title: San Diego Trolley

text: Fourteen of the Trolley system's stations operate as transfer stations, which allow passengers to transfer between lines. There is one universal transfer point (i.e. allowing for transfers among all four lines) in the system in downtown San Diego: the 12th & Imperial Transit Center station. The adjacent Santa Fe Depot/America Plaza/Courthouse stations, which are within walking distance of each other, also allow for transfer among the four lines. Six Trolley stations are end-of-line stations. Of the 53 San Diego Trolley stations, 37 stations are within the city limits of San Diego, serving various neighborhoods in San Diego; the other 16 stations are located in the cities of Chula Vista, El Cajon, La Mesa, Lemon Grove, National City, and Santee.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: Most of the stations in the San Diego Trolley system are 'at-grade' stations. There are 8 aerial stations, mostly on the newer Green Line. There is just one Trolley station in the system that is underground – the SDSU Transit Center station – also on the Green Line.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: About half of San Diego Trolley stations offer free park and ride lots. Most Trolley stations offer connections to MTS bus lines.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: The San Diego Trolley's three main lines operate regular service between 5 am and midnight, seven days a week. Limited service on particular segments is provided before 5 am and after midnight. However, there is no rail service between 2 am and 3:30 am. During these hours when there is no passenger service, freight trains of the San Diego and Imperial Valley Railroad operate on the trolley's right of way.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: Service on the Blue Line operates every 15 minutes, seven days a week, with service every 7.5 minutes during weekday rush-hours; late-night service on this line runs every 30 minutes. The Green and Orange Lines operate service every 15 minutes on Monday–Saturday mid-days, but every 30 minutes on weekend mornings, on Sundays, and during evenings.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: The San Diego Trolley operates on a proof-of-payment system. Passengers must have proof of fare (ticket or pass) before boarding. Self-serve ticket-vending machines located at each station sell one-way paper tickets and passes (one day and monthly) on the Pronto Card.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: Roving transit enforcement personnel conduct random ticket inspections throughout the system. If customers are caught without a valid fare, they may be fined. Based on frequent security inspections, nearly 98% of the 37 million patrons have proper fares.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: One-way fares are good for up to two hours from the time of purchase. The fare does include a transfer to other routes, as long as it is within two hours from the time of purchase.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: One-day and monthly passes are sold on the Pronto Card, which costs $2. Passes allow passengers to transfer a number of different transit systems within San Diego County including the San Diego Trolley, MTS Bus, MTS Rapid buses, NCTD Breeze buses, and the NCTD Sprinter (a light rail line in North San Diego County). More expensive premium passes include access to the NCTD Coaster commuter rail line, MTS Rapid Express, and MTS Rural buses.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: Pronto cards are linked to an account which can store value to be used at any time. The Pronto card uses the "best fare," which is similar to pay-as-you-go. The card will automatically deduct a one-way fare each time it is tapped, and will cap the total fare deducted in a day to the limit of a Day Pass, which is $6. Pronto will also cap the total monthly fare to the same price as a Month Pass, which is $72.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: The Pronto card must be tapped on a Pronto Card validator (located just outside the paid area of stations), or the QR code must be scanned from within the Pronto App when entering and transferring within the system in order to be validated.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: As of the Fourth Quarter (Q4) of 2013, the average weekday ridership on the San Diego Trolley system was 119,800, making it the fourth busiest Light rail system in the United States. Taking overall track length into consideration, the San Diego Trolley transported 2,239 daily passengers per route mile in Q4 2014, making it the twelfth busiest Light rail system on a per mile basis over this time period. Weekday ridership on the Trolley has been relatively high since Q3 2013 (see table at right).


title: San Diego Trolley

text: In all of 2014, the San Diego Trolley provided 39,731,900 unlinked passenger transits according to the American Public Transportation Association (APTA). MTS reported that there were 39,694,197 trips on the Trolley in Fiscal Year 2014 (FY 2014), a 34% increase over Fiscal Year 2013. Of the Trolley's three lines, the Blue Line has the system's highest ridership with 15,094,878 riders during FY 2014, followed by the Green Line with 13,673,926 FY 2014 riders, and the Orange Line with 10,896,289 FY 2014 riders. The Silver Line, operating only mid-days just four days a week (and with some service interruptions during the year), carried 29,104 passengers around the downtown loop in FY2014.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: According to figures from APTA, previous to 2014, the San Diego Trolley achieved the highest level of ridership in 2007, when there were 36,386,100 unlinked passenger transits on the system over that entire year. The Trolley system's highest average weekday ridership of 124,300 was achieved in Q3 2007 – this corresponded to 2,323 passengers per route mile daily.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: MTS began work in March 2011 on a study to evaluate the feasibility of reconnecting Balboa Park, the San Diego Zoo and Downtown San Diego through a fixed-guideway, electrified streetcar line – the final study on the subject was published in October 2012.<ref name="MTS City/Park Streetcar Feasibility Study"></ref> The project study corridor runs between the City College Trolley Station area, and Balboa Park in the vicinity of the San Diego Zoo. An alignment similar to the proposed one was last served by a streetcar system in 1949 on lines 7 (Park Boulevard-University Avenue to East San Diego) & 11 (Park Boulevard-Adams Avenue to Kensington). The Committee evaluated what types of streetcars to use for this proposed line, the possible options including the recently ordered 57 Ultra Short 2011 S70s in the "Modern Streetcar" category, and the restored PCC Streetcars from the Downtown Silver Line in the "Vintage Streetcar" category. The major construction issue was how to cross I-5 without having to reconstruct the entire bridge. The estimated cost for construction of this line was $68.2 million, with each trolley car estimated to cost between $850,000 (for a restored PCC trolley car) to $3.6 million (for a modern trolley car). Four cars are anticipated for service on this line. No funding sources were identified. No further action on this proposal has taken place since the October 2012 release of the study.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: One of the biggest gaps in the San Diego Trolley system is the lack of a connection to the San Diego International Airport. The MTS says the extension presents engineering challenges and would be costly, but the agency's polls and outreach show the extension is one of the most desired projects among the public. Over the years there have been several proposals, with the most serious coming as part of the proposed "Elevate SD 2020" transit tax. That project would have created a new line that connected the airport to both the 12th & Imperial Transit Center and the Old Town Transit Center with a wye spur between the Middletown and Little Italy stations. In April 2020, MTS decided not to pursue the transit tax ballot initiative. However, an extension of the trolley to the airport is included as an alternative proposal as part of SANDAG's Central Mobility Hub project for the airport, which is in the Draft Environmental Impact Report phase .


title: San Diego Trolley

text: Connecting service between The Trolley and the airport is provided by local bus Route 992 that serves the Santa Fe Depot/America Plaza transit area. A secondary service is the airport's rental car shuttle, which has a stop on its route between the terminal and the rental car center that is a block from the Middletown trolley station.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: The Purple Line is a proposed San Diego Trolley line that would run from San Ysidro Transit Center at the United States–Mexico border to Kearny Mesa with a possible extension to Carmel Valley. It would run along, or close to I-805 and I-15.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: In April 2011, the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) released a draft of its 2050 Regional Transportation Plan, which was approved by the SANDAG Board of Directors on October 28, 2011. An inland Trolley line from San Ysidro to Kearny Mesa, though not yet called the Purple Line, was included in the plan.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: In 2016, SANDAG had a measure on the ballot to fund development of the Purple Line. It failed to pass.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: In April 2019, the MTS again included the Purple Line in a final version of a November ballot initiative to increase the countywide sales tax by a half-cent to fund future transit plans. In April 2020, MTS decided not to pursue the transit tax ballot initiative.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: The San Diego Trolley operates on all its main lines with an all-Siemens fleet of light-rail vehicles (LRVs). It also runs 2 "heritage" PCC street cars on the Silver Line, a downtown-only circuit on a select schedule.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: When the system opened in 1981, the agency purchased a fleet of 71 high-floor Siemens–Duewag U2 vehicles, originally designed for and used by the Frankfurt U-Bahn. At the time, no purpose-built LRVs were being manufactured for the North American market, so the model was adapted for use by San Diego and other transit systems in Canada. The vehicles were built in West Germany, with some assistance from a Siemens facility in Florin, California, a suburb of Sacramento. These cars were withdrawn from service between 2010 and 2015. Eleven of the U2 cars were sold to the new Metrotranvía Mendoza in Mendoza, Argentina in 2010, 29 were retired after the Orange Line was converted in early 2013, and the rest were retired after the Blue Line was converted in January 2015. Six U2 cars have been preserved: car 1001 was retained by MTS for use on the Silver Line, cars 1003 and 1008 were donated to the Southern California Railway Museum, cars 1017 and 1018 were donated to the Western Railway Museum, and car 1019 was donated to the Rockhill Trolley Museum. Car 1035 was sold in late 2020 to the Memphis Area Transit Authority, which operates a vintage-trolley system and intends to use the LRV for testing of modern, higher-capacity vehicles on its Madison Avenue Line.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: In 1995, the San Diego Trolley purchased a fleet of 52 high-floor Siemens SD-100 vehicles, an evolution of the U2, but redesigned for the North American market. Starting with this order, all of San Diego's future LRVs would be built in California at the Florin factory.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: Starting in 2005, San Diego started shifting to a low-floor fleet. The design of the Siemens S70 vehicles required that stations be designed with slightly higher platforms, so the 11 car fleet could only operate on the newly constructed Green Line. The other limitation of the S70 fleet was that they were about longer than the SD-100 vehicles, which would make three-car trains longer than a single block in Downtown San Diego.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: In 2009, San Diego ordered a fleet of 65 specialized Siemens S70 US ("Ultra Short") vehicles, which retain the low-floor design but would be the same length as the SD-100 vehicles.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: In 2016, San Diego ordered an additional 45 specialized LRVs, this time the Siemens S700 US, which has a redesigned center section, with longitudinal seating (passengers facing the aisle) instead of the S70's more traditional seating with passengers sitting four-across, facing forward or back, with an aisle in between. This change, was made to eliminate a seating layout that had been criticized as cramped and ease the movement of passengers within that section. The San Diego Trolley ordered an additional 25 S700 US vehicles in 2019, scheduled for delivery by the end of 2021.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: Below are the technical specifications of the system's five different fleet series of light rail vehicles:.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: In addition to the aforementioned vehicles, two heritage Presidents Conference Committee (PCC) streetcars from 1946 operate on the Silver Line.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: An order was placed in mid-2019 for 25 more S700 light rail vehicles, in addition to the 45 S700s ordered in 2016 and delivered in 2018–2020.


