title: Economic history of Germany

text: But the economy again turned down and, despite efforts to stimulate growth by government deficits, failed to revive quickly. It was only by mid-1978 that Schmidt and the Bundesbank were able to bring the economy into balance. After that, the economy continued expanding through 1979 and much of 1980, helping Schmidt win reelection in 1980. But the upturn proved to be uneven and unrewarding, as the problems of the mid-1970s rapidly returned. By early 1981, Schmidt faced the worst possible situation: growth fell and unemployment rose, but inflation did not abate.


title: Economic history of Germany

text: By late 1982, Schmidt's coalition government collapsed as the FDP withdrew to join a coalition led by Helmut Kohl, the leader of the CDU/CSU. He began to direct what was termed the " (turning or reversal). The government proceeded to implement new policies to reduce the government role in the economy and within a year won a popular vote in support of the new course.


title: Economic history of Germany

text: Within its broad policy, the new government had several main objectives: to reduce the federal deficit by cutting expenditures as well as taxes, to reduce government restrictions and regulations, and to improve the flexibility and performance of the labor market. The government also carried through a series of privatization measures, selling almost DM10 billion (for value of the deutsche mark—see Glossary) in shares of such diverse state-owned institutions as VEBA, VIAG, Volkswagen, Lufthansa, and Salzgitter. Through all these steps, the state role in the West German economy declined from 52 percent to 46 percent of GDP between 1982 and 1990, according to Bundesbank statistics.


title: Economic history of Germany

text: Although the policies of the " changed the mood of the West German economy and reinstalled a measure of confidence, progress came unevenly and haltingly. During most of the 1980s, the figures on growth and inflation improved but slowly, and the figures on unemployment barely moved at all. There was little job growth until the end of the decade. When the statistics did change, however, even modestly, it was at least in the right direction.


title: Economic history of Germany

text: Nonetheless, it also remained true that West German growth did not again reach the levels that it had attained in the early years of the Federal Republic. There had been a decline in the growth rate since the 1950s, an upturn in unemployment since the 1960s, and a gradual increase in inflation except during or after a severe downturn.


title: Economic history of Germany

text: Global economic statistics also showed a decline in West German output and vitality. They showed that the West German share of total world production had grown from 6.6 percent in 1965 to 7.9 percent by 1975. Twelve years later, in 1987, however, it had fallen to 7.4 percent, largely because of the more rapid growth of Japan and other Asian states. Even adding the estimated GDP of the former East Germany at its peak before unification would not have brought the all-German share above 8.2 percent by 1989 and would leave all of Germany with barely a greater share of world production than West Germany alone had reached fifteen years earlier.


title: Economic history of Germany

text: It was only in the late 1980s that West Germany's economy finally began to grow more rapidly. The growth rate for West German GDP rose to 3.7 percent in 1988 and 3.6 percent in 1989, the highest levels of the decade. The unemployment rate also fell to 7.6 percent in 1989, despite an influx of workers from abroad. Thus, the results of the late 1980s appeared to vindicate the West German supply-side revolution. Tax rate reductions had led to greater vitality and revenues. Although the cumulative public-sector deficit had gone above the DM1 trillion level, the public sector was growing more slowly than before.


title: Economic history of Germany

text: The year 1989 was the last year of the West German economy as a separate and separable institution. From 1990 the positive and negative distortions generated by German reunification set in, and the West German economy began to reorient itself toward economic and political union with what had been East Germany. The economy turned gradually and massively from its primarily West European and global orientation toward an increasingly intense concentration on the requirements and the opportunities of unification.


title: Economic history of Germany

text: Germany invested over 2 trillion marks in the rehabilitation of the former East Germany, helping it to transition to a market economy and cleaning up the environmental degradation. By 2011 the results were mixed, with slow economic development in the East, in sharp contrast to the rapid economic growth in both west and southern Germany. Unemployment was much higher in the East, often over 15%. Economists Snower and Merkl (2006) suggest that the malaise was prolonged by all the social and economic help from the German government, pointing especially to bargaining by proxy, high unemployment benefits and welfare entitlements, and generous job-security provisions.


