title: Kamen Rider W

text: Many people live in peace and harmony in , an ecologically-minded and wind-powered city. However, this peace is undermined by the Sonozaki Family, who sell mysterious flash drive-like devices called Gaia Memories to criminals and other interested parties. These individuals use the Gaia Memories to become Dopants, committing crimes with the police force powerless to stop them. To make matters worse, the Gaia Memories can cause their users to go insane, to the point where they could die from using the devices unrestrained. After the death of his boss Sokichi Narumi, the self-proclaimed hard-boiled (actually half-boiled) detective Shotaro Hidari works with the mysterious Philip, who possesses a set of purified Gaia Memories, to investigate Dopant-related crimes in Fuuto. With their Gaia Memories and the Double Driver belts, Shotaro and Philip transform and combine into Kamen Rider W to fight the Dopant menace and keep Fuuto safe. While joined in their fight by investigator Ryu Terui, who transforms into Kamen Rider Accel, the mystery of Philip's past, his relation to the Sonozaki Family, and their Museum organization are revealed.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: All episodes of "Kamen Rider W" have two titles: the first indicates a story arc while the second indicates the episode's title. The letter of the Latin alphabet in the story arc title has a double meaning: it represents a major character (Kamen Rider, Dopant, or otherwise) that is featured in the arc and another English word that indicates the theme of the arc.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: To tie into the show, TV Asahi, Toei, and Avex Trax have produced the Wind Wave FM Internet radio station. Only one of the shows, , also exists within the fiction of "Kamen Rider W". The other programs, DJ Hurry Kenn's "FU-TO Hit on Groove" music show and Tsuyoshi and Ayano's show, treat the television series as fiction, explicitly referring to the songs they play as theme songs (as part of a mail in request, DJ Hurry Kenn played AAA DEN-O form's "Climax Jump", and referred to it as the theme song for "Kamen Rider Den-O"). All of "W"s theme songs have been played as part of the various radio shows, several of which were first heard on the "radio" before being utilized as part of an episode's soundtrack. On March 7, a new radio show featuring Queen & Elizabeth titled began "airing", but was discontinued a month later. To mirror the current events in the show's story, "Healing Princess" was cancelled on June 13, 2010.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: Kamen Rider W, voiced by Kiriyama and Suda, made his debut in "Kamen Rider Decade"s first film "". During the movie, W arrives to fight Shadow Moon, before heading back to Fuuto.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: As part of the triple feature, "W"s film opened in Japanese theaters on December 12, 2009. The film expands on the origins of Kamen Rider W, featuring guest star Koji Kikkawa as Shotaro's mentor and Akiko's father Sokichi Narumi. The events of the movie took place between episodes 14 and 15.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: In addition to the "Movie War 2010" films, "W" also has a feature film titled . Filmed in 3-D, it was released in theaters on August 7, 2010. Mitsuru Matsuoka, lead singer of Sophia served as the film's primary antagonist. It also features the first on-screen appearance of the 12th Heisei Kamen Rider: Kamen Rider OOO. The events of the movie took place between episodes 44 and 45.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: The second Movie War film to primarily feature W, titled , was released in theatres on December 18, 2010, with the main "W" section titled .


title: Kamen Rider W

text: Kiriyama and Suda made cameo appearances, reprising their roles as Shotaro Hidari and Philip in the 40th-anniversary film .


title: Kamen Rider W

text: Kiriyama and Suda reprised their roles as Shotaro Hidari and Philip in the 2011 film , released on December 10, 2011. The third out of the 5 parts of this Movie War, , took places in Fuuto and featured Kamen Rider W continuing his battle against Foundation X.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: made its theater debut on March 29, 2014. Masahiro Inoue, playing "Kamen Rider Decade", alongside many other lead actors of other series appeared in the film, including Gaku Sano of "Kamen Rider Gaim", Renn Kiriyama of "Kamen Rider W", Kohei Murakami and Kento Handa of "Kamen Rider 555", Shunya Shiraishi from "Kamen Rider Wizard", Ryo Hayami of "Kamen Rider X", and Hiroshi Fujioka of the original "Kamen Rider". The Sentai teams' "Ressha Sentai ToQger" and Ryo Ryusei as Daigo Kiryu from "Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger" were also in the movie. Shun Sugata playing Kamen Rider ZX from the "Birth of the 10th! Kamen Riders All Together!!" TV special returned, also performing as Ambassador Darkness. Itsuji Itao of "Kamen Rider The First" played Ren Aoi, Kamen Rider Fifteen, a main antagonist of the film.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: As part of the special features on the DVD releases, a series of short films are included called in which Shotaro daydreams about what life would be like if he, Akiko, or Ryu acted differently. These feature a Dopant from the DVD volume in a completely different role than it had in the series proper. These are then followed by members of the cast discussing their favorite parts of the episodes included in the DVD volume. These mini-dramas appear again in Fuuto PI.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: At several planetaria throughout Japan, Toei had produced a film called to teach children about global warming (with narration by Hirohiko Kakegawa). Shotaro Hidari (portrayed by Kiriyama) and Philip (portrayed by Suda) who transform into Kamen Rider W, alongside Kamen Rider 1 (voiced by Tetsu Inada), Kamen Rider 2 (voiced by Takahiro Fujimoto), and the ten previous Heisei Riders, fight Shocker led by its President (Hidekatsu Shibata) and Gelshocker's Leechameleon (voiced by Yasuhiro Takato) who plan on destroying the Earth by having it succumb to global warming. Airings first began at the Fukuoka Science Museum on June 5, 2010, and later at Kagawa Prefecture's Sanuki Kid's Land, Chūō, Tokyo's Time Dome Akashi, the Seki Manabi Center, the Kagoshima Municipal Science Center, the Tondabayashi Subaru Hall, and the Sendai Astronomical Observatory in Aoba-ku, with shows starting later in the year at the Kobe Science Museum in Chūō-ku, Kobe, and the Saitama Municipal Youth's Astronomical Science Museum in Urawa-ku, Saitama.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: The Hyper Battle DVD for "W" is titled . It features a cooking contest between Ryu Terui, Akiko Narumi, and Shotaro Hidari, in order to best figure out what the contents of the Donburi Dopant are, to eventually discover that he is the Oyakodon Dopant. The Hyper Battle DVD features guest stars Hiroshi as the OmuriFu Shop's Master , Reina Fujie of AKB48 as his daughter , and Shinichiro Ohta of "Iron Chef" fame as the voice of the Frog Pod who comments throughout the cooking contest (Ōta also served as the narrator in "GoGo Sentai Boukenger").


title: Kamen Rider W

text: The is a DVD packaged with the August 2010 issue of "Televi-Kun" magazine. The issue also comes with a short book with the information described in the DVD. The DVD is set shortly after the Hyper Battle DVD, and features the content normally found in the Hyper Battle DVD (explaining the powers and weapons of the Kamen Riders), explained as Philip having come down with temporary amnesia after slipping on an egg shell and hitting his head.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: is a set of two V-Cinema releases that focus on side stories of Ryu Terui as Kamen Rider Accel and Katsumi Daido as Kamen Rider Eternal. Both releases are named after their primary character.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: "W"s S.I.C Hero Saga side story "Kamen Rider W: Playback" commemorates the 40th anniversary of the Kamen Rider Series with Shotaro Hidari and Philip leading Shotaro Ishinomori through the events following his creation of the television series in 1971. The first episode was published in "Hobby Japan", July 2011. Each episode is named after a different story written by Raymond Chandler.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: , written by Riku Sanjo, is part of a series of spin-off novel adaptions of the Heisei Era Kamen Riders. Phillip takes up Shotaro's job in solving cases after he becomes sick. Phillip uses Kamen Rider W Fang Joker and fights alongside Kamen Rider Accel, however the Dopants get tougher and force Philip to become a Kamen Rider himself: Kamen Rider Cyclone. The novel was released on November 30, 2012. The novel takes place between episodes 32 and 33.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: is a manga sequel that has been serialized in "Big Comic Spirits" weekly magazine since August 7, 2017. Riku Sanjo, the main writer for the original series, was in charge of the manga's scripts, Masaki Sato drew the manga, Toei producer Hideaki Tsukada supervised the manga, and Katsuya Terada was credited for creature designs.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: An anime adaptation celebrates the 50th anniversary of the "Kamen Rider" series and began airing in August 2022. The story is set after "Kamen Rider W Returns: Kamen Rider Accel". The series will be streamed in English by Funimation. Some of the cast who has previously voiced their characters in the video game "" reprises their roles.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: During the events of episode 8, the song by Florida Keys was played within the show by a character. During episodes 23 and 24, the character Jimmy Nakata performed an original song titled ; this song was included as a bonus track on the standard DVD release version of the "Love♡Wars" single. During episode 23, Shotaro and Philip cover "Finger on the Trigger" in the "Fuuuuuutic Idol" contest. In addition to these songs, "Head Wind One-Game Match!!" DJs have written and performed the song "WIND WAVE" as a theme song for the fictional radio station. This song, as well as "Glorious Street (Eikō no Michi)", and "Extreme Dream" have been included in the complete CD box set.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: The bands that perform the series' ending themes are also featured in the programs as being local bands in the fictional city of Fuuto: crossover rock band Labor Day's "Cyclone Effect", heavy metal/hard rock band Galveston 19's "Free Your Heat", and hip-hop group Florida Keys' "Finger on the Trigger". Each of these bands is named after a major early 20th century hurricane: the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, the 1900 Galveston hurricane, and the 1919 Florida Keys hurricane. The newest group, the visual kei band Wilma-Sidr, is named after Hurricane Wilma and Cyclone Sidr.


title: Kamen Rider W

text: Episode 295-A of "Sgt. Frog" titled features the members of the Keroro Platoon finding an artifact that allows two of them to combine into a single Keroro, each with new powers. The episode title is based on "Kamen Rider W"s catchphrase and the resultant transformation resembles that of Kamen Rider W (the characters appear to be split down the middle, with one side being, for example, Keroro and the other Tamama).


