title: Pyrrhocoris apterus

text: "P. apterus" was the subject of an unexpected discovery in the 1960s when researchers who had for ten years been rearing the bugs in Prague, Czech Republic, attempted to do the same at Harvard University in the United States. After the fifth larval instar, instead of developing into adults, the bugs either entered a sixth instar stage, or became adults with larval characteristics. Some of the sixth instars went on to a seventh instar, but all specimens died without reaching maturity. The source of the problem was eventually proven to be the paper towels used in the rearing process; the effect only happened if the paper towels were made in America. The researchers could replicate these results with American newspapers such as the "New York Times", but not European newspapers such as "The Times". The cause was found to be hormones found in the native balsam fir tree ("Abies balsamea") used to manufacture paper and related products in America, and in some other North American conifers. This hormone happened to have a profound effect on "P. apterus", but not on other insect species, showing the diversification of hormone receptors in the insects. The most potent chemical component was later identified as juvabione, the methyl ester of todomatuic acid, which is produced by the trees in response to wounding; it mimics juvenile hormone closely at the chemical level, defending against vulnerable pests.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: Two forms of black-tailed deer or blacktail deer that occupy coastal woodlands in the Pacific Northwest of North America are subspecies of the mule deer ("Odocoileus hemionus"). They have sometimes been treated as a species, but virtually all recent authorities maintain they are subspecies.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: The Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) is found in western North America, from Northern California into the Pacific Northwest of the United States and coastal British Columbia in Canada. The Sitka deer ("O. h. sitkensis") is found coastally in British Columbia, southeast Alaska, and southcentral Alaska (as far as Kodiak Island).


title: Black-tailed deer

text: The black-tailed deer lives along the Pacific coast from western California up through Alaska. East of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Ranges in Oregon and California, black-tailed deer are replaced by mule deer which have a different tail pattern.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: The black-tailed deer is currently common in California, western Oregon, Washington, in coastal and interior British Columbia, and north into the Alaskan panhandle. It is a popular game animal.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: All recent authorities maintain it as a subspecies of the mule deer ("O. hemionus"). Strictly speaking, the black-tailed deer group consists of two subspecies, as it also includes "O. h. sitkensis" (the Sitka deer). Despite this, the mtDNA of the white-tailed deer and mule deer are similar, but differ from that of the black-tailed deer. This may be the result of introgression, although hybrids between the mule deer and white-tailed deer are rare in the wild (apparently more common locally in West Texas), and the hybrid survival rate is low even in captivity.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: These two subspecies thrive on the edge of the forest, as the dark forest lacks the underbrush and grasslands the deer prefer as food, and completely open areas lack the hiding spots and cover they prefer for harsh weather. One of the plants that black-tailed deer browse is western poison oak, despite its irritant content. This deer often is most active at dawn and dusk, and is frequently involved in collisions with automobiles.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: Deer are browsers. During the winter and early spring, they feed on Douglas fir, western red cedar, red huckleberry, salal, deer fern, and lichens growing on trees. Late spring to fall, they consume grasses, blackberries, apples, fireweed, pearly everlasting, forbs, salmonberry, salal, and maple. The mating or 'rutting' season occurs during November and early December. Bucks can be observed running back and forth across the roads in the pursuit of does. After the rut, the bucks tend to hide and rest, often nursing wounds. They suffer broken antlers, and have lost weight. They drop their antlers between January and March. Antlers on the forest floor provide a source of calcium and other nutrients to other forest inhabitants. Bucks regrow their antlers beginning in April through to August.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: The gestation period for does is 6–7 months, with fawns being born in late May and into June. Twins are the rule, although young does often have only single fawns. Triplets can also occur. Fawns weigh and have no scent for the first week or so. This enables the mother to leave the fawn hidden while she goes off to browse and replenish her body after giving birth. She must also eat enough to produce enough milk to feed her fawns. Although does are excellent mothers, fawn mortality rate is 45 to 70%. Does are very protective of their young and humans are viewed as predators.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: Deer communicate with the aid of scent and pheromones from several glands located on the lower legs. The metatarsal (outside of lower leg) produces an alarm scent, the tarsal (inside of hock) serves for mutual recognition and the interdigital (between the toes) leave a scent trail when deer travel. Deer have excellent sight and smell. Their large ears can move independently of each other and pick up any unusual sounds that may signal danger.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: At dawn, dusk, and moonlit nights, deer are seen browsing on the roadside. Wooded areas with forests on both sides of the road and open, grassy areas, i.e. golf courses, attract deer. Caution when driving is prudent because often as one deer crosses, another one or two follow.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: In Southeast Alaska, the Sitka deer is the primary prey of the rare Alexander Archipelago wolf ("Canis lupus ligoni"), which is endemic to the region. In the mid-1990s, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service evaluated a petition to list this wolf subspecies as threatened, and decided a listing was not warranted in August 1997, largely on the basis of provisions the Forest Service had included to protect the viability of the wolf subspecies in its Forest Plan for the Tongass National Forest, adopted three months earlier. The Tongass NF is important in wolf conservation because it includes about 80% of the region's land area. The protections for the wolf included a standard and guideline intended to retain, in the face of logging losses, enough habitat carrying capacity for deer in winter to assure the viability of the Alexander Archipelago wolf and an adequate supply of deer for hunters. The needed carrying capacity was originally specified as 13 deer per square mile, but was corrected in 2000 to 18. Use of a deer model is specified for determining carrying capacity, and is the only tool available for the purpose.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: However, the Forest Service's implementation of the deer provision in the Tongass wolf standard and guideline has been controversial for many years, and led to a lawsuit by Greenpeace and Cascadia Wildlands in 2008, over four logging projects. The data set the Forest Service was using in the deer model was known through the agency's own study (done in 2000) to generally overestimate the carrying capacity for deer and underestimate the impacts of logging. The study showed the data set (called Vol-Strata) is not correlated to habitat quality. Also, a conversion factor, known as the "deer multiplier" (used in calculating carrying capacity) was incorrectly applied, causing — by itself – a 30% overestimation of carrying capacity and corresponding underestimation of impacts. The combined effect of the two errors is variable because Vol-Strata is not correlated to habitat quality. Regarding the Traitors Cove Timber Sales project, in 2011 the plaintiffs noted in oral arguments before the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals that the difference is between a claimed 21 deer per square mile carrying capacity in the project EIS, and 9.5 deer per square mile (about half of the Tongass Forest Plan's requirement) according to unpublished corrections the agency made in 2008.


title: Black-tailed deer

text: The 9th Circuit panel ruled unanimously on August 2, 2011, in favor of the plaintiffs, remanding the four timber sale decisions to the Forest Service and giving guidance for what is necessary during reanalysis of impacts to deer. The ruling says in part:


title: Black-tailed deer

text: We do not think that USFS has adequately explained its decision to approve the four logging projects in the Tongass. ... USFS has failed to explain how it ended up with a table that identifies 100 deer per square mile as a maximum carrying capacity, but allows 130 deer per square mile as a potential carrying capacity. 'The agency is obligated to articulate a rational connection between the facts found and the choices made,' which the agency has not done here. Pac. Coast Fed'n of Fisherman's Ass'ns v. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 426 F.3d 1082, 1091 (9th Cir. 2005)...


title: Black-tailed deer

text: We have similar questions about USFS's use of VolStrata data, which identifies total timber volume and not forest structure, to approve the projects, where forest structure—and not total timber volume—is relevant to the habitability of a piece of land. USFS itself has recognized the limitations in the VolStrata data. ... Because we must remand to the agency to re-examine its Deer Model, we need not decide whether the use of the VolStrata data was arbitrary and capricious. We anticipate that, in reviewing the proposed projects, USFS will use the best available data ...


title: Black-tailed deer

text: In a statement to the press, a spokesman for the plaintiffs said the errors in this lawsuit apply to every significant Tongass timber sale decision between 1996 and 2008, before the Forest Service corrected errors in the deer model when the agency issued its revised Tongass Forest Plan in 2008. But he said despite those corrections, the agency still fails to address cumulative impacts to deer, especially on Prince of Wales Island, as is being challenged in the Logjam timber sale lawsuit, by ignoring substantial logging on nonfederal lands. In September 2013, under the same litigation, the U.S. District Court in Anchorage made a second remand to the Forest Service because the agency's further work under the first remand had not resolved the modeling issues. Activity on the four timber sales involved in the litigation has been suspended since 2008.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Maria Luisa of Parma (Luisa Maria Teresa Anna; 9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) was, by marriage to King Charles IV of Spain, Queen of Spain from 1788 to 1808 leading up to the Peninsular War. Her relationship with Manuel Godoy and influence over the King made her unpopular among the people and aristocrats. She was rivals with the Duchess of Alba and the Duchess of Osuna, attracting popular attention. The death of her daughter-in-law Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily, whom she disliked, was said to be the poisoning by the Queen.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: She was the youngest daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma, the fourth son of Philip V of Spain, and Louise Élisabeth of France, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV. Born in Parma, she was christened Luisa María Teresa Ana after her maternal grandparents and her mother's favourite sister Anne Henriette of France, but is known to history by the short Spanish form of this name: María Luisa, while Luisa was the name she used in private.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Her parents had been the Duke and Duchess of Parma since 1749, when the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) awarded the duchy to the Bourbons.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Maria Luisa, her brother Ferdinand and her sister Isabella are traditionally said to have been educated by Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, a well-known French philosopher. However, Condillac did in fact not arrive in Parma until 1768.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Maria Luisa was not considered as beautiful as her elder sister, but was still described as attractive, though she was quite short.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: María Luisa's mother tried to engage her to Louis, Duke of Burgundy, heir to the French throne. However, the young duke died in 1761. In 1762, Maria Luisa instead became engaged to her cousin Charles, Prince of Asturias, later King Charles IV of Spain. When her elder sister Isabella died in 1763, there were suggestions that Maria Luisa marry her sister's widower, Emperor Joseph II, but the proposal was refused and her engagement to Charles of Asturias was confirmed. The wedding took place on 4 September 1765 in La Granja Palace.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Her husband was the son and heir of the widowed Charles III of Spain, previously Duke of Parma and King of Naples and Sicily. This formally gave her the position of princess of Asturias, or crown princess. However, as there was no queen in Spain at that time, María Luisa became the first lady in precedence at the court almost from the beginning of her residence there, after the Queen Mother and former Royal Regent, Queen Isabel de Farnesio, died a few months later.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Maria Luisa was described as intelligent, ambitious and dominant. Regarding her appearance, she was considered to be pretty at the time of her wedding. She was known for her elegance and extravagance in fashion and jewelry. However, already by the age of thirty, she was reportedly prematurely aged and described by the Russian ambassador Zinoviev: "Repeated childbirths, indispositions and maybe some inheritable diseases has caused her to wither entirely; the yellow tone of her skin and the loss of her teeth was the final death blow to her beauty."