title: Economic history of Germany

text: The German economic miracle petered out in the 1990s, so that by the end of the century and the early 2000s it was ridiculed as "the sick man of Europe". It suffered a short recession in 2003. The economic growth rate was a very low 1.2% annually from 1988 to 2005. Unemployment, especially in the eastern districts, remained stubbornly high despite heavy stimulus spending. It rose from 9.2% in 1998 to 11.1% in 2009. The worldwide Great Recession of 2008-2010 worsened conditions briefly, as there was a sharp decline in GDP. However unemployment did not rise, and recovery was faster than almost anywhere else. The old industrial centers of the Rhineland and North Germany lagged as well, as the coal and steel industries faded in importance. The economic policies were heavily oriented toward the world market, and the export sector continued to be very strong. Prosperity was pulled along by exports that reached a record of $1.7 trillion US dollars in 2011, or half of the German GDP, or nearly 8% of all of the exports in the world. While the rest of the European Community struggled with financial issues, Germany took a conservative position based on an extraordinarily strong economy after 2010. The labor market proved flexible, and the export industries were attuned to world demand.


title: Krept and Konan

text: Krept and Konan is a British hip hop duo from London, consisting of Casyo Valentine "Krept" Johnson BEM (born 4 February 1990, Gipsy Hill) and Karl Dominic "Konan" Wilson BEM (born 3 September 1989, Thornton Heath), the son of Delroy Wilson otherwise known as 'Jamaica's first child star'. Their first major release was the mixtape "Young Kingz", released on 2 September 2013. As of 3 May 2013, Krept and Konan signed a record deal with Virgin EMI Records.


title: Krept and Konan

text: Their debut album "The Long Way Home" was released on 5 July 2015 and entered the UK Albums Chart at number 2. The duo's highest-charting single is "Freak of the Week" featuring Jeremih, which charted at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart. Krept and Konan have both starred together in the film "The Intent" (2016) and reprised their roles in the prequel "" (2018).


title: Krept and Konan

text: Krept is one of two siblings. His father was in prison for drug offences and his older brother was "a lot of trouble", so he felt like his mother's last hope.


title: Krept and Konan

text: Krept went to secondary school at Stanley Technical College (now Harris Academy South Norwood), while Konan went to Haling Manor School (now Harris Academy Purley). Krept studied accounting at the University of Portsmouth.


title: Krept and Konan

text: Konan was arrested multiple times in his youth, including for stealing a jumper and robbing a McDonalds restaurant. He went to jail for a year in 2007 for the latter offence.


title: Krept and Konan

text: In 2005, Krept and Konan met and formed a friendship when their schools played each other at football. They were making music under the same aliases but were also members of 'Gipset', a gang based in Gipsy Hill, in which Cadet, who was Krept's cousin, was also involved. In 2009 they became a musical duo and started to take music seriously. Shortly after their formation, in 2010 the duo released their first mixtape titled "Redrum" featuring collaborations from London underground rappers, Killa Ki, Snap and many more.


title: Krept and Konan

text: In 2010 the rap duo released their second mixtape titled "Tsunami" featuring several mainstream artists including Ghetts, Giggs, Scorcher and Lil Nova.