title: Menahem Golan

text: Menahem Golan (; May 31, 1929 – August 8, 2014, originally Menachem Globus) was an Israeli film producer, screenwriter, and director. He was best known for co-owning The Cannon Group with his cousin Yoram Globus. Cannon specialized in producing low-to-mid-budget American films, primarily genre films, during the 1980s after Golan and Globus had achieved significant filmmaking success in their native Israel during the 1970s.


title: Menahem Golan

text: Golan produced films featuring actors such as Sean Connery, Sylvester Stallone, Chuck Norris, Jean-Claude Van Damme, and Charles Bronson, and for a period, was known as a producer of comic book-style films like "Masters of the Universe", "", "Captain America", and his aborted attempt to bring Spider-Man to the silver screen. Golan also wrote and "polished" numerous film scripts under the pen name Joseph Goldman. At the time of his death, Golan had produced over 200 films, directed 44, and won 8 "Kinor David" awards as well as "Israel Prize" in Cinema. He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign-Language Film for Franco Zeffirelli's "Otello".


title: Menahem Golan

text: Born Menachem Globus in Tiberias in then British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), his parents were Jewish emigrants from the Russian Empire. He spent his early years in Tiberias, then studied directing at the Old Vic School and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, and filmmaking at New York University. During the 1948 Palestine war, Golan served as a pilot in the Israeli Air Force. Golan was married to Rachel (1930-2015), makeup artist and had three daughters, clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst Ruth Golan (born 1953), Naomi (1958-2015) and Yael (born 1964). His cousin was Israeli-American producer Yoram Globus.


title: Menahem Golan

text: Whilst visiting Jaffa, Tel Aviv, with family members on the morning of August 8, 2014, Golan collapsed. He lost consciousness, and attempts to resuscitate him failed. He was 85 years old.


title: Menahem Golan

text: Golan started as an apprentice at Habima Theater in Tel Aviv. After completing his studies in theater direction, he staged plays in Israel. He gained experience as a filmmaker by working as an assistant to Roger Corman.


title: Menahem Golan

text: Golan is probably best known as a director for his film "Operation Thunderbolt" ("Mivtsa Yonatan", 1977), about the Israeli raid on Entebbe airport in Uganda. He also produced "Eskimo Limon" ("Lemon Popsicle", 1978), a film that spawned many sequels and an American remake, "The Last American Virgin" (1982).


title: Menahem Golan

text: An adaptation of the Isaac Bashevis Singer novel "The Magician of Lublin" (1979) was followed by the musical "The Apple" (1980). An unusual moral fable with a rock-disco soundtrack, "The Apple" routinely appears on lists of all-time-worst movies, earning it cult film status.


title: Menahem Golan

text: Golan's production company The Cannon Group produced a long line of films during the 1980s and early 1990s, including "Delta Force", "Runaway Train", and some of the "Death Wish" sequels. In 1986, Cannon was taken over by Pathe Communications. Golan produced several comic book-style movies in the last half of the 1980s, most notably "Masters of the Universe", based on the toys of that name and inspired by the comics of Jack Kirby. In 1987, Cannon gained infamy after its UK-based production of "" failed in theaters and provoked a negative backlash from fans. Golan resigned from Cannon in 1989, and by 1993 the company had folded. After Cannon's collapse, Golan became head of 21st Century Film Corporation and produced several low to medium-budget films.


title: Menahem Golan

text: Golan hoped to film "Spider-Man" in 1986 at Cannon Studios in the United Kingdom, and to shoot the exteriors in Tel Aviv. Dolph Lundgren was envisioned as the Green Goblin, and Spider-Man creator Stan Lee was approached to make a cameo as J. Jonah Jameson. Golan struggled for years to produce the Marvel Comics character, but he finally failed when 21st Century Film Corporation went bankrupt and closed in 1996 (along with Carolco Pictures, another company that had agreed to help finance the film). Sony Pictures eventually purchased the Spider-Man rights and produced the first film in 2002. That year, Golan released his adaptation of "Crime and Punishment".


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Jeremiah Alvesta Wright Jr. (born September 22, 1941) is a pastor emeritus of Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago, a congregation he led for 36 years, during which its membership grew to over 8,000 parishioners. Following retirement, his beliefs and preaching were scrutinized when segments of his sermons about terrorist attacks on the United States and government dishonesty were publicized in connection with the 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright was born on September 22, 1941. He was born and raised in the racially mixed area of Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Jeremiah Wright Sr. (1909–2001), a Baptist minister who pastored Grace Baptist Church in Germantown from 1938 to 1980, and Mary Elizabeth Henderson Wright, a school teacher who was the first black person to teach an academic subject at Roosevelt Junior High. She went on to be the first black person to teach at Germantown High and Girls High, where she became the school's first black vice principal.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright graduated from Central High School of Philadelphia in 1959, among the best schools in the area at the time. At the time, the school was around 90 percent white. The 211th class yearbook described Wright as a respected member of the class. "Always ready with a kind word, Jerry is one of the most congenial members of the 211," the yearbook said. "His record in Central is a model for lower class [younger] members to emulate."


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: From 1959 to 1961, Wright attended Virginia Union University, in Richmond and is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity, Zeta chapter. In 1961 Wright left college and joined the United States Marine Corps and became part of the 2nd Marine Division attaining the rank of private first class. In 1963, after two years of service, Wright joined the United States Navy and entered the Corpsman School at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center. Wright was then trained as a cardiopulmonary technician at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Wright was assigned as part of the medical team charged with care of President Lyndon B. Johnson (see photo of Wright caring for Johnson after his 1966 surgery). Before leaving the position in 1967, the White House Physician, Vice Admiral Burkley, personally wrote Wright a letter of thanks on behalf of the United States President.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: In 1967 Wright enrolled at Howard University in Washington, DC, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1968 and a master's degree in English in 1969. He also earned a master's degree from the University of Chicago Divinity School. Wright holds a Doctor of Ministry degree (1990) from the United Theological Seminary in Dayton, Ohio, where he studied under Samuel DeWitt Proctor, a mentor to Martin Luther King Jr.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright and his wife Ramah Reed Wright have four daughters, Janet Marie Moore, Jeri Lynne Wright, Nikol D. Reed, and Jamila Nandi Wright, and one son, Nathan D. Reed.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright became pastor of the Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago on March 1, 1971; it had some 250 members on its rolls, but only about 90 or so were actually attending worship by that time. By March 2008 Trinity United Church of Christ had become the largest church in the mostly white United Church of Christ denomination. The President and General Minister of the United Church of Christ, John H. Thomas, has stated: "It is critical that all of us express our gratitude and support to this remarkable congregation, to Jeremiah A. Wright for his leadership over 36 years." Thomas, who is a member of the Pilgrim Congregational United Church of Christ in Cleveland, has also preached and worshipped at Trinity United Church of Christ (most recently on March 2, 2008).


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Trinity and Wright were profiled by correspondent Roger Wilkins in Sherry Jones's documentary "Keeping the Faith" broadcast as the June 16, 1987, episode of the PBS series "Frontline with Judy Woodruff".


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: In 1995, Wright was asked to deliver a prayer during an afternoon session of speeches at the Million Man March in Washington, DC.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright, who began the "Ministers in Training" program at Trinity United Church of Christ, has been a national leader in promoting theological education and the preparation of seminarians for the African-American church. The church's mission statement is based upon systematized black theology that started with the works of James Hal Cone.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright has been a professor at Chicago Theological Seminary, Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary, and other educational institutions. Wright has served on the Board of Trustees of Virginia Union University, Chicago Theological Seminary and City Colleges of Chicago. He has also served on the Board Directors of Evangelical Health Systems, the Black Theology Project, the Center for New Horizons and the Malcolm X School of Nursing, and on boards and committees of other religious and civic organizations.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright attended a lecture by Frederick G. Sampson in Richmond, Virginia, in the late 1980s, on the G. F. Watts painting "Hope", which inspired him to give a sermon in 1990 based on the subject of the painting – "with her clothes in rags, her body scarred and bruised and bleeding, her harp all but destroyed and with only one string left, she had the audacity to make music and praise God... To take the one string you have left and to have the audacity to hope... that's the real word God will have us hear from this passage and from Watt's painting." Having attended Wright's sermon, Barack Obama later adapted Wright's phrase "audacity "to" hope" to "audacity "of" hope" which became the title for his 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address, and the title of his second book.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright, who was Barack Obama's former pastor, gained national attention in March 2008 when ABC News, after reviewing dozens of Wright's sermons, excerpted parts which were subject to intense media scrutiny. Obama denounced the statements in question, but after critics continued to press the issue of his relationship with Wright he gave a speech titled "A More Perfect Union", in which he denounced Wright's remarks, but did not disown him as a person. The controversy began to fade, but was renewed in late April when Wright made a series of media appearances, including an interview on "Bill Moyers Journal", a speech at the NAACP and a speech at the National Press Club. After the last of these, Obama spoke more forcefully against his former pastor, saying that he was "outraged" and "saddened" by his behavior, and in May he resigned his membership in the church.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Nearly 5 months after the latest Israeli invasion of Gaza resulting in heavy casualties, on June 9, 2009, in an interview with the "Daily Press of Newport News", Wright indicated that he had no contact with Obama up to that point because "Them Jews aren't going to let him talk to me. I told my baby daughter, that he'll talk to me in five years when he's a lame duck, or in eight years when he's out of office." Wright also suggested that Obama did not send a delegation to the Durban Review Conference in Geneva on racism because of Zionist pressure saying: "[T]he Jewish vote, the A-I-P-A-C vote, that's controlling him, that would not let him send representation to the Durban Review Conference, that's talking this craziness on this trip, cause they’re Zionists, they would not let him talk to someone who calls a spade what it is." Writing for "The Atlantic", Ta-Nehisi Coates characterized Wright's remarks as "crude conspiratorial antisemitism." On June 11, 2009, Wright amended his remarks during an interview with Mark Thompson on his radio program, "Make it Plain." "Let me say like Hillary, I misspoke. Let me just say: Zionists... I’m not talking about all Jews, all people of the Jewish faith, I’m talking about Zionists."


