title: The Hump

text: In the first year of the airlift, inexperienced officers of the Services of Supply often ordered planes loaded until they were "about full", ignorant of gross weight limitations or center of gravity placement, while most pilots were reserves recently called up from the airlines with little military transport experience and accustomed to civilian safety standards. As the airlift grew in size and scope in 1943, demands of tactical units and the failure of airline-conducted ATC training programs to produce sufficient multi-engined pilots limited nearly all reinforcement pilots to those just out of flight school or single-engine rated pilots from training fields who had relatively little instrument time. In December 1942, one-third of the 102 technical sergeant (non-commissioned officer) pilot training graduates of the Lubbock Field Class 42-I were immediately sent to India to fly the Hump as replacement co-pilots. This collective inexperience required ICW to create an in-theater OTU near Karachi to qualify new arrivals, taking 16 experienced pilots and eight to ten aircraft away from the airlift. CNAC pilots, while accustomed to a variety of aircraft, also had little instrument experience, and most were unfamiliar with the large American transport aircraft used in the airlift. Not until 1944, when the ATC recruited high hour civilian flight instructors released by the USAAF in pilot training program cutbacks, and the 3rd OTU at Reno Army Air Force Base (Nevada) turned out a growing number of C-46 crews, were highly qualified replacements more readily available for the airlift.


title: The Hump

text: Still, American and CNAC pilots often flew daily on round-trip flights, and around the clock. Some exhausted crews flew as many as three roundtrips every day, particularly during the Hardin rotation policy. Mechanics serviced planes in the open, using tarpaulins to cover the engines during the frequent downpours, and suffered burns to exposed flesh from sun-heated bare metal. There were not enough mechanics or spare parts to go around during the first two years of operations; maintenance and engine overhauls were often deferred. Many overloaded planes crashed on takeoff after losing an engine or otherwise encountering mechanical trouble. Author and ATC pilot Ernest K. Gann recalled flying into Chabua and witnessing four air crashes in one day: two C-47s, two C-87s and 32 killed. He commented with grim sarcasm, "Not to be confused with a combat operation." Due to the isolation of the area, as well as the lower priority of the CBI theater, parts and supplies to keep planes flying were in short supply before the onset of the "Fireball", and flight crews were often sent into the Himalayan foothills to cannibalize aircraft parts from the numerous crash sites. At times, monthly aircraft losses totalled 50% of all aircraft then in service along the route. A byproduct of the numerous air crashes was a local boom in native wares made from aluminium crash debris.


title: The Hump

text: In addition to losses from weather and mechanical failure, the unarmed and unescorted transport aircraft flying the Hump were occasionally attacked by Japanese fighters. While piloting a C-46 on one such mission, Lt. Wally A. Gayda returned fire in desperation against a fighter by pushing a Browning automatic rifle out the cockpit window and firing a full magazine, killing the Japanese pilot. Some C-87 pilots installed of a pair of forward-firing .50 caliber machine guns fuselage-mounted in front of the cargo doors of their aircraft, but there is no documented instance of their being used.


title: The Hump

text: The high number of losses resulted in the formation at Jorhat in July 1943 of one of the first search and rescue organizations, nicknamed "Blackie's Gang". A former test pilot and a Hump veteran, Capt. John L. "Blackie" Porter directed the unit using C-47s borrowed from airlift units that were crewed by a dozen former barnstormers and enlisted personnel armed with submachine guns and hand grenades. "Blackie's Gang" accounted for virtually every crewman recovered in 1943, including CBS News correspondent Eric Sevareid and 19 others forced to parachute on 2 August. The unit moved to Chabua on 25 October and was given official status and allotted two C-47s and several L-5 Sentinel liaison planes for rescue pickups. Porter recruited volunteer medics to parachute into crash sites to aid injured crewmen. In late November he added two B-25 Mitchells to his small fleet from aircraft that had been consigned to a salvage field. Porter was killed in action on 10 December 1943, when his B-25 was set on fire by Japanese Zero fighters during a search mission and crashed at the Indian border trying to return to base.


title: The Hump

text: When Tunner took command of ICD, he was dissatisfied with the existing search-and-rescue set-up, deeming it "a cowboy operation". He appointed the operations officer at Mohanbari, former Hump pilot Major Donald C. Pricer, to establish "a thoroughgoing and efficient search and rescue organization". Pricer's 90 men of the "1352nd Base Unit (Search and Rescue)" at Mohanbari used four B-25s, a C-47, and an L-5, painted yellow overall with blue wing bands for easy identification, to conduct the search missions. Pricer also charted all known crash sites to eliminate checking previous wrecks, and on occasion called upon a Sikorsky YR-4 helicopter based at Myitkyina to assist in rescue missions.


title: The Hump

text: The unit has been responsible for all search and rescue work from Bhamo, in Burma, north as far as allied planes regularly fly. Roughly, its jurisdiction extended from Tezpur, India to Yunnanyi, China. Before organized search and rescue, crews had been lost for weeks, sometimes months. Stretches up to 90 days were not unknown in a country where jungle thickets and dizzy mountain trails made each hour a nightmare to the lost crews fighting their way out. But today, ICD's unique outfit probably would have made the story a trifle less stark. Aerial supply drops of maps and pertinent homing information would have made the walk-out perhaps less circuitous, while certainly the hardships would have been alleviated by air-dropped medical supplies, food and clothing. S & R members have parachuted to lost aircrews to furnish medical aid and walkout assistance. As a direct result of the unit's work, the percentage of saved personnel steadily mounted and with it the confidence and assurance of ICD flight crews.


title: The Hump

text: ATC operations accounted for 685,304 gross tons of cargo carried eastbound during hostilities, including 392,362 tons of gasoline and oil, with nearly 60% of that total delivered in 1945. ATC aircraft made 156,977 trips eastbound between 1 December 1943, and 31 August 1945, losing 373 aircraft. Though supplemented by the opening of the Ledo Road network in January 1945 and by the recapture of Rangoon, the airlift's total tonnage of 650,000 net tons dwarfed that of the Ledo Road (147,000 tons). In addition to cargo, 33,400 persons were transported, in one or both directions.


title: The Hump

text: CNAC pilots made a key contribution to India-China flight operations. Between 1942 and 1945, the Chinese received 100 transport aircraft from the United States: 77 C-47s and 23 C-46s. Of the eventual 776,532 gross tons and approximately 650,000 net tons transported over the Hump, CNAC pilots accounted for 75,000 tons (about 12%). The India-China airlift continued beyond the end of the war. The final missions of the ICD, made after most of its attached organizations had departed, were the transporting of 47,000 U.S. personnel west over The Hump from China to Karachi for return to the United States.


title: The Hump

text: The maximum aircraft strength of the India-China Division, ATC (31 July 1945) was 640 aircraft: 230 C-46s, 167 C-47s, 132 C-54s, 67 C-87/C-109s, 33 B-25s, 10 L-5s, and 1 B-24.


title: The Hump

text: Gen. Tunner's final report stated that the airlift "expended" 594 aircraft. At least 468 American and 41 CNAC aircraft were known lost from all causes, with 1,314 air crewmen and passengers killed. In addition, 81 more aircraft were never accounted for, with their 345 personnel listed as missing. Another 1,200 personnel had been rescued or walked back to base on their own.


title: The Hump

text: The final summary of logged flight time in the airlift totalled 1.5 million hours. The India-China ferrying operation was the largest and most extended strategic air bridge (in volume of cargo airlifted) in aviation history until it was surpassed in 1949 by the Berlin airlift, an operation also commanded by Gen. Tunner. Tunner, writing in "Over the Hump", described the significance of the India-China Airlift:


title: The Hump

text: From 1942 to 1944, 98 percent of all US lend-lease to China went directly to US Army units in China, not the Chinese military.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na, K, Ca, and/or Cl to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: When a presynaptic neuron is excited, it releases a neurotransmitter from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron. If these receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, a resulting conformational change opens the ion channels, which leads to a flow of ions across the cell membrane. This, in turn, results in either a depolarization, for an excitatory receptor response, or a hyperpolarization, for an inhibitory response.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: These receptor proteins are typically composed of at least two different domains: a transmembrane domain which includes the ion pore, and an extracellular domain which includes the ligand binding location (an allosteric binding site). This modularity has enabled a 'divide and conquer' approach to finding the structure of the proteins (crystallising each domain separately). The function of such receptors located at synapses is to convert the chemical signal of presynaptically released neurotransmitter directly and very quickly into a postsynaptic electrical signal. Many LICs are additionally modulated by allosteric ligands, by channel blockers, ions, or the membrane potential. LICs are classified into three superfamilies which lack evolutionary relationship: cys-loop receptors, ionotropic glutamate receptors and ATP-gated channels.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: The cys-loop receptors are named after a characteristic loop formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues in the N terminal extracellular domain.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: They are part of a larger family of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that usually lack this disulfide bond, hence the tentative name "Pro-loop receptors".


