the other 1979 Avco Cup finalist, the Oilers, who went on to dominate the league during the second half of the 1980s.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The Jets' first two wretched NHL seasons did net them high draft picks; in the 1980 draft they picked Dave Babych second overall and in 1981 they drafted future Hall of Fame member Dale Hawerchuk first overall. The team developed a solid core of players by the mid-1980s, with Hawerchuk, Thomas Steen, Paul MacLean, Randy Carlyle, Laurie Boschman, Doug Smail, and David Ellett providing a strong nucleus. Also in 1981, a league-wide realignment placed the Jets with the league's other Central Time Zone teams in the Norris Division, which over the course of the decade would become the weakest division in the league.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: Led by Hawerchuk, Steen, Babych and Carlyle, the Jets returned to respectability fairly quickly, and made the playoffs 11 times in the next 15 years. However, regular-season success did not transfer over into the playoffs. This was because after just one season in the Norris, the relocation of the Colorado Rockies to New Jersey compelled Winnipeg to return to the more competitive Smythe Division along with the Oilers and Calgary Flames – by some accounts, the two best teams in the league during the second half of the 1980s. Due to the way the playoffs were structured at the time, whenever the Jets made the playoffs, they faced the near-certainty of having to beat either the Oilers or the Flames (or both) to get to the Campbell Conference Finals. At the time, the top four teams in each division made the playoffs, with the regular-season division winner playing against the fourth-place team and the regular-season runner-up playing the third-place team in the division semifinals. The division semifinal winners advanced to the division finals, and the two division final winners would meet in the conference finals.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: For example, in 1984–85, they finished with the fourth-best record in the entire league (behind only Philadelphia, Edmonton and Washington). They also notched 96 points, which would remain the franchise's best as an NHL team until the 2009–10 Coyotes racked up the franchise's second 100-point season (and first as an NHL team). However, they finished second in the Smythe behind the Oilers. While they managed to dispatch the Flames (with the league's fifth-best record) in four games in the best-of-five division semifinal, they were swept by the eventual Stanley Cup champion Oilers in the division final. In fact, Winnipeg and Edmonton played each other in the playoffs six times between 1983 and 1990. The Oilers not only won every series, but also held the Jets to only four total victories. Five times (1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990), the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup. The Jets won only one more playoff series, in 1987 (defeating Calgary in the division semifinal before losing to Edmonton in the division final). It was not until the 1993–94 season that further expansion and re-alignment permitted the original Jets to return to the re-branded Central Division (the former Norris Division) of the Western Conference. By this time however, the Central was at least the competitive equal of the re-named Pacific Division and the strict division-based playoff bracket had been abandoned.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: As the NHL expanded in the United States and free agency rules were liberalized, operating costs and salaries grew rapidly; players had the leverage to demand being paid in U.S. dollars league-wide. Until about the early 1990s, Canadian teams were able to pay their players in Canadian dollars, with the exceptions being contracts acquired in trades from U.S. teams. However, since the Canadian teams still collected most of their revenue in Canadian dollars, having to pay players in U.S. dollars proved to be a serious drain on finances given the declining value of the Canadian dollar. For most of their NHL tenure, Winnipeg was the league's second-smallest market, and became the smallest market after the Quebec Nordiques moved to Denver as the Colorado Avalanche in 1995–96. Despite a loyal fan following, serious doubts were raised about whether Winnipeg could continue to support an NHL team. Additionally, their home arena, Winnipeg Arena, was over 40 years old, had no luxury suites, and numerous obstructed-view seats.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: Attempts to find a local buyer were unsuccessful. After an 11th-hour effort by a local consortium failed to raise enough money, team owner Barry Shenkarow sold the team to American businessmen Steven Gluckstern and Richard Burke for $65 million. They planned to move the team to Minneapolis-Saint Paul region (which had lost the North Stars to Dallas in 1993) but could not reach an agreement with the City of Minneapolis to share the Target Center with the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves. With no suitable alternate venues in the Twin Cities area, the owners reached an agreement with Jerry Colangelo, owner of the NBA's Phoenix Suns, to move the team to Phoenix and become the Phoenix Coyotes. The Jets played their last game on April 28, 1996, a home playoff loss to the Detroit Red Wings by a score of 4–1. Norm Maciver scored the last goal in Jets history.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: Winnipeg was not without hockey for long, however; the International Hockey League's Minnesota Moose moved to Winnipeg as the Manitoba Moose a few months after the Jets left town.