title: San Diego Trolley

text: Below are the floor plans of the system's five different models of light rail vehicle, comparing the various sizes and interior layouts:


title: Froggy Fresh

text: Tyler Stephen Cassidy, also known as Froggy Fresh (and previously Krispy Kreme), is an American singer, songwriter, and rapper. Cassidy became known after the comedy rap music video for his song, "The Baddest", became popular on YouTube. He continued rapping until 2018, when Cassidy stepped away from his Froggy Fresh character and began a career as a singer under his real name. As of May 2022, Cassidy's "FroggyFreshRap" YouTube channel has over 780 thousand subscribers and 160 million video views, while his "Tyler Cassidy Music" channel has over 345 thousand subscribers and 33 million video views.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: Krispy Kreme uploaded the music video "The Baddest" on April 20, 2012, which quickly became popular. The video featured Krispy with a "Southern speaking" accent. The video was featured on several websites such as The Huffington Post, and others. The video for "The Baddest" had a huge spike in views after Ray William Johnson featured the video on an episode of "Equals Three" on May 8, 2012. Later on May 18, 2012 Andy Milonakis reviewed the follow-up single, "Haters Wanna Be Me", on "Equals Three" during Johnson's temporary absence from the show. The video's original upload earned over 11 million views.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: After gaining popularity on the Internet, there was an intrigue behind the real identity of Krispy Kreme. Prior to explicitly revealing his identity, the only identifier behind the Krispy Kreme (later Froggy Fresh) character was the registration of his songs in the ISWC database, with "Tyler Stephen Cassidy" tagged as the composer and author. Additionally, the business entity that runs Froggy's merchandise site, Froggy Fresh LLC, was established by a "Tyler Cassidy" with the title of "Owner" with the Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: Krispy Kreme would go on to release subsequent videos, all of which would become popular, and be featured on several websites such as CollegeHumor.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: On May 14, 2012, Krispy Kreme released his follow up single, "Haters Wanna Be Me", which also quickly became popular. "Haters Wanna Be Me" was ranked as the No. 20 best music video of 2012, so far, by "Complex". On May 31, 2012, Kreme released another song, "Best Friends", a more serious rap than the previous two, with the lyrics focusing on his friendship with Money Maker Mike and referencing the influential rapper Tupac Shakur towards the end of the song. On June 3, 2012, Kreme gave a motivational speech to his fans about chasing their dreams and openly wept throughout the video. On June 15, 2012, Kreme released his fourth song, "Girl Work It". On June 23, 2012, a new video appeared where Kreme addressed his haters. Krispy Kreme uploaded a fifth song on July 6, 2012 titled "Stolen Bikes", a song which he uploaded a preview for as well. Only four days later on July 10, 2012, Krispy Kreme released a sixth single titled "Coolest Guys". A seventh song, titled "The Fight", was uploaded on August 24, 2012. Afterwards, on September 14, he released a song called "Denzel Washington", praising the actor.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: On October 2, 2012, Froggy Fresh (then still using the "Krispy Kreme" moniker) was interviewed on "Tosh.0" as part of the "Web Redemption" segment. He also debuted a song featuring Daniel Tosh after the interview. Later in October, he also released "Halloween".


title: Froggy Fresh

text: In November 2012, Krispy Kreme was featured in a "Mashable" article that listed fifteen people made famous by the internet. His eleventh song, titled "Christmas", was released on November 21, 2012. Several of Froggy's music videos feature a recurring antagonist, James.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: On December 3, 2012, Froggy Fresh stated on his YouTube channel that his father received a call from the Krispy Kreme doughnut company telling him that his name was trademark infringement. He also stated that he could not use any variation of the words 'Krispy' or 'Kreme' without facing legal problems. Froggy Fresh (still "Krispy Kreme" at the time) announced that he would be changing his rap name to one of the following, depending on viewer comments: Froggy Fresh, Candy Cane, Jelly Bean, Jelly Bean Jack, Lil Kuntry or White Chocolate. On December 18, 2012, Kreme officially announced that he changed his name to Froggy Fresh. Prior to changing his name to Froggy Fresh, the rapper was originally going to change his name to Jelly Bean Jack.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: In December 2012, Froggy Fresh released his debut album, "Money Maker (Reloaded)" on the iTunes Store. The album featured new songs in addition to existing ones already on his YouTube channel. He also announced he was going to release the music videos for the three previously unreleased songs from the album, "ER", "Mike's Mom", and "Same Old Kid". On January 9, 2013, the music video for "Same Old Kid", the rapper's first song under the name Froggy Fresh, was released. Froggy Fresh received praise for "Same Old Kid", as Barstool Sports stated "It's one thing to outlive your 15 minutes, it's quite another to change your name, content, and brand and still remain relevant." On January 26, 2013, "Money Maker (Re-Loaded)", debuted and peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Comedy Album chart.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: Froggy Fresh deleted all his music videos that featured the moniker "Krispy Kreme", before re-posting the videos on February 15, switching "Krispy Kreme" to "Froggy Fresh". In February 2013, Froggy released an announcement video that also included a freestyle. The music video for "Mike's Mom" was released on March 4, 2013. In March 2013, John Cena spoke about Froggy Fresh, during an interview, praising the rapper.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: On May 21, 2013, Froggy Fresh released the single, "Dunked On", which Froggy previously revealed would appear on his second album. On September 16, 2013, Froggy Fresh uploaded an Instagram picture of him and Mike wearing NFL-themed sweaters, with the caption "Me and mike doing a new video."


title: Froggy Fresh

text: On January 18, 2014, Froggy reiterated that he was working on his second album, tweeting that it would likely be released in the summer of 2014. Later in February, Froggy announced he would be starting to upload new music videos in May 2014, which began with the May 6 release of "Stolen Bikes 2", a revisit of one of his earlier hits, "Stolen Bikes". On June 19, Froggy released the music video for "Street Rangers", a song making references to the Power Rangers and Predator.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: The album, confirmed to be titled "Dream Team", was released in October 2014, on iTunes. On October 8, 2014, Froggy Fresh released a trailer for his second album, which featured scenes from unreleased music videos of songs in the album. The album featured 12 songs, including the already released tracks, "Dunked On", "Stolen Bikes 2", and "Street Rangers". The album included seven other original songs, titled, "Halloween II", "Reindeer Games", "Friday the 13th", "Fun Trip", "Push Me", "You Gon Get There", and "Go Kart Love". The remaining two tracks were remixes, with one being of "Halloween II", and the other of "Push Me".


title: Froggy Fresh

text: Shortly after the album was released, Froggy continued music videos for the album's tracks, moving along with "Halloween II". After subsequently releasing music videos for "Reindeer Games", "Friday the 13th", and "Fun Trip", Froggy released a non-album single, as well as its music video, titled "Jimmy Butler Is Your Father". The song's lyrics center on praising Chicago Bulls basketball player Jimmy Butler, as well as the entire Bulls franchise, and extend their focus to insult the Cleveland Cavaliers, and their star small forward, LeBron James. Froggy would release the track and music video on May 9, 2015, one day after the Chicago Bulls defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in the third game of their Eastern Conference Semi-finals series. However, the Bulls would lose their following game and end up losing their best of seven series against the Cavaliers. Froggy then released five other singles over the next few months: "Street Rangers 2", a sequel to the first Street Rangers song; "Nightmare on My Street", a spiritual successor to the first two Halloween songs; "Zombie in my Basement", in which Froggy Fresh plays board games against a slow-witted zombie; "Good Guy Shoes", in which Fresh is possessed by the titular footwear in a manner similar to Chucky from the "Child's Play" series, and "Stolen Bikes 3", the supposed end to the Stolen Bike series of songs.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: In September 2016, Froggy Fresh pinned a comment across many of his videos, addressing the fan-expressed concern of a lack of videos since "Stolen Bikes 3", released five months prior. The comment stated that, while no releases were scheduled for Fall 2016 through Spring 2017, they did plan to release 13–15 new videos between Summer 2017 and 2020, as part of a double-disk album tentatively known as "Escape from Hood Mountain". The comment went on to state that "Escape from Hood Mountain" will "probably be the last album for our project, as we are all starting to grow up."


title: Froggy Fresh

text: On February 21, 2017, Cassidy uploaded a video on YouTube, which has since been removed from his channel, explaining the story behind the Krispy Kreme/Froggy Fresh project. In the 23-minute video, Cassidy revealed that Froggy Fresh was indeed a comedic character created after years of struggling to gain attention as a serious rap artist. Despite stating that he truly enjoyed the five years of making videos, Cassidy revealed that it eventually became boring for him and that the friends who populated his videos had gone in different directions in their respective lives. He also expressed his interest in becoming a comedic actor. Despite this statement, Froggy Fresh announced his first tour with the inaugural show held April 28, 2017 in Charlotte, North Carolina with DJ Justin Aswell. Subsequent shows in June 2017 took place in the Southeastern United States and featured Froggy Fresh alongside Money Maker Mike. Future tour dates for other areas in the U.S. were announced up to October 2017.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: On February 15, 2018, Cassidy uploaded a new update video on YouTube. He stated that "Escape from Hood Mountain" had been completed with eighteen tracks. He uploaded the entire album for free for fans to download online.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: After releasing "Escape from Hood Mountain" and going on a tour, Cassidy dropped the Froggy Fresh character and persona; he additionally stopped posting to the Froggy Fresh YouTube account. Cassidy began uploading his new music onto an eponymous YouTube account that was registered in January 2018. He would go on to upload original and cover songs on the channel. Shortly thereafter, Cassidy once again became popular on the Internet, as his original "Junkie" song attracted attention on the Reddit r/videos subreddit forum. His piano balladry was particularly noted by "The Daily Dot" in August 2018.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: In June 2019, "Creative Loafing" wrote, "with soft piano melodies and honestly pretty offensive lyrics, Cassidy’s internet presence today walks a drunk line between music, comedy and cringe." In October, Cassidy released a non-album track titled "Amber Guyger", named after and criticizing the police officer found guilty of murdering Botham Jean. On October 30, 2019, Cassidy released "Renee", his first post-Froggy Fresh album. The album covers themes including Cassidy's relationship with his mother, his childhood, and personal issues.


