title: Miss Porter's School

text: In addition to an array of club and varsity sports, the school boasts current slate of over fifty active student-run clubs and organizations that cater to a wide variety of its students’ interests. If a student doesn't find an organization that fits their specific interest or need, there is a process by which they can create their own. Amongst this wide array of clubs are a smattering of organizational boards that sustain each of the school's community-wide publications:


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: On May 26, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at a Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) rail yard in San Jose, California, United States. A gunman killed nine people and then committed suicide, for a total of ten deaths. The gunman was 57-year-old VTA employee Samuel James Cassidy. It is the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the San Francisco Bay Area.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: As a result of the shooting, service throughout the VTA light rail system was suspended for months. The city announced and later passed a package of policy proposals intended to curb gun violence, including unprecedented liability insurance and compensation fee requirements for gun owners.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: The VTA is a public transportation agency that operates bus and light rail services throughout Santa Clara County and employs about 2,000 workers. The shooting took place at the VTA's Guadalupe Division facility, which is located in the Civic Center neighborhood of San Jose, near the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office and San Jose Police Department headquarters. The facility consists of five separate buildings, including the control center for bus and rail operations, surrounding the agency's light rail vehicle storage and maintenance yard. A total of 379 VTA employees were employed at the yard.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: California's gun laws are among the strictest in the country. California has also adopted a red flag law that enables law enforcement authorities to seize a person's firearms based on a gun violence restraining order. In 2019, 122 such restraining orders were requested in Santa Clara County.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: The gunman left his house at 5:39 a.m. PDT (UTC−07) the day of the shooting, having set it on fire. No one was inside the residence at the time. According to police, he coordinated the fire with the shooting and ignited it by placing ammunition inside a pot on his stove, surrounding the pot with accelerants, and then turning on the stove.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: At 6:33 a.m. the San Jose Fire Department received a call to respond to the VTA facility, though the first caller did not mention anything about an active shooter incident, according to dispatch audio. A minute later, Santa Clara County authorities received 9-1-1 calls about shots being fired at the VTA facility. Sheriff's deputies and police officers responded from their nearby offices. When they arrived at 6:35 a.m., they found multiple people shot.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: The shooting occurred in two separate buildings at the maintenance yard during the busiest time of day: a shift change in which employees from the overnight and morning shifts overlapped. Over 100 people were at the facility at the time of the shooting, according to the sheriff. The shooting began in a conference room in Building B, on the western side of the yard, during a power crew meeting with the local Amalgamated Transit Union president, who was spared. The gunman then walked over to Building A on the eastern side, where he continued firing. Police and witnesses later said the gunman targeted some of his victims and spared others from being shot.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: At 6:36 a.m., the fire at the gunman's house was first reported by a passerby. Two minutes later, the fire department responded to the home in South San Jose, about away from the VTA facility, and discovered hundreds of rounds of ammunition and a gas can there. The house sustained heavy damage from the fire, with the second floor collapsing from the heat of the blaze.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: At the same time the house fire was reported, the fire department received another call confirming there was an active shooter at the facility. At 6:38 a.m., responding officers heard more shots being fired. About ten minutes after the first 9-1-1 calls were received, dispatchers reported the final sounds of gunshots. At 6:43 a.m., officers closed in on the gunman as he killed himself on the third floor of Building A, between administrative offices and the operations control room. According to the sheriff on June 1, the gunman shot himself twice: first under the chin, then in the side of the head.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: At 7:12 a.m., the sheriff's office instructed the public to stay away from the vicinity of the facility. At 8:08 a.m., the gunman was confirmed to be down. He had fired a total of 39 rounds from three semiautomatic handguns, and had been carrying 32 high-capacity magazines, some with 12 rounds and others with 15.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: About 40 people were rescued from the area by law enforcement. Police received reports of explosive devices inside the building, prompting a bomb squad to investigate. A locker belonging to the gunman was found to contain suspected materials for bombs and detonator cords, which were later deemed not to be dangerous. Agents from the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives also responded. The FBI led the shooting site investigation, which concluded on May 31.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: Sheriff's deputies searched the gunman's house for three days, finding a total of 12 guns, 25,000 rounds of ammunition, and a dozen Molotov cocktails. As a precaution, bomb technicians also detonated a suspicious device at the house, using a specialized containing device that prevents the spread of shrapnel, but it turned out to be inert.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: There were ten fatalities in the shooting, including Cassidy. All were VTA employees. Their ages ranged from 29 to 63 years old, and many of them were longtime employees. Two of the victims were rushed to Santa Clara Valley Medical Center in critical condition, but one was declared dead upon arrival and the other died later that day. Six of the victims died in Building B, while the other three died at Building A. Before their deaths, some of the victims had led coworkers to safety.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: It was the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the Bay Area, exceeding the death toll of the 101 California Street shooting that occurred at a law firm in San Francisco in 1993, in which nine people including the gunman were killed.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: In August 2021, a railyard employee who had witnessed the shooting died by suicide on his first day back to work following the shooting.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: Police identified the gunman as 57-year-old VTA employee Samuel James Cassidy (August 29, 1963 - May 26, 2021). Cassidy previously lived in Santa Clara before moving to San Jose in his teens, and had been employed at the VTA since 2001; for his first two years, he was an electro-mechanic, and he was eventually promoted to a substation maintainer position in 2014.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: Cassidy owned numerous registered firearms, including shotguns and long rifles. He used three semiautomatic handguns in the shooting, which were legally obtained. It was unclear if he also legally owned the high-capacity magazines used in the shooting; they are prohibited in California unless they were obtained before January 1, 2000, and the buyer was not otherwise prohibited from possessing firearms. Cassidy had a "minor criminal history" and was charged in 1983 with misdemeanor obstruction for resisting a peace officer.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: Cassidy's ex-wife, who had been married to him for ten years before their divorce in 2005, described him as having anger issues and often being angry at his co-workers and at the VTA for what he believed to be its unfair work assignments. She also said that he had talked about killing people at his workplace more than a decade ago.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: According to an initial review by the VTA, Cassidy had a pattern of insubordination and had gotten into verbal altercations with coworkers on at least four separate occasions. Though the incidents were elevated to management and he faced disciplinary action, he had never been formally disciplined for any of them, and managers even defended his work. According to coworkers, Cassidy was angered over a change in policy that ended cash payouts for unused vacation days and, in April 2021, aired his grievances over the radio communication system for light rail operators. Cassidy's sister said that she suspected something happened at work on May 25 that motivated her brother to commit the shooting the day after.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: An August 2016 memo by the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) described how, after taking a trip to the Philippines, Cassidy was detained by officers with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) for a secondary inspection. They subsequently found books about terrorism in his possession, along with a memo book filled with notes about his hatred of the VTA. He was asked whether he had problems with anyone at his workplace, and he said he did not. According to a DHS official, Cassidy was detained by the officers partly because of red flags regarding sex tourism, but nothing relating to sex tourism was found, and the detention did not result in an arrest or apparently any follow-up action.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: A CBP report on the encounter, released in July 2021, revealed Cassidy had harbored "dark thoughts about harming" two specific people, whose names were redacted from the report; it is unclear if they were connected to VTA or among the shooting victims. However, the CBP agents apparently prioritized sex tourism in their questioning of Cassidy, noting "sex friendly" hotels that were mentioned in his writings and his text messages with women in the Philippines.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: San Jose officials later said the authorities were not informed of the detainment by federal officials. John Sandweg, the former acting director of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, said that there is no procedure for customs officials to alert local law enforcement agencies about a U.S. citizen detained as a safety threat. Santa Clara County district attorney Jeffrey F. Rosen said that, had his office been alerted about Cassidy's detainment, they would have had enough evidence to obtain a gun violence restraining order and seize his weapons.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: A hotline was set up for VTA employees and family members for additional information about the shooting and the victims. The VTA also announced plans to help survivors and victims' families and partner with them on erecting a public memorial to the victims. Some employees criticized the VTA's efforts to help them after the shooting; they claimed the Authority did not actually care for them and attributed the assistance efforts to the local Amalgamated Transit Union instead.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: Mayor Sam Liccardo said it was a "horrific day" for the city and the VTA, and he expressed his condolences to the victims and their families. He also emphasized that VTA employees have been essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris both urged Congress to take action on gun control legislation. Biden ordered flags to be lowered to half-staff and called the shooting a "horrific tragedy". Governor Gavin Newsom made similar remarks during a visit to San Jose.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: The day after the shooting, a vigil was held outside San Jose City Hall and attended by hundreds, including the victims' families and many VTA employees, who were dressed in their work attire. On June 22, the San Jose City Council made plans to introduce a resolution commemorating the victims' lives.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: On June 28, the California State Legislature included $20 million allocated to the VTA in the state budget, as part of an effort to help it recover from the shooting. The funds are intended to help the VTA "provide mental health resources to employees and their families, resume light rail service and improve safety upgrades at the Guadalupe Rail Yard", where the shooting took place.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: VTA light rail service was suspended on the day of the shooting and replaced by a bus bridge. Due to a staffing shortage and the inaccessibility of the facility where the shooting occurred, the VTA discontinued the bus bridge on June 1 in favor of regular bus routes and confirmed that light rail service would be suspended indefinitely. As a form of mutual aid, the San Francisco Municipal Railway, Golden Gate Transit, SamTrans, AC Transit, and the Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District sent from 20 to 30 buses daily to Santa Clara County to supplement bus service while VTA workers attended funeral services for the victims.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: The VTA resumed limited passenger service in stages throughout August and September. On August 2, a free bus bridge began serving portions of the Blue and Orange lines between Paseo de San Antonio and Milpitas stations. On August 29, light rail service returned to the Orange Line and part of the Green Line. On September 2, service along the Green and Blue lines was extended southward through downtown San Jose. The remainder of the Blue Line was restored on September 12, followed by the Green Line south of downtown on September 18.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: The shooting caused significant damage to light rail operation and control equipment. Since the shooting, bus operations were relocated to a temporary facility as the VTA took steps to restore light rail service, including retraining and recertifying drivers and giving operators tours of the Guadalupe yard. The agency has not yet decided whether to remodel, or demolish and rebuild the buildings damaged during the shooting. It was expected to operate out of temporary facilities for three to five years.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: , the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office and an outside law firm retained by the VTA are both conducting investigations into the shooting. A case is open in probate court regarding Cassidy's estate, including the home he set on fire. The families of at least seven of the victims plan to file a lawsuit in 2022.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: On June 8, Liccardo and four city councilmembers announced ten harm reduction policy proposals intended to curb gun violence in the city, including two policies that would be the first of any city or state in the country: gun owners would be required to carry liability insurance and pay an annual fee to compensate the city for the emergency response and other public costs associated with unintentional gun-related death, injuries, or property damage. A gun buyback program was also proposed. Some of these proposals had originally been put forward in 2019 after the Gilroy Garlic Festival shooting, the previous mass shooting to occur in Santa Clara County, but they were put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The liability insurance and annual fee policies were criticized by the executive director of Gun Owners of California, who said California's preemption laws gave the city no authority to enact differing gun laws.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: On June 15, the San Jose City Council unanimously approved an ordinance requiring, among other things, retailers to record video and audio footage of gun sales, with the intention of preventing straw purchases of firearms. On June 29, the City Council unanimously approved sending the ten ordinances to the City Attorney for review and to bring them back to council in September 2021 On January 25, 2022, the City Council passed an ordinance that would impose the first gun fee and gun liability insurance requirement in the country, prompting the National Association for Gun Rights to file a lawsuit against the city minutes later. , a date for the gun buyback program had not been announced.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: San Jose officials invited other California cities to join an "amicus" brief supporting the state's appeal of "Miller v. Bonta", which by coincidence struck down the state's 1989 assault weapons ban several days after the shooting on June 4. Although Cassidy did not use an assault weapon, Attorney General Rob Bonta cited the San Jose shooting in a statement opposing the ruling. Representative Zoe Lofgren of San Jose emphasized the need to pass the Enhanced Background Checks Act and the Bipartisan Background Checks Act, which are unlikely to overcome a Senate filibuster.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: Following reports that local law enforcement agencies were not informed by the Homeland Security Department of Cassidy's 2016 detainment, a department spokeswoman said the agency was working to improve information-sharing with other law enforcement agencies. Issues with information-sharing between agencies had been a problem in recent years and has sometimes involved high-profile incidents such as the storming of the U.S. Capitol and the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting. Liccardo met with President Joe Biden on July 12 to discuss strategies on combating gun violence in the U.S.