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: During their history, the Jets retired two numbers: Bobby Hull's #9 and Thomas Steen's #25. The Coyotes have continued to honor those numbers, and hang their banners in the Jets' old blue-red-white colour scheme. Dale Hawerchuk's No. 10 was added in 2006, in the Coyotes' current sand-red-black scheme. Another tradition that was retained when the franchise moved to Phoenix was the "whiteout", in which fans wore all white to home playoff games.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The Jets/Coyotes franchise finally broke its playoff series drought in 2011–12, a season in which they won their first division title as an NHL team (in Winnipeg or Phoenix) and advanced all the way to the Western Conference Final.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: Shane Doan, drafted seventh overall by the Jets in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft prior to their last season in Winnipeg, and who played his rookie season in Winnipeg, was the last original Jet to still be active in the NHL (and to still be with the franchise) upon his retirement in 2017. The only other former original Jet playing professionally by that time was Deron Quint, who played in the German DEL in Germany until 2017.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: Doan returned to the Coyotes in 2021 as head of hockey development. He and Arizona Coyotes equipment manager Stan Wilson, who joined the team while it was still in Winnipeg, are among the last members of the franchise with a direct connection to its past in Winnipeg.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The current Winnipeg Jets have acknowledged the original Jets' history on a number of occasions. The original franchise's division and Avco Cup championships currently hang atop the rafters of Canada Life Centre, as are the honoured numbers of the original Jets who were inducted into the current Jets' Hall of Fame. They have also worn throwback uniforms of the original Jets on a few occasions, and brought back the Whiteout tradition in the Stanley Cup playoffs. The new franchise acquired the trademarks to the name and logo of the original Jets from the NHL when it moved to Winnipeg – at the time, the league directly owned the Coyotes and thus controlled the Jets' trademarks. However, the franchise's records still belong to the Coyotes.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: Before the 2021–22 season, the Coyotes moved from the Pacific to the Central Division to accommodate the expansion Seattle Kraken. As a result, the original Jets (Coyotes) and current Jets franchises became intradivisional opponents, playing three or four games per season.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The Jets debuted in the WHA wearing blue and white uniforms with red trim. White uniforms featured a blue shoulder yoke, blue numbers and blue-white-red-white-blue waist, sock and sleeve stripes. The blue uniforms were the inverse of their white counterparts minus the contrasting yoke and used red numbers. In the franchise's first season, the uniforms featured the futuristic "Jets" wordmark in front along with red or white player nameplates. Starting in 1974, the Jets donned their "classic" look, ditching the contrast-colour nameplates and unveiling their famous roundel logo. In 1977 the Jets added a white shoulder yoke on the blue uniform, and the following season, switched from red to blue pants.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: Upon moving to the NHL in 1979, the Jets unveiled new uniforms. Then-general manager John Ferguson Sr. had been derided for changing the classic New York Rangers uniforms during the late 1970s, so he brought most elements of that design to the Jets. Both uniforms featured a thick shoulder stripe that extended through the sleeves, along with another thick stripe on the waist. In addition, the blue uniforms now featured white numbers with red trim and a white inverse of the team's logo in front. In 1987, the Jets added a "Goals for Kids" patch which remained a prominent figure on the uniforms until the relocation.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: In 1990, the Jets unveiled their final uniform design, featuring the updated crest in front and contrasting sleeve and waist stripes. They also switched back to red pants.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The current incarnation of the Winnipeg Jets employs a different uniform design and logo, although they occasionally use the "old" Jets uniform as an alternate jersey. For the 2021 season, a "Reverse Retro" jersey was introduced in collaboration with Adidas. The jersey was designed to emulate the original Jets' 1979–90 look but used colors of the current Jets. Before the 2021–22 season, the blue WHA-era uniform the modern-day Jets wore in the 2019 Heritage Classic became the team's third jersey. A second "Reverse Retro" jersey, this time a recoloured version of the 1990–96 Jets white uniform, was released in the 2022–23 season.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The Winnipeg White Out is a hockey tradition that dates back to 1987 when fans were asked to wear white clothing to home playoff games, creating a very intimidating effect and atmosphere. It was created as a response to the "C of Red" created by fans of the Calgary Flames, whom the home-town Jets were facing in the first round of the 1987 Stanley Cup Playoffs. The Jets eliminated the Flames in six games, and fans wore white for every home playoff game thereafter. Fans dubbed it the "White Out" which is a prairie term for a winter snow storm. Marketing for the team during the playoff referred to the "charge of the white brigade." In later years, marketing referred to the White Out as "White Noise."