title: Froggy Fresh

text: On June 19, 2022, Cassidy uploaded a video on the "FroggyFreshRap" YouTube channel titled "Froggy Fresh Basement Promo". In the video, Cassidy announced the launch of the "Froggy Fresh Basement" podcast, as well as his intentions to create new music videos for his main channel.


title: L.U.C.A.: The Beginning

text: L.U.C.A.: The Beginning (Hangul: 루카: 더 비기닝; RR: "Ruka: Deo Bigining") is a South Korean television series starring Kim Rae-won and Lee Da-hee. It aired on tvN from February 1 to March 9, 2021.


title: L.U.C.A.: The Beginning

text: Zi O (Kim Rae-won) has a special power and a secret, but he doesn't know who he really is. He is chased by mysterious figures, while he tries to find answers to numerous questions that surround him.


title: L.U.C.A.: The Beginning

text: Ha Neul-ae-goo-reum (Lee Da-hee) is a detective. When she decides on a course of action, she won't change no matter what. Her parents disappeared when she was only a young child. Goo-reum chases after the truth behind her parents' disappearance. She meets Zi O and her life changes.


title: Chief of Space Operations

text: The chief of space operations (CSO) is the service chief of the United States Space Force. The CSO is the principal military adviser to the secretary of the Air Force for Space Force operations and, as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a military adviser to the National Security Council, the secretary of defense, and the president. The CSO is a statutory office held by a Space Force general, who is typically the highest-ranking officer on active duty in the Space Force.


title: Chief of Space Operations

text: The CSO is an administrative position based in the Pentagon, and while they do not have operational command authority over Space Force forces, the chief of space operations does exercise supervision of Space Force units and organizations as the designee of the secretary of the Air Force.


title: Chief of Space Operations

text: The chief of space operations is nominated for appointment by the president, for a four-year term of office, and must be confirmed by the Senate. The chief can be reappointed to serve one additional term, but only during times of war or national emergency declared by Congress. By statute, the chief is appointed as a four-star general.


title: Chief of Space Operations

text: Under the authority, direction and control of the secretary of the Air Force, the chief of space operations presides over the Space Staff, acts as the secretary's executive agent in carrying out approved plans, and exercises supervision over organizations and members of the Space Force as determined by the secretary. The chief of space operations may also perform other duties as assigned by either the president, the secretary of defense or the secretary of the Air Force.


title: Chief of Space Operations

text: The chief of space operations became a statutory member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 20 December 2020. When performing duties as a member of the Joint Chiefs, the chief of space operations is responsible directly to the secretary of defense. Like the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the CSO is an administrative position, with no operational command authority over Space Force forces.


title: Chief of Space Operations

text: The post of chief of space operations was created on 20 December 2019, along with the United States Space Force, with the signing of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020. General John W. Raymond, the commander of US Space Command and Air Force Space Command, was announced as the first chief of space operations on that same day. On 14 January 2020, Raymond was sworn in as the first chief of space operations by Vice President Mike Pence.


title: Chief of Space Operations

text: On 20 December 2020, the CSO officially became the 8th member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Raymond was inducted to the body in a ceremony on 11 December 2020.


title: Chief of Space Operations

text: The Office of the Chief of Space Operations, or more commonly referred to as the Space Staff, is the headquarters for the Space Force. It is responsible for organizing, training, and equipping of the Space Force cooperating with the Air Staff on support issues. It is headed by the chief of space operations and the vice chief of space operations, both four-star generals, and the chief master sergeant of the Space Force. There is also a director of staff who oversees the staff action group, protocol, information technology and administration, resources, and total force integration groups. The chief of space operations also has four deputy chiefs of space operations.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: Visual release hallucinations, also known as Charles Bonnet syndrome or CBS, are a type of psychophysical visual disturbance in which a person with partial or severe blindness experiences visual hallucinations.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: First described by Charles Bonnet in 1760,<ref name="Vukicevic/Fitzmaurice"></ref> the term "Charles Bonnet syndrome" was first introduced into English-speaking psychiatry in 1982. A related type of hallucination that also occurs with lack of visual input is the closed-eye hallucination.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: People with significant vision loss may have vivid recurrent visual hallucinations (fictive visual percepts). One characteristic of these hallucinations is that they usually are "lilliputian" (hallucinations in which the characters or objects are smaller than normal). Depending on the content, visual hallucinations can be classified as either simple or complex. Simple visual hallucinations are commonly characterized by shapes, photopsias, and grid-like patterns. Complex visual hallucinations consist of highly detailed representations of people and objects. The most common hallucination is of faces or cartoons. Sufferers understand that the hallucinations are not real, and the hallucinations are only visual, that is, they do not occur in any other senses (such as hearing, smell or taste).<ref name="Mogk/Riddering/Dahl/Bruce/Brafford"></ref> Visual hallucinations generally appear when the eyes are open, fading once the visual gaze shifts. It is widely claimed that sensory deprivation is instrumental in the progression of CBS. During episodes of inactivity, hallucinations are more likely to occur. The majority of those suffering from CBS describe the duration of hallucinations to continue for up to a few minutes, multiple times a day or week.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: Even though people of all ages may be afflicted by Charles Bonnet syndrome, those within the age range of 70 to 80 are primarily affected. Among older adults (> 65 years) with significant vision loss, the prevalence of Charles Bonnet syndrome has been reported to be between 10% and 40%; a 2008 Australian study found the prevalence to be 17.5%. Two Asian studies, however, report a much lower prevalence. The high incidence of underreporting this disorder is the greatest hindrance to determining the exact prevalence. Underreporting is thought to be a result of sufferers being afraid to discuss the symptoms out of fear that they will be labeled of unsound mind.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: There is no general consensus on the definition of CBS. Predominant factors correlated with CBS are a decrease of visual acuity, visual field loss, and elderly age. While characteristic features of visual hallucinations are not specifically linked to the anatomical site of the ocular injury, they usually match to the location of visual loss. The most commonly accepted theory for Charles Bonnet Syndrome proposes that extreme visual impairment promotes sensory deafferentation, leading to disinhibition, thus resulting in sudden neural firings of the visual cortical regions. A few studies record that visual hallucinations are likely to be concentrated in the blind regions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of Charles Bonnet Syndrome patients displays a relationship between visual hallucinations and activity in the ventral occipital lobe. A connection between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and colored visual hallucinations has been presented. Color vision signals travel through the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), later transmitting down the color regions of the ventral visual pathway. Due to cone photoreceptor damage located in the macula, there is a significant reduction of visual input to the visual association cortex, stirring endogenous activation in the color areas and thus leading to colored hallucinations. Patients with CBS alongside macular degeneration exhibit hyperactivity in the color areas of the visual association cortex (as shown in fMRIs). Those who have significant ocular disease yet maintain visual acuity may still be susceptible to CBS.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: The Deep Boltzmann Machine (DBM) is a way of utilizing an undirected probabilistic process in a neural framework. Researchers argue that the DBM has the ability to model features of cortical learning, perception, and the visual cortex (the locus of visual hallucinations). Compelling evidence details the role homeostatic operations in the cortex play in regards to stabilizing neuronal activity. By using the DBM, researchers show that when sensory input is absent, neuron excitability is influenced, thus potentially triggering complex hallucinations.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: A short-term change in the levels of feedforward and feedback flows of information may intensely affect the presence of hallucinations. In periods of drowsiness, CBS related hallucinations are more prone to arise. Disrupting cortical homeostatic processes after vision has been lost may prevent or setback the emergence of hallucinations. At varying stages of the cortical grading, acetylcholine (ACh) may impact the balance of thalamic and intracortical inputs as well as the balance in between bottom-up and top-down. Particularly in CBS, a shortage of acetylcholine at cortical locations should correspond to the onset of hallucinations.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: A variety of disciplines including optometry, ophthalmology, geriatric medicine, psychiatry, and neurology play a part in securing the diagnosis of CBS. Since CBS is not commonly recognized by all clinicians, it oftentimes goes misdiagnosed and identified as psychosis, delirium, or dementia. As a result of this, it is estimated that almost 60% of CBS patients hesitate to notify their physicians. By focusing on the specific type of visual hallucination, one may find an accurate diagnosis. If a patient presents symptoms indicative of Charles Bonnet syndrome, basic laboratory examinations like metabolic panel and blood count tests, as well as neuroimaging, may aid in an accurate diagnosis.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: There is no treatment of proven effectiveness for CBS. For those experiencing CBS, knowing that they are suffering from this syndrome and not a mental illness seems to be the most comforting treatment so far, as it improves their ability to cope with the hallucinations. As time passes from the initial onset of visual hallucinations, studies show that around 60% of those living with CBS feel that visual hallucinations have no effect on their lives, 33% of people feel that the hallucinations are disruptive to their lives, and 7% of people even find pleasure in the hallucinations.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: A large proportion of those suffering from CBS develop the visual hallucinations as vision begins to deteriorate and stop hallucinating once vision is entirely gone. Complex hallucinations may progress over time if the primary loss of vision is due to damage of the early cortical areas. If activation of the early cortical areas is suppressed when CBS symptoms have already been exhibited, hallucinations may temporarily terminate. Also, interrupting vision for a short time by closing the eyes or blinking may be helpful.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: It is possible for a stressful life event to alter the disposition of hallucinatory experiences as well as the emotional experiences (from unconcerning to concerning) in CBS. As expressed in some patients, an interplay between CBS and an acute or post-traumatic stress disorder may exist. The role that trauma plays in CBS may affect how and when a hallucinatory episode is triggered.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: The disease was first noted by the Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet, who described the condition in 1760. He documented it in his 90-year-old grandfather who was nearly blind from cataracts in both eyes. After Bonnet’s grandfather received bilateral cataract surgery, his vision evolved from slightly better to complete deterioration over time. It was around this period that his visual hallucinations started. His hallucinations consisted of perceptions of men, women, birds, carriages, buildings, tapestries, physically impossible circumstances and scaffolding patterns. Even though his health was in good shape and he had an absence of any psychiatric disorders, the source of the hallucinations remained unknown. At forty years old, Charles Bonnet himself suffered from an unrevealed cause of severe vision loss and experienced the hallucinations.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: In 1936, Jean Lhermitte and Julian de Ajuriaguerra, concluded that visual hallucinations consist of thalamic lesions as well as ocular pathology.