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: A binding site in the extracellular N-terminal ligand-binding domain gives them receptor specificity for (1) acetylcholine (AcCh), (2) serotonin, (3) glycine, (4) glutamate and (5) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in vertebrates. The receptors are subdivided with respect to the type of ion that they conduct (anionic or cationic) and further into families defined by the endogenous ligand. They are usually pentameric with each subunit containing 4 transmembrane helices constituting the transmembrane domain, and a beta sheet sandwich type, extracellular, N terminal, ligand binding domain. Some also contain an intracellular domain like shown in the image.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: The prototypic ligand-gated ion channel is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. It consists of a pentamer of protein subunits (typically ααβγδ), with two binding sites for acetylcholine (one at the interface of each alpha subunit). When the acetylcholine binds it alters the receptor's configuration (twists the T2 helices which moves the leucine residues, which block the pore, out of the channel pathway) and causes the constriction in the pore of approximately 3 angstroms to widen to approximately 8 angstroms so that ions can pass through. This pore allows Na ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient into the cell. With a sufficient number of channels opening at once, the inward flow of positive charges carried by Na ions depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane sufficiently to initiate an action potential.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: A bacterial homologue to an LIC has been identified, hypothesized to act nonetheless as a chemoreceptor. This prokaryotic nAChR variant is known as the GLIC receptor, after the species in which it was identified; Gloeobacter Ligand-gated Ion Channel.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: Cys-loop receptors have structural elements that are well conserved, with a large extracellular domain (ECD) harboring an alpha-helix and 10 beta-strands. Following the ECD, four transmembrane segments (TMSs) are connected by intracellular and extracellular loop structures. Except the TMS 3-4 loop, their lengths are only 7-14 residues. The TMS 3-4 loop forms the largest part of the intracellular domain (ICD) and exhibits the most variable region between all of these homologous receptors. The ICD is defined by the TMS 3-4 loop together with the TMS 1-2 loop preceding the ion channel pore. Crystallization has revealed structures for some members of the family, but to allow crystallization, the intracellular loop was usually replaced by a short linker present in prokaryotic cys-loop receptors, so their structures as not known. Nevertheless, this intracellular loop appears to function in desensitization, modulation of channel physiology by pharmacological substances, and posttranslational modifications. Motifs important for trafficking are therein, and the ICD interacts with scaffold proteins enabling inhibitory synapse formation.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: The ionotropic glutamate receptors bind the neurotransmitter glutamate. They form tetramers with each subunit consisting of an extracellular amino terminal domain (ATD, which is involved tetramer assembly), an extracellular ligand binding domain (LBD, which binds glutamate), and a transmembrane domain (TMD, which forms the ion channel). The transmembrane domain of each subunit contains three transmembrane helices as well as a half membrane helix with a reentrant loop. The structure of the protein starts with the ATD at the N terminus followed by the first half of the LBD which is interrupted by helices 1,2 and 3 of the TMD before continuing with the final half of the LBD and then finishing with helix 4 of the TMD at the C terminus. This means there are three links between the TMD and the extracellular domains. Each subunit of the tetramer has a binding site for glutamate formed by the two LBD sections forming a clamshell like shape. Only two of these sites in the tetramer need to be occupied to open the ion channel. The pore is mainly formed by the half helix 2 in a way which resembles an inverted potassium channel.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, or quisqualate receptor) is a non-NMDA-type ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: Its name is derived from its ability to be activated by the artificial glutamate analog AMPA. The receptor was first named the "quisqualate receptor" by Watkins and colleagues after a naturally occurring agonist quisqualate and was only later given the label "AMPA receptor" after the selective agonist developed by Tage Honore and colleagues at the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy in Copenhagen. AMPARs are found in many parts of the brain and are the most commonly found receptor in the nervous system. The AMPA receptor GluA2 (GluR2) tetramer was the first glutamate receptor ion channel to be crystallized. Ligands include:


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor) – a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor – is a ligand-gated ion channel that is gated by the simultaneous binding of glutamate and a co-agonist (i.e., either D-serine or glycine). Studies show that the NMDA receptor is involved in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: The name "NMDA receptor" is derived from the ligand N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), which acts as a selective agonist at these receptors. When the NMDA receptor is activated by the binding of two co-agonists, the cation channel opens, allowing Na and Ca to flow into the cell, in turn raising the cell's electric potential. Thus, the NMDA receptor is an excitatory receptor. At resting potentials, the binding of Mg or Zn at their extracellular binding sites on the receptor blocks ion flux through the NMDA receptor channel. "However, when neurons are depolarized, for example, by intense activation of colocalized postsynaptic AMPA receptors, the voltage-dependent block by Mg is partially relieved, allowing ion influx through activated NMDA receptors. The resulting Ca influx can trigger a variety of intracellular signaling cascades, which can ultimately change neuronal function through activation of various kinases and phosphatases". Ligands include:


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: ATP-gated channels open in response to binding the nucleotide ATP. They form trimers with two transmembrane helices per subunit and both the C and N termini on the intracellular side.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: "Ligand-gated ion channels" are likely to be the major site at which anaesthetic agents and ethanol have their effects, although unequivocal evidence of this is yet to be established. In particular, the GABA and NMDA receptors are affected by anaesthetic agents at concentrations similar to those used in clinical anaesthesia.


title: Ligand-gated ion channel

text: By understanding the mechanism and exploring the chemical/biological/physical component that could function on those receptors, more and more clinical applications are proven by preliminary experiments or FDA. Memantine is approved by the U.S. F.D.A and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease, and has now received a limited recommendation by the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence for patients who fail other treatment options. Agomelatine, is a type of drug that acts on a dual melatonergic-serotonergic pathway, which have shown its efficacy in the treatment of anxious depression during clinical trials, study also suggests the efficacy in the treatment of atypical and melancholic depression.


title: Jean-Philippe Gbamin

text: Jean-Philippe Gbamin (born 25 September 1995) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for club Trabzonspor, on loan from club Everton, and the Ivory Coast national team.


title: Jean-Philippe Gbamin

text: Born in San Pédro, Ivory Coast, Gbamin had spells with French clubs Aire-sur-la-Lys and US Saint-Quentin Blessy, before joining Lens in 2007. In 2013, Gbamin broke into the first team after impressing in the second team, making his debut on 10 May in a 7–0 defeat against Guingamp, in which he replaced Alexandre Coeff fourteen minutes in. Gbamin was assigned the number 25 ahead of the 2013–14 Ligue 2 campaign. On 17 August 2013, Gbamin was given his first Lens start by manager Antoine Kombouaré in a 4–1 victory against Auxerre. Gbamin started to make his Lens breakthrough towards the end of the 2013–14 campaign, assisting them in their promotion to Ligue 1.


title: Jean-Philippe Gbamin

text: On 13 July 2016, Gbamin joined Bundesliga side Mainz 05 on a five-year contract. He made 86 appearances for Mainz over the following three seasons, featuring at both the defensive midfield and center back positions.


title: Jean-Philippe Gbamin

text: Gbamin signed for Premier League club Everton on 2 August 2019 on a five-year contract for a £25 million fee. He made appearances in the club's first two games of the season, before being ruled out for eight weeks due to a thigh injury. In October, it was announced Gbamin would be out injured until January 2020 after having surgery on a thigh injury, but in January he suffered a further setback when additional surgery would keep him out until the end of the season. In May, he injured an Achilles tendon in training, with it estimated he would be injured until November.


title: Jean-Philippe Gbamin

text: Everton Manager Carlo Ancelotti stated during an interview in January 2021 that he was hopeful to have Gbamin back in training as soon as possible, but stressed the need for patience with his recovery, insisting he had a role to play in the team despite an extended spell on the sidelines. On 5 April, Gbamin came on as a substitute for James Rodríguez in Everton’s 1–1 home league draw against Crystal Palace, making his first appearance for the club since August 2019 due to injury, but a week later Gbamin would again be sidelined following a knee injury.


title: Jean-Philippe Gbamin

text: Gbamin made a return from injury in October 2021 when he was listed for selection on the Everton bench for three successive Premier League games. Then on the 2nd of November 2021 Gbamin was listed on Everton’s starting 11 to face off against Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. away from home.


title: Jean-Philippe Gbamin

text: On 21 February 2022, CSKA Moscow announced the loan signing of Gbamin until the end of the season. On 19 May 2022, CSKA confirmed that Gbamin will leave the club upon the expiration of his loan term.


title: Jean-Philippe Gbamin

text: Gbamin has represented France at under-18, under-19, under-20 and under-21 level, making his under-21 debut in a 1–1 draw against Italy U20 on 13 November 2014.


title: Jean-Philippe Gbamin

text: Gbamin is also eligible to represent Ivory Coast at international level due to his parents' nationalities and his birthplace. In April 2017, it was announced that Gbamin had committed himself to playing for the Ivory Coast internationally. He made his senior debut for Ivory Coast in a 5–0 friendly loss to the Netherlands on 4 June 2017.


title: 2022 AFC Champions League group stage

text: The 2022 AFC Champions League group stage was played from 15 April to 1 May 2022 for the East Region and from 7 to 27 April 2022 for the West Region. A total of 40 teams competed in the group stage to decide the 16 places in the knockout stage of the 2022 AFC Champions League.


title: 2022 AFC Champions League group stage

text: The draw for the group stage was held on 17 January 2022 at the AFC House in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 40 teams were drawn into ten groups of four: five groups each in the West Region (Groups A–E) and the East Region (Groups F–J). For each region, teams were seeded into four pots and drawn into the relevant positions within each group, based on their association ranking and their seeding within their association, in consideration of technical balance between groups. Teams from the same association could not be drawn into the same group.<section end=Draw />


title: 2022 AFC Champions League group stage

text: The following 40 teams entered into the group stage draw, which included the 33 direct entrants and the seven winners of the play-off round of the qualifying play-offs, whose identity was not known at the time of the draw.


title: 2022 AFC Champions League group stage

text: In the group stage, each group was played in a double round-robin format in centralised venues. The winners of each group and three best runners-up from each region advanced to the round of 16 of the knockout stage.<section end=Format />


title: 2022 AFC Champions League group stage

text: The teams were ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, tiebreakers were applied in the following order (Regulations Article 8.3):


title: 2022 AFC Champions League group stage

text: On 16 February 2022, AFC confirmed hosts for the East group stage. On 3 March 2022, AFC confirmed hosts for the West group stage.


title: Grader

text: A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, motor grader, or simply a blade, is a form of heavy equipment with a long blade used to create a flat surface during grading. Although the earliest models were towed behind horses, and later tractors, most modern graders are self-propelled and thus technically "motor graders".