title: 2021 San Jose shooting

text: Following the shooting and rising anti-Asian sentiment in the United States, a petition was started, demanding officials to address concerns made by employees of the San Jose Public Library over their safety. The petition cited the library's lack of security infrastructure and procedures as reasons for the employees' concerns.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: The Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH; ) is an Irish Catholic fraternal organization. Members must be male, Catholic, and either born in Ireland or of Irish descent. Its largest membership is now in the United States, where it was founded in New York City in 1836, however, a reference to its existence as early as 1819 was found in a letter written from a Samuel Castwell to the eventual 7th President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. In the letter, Jackson had been nominated for membership into Castwell's Hibernian Society. The letter was dated May 26, 1819. The name was adopted by groups of Irish immigrants in the United States, its purpose to act as guards to shield Catholic churches from anti-Catholic forces in the mid-19th century, and to assist Irish Catholic immigrants, especially those who faced discrimination or harsh coal mining working conditions. Many members in the coal mining area of Pennsylvania had a background with the Molly Maguires. It became an important focus of Irish American political activity.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: The organization had its roots in the Defenders and the Ribbonmen, Catholic agrarian movements of the 18th and 19th centuries. It emerged in Ulster at the end of the 19th century in opposition to the Orange Order. It was organized by Joseph Devlin of Belfast, who was Grand Master by 1905. The AOH was closely associated with the Irish Parliamentary Party, its members mainly members of the party. It was strongly opposed to secular ideologies such as those of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (the IRB), who were most unhappy at the re-emergence of this old rival "right-wing" nationalist society. Membership in the group was initially banned by the Catholic Church, although this was lifted in 1904.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: From a membership of 5,000 in 1900, nearly all in Ulster, it climbed to 64,000 by 1909, complementing the United Irish League. By 1914 the order had spread throughout the country, mainly because of its utility as a patronage, brokerage and recreational association. As a vehicle for Irish nationalism, the AOH greatly influenced the sectarian aspect of Irish politics in the early twentieth century. In Ulster and elsewhere it acted as an unruly but vigorous militant support organization for Devlin, Dillon and Redmond against radicals and against William O'Brien: O'Brien regarded himself as having been driven from the party by militant Hibernians at the "Baton Convention" of 1909.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: The ceremonial aspects of the Order resembled those of the Orange Order with green replacing orange on sashes and banners. This led to opponents such as Jim Larkin calling it the "Ancient Order of Catholic Orangemen".


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: After the 1916 Easter Rising the organisation declined outside of Ulster, its members absorbed into Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Army (the IRA). In many areas the organisation provided by the AOH was the nearest thing to a paramilitary force. On the other hand, on 13 June 1916 Joe Devlin chaired an AOH Convention in Dublin that approved the proposed partition of Ireland by 475 votes to 265.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: Many republican leaders in the 1916–1923 period, among them Seán Mac Diarmada, J. J. Walsh, and Rory O'Connor, had been "Hibs" before the formation of the Irish Volunteers in 1913.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: The AOH is also significant as a link between the new nationalist organisations and the century-old tradition of popular militant societies. More directly, it lingered on as a pro-Treaty support organisation. Some Hibernians fought in the Irish Brigade in the Spanish Civil War. The quasi-Fascist Blueshirts movement of the 1930s may, in fact, have owed as much to the Ribbon tradition which it so much resembled, as it did to continental analogies.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: Within Ulster generally, but especially within Northern Ireland, the AOH remains a visible but somewhat marginal part of the Catholic community. It parades at Easter, Lady Day and a few other times a year.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: At the beginning of The Troubles, the AOH placed a voluntary ban on its members parading until 1975, though records of some parades taking place in defiance of the ban were reported. In 1978 an estimated 10,000 participants attended a parade in Kilrea. Since then there has been a rapid decrease of numbers and usually around 20 divisions parade at a single location.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: The locations of AOH parades in Northern Ireland generally tend to be cities with a high Catholic population, coupled with the AOH's desire not to provoke trouble. County Fermanagh has never hosted an AOH parade since the onset of The Troubles and County Armagh has held one. The majority of the 21 locations for parades have been in counties Antrim, Down and Londonderry. On occasion when the parade has been held in an area with a significant loyalist population it has been met with an aggressive protest, notably Garvagh in 1985 and Armoy in 1989 which held its first AOH parade in 35 years.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: The order was founded in the United States on 4 May 1836, at St. James Church in New York City, near the old Five Points neighbourhood. A branch was formed the same year at Pottsville, Pennsylvania. The existence and activities of the order were concealed for some years.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: In 1850, members prevented the burning of St. Patrick's Old Cathedral by mobs of anti-Catholic Know Nothings.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: During the late 1860s and early 1870s many of the lodges of the order in Pennsylvania were infiltrated by the Molly Maguires. However the Molly Maguires and their criminal activities were condemned at the 1876 national convention of the AOH and the order was reorganised in the Pennsylvania coal areas.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: In 1884 there was a split in the organisation. The order had previously been governed by the Board of Erin, which had governed the order in Ireland, Great Britain and the United States, but was composed of officers selected exclusively by the organisations in Ireland and Great Britain. The majority left in 1884 and became the Ancient Order of Hibernians of America, while the small group called itself Ancient Order of Hibernians, Board of Erin. In 1897 the Ancient Order of Hibernians, Board of Erin, had approximately 40,000 members concentrated in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois and Michigan, while the Ancient Order of Hibernians of America had nearly 125,000 members scattered throughout nearly every state in the union. The two groups reunited in 1898.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: A female auxiliary, the Daughters of Erin, was formed in 1894, and had 20,000 members in 1897. It was attached to the larger, "American" version of the order.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: The Ladies Auxiliary of the Ancient Order of Hibernians raised $50,000 to build the Nuns of the Battlefield sculpture in Washington, D.C., which the United States Congress authorised in 1918. The Irish-American sculptor, Jerome Connor, ended up suing the order for non-payment.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: U.S. Congressman Mario Biaggi received the Ancient Order of Hibernians in 1980, and the Ancient Order of Hibernians Friend of the Irish Award in 2011.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: In 1982, in a revival of Hibernianism, the Thomas Francis Meagher Division No. 1 formed in Helena, Montana, dedicated to the principles of the order and to restoring a historically accurate record of Brigadier General Meagher's contributions to Montana. Soon after, six additional divisions formed in Montana.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: The Brothers of St. Patrick Division of the Ancient Order of Hibernians in America was established at Brothers of St. Patrick in Midway City, California, in 1995.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: In 2002, the Fr. Bernard Donnelly Division was established in Johnson County, Kansas dedicated to community service and reintroducing Hibernianism to Kansas. Its name honors the founder of Kansas City's Irish Community, Fr. Bernard Donnelly (c. 1800-1880), an immigrant from County Cavan.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: In 2013, The Ancient Order of Hibernians raised and distributed over $200,000 to aid victims of Hurricane Sandy.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: In 2014, the AOH called for a boycott of the retailer Spencer's for selling products the AOH says promote anti-Irish stereotypes and irresponsible drinking.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: On 10 May 2014 a memorial to Commodore John Barry, an immigrant from Wexford who was a naval hero of the American Revolution and who holds commission number one in the subsequent U.S. Navy, was dedicated on the grounds of the United States Naval Academy. The memorial and associated "Barry Gate" was presented to the academy by the members of the Ancient Order of Hibernians.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: On 7 July 2018, the first division in Tennessee, the Sons of Erin, Division No. 1, was formed in Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: On 23 April 2019, the first division in Arizona, No. 1, was formed in Phoenix, Arizona. The division was formed on the grounds of the Irish Cultural Center.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: The order organised the New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade for 150 years until 1993, when control was transferred to an independent committee amid controversy over the exclusion of Irish-American gay and lesbian groups.


title: Ancient Order of Hibernians

text: Several buildings of the Ancient Order of Hibernians are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places or are otherwise notable.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Marshall Bertram Rosenberg (October 6, 1934February 7, 2015) was an American psychologist, mediator, author and teacher. Starting in the early 1960s, he developed nonviolent communication, a process for supporting partnership and resolving conflict within people, in relationships, and in society. He worked worldwide as a peacemaker and in 1984, founded the Center for Nonviolent Communication, an international nonprofit organization for which he served as Director of Educational Services.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: According to his biographer, Marjorie C. Witty, "He has a fierce face – even when he smiles and laughs. The overall impression I received was of intellectual and emotional intensity. He possesses a charismatic presence."