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright wrote on his Facebook page apologizing for his remarks on June 12, 2009. He wrote, "I mis-spoke and I sincerely meant no harm or ill-will to the American Jewish community or the Obama administration... I have great respect for the Jewish faith and the foundational (and central) part of our Judeo-Christian tradition." "In other words", Jeffrey Goldberg inferred, also in "The Atlantic", "he regrets speaking plainly instead of deploying a euphemism." The pro-Israel Anti-Defamation League released a statement condemning Wright's remarks as "inflammatory and false. The notions of Jewish control of the White House in Reverend Wright's statement express classic anti-Semitism in its most vile form."


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: In June 2011, in a speech at Empowerment Temple in Baltimore, Wright called the State of Israel "illegal" and "genocidal" and insisted, "To equate Judaism with the state of Israel is to equate Christianity with [rapper] Flavor Flav."


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright retired as pastor from Trinity United Church of Christ in early 2008. Over the course of his tenure, he brought the church's membership from 87 in 1972 to over 8,000 parishioners. Trinity United purchased a lot in Tinley Park, a predominantly white Chicago suburb, and built Wright a home valued at $1.6 million.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: In September 2016, Wright suffered a stroke which paralyzed the left side of his body and left him confined to a wheelchair; despite the effect on his voice, Wright continues to give sermons on certain occasions.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright has received a Rockefeller Fellowship and seven honorary doctorate degrees, including from Colgate University, Lincoln University (in Pennsylvania), Valparaiso University, United Theological Seminary, Chicago Theological Seminary, and Starr King School for the Ministry. Wright was named one of "Ebony" magazine's top 15 preachers. He was also awarded the first Carver Medal by Simpson College in January 2008, to recognize Wright as "an outstanding individual whose life exemplifies the commitment and vision of the service of George Washington Carver". On May 1, 2008, Northwestern University withdrew its invitation for him to receive an honorary doctorate in light of the controversy over his recent remarks.


title: Jeremiah Wright

text: Wright has written several books and is featured on Wynton Marsalis's album "The Majesty of the Blues", where he recites a spoken word piece written by Stanley Crouch, and on the Odyssey Channel series "Great Preachers".


title: Comilla

text: Comilla (; , ), officially spelled Cumilla, is the fifth largest city of Bangladesh and second largest in Chittagong division. It is the administrative centre of the Comilla District. A division named Cumilla is very likely to be created in near future for better administration which would be consists of 5 district from Chittagong division(Cumilla,Chandpur,Noakhali,Feni,Lakshmipur,Brahmanbaria). The name Comilla was derived from "Komolangko" (কমলাঙ্ক), meaning the pond of lotus.


title: Comilla

text: This district came under the reign of the kings of the Harikela in the ninth century AD. Lalmai Mainamati was ruled by the Deva dynasty (eighth century AD), and (during the 10th and mid-11th century AD). In 1732, it became the centre of the Bengal-backed domain of Jagat Manikya.


title: Comilla

text: The Peasants' Movement against the king of Tripura in 1764, which originally formed under the leadership of Shamsher Gazi is a notable historical event in Comilla. It came under the rule of East India Company in 1765. This district was established as the Tripura district in 1790. It was renamed Comilla in 1960. Chandpur and Brahmanbaria subdivisions of this district were transformed into districts in 1984.


title: Comilla

text: Communal tension spread over Comilla when a Muslim was shot in the town during the partition of Bengal in 1905. On 21 November 1921, Kazi Nazrul Islam composed patriotic songs and tried to awaken the townspeople by protesting the Prince of Wales's visit to India. During this time, Avay Ashram, as a revolutionary institution, played a significant role. Poet Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi visited Comilla at that time. In 1931, approximately 4000 peasants in Mohini village in Chauddagram Upazila revolted against a land revenue tax. The British Gurkha soldiers fired indiscriminately on the crowd, killing four people. In a major peasant gathering, the police fired at Hasnabad of Laksam Upazila in 1932. Two people were killed and many were wounded. Comilla Victoria Government College in the city was named in memory of Queen Victoria. The main meaning of the context is that the people of Comilla have always maintained good relations and harmonized with others.


title: Comilla

text: Comilla Cantonment is an important military base and the oldest in East Bengal. It was widely used by the British Indian Army during World War II. It was the headquarter of the British 14th Army. There is a war cemetery, Maynamati War Cemetery, in Comilla that was established after World War II to remember the Allied soldiers who died during World War I and II, mostly from Commonwealth states and the United States. There are a number of Japanese soldiers buried there as well, from the Second World War.


title: Comilla

text: During the war for the liberation of Bangladesh, when Pakistan Army created the 39th "ad hoc" Division in mid-November, from the 14th Division units deployed in those areas, to hold on to the Comilla and Noakhali districts, and the 14th Division was tasked to defend the Sylhet and Brahmanbaria areas only. Pakistan Army's 93,000 troops unconditionally surrendered to the Joint Coalition forces on 16 December 1971. This day and event is commemorated as the Bijoy Dibos () in Bangladesh


title: Comilla

text: Comilla is bounded by Burichang Upazila and Tripura on the north, Laksham, and Chauddagram on the south, and Barura on the west. The major rivers that pass through Comilla include Gomoti River and Little Feni. The Tropic of Cancer crosses Comilla town on the south side just over the Tomsom Bridge.


title: Comilla

text: Comilla has a tropical savanna climate. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Aw. The climate of Comilla is generally marked with monsoons, high temperature, considerable humidity, and heavy rainfall. The hot season commences early in April and continues until July. The average annual temperature in Comilla is . About of precipitation falls annually.


title: Comilla

text: Comilla has a number of tourist attractions. Various archaeological relics discovered in the district, especially from the seventh–eighth centuries, are now preserved in the Mainamati Museum. There is a World War II war cemetery in Comilla, which is protected and maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.


title: Comilla

text: Comilla Victorians is a professional cricket team based in Comilla and is the most successful club in the Bangladesh Premier League.


title: Comilla

text: At the time of the 2011 census, Comilla City Corporation had a population of 339,133, of which 177,300 were male and 161,833 were female.


title: Comilla

text: One of the oldest highways of the Indian subcontinent, 'The Grand Trunk Road', passes through the city. The Dhaka–Chittagong Highway bypasses the city from the cantonment to Shuagaji through Poduar Bazar. The intercity bus terminal is located at Ashrafpur Bus terminal and ShashonGacha.There are many buses to go to Cumilla from Dhaka like Tisha, Royal Coach, Asia Line, Unique etc. Besides these there are also some local buses which take low price from the travellers.


title: Comilla

text: Comilla is a nearby city of Laksham Junction and Akhaura Railway Junction. Rail connection is available to Dhaka, Chittagong, Brahmanbaria, and Sylhet.


title: Comilla

text: The Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education is responsible for holding public examinations (JSC, S.S.C, and H.S.C) in Comilla and five nearby districts.


title: Comilla

text: Daily newspapers published in Comilla include "Comillar Kagoj", "Daily Amader Comilla", "Shiranam", and "Rupasi Bangla", established in 1972. "Amod", founded in 1955, is the city's oldest weekly newspaper.


title: Fleet management

text: Fleet (vehicle) management can include a range of functions, such as vehicle leasing and financing, vehicle maintenance, licensing and compliance, supply chain management, accident management and subrogation, vehicle telematics (tracking and diagnostics), driver management, speed management, fuel management, health and safety management, and vehicle re-marketing. Fleet Management is a function which allows companies which rely on transportation in business to remove or minimize the risks associated with vehicle investment, improving efficiency, productivity and reducing their overall transportation and staff costs, providing 100% compliance with government legislation (duty of care) and many more. These functions can be dealt with by either an in-house fleet-management department or an outsourced fleet-management provider. The number of light duty vehicles registered in commercial fleets in Europe as of 2016 was 15 million, and 19.5 million in North America Even with these record numbers of registration, light duty vehicles represent only 62% of all fleet sales.


title: Fleet management

text: The range of functions involved in fleet management are highly interrelated and generally integrated. While some services and products can be engaged separately, an overall system that integrates the data from various functions is required for optimal performance. Vehicle tracking systems provide a number of data points regarding engine diagnostics, driving behaviors, and geo-location. But there are a multitude of other data points outside of vehicle tracking systems that significantly impact fleet performance. Fuel transaction data, maintenance repair data, individual vehicle documents such as vehicle registrations, titles, and travel permits, supply chain data including vehicle and equipment specifications, warranties, build and delivery data, and vehicle identifying data, and driver-centric data such as acceptance of fleet policies, completion of required safety training, as well as demographic data on job types, all contribute to the fleet data pool. The more specialized functions a fleet performs, the more systems and data points are involved in integration.


title: Fleet management

text: A key component in fleet management systems, is the vehicle tracking component. This component is usually GPS-based, but sometimes it can be based on GLONASS or a cellular triangulation platform. Once vehicle location, direction and speed are determined from the GPS components, additional tracking capabilities transmit this information to a fleet management software application. Methods for data transmission include both terrestrial and satellite. Satellite tracking communications, while more expensive, are critical if vehicle tracking is to work in remote environments without interruption. Users can see actual, real-time locations of their fleet on a map. This is often used to quickly respond on events in the field.


title: Fleet management

text: An advanced fleet management systems (FMS) can connect to the vehicle's onboard computer, and gather data for the user. Data such as mileage and fuel consumption are gathered into a global statistics scheme.


title: Fleet management

text: Highly developed fleet management and vehicle telematics systems collect a full range of data in real-time and for transport and fleet managers. By combining received data from the vehicle tracking system and the on-board computer, it is possible to form a profile for any given driver (average speed, frequency of detours, breaks, severity of manoeuvres, choice of gears, etc.). This data can be used to highlight drivers with dangerous habits and to suggest remedial training applicable to the issues, or to ensure that drivers are meeting KPIs. Fleet management apps have shown to reduce driving incidents.


title: Fleet management

text: Many fleet management and vehicle telematics systems use geofencing to enhance asset security. Geofencing allows any internet-enabled device with a GPS or asset tracker application to set up a virtual boundary around a particular location using mapping technology. It also enables users to establish action triggers, such that when an asset enters or leaves the pre-defined boundaries, users receive an alert – either via text messages, emails, or push notifications.


title: Fleet management

text: Fleet management software enables people to accomplish a series of specific tasks in the management of any or all aspects relating to a company's fleet of vehicles. These specific tasks encompass all operations from vehicle acquisition to disposal. Software, depending on its capabilities, allows functions such as recording driver and vehicle details, the tracking of procurement costs, scheduling of maintenance and servicing tasks, import of fuel transactions, route optimization, and measuring of fleet performance via reports and charts.