title: Grader

text: Typical graders have three axles, with the steering wheels in front, followed by the grading blade, then a cab and engine atop tandem rear axles. Some graders also have front wheel drive for improved performance. Some graders have optional rear attachments, such as a ripper, scarifier, or compactor. A blade forward of the front axle may also be added. For snowplowing and some dirt grading operations, a main blade extension can also be mounted.


title: Grader

text: Capacities range from a blade width of 2.50 to 7.30 m (8 to 24 ft) and engines from 93–373 kW (125–500 hp). Certain graders can operate multiple attachments, or be designed for specialized tasks like underground mining.


title: Grader

text: In civil engineering "rough grading" is performed by heavy equipment such as wheel tractor-scrapers and bulldozers. Graders are used to "finish grade", with the angle, tilt (or pitch) and height of their blade capable of being adjusted to a high level of precision.


title: Grader

text: Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt and gravel roads. In constructing paved roads, they prepare a wide flat base course for the final road surface. Graders are also used to set native soil or gravel foundation pads to finish grade prior to the construction of large buildings. Graders can produce canted surfaces for drainage or safety. They may be used to produce drainage ditches with shallow V-shaped cross-sections on either side of highways.


title: Grader

text: Steering is performed via a steering wheel, or a joystick capable of controlling both the angle and cant of the front wheels. Many models also allow frame articulation between the front and rear axles, which allows a smaller turning radius in addition to allowing the operator to adjust articulation angle to aid in the efficiency of moving material. Other implement functions are typically hydraulically powered, and can be directly controlled by levers, or by joystick inputs or electronic switches controlling electrohydraulic servo valves.


title: Grader

text: Graders are also outfitted with modern digital grade control technologies, such as those manufactured by Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc., Trimble Navigation, Leica Geosystems or Mikrofyn. These may combine both laser and GPS guidance to extablish precise grade control and (potentially) "stakeless" construction. Manufacturers such as John Deere have also began to integrate these technologies during construction.


title: Grader

text: Early graders were drawn by humans and draft animals. The era of motorization by traction engines, steam tractors, motor trucks, and tractors saw such towed graders grow in size and productivity. The first self-propelled grader was made in 1920 by the Russell Grader Manufacturing Company, which called it the Russell Motor Hi-Way Patrol. These early graders were created by adding the grader blade as an attachment to a generalist tractor unit. After purchasing the company in 1928, Caterpillar went on to truly integrate the tractor and grader into one design—at the same time replacing crawler tracks with wheels to yield the first rubber-tire self-propelled grader, the Caterpillar Auto Patrol, released in 1931.


title: Grader

text: In addition to their use in road construction, graders may also be used to perform roughly equivalent work.


title: Grader

text: In some locales such as Northern Europe, Canada, and places in the United States, graders are often used in municipal and residential snow removal. In scrubland and grassland areas of Australia and Africa, graders are often an essential piece of equipment on ranches, large farms, and plantations to make dirt tracks where the absence of rocks and trees means bulldozers are not required.


title: The Power of Habit

text: The Power of Habit - is a book by Charles Duhigg, a "New York Times" reporter, published in February 2012 by Random House. It explores the science behind habit creation and reformation. The book reached the best seller list for "The New York Times", Amazon.com, and "USA Today". It was long listed for the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award in 2012.


title: The Power of Habit

text: The Habit loop is a neurological pattern that governs any habit. It consists of three elements: a cue, a routine, and a reward. Understanding these components can help in understanding how to change bad habits or form good ones. The habit loop is always started with a cue, a trigger that transfers the brain into a mode that automatically determines which habit to use. The heart of the habit is a mental, emotional, or physical routine. Finally there is a reward, which helps the brain determine if this particular loop is worth remembering for the future. In an article in "The New York Times", Duhigg notes, "The cue and reward become neurologically intertwined until a sense of craving emerges".


title: The Power of Habit

text: According to Duhigg, craving drives all habits and is essential in starting a new habit, or reshaping an old one. Duhigg describes how Procter and Gamble used research on the habit loop and its connection to cravings to develop the market for Febreze, a product that eliminates bad odors, to make a fortune.


title: The Power of Habit

text: The Golden rule of habit change helps stop addictive habits and replace them with new ones. It states that if you keep the initial cue, replace the routine, and keep the reward, change will eventually occur, although individuals who do not believe in what they are doing will likely fall short of the expectations and give up. Belief is a critical element of such a change, though it can be structured in a number of ways including group settings. Often people who join groups like accountability groups are better off than those who act alone as individuals. Charles Duhigg used several examples to illustrate his argument, including the case of Bill Wilson, a recovering alcoholic whose newfound faith in Christ led him to create Alcoholics Anonymous. In the book, he also discussed "willpower" and its role in creating a habit.


title: The Power of Habit

text: A keystone habit is an individual pattern that is unintentionally capable of triggering other habits in the lives of people. Duhigg wrote about the company Alcoa, and how CEO Paul H. O'Neill was able to raise the company's market capitalization by $27 billion by targeting safety in the work environment. O'Neil said, "I knew I had to transform Alcoa, ... [b]ut you can't order people to change, that's not how the brain works. So I decided I was going to start by focusing on one thing. If I could start disrupting the habits around one thing, it would spread throughout the entire company."


title: The Power of Habit

text: In February, 2020, Charles Duhigg partnered with VitalSmarts, a corporate training company, to release The Power of Habit Training. The one-day course teaches people the science of habit formation introduced in the book. Learners are taught skills for recognizing the behaviors they should change and how to make new behaviors stick by manipulating the habit loop to work in their favor. The course is offered in live, virtual, and on-demand formats and is taught in public workshops both online and around the world.


title: Wanted (comics)

text: Wanted is a comic book limited series created by writer Mark Millar and artist J. G. Jones. It was published by Top Cow in 2003 and 2004 as part of Millarworld. It features an amoral protagonist who discovers he is the heir to a career as a supervillain assassin in a world where such villains have secretly taken control of the planet. "The Sunday Times" dubbed the title "the "Watchmen" for super-villains."


title: Wanted (comics)

text: As with "", Millar claims that the concept for the series occurred to him when he was a child. In this case, it came to him after his brother told him that there were no superheroes anymore because they had all disappeared after a great war with their respective supervillains.


title: Wanted (comics)

text: Wesley Gibson is a loser cubicle rat who is abused by almost everyone in his life, including his boss, a local gang, his unfaithful girlfriend, and his best friend with whom his girlfriend is having an affair. Wesley was raised by his pacifist mother after they were abandoned by his father, causing him to grow up into a wimp. All this changes when he is visited by the Fox, an assassin who shoots everyone in a sandwich shop before revealing herself to be a member of the Fraternity, a powerful organization of supervillains that rules the world. So long as they maintain secrecy, they are able to commit any crime without any consequences. The Fraternity wishes to recruit Wesley to replace his father, a supervillain known as the Killer, who was killed by an unknown assassin.


title: Wanted (comics)

text: The Fox introduces Wesley to Professor Solomon Selzer, a brilliant mad scientist and leader of the North and South American chapter of the Fraternity. The Professor helps Wesley realize his powers by provoking him into shooting the wings off flies. The Professor explains that a long time ago, the world was overrun by both superheroes and supervillains. Tired of being repeatedly defeated and jailed, the supervillains joined together and staged a revolution that Wesley's father was a part of. After a long, bloody war, the superheroes were defeated. Using magic and advanced technology, the newly formed Fraternity was able to erase the world's memories of superheroes and supervillains. All that remained were faint, inaccurate memories, which were the cause of superhero comic books and other media. Many of the surviving heroes now believed themselves to be actors who had played superheroes.


title: Wanted (comics)

text: The Professor also explains to Wesley that Fox and his father had once worked for Mr. Rictus, who controlled the Australian chapter of the Fraternity. When Rictus visits the Professor's headquarters, Fox implies that she and the Killer left Rictus' chapter because he had been harming children.


title: Wanted (comics)

text: The Fraternity begins training Wesley to use his newfound powers. The training focuses on not just his physical skills but on his personality. He is desensitized to violence and eventually learns to enjoy it. He is told to commit random acts of violence before undertaking acts of revenge on anyone who even slightly wronged him. He soon becomes a full-fledged Fraternity member, accompanying them on raids of alternate universes and other missions.


title: Wanted (comics)

text: Wesley is assigned to be the Professor's personal bodyguard during a Fraternity convention in which the leaders of the Fraternity's five chapters will meet. The five leaders are the Professor, Mr. Rictus, Adam-One, the Future, and the Emperor. Here, he learns that Rictus and the Future had long wanted to end the Fraternity's policy of secrecy and rule the world openly. The Professor, Adam-One, and the Emperor favored secrecy for supervillains in order to get "the loot without the leg-breaking" and avoid gaining the attention of the larger multiverse, and have always managed to outvote Rictus and the Future. Though it seems that the Emperor is about to switch sides, the Professor subtly manipulates him to vote in favor of secrecy yet again.


title: Wanted (comics)

text: After the meeting, the Professor leaves in a limo hoping to pick up a child prostitute. However, his driver is actually being impersonated by Shithead, Rictus's right-hand man, and the Professor is murdered by him. Rictus and Future's factions of the Fraternity begin a revolt against the other three. With most of the Professor's supervillains killed, Wesley and Fox must fight off the rival factions on their own. They manage to kill off many of the rebel supervillains, including the Future. This culminates in an attack on their own headquarters, occupied by Rictus and his gang. Defeating Rictus and deflecting a bullet through his throat, Wesley demands to know who killed his father but Rictus refuses to answer (or is simply unable to) before he dies. A figure steps out of the shadows revealing himself to be Wesley's father, the original Killer. The Killer reveals that he and Fox left Rictus's chapter not because they objected to harming children but because they knew of his planned revolt. The Killer also says that his skills have been deteriorating with age and he does not want to be killed by anyone inferior to him. After Wesley's training, the Killer believes that he is the only one worthy of ending his life and orders Wesley to put a bullet through his head. Afterwards, Wesley indicates that he wants to return to his former life and stop being a super villain. However, he reveals to Fox shortly after that he was just joking, and they go off to plan another heist. The comic ends with Wesley calling out the audience about their "pathetic" lives, and stating: "This is my face while I'm fucking you in the ass."