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg was born in Canton, Ohio to Jewish parents. His parents were Jean (Weiner) Rosenberg and Fred Donald Rosenberg. Rosenberg's grandmother Anna Satovsky Wiener had nine children. Though living in impoverished circumstances, she kept a settlement house, taking in people in need. She loved to dance and was a model to Julius, her son-in-law. His grandfather worked at Packard Motor Car Company, and his grandmother taught workers' children to dance.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: In Steubenville, Ohio Rosenberg's father loaded trucks with wholesale grocery stock, and Rosenberg himself went to a three-room school. Jean Rosenberg was a professional bowler with tournaments five nights a week. She was also a gambler with high-stakes backers. His parents divorced twice, once when Rosenberg was three, and when he left home.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: The family moved to Detroit, Michigan one week prior to the Detroit race riot of 1943 when 34 people were killed and 433 wounded. At an inner-city school Rosenberg discovered anti-Semitism and internalized it. "Growing up as a kid, I couldn't stand to see people torment other people." He developed a "kind of awareness of suffering – why do people do this – and particularly, why does it have to happen to me?"


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: "My family was very affectionate. I got heaps of love, and if it had not been for that, the effects of this self-hatred could have been much harder to deal with."


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg's maternal grandmother, Anna Satovsky Wiener, was dying of ALS in the family dining room, cared for by his Uncle Julius and his mother. His parents were also caring for his grandfather and aunt. Rosenberg often hid under the porch and learned to be invisible. His Uncle Julius projected a model of compassion in the care for his maternal grandmother (Julius's mother-in-law). Julius was a pharmacist with a drugstore on Woodward Avenue.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg's brother was seven years younger, outgoing and precocious, attracting attention. Rosenberg stood up to defend him and suffered in fights. The brothers were estranged for a 44-year interval. "My brother is like my mother is like my wife Gloria. They stir things up everywhere they go. Now I love that characteristic in all of them, but..." Rosenberg explained, "I was in the hospital a lot, though from sports, violent ones that I was good at, probably more than fights."


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Summer camp instilled a love of nature: "My safety requires a high-density of trees and a low density of people."


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg married his first wife, Vivian, in 1961. They had three children. In 1974, he married his second wife, Gloria, whom he divorced in 1999. He married his third wife, Valentina (a.k.a. Kidini) in 2005, with whom he remained until his death in 2015.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: At age 13 Rosenberg began Hebrew school but got expelled. Twice his father beat him, once so badly he missed school the next day. After Rosenberg's father bought a house in a better neighborhood, Rosenberg attended Cooley High School and graduated in 1952 as valedictorian.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: A neighbor boy, Clayton Lafferty, first mentioned psychology to Rosenberg. He wrote a high school term paper on criminal psychology. "I did an honours program as an undergraduate, and my professor's father, who was a warden, got me an opportunity to see what psychology is really like in prison."


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: When considering medicine as a career, Rosenberg worked with an embalmer for a while to measure his interest in the human body.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg's first college was Wayne State University. With money earned, he entered the University of Michigan, and he worked as a waiter at a sorority and a cook's help at a fraternity. He fell in love with a Catholic girl who wanted him to convert. Putting up with anti-Semitism, he graduated in three years.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: "Of the twenty-seven of us in our first year class [at Wisconsin], only three got throughnot the ones with the qualities you would want them to have. I got through because I had been through worse in Detroit."


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Professor Michael Hakeem radicalized Rosenberg when he indicated that psychology and psychiatry were dangerous in that scientific and value judgments were mixed in the fields. Hakeem also had Rosenberg read about traditional moral therapy in which clients were seen as down on their luck rather than sick. Rosenberg was influenced by the 1961 books "The Myth of Mental Illness" by Thomas Szasz and "Asylums" by Erving Goffman. He also remembered reading Albert Bandura on "Psychotherapy as a learning process".


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg's practicum placements were the Wisconsin Diagnostic Center, schools for delinquent girls and boys, and Mendota State Hospital. There, psychiatrist Bernie Banham "would never have it where we would talk about a client in his absence". In Mendota, Rosenberg began to practice family therapy with all parties present, including children. After graduation, Rosenberg worked in Winnebago with Gordon Filmer-Bennett for a year to fulfill his obligation to the state for his graduate training.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg showed a need to explore and try out different things: "Ask Carl Rogers. He asked me to be on his research project "because" he wanted many people doing many different things."


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: In 1961, Rosenberg received his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His dissertation, "Situational Structure and Self-evaluation", prefigured certain key aspects of his later work with nonviolent communication by focusing on "the relationship between (the) structure of social situations and two dimensions of self evaluation; positive self evaluation and certainty of self evaluation". In 1966 he was awarded Diplomate status in clinical psychology from the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg started out in clinical practice in Saint Louis, Missouri, forming Psychological Associates with partners. In making an analysis of problems of children in school, he found learning disabilities. He wrote his first book, "Diagnostic Teaching", in 1968, reporting his findings. He also met Al Chappelle, a leader in the Zulu 1200s, a black liberation group in St. Louis. Rosenberg went to teach his approach to conflict resolution to the gang in exchange for Chappelle appearing at desegregation conventions, starting in Washington, D.C. While Chappelle was harnessing communication against racism, Vicki Legion began to collaborate to counter sexism. "I started to give my services, instead of to individual affluent clients, to people on the firing line like Al and Vicki, and others fighting in behalf of human rights of various groups."


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: The superintendent of schools, Thomas Shaheen, in Rockford, Illinois called upon Rosenberg to deal with conflicts in an alternative school that was established. In 1970 Shaheen became superintendent of schools in San Francisco, California and was charged with racially integrating the city's schools. He called on Rosenberg to help as before and Rosenberg organized a group but Shaheen was dismissed before it could come into action. Rosenberg decided to stay in California and promoted the Community Council for Mutual Education with the help of Vicki Legion.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: NVC "evolved out of my practice with people who were hurting, and experimenting with what might be of value to them, whether they be in the correctional school for girls, or people labeled schizophrenic".


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: He worked for four years in Norfolk, Virginia's school integration. As a caricature of his program in street talk he offered this version, spoken to himself:


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: About 1982 Rosenberg spent his last $55 for admission to Midwest Radical Therapy Conference, which was the "best investment I ever made because I met people and made connections that I still have". The importance of strokes of appreciation or affirmation, between communicants, had been emphasized for instance by adherents to transactional analysis. "My workshops before this time used a language of conflict resolution and talked about getting power with people and stuff like that. They focused entirely on helping people deal with behaviors that were painful to them and finding ways of changing them. There was nothing about celebrating with people or affirming each other, or the words 'nurturance' or 'compassion'." Rosenberg says the program led to the femininization of the program (beyond conflict).


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg was called to many states, countries, and conflicts to provide his expertise in nonviolent communication. In 2004 he was visiting about 35 countries per year on his mission as a travelling peacemaker. Rosenberg enjoyed success in his work:


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: From his home base at Albuquerque, Rosenberg supported his followers elsewhere with a Center of Nonviolent Communication in New Mexico. He died at home on February 7, 2015. The Center has continued, after Rosenberg's death, connecting people all over the world to certified NVC trainers nearby.


title: Marshall Rosenberg

text: According to cognitive therapist Albert Ellis, Ted Crawford, who co-authored the book "Making Intimate Connections" with Ellis, "particularly liked the anger-resisting philosophy of Marshall Rosenberg and made presentations on it".


title: A Christmas Carol (1984 film)

text: A Christmas Carol is a 1984 British-American made-for-television film adaptation of Charles Dickens' famous 1843 novella of the same name. The film was directed by Clive Donner, who had been an editor of the 1951 film "Scrooge", and stars George C. Scott as Ebenezer Scrooge. It was filmed in the historic medieval county town of Shrewsbury in Shropshire.


title: A Christmas Carol (1984 film)

text: It is Christmas Eve in 19th Century London. Ebenezer Scrooge, a cynical commodities trader, does not share the Holiday merriment. He declines his nephew Fred Hollywell's invitation for Christmas dinner, and reluctantly accepts his loyal-but-underpaid employee Bob Cratchit's request to have Christmas off...since there will be no business during the day. As he leaves for the exchange, Scrooge encounters young Tim - Bob's crippled son - waiting across from his office. After mistaking Tim for a beggar, Scrooge declares that the boy will have a long and cold wait for his father. At the exchange, Scrooge charges three other businessmen 5% extra for corn (because they failed to meet his demands yesterday), much to their chagrin. Scrooge then declines giving a donation to charity workers Poole and Hacking.


title: A Christmas Carol (1984 film)

text: Later that night at his home, Scrooge encounters the ghost of his late business partner Jacob Marley -- who warns him to repent his miserly ways, lest he be condemned to the same afterlife as that of Marley's: carrying heavy chains forged from his own greed. Marley informs Scrooge that three spirits will visit him that night.