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: Fans of the AHL franchise Manitoba Moose also continued this tradition when the team briefly relocated to St. John's, Newfoundland, as the St. John's IceCaps, as did fans of the "IceCap's White Out" and "Coyotes White Out," respectively. When the Thrashers moved to Winnipeg as the second incarnation of the Jets, they brought back the White Out tradition for the 2015 and 2018 playoffs.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: "Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties minutes"


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The original Winnipeg Jets retired two numbers in their history. When the Jets relocated to Arizona, the banners of these players also made the move, and these numbers originally remain retired with the Arizona Coyotes, in Jets' colors. Beginning with the 2014–15 season, those numbers were unretired and brought back to circulation; they were still inducted as part of the Arizona Coyotes Ring of Honor. After the move to Arizona, number 10 was inducted in honor of Dale Hawerchuk, number 7 was inducted for Keith Tkachuk, and number 27 was inducted for Teppo Numminen. Shane Doan's number 19 was the only number officially retired by the Coyotes.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: The current Winnipeg Jets (formerly Atlanta Thrashers) also honoured both numbers in the Winnipeg Jets Hall of Fame.


title: Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

text: "Legend: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game


title: Full contact karate

text: Full contact karate is any format of karate where competitors spar (also called Kumite) full-contact and allow a knockout as winning criterion.


title: Full contact karate

text: Full contact karate competition comes in several different formats developed for the art of karate at different times in different places. Some developed independently, others developed out of other full contact rule systems or from light contact rule systems.


title: Full contact karate

text: There are no major unifying organizations in any of the different formats, and the rule details may change drastically between the many rival sport/style organizations and different promoters. Some organizations stick rigidly to one set of rules. Other use several rule formats harmoniously side by side. Some even have tournaments that switch rule formats between rounds of the same bout. Sometimes the differences between the different rules are large, and sometimes the only significant differences between different sport rules are the organizational structures that use them.


title: Full contact karate

text: One major format of full-contact sport karate is known as "knockdown karate" or sometimes "Japanese full contact karate". This style of sport fighting was developed and pioneered in the late 1960s by the Kyokushin karate organization in Japan, founded by Korean-Japanese . In fighting the competitors traditionally wear no gloves, padding or body protection other than groin guards (although local regulations sometimes enforce exceptions to this tradition), but it is bare knuckle fighting. Grabbing and holding the opponent, including clinching, is not allowed under the basic- knockdown karate rules as used in Kyokushin, but are occasionally allowed in some variations used in other styles.


title: Full contact karate

text: Points are scored by knocking the opponent out, down to the floor, by sweep and controlled follow up for half a point, or by otherwise visibly incapacitating them. Unless there is a knockdown or sweep, the bout is continuous, with stoppages only to break up locked clinches or if the fighters leave the fight area. Unlike American full-contact karate, or point karate, clean hits are not counted in and by themselves, as the scoring depends entirely on the effect of the hits, not on the formal or stylistic appearance of the techniques. No matter the perfection in execution of a technique, it will not score unless it visibly affects the opponent. In the same manner, if a technique does show a visible effect, it does not matter if it is executed in a manner regarded as inferior.