title: Wanted (comics)

text: The complete limited series, along with the Wanted: Dossier (which includes additional and "behind-the-scenes" material on the series), has been collected in a single volume as both a softcover () and a hardcover ().


title: Wanted (comics)

text: A film very loosely based on the comic was released in June 2008. It was directed by Timur Bekmambetov and starred James McAvoy, Angelina Jolie and Morgan Freeman. The film focuses on a league of self-righteous assassins rather than super-villains. Mark Millar himself hinted at a sequel closer to the plot of the original comic and featuring The Killer's costume.


title: 2018–19 EFL Championship

text: The 2018–19 EFL Championship (referred to as the Sky Bet Championship for sponsorship reasons) was the third season of the EFL Championship under its current name, and the twenty-seventh season under its current league structure. Norwich City were crowned champions on the final day, following a 2–1 win over Aston Villa.


title: GE Capital

text: The company currently only runs one division, GE Energy Financial Services. It had provided additional services in the past; however, those units were sold between 2013 and 2018.


title: GE Capital

text: On July 8, 2013, the Financial Stability Oversight Council designated GE Capital as a "systemically important financial institution", which makes it subject to oversight by the Federal Reserve.


title: GE Capital

text: In 2014, GE Capital had 35,000+ employees worldwide, operating in more than 40 countries, with total assets of US$499 billion. It was rated AA+ with stable outlook by S&P in 2012.


title: GE Capital

text: On April 10, 2015, Jeffrey R. Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, announced that GE would sell most of GE Capital over the next two years.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Energy Financial Services provides commercial lending and leasing, as well as a range of financial services for commercial aviation, energy, and support for GE's industrial business units.


title: GE Capital

text: In Australia, the GE Money brand encompassed the GE Consumer Finance and GE Capital Finance businesses. The company provided car, boat, personal and consolidation loans, credit cards, mortgages and insurance.


title: GE Capital

text: In May 2002, GE purchased the Australian Guarantee Corporation (AGC) business from Westpac, and as a result, AGC Automotive Finance became GE Automotive Finance (GE Auto), and former retail finance competitor, AGC Creditline, became known as GE CreditLine.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Consumer Finance controlled most credit cards and loans and has a strategic partnership with Coles Group to operate the Coles Group Source MasterCard. GE Consumer Finance governs the GE Creditline, GO MasterCard, gem Visa and Buyer's Edge cards which all offer interest-free terms at participating retailers.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Finance also had strategic financial relations with Myer, Australia's largest department store. In 2006 and 2007 Myer signed contracts with GE to issue and govern both the new Myer Card and the Myer Visa Card. GE was also the issuer of the old red ColesMyer card which is no longer an acceptable method of payment of Myer stores, this is following the decision of Myer being disenfranchised from the Coles Myer Group.


title: GE Capital

text: On 24 October 2008, GE Money announced that it would cease offering motor finance in Australia and New Zealand. This move proved damaging to GE aligned dealerships who have been given 60 days to find an alternate financier to provide floorplan finance. GE Money also announced that it will be pulling out of the mortgage industry and no longer providing mortgages other than those sold under the Wizard Brand.


title: GE Capital

text: In December 2008, GE Money announced it was in advanced talks with the National Australia Bank to sell the Wizard brand. Ultimately, Wizard was bought by the Commonwealth Bank.


title: GE Capital

text: In 2015, GE Capital sold its Australian and New Zealand business to a consortium led by Deutsche Bank, KKR and Värde Partners. The business was renamed Latitude Financial Services with Sean Morrissey appointed as its new CEO.


title: GE Capital

text: Austria's GE Money (formerly GE Capital Bank) was founded in 1994 after the successful acquisition and merger of Mercurbank and AVABANK. Today, it is one of Austria's leading consumer and auto finance businesses and a market leader in retail sales financing. Based in Vienna, with a network of branches throughout the country, the business provides a variety of innovative financial services including auto lending, private lending, sales finance and third party personal lending. The primary focus is on consumers, customers and business partners, such as car dealers, retailers and loan brokers.


title: GE Capital

text: The Austrian division was purchased, along with the German, Finnish and British store card operations of GE Money, by the Santander Group in January 2009.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Money Canada provided private label credit card and MasterCard card programs to consumers and lending options for retailers in key industries across the country. GE Money-Canada also was a provider of alternative residential mortgages and patient financing through its CareCredit unit. It was part of the Synchrony Financial spinoff in 2014.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Money Bank (formerly GE Capital Bank) was a significant institution in the Czech Republic. It was founded in 1997, after the acquisition of Agrobanka bank as GE Capital Bank. In the year 2000, it changed the name to GE Money Bank. It went through an IPO in 2016 and operates under the new name of Moneta Money Bank. It is a full-service bank with an extensive network of branches and ATMs. Its services focus both on retail clients and small and medium-sized enterprises. Its headquarters are located in Prague. Its call center operates from Ostrava.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Money Bank Denmark (previously GE Capital Bank Denmark) offered credit cards, loans and other financial solutions. Brand names included Acceptcard, Morecard and E-lån. In 2014, GE Capital sold its Scandinavian operations to Santander.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Money Bank France is born from the acquisition by GE of Crédit de l'Est and SOVAC in 1995. It provides real-estate mortgages and auto loans. GE Capital sold GE Money Bank France to Cerberus Capital Management in 2016.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Capital was incorporated as a Restricted License Bank in Hong Kong. Its major focus was in mortgages (homes and automobile) and personal loans. GE Capital sold its Hong Kong operations to Standard Chartered.


title: GE Capital

text: "Budapest Bank", was established in 1987 as one of the first commercial banks when the two-tier banking system was created in Hungary. Since 1995, GE (General Electric Company) as owner provided solid background for the bank. Budapest Bank offered a full range of financial and banking services for consumers and small and medium-sized businesses. Budapest Bank was sold to MFB in 2014.


title: GE Capital

text: GE had more than 118 branches in India as of July 2006. Most of these are in the southern states. There were branches in Coimbatore, Erode, Salem Saradha, Trichy, Madurai, Tanjore, Palaghat, Hyderabad, Trivandrum, Rajamundhry, Kakinada, Vizag, Vijaywada, Hubli, Dharwad and Belgaun. GE was the first BPO's in Hyderabad. GE Capital sold its Indian housing finance business to Magma Fincorp; in 2012, it sold the remains loan portfolio to cliq capital, and exited the credit card joint venture SBI Card with State Bank of India, leaving SBI in place


title: GE Capital

text: In 2008, GE Capital acquired Interbanca, a merchant banking firm from Banco Santander, in exchange for GE Capital businesses in Germany, Finland, Austria, and the UK. In May 2015, GE appointed Deutsche Bank to sell the bank, then had a net assets of over . In 2016, Banca IFIS acquired Interbanca for €160 million, with an obligation to repay the inter-company debt to GE.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Money Ireland was part of the European operations of GE Consumer Finance. In the Republic of Ireland, GE Money provided specialised financing and services such as leasing, hire purchase, mortgages and loans to businesses and individuals across the country. With headquarters in Dublin, GE Money serviced its customers through regional sales centres and a dealer and partner network. GE sold its Irish loan portfolio to Pepper Home Loans in 2012.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Money Bank Latvia was a universal bank owned by GE in Latvia (merged from the former BTB bank and GE Money financial company), offering loan and deposit products to both private and legal entities. It was acquired by Otkritie FC Bank in 2011.


title: GE Capital

text: is part of the Japanese operation of GE Consumer Finance. From April 2005, it began to provide GE Money brand in Japan. In 2008, GE was crowned In-House of the Year - Japan In-House Lawyer of the Year by the "2008 ALB Japan Law Awards". The Japanese operation was sold to Shinsei Bank in 2008.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Artesia Bank, a part of GE Capitals subsidiary GE Commercial Finance, offered banking services to High-net-worth individuals as well as corporates in the Netherlands. It provided capital finance, long-term finance, leasing and finance for specific international trade transactions. It closed in 2015.


title: GE Capital

text: In 2002, GE Finance purchased Australian Guarantee Corporation's New Zealand-based finance company to create the AGC Creditline Card (now GEM Visa Card), which provides financing for retailers. In 2006 GE Money New Zealand purchased Pacific Retail Finance (PRF), New Zealand's largest personal consumer finance company, and the mortgage assets of Superbank, a supermarket-based banking system.


title: GE Capital

text: On 24 October 2008, GE Money announced that it was pulling out of the New Zealand vehicle finance market, with the loss of 80 staff. It attributed this decision to the credit crunch.


title: GE Capital

text: On 15 December 2008, GE Money announced it would no longer be offering home loans through Wizard Home Loans and was seeking a buyer.


title: GE Capital

text: In 2015, GE Capital sold its Australian and New Zealand business to a consortium led by Deutsche Bank, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, and Värde Partners.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Money Bank Norge was a division of the Stockholm-based Swedish subsidiary GE Capital AB. It was a leading provider of consumer finance products in Norway with more than 300,000 clients and total lending of NOK 5 billion, second only to the major domestic bank DnB NOR.


title: GE Capital

text: It was the second bank in Norway to offer US style credit cards with zero annual/monthly fee and including a grace period, after Bankia Bank ASA. In the eighteen months following the launch of GE MasterCard in June 2001, the market increased to more than 100,000 US style credit cards. Before these cards, Norwegian banks only offered annual fee cards or cards with no interest free grace period.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Money, in an effort to expand its presence in Southeast Asia, acquired a majority stake in the now-defunct Keppel Bank Philippines which acquired what was formerly the Monte De Piedad Bank, the Philippines' first savings bank. The acquisition was finalized on December 20, 2005 after the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas approved the purchase on December 8, 2005. The bank was renamed GE Money Bank Philippines. GE Money Bank Philippines had 31 branches all over the Philippine archipelago. GE Money Bank Philippines was acquired by BDO Unibank in 2009.