title: Visual release hallucinations

text: In 1967, French-Swiss neurologist, Georges de Morsier, coined the term "Charles Bonnet Syndrome" in Bonnet's honor. De Morsier’s description of CBS implies a concentrated neurodegeneration, usually occurring in the elderly with typical cognition. In psychiatric literature, the most commonly accepted interpretation of CBS is that of Gold and Rabins’. In 1989, they detailed that the hallucinations associated with CBS are not affecting other sensory modalities. They believed that the visual hallucinations are oftentimes stereotyped, persistent, and/or repetitive in nature.


title: Nicole Perlman

text: Nicole Perlman (born December 10, 1981) is an American screenwriter, best known for co-writing the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014), and the story for Marvel's "Captain Marvel" (2019), and for "Pokémon Detective Pikachu" (2019).


title: Nicole Perlman

text: Perlman was born in Boulder, Colorado, the daughter of Penny and Michael Perlman, a physician. She was raised Jewish. She grew up in Boulder, where she attended Boulder High School.


title: Nicole Perlman

text: She studied film and dramatic writing at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, where she graduated with a BFA in 2003. She won the Tribeca Film Festival's Sloan Grant for Science in Film for her screenplay "Challenger".


title: Nicole Perlman

text: She was enrolled in Marvel's screenwriting program in 2009, during which time she was offered several of their lesser-known properties on which to base a screenplay. Out of those, Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning's "Guardians of the Galaxy", due to her interest in space and science fiction. "I can’t tell you what the other titles were that [Marvel] were offering up on the table, but I can tell you that one of them was a little bit more appropriate for me, just based on gender," she says. "I think they were a little taken aback when I chose "Guardians", because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic-comedy writer or something like that." Perlman spent two years writing a draft, immersing herself in the "Guardians" universe. In late 2011, Perlman was asked to create another draft, and in early 2012, American writer and director James Gunn was brought in to contribute to the script, and direct the film.


title: Nicole Perlman

text: Perlman made her directorial debut in 2018 with "The Slows," a short film which made its world premiere at Fantastic Fest and played at the New York Film Festival"." It is adapted from a short story by Gail Hareven first published in "The New Yorker". The film stars Annet Mahendru and Breeda Wool.


title: Nicole Perlman

text: She co-wrote an early script for the film "Pokémon Detective Pikachu", with "Gravity Falls" creator Alex Hirsch. Eventually, she received a "story by" credit with Benji Samit and Dan Hernandez, while Hirsch was not credited.


title: Nicole Perlman

text: In January 2016, Perlman announced that she is writing a sequel to "Labyrinth" alongside Fede Álvarez and Jay Basu. By October 2016, Warner Bros., Village Roadshow and Team Downey had put together a writers' room for the third of the Guy Ritchie "Sherlock Holmes" films, with Perlman, Justin Malen, Gary Whitta, Geneva Robertson-Dworet, and Kieran Fitzgerald included.


title: Stacy Warner

text: Stacy Warner is a fictional recurring character portrayed by Sela Ward on the Fox Broadcasting Company's medical drama "House". She was in a relationship with Dr. Gregory House (Hugh Laurie), when a clotted aneurysm in his right thigh led to an infarction during a game of golf, causing his quadriceps muscle to become necrotic. Regarding House's treatment, Stacy acted against House's wishes when he was put into a chemically induced coma. She authorized a safer surgical middle-ground procedure by removing just the dead muscle, leaving House with a lesser, but serious, level of pain for the rest of his life. House could not forgive her and they broke up. The two meet again, five years later, at the end of season one; Stacy wants House to treat her husband, Mark (Currie Graham). House correctly diagnoses Mark with acute intermittent porphyria, and so he has to remain at the hospital for close monitoring. Stacy becomes the hospital's lawyer, and she and House grow closer together. When she is ultimately willing to leave Mark for him, House tells her to go back to Mark, which devastates her and causes her and Mark to leave the city.


title: Stacy Warner

text: When the writers of the show wrote "Three Stories", the first episode in which Stacy appeared, the first name they came up with to play the character was Sela Ward. Although Ward was not initially interested in portraying Stacy, she changed her mind after watching tapes of the show. While she was originally hired to appear in only two episodes of the first season, the chemistry between Ward and Laurie was strong enough to have her appear in seven more second season episodes. She also appeared in the "House" finale "Everybody Dies". Stacy was received mostly positively by critics who considered her arc a "juicy subplot".


title: Stacy Warner

text: Although not much is revealed about Stacy's early life, it is said in "Acceptance" that she is a Duke University graduate. Presumably ten years before the events of "House", at a "Doctors vs. Lawyers" paintball game, she met Dr. Gregory House (Hugh Laurie) with whom she started a romantic relationship. Five years later, during a game of golf, House suffered an infarction in his right leg. He was admitted at the Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital, but went misdiagnosed for three days due to doctors' concerns that he was exhibiting drug-seeking behavior (House eventually diagnosed the infarction himself). An aneurysm in his thigh had clotted, leading to an infarction and causing his quadriceps muscle to become necrotic. House had the dead muscle bypassed in order to restore circulation to the remainder of his leg, risking organ failure and cardiac arrest. He was willing to endure excruciating post-operative pain to retain the use of his leg. After he was put into a chemically induced coma to sleep through the worst of the pain, Stacy, his medical proxy at the time, acted against his wishes and authorized a safer surgical middle-ground procedure between amputation and a bypass by removing just the dead muscle. This resulted in the partial loss of use in his leg, and left House with a lesser, but still serious, level of pain for the rest of his life. House could not forgive Stacy for making the decision, which caused their relationship to end.


title: Stacy Warner

text: Stacy goes to visit House again in "Three Stories", five years after their break up. She has married Mark Warner (Currie Graham), a high school guidance counselor. Stacy believes Mark is ill, and wants House to treat him. However, Mark does not believe anything is wrong with him. Similarly, the members of House's diagnostic team are not able to find any medical problems. After various failed attempts to diagnose Mark, House tests Mark’s urine for porphobilinogen. The test is positive, and Mark is diagnosed with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). He is therefore required to undergo "close monitoring" at the hospital for a while. Stacy makes a deal with Lisa Cuddy (Lisa Edelstein) to become the hospital's lawyer during Mark's stay. While there, she and House grow closer. In "Need to Know", they end up spending the night together. However, when Stacy admits that she is willing to leave Mark for House, House rejects her, stating that he cannot make her happy, because he cannot change. Stacy quits her job and returns to Short Hills, New Jersey, with Mark. She later appears in the series finale, "Everybody Dies", first as one of House's hallucinations and then again at House's funeral.


title: Stacy Warner

text: "House" creator David Shore says that Stacy is the "true love that got away.” She is "quick" and "witty", “the one character who is able to spar with House on a level playing field." Actress Sela Ward has described her character as a window into both House's vulnerability and his heart. House himself describes Stacy as "very convincing.” He is willing to believe Stacy’s word that Mark is ill despite Mark’s own denial. Many critics noted that Stacy's presence affected House's behavior. Diane Kristine of Blog Critics stated that, with Stacy, House was "almost nice.” Although Stacy tells House on several occasions that she loves Mark, she is still in love with House and was willing to have an affair with him. However, she admits that she finds House selfish whereas Mark leaves “room for [her]".


title: Stacy Warner

text: According to the producers of "House", Stacy was brought into the show to give viewers some insight into House’s character. The writers chose to start off Stacy's story arc "very subtly,” but to end it with a "big blowout.” Shore explained that he wanted Ward for the part because she was the first person the writing staff suggested, adding that she acts in a "simple" and "convincing way.“ Initially, Ward was not interested in taking the role because, after the cancellation of "Once and Again", she wanted to spend more time with her kids, which is why she had also turned down earlier roles on "" and "Desperate Housewives". However, she changed her mind after watching tapes of the show, because she realized that "House" "would be fun to be a part of".


title: Stacy Warner

text: In a 2005 "Entertainment Weekly" interview, Ward, who had never appeared in a medical show before, stated that when she was young, her mother was sick for over nine years and she spent a lot of time in hospitals. Because of this, she felt “at home” on the set of "House". Although Ward was initially only hired to appear in "Three Stories" and "Honeymoon,” the chemistry between Ward and "House" lead actor Hugh Laurie was strong enough for her to return for a multiple-episode arc in the second season. On working with Ward, Laurie commented: "we’re professionals who were lucky enough to be extremely well-equipped with a very sound, true script, the fact that Sela is immensely attractive and we got on well certainly is not an impediment." Though Ward expressed interest in returning to the show, Shore told "USA Today" in 2006 that, although he was eager to write her back in, there were "no specific plans" to bring Stacy back.


title: Stacy Warner

text: Initial responses to Stacy were mostly positive. "TV Guide"s Matt Roush stated that he was pleased with the character showing of House's soft side, calling the character's story arc a "juicy subplot". David Bianculli of "The New York Daily News" stated that with the addition of Stacy, "House" shifted "to the top echelon of today's TV dramas". Critics from "USA Today" stated Ward "brought a sense of joy, if fleeting, to the show". In an article about who annoyed House the most, "Entertainment Weekly"s Alynda Wheat stated that Stacy annoyed House third most, ranking behind Amber Volakis (Anne Dudek) and Michael Tritter (David Morse). However, Alan Sepinwall, of the "Star-Ledger", commented that although he finds Ward a "talented" actress, her character, along with prior, and later, recurring characters, was "humorless" and "determined to ruin the audience's fun right along with House's".


title: Creeped Out

text: Creeped Out is an anthology horror television series created by Bede Blake and Robert Butler as a co-production between CBBC Productions and DHX Media. It premiered in the United Kingdom on CBBC on 31 October 2017 (Halloween), and in Canada on the Family Channel on 5 October 2018. In the United States, the show was released as a Netflix original series.


title: Creeped Out

text: Each episode has an individual story and all are linked together by 'The Curious', a mysterious story collector who appears at the beginning and end of each episode. According to the creators Bede Blake and Robert Butler, inspiration was drawn from Steven Spielberg and "Amazing Stories" in particular.