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Her father-in-law Charles III viewed her to be frivolous and attempted to control and supervise her private life and restrict her personal freedom, but with little success.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Her relationship to Charles was described as a good one, but she reportedly dominated him early on. Her father-in-law took care to remove both Charles and Maria Luisa from interfering in state affairs; however, while her husband was of a passive character and devoted to his interests in hunt and mechanics, Maria Luisa was interested in state affairs and, being the dominant partner of the two, became the leading figure in the circle of opposition which gathered around the heir to the throne.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: In 1788, her spouse succeeded his father as Charles IV of Spain, making Maria Luisa queen. On the first meeting between Charles IV and his ministers, Maria Luisa was present, a step which attracted attention and which became the rule during the reign of her spouse. Being the dominant party in the marriage, Maria Luisa dominated Charles IV and thus the government, but was in turn reputed to be dominated by prime minister Manuel de Godoy.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: María Luisa was notoriously reputed to have had many love affairs. The most infamous of them was with the prime minister Manuel de Godoy, whom contemporary gossip singled out in particular as a long-time lover; in 1784 a member of the guard, he was promoted through several ranks when Charles and Maria Luisa succeeded to the throne, and was appointed prime minister in 1792. Godoy was also rumored to be the natural father of several of her children. In 1791, minister Floridablanca accused Godoy for being the lover of the Queen, which resulted in Floridablanca losing his office. Several other men beside Godoy have been pointed out as her lovers, among them her courtier Mallo.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Several contemporaries, such as the foreign ambassadors, among them the French ambassador Alquier, reported about these rumors, also in the diplomatic correspondence of the time. The truth of them is however questioned, and some issues may have been fabricated or exaggerated for political reasons by the royal court as well as by foreign powers. There is no direct evidence that she had any lovers. The Queen's confessor Fray Juan Almaraz wrote in his last will that she admitted in "articulo mortis" that "none, none of her sons and daughters, none was of the legitimate marriage". The veracity of that testimony, however, remains disputed. King Charles IV never expressed any suspicions or doubt about the queen's fidelity. There is no doubt that Maria Luisa and Godoy had a close relationship regardless of the nature of it, as their correspondence illustrates that she spoke to him of such intimate matters as the discontinuation of her menstruation and the depression caused by her menopause, and was given comfort by him and assured that she would find her new state in life fulfilling as well. Aside from her purported affairs, there where several other well known rumors circulating about her. The rivalry between the Queen and the duchess of Osuna, and the duchess of Alba, attracted attention, and when the duchess of Alba died in 1802, she was rumored to have been poisoned by the queen. In 1802 her son married Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily. When Princess Maria Antonia died in 1806, she was rumored to have been poisoned by the queen also.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Maria Luisa was interested in music and art, and known as a protector of artists, most notably Francisco Goya.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: The Queen's purported relationship with prime minister Godoy in combination with her reputed political influence exposed her to the public's discontent over Godoy's Treaty with Napoleonic France, in which French troops were stationed in Spain, and in one incident, the Queen was threatened by a mob and had to be protected by her life guard. In 1808, the popular discontent over the policy against France resulted in an uprising in Aranjuez.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: On 19 March 1808, Charles IV abdicated the throne in favor of his son Ferdinand VII due to pressure from Napoleon I. In April 1808, Maria Luisa accompanied Charles IV and Manuel Godoy to a meeting with Napoleon in Bayonne in France to persuade the emperor to intercede and assist her husband in reclaiming the Spanish throne from their son. Their son Ferdinand VII also attended the meeting. At the meeting, however, Napoleon forced both Charles IV and Ferdinand VII to renounce their claims to the throne in favor of his brother Joseph Bonaparte and declared the Bourbon dynasty in Spain deposed. When Napoleon's army invaded Spain, several pamphlets blamed her for the abdication.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: After the forced abdication, Maria Luisa lived with Charles IV and Manuel Godoy as state prisoners of Napoleon in France. First in Compiègne and Aix-en-Provence, they were allowed to relocate to Marseille, where they lived for four years. In 1812 they were allowed to settle under the protection of the Pope in the Barberini Palace in Rome.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, her son Ferdinand VII was reinstated upon the Spanish throne. However, he banned his parents as well as Godoy from returning to Spain. During Napoleon's temporary return to power in France during the Hundred Days in 1815, Maria Luisa, Charles and Godoy left for France,


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: During their residence in Rome, Maria Luisa and Charles created a large art collection of paintings by artists Titian, Correggio, Leonardo, Lucas Cranach, Andrea del Sarto, Parmigianino, Bronzino, Palma El Viejo, Tintoretto, Veronese, Poussin, Gaspar Dughet, and Alessandro Turchi. This collection was later transferred to Madrid.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Both María Luisa and her husband died in Italy in early 1819. María Luisa reportedly died of consumption.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Manuel Godoy was made universal heir in her will, with the statement that he had shared their exile and lost his property for it.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Maria Luisa married her first cousin Charles IV in 1765. She had 24 pregnancies of which she had 10 miscarriages and 14 children were born, seven of whom survived into adulthood.


title: Live at the Royal Albert Hall (Adele album)

text: Live at the Royal Albert Hall is a live album and video album by English singer-songwriter Adele, which became available on 29 November 2011 in Australia, 27 November 2011 in the United Kingdom and 29 November 2011 in the United States. The concert was recorded as part of Adele's Adele Live tour at the Royal Albert Hall in London, including songs from her global best-sellers "19" and "21".


text: On 26 October 2011, it was announced Adele would be releasing her Royal Albert Hall concert from her "Adele Live" tour on both DVD and Blu-ray along with an accompanying CD. The release included 90 minutes of concert footage in addition to behind-the-scenes video segments. The track list consists of songs taken from Adele's "19" and "21" as well as covers of Bonnie Raitt's "I Can't Make You Love Me" and The SteelDrivers' "If It Hadn't Been for Love". As part of the launch, the DVD was screened at cinemas in 26 cities around the world.


text: "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" holds the record for the most weeks spent at number one in the United States for a music DVD by a female artist, and has sold more than three million copies worldwide. The live version of "Set Fire to the Rain" taken from the special won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 55th ceremony in 2013.


text: "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" was well received by music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 76, based on 5 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".


text: "The Boston Globe" labeled the release "Our DVD pick" and said, "the performances are routinely inspired. With the voice of an angel – and the potty mouth of a sailor – she's a force throughout." In a very positive review, MTV News writes, "I actually had to remind myself not to clap at the conclusion of a couple songs... And in that regard, it is a tremendous success; you definitely get the full experience. Adele is luminous, compelling, funny and profane throughout, and like I said, her voice is in tiptop shape."


text: However, Maria Schurr of "PopMatters" was more critical. She gave the DVD a 6/10 and wrote, "Yes, her voice is unbelievable and her everygirl personality is refreshing, but musically and artistically I find her a bit dull."


text: "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" debuted at number one in the United States with 96,000 copies sold, the highest one-week tally for a music DVD in four years. After one week, "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" became the best-selling music DVD of 2011. This makes Adele the first artist in Nielsen SoundScan history to have the year's number one album, the year's number one single, and the year's number one music DVD. In its 16th week at number one in the United States, it became the longest-running video by a female artist since Barbra Streisand's "Barbra- The Concert" was number one for sixteen weeks in 1996. It is the first video to spend 17 consecutive weeks at number one since Jay-Z and Linkin Park's "Collision Course" in 2005. In April 2012, the album topped the US charts for an 18th week, making it the longest-running music video by a British artist since Pink Floyd's "Pulse" in 1996. On 8 April 2012, the DVD spent its 19th consecutive week at number one in the United States, becoming the longest continuous run at number one for a music DVD since 1999. In May 2012, the DVD matched Whitney Houston's record for the most weeks spent by a music video release at number one by a female artist with 22 consecutive weeks at number one. Houston had set the record in 1986 with the release of her "The #1 Video Hits" video. After returning to number one the week of 16 May 2012, the DVD set the record for the most weeks spent at number one for a music DVD by a female artist with 23 weeks at number one. In May 2013, the DVD logged its 28th week on top of the chart, extending its record for the longest-running #1 music video by a female artist.


text: Midway through 2012, "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" was the best-selling music DVD in the United States with sales of 464,000 in the first six months of 2012 alone and bringing its total US sales to 915,000. This is more than any music video has sold in the first half of a year since Jay-Z and Linkin Park's "Collision Course" in 2005. By late August 2012, "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" had sold 955,000 copies in the United States.


text: As of 28 November 2012, "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" had surpassed sales of one million copies in the United States and sales of three million copies worldwide. "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" is the first music DVD to surpass sales of one million in the USA since Eagles' "Farewell 1 Tour-Live from Melbourne" in 2005 (Garth Brooks' "The Ultimate Hits" sold one million copies in 2007, but was a CD/DVD combination). In 2014, the Brazilian Association of Record Producers (ABPD), granted to sixfold Diamond to "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" for its sales over 1 million copies in Brazil.


text: "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" made its television debut on SABC3 in South Africa on 31 December 2011. It then aired on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 1 January 2012 in an abbreviated version. The video made its French television debut on on 2 March 2012 in an abbreviated version. It was repeated on BBC One on Wednesday 4 April 2012. A red button feature included the 'You, Me and Albert' behind the scenes footage that was seen on the DVD with "I Can't Make You Love Me" following. The set list on the abbreviated version was:


text: Therefore, the cut songs were "If It Hadn't Been for Love", "Take It All", "Right as Rain", "One and Only", "Lovesong" and "I Can't Make You Love Me".