title: A Christmas Carol (1984 film)

text: At 1 A.M., the Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge back in time to his unhappy childhood and early adulthood. They examine Scrooge's tenure as a student, abandoned at boarding school by his grim father Silas...who wanted nothing to do with Ebenezer, since the boy's mother died giving birth to him. Silas got Ebenezer an apprenticeship with Fezziwig; the boy was missed by his loving elder sister, Fan, who died just a few years after welcoming Fred. Ebenezer's moneylending business thrived, but his preoccupation with financial security cost him his engagement to Belle...who later welcomed a large, happy family with another man. She feels Scrooge's loneliness, upon hearing that Marley is deathly ill. The flustered Scrooge suddenly finds himself back in his bedroom.


title: A Christmas Carol (1984 film)

text: At 2 A.M., the Ghost of Christmas Present, shows Scrooge the joys and wonder of Christmas Day. They visit the Cratchit residence, and find Bob's family surprisingly content with their small dinner. Scrooge takes pity on Tim, whom the spirit explains will not survive another year. The ghost mocks Scrooge's change of heart, and quotes Ebenezer's earlier callous comments about the poor. Scrooge is taken to Fred's house for the Christmas party which Scrooge declined to attend. Fred continues to pursue a relationship with Scrooge for the sake of his late mother, Fan, with whom Scrooge shared great fondness; Ebenezer is touched by this. The spirit takes Scrooge to a desolate street where homeless families, desperate and eager for work, are camped...disproving Scrooge's belief about the poor being shiftless. The ghost shows Ebenezer two hideous children named Ignorance and Want, warning Scrooge to beware of them before he disappears.


title: A Christmas Carol (1984 film)

text: The Ghost of Christmas Future brings Scrooge to the exchange, where three businessmen discuss the death of an unnamed colleague...whose funeral they would attend only if lunch is provided. Ebenezer finds several of his stolen possessions being traded to a fence named Joe. Scrooge is transported to the Cratchit house; Bob and his family, reeling from Tim's death, vow to keep the boy with them in all they say and do. The dully-affected Ebenezer is taken to his own grave at a neglected cemetery; he vows to change his ways for the better, and begs to be spared. He finds himself back in his bedroom.


title: A Christmas Carol (1984 film)

text: Discovering that it is Christmas morning, Scrooge anonymously sends the Cratchits a large prize-winning turkey for dinner. Proceeding to spread happiness among the citizens of London, he makes a large donation to the elated Poole and Hacking. Scrooge visits the Hollywell residence; Fred and his wife Janet are delighted when Ebenezer welcomes his nephew's invitation to Christmas dinner. The following day, Scrooge names Cratchit his new partner...and becomes a second father to Tim, whose ailments are treated successfully. Scrooge goes on to shower everyone around him with kindness, generosity, and compassion; having rediscovered his inner child, he embodies all three Spirits of Christmas.


title: A Christmas Carol (1984 film)

text: This movie was filmed on location in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, in the English Midlands. It originally aired on the American television network CBS on 17 December 1984, and was released theatrically in Great Britain. The U.S. debut was sponsored by IBM, which purchased all of the commercial spots for the two-hour premiere. The film brought in a 20.7/30 rating/share, winning its time slot and ranking No. 10 for the week. The film was marketed with the tagline "A new powerful presentation of the most loved ghost story of all time!" Scott was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Special for his portrayal of Scrooge.


title: A Christmas Carol (1984 film)

text: The movie has run in syndication on local American channels since it debuted in 1984, and was released on VHS in 1989 (in the UK) and to DVD in 1999. This was because Scott himself (and later his estate through Baxter Healthcare, to whom the Scott family donated their copyright) owned the rights to this film. On 25 November 2007, it returned to national television on AMC for the first time since its debut, and the network continues to show it each December under license from the Scott estate and 20th Century Studios/Walt Disney Television (the latter's distribution rights the result of their owning the video rights). In 2009, the Hallmark Channel also ran the movie soon after Thanksgiving. It remains among the most beloved of the several adaptations of "A Christmas Carol". The same year, the film was re-released on DVD by Fox, with updated box art but the same menu and features as the previous DVD release. Fox released it on Blu-ray in December 2010.


title: A Christmas Carol (1984 film)

text: Novelist and essayist Louis Bayard, writing for Salon.com, described this adaptation as "the definitive version of a beloved literary classic", praising its fidelity to Dickens' original story, the strength of the supporting cast, and especially Scott's performance as Scrooge.


title: Threading (epilation)

text: Threading is a method of hair removal for both men and women originating in Iran, Indus valley and India. It has gained popularity in Western countries, especially with a cosmetic application (particularly for removing/shaping eyebrows).


title: Threading (epilation)

text: In threading, a thin cotton or polyester thread is doubled, then twisted. It is then rolled over areas of unwanted hair, plucking the hair at the follicle level. Unlike tweezing, where single hairs are pulled out one at a time, threading can remove short rows of hair.


title: Threading (epilation)

text: Advantages cited for eyebrow threading, as opposed to eyebrow waxing, include that it provides more precise control in shaping eyebrows, and that it is gentler on the skin. A disadvantage is that it can be painful, as several hairs are removed at once; however, this can be minimized if it is done correctly, i.e. with the right pressure.


title: Threading (epilation)

text: There are a few different techniques for threading. These include the hand method, mouth method and neck method. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages; however, the mouth holding method is the fastest and most precise.


title: Threading (epilation)

text: Threading allows for a more defined and precise shape and can create better definition for eyebrows. It is also used as a method of removing unwanted hair on the entire face and upper lip area. Threading is not a good method for removing hair on arms or legs, as the hair in those regions is typically quite coarse and there is too much to remove.


title: Threading (epilation)

text: Eyebrow threading is a centuries-old technique that began in the Middle East and South Asia. In some countries, it signified rites of passages such as preparing for marriage.


title: Threading (epilation)

text: Threading became popular in the United States beginning in the late 1980s, when immigrants from these countries began setting up threading studios in large American cities. It has increased in popularity since then. According to "The Guardian", in the United Kingdom, online searches for threading services increased by 50% in 2015.


title: Jeremy Healy

text: Jeremy Healy (born Jeremiah Healy, 18 January 1962) is an English DJ and singer. He is a former member of 1980s pop group Haysi Fantayzee.


title: Jeremy Healy

text: Healy was born in Woolwich, South London. In the 1980s, with Paul Caplin and Kate Garner, he formed pop group Haysi Fantayzee. He also acted as co-songwriter and co-producer for the E-Zee Possee and Bleachin'. In addition, he worked with Gwen Stefani on the mashup for her "Wind It Up" single.


title: Jeremy Healy

text: He was voted 'number one DJ' by "The Face" and "Mixmag" magazines. Healy worked as producer and did sound effects for the video for Duran Duran's "Arena (An Absurd Notion)", and has remixed work by both Boy George and George Michael. He had a cameo role playing himself in a 2004 film, "Chasing Liberty".


title: Jeremy Healy

text: 2004 saw the launch of Healy's latest recording project, Seraphim Suite, collaborating with a variety of featured vocalists including Mica Paris on the first single "Heart" (Inferno Records). His disc jockey duties between 2004 and 2006 included residencies with Miss Moneypenny's in Ibiza and Cyprus, plus regular UK dates with Empire, Love to Be, Time Flies, Syndicate, Kool Waters, Naughty But Nice, and overseas events in Dubai, the Mediterranean, the United States and Brazil. He continued his involvement with fashion designers Dior and Galliano, and with the Victoria's Secret fashion house (he has been musical director for every annual VS show from 2001 onwards), plus the Pret a Porter International Fashion Fair in Paris.


title: Jeremy Healy

text: In 2007, Healy undertook the musical director's role for Gwen Stefani's Lamb fashion label, The Golden Age of Couture at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, Naomi Campbell's Fashion For Relief, the Parisian jewellers Chaumet, plus the launch of J-Lo's fashion wear. 2007 saw production credits on a Gwen Stefani album and remix credits for "Wind It Up". He is currently working on a new studio project, and several remixes. Guest DJ residencies include Attica in Shanghai and Singapore, United Kingdom of Dance, The Empire, DY5, Club 2K, Nakatcha and Boujis in the UK, plus Belmont in Perth, Western Australia.


title: Jeremy Healy

text: On 29 November 2007, an announcement was made that Healy and Patsy Kensit were to marry; however, on 31 March 2008 it was reported that the pair had "mutually" split and called off their wedding. The pair eventually wed on Saturday 18 April 2009, but in April 2010 were reported to be separating.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Byakuya is the 28th head of the noble Kuchiki clan, one of the four great noble families in Soul Society. As such, he acts in an aristocratic manner — he seems always serene and apathetic towards other people, even when he is actually deeply conflict He is also extremely calm, even in battle, and is rarely surprised by even the most drastic of actions. At a young age, he is a little joyful, as noted by his grandfather, Ginrei.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: He believes in law and order. As the head of one of the great noble families and as a captain in the Gotei 13, he always works hard for a peaceful society. He thinks that if someone in his position does not follow the rules as a good example, then no one will follow them. He believes that to maintain order, all law-breakers must be punished, even if that goes against his own wishes. Despite his icy and regal manner, Byakuya cares for and protects those important to him, even referring to Rukia, his adopted younger sister, as his "pride".