title: Full contact karate

text: Common, minor variations to the basic-knockdown rules include Ashihara Karate and Enshin Karate knockdown rules that allow one-handed grabbing in order to execute throws to score points.


title: Full contact karate

text: Many other variations exist, some so extensive that they can no longer be classified as knockdown rules, and several other branches of full-contact karate (typically included in the "gloved", "MMA inspired" and "others" groups) originate as such a variation of the Knockdown karate rules.


title: Full contact karate

text: Although this sport format originated with the Kyokushin karate organization, it has spread until now and it's used by many karate styles and organizations. Karate styles embracing these rules are often called "knockdown karate" styles, and these include both organizations that originated from Kyokushin, such as Shidōkan Karate, Ashihara Karate, Enshin Karate, Shindenkai and Seidokaikan (the style that originated the K-1), as well as styles that originated independently from Kyokushin such as Ryukyukan from Okinawa and Muso-Kai karate. (Muso-Kai started with Shorin Ryu, Knockdown styles were a huge influence later)


title: Full contact karate

text: Though severely divided by rivaling styles and organizations (several of which use their own minor variations of the basic rules), and lacking a unifying sport organization, the sport of knockdown karate today is common all over the world.


title: Full contact karate

text: Despite the lack of a unifying sport organization to hold unifying championships (and the friction between the different styles and organizations), there is a long tradition in most knockdown karate organizations to hold special open-tournament knockdown karate events, where fighters from any knockdown karate (or any other) style and organization are welcome to participate.


title: Full contact karate

text: A second full contact karate competition format is "American full contact karate" which was developed in USA during early 70s by borrowing rules, settings and gloves from western boxing, and adapting it. It is continuous fighting, where the bout is not broken for scoring, but point scores are summed up at the end of the bout. Protective equipment used is boxing gloves and often foot-pads, shin pads, and amateur boxing helmets.


title: Full contact karate

text: It had its origin when Joe Lewis, a traditional Shorin Ryu black belt, was disappointed with scoring in point karate and wanted to prove martial artists could fight to a knockout. For his role in promoting and organizing the first full contact bout, Joe Lewis is considered the father of American full contact karate and full contact kickboxing, both important predecessor to modern-day mixed martial arts fighting.


title: Full contact karate

text: American full contact karate is closely related to American kickboxing, and it is often difficult to separate the two sports. As a guideline, both do not allow kicks below the waistline, or the use of knees or elbows.


title: Full contact karate

text: One more recent system of full contact karate that has gained in popularity is "Gloved karate" or "Glove karate". Sometimes called "Shin-karate"/"Shinkarate" (or "new" karate, in a partial translation) depending on sport organization and promoter -with the largest sport organizations being "Shinkaratedo renmei" and "All Japan Glove Karate Federation" This system originates in Japan where it has become a popular amateur sport for karate fighters wishing to enter professional kickboxing. Outside Japan it has gained some momentum in Europe, but is still very small compared to other forms of karate.


title: Full contact karate

text: The rules are based on the "knockdown karate" rules explained above, but modified to use boxing gloves and allow punches to the face, although it may be argued that it is unclear where this karate competition format ends and kickboxing begins. This is especially true since many gloved karate fighters seamlessly go on from their amateur gloved karate career to professional kickboxing careers. Many Japanese gloved karate fighters have in recent years become well known as pro-kickboxers, and many of the most successful Japanese kickboxers in K-1, such as Kozo Takeda, Yoshihiro Sato, Yasuhiro Kido, Hinata, Yuya Yamamoto, originated in gloved karate.