text: On 3 June 2012, NBC aired a special titled "Adele Live in London with Matt Lauer". The special combined performances from "Live at the Royal Albert Hall" with an exclusive interview with Adele given by Matt Lauer. "Adele Live in London with Matt Lauer" was the top-rated program of its hour and helped NBC win the night. The TV special and its success helped revitalise sales for "21". "Adele Live in London with Matt Lauer" included seven performances from "Live at the Royal Albert Hall": "Set Fire to the Rain", "Chasing Pavements", "Someone like You", "Rolling in the Deep", "Turning Tables", "I'll Be Waiting", and "Hometown Glory".


title: Fräulein

text: Fräulein ( , ) is the German language honorific for unmarried women, comparable to Miss in English and Mademoiselle in French.


title: Fräulein

text: "Frau" is in origin the equivalent of "My lady" or "Madam", a form of address of a noblewoman. But by an ongoing process of devaluation of honorifics, it came to be used as the unmarked term for "woman" by about 1800. Therefore, "Fräulein" came to be interpreted as expressing a "diminutive of woman", as it were, implying that a "Fräulein" is not-quite-a-woman. By the 1960s, this came to be seen as patronising by proponents of feminism, partly because there is no equivalent male diminutive, and during the 1970s and 1980s, the term "Fräulein" became nearly taboo in urban and official settings, while it remained an unmarked standard in many rural areas. It is seen as sexist by modern feminists.


title: Fräulein

text: This process was somewhat problematic, at least during the 1970s to 1980s, since many unmarried women of the older generation insisted on "Fräulein" as a term of distinction, respecting their status, and took the address of "Frau" as offensive or suggestive of extra-marital sexual experience.


title: Fräulein

text: From the 1970s, "Fräulein" was used less often, and it was banned from official use in West Germany in 1972 by the Minister of the Interior. Nevertheless, the word, as a title of address and in other uses, continues to be used, albeit in much reduced frequency.


title: Fräulein

text: Nowadays, style guides and dictionaries recommend that all women be addressed as "Frau" regardless of marital status, particularly in formal situations. A "newsletter" published on the website of the German dictionary Duden in 2002, for instance, noted that women should only be addressed as "Fräulein" when they specifically request this form of address.


title: Fräulein

text: One area in which the word still sees wide use is in the form of an admonishing address towards girls until about their mid-teens, usually by a parent.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Franklin Story Musgrave (born August 19, 1935) is an American physician and a retired NASA astronaut. He is a public speaker and consultant to both Disney's Imagineering group and Applied Minds in California. In 1996, he became only the second astronaut to fly on six spaceflights, and he is the most formally educated astronaut with six academic degrees. Musgrave is the only astronaut to have flown aboard all five Space Shuttles.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Musgrave was born August 19, 1935, the son of Percy Musgrave Jr. (1903–1973) and Marguerite Warton Musgrave (née Swann; 1909–1982). He grew up in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, but considers Lexington, Kentucky, to be his hometown.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Musgrave has strong New England ancestral roots, descending from Mayflower Passengers John Howland and John Tilley, as well as early settler to Watertown, Massachusetts Richard Saltonstall. Saltonstall's uncle was Richard Saltonstall, Lord Mayor of London.


title: Story Musgrave

text: His 4th great-grandfather was William Gray, a lieutenant governor of Massachusetts from 1810 to 1812 and a Massachusetts State Representative and Senator. His first cousin, four times removed was Horace Gray, Massachusetts Supreme Court Justice from 1864 to 1882 and United States Supreme Court Justice from 1882 to 1902.


title: Story Musgrave

text: His name comes from his 2nd great-grandfather, Franklin Howard Story Jr. (1825–1900) and 3rd great-grandfather, Franklin Howard Story (1795–1871). His 4th great-grandfather, Elisha Story (1743–1805), was a participant in the Boston Tea Party in 1773. Another son of Elisha, Joseph Story (Musgrave's 4th great-uncle) was a United States Congressman from Massachusetts and a United States Supreme Court Justice from 1812 to 1845. Joseph's son (Musgrave's 1st cousin, four times removed) was artist and sculptor William Wetmore Story. William's son (Musgrave's second cousin, thrice removed) was painter Julian Russell Story.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Musgrave attended Dexter Southfield School in Brookline, Massachusetts and St. Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts from 1947 to 1953. He dropped out of St. Mark's in his senior year when a car accident "caused him to miss a substantial amount of vital pre-graduation exam schooling."


title: Story Musgrave

text: After leaving high school, Musgrave enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1953. He served as an aviation electrician, instrument technician and aircraft crew chief while completing duty assignments in Korea, Japan and Hawaii, and aboard the carrier in the Far East. Musgrave's aviator brother Percy (1933–1959), who also served on USS "Wasp", died on a mission when the carrier "ran over him" after a takeoff crash.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Although he did not qualify as a pilot until completing his stipulated astronaut training, Musgrave has flown 17,700 hours in 160 different types of civilian and military aircraft, including 7,500 hours in jet aircraft. He has earned FAA ratings for instructor, instrument instructor, glider instructor, and airline transport pilot in addition to astronaut wings. An accomplished parachutist, he has made more than 800 free falls, including over 100 experimental free-fall descents involved with the study of human aerodynamics.


title: Story Musgrave

text: While serving in the Marines, he completed his GED. Following his discharge, Musgrave received a B.S. in mathematics and statistics from Syracuse University in 1958. Following his graduation from Syracuse University, Musgrave was briefly employed as a mathematician and operations analyst by the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York in 1958.


title: Story Musgrave

text: He went on to receive an M.B.A. in operations analysis and computer programming from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1959, a B.A. in chemistry from Marietta College in 1960, an M.D. degree from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1964.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Upon completing his medical degree, he served a surgical internship at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1964 to 1965. He continued there as a United States Air Force postdoctoral fellow (1965–1966), working in aerospace medicine and physiology, and as a National Heart Institute postdoctoral fellow (1966–1967), teaching and researching cardiovascular and exercise physiology. In 1966, he earned an M.S. in physiology and biophysics from the University of Kentucky. From 1967 to 1989, he practiced clinical medicine on a part-time basis at Denver General Hospital (presently known as Denver Health Medical Center) and served as an adjunct instructor of physiology and biophysics at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. He earned an M.A. in literature from the University of Houston–Clear Lake in 1987.


title: Story Musgrave

text: He has written or been listed as a co-author of twenty five scientific papers in the areas of aerospace medicine and physiology, temperature regulation, exercise physiology, and clinical surgery.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Musgrave was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA in August 1967 as a member of NASA Astronaut Group 6. After completing flight and academic training, he worked on the design and development of the Skylab Program. In 1973, he was the backup Science Pilot for Skylab 2, becoming the first Group 6 astronaut to receive a potential flight assignment.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Musgrave participated in the design and development of all Space Shuttle extra-vehicular activity equipment, including spacesuits, life support systems, airlocks and Manned Maneuvering Units. From 1979 to 1982, and 1983 to 1984, he was assigned as a test and verification pilot in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory at JSC.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Musgrave served as a CAPCOM for the second and third Skylab missions, STS-31, STS-35, STS-36, STS-38 and STS-41. He was a Mission Specialist on STS-6 (1983), STS-51-F/Spacelab-2 (1985), STS-33 (1989), STS-44 (1991), and STS-80 (1996); and the Payload Commander on STS-61 (1993).


title: Story Musgrave

text: A veteran of six space flights, Musgrave has spent a total of 1,281 hours, 59 minutes, 22 seconds on space missions, including nearly 27 hours of EVA.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Musgrave is the only astronaut to have flown on all five Space Shuttles. Prior to John Glenn's return to space in 1998, Musgrave held the record for the oldest person in orbit at age 61.


title: Story Musgrave

text: He first flew on STS-6, which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, on April 4, 1983, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California, on April 9, 1983. During this maiden voyage of Space Shuttle "Challenger", the crew performed the first Shuttle deployment of an IUS/TDRS satellite, and Musgrave and Don Peterson conducted the first Space Shuttle extra-vehicular activity (EVA) to test the new space suits and construction and repair devices and procedures. Mission duration was 5 days, 23 minutes, 42 seconds.


title: Story Musgrave

text: On STS-51-F/Spacelab-2, the crew aboard "Challenger" launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on July 29, 1985, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on August 6, 1985. This flight was the first pallet-only Spacelab mission, and the first mission to operate the Spacelab Instrument Pointing System (IPS). It carried 13 major experiments in astronomy, astrophysics, and life sciences. During this mission, Musgrave served as the systems engineer during launch and entry, and as a pilot during the orbital operations. Mission duration was 7 days, 22 hours, 45 minutes, 26 seconds.


title: Story Musgrave

text: On STS-33, he served aboard the Space Shuttle "Discovery", which launched at night from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 22, 1989. This classified mission operated payloads for the United States Department of Defense. Following 79 orbits, the mission concluded on November 27, 1989, with a landing at sunset on Runway 04 at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Mission duration was 5 days, 7 minutes, 32 seconds.


title: Story Musgrave

text: STS-44 also launched at night on November 24, 1991. The primary mission objective was accomplished with the successful deployment of a Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite with an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) rocket booster. In addition, the crew also conducted two Military Man in Space Experiments, three radiation monitoring experiments, and numerous medical tests to support longer duration Shuttle flights. The mission was concluded in 110 orbits of the Earth with "Atlantis" returning to a landing on the lakebed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on December 1, 1991. Mission duration was 6 days, 22 hours, 50 minutes, 42 seconds.


title: Story Musgrave

text: STS-61 was the first Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing and repair mission. Following a night launch from Kennedy Space Center on December 2, 1993, "Endeavour" rendezvoused with and captured the HST. During this 11-day flight, the HST was restored to its full capabilities through the work of two pairs of astronauts during a record 5 spacewalks. Musgrave performed 3 of these spacewalks. After having travelled 4,433,772 miles in 163 orbits of the Earth, "Endeavour" returned to a night landing in Florida on December 13, 1993. Mission duration was 10 days, 19 hours, 59 minutes.