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Byakuya is popular among male Soul Reaper and was voted number one in the "captain we desire to release a photo book for" poll taken by the Soul Reaper Women's Association. He likes Japanese cherry blossoms, night-time walks, spicy food, and bananas, but he dislikes sweets.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: He wears the standard captain uniform along with a white headpiece called a "kenseikan" (symbolizing his noble rank as the head of the Kuchiki family) and a white scarf made by the master weaver, Tsujishirō Kuroemon III. The scarf is made from silver-white windflower light silk ("ginpaku kazahana no uzuginu") and is a family heirloom handed down through the generations to the head of the Kuchiki family. Forty five houses can be built for the cost of just one such scarf.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Despite his extremely serious personality, Byakuya seems to have a funny side to himself. He not only attends the lieutenants' meeting when Renji is absent, but it is also implied that he attends the meetings of the Soul Reaper Women's Association when Rukia is absent. In the former's case, he reasons that "part of a captain's responsibilities is to make sure the lieutenant's responsibilities are taken care of;" When Renji asks him if he also goes to Rukia's meetings, Byakuya responds only by smiling. On other occasions, Byakuya has jokingly remarked that he uses Senbonzakura to cut his hair and has claimed that life in general is not supposed to be entertaining, and even makes up an idea for a game that is not meant to be amusing. His artistic talent is similar to Rukia's (that is, non-existent); it appears that only Rukia is impressed with his abilities and deeply admires his style.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Little is known about his early history. When his grandfather, Ginrei, was still the captain of the 6th Division, Byakuya plans to take over leadership of the clan, although Ginrei was worried about his rash and hotheaded attitude. During this time Yoruichi Shihouin would play pranks on him and goad him into games of tag using flash steps, which she won every time. Byakuya at this time would very easily lose his temper, and his grandfather believed he would become much stronger if he would learn to control himself. This aspect of his personality is reflected in Senbonzakura when he manifests in the Zanpakutou rebellion arc.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Over fifty years before the main storyline, Byakuya married Hisana, a commoner from Inuzuri, one of the poorest districts of Rukongai; in doing so, he broke the rules by accepting her into the noble Kuchiki family. Shortly before her death from illness, Hisana asked Byakuya to find, adopt, and protect her biological sister, Rukia, whom she had abandoned as a baby. She also made him promise that he would not tell Rukia about her real family. She believed that as she abandoned Rukia when she was younger she was not worthy to be called Rukia's sister, but asked Byakuya to allow her to call him 'brother'.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: A year later, during Rukia's time at the academy, Byakuya found her and immediately adopted her into the Kuchiki clan. By adopting her, Byakuya respected his wife's last wish, but had broken the rules of his clan again. He later swore upon his parents' graves that he would never break the rules again, no matter what. As a result, he, though entirely apathetic on the surface, is actually deeply conflicted with the matter of Rukia's execution. Should he intervene, it would require breaking the promise to his parents and the rules again; but should he do nothing he would fail to fulfill the last promise he made to his dying wife to protect Rukia as his own sister.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: It is implied that Byakuya became a captain of the 6th division about 50 years before the main "Bleach" storyline (shortly before Rukia had entered the Gotei 13). Gin Ichimaru became captain of the 3rd Division at the same time, and Gin would commonly start pointless conversations with Byakuya during times they crossed paths.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Byakuya first appears on a mission with his lieutenant, Renji Abarai, to capture Rukia Kuchiki and kill Ichigo Kurosaki. They succeeded in retrieving Rukia, and spared Ichigo, if not for Rukia's intervention, pleading for Byakuya not to give the finishing blow. Byakuya later interrupts Ganju Shiba and Hanatarō Yamada's attempt to rescue Rukia and, later on, Renji's attempt to do the same. he then fights Ichigo for the third time. Following Ichigo's inner hollow's forced submission, both focus their remaining power into one final attack, resulting in a tie. At the end of the battle, Byakuya, through their conversation, realizes that what Ichigo has fought against is the law of Soul Society instead of Byakuya himself, after which he gives his word to protect Rukia. When Sōsuke Aizen orders Gin Ichimaru to kill Rukia, Byakuya intervenes and is overwhelmed by Gin. While being treated, Byakuya tells Rukia why she was adopted, apologizes to her, and thanks Ichigo. Afterwards, Byakuya's attitude toward Rukia changes significantly. He is seen to care for Rukia in an indirect manner and displays a new view on the idea that the law is never perfect.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: When the Bounts threatened to harm the Soul Society it becomes serious. he uses the Kuchiki Clan's records to gain information on the Bounts for head captain Yamamoto. Byakuya, aiding Rukia in her battle with Yoshi, attempts to seek out the Bount leader Jin Kariya. The two meet and engage in a battle that is interrupted by Ichigo and, later, Rantao. In the anime-exclusive Zanpakutō Unknown Tales arc, Byakuya betrays the Soul Society and sides with the rogue Zanpakutō Muramasa, who had set the Soul Reapers' Zanpakutō, including Byakuya's own Senbonzakura, free from their control and was influencing them. He states his reasons for doing so were to maintain his pride; however, it is later revealed that Byakuya's true intentions were to stay close to Muramasa so that he could locate and kill Muramasa's Soul Reaper Kōga Kuchiki for dishonoring the Kuchiki clan.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Byakuya reappears to retrieve Tōshirō Hitsugaya's team on General Yamamoto's order near the end of the Arrancar Arc, but he secretly assigns Rukia and Renji to rescue Orihime. He reasons that he was only ordered to bring them back to Soul Society and that what they chose to do afterwards was none of his concern, though Ichigo and Rukia suspect otherwise. Byakuya appears later in Hueco Mundo to save Rukia from the 7th Espada, Zommari Leroux. Afterwards, he appears with Kenpachi Zaraki to save Ichigo in his fight against the Cero Espada Yammy.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Seventeen months later, Byakuya and several other high-ranking Soul Reapers appear before Ichigo in the human world after Ichigo is robbed of his Fullbring. It is revealed that he and the accompanying Soul Reapers channeled their power into the blade that stabbed Ichigo to restore his lost Soul Reaper powers. Byakuya subsequently fights Shūkurō Tsukishima.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: When the Wandenreich invades the Soul Society, Byakuya mourns Lieutenant Chōjirō Sasakibe. Byakuya assists Renji on fighting Stern Ritter F, Äs Nödt. Byakuya activates his Bankai, tells Renji to observe Äs and finds out a way to unseal it after it is sealed. However, Byakuya learns that his Bankai was not sealed, but stolen by the Quincy. Byakuya clashes with Äs, but is easily overwhelmed over fear. Äs Nödt finishes Byakuya off by using his own Bankai against him and smashing him into a nearby wall. When Ichigo breaks free of his imprisonment in the Dangai and arrives at the spot where Byakuya lays wounded, Byakuya asks Ichigo to forgive him for his failure to defeat his enemy and begs him to protect the Soul Society as his dying wish. After the Wandereich leave, the Royal Guard arrives in the Soul Society, bringing Byakuya with them so that he can be healed. He later returns to the Soul Society sufficiently healed with his strength increased, arriving during Rukia's battle with Äs Nödt. Acknowledging Rukia's growth, he dismisses Äs Nödt's assumption that Byakuya will fight him and instead encourages Rukia to finish Äs Nödt with her own new abilities. After defeating Äs Nödt with her Bankai, Byakuya praises her Bankai but warns her to return to her normal state slowly, commenting on the dangerous nature of her Bankai requiring her to turn her entire body into ice in the process. He subsequently joins Renji, Rukia, and other Soul Reapers to fight against the Wandenreich, tasked with preventing Ichigo from reaching the Soul King's palace. However, the Soul Reapers are overwhelmed by Wandenreich Schutzstaffel Gerard Valkyrie, who grows in size each time he is cut down by the power of "miracles." He orders Rukia and Renji to go join Ichigo at the Soul King's palace, while Byakuya, Toshiro Hitsugaya, and Kenpachi Zaraki continue to try and subdue Gerard Valkyrie.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Ten years later, Byakuya remains the captain of the Sixth Division ten years after Yhwach's apparent destruction and is present during Rukia's promotion as the new captain of the Thirteenth Division. Upon realizing that Yhwach's presence is still lingering in the Soul Society, he elects not to tell Rukia and Renji so that they can visit Ichigo in the human world, and decides to join Mayuri Kurotsuchi and Soifon in disposing of Yhwach's presence. However, they witness the presence abruptly disappear, unaware that Yhwach was dispelled when Yhwach's presence also appeared in the living world and came into contact with Kazui Kurosaki, the son of Ichigo and Orihime Inoue.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: As a captain of the Gotei 13, Byakuya is extremely skilled in all forms of Soul Reaper combat. In keeping with his rank, Byakuya's abilities allow him to defeat opponents of captain-level ability without much effort. He holds the Advanced-Captain class within the Gotei 13.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Of particular note is Byakuya's speed: he is skilled in the use of "shunpo" (Flash steps), having trained with (but never surpassed) Yoruichi Shihōin. Yoruichi also taught Byakuya some techniques of her own creation that involved flash steps, including one called "utsusemi" (空蝉, "lit." Cast-Off Cicada Shell, in reference to their molting), which allows Byakuya to move out of harm's way while leaving an after-image behind. One of Byakuya's favorite techniques, as described by Renji, is "Senka" (闪花, "lit." Flash Blossom), a flash step combined with a spin to quickly move behind the enemy, followed by a combination of two quick thrusts to destroy the opponent's soul chain and soul sleep in one move, destroying the opponent's source of spiritual power. He manages to quickly dispatch Ichigo in their first encounter with this technique. In his battle with Zommari Leroux, he is able to maintain his composure and fight at full speed, despite being forced to cut the tendons in his left leg and arm to prevent Zommari from gaining control of them.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: As Byakuya has displayed knowledge of high level "kidō" spells, and can cast spells up to number 81 without the incantation. He is adept at using them tactically, such as disrupting the movement of Renji's "Bankai" with a well-timed fire spell and damaging Ichigo's right arm by using a low-level lightning spell at point-blank range to burn a hole through his shoulder.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Byakuya's "zanpakutō' is . Its "Shikai" is triggered by the command . In the English manga the phrase is translated inconsistently; at the start of volume fourteen it is translated as "die", though later in the same volume "scatter" is used instead. When manifested in the anime "Zanpakutō Unknown Tales arc", Senbonzakura resembles a masked man in samurai armor with a half-cherry blossom decoration on his helmet.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: In its "Shikai", Senbonzakura's blade separates into thousands of slender, petal-like blades. The release may be negated before it is complete, such as when Yoruichi Shihōin wrapped the blade in cloth during Byakuya's short battle with Ichigo. While the blades are too small to be seen by the naked eye, they reflect light in such a way as to appear as cherry blossom petals. he can control the blades at will, thereby allowing him to shred opponents at a distance and break through almost any defense. While Byakuya can control the blades with his mind alone, using his hands allows him to do so more effectively, making the blades move twice as fast.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: Byakuya's "Bankai", named , is essentially a much larger version of Senbonzakura's "Shikai". To activate it, Byakuya drops his sword. The sword passes through the ground and two rows of giant blades rise up from the ground. These then scatter into millions of tiny blades. The number of blades is great enough that Byakuya can use them for defense and offense at the same time. He commonly forms them into large masses of blades to crush opponents. As with his Shikai, its attack is triggered with the phrase "scatter".