title: Fleet management

text: Fleet management also refers to the management of ships while at sea. Shipping fleet management contracts are normally given to fleet management companies that handle aspects like crewing, maintenance, and day-to-day operations. This gives the ship owner time to concentrate on cargo booking.


title: Fleet management

text: Recent advances in fleet management allow for the addition of over-the-air (OTA) security and control of fleet vehicles. Fleet Security and Control includes security of the vehicle while stopped or not in operation and the ability to safely disable a vehicle while in operation. This allows the fleet manager to recover stolen or rogue vehicles while reducing the chance of lost or stolen cargo. The additional of Fleet Security and Control to a fleet management system gives a fleet card manager preventative measures to address cargo damage and loss.


title: Fleet management

text: Remote vehicle disabling systems provide users at remote locations the ability to prevent an engine from starting, prevent movement of a vehicle, and to stop or slow an operating vehicle. Remote disabling allows a dispatcher or other authorized personnel to gradually decelerate a vehicle by downshifting, limiting the throttle capability, or bleeding air from the braking system from a remote location. Some of these systems provide advance notification to the driver that the vehicle disabling is about to occur. After stopping a vehicle, some systems will lock the vehicle's brakes or will not allow the vehicle's engine to be restarted within a certain time-frame.


title: Fleet management

text: Remote disabling systems can also be integrated into a remote panic and emergency notification system. In an emergency, a driver can send an emergency alert by pressing a panic button on the dashboard, or by using a key-fob panic button if the driver is within close proximity of the truck. Then, the carrier or other approved organization can be remotely alerted to allow a dispatcher or other authorized personnel to evaluate the situation, communicate with the driver, and/or potentially disable the vehicle.


title: Fleet management

text: The timely replacement of vehicles and equipment is a process that requires the ability to predict asset lifecycles based on costing information, utilization, and asset age. Organizations prefer to use new fleet as a strategy for cost reduction where the used fleet is sold so that a new fleet is maintained.


title: Fleet management

text: Funding requirements are also an issue, because many organizations, especially government, purchase vehicles with cash. The ad hoc nature and traditional low funding levels with cash has put many operations in an aged fleet. This lack of adequate funding for replacement can also result in higher maintenance costs due to aged vehicles.


title: Fleet management

text: In the UK, in April 2008, the Corporate Manslaughter Act was strengthened to target company directors as well as their drivers in cases of road deaths involving vehicles used on business. The Police have said they now treat every road death as ‘an unlawful killing’ and have the power to seize company records and computers during their investigations. They will bring prosecutions against company directors who fail to provide clear policies and guidance for their employees driving at work.Unfortunately, in the UK a number of businesses are failing to meet their duty of care. In particular prosecutions can be brought against company directors for failing to meet their duty of care and allowing HGV driver hours to exceed the legal limits. Failure to comply with EU rules can result in a fixed penalty of up to £300, a graduated deposit of up to £1500 or you could be summoned to court.


title: Fleet management

text: Directors and business owners may not be aware that privately owned vehicles used for business journeys are treated exactly the same as company owned vehicles. Directors have an equal responsibility under the law to ensure these vehicles are also roadworthy and correctly insured.


title: Fleet management

text: It is vital that every company has a ‘Driving at Work’ policy in place covering every element of their business vehicle operation, no matter how few vehicles are involved and who owns them. Every employee driving for business is required to sign up to the policy. In this way the directors can reduce the risk of being prosecuted and a possible custodial sentence.


title: Tyra Ferrell

text: Tyra Ferrell (born March 29, 1962) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in films "Boyz n the Hood" (1991), "Jungle Fever" (1991), "White Men Can't Jump" (1992), and "Poetic Justice" (1993).


title: Tyra Ferrell

text: On television, she had starring roles in short-lived series "The Bronx Zoo" (1987−88) and "City" (1990), and recurred on "Thirtysomething" (1989−90), "ER" (1994) and "Empire" (2015). Throughout her career, Ferrell has been nominated for two NAACP Image Awards.


title: Tyra Ferrell

text: Ferrell was born in Houston, Texas. She moved from Houston to New York after high school and began her career on stage including roles on "" (1981), as part of the Cotton Club chorus, and "Ain't Misbehavin" on Broadway.


title: Tyra Ferrell

text: She made her screen debut in a small role in the 1981 comedy film "So Fine", and later appeared in "Lady Beware", "School Daze", "The Mighty Quinn", and "The Exorcist III". On television, she guest-starred in "Hill Street Blues", "The Twilight Zone", and "Quantum Leap". Ferrell's first major role on television was Roberta in drama "The Bronx Zoo" (1987−88). She had recurring roles on "Square One Television" and "Thirtysomething". In 1990, Ferrell was a regular cast member on the short-lived CBS sitcom "City" starring Valerie Harper, portraying secretary Wanda Jenkins.


title: Tyra Ferrell

text: In 1991, Ferrell played supporting roles in two films. She appeared as matriarch Brenda Baker in "Boyz n the Hood". A critic believed Ferrell gave a "fine edge" to the character of Mrs. Baker. Ferrell earned an NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture for her role in "Boyz n the Hood". She portrayed Orin Goode, the love interest of John Torturro's character, in "Jungle Fever". In the same year, she was listed as one of twelve "Promising New Actors of 1991" in John A. Willis' "Screen World". The following year, she starred alongside Wesley Snipes as his wife Rhonda in the comedy film "White Men Can't Jump". She later had supporting roles as Sonya, a janitor, in "Equinox" (1992) and a beauty salon owner named Jessie in "Poetic Justice" (1993).


title: Tyra Ferrell

text: Ferrell also played the leading role of prosecutor Cutter Dubuque alongside Mare Winningham in the 1993 Lifetime Television movie "Better Off Dead". Ferrell received positive reviews for her performance in this film. One reviewer claimed she "breathed life" into her character. Another critic found Ferrell's portrayal "smooth," and a third opined Ferrell was "impressive." In 1994, she had the recurring role as Dr. Sarah Langworthy during the first season of the NBC medical drama "ER", and from 1996 to 1997 she co-starred alongside Corbin Bernsen on the syndicated science fiction series "The Cape" as Tamara St. James.


title: Tyra Ferrell

text: In 2000, Ferrell co-starred alongside Khandi Alexander in the HBO miniseries "The Corner". She later guest-starred on "Soul Food", "The Shield" and "". In 2005, she was nominated for her second NAACP Image Award, in the category of Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special for her role in the ABC television film "NTSB: The Crash of Flight 323". After 2004, Ferrell took a break from acting.


title: Tyra Ferrell

text: She returned to acting ten years later with the leading role in Tasha Smith's directorial debut, "Boxed In". In 2015, Ferrell was cast in a recurring role on the second season of Fox's prime-time soap opera "Empire" as Roxanne Ford, an attorney.


title: Nasjonal Samling

text: Nasjonal Samling (, NS; ) was a Norwegian far-right political party active from 1933 to 1945. It was the only legal party of Norway from 1942 to 1945. It was founded by former minister of defence Vidkun Quisling and a group of supporters such as Johan Bernhard Hjortwho led the party's paramilitary wing ("Hirden") for a short time before leaving the party in 1937 after various internal conflicts. The party celebrated its founding on 17 May, Norway's national holiday, but was founded on 13 May 1933.


title: Nasjonal Samling

text: The party never gained direct political influence, but it made its mark on Norwegian politics nonetheless. Despite the fact that it never managed to get more than 2.5% of the vote and failed to elect even one candidate to the Storting, it became a factor by polarising the political scene. The established parties in Norway viewed it as a Norwegian version of the German Nazis, and generally refused to cooperate with it in any way. Several of its marches and rallies before the war were either banned, or marred by violence when communists and socialists clashed with the Hird.


title: Nasjonal Samling

text: A significant trait of the party throughout its existence was a relatively high level of internal conflict. Antisemitism, anti-Masonry and differing views on religion, as well as the party's association with the Nazis and Germany, were hotly debated, and factionalized the party. By the time the Second World War broke out, the party had around 2,000 members.


title: Nasjonal Samling

text: Strong belief in Romantic nationalism and authoritarianism dominated the NS ideology. It also relied heavily on Nordic symbolism in its propaganda and speeches. It asserted that its symbol (shown at the head of this article), a golden sun cross on a red background (colours of the coat of arms of Norway), had been the symbol of St. Olaf, painted on his shield.


title: Nasjonal Samling

text: When Germany invaded Norway in April 1940, Quisling marched into the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation studios in Oslo and made a radio broadcast proclaiming himself Prime Minister and ordering all anti-German resistance to end immediately. However, King Haakon VII, in unoccupied territory along with the Nygaardsvold government, let it be known he would abdicate rather than appoint any government headed by Quisling. The Nygaardsvold government refused to step down in Quisling's favour and confirmed that resistance was to be continued. With no popular support, the German forces of occupation quickly thrust Quisling aside. In December 1940 membership rose to 22,000, and peaked with around 44,000 in November 1943.


title: Nasjonal Samling

text: After a brief period with a civilian caretaker government ("Administrasjonsrådet") appointed by the Supreme Court, the Germans took control through Reichskommissar Josef Terboven. He appointed a government responsible to himself, with most ministers from the ranks of Nasjonal Samling. However, the party leader, Quisling, was controversial in Norway as well as among the occupiers, and was denied a formal position until 1 February 1942, when he became "minister president" of the "national government". Other important ministers were Jonas Lie (also head of the Norwegian wing of the SS from 1941) as minister of police, Gulbrand Lunde as minister of "popular enlightenment and propaganda", and the opera singer Albert Viljam Hagelin, who was Minister of Home Affairs. The NS administration had a certain amount of autonomy in purely civilian matters, but it was in reality controlled by Reichskommissar Terboven as "head of state", subordinate only to Adolf Hitler.