title: Story Musgrave

text: On STS-80, (November 19 to December 7, 1996), the crew aboard Space Shuttle "Columbia" deployed and retrieved the Wake Shield Facility (WSF) and the Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ORFEUS) satellites. The free-flying WSF created a super vacuum in its wake in which to grow thin film wafers for use in semiconductors and the electronics industry. The ORFEUS instruments, mounted on the reusable Shuttle Pallet Satellite, studied the origin and makeup of stars.


title: Story Musgrave

text: During deorbit and landing, Musgrave stood in the cockpit and pointed a handheld video camera out the windows. In doing so, he recorded the plasma streams over the orbiter's hull for the first time, and he is still the only astronaut to see them first-hand. In completing this mission he logged a record 278 Earth orbits and traveled over 7 million miles in 17 days, 15 hours, 53 minutes.


title: Story Musgrave

text: Musgrave has made cameo appearances on several documentary TV programs, as well as the movie "Mission to Mars" (2000) as "3rd CAPCOM" and the TV show "Home Improvement" by Touchstone Television (Series 3, Episode 24, "Reality Bytes"). In 2012, he appeared at Chicon 7, the 70th World Science Fiction Convention, as the "Astronaut Guest of Honor." In 1995 while being interviewed for a space documentary called "Sightings," Musgrave irked NASA officials and surprised his collegues when he declared that during two of his missions he saw "snakes" floating around in space - a fact that he failed to officially report to NASA upon his return. Musgrave retired from NASA just two years later in 1997.


title: Story Musgrave

text: April 9, 1995: "On two of my missions, and I still don't have an answer, um, I have seen a, a snake out there,


title: Story Musgrave

text: six seven eight feet long. It is rubbery because it has internal waves in it and it follows you for a


title: Story Musgrave

text: He is a member of Phi Delta Theta, Alpha Kappa Psi, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Beta Gamma Sigma, the Civil Aviation Medical Association, the Flying Physicians Association, the International Academy of Astronautics, the Marine Corps Aviation Association, the National Aeronautic Association, the National Aerospace Education Council, the National Geographic Society, the Navy League, the New York Academy of Sciences, Omicron Delta Kappa, the Soaring Club of Houston, the Soaring Society of America and the United States Parachute Association.


title: Story Musgrave

text: He has seven children, Lorelei, Scott, Holly, Todd, Jeff, Lane, and Story, one of whom is deceased. His hobbies include chess, flying, gardening, literary criticism, poetry, microcomputers, parachuting, photography, reading, running, scuba diving, and soaring.


title: Story Musgrave

text: In the early 1990s, Musgrave was stalked by Margaret Mary Ray, a schizophrenic woman who had previously served a prison sentence for stalking comedian David Letterman.


title: Eustace Conway

text: Eustace Robinson Conway IV (born September 15, 1961) is an American naturalist and the subject of the book "The Last American Man" by Elizabeth Gilbert. He has also been the subject of "Adventures in the Simple Life" by Sarah Vowell on the weekly radio show "This American Life" with Ira Glass. He is the owner of the Turtle Island Preserve in Boone, North Carolina. He is one of the featured personalities on the History channel show "Mountain Men".


title: Eustace Conway

text: Conway was born in Columbia, South Carolina. He has three siblings. At age 17, Conway left home so that he could live in a tipi in the woods. He has hiked the entire Appalachian Trail and claims to have set the world record of 103 days for crossing the United States on horseback from the Atlantic to the Pacific. However, according to "The New York Times" and "Los Angeles Times" of the day, as well as the book "Bud & Me", the record for crossing the North American continent on horseback was actually 62 days. This journey was made by Bud and Temple Abernathy, aged 11 and 7, who rode from New York City to San Francisco on an equestrian journey, which started in August 1911.


title: Eustace Conway

text: The weekly radio show "This American Life" reported on Conway's cross-country journey in the episode "Adventures in the Simple Life", which aired on September 11, 1998. The show uses recordings that were taped on a hand-held recorder by Conway and his party.


title: Eustace Conway

text: A 2003 documentary film on Conway's life, "Full Circle: A Life Story of Eustace Conway", was directed by Jack Bibbo. Conway is also one of four featured characters in the 2012 documentary film "Reconvergence", which was directed by Edward Tyndall.


title: Eustace Conway

text: Conway appeared in "Mountain Men", a reality television series on the History channel. The series focused on his daily life of performing his chores and preparing food for the coming winter. Threatened by a lien against his land, Conway fights to maintain ownership.


title: Eustace Conway

text: In November 2012, Turtle Island was forced to shut down public access because its traditional buildings violated building codes. In mid-December 2012 Conway appeared to make progress toward reaching a resolution with the North Carolina Building Code Council. However, immediately following this apparent progress with the code council, Conway was arrested for trespassing on a neighbor's property in a dispute over the property border, continuing the legal challenges to Turtle Island.


title: Eustace Conway

text: Conway's problems with the North Carolina Building Code Council quickly gained notice of state officials. The North Carolina General Assembly stepped in, proposing an exemption to building-code requirements for primitive structures. Both the state's House and Senate voted unanimously to pass H774. The bill was signed into law by Governor Pat McCrory on June 12, 2013. This ordeal was described in the Fox News special "War on the Little Guy", hosted by John Stossel.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: The human T-lymphotropic virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus, or human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV) family of viruses are a group of human retroviruses that are known to cause a type of cancer called adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and a demyelinating disease called HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The HTLVs belong to a larger group of primate T-lymphotropic viruses (PTLVs). Members of this family that infect humans are called HTLVs, and the ones that infect Old World monkeys are called Simian T-lymphotropic viruses (STLVs). To date, four types of HTLVs (HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3, and HTLV-4) and four types of STLVs (STLV-1, STLV-2, STLV-3, and STLV-5) have been identified. HTLV types HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 viruses are the first retroviruses discovered. Both belong to the oncovirus subfamily of retroviruses and can transform human lymphocytes so that they are self-sustaining in vitro. The HTLVs are believed to originate from interspecies transmission of STLVs. The HTLV-1 genome is diploid, composed of two copies of a single-stranded RNA virus whose genome is copied into a double-stranded DNA form that integrates into the host cell genome, at which point the virus is referred to as a provirus. A closely related virus is bovine leukemia virus BLV.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: HTLV-1 is an abbreviation for "human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1", also called human T-cell leukemia type 1, a virus that has been implicated in several kinds of diseases, including tropical spastic paraparesis, and as a virus cancer link for leukemia (see adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma). HTLV-1 has seven reported subtypes (subtypes A through G). The great majority of infections are caused by the cosmopolitan subtype A. HTLV was discovered by Robert Gallo and colleagues in 1980. Between 1 in 20 and 1 in 25 infected people are thought to develop cancer as a result of the virus. HTLV-1 infection is thought to spread only through dividing cells since reverse transcriptase generates proviral DNA from genomic viral RNA, and the provirus is integrated into the host genome by viral integrase after transmission. Therefore, the quantification of provirus reflects the number of HTLV-1-infected cells. So, an increase in numbers of HTLV-1-infected cells using cell division, by actions of accessory viral genes, especially Tax, may provide an enhancement of infectivity. Tax expression induces proliferation, inhibits the apoptosis of HTLV-1-infected cells and, conversely, evokes the host immune response, including cytotoxic T cells, to kill virus-infected cells.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: A virus closely related to HTLV-1, also discovered by Robert Gallo and colleagues. The family of human T-lymphotropic virus (Figure 2) can be further categorized into four subtypes. The figure also divides the retroviruses into exogenous and endogenous. Retroviruses can exist as two different forms: endogenous which consist of normal genetic components and exogenous which are horizontally transferred genetic components that are usually infectious agents that cause disease i.e. HIV. In (Figure 3) open reading frames (ORF) are shown which can, if translated, predict which genes will be present and this can help to better understand human retroviruses. Of the four subtypes, HTLV-2 may be linked to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). In one study involving cultured lymphocytes from patients with mycosis fungoides (Figure 1), PCR amplification showed gene sequences of HTLV-II. This finding may suggest a possible correlation with HTLV-2 and CTCL. Further research and studies must be conducted to show a positive relationship.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 have been used to describe recently characterized viruses. These viruses were discovered in 2005 in rural Cameroon, and were, it is presumed, transmitted from monkeys to hunters of monkeys through bites and scratches.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: It is not yet known how much further transmission has occurred among humans, or whether the viruses can cause disease.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: The use of these names can cause some confusion, because the name "HTLV-3" was one of the names for HIV in early AIDS literature, but has since fallen out of use. The name "HTLV-4" has also been used to describe HIV-2. A large Canadian study documented this confusion among healthcare workers, where >90% of HTLV tests ordered by physicians were actually intended to be HIV tests.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 can be transmitted sexually, by blood to blood contact (e.g. by blood transfusion or sharing needles when using drugs) and via breast feeding.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: Two HTLVs are well established. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are both involved in actively spreading epidemics, affecting 15–20 million people worldwide.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: HTLV-1 is the more clinically significant of the two: at least 500,000 of the individuals infected with HTLV-1 eventually develop an often rapidly fatal leukemia, while others will develop a debilitative myelopathy, and yet others will experience uveitis, infectious dermatitis, or another inflammatory disorder. HTLV-2 is associated with milder neurologic disorders and chronic pulmonary infections. In the United States, HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence rates among volunteer blood donors average 0.016 percent.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: While there is no present licensed vaccine, there are many factors which make a vaccine against HTLV-1 feasible. The virus displays relatively low antigenic variability, natural immunity does occur in humans, and experimental vaccination using envelope antigens has been shown to be successful in animal models. Plasmid DNA vaccines elicit potent and protective immune responses in numerous small-animal models of infectious diseases. However, their immunogenicity in primates appears less potent. In the past two decades a large initiative has been put forth to understand the biological and pathogenic properties of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1); this has ultimately led to the development of various experimental vaccination and therapeutic strategies to combat HTLV-1 infection. These strategies include the development of envelope glycoprotein derived B-cell epitopes for the induction of neutralizing antibodies, as well as a strategy to generate a multivalent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the HTLV-1 Tax antigen. A vaccine candidate that can elicit or boost anti-gp46 neutralizing antibody response may have a potential for prevention and therapy against HTLV-1 infection.