title: Full contact karate

text: Still another form of full contact karate is Bogu kumite, which is most often associated with a few traditional Okinawan styles of karate like Chito-ryu, Isshin-ryu, Shorinji-ryu and Nippon Kempo. This format of continuous competition uses heavy protective padding to avoid injuries. In the beginning, this protective padding was based on the helmet and armor of Japanese kendo with gloves to protect the knuckles from the helmet's steel bars, although in modern days more specific padding has been developed. While allowing knockout as winning criterion, the protective equipment reduces the chances for it, and points are usually scored for clean techniques and techniques knocking the opponent off his feet. Nippon Kempo also allows grappling.


title: Full contact karate

text: Nevertheless, compared to most other major full contact karate sports, Bogu Kumite is still very small.


title: Full contact karate

text: One format of full contact karate competition is full contact point karate. It is similar to non full contact competition karate; the only difference from light contact and semi contact karate bouts is that if the opponent is knocked out, it is a win instead of a disqualification for excessive contact. Points are scored for clean hits to the specified target zones, and unless there is an evident knockout or knockdown, the referee breaks the bout after each exchange to score the hits. The blows are delivered with full contact, although gloves, foot-pads, and in some cases body padding, are worn. This form of full contact karate competition is mainly found in North America, where it originated, although it has a minor following in Europe. It is also similar to the competition format used in full contact Shotokan, Taekwondo, and the sport karate competitions using this format often blur the line between these two related arts.


title: Full contact karate

text: In 2018, a new professional league was launched with a new full contact rule set, called Karate Combat. The rules were developed by Hungarian karateka Adam Kovacs and allow full contact, with gloves, knockouts, and no grappling. Fighters who have joined the league include Rafael Aghayev of Azerbaijan, Davy Dona of France, Josh Quayhagen of Lake Charles, LA, and Achraf Ouchen of Morocco.


title: Full contact karate

text: Bas Rutten, the UFC Hall of Famer and actor on CBS's Kevin Can Wait, is part of the organization and has served as commentator for events in Budapest, Miami, Athens, Hollywood and New York City. The New York City event was held at the top of One World Trade, the first sporting event ever held there. UFC star Chuck Liddell has acted as an ambassador for the league.


title: Full contact karate

text: The rules of this contest is punches, kicks to the calf (not thigh) and to the head and body, as well as knee strikes. If a fighter gets knocked down the opponent can punch them on the ground for 5 seconds before the referee stops the fight or stand them back up.


title: Full contact karate

text: In December 2019, the league announced an extended schedule of fight events for the year around the world with an event in Kyoto, Japan, planned for the Spring. The Kyoto fight was cancelled and the promotion held two events that year, one in Orlando, Florida and one in Hollywood with guest announcer Danny Trejo. In April 2020, the league announced a new plan that would hold all of a season's fights in one location and use CGI to add the exotic atmosphere; the plan was partially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Full contact karate

text: Hybrid fighting karate is a form of full contact karate allows the use of both striking (Karate) and grappling (Judo / Jujutsu) techniques, both standing and on the ground.


title: Full contact karate

text: In 1981, Grandmaster Takashi Azuma created "Karatedo Daido Juku" in Sendai city, Miyagi prefecture. Daido Juku introduced "Kakuto Karate (Combat Karate)" a safe, practical and popular form of tournament karate using the face protector and allowing attacks to the head level attack, throws and grabs. Since then joint locks and chokes were included. Ever since, Daido Juku became a leading organization in the mixed martial arts boom in Japan. Daido Juku competition format, Kudo, allows any strike (including headbutts and groin kicks), throws and limited time grappling on the ground.


title: Full contact karate

text: Other groups combining traditional karate striking with grappling are Nihon zendokai with their "Vale Tudo Karate" and Kyokushin Budokai with their "allround fighting" rules, as well as a multitude of lesser known minor rule systems. Another hybrid karate style is Seireikai Karate, founded by a Kyokushin and Oyama Karate practitioner. The style is primarily Kyokushin and Oyama Karate striking techniques, combined with the throws and grappling of Judo. The characteristics of this modified kyokushin fighting style relies on punch counters, multi-range kicking, throws and take-downs, and joint locks. Another hybrid Full Contact Karate form is Ashigaru-Ryu founded by Sensei Bob Peppels in the Netherlands.