title: GE Capital

text: Polish "GE Money Bank S.A." was primarily headquartered in Gdańsk prior to December 31, 2009. BPH SA (Bank Przemysłowo-Handlowy) is a Polish financial institution 89% owned by GE Money Bank (prior to 2008 the largest shareholder was UniCredit), employing about 10,000 people. On 31 December 2009, Bank BPH merged with GE Money Bank Polska. After the merging of the two brands, GE's Capital's Polish headquarters are located in three cities: Warsaw, Kraków and Gdańsk. In October 2014, the bank's owner, General Electric, revealed it was considering selling the firm. In November 2016, GE completed the spin-off and merger of Bank BPH's Core Bank to Alior Bank. GE Capital retained the Bank BPH legal entity, including its mortgage business.


title: GE Capital

text: The Swedish subsidiary was "GE Capital Bank AB". Based in Stockholm, the bank traded as "GE Money Bank". In 2014, GE Capital sold its Scandinavian operations to Santander.


title: GE Capital

text: GE Money Bank was the largest provider of small consumer credits in Switzerland. In 2006, the company partnered with Migros, allowing them to offer credit cards contracts through Migros.


title: GE Capital

text: In the United Kingdom, GE Money provided mortgages and secured loans through the former First National, acquired from Abbey National, and offered these through intermediaries. On 25 September 2008, it was announced that the UK Financial Services Authority had fined GE Money Home Lending £1.1 million for failings in its systems, which caused it to overcharge borrowers. It was announced on 29 March 2008 that the GE Capital Bank store cards business and managed credit card business had been acquired by the Santander Group. In 2015, GE sold its mortgage loans in sales to Kensington Mortgage (controlled by Blackstone and TPG) and to funds managed by Blackstone, TPG and CarVal Investors. Afterwards, the company ceased taking new loans.


title: GE Capital

text: Before June 2, 2014, GE Capital Bank was made up of retail and commercial banks. The company was founded in 1988 and is based in Draper, Utah. GE Capital Retail Bank provided retail banking and credit services to consumers in the United States and internationally. It offered retail sales finance, such as private label credit card programs, installment lending, bankcards, and financial services for consumers. The company also provided retail consumer financing solutions, such as private label credit cards, dual card, flex loans, and all-tender loyalty and gift cards; It offered its products and services through dealers, retailers, associations, contractors, manufacturers, healthcare practices, and service providers. The company was formerly known as GE Money Bank and changed its name to GE Capital Retail Bank in October 2011. GE Capital Retail Bank operated as a subsidiary of General Electric Capital Corporation.


title: GE Capital

text: As of June 2, 2014, GE Capital Retail Bank is now known as Synchrony Bank. GE Capital was then composed only of the original commercial/industrial bank in the United States. GE Capital provided credit services solely to businesses and merchants in the United States, and acts as a multi-product commercial finance bank, and uses deposit Accounts to fund commercial loans and leases. The company served various industries, such as automotive, consumer electronics, flooring, healthcare, home furnishings and improvement, HVAC, elective health care, jewelry, landscaping and irrigation, luxury goods, marine, music, outdoor power equipment, pool and spa, power sports, recreation vehicle, sewing, sporting goods, travel, vacuum, and water treatment industries. GE Capital Bank was a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). GE Capital Bank was sold to Goldman Sachs in 2016.


title: GE Capital

text: In April 1997, a lawsuit against General Electric Capital Corp was filed on behalf of the company's customers who filed for bankruptcy. The GE Capital Corp. was accused of unfair debt collection practices. The class action lawsuit resulted in $100 million settlement with over 100,000 class members from 50 states. Plaintiffs claimed that the company solicited agreements from bankrupt debtors to repay their credit card debts but failed to notify bankruptcy court of the agreement. Those reaffirmation agreements legally required the debtors to continue paying off their debt in exchange for keeping the credit card, even though bankruptcy erases credit card debts. The lawsuit claimed that GE Capital was required by law to file the agreements with bankruptcy courts and did not do so. As part of the settlement, the company agreed to refund, with interest, all credit card payments made after debtors entered into the reaffirmation agreements between January 1, 1993, and June 30, 1997. GE Capital Corp. also promised to advise credit bureaus to correct any negative credit reports related to class members’ failure to repay reaffirmed debt.


title: GE Capital

text: In June 2014, Synchrony Bank, formerly GE Capital Retail Bank, agreed to settle claims of illegal credit card practices that were filed by the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the United States Justice Department by agreeing to pay $225 million to Spanish speaking consumers that were harmed by discriminatory practices and deceptive marketing. The bank was also required to pay an additional $3.5 million in civil penalties to the CFPB's Civil Penalty Fund for deceptive credit card marketing.


title: GE Capital

text: On March 13, 2014, GE Capital announced that it would spin its North American consumer finance division off under the new name Synchrony Financial through an initial public offering (IPO). On July 31, 2014, Synchrony Financial raised $2.9 billion in its IPO when GE sold 125 million shares (15%) of the company.


title: GE Capital

text: On April 10, 2015, it was announced that GE would sell most of GE Capital's commercial and consumer businesses within two years, focusing instead on its leasing businesses connected with GE's manufacturing businesses. The company reached an agreement to sell the majority of its property business to Wells Fargo and Blackstone, valued at $26.5 billion. GE Chairman and CEO, Jeff Immelt, announced the plan in a letter to shareholders. It is "a big change for GE," but he said it is "right for the company." Under the plan, Immelt said that GE expects more than 90% of its earnings will be generated by its industrial businesses by 2018, up from 58% in 2014.GE Capital, meanwhile, will make up 10% of the company's revenues by 2018, down from 46% in 2001. Shareholders applauded the announcement, pushing shares in G.E. up nearly 11 percent, to $28.51, levels unseen since the financial crisis. However, the downsizing is no small matter for a company whose empire encompasses 175 countries and employs about 305,000 people.


title: GE Capital

text: In June 2015, the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board announced it would acquire GE Capital's private equity lending portfolio for $12 billion.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is a NASA robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon in an eccentric polar mapping orbit. Data collected by LRO have been described as essential for planning NASA's future human and robotic missions to the Moon. Its detailed mapping program is identifying safe landing sites, locating potential resources on the Moon, characterizing the radiation environment, and demonstrating new technologies.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: Launched on June 18, 2009, in conjunction with the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), as the vanguard of NASA's Lunar Precursor Robotic Program, LRO was the first United States mission to the Moon in over ten years.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: The probe has made a 3-D map of the Moon's surface at 100-meter resolution and 98.2% coverage (excluding polar areas in deep shadow), including 0.5-meter resolution images of Apollo landing sites. The first images from LRO were published on July 2, 2009, showing a region in the lunar highlands south of Mare Nubium ("Sea of Clouds").


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: The total cost of the mission is reported as US$583 million, of which $504 million pertains to the main LRO probe and $79 million to the LCROSS satellite. As of 2019, LRO has enough fuel to continue operations for at least seven more years, and NASA expects to continue utilizing LRO's reconnaissance capabilities to identify sites for lunar landers well into the 2020s.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: Developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, LRO is a large () and sophisticated spacecraft. Its mission duration was planned for one year, but has since been extended numerous times after review by NASA.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: After completing a preliminary design review in February 2006 and a critical design review in November 2006, the LRO was shipped from Goddard to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on February 11, 2009. Launch was planned for October 2008, but this slid to April as the spacecraft underwent testing in a thermal vacuum chamber. Launch was rescheduled for June 17, 2009, because of the delay in a priority military launch, and happened one day later, on June 18. The one-day delay was to allow the Space Shuttle "Endeavour" a chance to lift off for mission STS-127 following a hydrogen fuel leak that canceled an earlier planned launch.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: Areas of investigation include selenodetic global topography; the lunar polar regions, including possible water ice deposits and the lighting environment; characterization of deep space radiation in lunar orbit; and high-resolution mapping, at a maximum resolution of , to assist in the selection and characterization of future landing sites.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: In addition, LRO has provided images and precise locations of landers and equipment from previous American and Russian lunar missions, including the Apollo sites.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: Prior to the LRO's launch, NASA gave members of the public the opportunity to have their names placed in a microchip on the LRO. The deadline for this opportunity was July 31, 2008. About 1.6 million names were submitted.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: On June 23, 2009, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter entered into orbit around the Moon after a four-and-a-half-day journey from the Earth. When launched, the spacecraft was aimed at a point ahead of the Moon's position. A mid-course correction was required during the trip in order for the spacecraft to correctly enter Lunar orbit. Once the spacecraft reached the far side of the Moon, its rocket motor was fired in order for it to be captured by the Moon's gravity into an elliptical lunar orbit.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: A series of four rocket burns over the next four days put the satellite into its commissioning phase orbit where each instrument was brought online and tested. On September 15, 2009, the spacecraft started its primary mission by orbiting the Moon at about for one year. After completing its one-year exploration phase, in September 2010, LRO was handed over to NASA's Science Mission Directorate to continue the science phase of the mission. It would continue in its 50 km circular orbit, but eventually would be transitioned into a fuel-conserving elliptical orbit for the remainder of the mission.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: NASA's LCROSS mission culminated with two lunar impacts at 11:31 and 11:36 UTC on October 9. The goal of the impact was the search for water in the Cabeus crater near the Moon's south pole, and preliminary results indicated the presence of both water and hydroxyl, an ion related to water.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: On January 4, 2011, the Mini-RF instrument team for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) found that the Mini-RF radar transmitter had suffered an anomaly. Mini-RF has suspended normal operations. Despite being unable to transmit, the instrument is being used to collect bistatic radar observations using radar transmissions from the Earth. The Mini-RF instrument has already met its science mission success criteria by collecting more than 400 strips of radar data since September 2010.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: In January 2013, NASA tested one-way laser communication with LRO by sending an image of the "Mona Lisa" to the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument on LRO from the Next Generation Satellite Laser Ranging (NGSLR) station at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: In May 2015, LRO's orbit was altered to fly above the Moon's south pole, allowing higher resolution data to be obtained from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) and Diviner instruments over the permanently shadowed craters there.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: In 2020, software was tested to use star trackers instead of the Miniature Inertial Measurement Unit that had been turned off in 2018 (as it was degrading).