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: His "Bankai" has several forms, achieved by arranging the blades in different patterns. They are activated by saying the name of the technique followed by the name of his "Bankai". Each form presents a different advantage, such as increasing offense at the expense of defense.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: To overwhelm the defense of an opponent, Byakuya can use . This aligns every blade in a spherical formation around his opponent, which then collapses into them from every possible angle, leaving no blind spots and no chance to escape.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: His attack form is , which unites the scattered petals into complete swords that form rows of swords around Byakuya and his opponent. In this form, Byakuya abandons the defense potential of his many blades and concentrates on killing the enemy. While Byakuya can control these swords as he does his regular blades, he usually attacks with just one in hand. He remarks in his battle with Ichigo that he normally only shows Senkei to those he has sworn to "kill by his own hand", Ichigo being the second to see this. After immobilizing an opponent, he can call in the other blades to hit them while they are trapped. He can also use all the blades at once for one immensely powerful strike. he demonstrates that Senkei can also be used as a barrier to protect those inside from a barrage of Cero blasts. He also displays the ability to activate Kageyoshi from inside Senkei, shattering all rows of swords at once.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: He also possesses a secret move known as which sends all the blades of Senkei towards his enemy at once.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: As a final attack he can use . This condenses every one of his blades into a single sword, drastically increasing its cutting power. The blade appears bright white, and its aura takes the form of a dragon, earning it the name . Byakuya also grows pure white wings and a halo-like circle in the back, both made of spiritual power.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: He was ranked 7th in the most recent popularity poll with 4,010 votes, edging out Orihime Inoue by 35 votes. In 2007, he was one of 4 Bleach characters to place in "Newtype"s top 100 anime character listing. Dan Woren, Byakuya's English voice actor, liked how his character is able to deal with anything while staying cool. He also noted his need to stick to the rules but found it tragic due to the fact he becomes determined to execute Rukia Kuchiki, his sister.


title: Byakuya Kuchiki

text: IGN praises his character's faults and contrasts with Ichigo shown during their climactic battle, stating that "his problem...is that he's arrogant." The battle was "made better by the fact that these two characters have such different personalities, and they really seem to be bringing the best out of each other." His lack of truly villainous characteristics as an antagonistic role was also praised; in the same review, IGN notes that Ichigo and Byakuya are both "just two people fighting for what they think is right. Ichigo for friendship, and Byakuya for honor and Soul Society pride. Instead of the usual evil vs. good battle, it becomes more about whether honor and rules should come first before saving a friend." At the end of the Soul Society arc, moments showing Byakuya's changes in character were heralded as being some of "the best in the episode"; IGN writes "while Byakuya has changed, he still enjoys some of the traditions of the Soul Society."


The Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (CSAFP) is the highest-ranking military officer (except for the President of the Philippines, who holds the position of Commander-in-Chief equivalent to a five-star general) and the head of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), including all service branches (Army, Air Force, Navy–Marine Corps, Coast Guard—in Wartime Attached Service) under its command. The position is usually held by a four-star rank of General or Admiral. Its direct equivalent in the US Armed Forces is the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Unlike its US counterpart, which is merely supervisory, the Chief of Staff has complete operational control and is responsible for the overall operations of the AFP.


title: Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

text: The holder of this position is appointed by, as well as directly reports to the President of the Philippines under the Article VII, Section 18 of the 1987 Constitution. He executes the President's commands, tactics, operations, plannings, and strategies, as well as serves as the Immediate Adviser to the Secretary of National Defense. He also prescribes directions to all commands (including the Commanding General of the Philippine Army, the Commanding General of the Philippine Air Force, the Flag Officer-in-Command of the Philippine Navy, the Commanders of the AFP Unified Commands, and the AFP Board of Generals).


text: The Armed Forces of the Philippines were created as a result of the Commonwealth Act No. 1, also known as the National Defense Act of 1935. However, the origin of the organization can be traced back to the establishment of the Philippine Constabulary, armed Filipino forces organized in 1901 by the United States to combat the Philippine Revolutionary Army then led by General Emilio Aguinaldo.


text: The position of the Chief of Staff has been traced from the Commanding General of the Philippine Army, when the Philippine Commonwealth Army (now the Philippine Army) was established as the main army of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. After the defeat of the First Philippine Republic during the Philippine–American War, the United States dissolved the army and relied on its armed forces together with some Filipino troops under the Philippine Constabulary. However, the National Defense Act of 1935 led to take on responsibilities on national defense and pave way for the creation of three major commands (Army, Air Force, Navy). Since the 1960s, the rosters of the Chiefs of Staff is arranged accordingly.


text: On June 19, 2020, under the DND Order no. 174, the title of Chief of Staff was renamed as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, while the Vice Chief of Staff as Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, and the Deputy Chief of Staff as Chief of the Joint Staff. Although the usage of these titles were deferred.


text: The AFP Chief of Staff is assisted by the Vice Chief of Staff of the AFP (VCSAFP) and The Deputy Chief of Staff of the AFP (TDCSAFP), both holders of the rank of Lieutenant General/Vice Admiral. The Vice Chief of Staff serves as the primary assistant of the AFP Chief of Staff in their operational duties, as well as in policy conceptualization and implementation matters in the AFP, and also assists the AFP Chief of Staff in their absence. The Deputy Chief of Staff (TDCS) is tasked to supervise the organizational staff, including the Joint Staff, the Special Staff, the Administrative and the Technical Staff. The Deputy Chief of Staff is also responsible for assisting the AFP's overall policy and strategy formations, and perform other duties assigned by the AFP Chief of Staff. These posts are also assisted by the Secretary Joint Staff (SJS), who serves as the executive officer for the AFP Chief of Staff, the Vice Chief of Staff, and The Deputy Chief of Staff. The AFP Chief of Staff is also advised on enlisted personnel matters by the Armed Forces of the Philippines Sergeant Major (AFPSM).


text: The AFP Chief of Staff has no definite or fixed term limit, under Republic Act No. 8186, as the term limit of the AFP Chief of Staff, along with all uniformed members of the AFP, has a mandatory retirement age at 56 years old. Nevertheless, the AFP Chief of Staff's term can be extended and allows a flexible term while serving beyond the mandatory retirement age, as the AFP Chief of Staff can serve their post until 3 years. Plans to reform the current system were made in 2011, but was vetoed by then-President Benigno Aquino III. An updated bill is currently being crafted since 2020, which aims to create a fixed term of 3 years for the AFP Chief of Staff, the Vice Chief of Staff, The Deputy Chief of Staff, the commanders of the three major services (Army, Navy, Air Force), the commanders of the unified commands (NOLCOM, SOLCOM, WESCOM, CENTCOM, WESTMINCOM, EASTMINCOM), the commandant of the Philippine Marine Corps, the commander of the AFP Special Operations Command, and the commander of the upcoming Cyber Security Command; while the Superintendent of the Philippine Military Academy (PMA) will have a 4-year term in their post, and will not be allowed to be reappointed in other higher posts. The bill also allows the president to remove the sitting AFP chief of staff at his/her pleasure within their 3-year term. Once passed and enacted into law, the new law aims to increase the flexibility, organizational professionalism and effectiveness in their respective roles. On May 16, 2022, former President Rodrigo Duterte signed the Republic Act No. 11709, which serves as the new law that enables a three-year fixed term for key officials of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, including the Chief of Staff of the AFP.


title: The Public Theater

text: The Public Theater is a New York City arts organization founded as the Shakespeare Workshop in 1954 by Joseph Papp, with the intention of showcasing the works of up-and-coming playwrights and performers. Led by JoAnne Akalaitis from 1991 to 1993 and by George C. Wolfe from 1993 to 2004, it is currently led by Artistic Director Oskar Eustis and Executive Director Patrick Willingham. The venue opened in 1967, with the world-premiere production of the musical "Hair" as its first show.


title: The Public Theater

text: The Public is headquartered at 425 Lafayette Street in the former Astor Library in Lower Manhattan. The building holds five theater spaces and Joe's Pub, a cabaret-style venue used for new work, musical performances, spoken-word artists, and soloists. The Public also operates the Delacorte Theater in Central Park, where it presents Shakespeare in the Park. New York natives and visitors alike have been enjoying free Shakespeare in Central Park since performances began in 1954.


title: The Public Theater

text: Notable productions in recent years include: "The Merchant of Venice", featuring Al Pacino as Shylock (2010); "Here Lies Love" (2013), by David Byrne; "Fun Home," adapted from Alison Bechdel's illustrated memoir of the same name (2013); "Eclipsed", by Danai Gurira and featuring Lupita Nyong'o (2015); and "Hamilton" (2015), by Lin-Manuel Miranda.


title: The Public Theater

text: In addition to each season of full-scale theatrical productions, The Public also produces a number of different series, festivals, and programs each year.