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: Potential treatments include prosultiamine, a vitamin B-1 derivative, which has been shown to reduce viral load and symptoms; azacytidine, an anti-metabolite, which has been credited with the cure of a patient in Greece; tenofovir disoproxil (TDF), a reverse-transcriptase inhibitor used for HIV; cepharanthine, an alkaloid from stephania cepharantha hayata; and phosphonated carbocyclic 2'-oxa-3'aza nucleosides (PCOANs). A newer formulation of TDF, called tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), also has promise as a treatment with less toxicity.


title: Retirement in Europe

text: Retirement age differs in European countries and is a matter of debate across Europe, because of an aging population.


title: Wisdom literature

text: Wisdom literature is a genre of literature common in the ancient Near East. It consists of statements by sages and the wise that offer teachings about divinity and virtue. Although this genre uses techniques of traditional oral storytelling, it was disseminated in written form.


title: Wisdom literature

text: The literary genre of mirrors for princes, which has a long history in Islamic and Western Renaissance literature, is a secular cognate of wisdom literature. In classical antiquity, the didactic poetry of Hesiod, particularly his "Works and Days", was regarded as a source of knowledge similar to the wisdom literature of Egypt, Babylonia and Israel. Pre-Islamic poetry is replete with many poems of wisdom, including the poetry of Zuhayr bin Abī Sūlmā (520–609).


title: Wisdom literature

text: The wisdom literature from Sumeria and Babylonia is among the most ancient in the world, with the Sumerian documents dating back to the third millennium BC and the Babylonian dating to the second millennium BC. Many of the extant texts uncovered at Nippur are as ancient as the 18th century BC. Most of these texts are wisdom in the form of dialogues or hymns, such as the "Hymn to Enlil, the All-Beneficent" from ancient Sumer.


title: Wisdom literature

text: Proverbs were particularly popular among the Sumerians, with many fables and anecdotes therein, such as the "Debate Between Winter and Summer", which Assyriologist Samuel Noah Kramer has noted as paralleling the story of Cain and Abel in the Book of Genesis () and the form of disputation is similar to that between Job and his friends in the Book of Job (written c. 6th century BC).


title: Wisdom literature

text: Several other ancient Mesopotamian texts parallel the Book of Job, including the Sumerian "Man and his God" (remade by the Old Babylonians into "Dialogue between a Man and His God", c. 19th–16th centuries BC) and the Akkadian text, "The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer;" the latter text concerns a man who has been faithful his whole life and yet suffers unjustly until he is ultimately delivered from his afflictions. The ancient poem known as the "Babylonian Theodicy" from 17th to 10th centuries BC also features a dialogue between a sufferer and his friend on the unrighteousness of the world.


title: Wisdom literature

text: The 5th-century BC Aramaic story "Words of Ahikar" is full of sayings and proverbs, many similar to local Babylonian and Persian aphorisms as well as passages similar to parts of the "Book of Proverbs" and others to the deuterocanonical "Wisdom of Sirach".


title: Wisdom literature

text: In ancient Egyptian literature, wisdom literature belonged to the "sebayt" ("teaching") genre which flourished during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and became canonical during the New Kingdom. Notable works of this genre include the "Instructions of Kagemni", "The Maxims of Ptahhotep", the "Instructions of Amenemhat", the "Loyalist Teaching", and the "Corpus Hermeticum". Hymns such as "A Prayer to Re-Har-akhti" (c. 1230 BC) feature the confession of sins and appeal for mercy:


title: Wisdom literature

text: Much of the surviving wisdom literature of ancient Egypt was concerned with the afterlife. Some of these take the form of dialogues, such as "The Debate Between a Man and his Soul" from 20th–18th centuries BC, which features a man from the Middle Kingdom lamenting about life as he speaks with his "ba." Other texts display a variety of views concerning life after death, including the rationalist skeptical "The Immortality of Writers" and the "Harper's Songs", the latter of which oscillates between hopeful confidence and reasonable doubt.


title: Wisdom literature

text: The "Corpus Hermeticum" is a piece of Egyptian-Greek wisdom literature in the form of a dialogue between Hermes Trismegistus and a disciple. The majority of the text date to the 1st–4th century AD, though the original materials the texts may be older; recent scholarship confirms that the syncretic nature of Hermeticism arose during the times of Roman Egypt, but the contents of the tradition parallel the older wisdom literature of Ancient Egypt, suggesting origins during the Pharaonic Age. The Hermetic texts of the Egyptians mostly dealt with summoning spirits, animating statues, Babylonian astrology, and the then-new practice of alchemy; additional mystical subjects include divine oneness, purification of the soul, and rebirth through the enlightenment of the mind.


title: Wisdom literature

text: The wisdom literature of Egyptian Hermeticism ended up as part of Islamic tradition, with his writings considered by the Abbasids as sacred inheritance from the Prophets and Hermes himself as the ancestor of the Prophet Muhammad. In the version of the Hermetic texts kept by the Ikhwan al-Safa, Hermes Trismegistus is identified as the ancient prophet Idris; according to their tradition, Idris traveled from Egypt into heaven and Eden, bringing the Black Stone back to earth when he landed in India. The star-worshipping sect known as the Sabians of Harran also believed that their doctrine descended from Hermes Trismegistus.


title: Wisdom literature

text: The most famous examples of wisdom literature are found in the Bible. Wisdom is a central topic in the Sapiential Books , i.e., Proverbs, Psalms, Job, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Book of Wisdom, Wisdom of Sirach, and to some extent Baruch. Not all the Psalms are usually regarded as belonging to the Wisdom tradition. Others such as Epistle of Aristeas, Pseudo-Phocylides and 4 Maccabees are also considered sapiential.


title: Wisdom literature

text: The later Sayings of the Fathers, or "Pirkei Avot" in the Talmud follows in the tradition of wisdom literature, focusing more on Torah study as a means for achieving a reward, rather than studying wisdom for its own sake.


title: Tyson's Run

text: Tyson's Run is a 2022 American drama film written and directed by Kim Bass and starring Rory Cochrane, Amy Smart, Major Dodson and Barkhad Abdi.


title: Tyson's Run

text: An unathletic autistic boy strives to become an unlikely marathon champion giving his unfulfilled father purpose and a second chance at putting his family first.


title: Tyson's Run

text: Rick Bentley of KGET-TV awarded the film two and a half stars and wrote, "As a sports movie dealing with marathon running, "Tyson’s Run" hits the wall in the first act as it just never finds the proper stride or pacing. It does get a few more miles out of the family elements."


title: Tyson's Run

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 60% based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 6.10/10.


title: Sex Bomb

text: "Sex Bomb" is a song by Welsh singer Tom Jones. Performed in collaboration with German DJ and record producer Mousse T., the song was released in 1999 in several European countries; in January of the following year, it was issued across the rest of Europe except the United Kingdom, where it was not released until May 2000. Outside the UK, the track served as the second single from Jones' 34th album, "Reload", while in the UK, it served as the fourth single.


title: Sex Bomb

text: Commercially, "Sex Bomb" reached number one in France and Switzerland while becoming a top-three hit in Austria, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Wallonia. The Peppermint Disco Mix of the track contains a sample from "All American Girls" by Sister Sledge and has been used as the opening theme song of the WB Network television series "Grosse Pointe". A different version appears on Mousse T.'s 2001 debut solo album, "Gourmet de Funk".


title: Sam Spiegel

text: Samuel P. Spiegel (November 11, 1901December 31, 1985) was an American independent film producer born in the Galician area of Austria-Hungary. Financially responsible for some of the most critically acclaimed motion pictures of the 20th century, Spiegel produced films that won the Academy Award for Best Picture three times, a Hollywood first for a sole independent producer.


title: Sam Spiegel

text: Spiegel was born to a German-speaking Jewish family in Jarosław, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (until 1772 in Polish Crown, now in Poland). His parents were Regina and Simon Spiegel, a tobacco wholesaler. He received his education at the University of Vienna. He had an older brother, Shalom Spiegel (1899-c. 1984), who was a professor of medieval Hebrew poetry.


title: Sam Spiegel

text: Spiegel worked briefly in Hollywood in 1927 following a stint serving with Hashomer Hatzair in Palestine. He then went to Berlin to produce German and French adaptations of Universal films. In 1933 he fled Germany following the election of the Nazi party and increased antisemitism. As an independent producer, Spiegel helped produce a number of European films.


title: Sam Spiegel

text: Between 1935 and 1954, Spiegel billed himself as S. P. Eagle; after that he used his real name. His nickname was the "velvet octopus" after his propensity to entwine himself with women in the back of taxis and manage Hollywood with a velvet touch according to Billy Wilder. He loved London and admired the British, as is reflected in his films "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957) and "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962), both of which won seven Academy Awards including Best Picture. Starting with the 1951 film "The African Queen", he produced films through his British-based production company Horizon Pictures.


title: Sam Spiegel

text: In a review in "Variety" of Natasha Fraser-Cavassoni's biography of Spiegel, Wendy Smith notes: "It's all here: the sleazy financial maneuvers and creepy taste for underage girls that make Spiegel a decidedly flawed protagonist, as well as the wit, sophistication, and Old World charm that make him a titanic figure the likes of which the movie industry will not see again"


title: Sam Spiegel

text: Spiegel won the Academy Award for Best Picture for Elia Kazan's "On the Waterfront" as well as for "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957) and "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962), both directed by Briton David Lean. In 1963, he was awarded the Irving Thalberg Memorial Award at that year's Academy Awards for his many contributions to cinema.