title: Nasjonal Samling

text: The post-war authorities proscribed the party and prosecuted its members as collaborators. Nearly 50,000 were brought to trial, approximately half of whom received prison sentences. The authorities executed Quisling for treason as well as a few other high-profile NS members, and prominent German officials in Norway, for war crimes. The sentences' lawfulness has been questioned, however, as Norway did not have capital punishment in peace-time, and the Norwegian constitution at the time stipulated that capital punishment for war crimes had to be carried out during actual wartime.


title: Nasjonal Samling

text: Another issue of post-war treatment has been the ongoing Hamsun debate in Norway. The internationally renowned author Knut Hamsun, although never a member, was a well-known NS sympathiser. After the war, Hamsun was, however, deemed mentally unfit to stand trial, and the issue of his links to the party has never been properly resolved. Hamsun's status as a Nobel Prize laureate also results in his ties to NS being a sensitive subject.


title: Recipe

text: A recipe is a set of instructions that describes how to prepare or make something, especially a dish of prepared food. A sub-recipe or subrecipe is a recipe for an ingredient that will be called for in the instructions for the main recipe.


title: Recipe

text: The earliest known written recipes date to 1730 BC and were recorded on cuneiform tablets found in Mesopotamia.


title: Recipe

text: Other early written recipes date from approximately 1600 BC and come from an Akkadian tablet from southern Babylonia. There are also works in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs depicting the preparation of food.


title: Recipe

text: Many ancient Greek recipes are known. Mithaecus's cookbook was an early one, but most of it has been lost; Athenaeus quotes one short recipe in his "Deipnosophistae". Athenaeus mentions many other cookbooks, all of them lost.


title: Recipe

text: Roman recipes are known starting in the 2nd century BCE with Cato the Elder's "De Agri Cultura". Many authors of this period described eastern Mediterranean cooking in Greek and in Latin. Some Punic recipes are known in Greek and Latin translation.


title: Recipe

text: The large collection of recipes "De re coquinaria", conventionally titled "Apicius", appeared in the 4th or 5th century and is the only complete surviving cookbook from the classical world. It lists the courses served in a meal as Gustatio (appetizer), Primae Mensae (main course) and Secundae Mensae (dessert). Each recipe begins with the Latin command "Take...," "Recipe..."


title: Recipe

text: The earliest recipe in Persian dates from the 14th century. Several recipes have survived from the time of Safavids, including "Karnameh" (1521) by Mohammad Ali Bavarchi, which includes the cooking instruction of more than 130 different dishes and pastries, and "Madat-ol-Hayat" (1597) by Nurollah Ashpaz. Recipe books from the Qajar era are numerous, the most notable being "Khorak-ha-ye Irani" by prince Nader Mirza.


title: Recipe

text: King Richard II of England commissioned a recipe book called "Forme of Cury" in 1390, and around the same time, another book was published entitled "Curye on Inglish", "cury" meaning cooking. Both books give an impression of how food for the noble classes was prepared and served in England at that time. The luxurious taste of the aristocracy in the Early Modern Period brought with it the start of what can be called the modern recipe book. By the 15th century, numerous manuscripts were appearing detailing the recipes of the day. Many of these manuscripts give very good information and record the re-discovery of many herbs and spices including coriander, parsley, basil and rosemary, many of which had been brought back from the Crusades.


title: Recipe

text: With the advent of the printing press in the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous books were written on how to manage households and prepare food. In Holland and England competition grew between the noble families as to who could prepare the most lavish banquet. By the 1660s, cookery had progressed to an art form and good cooks were in demand. Many of them published their own books detailing their recipes in competition with their rivals. Many of these books have been translated and are available online.


title: Recipe

text: By the 19th century, the Victorian preoccupation for domestic respectability brought about the emergence of cookery writing in its modern form. Although eclipsed in fame and regard by Isabella Beeton, the first modern cookery writer and compiler of recipes for the home was Eliza Acton. Her pioneering cookbook, "Modern Cookery for Private Families" published in 1845, was aimed at the domestic reader rather than the professional cook or chef. This was immensely influential, establishing the format for modern writing about cookery. It introduced the now-universal practice of listing the ingredients and suggested cooking times with each recipe. It included the first recipe for Brussels sprouts. Contemporary chef Delia Smith called Acton "the best writer of recipes in the English language." "Modern Cookery" long survived Acton, remaining in print until 1914 and available more recently in facsimile.


title: Recipe

text: Acton's work was an important influence on Isabella Beeton, who published "Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management" in 24 monthly parts between 1857 and 1861. This was a guide to running a Victorian household, with advice on fashion, child care, animal husbandry, poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, and industrialism. Of the 1,112 pages, over 900 contained recipes. Most were illustrated with coloured engravings. It is said that many of the recipes were plagiarised from earlier writers such as Acton, but the Beetons never claimed that the book's contents were original. It was intended as a reliable guide for the aspirant middle classes.


title: Recipe

text: The American cook Fannie Farmer (1857–1915) published in 1896 her famous work "The Boston Cooking School Cookbook" which contained some 1,849 recipes.


title: Recipe

text: Earlier recipes often included much less information, serving more as a reminder of ingredients and proportions for someone who already knew how to prepare the dish.


title: Recipe

text: Recipe writers sometimes also list variations of a traditional dish, to give different tastes of the same recipes.


title: Recipe

text: A sub-recipe or subrecipe is a recipe for an ingredient that will be called for in the instructions for the main recipe.


title: Recipe

text: Sub-recipes are often for spice blends, sauces, confits, pickles, preserves, jams, chutneys, or condiments. Sometimes the sub-recipe calls for the ingredient to be held for several hours, overnight, or longer, which home cooks sometimes find frustrating as it means the main recipe cannot be made in a single session or day. Sub-recipes discovered late and calling for an ingredient the cook doesn't have on hand means a special shopping trip or trying to find a substitute.


title: Recipe

text: Sub-recipes, and the cookbooks that contain them, are often described as not being targeted at casual cooks. Reviewers have mentioned finding alternate uses for leftover sub-recipes.


title: Recipe

text: Cookbooks including subrecipes include Christina Tosi's "Momofuku Milk Bar" (2011) and Terry Bryant's "Vegetable Kingdom" (2020).


title: Recipe

text: By the mid 20th century, there were thousands of cookery and recipe books available. The next revolution came with the introduction of the TV cooks. The first TV cook in the world was Philip Harben with a show on the BBC called "Cookery" which premiered in June 1946. A few months later "I Love to Eat" presented by James Beard became the first such program in the US. TV cookery programs brought recipes to a new audience. In the early days, recipes were available by post from the BBC; later with the introduction of CEEFAX text on screen, they became available on television.


title: Recipe

text: The first Internet Usenet newsgroup dedicated to cooking was "net.cooks" created in 1982, later becoming "rec.food.cooking". It served as a forum to share recipes text files and cooking techniques.


title: Recipe

text: In the U.S in 2008, there was a renewed focus on cooking at home due to the late-2000s recession. Home cooking in the U.S was similarly inspired in the early 2020s during the coronavirus pandemic.


title: Recipe

text: Television networks such as the Food Network and magazines are still a major source of recipe information, with international cooks and chefs such as Jamie Oliver, Gordon Ramsay, Nigella Lawson and Rachael Ray having prime-time shows and backing them up with Internet websites giving the details of all their recipes. These were joined by reality TV shows such as Top Chef or Iron Chef, and many Internet sites offering free recipes, but cookery books remain as popular as ever.


title: Elbow method (clustering)

text: In cluster analysis, the elbow method is a heuristic used in determining the number of clusters in a data set. The method consists of plotting the explained variation as a function of the number of clusters and picking the elbow of the curve as the number of clusters to use. The same method can be used to choose the number of parameters in other data-driven models, such as the number of principal components to describe a data set.


title: Elbow method (clustering)

text: Using the "elbow" or "knee of a curve" as a cutoff point is a common heuristic in mathematical optimization to choose a point where diminishing returns are no longer worth the additional cost. In clustering, this means one should choose a number of clusters so that adding another cluster doesn't give much better modeling of the data.


title: Elbow method (clustering)

text: The intuition is that increasing the number of clusters will naturally improve the fit (explain more of the variation), since there are more parameters (more clusters) to use, but that at some point this is over-fitting, and the elbow reflects this. For example, given data that actually consist of "k" labeled groups – for example, "k" points sampled with noise – clustering with more than "k" clusters will "explain" more of the variation (since it can use smaller, tighter clusters), but this is over-fitting, since it is subdividing the labeled groups into multiple clusters. The idea is that the first clusters will add much information (explain a lot of variation), since the data actually consist of that many groups (so these clusters are necessary), but once the number of clusters exceeds the actual number of groups in the data, the added information will drop sharply, because it is just subdividing the actual groups. Assuming this happens, there will be a sharp elbow in the graph of explained variation versus clusters: increasing rapidly up to "k" (under-fitting region), and then increasing slowly after "k" (over-fitting region).


title: Elbow method (clustering)

text: In practice there may not be a sharp elbow, and as a heuristic method, such an "elbow" cannot always be unambiguously identified.


title: Elbow method (clustering)

text: There are various measures of "explained variation" used in the elbow method. Most commonly, varia"tion" is quantified by "variance", and the ratio used is the ratio of between-group variance to the total variance. Alternatively, one uses the ratio of between-group variance to within-group variance, which is the one-way ANOVA "F"-test statistic.


title: Deaths in December 2021

text: Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:


title: Philip Carey

text: On July 15, 1925, Carey was born in Hackensack, New Jersey. He grew up in Rosedale, Queens and Malverne, New York.


title: Philip Carey

text: Carey served in the United States Marine Corps, was wounded as part of the ship's detachment of the during World War II, and served again in the Korean War.


title: Philip Carey

text: One of his earliest roles was Lt. (jg) Bob Perry in John Wayne's "Operation Pacific". Carey also made appearances in films such as "I Was a Communist for the FBI" (1951), "This Woman Is Dangerous" with Joan Crawford (1952), "The Nebraskan" (1953), "Calamity Jane" with Doris Day (1953), "They Rode West" (1954), "Pushover" (1954), "Mister Roberts" (1955), "The Long Gray Line" (1955), "Port Afrique" with Pier Angeli (1956), and "Monstroid" (1979).