title: Creeped Out

text: "Creeped Out" is an anthology, with each episode featuring a new setting, story and new characters, although some details connect the stories together. This concept is quite similar to the American television show ""Amazing Stories"", in the sense that almost every episode, major details will shift and change. Each episode begins and ends with an appearance from The Curious (played by William Romain), a mysterious man whose face is always concealed by a mask. His self-stated purpose is to be a collecter of stories. The setting of Karter Bay appears in the episodes ""Slapstick"" and ""The Call"", and Zucco's Pizzeria is mentioned in ""Trolled"", “‘’No Filter”’’, ""Marti"" and ""Kindlesticks"".


title: Creeped Out

text: Talking about The Curious, co-creator Bede Blake said: "It's designed to be an evolving urban legend. You don't know what's under that mask... Story-wise, he's not a threat to the children. He has his name because he is naturally curious. He's not somebody out to do harm. He's an observer."


title: Creeped Out

text: "Creeped Out" was first announced by the BBC on 28 March 2017, saying "the stories combine sci-fi, horror, adventure, suspense, fantasy and mystery to thrill young viewers."


title: Creeped Out

text: Talking about the show for a "Den of Geek" interview, co-creator Robert Butler said that both CBBC and DHX gave the creators a long leash and "freedom to pitch whatever the hell we liked," but also provided buffers and steering when required.


title: Creeped Out

text: According to "Syfy Wire", this was a great plan, and said Blake and Butler's plan was to make "Amazing Stories" mixed in with "The Twilight Zone", but aimed at a younger, modernized audience.


title: Creeped Out

text: After the airing of ""The Call"", ""Creeped Out"" took a month-long hiatus. The first episode airing after the hiatus was "Bravery Badge".


title: Creeped Out

text: On 9 August 2018, it was announced that ""Creeped Out"" had been commissioned for a second series by two channels, CBBC and Family Channel. The second series was released on 24 April 2019.


title: Creeped Out

text: The popular television magazine "TVTimes" gave the series four stars, comparing it to "Tales of the Unexpected," and called it a "series of eerie and mysterious stories, ending with a moral."


title: Creeped Out

text: Chris Bennion for The Times said, "the stories are pleasingly macabre and inventive." "Den of Geek" called the series "unmissable" and "brilliantly chilling."


title: Creeped Out

text: "Creeped Out" won a BAFTA for Best Drama at the Children’s BAFTAS 2019. It has been nominated for numerous other awards, including the Royal Television Society North Award for Best Drama, and the Kidscreen Award for Best New Series. It has also been nominated for three Canadian Screen Awards 2020, including one for Best Youth Show. For writing it has been nominated for a Writers Guild Of Great Britain Award and a British Screenwriters Award. In the acting department it has been nominated for a Young Artist Award for Berkley Silverman, Young Entertainer Award for Jordan Poole, and Young Artists Awards for both Jordan Poole and Justin Kelly, who also won a Joey Award for his role in episode "Kindlesticks."


title: Daktari

text: Daktari (Swahili for "doctor") is an American family drama series that aired on CBS between 1966 and 1969. The series is an Ivan Tors Films Production in association with MGM Television starring Marshall Thompson as Dr. Marsh Tracy, a veterinarian at the fictional Wameru Study Center for Animal Behavior in East Africa.


title: Daktari

text: The show follows the work of Dr. Tracy, his daughter Paula (Cheryl Miller), and his staff, who frequently protect animals from poachers and local officials. Tracy's pets, a cross-eyed lion named Clarence and a chimpanzee named Judy, were also popular characters.


title: Daktari

text: "Daktari" was based upon the 1965 film "Clarence, the Cross-Eyed Lion", which also stars Thompson as Dr. Tracy and Miller as his daughter. The concept was developed by producer Ivan Tors, inspired by the work of Dr. Antonie Marinus Harthoorn and his wife Sue at their animal orphanage in Nairobi. Dr. Harthoorn helped invent the capture gun, and was a tireless campaigner for animal rights. He was known as "Daktari" by the local Swahili people.


title: Daktari

text: On the series, Clarence did not do all his own stunts; he had a stand-in. Leo (previously known as "Zamba"), another lion trained by Ralph Helfer, doubled for Clarence whenever any trucks were involved because Clarence was frightened by those vehicles. Leo had his own makeup artist apply cosmetic scarring like Clarence's so that he would resemble Clarence in closeups. An inside joke from the preview trailer for the film "Clarence, the Cross-Eyed Lion" was that Leo the MGM logo was not related to Clarence (in addition to similar appearances, the lions had similar temperaments).


title: Daktari

text: Another less friendly lion, also named Leo, doubled for Clarence in some scenes. He was used only for the snarling scenes and scenes not involving proximity with humans. His ferocity was genuine, the result of physical abuse by his previous owners.


title: Daktari

text: In the show's final season, child star Erin Moran joined the cast as Jenny Jones, a seven-year-old orphan who becomes part of the Tracy household.


title: Daktari

text: The series was broadcast in four seasons, the first in early 1966, and the last three each beginning in September 1966, 1967, and 1968.


title: Daktari

text: According to IMDB it was also broadcast on TV channels in the UK, the Netherlands, Germany and (dubbed) in France.


title: Daktari

text: According to the show's closing credits, it was "filmed in Africa and Africa U.S.A.", a wild-animal ranch created by animal trainers Ralph and Toni Helfer in Soledad Canyon north of Los Angeles. Ralph Helfer was the animal coordinator of the show. Leonard B. Kaufman, the producer, wrote in liner notes for Shelly Manne's "Daktari" that he shot the series on location close to a ranch once owned by Antonio Pintos' father in Mozambique. Indeed, the outdoor scenes involving the actors were shot in the Africa, U.S.A. compound in California, with footage of African landscape and animals in between to get the African look and feel. Some of the animals shown were, however, at odds with the location – a tiger (not native to Africa) is shown in the starting credit sequence, as well as an Indian elephant.


title: Daktari

text: Other indoor and some outdoor scenes of the animal hospital were shot in Ivan Tors' studios in Florida.


title: Daktari

text: The show had distinctive theme and incidental music, a fusion of jazz and African influences, conducted by American jazz drummer Shelly Manne. Manne released the associated record, "Daktari: Shelly Manne Performs and Conducts His Original Music for the Hit TV Show", on the Atlantic label in 1967. On the album, Mike Wofford plays a tack piano to evoke an African sound, and Manne is joined by percussionists Emil Richards, Larry Bunker, Frank Carlson, and Victor Feldman. According to the record liner notes, Manne and fellow percussionists play ankle and wrist jingles, Thai mouth organs, angklungs, ocarinas, vibraphones, tympani, and different kinds of marimbas.


title: Daktari

text: The series featured several Land Rover four-wheel-drive cars and also a Jeep Gladiator pickup truck with an iconic zebra-striped paint job. Corgi Toys produced a green and black zebra-striped toy version of a Land Rover, available in several different action sets.


title: Daktari

text: Warner Bros. has released all four seasons on DVD in Region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection manufacture-on-demand series.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: "The Reichenbach Fall" is the third and final episode of the second series of the BBC television series "Sherlock". It was written by Stephen Thompson and stars Benedict Cumberbatch as Sherlock Holmes, Martin Freeman as Dr John Watson, and Andrew Scott as Jim Moriarty. The episode deals with Moriarty's attempt to undermine the public's view of Sherlock and drive him to suicide. The episode was first broadcast on BBC One and BBC One HD on 15 January 2012. It attracted 9.78 million viewers, and critical reaction to the episode was positive. After the episode was aired, there was also much online and media speculation, which focused on Sherlock's death.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: Inspired by "The Final Problem" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the episode follows Moriarty's plot to discredit and kill Sherlock Holmes, also heavily using elements from the film "The Woman in Green". The title alludes to the Reichenbach Falls, the location where Holmes and Moriarty supposedly fall to their deaths in the original story. Some sequences in the episode that are set at the Tower of London were filmed at Cardiff Castle. Other locations used include Newport Cemetery, Tredegar House and Cardiff City Hall, as well as other areas around Cardiff including Broadway and Cardiff Bay.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: John Watson is in his first meeting with his therapist after eighteen months. Struggling to explain his visit, he eventually chokes out the words, "My best friend, Sherlock Holmes, is dead". The episode flashes back to three months earlier, with Sherlock receiving plaudits and gifts from various people for whom he has solved cases, along with much-unwanted media attention, especially for his recovery of a Turner painting of Reichenbach Falls.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: Meanwhile, Moriarty proceeds to break into the case where the Crown Jewels are kept, while simultaneously opening the vault at the Bank of England and unlocking all the cells at Pentonville Prison via his mobile phone. Before smashing the Crown Jewels' case, he writes the words "Get Sherlock" on the outside, to be seen by the security cameras. He then allows himself to be caught by the police wearing the jewels and sitting on the throne.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: Sherlock is called to testify at Moriarty's trial, where he explains that Moriarty is a criminal mastermind. Moriarty has threatened the jurors with the deaths of their families into voting 'not guilty.' After being acquitted, Moriarty visits Sherlock and, after explaining that his break-in was a publicity stunt to show powerful potential clients what he is capable of, tells him, "I owe you a fall". Meanwhile, John is summoned to see Mycroft, who explains that some professional assassins have moved into flats on Baker Street and asks him to watch out for Sherlock.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: Sherlock and John investigate the kidnapping of the children of the British Ambassador to the U.S., Rufus Bruhl, part of a plot by Moriarty to make others suspect that Sherlock has been staging all his cases himself. He has traumatised the girl, so she is terrified of Sherlock when seeing him, causing Sergeant Donovan to suspect Sherlock. A reluctant Lestrade is forced to arrest Sherlock, but Sherlock escapes with John handcuffed as his 'hostage'. They realise Moriarty's "Get Sherlock" has convinced the criminal underworld that Moriarty has given Sherlock the computer code he used to pull off his triple heist. This code is supposedly capable of bypassing all security systems.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: Sherlock and John break into the house of a journalist, Kitty Riley, poised to publish an exposé on Sherlock. They find that Moriarty has created a fake identity, Richard Brook (or Rich Brook, "reicher Bach" in German), an actor whom Sherlock supposedly paid to pose as a master criminal. Sherlock launches a final gambit, now a wanted man with his media image on the verge of plummeting. Leaving John, Sherlock contacts Molly Hooper, a pathologist at St Bartholomew's Hospital, where he admits that, contrary to her belief, he respects her and has always trusted her. Sherlock tells Molly he is in grave danger and humbly asks her for help. John goes to the Diogenes Club to question Mycroft and learns that Mycroft divulged Sherlock's personal information during interrogations of Moriarty. Meanwhile, Sherlock deduces that the anti-security program was encoded in the tapping of Moriarty's fingers during his earlier visit.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: John finds Sherlock at the St. Bartholomew's lab but leaves after hearing Mrs. Hudson has been shot. Sherlock texts Moriarty, inviting him to meet him on the hospital roof to solve their "final problem". Sherlock claims that he can electronically erase Richard Brook with the code. Moriarty, on the other hand, reveals that there is no code and that he simply bribed security guards. Moriarty gives Sherlock an ultimatum: Sherlock must commit suicide or Moriarty's hitmen will kill John, Mrs. Hudson, and Lestrade. Sherlock realizes Moriarty has a way to prevent the executions. Sherlock then convinces Moriarty that he is willing to do anything to make him stop the assassins. After acknowledging their similarities, Moriarty tells Sherlock, "As long as I am alive, you can save your friends". Moriarty then commits suicide by shooting himself, effectively closing Sherlock's options for saving his friends other than jumping from the roof.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: Afterward, Sherlock calls John, who is rushing back from 221B Baker Street after he realised the report about Mrs. Hudson was a ruse. Claiming that he was always a fake and explaining this last phone call is his "note", Sherlock swan-dives off the roof of St. Bartholomew as John looks on terrified from the street, thereby ensuring that Moriarty's true identity dies with him. After being knocked to the ground by a cyclist, John stumbles over to watch, grief-stricken, as Sherlock's bloody corpse is carried away by hospital staff.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: The episode returns to John's therapy session, where he cannot open up. Mycroft is shown reading the tabloid newspaper "The Sun" with a front-page headline "Suicide of Fake Genius". Later, John visits Sherlock's grave with Mrs. Hudson. He reaffirms his faith in Sherlock and begs him not to be dead. As he walks away, Sherlock looks on from afar, out of John's sight, before also walking away.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: The episode's climactic scene is based on the short story "The Final Problem", in which Holmes and Moriarty square off. Watson's leaving Holmes to attend to Mrs Hudson mirrors his return to the inn in the original story, in order to attend to a dying Englishwoman.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: The filming of the visit of Moriarty to Baker St pays tribute to William Gillette's 1899 play "Sherlock Holmes" and the 1945 film "The Woman in Green". Moriarty's attempt to destroy Holmes's reputation and lead him to committing suicide by jumping from a building also has similarities to "The Woman in Green".