title: The Public Theater

text: In 2008, The Public presented its inaugural Public LAB series, an annual series of new plays presented in collaboration with LAByrinth Theater Company. With each Public LAB show, corresponding speaker series are presented as after-show talkbacks to discuss prominent themes, ideas and topics in the plays. A number of plays that have appeared in the Public LAB series have gone onto full-scale productions, including Tracey Scott Wilson’s "The Good Negro", which ran at The Public in 2009, and "Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson", which had a sold-out, thrice-extended off-Broadway run at The Public in the spring of 2010 and transferred to Broadway that fall.


title: The Public Theater

text: Public LAB was expanded in 2011 to include Public LAB SHAKESPEARE, a new platform for The Public's ongoing exploration of the Shakespeare canon that continues the growth of The Public's Shakespeare Initiative and expands the ways The Public produces American interpretations of Shakespeare. The premiere production of Public LAB SHAKESPEARE was" Timon of Athens" in March 2011, featuring Richard Thomas in the title role.


title: The Public Theater

text: In 2013, The Public launched the Mobile Shakespeare Unit (now renamed Mobile Unit), which tours free Shakespeare to various locations throughout the five boroughs, including prisons, homeless shelters, and community centers, before concluding its run at the Public Theater itself. Past venues include Rikers Island, Borden Avenue's Veteran's Shelter, and The Fortune Society. The Public also launched its inaugural Public Works production in 2013. Public Works combines diverse groups of people throughout the five boroughs of New York City to watch theatre, participate in theatrical workshops, and perform in one full-scale Public Works production alongside professional actors at Shakespeare in the Park. Past Public Works productions include The Tempest, The Winter's Tale, and The Odyssey.


title: The Public Theater

text: The Public Forum, begun in 2010, is a series of lectures, debates, and conversations that showcase leading voices in the arts, politics and the media. Curated by Jeremy McCarter, a senior writer at Newsweek, Public Forum events explore issues raised by plays in The Public's season, as well as the political and cultural headlines of today's world. Notable participants in the series include Stephen Sondheim, Tony Kushner, Arianna Huffington, Alec Baldwin and Anne Hathaway.


title: The Public Theater

text: The Public hosts the annual Under the Radar Festival, a festival tracking new theater from around the world.


title: The Public Theater

text: Over the last 12 years, The Public's Under the Radar Festival (UTR) has presented over 194 companies from 40 countries. UTR has presented works by such respected artists as Elevator Repair Service, Gob Squad, Belarus Free Theatre, and Young Jean Lee.


title: The Public Theater

text: The Public serves as the home of the Emerging Writers Group, which seeks to target playwrights at the earliest stages in their careers. The Emerging Writers Group is a component of The Public Writers Initiative.


title: The Public Theater

text: The Public also fosters Public Studio, a performance series dedicated to developing the works of new and emerging theater artists. Emerging playwrights get the opportunity to stage a piece somewhere between a workshop and a full production in front of an audience, as an opportunity to gage audience reaction and further develop their work.


title: The Public Theater

text: The Public Theater invests in theater education, training classical actors through the annual summer acting intensive known as the Shakespeare Lab. The Shakespeare Lab is The Public Theater's professional actor development program that immerses a selected company of professional, mid-career actors in a summer intensive exploring the rigors, challenges, and joys of performing Shakespeare.


title: The Public Theater

text: The Public Theater hosts educational programs for teenagers such as Shakespeare Spring Break, Summer ShakeUP, and A Midsummer Day's Camp programs, all for teenagers interested in learning about and performing Shakespeare.


title: The Public Theater

text: Suzan-Lori Parks, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and Master Writer Chair of The Public, debuted her performance piece "Watch Me Work" as part of the 2011 Under The Radar Festival. In the performance, Parks worked on her newest writing project in the main lobby of The Public Theater.


title: The Public Theater

text: A number of the Public's productions have moved to larger Broadway theaters upon the conclusion of their run at Astor Place. The three most commercially successful of these have been "Hair" (1967), "A Chorus Line" (1975), and "Hamilton" (2015).


title: The Public Theater

text: The Public Theater has won 54 Tony Awards, 152 Obie Awards, 42 Drama Desk Awards and five Pulitzer Prizes. Fifty-five Public Theater productions have moved to Broadway, including "Sticks and Bones", "That Championship Season", "A Chorus Line", "For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf", "The Pirates of Penzance", "The Tempest", "Bring in 'da Noise, Bring in 'da Funk", Michael John LaChiusa's "The Wild Party", "The Ride Down Mt. Morgan", "Topdog/Underdog", "Take Me Out", "Caroline, or Change", "Passing Strange", the revival of "HAIR", "Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson", "The Merchant of Venice", "The Normal Heart", "Well", "Fun Home", "Hamilton", and "Eclipsed".


title: The Public Theater

text: The Public has been housed in a landmarked Romanesque revival structure at 425 Lafayette Street since 1967, built between 1853 and 1881 as the Astor Library, which later merged with the Tilden and Lenox collections to become the New York Public Library. The library was built by William B. Astor, son of the library's founder, John Jacob Astor. A German-born architect, Alexander Saeltzer, who had been the architect of the Anshe Chesed Synagogue,


title: The Public Theater

text: In 1920, the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society purchased the building. By 1965, it was in disuse and faced demolition. The Public Theater, then the New York Shakespeare Festival, persuaded the city to purchase it for use as a theater. It was converted for theater use by Giorgio Cavaglieri between 1967 and 1976.


title: The Public Theater

text: The building is a New York City Landmark, designated in 1965. It was one of the first buildings to be recognized as such by the newly formed Landmarks Preservation Commission of New York City.


title: The Public Theater

text: In 2009, The Public began its "Going Public" campaign to raise funds for a major renovation of the historic building. Groundbreaking for the $35 million renovation occurred on March 9, 2010, with notables such as Liev Schreiber and Philip Seymour Hoffman in attendance. Plans included a renovation of Joe's Pub; the Pub went on a three-month hiatus during the summer of 2011 to allow for construction. The building re-opened on October 4, 2012 after a renovation designed by Ennead Architects costing $40 million.


title: The Public Theater

text: In 2013, The Public launched Public Works, which brings together diverse groups of people throughout the five boroughs of New York City to watch theatre, participate in theatrical workshops, and perform in one full-scale Public Works production alongside professional actors at Shakespeare in the Park. Past Public Works productions include "The Tempest", "The Winter's Tale", and "The Odyssey".


title: Canon EOS 60D

text: The Canon EOS 60D is an 18.1 megapixels semi-pro digital single-lens reflex camera made by Canon. It was announced on August 26, 2010, with a suggested retail price of US$1099.00. As a part of the Canon EOS two-digit line, it is the successor of the EOS 50D and is the predecessor of the EOS 70D.


title: Canon EOS 60D

text: It is the first camera which has an articulating LCD screen. Apart from its screen, the main new features of the 60D in the two-digit Canon line include increased resolution and , full-HD video capabilities, and in-camera post-processing functions for the images. However, it uses the DIGIC 4 image processor.


title: Canon EOS 60D

text: Like the 50D, the camera has an LCD of settings on the top of the camera where the ISO, AF-Mode, Shooting mode, and metering mode can be controlled.


title: Canon EOS 60D

text: The 60D is offered for purchase as a body alone or in a package with an EF-S 18-200mm f/3.5-5.6 IS lens, EF-S 17–85mm f/4-5.6 IS USM lens, EF-S 18–135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS lens, EF-S 17-55mm f/2.8 IS USM lens, or an EF-S 18–55mm f/3.5–5.6 lens


title: Canon EOS 60D

text: "Digital Photography Review" described the changes as representing the move from 'semi-pro'/'prosumer' to 'enthusiast' due to the reduction in some features; however the pentaprism viewfinder and iconic rear control wheel remain, as does the top informational LCD. The slightly smaller body retains the grip of the two-digit Canon line.


title: Canon EOS 60D

text: Canon announced a modified version of the EOS 60D for astrophotography on April 3, 2012, called the EOS 60Da. The 60Da is the successor to the EOS 20Da. It was expected to cost $1,499. The camera has a modified infrared filter and a low-noise sensor with heightened hydrogen-alpha (H-alpha) sensitivity for improved capture of red hydrogen emission nebulae. The 60Da is three times as sensitive to H-alpha light as the 60D to allow for better images of nebulae.


title: Pheasant Island

text: Pheasant Island (, , , ) is an uninhabited river island in the Bidasoa river, located between France and Spain, whose administration alternates between the two nations.


title: Pheasant Island

text: It is proposed that the name could be a misinterpretation of some French word related to "passing" or "toll".


title: Pheasant Island

text: The most important historical event to have taken place on the island was the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees. This was the climax to a series of 24 conferences held between Luis Méndez de Haro, a grandee of Spain, and Cardinal Mazarin, Chief Minister of France, in 1659 following the end of the Thirty Years' War. A monolith was built in the centre of the island to commemorate the meeting.


title: Pheasant Island

text: The island is a condominium, the world's smallest, under joint sovereignty of Spain and France, and for alternating periods of six months is officially under the governance of the naval commanders of San Sebastián, Spain (1 February – 31 July) and of Bayonne, France (1 August – 31 January).


title: Pheasant Island

text: Currently, the French position of "adjunct département director, delegate for the sea and coast of the Atlantic Pyrenees and Landes" carries the title of "viceroy of Pheasant Island", an unusual name in the French Republic.


title: Pheasant Island

text: In practice, it is administered in turn by the mayors of Irun (in Gipuzkoa, Spain) and Hendaye (in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).


title: Pheasant Island

text: Since the Franco-Spanish boundary line follows the thalweg of the Bidasoa river's main course, which is located on the northern shore of the islet, the whole territory of Pheasant Island is an enclave located within the borders of Spain.