title: Philip Carey

text: Carey's career started with 10 characters in 10 episodes of the "Ford Theatre", a highly popular 1950s television series. He also narrated 31 episodes of the documentary "Untamed World". He portrayed fictional detective Philip Marlowe in a 1959 ABC series of the same name. He portrayed four different characters on as many episodes of ABC's mystery series "77 Sunset Strip" starring Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. He was among the guest stars in the CBS anthology series, "GE True", hosted by Jack Webb.


title: Philip Carey

text: In 1956, Carey starred on the NBC series "Tales of the 77th Bengal Lancers". Carey's character was portrayed as Canadian because Carey reportedly could not master a British accent. He played the character Dr. Simon Battle, gunfighter turned doctor in the outstanding 1961 episode of "The Rifleman" "Death Trap". In 1961, he guest-starred in an episode of "The Asphalt Jungle".


title: Philip Carey

text: In the episode "One Way Ticket" of the ABC/Warner Bros. Western series, "Cheyenne", Carey plays the outlaw Cole Younger, who is being transported by railway to the penitentiary in Denver, Colorado.


title: Philip Carey

text: In a following 1962 episode, "Johnny Brassbuttons", Carey plays Marshal Frank Nolan assigned to bring back to justice a Native Indian accused of conspiracy to commit murder.


title: Philip Carey

text: From 1965 to 1967, Carey played Captain Edward Parmalee on the NBC Western television series "Laredo". His co-stars included William Smith, Peter Brown, and Neville Brand. After "Laredo", Carey guest-starred in an episode of ABC's military-Western "Custer" starring Wayne Maunder in the title role. Carey had played Custer himself in "The Great Sioux Massacre" (1965) and played Captain Myles Keogh at the Battle of the Little Big Horn in Walt Disney's "Tonka" in 1959.


title: Philip Carey

text: During this period, Carey also appeared on CBS-TV hit sitcom "The Lucy Show". The episode entitled "Lucy and the Runaway Butterfly" was broadcast on April 22, 1963. In that installment, Carey played Howard McClay, a boyfriend of Lucy Carmichael's (played by Lucille Ball).


title: Philip Carey

text: In 1971, Carey guest-starred on the landmark fifth installment of "All in the Family", playing Steve, an ex–professional football player friend of Archie Bunker's, who tells Archie he is gay. The episode was entitled "Judging Books by Covers".


title: Philip Carey

text: From 1979 until late 2007, he played the protective Texan patriarch Asa Buchanan on the ABC soap opera "One Life to Live". He also appeared in the low-budget horror film "Monstroid" in 1980.


title: Philip Carey

text: Carey became well known for a series of tongue-in-cheek television commercials for Granny Goose potato chips, in which he self-identified as "Granny Goose", portraying the company's spokesperson as a tough cowboy.


title: Philip Carey

text: In late March 2007, he was announced to be leaving "One Life to Live". He had appeared in one episode in 2003 and one episode of "All My Children" in 2004. He appeared in an additional nine episodes of "One Life to Live" between January 3, 2007, and May 16, 2007. Carey turned down an offer to go to recurring status with the show (although he nevertheless did, in fact, make several appearances on the show after his official exit in late 2007, including several appearances in July 2008, with his final appearance having been on December 29, 2008).


title: Philip Carey

text: In 1949, Carey married Maureen Peppler. They had three children, Jeff, Linda, and Lisa. The marriage ended in a divorce. In 1976, Carey married Colleen Welch. They have two children, Sean and Shannon.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon is a tactical role-playing game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. It is the eleventh installment in the "Fire Emblem" series and a remake of the Famicom title "", the first entry in the series. It released in 2008 in Japan and Europe, and 2009 in North America and Australia.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: "Shadow Dragon" retells and expands on the events of "Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light". Set on the continent of Archanea, the story follows the tale of Marth, prince of the kingdom of Altea, who is sent on a quest to reclaim his throne after being forced into exile by the evil sorcerer Gharnef and his dark master Medeus, the titular Shadow Dragon. Forming new alliances with neighboring kingdoms, Marth must gather a new army to help him retrieve the sacred sword Falchion and the Fire Emblem shield in order to defeat Gharnef and Medeus and save his kingdom. The gameplay follows the established "Fire Emblem" formula of turn-based battles played out on grid-based maps. Returning features include a character class system which evolves based on character usage, and permanent death for units defeated in battle.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: Development began in 2007, overlapping with the final months of production on "". Many staff from earlier entries returned, including director Tohru Narihiro and original composer Yuka Tsujiyoko, who handled the remixed and expanded soundtrack with Saki Kasuga. Character artwork was redrawn by character designer Daisuke Izuka, with special contributions by Masamune Shirow. First announced in late 2007, it was released internationally the following year and localized by external company 8-4. The game features many quality-of-life improvements over the original Famicom version, including colored tiles for movement and attack range, the Weapon Triangle, a new class swap feature, and online multiplayer, a first for the franchise. Upon release, critical reception was generally positive, with common points of praise going to the gameplay balance and multiplayer functionality. However, sales remained low for a good while after launch, despite Intelligent Systems saying they were satisfied with the game's sales in Japan.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: "Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon" is a tactical role-playing game where players take control of main protagonist Marth and his army on missions across the continent of Archanea. The gameplay and general game information is separated between the two screens of the Nintendo DS: the map is located on the bottom screen, while the top screen features story sequences, unit statistics (stats) and battle animations. The game is divided into chapters, with each chapter being the stage for a single large-scale battle that advances the story and can lead to the recruitment of new units. "Gaiden" (side story) chapters are progressively unlocked depending on how many units have been lost in battles. Prior to each chapter, players can prepare for battle, including changing a unit's currently assigned weapons, forging new weapons, and managing the inventory. The game also features limited multiplayer functionality. Using the DS' Wi-Fi Connection or normal local wireless, players can engage in voice chat with other players, engage multiplayer matches with groups of five units each, and loan units to use in the campaign.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: Battles take place on a grid-based battlefield, with objectives which range from clearing enemy groups to capturing points of importance. Each map has unique terrain to be negotiated in battle ranging from mountains to rivers and flat plains. Viewed from an overhead perspective, there are castles and locations such as shops that the player can visit, the latter of which provides a means for obtaining items. Each chapter has a different set of victory conditions, which can be related to the number of turns taken or how the enemy force is dealt with. Battles play out using a turn-based system where each unit on both sides is given their chance to move and act. During battle, the combat screen appears, showing the fight from a sidelong perspective. Both sides move at least once, after which the combat screen fades. Battles between individual units are governed by the series' recurring Weapons Triangle, a rock–paper–scissors system where certain weapons have advantages over others – lances are stronger than swords, swords are stronger than axes, and axes are stronger than lances. As they participate in battles, each unit gains experience points (EXP) from their actions: they raise their experience level by one when they have accumulated 100 EXP. EXP can be earned in both normal battles and challenge fights in special arenas. Players can save at the end of each chapter or outside battle. They also have mid-chapter saves available at certain points. All units are subject to permanent death: If a unit dies in battle, they are removed from the rest of the campaign.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: Units each have a character class which determines their weapon, skill set, movement and attack range, how much effect they have on other units, and whether they use passive or aggressive skills. There are thirty classes available to choose from: these include mounted units such as the Pegasus Knight, Sorcerers and Healers that wield magic for attack and healing respectively, soldiers who wield swords and axes, and archers who specialize in long-distance attacks. The only class that is character exclusive is the Lord class, which is used by Marth. When a unit has reached Level 10, their class can be evolved using an item called a Master Seal. Units can also be re-classed, changing to a completely different class or back to their original class at the player's discretion: the re-class option has limits as there are only a limited number of available classes for a unit to change into, and limitations are placed on how many of one class can be used at a time. If a class change is reversed, all the unit's previous stats will be retained. Each unit's weapon rank, which is directly associated with its class, has its level raised based on the amount of weapon usage, while also decreasing weapon durability — unless merged with another identical item, a weapon will break after its maximum number of uses.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: "Shadow Dragon" follows the events of the original game. In ancient times, the Shadow Dragon Medeus led a reign of terror over the continent of Archanea, before a young man named Anri used the divine sword Falchion and the mystical Fire Emblem shield to defeat Medeus and restore peace to the continent. One century later, Medeus is resurrected by the evil sorcerer Gharnef, reestablishing his empire and reclaiming his former territories. The kingdom of Altea, the original home of Anri and the birthplace of protagonist Marth, comes under attack from Gharnef's forces. Marth is forced into exile in the neighboring kingdom of Talys. Several years later, together with the king’s daughter Caeda and a small band of soldiers, Marth returns to the mainland to reclaim his kingdom and defeat Medeus once again.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: The original version of "Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light" was released in 1990 for the Famicom by Intelligent Systems, who had previously created the military strategy game "Famicom Wars". It was designed and written by series creator Shouzou Kaga, who envisioned a new type of role-playing experience unknown at the time. The success of "Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light" launched the "Fire Emblem" series, of which he parted ways with after the release of the . According to co-director Masayuki Horikawa, development started on "Shadow Dragon" during the development of "", which released in 2007. The development period was estimated at "one and a bit years", although full development lasted ten months as the first part of development overlapped with "Radiant Dawn". It was decided by Intelligent Systems to remake "Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light" so more players could experience software from their early days. They also wanted players outside Japan to experience the game for the first time. The core staff included producer Tohru Narihiro and director Masayuki Horikawa from Intelligent Systems, and producer Hitoshi Yamagami and director Masaki Tawara from Nintendo.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: When developing "Shadow Dragon", the team did not see it as a simple remake, but rather a "renewal" of the original on a new platform with new and updated mechanics. The most difficult part was balancing this with maintaining the original version's atmosphere. Numerous features were added to the experience, such as displays for movement and attack range, the ability to change classes and unit recruitment if too many of the original army fell in battle. Expanded difficulty options and tutorials were also added to help ease newcomers into the series. The by-then well-established Weapon Triangle was also introduced, replacing the unbalanced systems from the original. The addition of a single mid-battle save was intended to help ease newcomers into the series, so they would not need to restart the entire battle if a key unit fell. The dual-screen display of both map and unit placement and status was indirectly inspired by the original version, which allowed players to view character stats without dropping out of the map.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: The story and script were handled by Kouhei Maeda, Koji Kawasaki and Toshiyuki Kusakihara. Minimal additions were made to the story, as the team felt it was already a well-told narrative and did not want to complicate things for players by adding "fluff". Rather, the story content was cut down as much as possible from the original, in contrast to the expanding content and stories of later entries. Despite this, gaiden chapters were added so players could gain new characters to help them beat the game. Redesigns for main characters Marth and Caeda, along with other leading characters and some promotional artwork, was handled by "Ghost in the Shell" artist Masamune Shirow. Other redesigns were handled by Daisuke Izuka. The staff's aim with Marth's redesign was to update his appearance while keeping him true to expectations from the fan base. The graphics and character models for battle animations were handled by external company Alvion. The music was supervised by Yuka Tsujiyoko, the composer for multiple "Fire Emblem" titles including the original version. Together with new composer Saki Kasuga, Tsujiyoko both remixed music from the original version and added a large number of new and original tracks.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: "Shadow Dragon" was first announced in October 2007 at a Nintendo conference, where it had yet to be given an official title. While a remake, Nintendo has included it in lists of "Fire Emblem" titles, variously calling it the eleventh or twelfth entry. It was confirmed for a Western release at a press summit in October 2008 for a North American release the following year, with the European release being planned for 2008. The game was localized for the West by external company 8-4; this was due to the large volume of text present in the story, which made localizing it internally difficult for Nintendo. "Shadow Dragon" was released in Japan on August 7, 2008; in Europe on December 5; in North America on February 16, 2009; and in Australia on February 26. The release of "Shadow Dragon" marked the first time any form of the first "Fire Emblem" game had been released outside Japan.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: The gameplay was generally well received by reviewers. "Famitsu" generally praised the gameplay elements. One reviewer found the dual screen and mid-battle save features convenient, even though the latter diluted the tension of battle. Another felt that "Shadow Dragon" was the best "Fire Emblem" title to that date. "1UP.com"s Kurtis Seid enjoyed the gameplay and strategic elements surrounding character management, but said that the multiplayer options risked upsetting the balance; he also noted that the inclusion of features for newcomers might alienate hardcore fans. Tom Bramwell, writing for "Eurogamer", praised the overall feel of the game, from the dual screen functionality to the battle and character class systems, although noted nothing that elevated the game to new heights, and said that the inclusion of newcomer-friendly mechanics clashed with the permanent death mechanic. Shiva Stella of "GameSpot" enjoyed the tactical elements, openness to newcomers and multiplayer elements; but found the weakness of new recruits and map restrictions detracted from the experience. IGN's Daemon Hatfield, while again noting a lack of innovation, found it one of the most balanced strategy games available at the time. Stuart Reddick of "Nintendo Life" greatly enjoyed the gameplay experience and praised the developer's efforts at balancing the various elements, but noted that it felt dated compared to both later "Fire Emblem" titles and other recent titles within the genre. Fred Dutton of "Official Nintendo Magazine" was highly positive, praising the classic gameplay, new features, and multiplayer functions. His one major complaint was a lack of innovation.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: The story received mixed opinions. Seid said that, due to the story being taken directly from the original, it was overly short and simple by modern standards. Bramwell felt the story was not as nuanced as other entries, and noted the lower number of "lovable" characters. Stella said that while the plot could get confusing, the prologue and "sophisticated" translation helped explain events. Hatfield also praised the translation, and while agreeing that the story was simpler than other "Fire Emblem" games, he found the scope impressive for its origins as a Famicom game. Reddick, in contrast to his praise for the gameplay, called the story fairly standard for the genre, with most of its key moments being "dull and forgettable". Dutton, while not touching the overall story, found the dialogue overly "cheesy".