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: BARB overnight figures suggested that the episode was watched by 7.9 million viewers representing a 30% overall audience share, slightly down on the first (8.8 million) and second (8.2 million) episodes of the series. Final consolidated ratings rose to 9.78 million. The episode also became the second most-watched programme of 2012 on the online BBC iPlayer as of May, with over 1.9 million requests.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: As with the preceding two episodes in the second series, critical reaction to the episode was largely positive. "The Guardian"s Sam Wollaston praised Steve Thompson's writing, particularly how the episode was, at times "faithful to Sir ACD's The Final Problem, then it will wander, taking in mobile phone technology and computer hacking ... But it doesn't feel like cheating; more like an open relationship, agreed by both parties." Wollaston comments that this episode explores relationships, particularly in contrast to the spookiness of the previous episode ("The Hounds of Baskerville"), calling Cumberbatch's and Freeman's performances "moving at times".


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: Sarah Crompton, for "The Daily Telegraph", said Cumberbatch was "riding the wave of what has been a triumph". Generally praising the series, Crompton suggests that "writer Stephen Thompson had been left a little too much to his own devices ... The result was a bit wordy – though some of the words were wonderful." Commenting upon the cliffhanger ending, "The Independent"s Tom Sutcliffe says "Moffat and his colleagues have written themselves into a hell of a hole with regards to the next series. If they don't explain, there may be riots."


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: Chris Tilly, who reviewed the episode for IGN, gave it a score of 10/10, calling it "The grandstanding conclusion to the brilliant BBC series, packed to the rafters with smart dialogue, audacious plotting, stylish direction and some truly wonderful performances."


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: The British Board of Film Classification has awarded the episode a 12 certificate for "moderate violence and gore". The episode was released with the remainder of the second series in the UK on DVD and Blu-ray on 23 January 2012.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: The episode's cliffhanger led to speculation on forums, social networking sites and in newspaper articles about its resolution. Theories included the use of a mask, a squash ball, a lorry or Moriarty's body, the dummy seen in Sherlock's flat at the beginning of the episode, the psychotropic drugs featured in "The Hounds of Baskerville", the participation of Sherlock's homeless network, and a cadaver supplied by Molly. However, in an interview with "The Guardian", Moffat claims "there is a clue everybody's missed ... So many people theorising about Sherlock's death online – and they missed it!" Moffat noted that one of the central clues was "something that Sherlock did that was very out-of-character, but which nobody has picked up on." During the first episode of the third series this is played upon by the writers. One of the policemen who argued that Sherlock was a fraud is seen talking to Lestrade about a wild "Sherlock is Alive" theory having to do with a mask, even two years later.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: Shortly after the episode aired, memes inspired by the episode emerged online, considering how ordinary people in the "Sherlock" universe would react to learning that their hero was a fake. The memes included recurring phrases such as "I fight John Watson's war", "Moriarty was real" and, most prominently, "I believe in Sherlock Holmes", amongst others, the latter of which was used in-universe in "The Empty Hearse". There was some speculation that the "#BelieveInSherlock" movement was orchestrated by the BBC as a publicity stunt.


title: The Reichenbach Fall

text: Part of the resolution was filmed with the rest of the episode, although some, including hypothetical sequences involving Derren Brown and airbags, was filmed with "The Empty Hearse".


title: Holden Caprice

text: The Holden Caprice is a full-sized car which was produced by Holden in Australia from 1990 to October 2017. The similar Holden Statesman, which was also introduced in 1990 as a model below the Caprice, was discontinued in September 2010. Between 1971 and 1984, Holden marketed their long-wheelbase sedans under the Statesman marque.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Statesman and Caprice are essentially long-wheelbase variants of the Commodore range, and as of 2006, were the largest rear-wheel drive sedans offered by GM. Internationally, Statesmans and Caprices have been rebadged as the Buick Royaum, Daewoo Statesman, and Chevrolet Caprice. In addition, these cars have formed the basis of the Chinese-built Buick Park Avenue and the Bitter Vero, a rebodied version from Germany.


title: Holden Caprice

text: The main difference between the Statesman and the Caprice lies within their equipment packages. Moreover, Caprices are commonly powered by V8 engines rather than V6s and, whilst modern Caprices may be mistaken as fully specified versions of the cheaper Statesman, the two were separate Holden models in the past. In appearance, Caprices can be distinguished by their unique interior and exterior trim such as the grille insert. In addition to the large V8 engine, in latter years, the Caprice suspension was often more sport-oriented (from the 2003 WK series).


title: Holden Caprice

text: Traditionally in Australia, the Statesman and Caprice have been direct rivals to the Ford Fairlane and LTD, respectively. However, Ford's decision to discontinue these models in 2007 left Holden with the Chrysler 300C as the only direct competition at pricing point occupied, at least until the launch of the Hyundai Genesis in 2015. As announced by Holden in 2014, its entire Australian production comprising the Caprice ceased in 2017.


title: Holden Caprice

text: The word "caprice" means impulsive, unpredictable or sudden condition, or series of changes or a brief romance.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Prior to the introduction of the Holden Statesman and Caprice models in 1990, Holden marketed its long-wheelbase sedan range through a separate Statesman marque, absent of all "Holden" branding. These original vehicles, were sold through the General Motors-Holden's dealership channel, and were based on the mainstream Holden range (Belmont, Kingswood, Monaro and Premier), offering more luxury, additional length than the Holden sedan and coupe models (the Statesman shared the same wheelbase as the Holden Wagon, Utility and Panel Van), and styling to differentiate it from the smaller Holden sedans. The first of such cars were introduced in 1971 as the HQ series Statesman, replacing the short-lived Holden Brougham. Although designed specifically for the Australian market, front end styling of the Statesman Caprice bears a strong resemblance to the 1971 North American Chevrolet Caprice. Subsequent HJ, HX and HZ models were updates to the original HQ bodywork, as was the final WB series which introduced a new six-window glasshouse. WB represented the most significant update yet, with only the front doors and bonnet common with the HZ sheetmetal. Notwithstanding these alterations, the WB fell short of great market success, that is, until 1984 when production cessation was announced, generating a rapid sales ascent. For Holden, the decision had been made—the line's discontinuance was irreversible.


title: Holden Caprice

text: In March 1990, after a six-year hiatus since the WB Statesman's dismissal, demand for a long-wheelbase luxury sedan in Australia saw Holden resurrect the Statesman and Caprice names. Given the model designation VQ, these new luxury models utilised the long-wheelbase chassis taken from the VN Commodore station wagon, as opposed to the VN sedan's short-wheelbase. These VN models were in turn heavily revised and enlarged versions of the Opel Omega A. In comparison to the regular Commodore sedan, VQs added an additional of length, and were still longer than the VN wagon.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Holden made many efforts to distinguish the Statesman from the Commodore, on which it is based. These features include a formal grille and a very different glasshouse reminiscent of contemporary GM products such as the Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme ("see "), and the rear license plate repositioned to the bumper, while incorporating the doors and headlights from the Commodore station wagon. Both Statesman and Caprice models were offered and equipped with independent rear suspension—a feature introduced one year later on high-end VP Commodores. Also in 1991, Holden introduced the VQ Series II models. The Series II Caprice ushered anti-lock brakes as standard, however it was optional on the Statesman. The Commodore's 3.8-litre "3800" V6 engine was now optional on the Statesman only, with the old 5.0-litre V8 remaining standard across the range. Both powerplants were mated with a four-speed "THM700R4" automatic transmission.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Holden Special Vehicles offered several different versions of the VQ Statesman and Caprice, with enhanced performance and appearance. These vehicles were designated as HSV Statesman 5000i, SV90 and SV93.