title: Pheasant Island

text: The island can sometimes be reached on foot from the Spanish side at low tide. It is uninhabited, and access is forbidden, except very occasionally on heritage open days. Other than that, employees of the municipal government of Irun or Hendaye may access the island once every six months for cleaning and gardening, and members of the Naval Commands of San Sebastián (Spain) and Bayonne (France), responsible for monitoring the island, land on it every five days.


title: Symphonic poem

text: A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other (non-musical) source. The German term "Tondichtung (tone poem)" appears to have been first used by the composer Carl Loewe in 1828. The Hungarian composer Franz Liszt first applied the term "Symphonische Dichtung" to his 13 works in this vein.


title: Symphonic poem

text: While many symphonic poems may compare in size and scale to symphonic movements (or even reach the length of an entire symphony), they are unlike traditional classical symphonic movements, in that their music is intended to inspire listeners to imagine or consider scenes, images, specific ideas or moods, and not (necessarily) to focus on following traditional patterns of musical form such as sonata form. This intention to inspire listeners was a direct consequence of Romanticism, which encouraged literary, pictorial and dramatic associations in music. According to the musicologist Hugh Macdonald, the symphonic poem met three 19th-century aesthetic goals: it related music to outside sources; it often combined or compressed multiple movements into a single principal section; and it elevated instrumental program music to an aesthetic level that could be regarded as equivalent to, or higher than opera. The symphonic poem remained a popular composition form from the 1840s until the 1920s, when composers began to abandon the genre.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Some piano and chamber works, such as Arnold Schoenberg's string sextet "Verklärte Nacht", have similarities with symphonic poems in their overall intent and effect. However, the term symphonic poem is generally accepted to refer to orchestral works. A symphonic poem may stand on its own (as do those of Richard Strauss), or it can be part of a series combined into a symphonic suite or cycle. For example, "The Swan of Tuonela" (1895) is a tone poem from Jean Sibelius's "Lemminkäinen Suite", and "Vltava" ("The Moldau") by Bedřich Smetana is part of the six-work cycle "Má vlast".


title: Symphonic poem

text: While the terms "symphonic poem" and "tone poem" have often been used interchangeably, some composers such as Richard Strauss and Jean Sibelius have preferred the latter term for their works.


title: Symphonic poem

text: The first use of the German term "Tondichtung" (tone poem) appears to have been by Carl Loewe, applied not to an orchestral work but to his piece for piano solo, "Mazeppa", Op. 27 (1828), based on the poem of that name by Lord Byron, and written twelve years before Liszt treated the same subject orchestrally.


title: Symphonic poem

text: The musicologist Mark Bonds suggests that in the second quarter of the 19th century, the future of the symphonic genre seemed uncertain. While many composers continued to write symphonies during the 1820s and '30s, "there were a growing sense that these works were aesthetically far inferior to Beethoven's... The real question was not so much whether symphonies could still be written, but whether the genre could continue to flourish and grow". Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann and Niels Gade achieved successes with their symphonies, putting at least a temporary stop to the debate as to whether the genre was dead. Nevertheless, composers began to explore the "more compact form" of the concert overture "...as a vehicle within which to blend musical, narrative and pictoral ideas." Examples included Mendelssohn's overtures "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1826) and "The Hebrides" (1830).


title: Symphonic poem

text: Between 1845 and 1847, the Belgian composer César Franck wrote an orchestral piece based on Victor Hugo's poem "Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne". The work exhibits characteristics of a symphonic poem, and some musicologists, such as Norman Demuth and Julien Tiersot, consider it the first of its genre, preceding Liszt's compositions. However, Franck did not publish or perform his piece; neither did he set about defining the genre. Liszt's determination to explore and promote the symphonic poem gained him recognition as the genre's inventor.


title: Symphonic poem

text: The Hungarian composer Franz Liszt desired to expand single-movement works beyond the concert overture form. The music of overtures is to inspire listeners to imagine scenes, images, or moods; Liszt intended to combine those programmatic qualities with a scale and musical complexity normally reserved for the opening movement of classical symphonies. The opening movement, with its interplay of contrasting themes under sonata form, was normally considered the most important part of the symphony. To achieve his objectives, Liszt needed a more flexible method of developing musical themes than sonata form would allow, but one that would preserve the overall unity of a musical composition.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Liszt found his method through two compositional practices, which he used in his symphonic poems. The first practice was cyclic form, a procedure established by Beethoven in which certain movements are not only linked but actually reflect one another's content. Liszt took Beethoven's practice one step further, combining separate movements into a single-movement cyclic structure. Many of Liszt's mature works follow this pattern, of which "Les Préludes" is one of the best-known examples. The second practice was thematic transformation, a type of variation in which one theme is changed, not into a related or subsidiary theme but into something new, separate and independent. As musicologist Hugh Macdonald wrote of Liszt's works in this genre, the intent was "to display the traditional logic of symphonic thought;" that is, to display a comparable complexity in the interplay of musical themes and tonal 'landscape' to those of the Romantic symphony.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Thematic transformation, like cyclic form, was nothing new in itself. It had been previously used by Mozart and Haydn. In the final movement of his Ninth Symphony, Beethoven had transformed the theme of the "Ode to Joy" into a Turkish march. Weber and Berlioz had also transformed themes, and Schubert used thematic transformation to bind together the movements of his "Wanderer Fantasy", a work that had a tremendous influence on Liszt. However, Liszt perfected the creation of significantly longer formal structures solely through thematic transformation, not only in the symphonic poems but in others works such as his Second Piano Concerto and his Piano Sonata in B minor. In fact, when a work had to be shortened, Liszt tended to cut sections of conventional musical development and preserve sections of thematic transformation.


title: Symphonic poem

text: While Liszt had been inspired to some extent by the ideas of Richard Wagner in unifying ideas of drama and music via the symphonic poem, Wagner gave Liszt's concept only lukewarm support in his 1857 essay "On the Symphonic Poems of Franz Liszt", and was later to break entirely with Liszt's Weimar circle over their aesthetic ideals.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Composers who developed the symphonic poem after Liszt were mainly Bohemian, Russian, and French; the Bohemians and Russians showed the potential of the form as a vehicle for the nationalist ideas fomenting in their respective countries at this time. Bedřich Smetana visited Liszt in Weimar in the summer of 1857, where he heard the first performances of the "Faust Symphony" and the symphonic poem "Die Ideale". Influenced by Liszt's efforts, Smetana began a series of symphonic works based on literary subjects—"Richard III" (1857-8), "Wallenstein's Camp" (1858-9) and "Hakon Jarl" (1860–61). A piano work dating from the same period, "Macbeth a čarodějnice" ("Macbeth and the Witches", 1859), is similar in scope but bolder in style. Musicologist John Clapham writes that Smetana planned these works as "a compact series of episodes" drawn from their literary sources "and approached them as a dramatist rather than as a poet or philosopher." He used musical themes to represent specific characters; in this manner he more closely followed the practice of French composer Hector Berlioz in his choral symphony "Roméo et Juliette" than that of Liszt. By doing so, Hugh Macdonald writes, Smetana followed "a straightforward pattern of musical description".


title: Symphonic poem

text: Smetana's set of six symphonic poems published under the general title of "Má vlast" became his greatest achievements in the genre. Composed between 1872 and 1879, the cycle embodies its composer's personal belief in the greatness of the Czech nation while presenting selected episodes and ideas from Czech history. Two recurrent musical themes unify the entire cycle. One theme represents Vyšehrad, the fortress over the river Vltava whose course provides the subject matter for the second (and best-known) work in the cycle; the other is the ancient Czech hymn ""Ktož jsú boží bojovníci"" ("Ye who are God's warriors"), which unites the cycle's last two poems, "Tábor" and "Blaník."


title: Symphonic poem

text: While expanding the form to a unified cycle of symphonic poems, Smetana created what Macdonald terms "one of the monuments of Czech music" and, Clapham writes, "extended the scope and purpose of the symphonic poem beyond the aims of any later composer". Clapham adds that in his musical depiction of scenery in these works, Smetana "established a new type of symphonic poem, which led eventually to Sibelius's "Tapiola"". Also, in showing how to apply new forms for new purposes, Macdonald writes that Smetana "began a profusion of symphonic poems from his younger contemporaries in the Czech lands and Slovakia", including Antonín Dvořák, Zdeněk Fibich, Leoš Janáček and Vítězslav Novák.


title: Symphonic poem

text: Dvořák wrote two groups of symphonic poems, which date from the 1890s. The first, which Macdonald variously calls symphonic poems and overtures, forms a cycle similar to "Má vlast", with a single musical theme running through all three pieces. Originally conceived as a trilogy to be titled "Příroda, Život a Láska" ("Nature, Life and Love"), they appeared instead as three separate works, "V přírodě" ("In Nature's Realm"), "Carnival" and "Othello". The score for "Othello" contains notes from the Shakespeare play, showing that Dvořák meant to write it as a programmatic work; however, the sequence of events and characters portrayed does not correspond to the notes.


title: Symphonic poem

text: The second group of symphonic poems comprises five works. Four of them—"The Water Goblin", "The Noon Witch", "The Golden Spinning Wheel" and "The Wild Dove"—are based on poems from Karel Jaromír Erben's "Kytice" ("Bouquet") collection of fairy tales. In these four poems, Dvořák assigns specific musical themes for important characters and events in the drama. For "The Golden Spinning Wheel", Dvořák arrived at these themes by setting lines from the poems to music. He also follows Liszt and Smetana's example of thematic transformation, metamorphosing the king's theme in "The Golden Spinning Wheel" to represent the wicked stepmother and also the mysterious, kindly old man found in the tale. Macdonald writes that while these works may seem diffuse by symphonic standards, their literary sources actually define the sequence of events and the course of the musical action. Clapham adds that while Dvořák may follow the narrative complexities of "The Golden Spinning Wheel" too closely, "the lengthy repetition at the beginning of "The Noon Witch" shows Dvořák temporarily rejecting a precise representation of the ballad for the sake of an initial musical balance". The fifth poem, "Heroic Song", is the only one not to have a detailed program.