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: Multiple critics also mentioned its presentation. Stella praised the visuals and enjoyed the music despite it sounding dated, while Hatfield praised the music but criticized the graphics as uninspired. Reddick praised the visual overhaul, despite limited animation for sprites outside battle. Dutton echoed Hatfield's sentiments about the visuals, finding them one of his main criticisms of the presentation alongside the dialogue.


title: Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon

text: According to "Famitsu", "Shadow Dragon" sold 180,697 units during its debut week in Japan, coming in at No. 2 on their charts with a 90% sell-through rate. Media Create had a slightly different assessment, placing it at No. 2 with sales of 145,000 units. By the following week, it had dropped to No. 6 with further sales of 35,000 units. According to Horikawa, Intelligent Systems were satisfied with their sales in Japan: buyers included series veterans, players who had come to know Marth through the "Super Smash Bros." series, and series newcomers. In Japan, the game has sold 274,000 units in total as of 2012. Upon its release in North America, the game reached No. 2 in the dedicated Nintendo DS charts. As of 2013, the game has sold 250,000 units in the region.


title: Dominic Wood

text: Dominic Simon "Dom" Wood (born 3 January 1978) is an English entertainer, magician and presenter of radio and television, best known as one half of the double act Dick and Dom, with the other being Richard McCourt. From 14 October 2007 to September 2008, he and work partner McCourt presented the Sunday morning show on BBC Radio 1 from 10:00 am – 1:00 pm, but later left the show due to TV commitments.


title: Dominic Wood

text: Wood was at one point the youngest member of the magician's society The Magic Circle. He was however later expelled in the wake of disapproval over "Dick & Dom in da Bungalow", on which he would occasionally perform and gave away tricks, despite him protesting that other entertainers and magicians had effectively done the same publicly before with no blowback.


title: Dominic Wood

text: Wood first officially appeared on television in 1996 on CBBC's Friday afternoon children's programme "Friday Zone". However this was preceded several years earlier by a brief appearance on children's TV programme "Gimmie 5", as a member of public performing in front of the camera on the Quayside in Exeter. Following this, he presented the CBBC "Broom Cupboard" until 1998.


title: Dominic Wood

text: Along with Richard McCourt ("Dick") he is currently best known as half of the double act Dick and Dom. Their programme "Dick & Dom in da Bungalow" ran from 2002 to 2006, and won two BAFTAs in 2004 for Best Presenters and Best Children's Entertainment. On this show in 2004, Wood set the world record for largest number of pants put on in one minute. Throughout 2000–2002, the pair also starred in the 2-series TV show "Bring it On".


title: Dominic Wood

text: In 2006, along with Jon Tickle, Wood co-presented the UK pop science show "Brainiac's Test Tube Baby", a spin-off of "".


title: Dominic Wood

text: Dick and Dom presented a daytime version of "Are You Smarter Than A 10 Year Old?" between 2007 and 2009.


title: Dominic Wood

text: In 2010, Wood was cast in the live-action 3D family comedy movie "" alongside Richard McCourt as the titular character's fierce cousin-in-law Pimply Paul. The film was released on 29 July 2011.


title: Dominic Wood

text: Also in 2010, Wood wrote and starred in the CBBC show, "The Legend of Dick and Dom", where Dick and Dom star as two budding young princes who are on a quest to find the antidote to a terrible plague that consumed Fyredor because Dick dropped the cure. The all-star cast also includes Mannitol (Steve Furst), a wizard who is really bad at doing magic, and Lutin (Chloe Bale).


title: Dominic Wood

text: Absolute Genius with Dick and Dom started in 2013. Dick and Dom won the 2014 Children's Presenter BAFTA Award for the second series of the show.


title: Dominic Wood

text: Wood married Sandi Lee Hughes of the (now defunct) pop band allSTARS*. The couple have two sons, Tommy and Sam. McCourt is also the godfather of both children.


title: Dominic Wood

text: He has an older brother named Jim who appeared on an episode of Dick and Dom in da Bungalow. He has two other brothers as well, named Matt and Tim.


title: Fermium

text: Fermium is a synthetic element with the symbol Fm and atomic number 100. It is an actinide and the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities, although pure fermium metal has not yet been prepared. A total of 19 isotopes are known, with Fm being the longest-lived with a half-life of 100.5 days.


title: Fermium

text: It was discovered in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Enrico Fermi, one of the pioneers of nuclear physics. Its chemistry is typical for the late actinides, with a preponderance of the +3 oxidation state but also an accessible +2 oxidation state. Owing to the small amounts of produced fermium and all of its isotopes having relatively short half-lives, there are currently no uses for it outside basic scientific research.


title: Fermium

text: Fermium was first discovered in the fallout from the 'Ivy Mike' nuclear test (1 November 1952), the first successful test of a hydrogen bomb. Initial examination of the debris from the explosion had shown the production of a new isotope of plutonium, : this could only have formed by the absorption of six neutrons by a uranium-238 nucleus followed by two β decays. At the time, the absorption of neutrons by a heavy nucleus was thought to be a rare process, but the identification of raised the possibility that still more neutrons could have been absorbed by the uranium nuclei, leading to new elements.


title: Fermium

text: Element 99 (einsteinium) was quickly discovered on filter papers which had been flown through the cloud from the explosion (the same sampling technique that had been used to discover ). It was then identified in December 1952 by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at the University of California at Berkeley. They discovered the isotope Es (half-life 20.5 days) that was made by the capture of 15 neutrons by uranium-238 nuclei – which then underwent seven successive beta decays:


title: Fermium

text: The discovery of fermium ("Z" = 100) required more material, as the yield was expected to be at least an order of magnitude lower than that of element 99, and so contaminated coral from the Enewetak atoll (where the test had taken place) was shipped to the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California, for processing and analysis. About two months after the test, a new component was isolated emitting high-energy α-particles (7.1 MeV) with a half-life of about a day. With such a short half-life, it could only arise from the β decay of an isotope of einsteinium, and so had to be an isotope of the new element 100: it was quickly identified as Fm ().


title: Fermium

text: The discovery of the new elements, and the new data on neutron capture, was initially kept secret on the orders of the U.S. military until 1955 due to Cold War tensions. Nevertheless, the Berkeley team was able to prepare elements 99 and 100 by civilian means, through the neutron bombardment of plutonium-239, and published this work in 1954 with the disclaimer that it was not the first studies that had been carried out on the elements. The "Ivy Mike" studies were declassified and published in 1955.