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: LRO and Chandrayaan-2 orbiter were expected to come dangerously close to each other on 20 October 2021 at 05:45 UTC over the Lunar North pole. Chandrayaan-2 orbiter performed a collision avoidance manoeuvre at 14:52 UTC on 18 October 2021 to avert the possible conjunction event.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: On August 21, 2009, the spacecraft, along with the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter, attempted to perform a bistatic radar experiment to detect the presence of water ice on the lunar surface, but the test was unsuccessful.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: On December 17, 2010, a topographic map of the Moon based on data gathered by the LOLA instrument was released to the public. This is the most accurate topographic map of the Moon to date. It will continue to be updated as more data is acquired.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: On March 15, 2011, the final set of data from the exploration phase of the mission was released to the NASA Planetary Data System. The spacecraft's seven instruments delivered more than 192 terabytes of data. LRO has already collected as much data as all other planetary missions combined. This volume of data is possible because the Moon is so close and because LRO has its own dedicated ground station and doesn't have to share time on the Deep Space Network. Among the latest products is a global map with a resolution of from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC).


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: In March 2015, the LROC team reported having imaged the location of an impact whose flash was observed from Earth on March 17, 2013. The team found the crater by going back to images taken in the first year or two and comparing them to images taken after the impact, called temporal pairs. The images revealed splotches, small areas whose reflectance is markedly different from that of the surrounding terrain, presumably from disruption of the surface by recent impacts.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: By September 2015, LROC had imaged nearly three-fourths of the lunar surface at high resolution, revealing more than 3,000 lobate scarps. Their global distribution and orientation suggests that the faults are created as the Moon shrinks, with influence by gravitational tidal forces from Earth.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: In March 2016, the LROC team reported the use of 14,092 NAC temporal pairs to discover over 47,000 new splotches on the Moon.


title: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has appeared on ISS Amateur SSTV transmissions many times, especially when the theme was 'Lunar Exploration'.


title: 2020–21 Phoenix Suns season

text: The 2020–21 Phoenix Suns season was their 53rd season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as well as their 28th season at the Phoenix Suns Arena (previously named the PHX Arena throughout most of November 2020), which is their first and only season under that name after Talking Stick Resort lost their naming rights to the arena by November 6, 2020. The Suns achieved their first winning season since the 2013–14 season after a 134–106 win over the Washington Wizards on April 10, 2021. The Suns then clinched a playoff berth for the first time since 2010 following a 109–101 win over the Los Angeles Clippers on April 28, 2021. They also clinched the Pacific Division for the first time since 2007. They finished 51–21, with a winning percentage equivalent to 58 wins in a full 82-game season.


title: 2020–21 Phoenix Suns season

text: In the first round, the Suns defeated the No. 7 seeded and defending NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers in six games and defeated the No. 3 seeded Denver Nuggets in four games in the Western Conference Semifinals. The Phoenix Suns defeated the No. 4 seeded Los Angeles Clippers (Chris Paul's former team) in the Western Conference Finals in six games to advance to their first NBA Finals appearance in 28 years. However, they lost to the Milwaukee Bucks in six games.


title: 2020–21 Phoenix Suns season

text: On September 8, 2020, nearly two months after firing Steve Blake and Larry Greer during the 2020 NBA Bubble period (which led to Larry joining his older brother Andy on the New York Knicks as assistant coaches there soon afterward), the Suns hired former Minnesota Timberwolves player development coach Brian Randle as one of the incoming assistant coach replacements, taking on Steve Blake's apparent position with the team. In addition to that move, their Director of Athletic Performance, Daniel Bove, announced his hiring by the New Orleans Pelicans for that exact position there on his Twitter account after helping the team go undefeated in the 2020 NBA Bubble. Five days after the announced signing, the Memphis Grizzlies announced the hiring of assistant coach Darko Rajaković going forward for this season, leaving Phoenix to search for his replacement. On October 9, the Suns hired former Philadelphia 76ers assistant coach Kevin Young (who was an assistant alongside Monty Williams during his time in Philadelphia and was once considered a head coach candidate for the 76ers) as their second (and final) new assistant coach hiring of the season, replacing Rajaković's position going forward.


title: 2020–21 Phoenix Suns season

text: On July 31, 2020, in a period that would normally be considered a part of this season before the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States began, the Suns fired 30 different employees for varying reasons that affected overall team performance, especially by being considered either redundant or outdated for the team. Four months later, on Halloween 2020, Suns co-owner Richard J. Heckmann passed away at 76 years old due to complications relating to multiple system atrophy, though his passing wasn't confirmed by the team until November 2. During the start of the free agency period on November 20, NBA officials confirmed that 30 more Suns employees were furloughed, with many of those employees that are still with the organization having to take a 5%-20% pay cut for this season, both of which were due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 recession.


title: Super Lovers

text: Haru Kaido goes to visit Canada and spend his summer vacation in the woodland house of his strict, strong-willed mother Haruko who purposely fools her son into believing that she's on "the verge of death" only to burden him with the responsibility of taking care of her newly adopted "puppy". That "puppy", in actuality, is a small, rash, anti-social little boy named Ren who doesn't trust anyone and would prefer hanging out with Haruko's dogs. Haruko orders Haru to "civilize" Ren until the end of summer. As the young man struggles in doing everything he can to help Ren, their relationship gradually improves; so far so that when Haru graduated high school, he planned on taking Ren to Japan for them to live together with his twin half-brothers.


title: Super Lovers

text: Unfortunately, an accident occurs that causes the death of Haru's father and stepmother, leaving him the only survivor. The accident causes him to lose his memories of that summer.


title: Super Lovers

text: Five years later, Ren comes to Tokyo, Japan and claims Haru as his new "brother". Will Haru adjust to his new role in life and keep that promise to Ren? Or will he deny Ren as his brother?


title: Super Lovers

text: A host and fellow worker of Haru with a friendly and lively demeanor. He admires Haru and follows him working on the cafe White Fang, where he provides the food through his family in the country. He affectionately calls Ren as Ren Ren.


title: Super Lovers

text: Abe began publishing "Super Lovers" in Kadokawa's "Ciel" magazine in 2009, before switching to the "Emerald" magazine upon its 31 August 2014 launch. Sixteen volumes have been published as of September 2022.


title: Super Lovers

text: In 2017, at Yaoi-Con, Viz Media stated that they received requests to license the manga in English for North American distribution, but they decided against it due to content issues.


title: Super Lovers

text: An anime adaptation was announced via a handout included with the reprint of volume one of Shungiku Nakamura's "√W.P.B." manga. It is directed by Shinji Ishihira and written by Yoshiko Nakamura, with animation by the animation studio Studio Deen. Miki Takihara is in charge of the series' character designs. The opening theme song is "Okaeri" by Yūsuke Yata and the ending theme is "Happiness YOU&ME" by Kaidō 4 Kyōdai (voice actors of Ren, Haru, Aki, and Shima).


title: Super Lovers

text: The 10-episode series premiered on 6 April 2016, and was broadcast on Tokyo MX, Sun TV, BS11, Chiba TV, tvk, Mie TV, TVQ Kyushu Broadcasting, Gifu Broadcasting, and TV Saitama.


title: Super Lovers

text: A second season of the anime was announced in the final episode of the first season. It premiered on 12 January 2017. The opening theme song is "Hare-Iro Melody" by Yūsuke Yata, while the ending theme song is "Gyun to Love Song" by Kaidō 4 Kyōdai.


title: Super Lovers

text: On 14 July 2017, Funimation licensed the series and released it on home video starting 17 October 2017.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, formerly called Kattaka Caves or Cuttack caves, are partly natural and partly artificial caves of archaeological, historical and religious importance near the city of Bhubaneswar in Odisha, India. The caves are situated on two adjacent hills, Udayagiri and Khandagiri mentioned as "Kumari Parvata" in the Hathigumpha inscription. They have a number of finely and ornately carved caves built during the 1st century BCE. It is believed that most of these caves were carved out as residential blocks for Jaina monks during the reign of King Kharavela. Udayagiri means "Sunrise Hill" and has 18 caves while Khandagiri has 15 caves.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri, called "lena" or "leṇa" in the inscriptions, were dug out mostly during the reign of Kharavela for the abode of Jaina ascetics. The most important of this group is Ranigumpha in Udayagiri which is a double storeyed monastery. Other important caves include Hathi Gumpha, Ananta Gumpha, Ganesha Gumpha, Jaya Vijaya Gumpha, Mancapuri Gumpha, Bagha/Byaghra/Vyaghra Gumpha and Sarpa Gumpha.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Archaeological Survey of India has listed Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves in the list of "Must See" Indian Heritage.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves are listed as one of the "Adarsh Smarak Monument" by Archaeological Survey of India.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: B. M. Barua, based on a reading of line 14 of the Hathi Gumpha inscription, declared that a total of 117 caves were excavated by Kharavela and others on the Kumari hill (Udayagiri). Marshall has counted more than 35 caves in both the hills, while M.M. Ganguli has enumerated only 27 caves.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The number of existing caves at Udayagiri is 18, while Khandagiri has 15. The local names of the existing caves are listed below, numbered according to the enumeration of the Archaeological Survey of India.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: In Udayagiri, Hathi Gumpha (cave 14) and Ganesha Gumpha (cave 10) are especially well known for their historically important sculptures and reliefs. Raninka Na'ara (Queen's Palace Cave, Cave 1) is also an extensively carved cave and elaborately embellished with sculptural friezes. Khandagiri offers a fine view back over Bhubaneswar from its summit. The Ananta Cave (Cave 3) depicts carved figures of women, elephants, athletes, and geese carrying flowers.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The Udayagiri hills are on the right-hand side as the visitor approaches from Bhubaneswar. Compared to Khandagiri, Udayagiri offers more beautiful and better maintained cave shrines. There are 18 caves in Udayagiri:


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Rani Gumpha is the largest and most popular cave among the caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri. The word "Rani" means "queen". Although it is not an architectural marvel, it has some ancient beautiful sculptures.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: This cave is double storeyed. Each storey has three wings and the central wing is bigger among all the three wings. The lower floor has seven entrances in the middle wing whereas the upper floor has nine columns. The upper portion of the central wing has relief images depicting the victory march of a king. Many of the cells have carved "dwara pala" images; some of them are disfigured. The area that connects the central wing with right and left wings have some panels where the sculptures of wild animals, fruit-laden trees, human figures, women playing musical instruments, monkeys and playful elephants are found. The pilasters contain the torana (arches) decorated with sculptures of Jain religious importance and royal scenes.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Bajaghara Gumpha is very simple and small. It has a stone bed and pillow and it was used as the Jain monks' shelter in ancient times. Apart from the plain rectangular-shaped pillars, there is no other sculpture in this cave.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Chota Hathi Gumpha is small in size. It has six small elephant figures in the facade and a statue of a guardian.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Alakapuri Gumpha has a relief sculpture of a lion holding its prey in its mouth. The cave has pillars with winged human figures (divine beings). It is double storeyed.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Jaya Vijaya Gumpha is double storeyed. The cave has a carving of a female wearing heavy earrings, bands, beautifully decorated hair. On one hand of the carving are a parrot and the other resting on her waist.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Mancapuri and Swargapuri Gumpha is double storeyed. Manchapuri cave depicts two male and two female figures worshipping the Kalinga Jina that Kharval brought back from Magadha. It has a damaged Jain religious symbol which was probably used for worship.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: There are three inscriptions: one inscription talks about the chief queen of Kharavela, and the other two refer to Kudepasiri, the successor of Kharavela and Badukha, the son or brother of Kudepasiri.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Ganesha Gumpha is one of the most important caves in Udayagiri. The cave is named for the carved figure of Ganesha on the back of its right cell. Of course, it would have been carved in the later period and it cannot be the original work. The cave has two large statues of elephants carrying garlands at the entrance and is the first example of sculpture animals used as a guard to the entrance. Also, the carved figures of "dwara palas" are found at the entrances. The carvings in this cave narrate the story of the elopement of Bassavadatta, Princess of Ujjayini, with King Udayana of Kausambi in the company of Vasantaka.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Jambesvara Gumpha is a very simple and small cave with one column and two pilasters. The inscription tells that it is the cave of Nayaki, wife of Mahamade.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Vyaghra Gumpha is one of the popular caves in Udayagiri. The cave, which is in ruins, has an entrance carved like a tiger's mouth, with the single-cell forming the tiger's throat. It is one of the most photographed sites in Udayagiri. The word "vyaghra" means "tiger". The inscription found here tells that this cave belongs to the city judge Sabhuti.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Hati Gumpha is a large natural cavern with an inscription by Kharavela which is the main source of information about him. The cave is known as Hati Gumpha due to its exquisite carvings of elephant. The word "hati" means "elephant".


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Dhanaghara Gumpha is a small cave that has two wide pillars and dwara pala sculptures carved at the entrance.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Haridasa Gumpha is a small cave with three entrances and a verandah on the front side. There is an inscription found here.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The Hathigumpha inscription starts with a version of the auspicious Jain Namokar Mantra venerating Arihant and Siddhas for in Jainism.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The Hathigumpha cave ("Elephant Cave") has the Hathigumpha inscription, written by Raja Kharavela, the king of Kalinga in India, during the 2nd century BCE. The Hathigumpha inscription consists of seventeen lines incised in deep cut Brahmi letters on the overhanging brow of a natural cavern Hathigumpha in the south side of the Udayagiri hill. The inscription also refers to the Kharaval's feat of bringing back the status of "Agra-Jina" () which was taken by Nanda empire. It faces the rock edicts of Asoka at Dhauli, situated about six miles away.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Besides Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela, there are some other minor Brahmi inscriptions in the twin hillocks of Udayagiri and Khandagiri, which were deciphered earlier by Prof RD Banergy during 1915–16 (Epigraphic Indica-XIII) and BM Baraua (Indian Historical Quarterly-XIV). Sadananda Agrawal has given further clarifications about them and is produced as under:


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: This inscription refers to the construction of temple of "arhats" and excavation of cave for Jain monks by "Aga-mahisi", chief queen of Kharavela. The inscription also mention Kharavela as chakravatin of Kalinga.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: This inscription is incised on a raised bend between the 3rd and 4th doorways from the left and contains a single line. The text in Devanagari script is as under:


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: This inscription has been engraved on the right wall of Veranda, to the right of the entrance to the right-hand side chamber of the main wing, consisting of one line. The text in Devanagari script is as under:


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Note:- On palaeographic ground Prof Banergy considers this inscription to be a little earlier than the inscription of King Kudepasiri. According to Sadananda Agrawal, Prince Badukha stands as an obscure figure in history, but Badukha seems to be the son or brother of Kudepasiri.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: This inscription consisting of one line is incised over the doorway of the Sarpagumpha. The text in Devanagari script is as under:


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Note:- However Dr. Sahu interpreted Ajeya as being united by a "Sandhi" qualifying Koṭha thereby denoting invincible. But he ignored the conjunction "ca (Devanagari: च)" which follows "Koṭha(Devanagari:कोठा)" and "Jeya (Devanagari:जेया)".


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Note:- Most probably Halakhiṇa was the wife of Kamma. "Chūlakamma" – found in the inscription No.IV and "Kamma" of this record indicates official designations rather than the proper names. "Kamma" may be taken as minister of works ("Karma saciva") and "Cūlakamma" appears to be a junior cadre of a minister in the Department of works.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: This inscription contains one line that has been incised over one of the three entrances to the main chamber of the cave from the veranda. The text in Devanagari script is as under:


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The record is incised on the outer wall of the inner chamber. The text in Devanagari script is as under:


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: This inscription has been engraved over the entrances to the inner chamber of the cave. The text in Devanagari script is as under:


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The record of this inscription is incised over one of the entrances to the inner chamber. The Text reads in Sanskrit as


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Notes:- There is a syllable after the word "lenam", which may be read as "ni" or "phi", "padamulika" literally means, one who serves at the feet [of king].


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Note:- Sadananda Agrawal has interpreted "Masikanagara" as "Asikanagara" and identified with the city Adam (Nagpur district). In view of the evidence of a highly prosperous city unearthed at Adam, Prof AM Shastri is of the opinion that Adam itself represents the Asikanagara of Hathigumpha inscription. It is worth noting in the present context that a terracotta sealing having a legend, has been discovered from Adam, situated on the right bank of the river Wainganga, which reads Asakajanapadasa (Devanagari: असकजनपदस).


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The record is incised on the architrave between the left ante and the fifth pillar. The text in Oriya script is:


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The Khandagiri hills fall on your left side when you enter into this area from Bhubaneswar. There are 15 caves in Khandagiri. These caves were renovated during the reign of Uddyotakeshari of Somavamshi dynasty.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The parrots are carved above the entrance arch and hence it is called as Tatowa Gumpha. It has two "dwarapala" figures too. There are sculptures of


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: The cave is decorated with sculptural friezes like nayikas, gandhrvas, different animals and birds, chaitya arch, pilaster design, rafters and vaulted roof.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Navamuni Gumpha is a roughly cut cell with the sculptures of nine Jain Tirthankaras and Sasana Devis. These sculptures were added to the caves in the 11th century by Somavamshi dynasty.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: There are altogether twenty five figures of Tirthankaras on the walls of the cell on three sides, Parsvanatha being repeated twice. Beneath the Tirthankara, their respective Sasanadevis are found. Chakareswari is depicted with 12 arms giving the cave name "Barabhuji". The image is now worshipped as a Brahminical deity. These sculptures were added to the caves in the 11th century by Somavamshi dynasty.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: There are three sculptures of Rishabha Deva who is found in the Kayotsarga posture. Apart from these sculptures, there are sculptures of 24 Jain Tirthankaras which look rough.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: In cell 1, There are 2 images of Rishabhantha and 3 of Parshvanatha and in cell 2, 2 images of Parshvanatha and 1 of Rishabhantha. These sculptures were added to the caves in the 11th century by Somavamshi dynasty.


title: Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

text: Entry fee for Citizens of India and visitors of SAARC (Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Maldives and Afghanistan) and BIMSTEC Countries (Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Myanmar) – Rs. 25 per head and for each foreigner is Rs. 300 and free entry for children below 15 years.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: The Disney Afternoon (later known internally as the Disney-Kellogg Alliance when unbranded), sometimes abbreviated as TDA, was a created-for-syndication two-hour programming block of animated television series. It was produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and distributed through its syndication affiliate Buena Vista Television. Each show from the block has aired reruns on Disney Channel and Toon Disney. Disney Channel reaired four shows ("Darkwing Duck", "TaleSpin", "DuckTales", and "") on "Block Party," a two-hour block that aired on weekdays in the late afternoon/early evening.<ref name="October/November 1995">"Block Party: Four Disney Animated Series." "The Disney Channel Magazine", Vol. 13, no. 5, October/November 1995: p. 36.</ref>