title: Holden Caprice

text: The VR followed in March 1994, mirroring the model change of the standard VR Commodore, incorporating engineering improvements as well as sheet metal changes. The updated running gear included a new electronically controlled version of the "GM 4L60-E" automatic transmission, and the latest revision of the Buick 3.8-litre V6 engine. The engine now featured rolling-element bearings in the valve rocker arms, increasing compression ratios from the VQ II series engine. The revised V6 was now standard on the Statesman and available for the very first time as an option on the Caprice. These changes combined to deliver an increase in power to and further improvement in noise, vibration, and harshness levels. In terms of equipment, a driver's airbag became standard on both the Statesman and Caprice.


title: Holden Caprice

text: For the VR series, Holden no longer used separate model designations for its Statesman and Caprice. Instead, they adopted the same two-letter title as the Commodore. This same principle applied for the VS models, but not for those succeeding it.


title: Holden Caprice

text: The VS, launched in April 1995, saw the introduction of the updated "Ecotec" (Emissions and Consumption Optimisation through TEChnology) version of the Buick V6 engine which coincided with the changes to the engine in the United States. The "Ecotec" engine packed 13 percent more power, an increase of over the VR. Holden mated the new engine with a modified version of the "GM 4L60-E" automatic transmission, bringing improved throttle response and smoother changes between gears. Series II and III revisions came in September 1996 and June 1998, mainly consisting of a more rounded rear treatment and new alloy wheel designs. The Series II also heralded the introduction of the "L67" Supercharged V6. This engine slotted in between the existing V6 and V8 engines and was officially rated at , just below the V8, though a HSV option for the 5.0-litre V8 was available. A special edition Statesman International was briefly offered in October 1995 and again as a Series II in February 1997.


title: Holden Caprice

text: For the Statesman, Holden included the ten-stack Compact Disc player from the VR Caprice as standard. A new two-stage door remote was also made standard across the range. The remote, located on the key fob allows for just the driver's door to be unlocked. Safety-wise, a passenger airbag was introduced as standard in the VS range, following the introduction of a driver's airbag on the VR series. The Used Car Safety Ratings, undertaken by the Monash University Accident Research Centre, found that first generation Statesmans (VQ–VS) provide an "average level" of occupant safety protection in the event of an accident.


title: Holden Caprice

text: HSV released the HSV Grange model in October 1996 (as part of VS II) as a sports variant of the Caprice. Manufactured at Elizabeth, South Australia, and finished by HSV at Clayton, Victoria, the Grange was available in 185i and 215i variants, powered by 5.0- and stroked 5.7-litre V8 engines, respectively. The VS Grange was the first Grange produced by HSV, having previously produced Statesman and Caprice models under its own brand. Standard features for the VS II Grange included 17-inch alloy wheels, a ten-speaker sound system with a ten-disc CD stacker, climate control air conditioning, a power adjustable driver's seat (with memory settings), leather upholstery, cruise control, front fog lights, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, remote central locking, power windows and mirrors, telescopic steering wheel adjustment, a trip computer, power sunroof, woodgrain interior trim, an alarm and immobiliser. The 215i variants were also fitted with a Hydratrak limited slip differential.


title: Holden Caprice

text: The next model came in June 1999, two years after the launch of the all-new VT Commodore from which the new WH was initially based. The WH series saw Holden return to a standalone model designation, rather than adopting the same used by the short-wheelbase Commodore. Models followed much the same pattern as the previous car: a standard Statesman, a special edition Statesman International, and the Caprice as flagship. The doors and front windscreen were again shared with the mainstream Commodore while wheelbase was increased to . WH Series I cars built between 1999 and 2000 had more in common with VT II Commodore, while 2000 onwards bore more resemblance to the updated VX Commodore in parts and finish.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Engines were as per the Commodore, so a 3.8-litre V6 "Ecotec" unit, a supercharged version of the same, and a new 5.7-litre "Generation III" V8, rated at . A Series II revision in August 2001 brought a power increase for the "Ecotec" V6 bringing it up to . Since the WH, which was engineered for both right- and left-hand drive, the Statesman has been exported to the Middle East as the Chevrolet Caprice, following the same model changes as the Holden.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Compared to the previous model, stability improved through the use of wider tracks a longer wheelbase and four-channel ABS disc brakes with traction control. Usable boot space increased to 541 litres. Cornering lights were provided integrated into the front fog light assembly- these cornering lights were illuminated whenever the indicator was operating on that side of the car, illuminating a turning path for the driver. Electrochromatic rear view mirror sensed headlight glare from vehicles travelling behind, and automatically adjusts mirror glass tint level to reduce driver glare.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Dual zone climate control was a standard feature across the WH range, as was 12-mode trip computer integrated into the instrument cluster. Caprice including rear roof mounted climate control and stereo controls for rear passengers- rear passengers were also provided with two headphone jacks in the rear parcel shelf and could listen to a different audio source to the front occupants. A rear flip down table was incorporated into the rear armrest, complete with storage pocket and cup holders. The exclusive-to-Caprice options included standard Howe leather seats, 260-watt 12-speaker DSP audio system, individual ignition key memory (not available in Statesman- stereo settings, seating position) for three drivers, upright Holden crest logo on the bonnet, chrome exterior door handles, as well as heated side view mirrors and auto dipping passenger side view mirror to avoid alloy wheel damage when reversing. Headlights could be set to automatically sense low light levels and turn on without driver input. Caprice featured a fine chrome vertical bar grille, while Statesman used a chrome matrix style front grille design, and lacked chrome exterior door handles.


title: Holden Caprice

text: HSV branded special order options included electric tilt and slide glass sunroof, VDO MS5000 satellite navigation system in place of front console ashtray, HSV alloy pedals, limited slip differential, rear deck spoiler and choice of two 17-inch alloy wheel styles. Vehicles specially ordered with any HSV optional extras received a Holden-by-Design individually numbered build plate in the engine bay.


title: Holden Caprice

text: The use of self-levelling rear air suspension available in Caprice brought advantages when hauling heavy loads and improved vehicle dynamics when towing. Safety in the WH model was also enhanced, with the addition of side impact head & torso airbags and pyrotechnic seat belt pretensioners along with drivers steering wheel and passenger dashboard airbags all as standard. If the seat belt pretensioners trigger, the doors automatically unlock, both engine and fuel pump shut down and all interior lights will switch on. Also new to the WH are the electric wing mirrors, which when reversing, the passenger mirror faces downwards to assist the driver when parking, thus preventing kerbside wheel damage.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Released in June 1999, the HSV Grange (WH) received modifications to the Statesman's specification (Statesman VINs begin with "6H8WHY", whereas the VIN of a Caprice is "6H8WHZ"; the Grange shares the "Y" digit in its VIN with Statesman). Again, the Grange was finished by HSV in Clayton, Victoria. It was available with the 3.8-litre supercharged V6 and 5.7-litre V8 engines. The WH Grange had HSV's "Prestige" suspension tune, specially-developed Monroe Sensatrac shock absorbers, a front anti-roll bar, a rear anti-roll bar and a self-levelling function for the rear suspension (shared with Caprice). Standard features for the WH Grange included 18-inch ten-spoke alloy wheels, a 260-watt sound system with ten speakers and a six-disc CD changer, climate control air conditioning, eight-way power adjustable front seats, leather upholstery, cruise control, front fog lights, leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, remote central locking, power windows and mirrors, a height and reach adjustable steering wheel, driver seat and mirror memory settings, an electrochromatic rear view mirror, trip computer and an immobiliser. The Grange was also fitted with a limited slip rear differential as well as a choice of two higher performance brake packages, increased diameter front and rear swaybars and an exclusive-to-Grange HSV body kit consisting of front bumper with enlarged cooling intake, unique stainless steel meshed intake grille with HSV logo in the centre, flared deep side skirts, deep skirted three-piece rear bumper, rear decklid spoiler and rear HSV badging.


title: Holden Caprice

text: A revised WK series was launched in May 2003, with a facelift. The curvaceous front and rear end styling of the WH was abandoned in favour of angular lines, starting with the headlights borrowed from the VY Calais. From the rear, the redesigned taillights were now separated by sheet metal, rather than being joined with a horizontal strip of plastic. The redesign had the after effect of lowering the WK's drag coefficient to 0.30. Other changes came in the form of revised bumpers, wheel trims, with the interior dashboard and centre console receiving a major overhaul. Powertrains carried over from the previous model, but the "Generation III" V8 engine was now rated at for the Statesman and for the Caprice. Other engineering changes were made to the structural integrity of the car. The reinforced front flooring and sills gives the upshot of a 70 percent reduction in lower limb injuries in offset frontal crash tests at .


title: Holden Caprice

text: Feature wise, the Statesman now offered standard rear parking sensors and optional satellite navigation, with the Caprice receiving a dual screen DVD entertainment system for the rear passengers. The Used Car Safety Ratings found that WH/WK Statesmans provide a "significantly better than average" level of occupant protection in the event of an accident.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Standard features for the HSV Grange (WK) included 18-inch alloy wheels, a twelve speaker Blaupunkt sound system with a 430-watt amplifier, subwoofer and a six-stack CD player, dual-zone climate control air conditioning, leather seats and trim, eight-way power adjustable front seats, cruise control with speed alert, driver's seat and mirror memory settings, DVD player with twin seven-inch rear seat LCD screens and remote control, rear parking sensors, a leather-wrapped multi-function steering wheel, remote central locking, power windows and mirrors, a height and reach adjustable steering wheel, an electrochromatic rear view mirror, trip computer, cargo net and an immobiliser. As standard, the Grange was also fitted with a limited slip rear differential, larger front & rear sway bars, larger performance brakes and an HSV exclusive-to-Grange body kit consisting of front bumper, side skirts, rear bumper and deck lid spoiler.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Released in August 2004, the WL brought with it an all-new 3.6-litre "Alloytec" V6 engine, succeeding the WK's "Ecotec" unit. Power and torque figures were rated at and , respectively. The Statesman's optional V8 was the version from the WK Caprice, with the WL Caprice's engine obtaining a further . The V8s received a stronger "GM 4L65-E" automatic transmission, while the "Alloytec" V6 versions received a new five-speed "GM 5L40-E" automatic. Several new safety features were added to the WL line-up. Such include brake assist, electronic brakeforce distribution, Electronic Stability Program and LED tail lamps. The new LED lamps give an additional of warning to trailing motorists travelling at because they illuminate in 60 nanoseconds, compared to 1,000 for conventional incandescent light bulbs.