title: Full contact karate

text: Another type of Karate Hybrid fighting style is karate Zendokai. This type of karate is based on striking and grappling techniques.


title: Full contact karate

text: Other sport rules, including versions allowing full contact bare knuckle strikes to the unprotected head, exists, but tend to be small and obscure compared to the above listed major formats. These rules tend to be restricted to a single small style organization or even individual sport event promotions.


title: Full contact karate

text: Examples of minor full contact rules system are the Irikumi Go as used by some Gōjū-ryū organizations (most notably the International Okinawan Gōjū-ryū Karate-dō Federation and the Jundokan Goju-Ryu organization), and the rules of Mumonkai Karate. Kyokushinkan shinken shobu uses a variation of knockdown karate using thin gloves, and allows headpunches, clinching and throws. Irikumi Go is a traditional continuous fighting using full contact, gloves and face-punches, used in Gojuryu karate. Mumonkai use rules similar to knockdown karate, but modified to allow head-punches with protective headgear and thin gloves.


title: Full contact karate

text: In France, a full contact karate promotion called pro fight karate, has been formed for professional karate with MMA style gloves, clinching and limited grappling.


title: Full contact karate

text: An example of full contact karate rules unique to a single promotion is the now defunct Chaos Madmax special event in Japan, arranged by the FSA Kenshinkan style organization. Here fighters fight without gloves or protective equipment, and head-punches allowed.


title: ÖBB

text: The Austrian Federal Railways (, formally ' (lit. "Austrian Federal Railways Holding Stock Company") and formerly the or BBÖ"), now commonly known as ÖBB"', is the national railway system of Austria, and the administrator of Liechtenstein's railways. The ÖBB group is owned entirely by the Republic of Austria and is divided into several separate businesses that manage the infrastructure and operate passenger and freight services.


title: ÖBB

text: The Austrian Federal Railways has had two discrete periods of existence. It was first formed in 1923, using the "Bundesbahn Österreich" name, as a successor to the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways (kkStB), but was incorporated into the "Deutsche Reichsbahn" during the 1938–1945 Anschluss. It was reformed in 1947, under the slightly different name "Österreichische Bundesbahnen", and remains in existence in this form.


title: ÖBB

text: Major changes currently being made to the Austrian railway network are the construction of the Koralm Railway, the Semmering Base Tunnel and the Brenner Base Tunnel connection with Italy.


title: ÖBB

text: Eurobarometer surveys conducted in 2018 showed that satisfaction levels of Austrian rail passengers are among the highest in the European Union when it comes to punctuality, reliability and frequency of trains. Furthermore, with their "NightJet" brand ÖBB operates Europe's largest night train fleet.


title: ÖBB

text: Unlike other major railway companies in Europe that offer more flexible cancellation policies, "ÖBB" only offers two types of tickets: non-exchangeable/non-refundable tickets versus full price tickets.


title: ÖBB

text: The Austrian rail system is largely electrified. Electrification of the system began in 1912 but did not reach an advanced state until the 1950s. The last steam locomotive in regular service on the standard gauge network was retired in 1978.


title: ÖBB

text: By a law of August 2009, the organisational structure dating from 2005 was further modified; the railways are under the control of "ÖBB-Holding AG", a holding company wholly owned by the Austrian state, under the Ministry of Transport.:


title: ÖBB

text: The infrastructure of the state-owned Austrian network is managed by ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG, which was formed from former infrastructure-related units including Brenner Eisenbahn GmbH. It now manages 9,740 km of track, 788 signal boxes, 247 tunnels, 6,207 bridges and eight hydro-electric power (hep) stations for the 16.7 Hz electrification system, and two hep stations for 50 Hz power generation.


title: ÖBB

text: According to the Annual Report 2013, the company employs 39,513, there of 13,599 employees, 24,251 tenured employees and 1,663 apprentices. In 2013, ÖBB-Personenverkehr AG carried 469 million passengers of which 235 million were bus passengers.