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: The Disney Afternoon's block had four half-hour segments, each of which contained an animated series. As each season ended, the lineup would shift - the remaining three would move up a time slot and a new show would be added to the end. The Disney Afternoon itself featured unique animated segments consisting of its opening and "wrappers" around the cartoon shows.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: The Disney Afternoon originally ran from September 10, 1990, to August 29, 1997. For the 1997 and 1998 television seasons, it lost its name but was known internally as Disney-Kellogg Alliance, shortened to 90 minutes, followed by its gradual replacement by Disney's One Too for UPN in 1999. Some of the shows also aired on Saturday mornings on ABC and CBS concurrently with their original syndicated runs on The Disney Afternoon.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: "Goof Troop" is the only show to reach the 2000s, with the 2000 direct-to-video finale "An Extremely Goofy Movie". The 2010s and 2020s saw revivals of some shows such as "DuckTales" as a reboot and "Darkwing Duck" as a show within the reboot on Disney Channel (and Disney XD), a reboot on Disney+, and "" with a on Disney+, released in 2022.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: The Disney Afternoon goes back to Michael Eisner becoming Disney's CEO in 1984 and his push into steady animated television production, which would be based on new characters to bring in new young fans, with a newly launched TV animation department. He set up a Sunday meeting at his house days consisting of creatives. They included Tad Stones from feature animation and Jymn Magon and Gary Kriesel from the music division. "Mickey and the Space Pirates" was pitched by Stones, but was turned down being that Mickey Mouse is the company symbol, thus wanting to do him right. Stones also pitched a "Rescuers" TV series – the sequel was already under development at the time. Eisner suggested the Gummy bear as a series, given his kids liked the candy. Disney Television Animation's first two shows, "The Wuzzles" and "Adventures of the Gummi Bears", were sold to two networks, CBS and NBC, respectively, for their Saturday morning cartoon blocks.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: "DuckTales", the series which would serve as the launching pad for what would become "The Disney Afternoon", premiered in first-run syndication in the fall of 1987. Two years later in the fall of 1989, "DuckTales" was joined by "Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers", and both series were being offered in syndication as an hour-long program block. "The Disney Afternoon" kept these shows, added "Gummi Bears" and "TaleSpin", and premiered on September 10, 1990, via Disney's syndication arm Buena Vista Television.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: "DuckTales" had been airing on many affiliates of the then-young Fox network and its group of owned-and-operated stations, including KTTV in Los Angeles; this may have been due to the fact that the Walt Disney Company's chief operating officer at the time, Michael Eisner, and his then-Fox counterpart, Barry Diller, had worked together previously at ABC and at Paramount Pictures. However, as "Chip 'n Dale" was being launched, Disney was in the process of purchasing Los Angeles independent station KHJ-TV from RKO General. Through Buena Vista Television, Disney opted to reclaim the Los Angeles broadcast rights for "DuckTales" and moved it from KTTV to be paired with "Chip 'n Dale" on its newly-purchased station, which was renamed KCAL-TV in December 1989. Furious at the breach of contract, Diller pulled "DuckTales" from all of Fox's other owned-and-operated stations in the fall of 1989. Diller also encouraged the network's affiliates to do the same, though most did not initially. This caused the retaliatory formation of Fox Kids. (Ironically, most of the assets of Fox Kids would be bought by Disney in 2001 via their acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide.)


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: As the years went on, new shows would be added at the end of the block, with the oldest shows being dropped from the lineup. The 1991–92 season, for instance, saw "Gummi Bears"' removal, and "Darkwing Duck" being added to the end. After "DuckTales", "Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers", and "TaleSpin" were removed from the block in 1992, 1993 and 1994 prespectively, and they were replaced by "Goof Troop", "Bonkers", "Gargoyles", and "Aladdin" as those shows continued to rerun in syndication until 1996.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: By the fifth season in 1994, the block had undergone a makeover, with the primary branding being the block's initials, "TDA". At this point, the original idea of shows being added and removed yearly was dropped, as both new and old shows were now stripped all week, or only aired on certain days. The original four shows were gone from the line up by the 1995–1996 season. The lineup at this point included "Aladdin" and "Quack Pack" stripped, while one daily slot was split between "The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show" and "Gargoyles", book-ending three days a week of "Bonkers".


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: The Disney Channel developed a similar programming block called "Block Party", which premiered on October 2, 1995 (airing concurrently with TDA's sixth season) and was similarly scheduled and stripped with the early Disney Afternoon series of "Darkwing Duck", "TaleSpin", "DuckTales", and "Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers".


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: By August 1996, owing to decreasing business in the syndicated children's television market due to new competitors such as the cable networks Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon, and the new networks The WB and UPN with having children's blocks of their own, Buena Vista agreed with the Leo Burnett agency to market and distribute a revamped version of the block for the 1997–98 and 1998–99 television seasons. Buena Vista established a partnership with Leo Burnett and Kellogg's—who had been a major sponsor of The Disney Afternoon, to purchase an amount of dedicated advertising inventory. The new block did not carry any blanket branding, but was referred to internally as the "Disney-Kellogg Alliance."


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: With the September 1, 1997 season started, the block dropped "The Disney Afternoon" name, a half-hour from the stripped block and the "Gargoyles" series. Moving to the Disney Channel were "Disney's Aladdin" and The Lion King's "Timon & Pumbaa". "", which was shared with ABC's "Disney's One Saturday Morning" (which broadcast their own set of episodes), premiered on the block. "Mighty Ducks" and "Quack Pack" reruns shared the second slot in a Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesdays through Fridays, split respectively. "DuckTales" repeats filled the third half-hour slot, with flexibility for the local station to air it at other times.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: In 1998, Disney reached a deal to program a new children's block for UPN, "Disney's One Too", as a replacement for that network's internal UPN Kids block. The syndicated block ran until the debut of "One Too" on September 6, 1999.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: In Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, the city's then-independent TV station ITV (now Global Edmonton) produced its own version of "The Disney Afternoon" over roughly the same period as the American block, but only once per week in a two-hour block on Saturday afternoons, though using the same cartoon lineup as the American weekday block. Apart from the animated introduction, the block did not use any Disney-produced wrapper segments, but instead used locally produced live-action segments between programs with host Mike Sobel.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: In Denmark, DR1 started its version of the block ("Disney Sjov") on October 25th, 1991. The block will end at the end of 2022.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: Over the years, the block featured the following shows which have all aired reruns within The Disney Channel:


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: Characters from the shows first appeared in Disney Parks with the debut of Mickey's Birthdayland in the Magic Kingdom, Walt Disney World. In 1990, the characters got a daily show, "Mickey’s Magical TV World", which lasted until 1996.


title: The Disney Afternoon

text: The popularity of The Disney Afternoon led to a temporary attraction at Disneyland in Fantasyland called "Disney Afternoon Avenue." Disney Afternoon Avenue was a feature of Disneyland from March 15 to November 10, 1991. Two attractions were also made over to match series from the block.


title: Alana Evans

text: Alana Evans is an American pornographic actress. She was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2015 and the XRCO Hall of Fame in 2019.


title: Alana Evans

text: She became president of the Adult Performance Artists Guild (APAG), a federally-recognised union, in February 2018, having previously been vice-president before her predecessor Sean Michaels' resignation.


title: Alana Evans

text: In September 2006, Alana and Chris Evans created a porn production company called CreamWorks Films. The studio's first film, "Pick 'Em Young", featured Alana performing with 18-21 year old new male performers that were recruited through Myspace. Alana focused on producing and casting while Chris focused on directing and editing.


title: Alana Evans

text: In November 2008, Alana and Chris Evans launched another production company, Royalty X Films. The company's first film was "Super Pink Holes".


title: Alana Evans

text: On September 20, 2011, Evans and pornographic actress Misti Dawn launched an interactive video gaming website called PwnedByGirls.com, which allows subscribers to play video games with porn stars via Xbox Live or on the PlayStation Network.


title: Alana Evans

text: In 2012, Evans made her professional singing debut with the song "Pop That Tooshie", which is the lead single from the Lords of Acid album "Deep Chills". In June 2014, she released a song titled "Make You Love Me."


title: Alana Evans

text: In February 2019 she announced on Twitter that she and her husband had amicably separated and were divorcing.


title: Alana Evans

text: On January 16, 2018, she stated on "The Today Show" that she supported Bernie Sanders during the 2016 election and in February 2020 told "The Daily Beast" she would be supporting him again for the 2020 election.


title: Flat-six engine

text: A flat-six engine, also known as a horizontally opposed-six, is a six-cylinder piston engine with three cylinders on each side of a central crankshaft. The most common type of flat-six engine is the boxer-six engine, where each pair of opposed cylinders moves inwards and outwards at the same time.


title: Flat-six engine

text: The advantages of the flat-six layout are good engine balance (for reduced vibration), a low center of gravity, short length (compared with an inline-six engine) and being well suited to air-cooling. The disadvantages are a large width (which can limit the maximum steering angle when used in a front-engined car), a large intake manifold being required when a central carburetor is used, and duplication of the inlet and outlet connections for water-cooled engines.


title: Flat-six engine

text: The first production flat-six engine was in the 1904 "Wilson-Pilcher 18/24 HP" car. The most notable use of flat-six engines is the Porsche 911 sports car, which has used flat-six engines continuously since 1963. Several other car manufacturers, including Subaru, have produced flat-six engines at times. Flat-six engines have also occasionally been used in aircraft and motorcycles.


title: Flat-six engine

text: A boxer-style flat-six engine is able to have perfect primary and secondary balance. As in other six-cylinder engines, the overlapping of the power strokes of the different cylinders (with a firing interval of 120 degrees in a four-stroke engine) reduces the pulsating of the power delivery relative to that of similar engines with fewer cylinders.