title: Sam Spiegel

text: American actress Theresa Russell alleged that she was sexually propositioned by Spiegel during her first casting session for his 1976 film "The Last Tycoon". In another interview, Russell recalled: "I was 16 years old and still living at home, and he took me to the Bistro and tried to stick his tongue down my throat." After she refused to sign a contract with Spiegel, Russell "was completely left out of the publicity for "The Last Tycoon", and Spiegel threatened that he would prevent Russell from working again in Hollywood.


title: Sam Spiegel

text: Spiegel maintained a connection with Israel throughout his life, particularly with such personalities as Golda Meir, Ariel Sharon, Jerusalem Foundation president Ruth Cheshin (mother of Mishael Cheshin), and his close friend, then Jerusalem Mayor Teddy Kollek. Spiegel also contributed to various Zionist causes. He spoke eight languages fluently: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Hebrew and Yiddish.


title: Sam Spiegel

text: Spiegel's heirs and the administrators of his estate, son Adam Spiegel, daughter Alisa Freedman, niece Judge Raya Dreben, and Adv. David Bottoms, decided to transfer Spiegel's impressive art collection to the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. Since 1996, they have made an annual contribution, through the Jerusalem Foundation, to the film school in Jerusalem bearing his name since that time – the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem. This annual contribution is the largest in the history of Israeli cinema.


title: Sam Spiegel

text: In 2005, the 15th anniversary of the establishment of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, the Jerusalem Municipality complied with a request from the school's founder-director Renen Schorr to mark the occasion by declaring the lane in the Talpiot industrial section where the school is located "The Sam Spiegel Alley." The street sign's inscription: "Sam Spiegel – Jewish-American Film Producer and Oscar-winner. Pioneer. Lover of Zion."


title: John Butler (author)

text: John George Butler (born 16 May 1937) is a British author, philosopher, YouTuber and retired farmer living in Derbyshire. A graduate of the University of Nottingham, Butler is known for having written several books describing his experiences with meditation and spirituality gained through international travel and study, and has accumulated over 200 thousand subscribers on his YouTube channel where he discusses wide array of subjects that primarily center around religion and introspection.


title: John Butler (author)

text: Butler's spiritual views are told in a Christian context and revolve around the importance of meditation and self-discovery, and his soft-spoken voice has drawn fans of ASMR to his channel as well. A Conscious TV interview with Butler, uploaded in 2016 and covering his life story, received over three million views on YouTube; Butler began his YouTube channel after he was encouraged by its positive reception. Beyond authorship and videomaking, Butler also gained attention in the 1970s when he became one of the first farmers in the United Kingdom to promote organic farming. His organic practices are the subject of the 1975 BBC documentary "Three Acres at Bicker Fen".


title: Mandela Van Peebles

text: Mandela Van Peebles (born June 4, 1994) is an American rapper, film and television actor and producer who has appeared in films such as "We the Party", "Baadasssss!", and "Jigsaw", and the television series "Reginald the Vampire".


title: Mandela Van Peebles

text: Van Peebles was born in Los Angeles, California. He is one of two children born to director/actor Mario Van Peebles and Lisa Vitello, and a grandson of filmmaker Melvin Van Peebles and Maria (née Marx). He is named after Nelson Mandela.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: Hans Konrad Schumann (often anglicized to Hans Conrad Schumann in English-language sources; 28 March 1942 – 20 June 1998) was an East German border guard who escaped to West Germany during the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: Born in Zschochau (now part of Ostrau, Saxony) during World War II, Schumann enlisted in the East German Grenzpolizei (border police) following his 18th birthday. After three months' training in Dresden, he was posted to a non-commissioned officers' college in Potsdam, after which he volunteered for service in Berlin.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: On 15 August 1961, the 19-year-old Schumann was sent to the corner of Ruppiner Strasse and Bernauer Strasse to guard the Berlin Wall on its third day of construction. He and his unit arrived at 4:30 am, where an officer ordered them to take control and protect the border "against the enemies of socialism." Schumann later recalled: "We stood around looking pretty stupid at first. Nobody had told us how that's done: taking control of a border."


title: Konrad Schumann

text: At that time and place, the wall was only a single coil of concertina wire. Throughout the day, as Schumann paced ten steps up and down, West Berlin residents shouted catcalls. "You pigs!" "You traitors!" "You concentration camp guards!"


title: Konrad Schumann

text: One scene particularly upset Schumann. A young lady in East Berlin passed a bouquet of flowers over the top of the wire to an older lady in West Berlin, obviously the younger lady's mother, and wished her a happy birthday. The young lady apologized for not being able to visit, then motioned to Schumann and added, "Those [people] over there, they won't let me cross anymore." Schumann started to reconsider whether he really wanted to spend the rest of his working life keeping his fellow citizens imprisoned.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: Around noon, a West Berlin crowd of about 1,000 demonstrators approached the wire at Schumann's post. They shouted various slogans, including ""Freiheit" (Freedom)." Schumann recalled: "Suddenly the mass of people moved toward us like a living wall. I thought: they're going to run over us right away. I was nervous and didn't know what to do. I didn't want to shoot and I wasn't supposed to."


title: Konrad Schumann

text: Before Schumann was forced to act, more soldiers arrived in armoured cars and pushed the crowd back with rifles fixed with bayonets.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: Schumann started to think that he should leave, especially after trucks arrived with concrete posts and steel plates. Over the next two hours, when no other soldier was watching, he pushed down the same section of wire. West Berlin bystanders started to take notice. One young man came close and Schumann yelled at him "Get back at once", then whispered "I'm going to jump!" The young man alerted the West Berlin police, who arrived with a van.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: At roughly 4:00 pm, Schumann jumped over the barbed wire while dropping his PPSh-41 submachine gun, and was promptly driven away in the van by West Berlin police. West German photographer Peter Leibing photographed Schumann's escape. The photograph, entitled "Leap into Freedom", has since become an iconic image of the Cold War era and featured at the beginning of the 1982 Disney film "Night Crossing". The scene, including Schumann's preparations, was also filmed on 16 mm film from the same perspective by camera operator Dieter Hoffmann.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: Schumann went from West Berlin to West Germany, settling in Bavaria. In 1962, he met and married Kunigunde Gunda in Günzburg. They had a son the following year. Schumann took up a new job at a winery and later at the Audi car factory in Ingolstadt, where he worked for nearly 30 years.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: After the fall of the Berlin Wall Schumann said, "Only since 9 November 1989 [the date of the fall] have I felt truly free." Even so, he continued to feel more at home in Bavaria than in his birthplace, citing old frictions with his former colleagues, and was even hesitant to visit his parents and siblings in Saxony.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: On 20 June 1998, suffering from depression, he committed suicide, hanging himself in his orchard near the town of Kipfenberg in Upper Bavaria. His body was found by his wife a few hours later.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: In May 2011, the photograph of Schumann's "leap into freedom" was inducted into the UNESCO Memory of the World programme as part of a collection of documents on the fall of the Berlin Wall.


title: Konrad Schumann

text: A sculpture called "Mauerspringer" ("Walljumper") by Florian and Michael Brauer and Edward Anders can be seen close to the site of the defection, but has since been moved to the side of a building on Brunnenstraße, several meters south of Bernauer Straße.


title: Poppet

text: In folk magic and witchcraft, a poppet (also known as poppit, moppet, mommet or pippy) is a doll made to represent a person, for casting spells on that person or to aid that person through magic. They are occasionally found lodged in chimneys. These dolls may be fashioned from such materials as a carved root, grain or corn shafts, a fruit, paper, wax, a potato, clay, branches, or cloth stuffed with herbs with the intent that any actions performed upon the effigy will be transferred to the subject based on sympathetic magic. Poppets are also used as kitchen witch figures.


title: Poppet

text: The word "poppet" is an older spelling of "puppet", from Middle English "popet", meaning a small child or a doll. In British English it continues to hold this meaning. "Poppet" is also a chiefly British term of endearment or diminutive referring to a young child or girl, much like the words "dear" or "sweetie."


title: Patience (Guns N' Roses song)

text: "Patience" is a song by American rock band Guns N' Roses from their second studio album, "G N' R Lies" (1988), released as a single in April 1989. The song peaked at number four on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The song is a ballad, played using three acoustic guitars and was recorded in a single session by producer Mike Clink. A music video of the song was shot and appears on the band's music video DVD, "Welcome to the Videos".


title: Patience (Guns N' Roses song)

text: The motivation for the track is generally accepted to be the troublesome relationship between Axl Rose and his now ex-wife Erin Everly, though this was never stated in the album or interviews. According to bass guitarist Duff McKagan, "Axl came up with a great lyric, seemingly out of nowhere, that of course became the story and melody of that song." It has also been stated by the band that Stradlin wrote the song about his ex-girlfriend Angela Nicoletti McCoy.


title: Patience (Guns N' Roses song)

text: Steven Adler did not record on the track, although in some live performances prior to release of the album, such as their performance at the Orange County Fair in New York in the summer of 1988, percussion (and electric instruments) were used.


title: Patience (Guns N' Roses song)

text: In the video, the band members are situated in a hotel where they are the only constant images, as all other people are present for a moment, then fade away. Directed by Nigel Dick, it was one of the numerous videos produced by the band. The video was filmed on Valentine's Day during 1989, some scenes being shot at the Record Plant. It was the last video in which Steven Adler appeared (even though he did not play on the recorded track) and the last before the "Use Your Illusion" videos. Mike Clink is also featured in the video, sitting at the mixing board. The video was shot in The Ambassador Hotel, made famous due to Bobby Kennedy's assassination in 1968. The hotel was inoperative and scheduled for demolition, but was not demolished until 2006.


title: Patience (Guns N' Roses song)

text: Rock musician Chris Cornell recorded a cover of the song, which was released posthumously on July 20, 2020.


title: Patience (Guns N' Roses song)

text: "Patience" has been a staple in Guns N' Roses' setlists on all tours since the song was released. When performed live, electric guitars are often used instead of acoustic. Despite the album version of the song featuring no drumming, the drummers make active use of their drum kits during performances, and keyboardist Dizzy Reed makes use of his keyboard as well. In the 21st century, the band's lead guitarist (Slash) would play electric guitar, while the second guitarist (Buckethead, Paul Tobias, Richard Fortus, Bumblefoot or Duff McKagan) would play acoustic. Live performances are available on "Appetite for Democracy 3D" and "Made in Stoke 24/7/11".