title: Fermium

text: The Berkeley team had been worried that another group might discover lighter isotopes of element 100 through ion-bombardment techniques before they could publish their classified research, and this proved to be the case. A group at the Nobel Institute for Physics in Stockholm independently discovered the element, producing an isotope later confirmed to be Fm ("t" = 30 minutes) by bombarding a target with oxygen-16 ions, and published their work in May 1954. Nevertheless, the priority of the Berkeley team was generally recognized, and with it the prerogative to name the new element in honour of Enrico Fermi, the developer of the first artificial self-sustained nuclear reactor. Fermi was still alive when the name was proposed, but had died by the time it became official.


title: Fermium

text: There are 20 isotopes of fermium listed in N 2016, with atomic weights of 241 to 260, of which Fm is the longest-lived with a half-life of 100.5 days. Fm has a half-life of 3 days, while Fm of 5.3 h, Fm of 25.4 h, Fm of 3.2 h, Fm of 20.1 h, and Fm of 2.6 hours. All the remaining ones have half-lives ranging from 30 minutes to less than a millisecond.


title: Fermium

text: The neutron capture product of fermium-257, Fm, undergoes spontaneous fission with a half-life of just 370(14) microseconds; Fm and Fm are also unstable with respect to spontaneous fission ("t" = 1.5(3) s and 4 ms respectively). This means that neutron capture cannot be used to create nuclides with a mass number greater than 257, unless carried out in a nuclear explosion. As Fm is an α-emitter, decaying to Cf, and no known fermium isotopes undergo beta minus decay to the next element, mendelevium, fermium is also the last element that can be prepared by a neutron-capture process. Because of this impediment in forming heavier isotopes, these short-lived isotopes Fm constitute the so-called "fermium gap."


title: Fermium

text: Fermium is produced by the bombardment of lighter actinides with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. Fermium-257 is the heaviest isotope that is obtained via neutron capture, and can only be produced in picogram quantities. The major source is the 85 MW High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, USA, which is dedicated to the production of transcurium ("Z" > 96) elements. Lower mass fermium isotopes are available in greater quantities, though these isotopes (Fm and Fm) are comparatively short-lived. In a "typical processing campaign" at Oak Ridge, tens of grams of curium are irradiated to produce decigram quantities of californium, milligram quantities of berkelium and einsteinium, and picogram quantities of fermium. However, nanogram quantities of fermium can be prepared for specific experiments. The quantities of fermium produced in 20–200 kiloton thermonuclear explosions is believed to be of the order of milligrams, although it is mixed in with a huge quantity of debris; 4.0 picograms of Fm was recovered from 10 kilograms of debris from the "Hutch" test (16 July 1969). The Hutch experiment produced an estimated total of 250 micrograms of Fm.


title: Fermium

text: After production, the fermium must be separated from other actinides and from lanthanide fission products. This is usually achieved by ion-exchange chromatography, with the standard process using a cation exchanger such as Dowex 50 or T eluted with a solution of ammonium α-hydroxyisobutyrate. Smaller cations form more stable complexes with the α-hydroxyisobutyrate anion, and so are preferentially eluted from the column. A rapid fractional crystallization method has also been described.


title: Fermium

text: Although the most stable isotope of fermium is Fm, with a half-life of 100.5 days, most studies are conducted on Fm ("t" = 20.07(7) hours), since this isotope can be easily isolated as required as the decay product of Es ("t" = 39.8(12) days).


title: Fermium

text: The analysis of the debris at the 10-megaton "Ivy Mike" nuclear test was a part of long-term project, one of the goals of which was studying the efficiency of production of transuranium elements in high-power nuclear explosions. The motivation for these experiments was as follows: synthesis of such elements from uranium requires multiple neutron capture. The probability of such events increases with the neutron flux, and nuclear explosions are the most powerful neutron sources, providing densities of the order 10 neutrons/cm within a microsecond, i.e. about 10 neutrons/(cm·s). In comparison, the flux of the HFIR reactor is 5 neutrons/(cm·s). A dedicated laboratory was set up right at Enewetak Atoll for preliminary analysis of debris, as some isotopes could have decayed by the time the debris samples reached the U.S. The laboratory was receiving samples for analysis, as soon as possible, from airplanes equipped with paper filters which flew over the atoll after the tests. Whereas it was hoped to discover new chemical elements heavier than fermium, those were not found after a series of megaton explosions conducted between 1954 and 1956 at the atoll.


title: Fermium

text: The atmospheric results were supplemented by the underground test data accumulated in the 1960s at the Nevada Test Site, as it was hoped that powerful explosions conducted in confined space might result in improved yields and heavier isotopes. Apart from traditional uranium charges, combinations of uranium with americium and thorium have been tried, as well as a mixed plutonium-neptunium charge. They were less successful in terms of yield, which was attributed to stronger losses of heavy isotopes due to enhanced fission rates in heavy-element charges. Isolation of the products was found to be rather problematic, as the explosions were spreading debris through melting and vaporizing rocks under the great depth of 300–600 meters, and drilling to such depth in order to extract the products was both slow and inefficient in terms of collected volumes.


title: Fermium

text: Among the nine underground tests, which were carried between 1962 and 1969 and codenamed Anacostia (5.2 kilotons, 1962), Kennebec (<5 kilotons, 1963), Par (38 kilotons, 1964), Barbel (<20 kilotons, 1964), Tweed (<20 kilotons, 1965), Cyclamen (13 kilotons, 1966), Kankakee (20-200 kilotons, 1966), Vulcan (25 kilotons, 1966) and Hutch (20-200 kilotons, 1969), the last one was most powerful and had the highest yield of transuranium elements. In the dependence on the atomic mass number, the yield showed a saw-tooth behavior with the lower values for odd isotopes, due to their higher fission rates. The major practical problem of the entire proposal, however, was collecting the radioactive debris dispersed by the powerful blast. Aircraft filters adsorbed only about 4 of the total amount and collection of tons of corals at Enewetak Atoll increased this fraction by only two orders of magnitude. Extraction of about 500 kilograms of underground rocks 60 days after the Hutch explosion recovered only about 10 of the total charge. The amount of transuranium elements in this 500-kg batch was only 30 times higher than in a 0.4 kg rock picked up 7 days after the test. This observation demonstrated the highly nonlinear dependence of the transuranium elements yield on the amount of retrieved radioactive rock. In order to accelerate sample collection after explosion, shafts were drilled at the site not after but before the test, so that explosion would expel radioactive material from the epicenter, through the shafts, to collecting volumes near the surface. This method was tried in the Anacostia and Kennebec tests and instantly provided hundreds kilograms of material, but with actinide concentration 3 times lower than in samples obtained after drilling; whereas such method could have been efficient in scientific studies of short-lived isotopes, it could not improve the overall collection efficiency of the produced actinides.


title: Fermium

text: Although no new elements (apart from einsteinium and fermium) could be detected in the nuclear test debris, and the total yields of transuranium elements were disappointingly low, these tests did provide significantly higher amounts of rare heavy isotopes than previously available in laboratories. For example, 6 atoms of Fm could be recovered after the Hutch detonation. They were then used in the studies of thermal-neutron induced fission of Fm and in discovery of a new fermium isotope Fm. Also, the rare Cm isotope was synthesized in large quantities, which is very difficult to produce in nuclear reactors from its progenitor Cm; the half-life of Cm (64 minutes) is much too short for months-long reactor irradiations, but is very "long" on the explosion timescale.


title: Fermium

text: Because of the short half-life of all isotopes of fermium, any primordial fermium, that is fermium that could be present on the Earth during its formation, has decayed by now. Synthesis of fermium from naturally occurring actinides uranium and thorium in the Earth crust requires multiple neutron capture, which is an extremely unlikely event. Therefore, most fermium is produced on Earth in scientific laboratories, high-power nuclear reactors, or in nuclear weapons tests, and is present only within a few months from the time of the synthesis. The transuranic elements from americium to fermium did occur naturally in the natural nuclear fission reactor at Oklo, but no longer do so.


title: Fermium

text: The chemistry of fermium has only been studied in solution using tracer techniques, and no solid compounds have been prepared. Under normal conditions, fermium exists in solution as the Fm ion, which has a hydration number of 16.9 and an acid dissociation constant of 1.6 (p"K" = 3.8). Fm forms complexes with a wide variety of organic ligands with hard donor atoms such as oxygen, and these complexes are usually more stable than those of the preceding actinides. It also forms anionic complexes with ligands such as chloride or nitrate and, again, these complexes appear to be more stable than those formed by einsteinium or californium. It is believed that the bonding in the complexes of the later actinides is mostly ionic in character: the Fm ion is expected to be smaller than the preceding An ions because of the higher effective nuclear charge of fermium, and hence fermium would be expected to form shorter and stronger metal–ligand bonds.


title: Fermium

text: Fermium(III) can be fairly easily reduced to fermium(II), for example with samarium(II) chloride, with which fermium(II) coprecipitates. In the precipitate, the compound fermium(II) chloride (FmCl) was produced, though it was not purified or studied in isolation. The electrode potential has been estimated to be similar to that of the ytterbium(III)/(II) couple, or about −1.15 V with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode, a value which agrees with theoretical calculations. The Fm/Fm couple has an electrode potential of −2.37(10) V based on polarographic measurements.


title: Fermium

text: Although few people come in contact with fermium, the International Commission on Radiological Protection has set annual exposure limits for the two most stable isotopes. For fermium-253, the ingestion limit was set at 10 becquerels (1 Bq is equivalent to one decay per second), and the inhalation limit at 10 Bq; for fermium-257, at 10 Bq and 4000 Bq respectively.


title: .416 Rigby

text: The .416 Rigby is a rifle cartridge designed in 1911 by London based gunmaker John Rigby & Company, for hunting dangerous game. It is the first cartridge to use a bullet of .416 inch (10.57 mm) diameter. The rifles, as built by John Rigby & Co., were initially made up on the Magnum Mauser 98 action (a derivative of the Gewehr 98 bolt-action rifle), although in later years, some were made on standard length actions, a perfect example being the rifle used by legendary professional hunter Harry Selby. Other famous users of the cartridge were Commander David Enderby Blunt, John Taylor, and Jack O'Connor.


title: .416 Rigby

text: Two major developments at the turn of the 20th century set the course for the development of .416 Rigby as a successful big game hunting cartridge. The first was the development of cordite in the UK in 1889 and second the development of the Magnum Mauser 98 action based on the Gewehr 98 bolt-action magazine rifle which was designed in Germany.