title: Holden Caprice

text: In 2005, General Motors began exporting the Statesman to China, where it was badged as the Buick Royaum. The Royaum was initially equipped with the 3.6-litre "Alloytec" engine fitted to the Statesman, however the 2.8-litre "LP1" engine followed later in the year. Both engines were paired to a 5 speed automatic gearbox. Trims levels were known as 2.8 GL Deluxe, 2.8 GL Comfort and 3.6 GS Deluxe. The 3.6 trim level was changed to 3.6 Luxury Sports for 2005 and was priced at (). The Royaum was not a sales success, tallying 2,008 sales in 2005 and 3,631 sales in 2006. Production ended in the same year.


title: Holden Caprice

text: An additional export programme to South Korea was announced on 12 April 2005 under the Daewoo Statesman name. During 2005, Holden exported almost 2,000 units of the Daewoo to South Korea. With an identical powertrain to the Buick, the South Korean export model was sold through the GM Daewoo network.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Standard features for the WL series HSV Grange included 19-inch alloy wheels, a 430-watt Blaupunkt sound system with twelve speakers and a six-stack CD player, dual-zone climate control air conditioning, Nappa leather seats, eight-way power adjustable front seats, driver's seat and mirror memory settings, cruise control with speed alert, front fog lamps, a front and rear parking sensors, DVD player with twin seven-inch rear seat LCD screens and remote control, leather-wrapped multi-function steering wheel, remote central locking, power windows and heated mirrors, automatically dipping mirrors when reversing, a height and reach adjustable steering wheel, an electrochromatic rear vision mirror, tyre pressure sensors, a trip computer and an immobiliser. As standard, the Grange was also fitted with a limited slip rear differential as well as larger diameter front and rear sway bars, performance brakes and an exclusive body kit consisting of more aggressive front bumper, side skirts, rear bumper and deck lid spoiler.


title: Holden Caprice

text: The third generation WM was launched alongside the VE Commodore on 16 July 2006 at the Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre. With the Statesman's export plans, it was decided that its launch should be simultaneous with that of the Commodore, rather than months later, as had been the convention. The WM development programme reportedly cost General Motors A$190 million with another $1.04 billion devoted to the VE Commodore model which the Statesman is based upon. The WM series utilises the GM Zeta platform developed by Holden. Unlike previous models, the WM no longer shares its architecture with an Opel sedan, and has rear doors different from those found on the Commodore. Previously, it had to share the doors, or at least the lower parts, with the lesser Commodore. This is just one of the ways Holden has tried to create greater differentiation between the Statesman and the Commodore on which it is based.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Like the second generation model, the WM is exported to the Middle East as the Chevrolet Caprice. In China, the sister model had been produced as the Buick Park Avenue from 2007, mainly using locally sourced parts and sharing some globally sourced parts. The Park Avenue was discontinued in 2012.


title: Holden Caprice

text: In 2008, Holden recommenced Caprice exports to South Korea as the Daewoo Veritas after showcasing a pre-production Daewoo L4X in 2007. Compared to the Australian-specification model, the Veritas is V6-powered only and has a modified rear floorpan to accommodate the electrically adjustable rear seats incorporating a massage function. The head restraints are also electrically adjustable, with the Caprice's dual headrest-mounted LCD screens orphaned in favour of a single, ceiling-mounted unit. GM Daewoo announced an updated Veritas on 31 March 2009 to take effect from 1 April. The update, which was yet to be seen in other markets, comprised a revised powertrain combination, featuring a new direct injection version of the 3.6-litre "Alloytec" engine. This new engine results in a power increase from to together with more torque and a reduced fuel consumption figure. These efficiency improvements have been enough to satisfy the government of South Korea's "Korea Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle" (KULEV) requirements. In place of the five-speed automatic transmission previously, these revised models ship with a six-speed "GM 6L50" unit, featuring "Active Select".


title: Holden Caprice

text: The update to the Veritas in South Korea was adopted in the Holden versions for the 2010 model year (MY10). This update was announced on 4 August 2009, and released in September. The now direct-injected 3.6-litre V6, labelled Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) by Holden, is rated at and of torque. Gains in efficiency have been achieved via the implementation of direct fuel injection, improvements to the fuel cutout during coasting, the addition of a more efficient alternator and voltage regulator, a 50 rpm lower idle speed (to 550 rpm), and a new "turbine damper" for the automatic transmission that works to suppress vibrations at low rpm, thus enabling earlier upshifts. In 2010 the Veritas was discontinued after GM phased out the Daewoo brand in South Korea in favour of Chevrolet.


title: Holden Caprice

text: In 2010, Holden made the decision to discontinue the Statesman nameplate. To replace this gap in their lineup, Holden reduced the price of the V6 Caprice and removed equipment so it roughly mirrored the equipment levels found in the Statesman. This coincided with the release of the "Series II" versions of the Caprice (non V) which was only available in V6 form and was intended to replace the Statesman in price and equipment, and the introduction of the "Series II" Caprice V which was only available in V8 guise and roughly followed the feature set found in the "Series I" Caprice.


title: Holden Caprice

text: Between 2011 and 2017, a rebadged version of the Holden Caprice was sold in North America as a police cruiser, called the Chevrolet Caprice PPV (Police Patrol Vehicle). It uses the interior and dashboard of the lower-end Commodore Omega, and is marketed as an alternative to the Chevrolet Impala (produced in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) for heavy-duty fleet use.


title: Holden Caprice

text: In 2013, Holden released the WN series, being the final Australian-made Caprice. It consisted of new alloy wheels and upgraded dashboard and electronics, both inherited from short-wheelbase Calais V (VF). It was also the most advanced, safest Caprice model produced, fitted with an eight-inch touch screen in the centre console, keyless entry and auto-park assist standard. Other features include a heads-up display on the windscreen, forward and rear collision warning systems, blind spot monitors and a lane departure warning system.


title: Holden Caprice

text: There are two engine options, the V6 LPG engine or the 6.0-litre "L77" V8 engine rated at coupled with the six-speed "6L80E" automatic transmission. Both drivetrains are inherited from their Commodore equivalents. Since the WN Series II in 2015, the Caprice received an upgrade to the 6.2-litre "LS3" V8 engine, like the donor Commodore model. No BiModal exhaust option with LS3 engine.


title: Holden Caprice

text: From the arrival of the VS series, Holden Special Vehicles (HSV) modified the Statesman, equipping it with higher performance V8s and sold as the HSV Grange, replacing the previous HSV Statesman 5000i, SV90 and SV93 from the VQ series. Starting from WM and WN series, the Grange has been based on the Caprice, due to the demise of the Statesman. The last series (WN) of HSV Grange was equipped with the version of the 6.2-litre "LS3" V8 engine.


title: Inguinal lymph nodes

text: Inguinal lymph nodes are lymph nodes in the human groin. Located in the femoral triangle of the inguinal region, they are grouped into superficial and deep lymph nodes. The superficial have three divisions: the superomedial, superolateral, and inferior superficial.


title: Inguinal lymph nodes

text: There are approximately ten superficial lymph nodes, and they drain to the deep inguinal lymph nodes. Inguinal lymph nodes may normally be up to 2 cm in size.


title: Inguinal lymph nodes

text: There can be three, four or five deep inguinal lymph nodes. They lie medial to the femoral vein under the cribriform fascia. The uppermost node is in the groin, under the inguinal ligament, and is called Cloquet's node (also Rosenmuller's node). This node is named for French surgeon Jules Germain Cloquet, or for German anatomist Johann Christian Rosenmüller. It can also be considered as the lowest of the external iliac lymph nodes. Cloquet's node is also considered as a potential sentinel lymph node.


title: Inguinal lymph nodes

text: The deep inguinal lymph nodes drain superiorly to the external iliac lymph nodes, then to the pelvic lymph nodes and on to the paraaortic lymph nodes.


title: Inguinal lymph nodes

text: The mean size of an inguinal lymph node, as measured over the short-axis, is approximately 5.4 mm (range 2.1-13.6 mm), with two standard deviations above the mean being 8.8 mm. A size of up to 10 mm is generally regarded as a cut-off value for normal vs abnormal inguinal lymph node size.


title: Inguinal lymph nodes

text: The presence of swollen inguinal lymph nodes is an important clinical sign because lymphadenopathy (swelling) may indicate an infection, or spread as a metastasis from cancers, such as anal cancer and vulvar cancer. Inguinal lymph nodes may normally be up to 2 cm. The cut-off value for normal sized inguinal nodes is up to 10 mm.


title: Phyllotaxis

text: In botany, phyllotaxis () or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem. Phyllotactic spirals form a distinctive class of patterns in nature.


title: Phyllotaxis

text: The basic arrangements of leaves on a stem are opposite and alternate (also known as spiral). Leaves may also be whorled if several leaves arise, or appear to arise, from the same level (at the same node) on a stem.


title: Phyllotaxis

text: With an opposite leaf arrangement, two leaves arise from the stem at the same level (at the same node), on opposite sides of the stem. An opposite leaf pair can be thought of as a whorl of two leaves.


title: Phyllotaxis

text: Distichous phyllotaxis, also called "two-ranked leaf arrangement" is a special case of either opposite or alternate leaf arrangement where the leaves on a stem are arranged in two vertical columns on opposite sides of the stem. Examples include various bulbous plants such as "Boophone". It also occurs in other plant habits such as those of "Gasteria" or "Aloe" seedlings, and also in mature plants of related species such as "Kumara plicatilis".


title: Phyllotaxis

text: In an opposite pattern, if successive leaf pairs are 90 degrees apart, this habit is called decussate. It is common in members of the family Crassulaceae Decussate phyllotaxis also occurs in the Aizoaceae. In genera of the Aizoaceae, such as "Lithops" and "Conophytum", many species have just two fully developed leaves at a time, the older pair folding back and dying off to make room for the decussately oriented new pair as the plant grows.


title: Phyllotaxis

text: The whorled arrangement is fairly unusual on plants except for those with particularly short internodes. Examples of trees with whorled phyllotaxis are "Brabejum stellatifolium" and the related genus "Macadamia".