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: The Assassin (; or: "The Assassin Niè Yǐnniáng") is a 2015 wuxia film directed by Taiwanese director Hou Hsiao-hsien. A Taiwan/China/Hong Kong co-production, it was an official selection in the main competition section at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. At Cannes, Hou won the award for Best Director. It was released in China and Hong Kong on 27 August, and a day later in Taiwan on 28 August 2015. It was selected as the Taiwanese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards but it was not nominated. The international film magazine "Sight & Sound" named it the best film of 2015.


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: "The Assassin" is loosely based on the late seventh-century martial arts story "Nie Yinniang" by Pei Xing, a core text in Chinese swordsmanship and "wuxia" fiction.


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: The film is set in seventh-century China during the last years of the Tang Dynasty following the Lushan Rebellion. The circuit of Weibo, though nominally a part of the Tang Empire, is de facto ruled independently by military governor Tian Ji'an. The film centers on Nie Yinniang (played by Shu Qi), an assassin who is directed to slay corrupt government officials by her master, Jiaxin, a nun who raised her from the age of ten. When Yinniang displays mercy by failing to kill during her duties, Jiaxin punishes her with a ruthless assignment designed to test Yinniang's resolve: she is sent to the distant province/circuit of Weibo in northern China to kill its military governor, her cousin Tian Ji'an, to whom she was betrothed as a child.


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: As Princess Jiacheng recounts to her when she arrives, the betrothal was a consequence of Jiacheng's own marriage. Jiacheng was married off an official of Weibo to quell unrest in Weibo, whereupon she adopted her husband's son, Tian Ji'an as her own. At her request, Tian Ji'an was betrothed to Yinniang at the age of fifteen. However, the betrothal was canceled in favor of a politically pressing marriage, and Yinniang was sent off to live with Princess Jiacheng's sister the nun Jiaxin. Yinniang wrestles with her mission to kill Tian Ji'an for much of the film.


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: When Yinniang's uncle Tian Xing expresses views Tian Ji'an finds offensive in a meeting of state, Tian Ji'an demotes Tian Xing and sends him away to Linqing under the protection of Nie Feng, Yinniang's father. They are soon ambushed, but Yinniang arrives in time to rescue them. She accompanies the wounded survivors to a village where they meet a young mirror-polisher.


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: Eventually, Yinniang concludes that killing Tian Ji'an while his sons are young would plunge Weibo into chaos and instead protects him on the journey where she was supposed to kill him. The film concludes with Yinniang leaving behind the strictures of Jiaxin and the high politics of Weibo, instead joining the young mirror-polisher on a journey as his guardian.


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: The film received several subsidies from the Taiwanese government: in 2005 of NT$15 million (US$501,000), in 2008 of NT$80 million (US$2.67 million) and in 2010 of NT$20 million (US$668,000). However, over the production, Hou encountered various budget problems; thus more than half of the film's final budget came from China, a first for Hou. As of September 2012, its budget was CN¥90 million (US$14.9 million).


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: The film was filmed in several places in China, mainly in Hubei province, Inner Mongolia and north-eastern China. Hou recalled that he was "blown away" when he saw "those silver birch forests and lakes: it was like being transported into a Chinese classical painting."


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: The first press conference of "The Assassin" since its Cannes premiere was held in Shanghai on 16 June 2015, where Hou and the film's cast discussed their Cannes experience and their upcoming promotional activities for the film.


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: The film premiered in Beijing on 23 August 2015, ahead of its nationwide release on 27 August 2015. For its American release, the film's distribution rights were acquired by independent distribution company Well Go USA Entertainment on 11 May 2015, and the film was released on 16 October 2015.


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: "The Assassin" was released on Blu-ray and DVD in Hong Kong on 20 December 2015. The North American release was 26 January 2016 and included four behind-the-scenes featurettes regarding the film.


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: "The Assassin" opened to critical acclaim. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 80% "Certified Fresh" rating, based on 102 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's consensus states: ""The Assassin"s thrilling visuals mark a fresh highlight for director Hsiao-hsien Hou, even if its glacial pace may keep some viewers at arm's length." Metacritic reports an 80 out of 100 rating, based on 28 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". "Sight & Sound" magazine ranked "The Assassin" as the best film of 2015 based on a poll of 168 critics from around the world. The Online Film Critics Society called the film the best foreign language film of 2015.


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: "New York Times" co-chief film critic Manohla Dargis called the film "staggeringly lovely" at Cannes, describing it as having "held the Wednesday-night audience in rapturous silence until the closing credits, when thunderous applause and booming bravos swept through the auditorium like a wave". "Variety"'s chief film critic Justin Chang highly praises the film, saying "The sheer depth of its formal artistry places "The Assassin" in a rather more rarefied realm... Hou implicitly grasps the expressive power of stillness and reserve, the ways in which silence can build tension and heighten interest. Above all, he never loses sight of the fact that the bodies he moves so fluidly and intuitively through space are human, and remain so even in death. ... Hou Hsiao-hsien proves himself to be not just the creator of this assassin but an unmistakably kindred spirit." On "Film Business Asia", Derek Elley gave it a 9 out of 10, saying that "Hou Hsiao-hsien's first wuxia masterfully blends the genre's essence and his own style". Deborah Young of "The Hollywood Reporter" said: "Hou Hsiao-hsien brings a pure, idiosyncratic vision to the martial arts genre". Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of "The A.V. Club" describes the "enigmatic and often mesmerizing" "Assassin" as "one of the most flat-out beautiful movies of the last decade, and also one of the most puzzling". He states, "Mood is key here...[the film is] all muted and subsumed by a poetic atmosphere that's radical even by Hou's standards...It's a movie most will be intoxicated by, but few will be able to confidently say that they understand—which may be the point, part and parcel with its conception of a world of gestures and values so absolute as to be nearly unknowable."


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: John Esther of "UR Chicago" gave the film a more mixed review, saying "the real strength (and strain) of "The Assassin" is the mise-en-scène by Hou and director of photographer Mark Lee Ping Bing ("In the Mood for Love"; "Renoir")" but criticized the film's glossy depiction of the environment, "The costumes, the people, the woods, the art, and the interiors are relentlessly pretty. Other than human nature, "The Assassin" suggests there was nothing ugly to witness during this period in time."


title: The Assassin (2015 film)

text: Sarah Cronin of the British magazine "Electric Sheep" writes "The intricacies of the story are bewildering, with the 'who' and the 'why' only obliquely revealed as the film lingers on. But rather than lending "The Assassin" an air of intrigue, these mysteries seem pointlessly and frustratingly obtuse, with the most potent symbolism left to be teased out of a broken piece of jade, while not enough is done to bring the characters to life, to make them whole. Hou Hsiao-hsien deliberately avoids giving its audience any of the pleasures of wuxia, but its take on the genre offers little, and feels like a pale shadow of fellow auteur Wong Kar Wai's "Ashes of Time". It looks gorgeous, but there's a shallowness to its beauty. "The Assassin", unfortunately, is more still life than cinema."


title: Confusion

text: In medicine, confusion is the quality or state of being bewildered or unclear. The term "acute mental confusion" is often used interchangeably with delirium in the "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems" and the "Medical Subject Headings" publications to describe the pathology. These refer to the loss of orientation, or the ability to place oneself correctly in the world by time, location and personal identity. Mental confusion is sometimes accompanied by disordered consciousness (the loss of linear thinking) and memory loss (the inability to correctly recall previous events or learn new material).


title: Confusion

text: The word confusion derives from the Latin word, "confundo", which means "confuse, mix, blend, pour together, disorder, embroil."


title: Confusion

text: Confusion may result from drug side effects or from a relatively sudden brain dysfunction. Acute confusion is often called delirium (or "acute confusional state"), although delirium often includes a much broader array of disorders than simple confusion. These disorders include the inability to focus attention; various impairments in awareness, and temporal or spatial dis-orientation. Mental confusion can result from chronic organic brain pathologies, such as dementia, as well.


title: Confusion

text: The most common causes of drug induced acute confusion are dopaminergic drugs (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease), diuretics, tricyclic, tetracyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines or alcohol. The elderly, and especially those with pre-existing dementia, are most at risk for drug induced acute confusional states. New research is finding a link between vitamin D deficiency and cognitive impairment (which includes "foggy brain").


title: Leonard Frey

text: Leonard Frey (September 4, 1938 – August 24, 1988) was an American actor. Frey received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the 1971 musical film "Fiddler on the Roof". He made his stage debut in an Off-Broadway production of "Little Mary Sunshine" and received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for "The National Health".


title: Leonard Frey

text: Frey was born in Brooklyn, New York. After attending James Madison High School, he studied art at Cooper Union, with designs on becoming a painter, then switched to acting at New York City's Neighborhood Playhouse under acting coach Sanford Meisner, and pursued a career in theater.


title: Leonard Frey

text: Frey received critical acclaim in 1968 for his performance as Harold in off-Broadway's "The Boys in the Band". He appeared with the rest of the original cast in the 1970 film version, directed by William Friedkin.


title: Leonard Frey

text: Frey was nominated for a 1975 Tony Award as Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in "The National Health". Other stage credits included revivals of "The Time of Your Life" (1969), "Beggar on Horseback" (1970), "Twelfth Night" (1972) and "The Man Who Came to Dinner" (1980). He also played Clare Quilty in the Alan Jay Lerner musical "Lolita, My Love" which closed, before reaching Broadway, in 1971.


title: Leonard Frey

text: Frey was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Motel the tailor in Norman Jewison's 1971 film "Fiddler on the Roof" (he had appeared in the original Broadway musical production as Mendel, the rabbi's son). Other film credits included roles in "The Magic Christian" (1969), "Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon" (1970), "Where the Buffalo Roam" (1980), "Up the Academy" (1980), and "Tattoo" (1981).


title: Leonard Frey

text: Frey's television credits included appearances on "Hallmark Hall of Fame"; "Medical Center"; ""; "Eight Is Enough"; "Quincy, M.E."; "Hart to Hart"; "Barney Miller" (1975 episode: 'The Escape Artist' & 1980 episode: 'Vanished', part 2); "Moonlighting"; "Murder, She Wrote"; and the miniseries "Testimony of Two Men", as well as a co-starring role as the villainous Parker Tillman on the short-lived ABC western comedy "Best of the West", and Raymond Holyoke on "Mr. Smith", which ran for 13 episodes on NBC in fall 1983. He also appeared as a panelist on the game shows "Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour" and "Super Password".


title: Leonard Frey

text: On "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" episode titled "Ted Baxter's Famous Broadcaster's School," airing February 22, 1975, Frey played the role of “The Student.” Frey's final role was Walter Witherspoon in the television movie "Bride of Boogedy".


title: Leonard Frey

text: Frey, who was gay, died at age 49 from the complications of AIDS in New York on August 24, 1988, 11 days before his 50th birthday.


title: Siemens Energy AG

text: Siemens Energy AG is an energy company formed by the spin off of the former Gas and Power division of Siemens Group and includes a 67% share of Siemens Gamesa.


title: Siemens Energy AG

text: Christian Bruch is CEO and the former CEO of Siemens AG Joe Kaeser is chairman of the supervisory board.


title: Siemens Energy AG

text: At an Extraordinary Shareholders' Meeting of Siemens AG on July 9, 2020, its shareholders approved the split-up of the company. Trading of the shares of the new Siemens Energy AG on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange began on September 28.


title: Siemens Energy AG

text: The energy division has been an essential part of the company since the foundation of the group by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske. Important organizational milestones were the founding of Siemens-Schuckertwerke in 1903, the formation of the Power Engineering Division in 1969 in the newly founded Siemens AG, and the bundling of activities in the Siemens Energy Sector in 2008.


title: Siemens Energy AG

text: Siemens Energy was created as an independent company in April 2020 as a result of a renewed restructuring of the Siemens Group. Siemens transferred its energy division to the new independent company for this purpose.


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: Hickam Air Force Base is a United States Air Force installation, named in honor of aviation pioneer Lieutenant Colonel Horace Meek Hickam. The installation merged in 2010 with Naval Station Pearl Harbor to become part of the newly formed Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, on the island of Oʻahu in the State of Hawaiʻi. The base neighbors Daniel K. Inouye International Airport and currently shares runways with the airport for its activities and operations.


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: Hickam is home to the 15th Wing (15 WG) and 67 partner units including Headquarters of Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), Hawaii Air National Guard and the 154th Wing (154 WG) of the Hawaii Air National Guard. The Air Mobility Command's 515th Air Mobility Operations Wing (515 AMOW) provides tactical and strategic airlift within the Pacific region.


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: The 15th Wing is composed of four groups each with specific functions. The 15th Operations Group (15 OG) controls all flying and airfield operations. The 15th Maintenance Group (15 MXG) performs aircraft and aircraft ground equipment maintenance. The 15th Mission Support Group (15 MSG) has a wide range of responsibilities but a few of its functions are Security, Civil Engineering, Communications, Personnel Management, Logistics, Services and Contracting support. The 15th Medical Group (15 MDG) provides medical and dental care.


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: The 535th Airlift, 96th Air Refueling, and 19th Fighter Squadrons are each hybrid units joined with the Hawaii Air National Guard's 204th Airlift, and


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: 199th Fighter Squadrons, respectively. These units are structured according to the Total Force Integration (TFI) concept, and as such have both an active duty Commander and


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: In 1934, the Army Air Corps saw the need for another airfield in Hawaii when Luke Field on Ford Island became too congested for both air operations and operation of the Hawaiian Air Depot. of land and fishponds adjacent to John Rodgers Airport and Fort Kamehameha were purchased by the War Department from the Bishop, Damon and Queen Emma estates for a new air depot and air base at a cost of $1,095,543.78. It was the largest peacetime military construction project in the United States to that date and continued through 1941.


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: The Quartermaster Corps was assigned the job of constructing a modern airdrome from tangled algaroba brush and sugar cane fields adjacent to Pearl Harbor. Planning, design, and supervision of construction were all conducted by Capt. Howard B. Nurse of the QMC. The site consisted of ancient, emerged coral reef covered by a thin layer of soil, with the Pearl Harbor entrance channel and naval reservation marking its western and northern boundaries, John Rodgers Airport (HIA today) to the east, and Fort Kamehameha on the south. The new airfield was dedicated on 31 May 1935 and named in honor of Lt Col Horace Meek Hickam, a distinguished aviation pioneer who was killed in an aircraft accident the previous November 5 when his Curtiss A-12 Shrike, "33-250", hit an obstruction during night landing practice on the unlighted field at Fort Crockett in Galveston, Texas and overturned. Construction was still in progress when the first contingent of 12 men and four aircraft under the command of 1st Lt Robert Warren arrived from Luke Field on September 1, 1937.


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: Hickam Field was completed and officially activated on September 15, 1938. By November 1939 all Air Corps troops and activities—including most facilities such as the chapel, enlisted housing, and theater, which were dismantled and ferried in sections across the channel—had transferred from Luke Field with the exception of the Hawaiian Air Depot, which required another year to move. In early 1939 construction began on the main barracks, a single three-story nine-winged structure to house 3,200 men at a cost of $1,039,000. Personnel began moving into the barracks in January 1940, and by its completion on 30 September 1940, it was fully occupied and the largest structure of any kind on an American military installation. It included barber shops, a 24-hour medical dispensary, a laundry, a post exchange, multiple squadron dayrooms, and a massive consolidated mess hall at its center, and thus was dubbed the "Hickam Hotel".


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: Hickam was the principal army airfield in Hawaii and the only one large enough to accommodate the B-17 Flying Fortress bomber. In connection with defense plans for the Pacific, aircraft were brought to Hawaii throughout 1941 to prepare for potential hostilities. The first mass flight of bombers (21 B-17Ds) from Hamilton Field, California arrived at Hickam on 14 May 1941. By December, the Hawaiian Air Force had been an integrated command for slightly more than one year and consisted of 754 officers and 6,706 enlisted men, with 233 aircraft assigned at its three primary bases: Hickam, Wheeler Field (now Wheeler Army Airfield), and Bellows Field (now Bellows Air Force Station).


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: When the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Oahu on 7 December 1941, its planes bombed and strafed Hickam to eliminate air opposition and prevent American aircraft from following them back to their aircraft carriers. Hickam suffered extensive damage and aircraft losses, with 189 people killed and 303 wounded. Notable casualties included nine Honolulu Fire Department (HFD) firefighters (three killed, six injured) who fought fires at Hickam during the attack; they later received Purple Hearts for their heroic actions that day in peacetime history, the only civilian firefighters awarded as such to date.


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: During World War II, the base became a major center for training pilots and assembling aircraft. It also served as the hub of the Pacific aerial network, supporting transient aircraft ferrying troops and supplies to—and evacuating wounded from—the forward areas—a role it would reprise during the Korean and Vietnam wars and earning it the official nickname "America's Bridge Across the Pacific".


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: After World War II, the Air Force in Hawaii consisted primarily of the Air Transport Command and its successor, the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), until 1 July 1957 when Headquarters Far East Air Forces completed its move from Japan to Hawai‘i and was redesignated the Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). The 15th Air Base Wing, host unit at Hickam AFB, supported the Apollo astronauts in the 1960s and 1970s; Operation Homecoming (return of prisoners of war from Vietnam) in 1973; Operation Babylift / New Life (movement of nearly 94,000 orphans, refugees, and evacuees from Southeast Asia) in 1975; and NASA's Space Shuttle flights in the 1980s and 1990s. Hickam is home to the 65th Airlift Squadron which transports theater senior military leaders throughout the world in the C-37B and C-40 Clipper aircraft. In mid-2003, the 15th Air Base Wing (15 ABW) was converted to the 15th Airlift Wing (15 AW) as it prepared to bed down and fly the Air Force's newest transport aircraft, the C-17 Globemaster III. The first Hickam-based C-17 arrived in February 2006, with seven more to follow during the year. The C-17s will be flown by the 535th Airlift Squadron.


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: On September 16, 1985, the Secretary of the Interior designated Hickam AFB a National Historic Landmark, recognizing its key role in the World War II Pacific campaign. A bronze plaque reflecting Hickam's "national significance in commemorating the history of the United States of America" took its place among other memorials surrounding the base flagpole. Dominating the area is a large bronze tablet engraved with the names of those who died as a result of the 1941 attack. Other reminders of the attack can still be seen. Bullet holes mark many buildings in use, including World War II era hangars and the base hospital., including the tattered American flag that flew over the base that morning. It is on display in the lobby of the Pacific Air Forces Headquarters building, whose bullet-scarred walls (the structure was a barracks and mess hall known as "the Big Barracks" in 1941) have been carefully preserved as a reminder to never again be caught unprepared.


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: On 22 March 1955, a United States Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmaster on descent to a landing in darkness and heavy rain strayed off course and crashed into Pali Kea Peak in the southern part of Oahus Waianae Range, killing all 66 people on board. It remains the worst air disaster in Hawaiis history and the deadliest heavier-than-air accident in the history of U.S. naval aviation.


title: Hickam Air Force Base

text: Hickam Air Force Base consists of , valued at more than $444 million. It was originally bounded on the north by Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, on the west by the Pearl Harbor entrance channel, on the south by Fort Kamehameha, and on the east by the airport complex. The original main gate is reached via Nimitz Highway (Hawaii Route 92) from Honolulu, and it shares its western terminus with the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard's main gate. This part of Nimitz Highway can be reached from the expressway Interstate H-1 (Exit 15) southeast from Halawa or west from Honolulu (Exit 15B) and from Kamehameha Highway (State Hawaii Route 99), the eastern termination of which is at Nimitz Highway.


title: New Girl (season 6)

text: The sixth season of the American television sitcom "New Girl" premiered on Fox on September 20, 2016, at 8:30pm (Eastern), and concluded on April 4, 2017. During the series, it moved to 8:00pm (Eastern) in early 2017.