title: Krept and Konan

text: In 2011, they released a cover of Jay-Z's and Kanye West's "Otis" which helped them rise to fame. The video reached five million views in its first five days of being uploaded to YouTube. However, with much pressure received from Jay-Z's legal team the video was removed from the duo's profile. Undeterred by the controversy, they released a cover of Drake and Lil Wayne's "The Motto", launched their own clothing line called Play Dirty and early into 2012 were invited to join the British rapper Skepta on his tour in the UK. They appeared on Tinie Tempah's 2011 mixtape "Happy Birthday" and in 2013 they released their third mixtape "Young Kingz", with features from Chip, Tinie Tempah, G FrSH, Giggs, George the Poet, Yungen, Ari, Yana Toma, Fekky, Siah and Anthony Thomas. The album's promotional single "Don't Waste My Time" rose to fame in January 2014, with notable artists such as French Montana, Wretch 32, Chip, G FrSH, Double S, Lady Leshurr, Yungen, Sneakbo MNEK, Dru Blu, Jacob Banks and Dot Rotten all contributing to remixes of the track. Tinie Tempah also freestyled over the beat on Charlie Sloth's "Fire in the Booth".


title: Krept and Konan

text: Winning Best UK Newcomer at the 2013 MOBO Awards was one of the big breaks the duo had. With low promotion compared to other artists. They released "Don't Waste My Time" as a single in March 2014 and it entered the UK Singles Chart at number 154.


title: Krept and Konan

text: On 29 June 2014, they attended the BET Awards which was held at the Nokia Theatre L.A. Live in Los Angeles, California and received an award for 'Best International Act: UK' by BET International and beating Dizzee Rascal, Laura Mvula, Rita Ora, Ghetts and Tinie Tempah.


title: Krept and Konan

text: On 3 March 2015, "Croydon Advertiser" announced the duo as the 39th most powerful people from the Croydon borough, for their pioneering movement and recent success in the music industry.


title: Krept and Konan

text: On 28 March 2015, they released a video for "Certified" featuring Rick Ross. The song serves as the first promotional single from their debut album "The Long Way Home". The song was subsequently added to BBC Radio 1Xtra's playlists.


title: Krept and Konan

text: "The Long Way Home" was released in July 2015. The lead single from the album, "Freak of the Week", features vocals from American rapper Jeremih and was released on 28 June 2015. The song entered and peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart, making it the duo's first top ten single on the chart and Jeremih's second. 25 June 2015 on YouTube, a remix of "Freak of the Week" was published by reggae and dancehall artists Popcaan & Beenie Man. The album was released on 5 July 2015 through Virgin EMI and Def Jam, and features numerous high-profile musicians, including Ed Sheeran, Skepta, Emeli Sandé and Wiz Khalifa.


title: Krept and Konan

text: They released a double mixtape, "7 Days" and "7 Nights" on 19 October 2017. 7 Days focused on rap, whilst 7 Nights focused on RnB. They peaked at number 6 and number 8 respectively on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Krept and Konan

text: On 10 May 2018, Krept and Konan released a song called "Crepes and Cones (Ya Dun Know)" to promote their restaurant. It featured Mostack and was produced by Steel Banglez.


title: Krept and Konan

text: In June 2021, Krept and Konan appeared in the BBC Three documentary "Krept and Konan: We Are England", where they make a football song for the UEFA Euros Tournament and get to know the England squad.


title: Krept and Konan

text: Krept and Konan launched the Positive Direction foundation on 6 November 2017 at Harris Academy South Norwood, Krept's old school. The foundation provides workshops in "music production, engineering and songwriting".


title: Krept and Konan

text: The duo also launched their restaurant, Crepes & Cones, on 12 May 2018 alongside grime artist J2K. Hundreds of fans lined up during its opening weekend, with food shortages due to the large number of orders. The restaurant also employs young offenders to give them a chance to rehabilitate.


title: Krept and Konan

text: In 2019, Krept and Konan also created the first series of BBC Three's "The Rap Game UK" alongside DJ Target. Adopting the format of the US version, seven MCs battled to get signed for a single record deal. The show was renewed for a second season, which aired in 2020.


title: Krept and Konan

text: Konan lost his stepfather on 1 July 2011, when masked gunmen followed Konan into the house. One of the gunmen had targeted Konan for dating his ex-girlfriend, but shot his stepfather in the chest when he tried to chase the gunmen out of the house. This experience was later told on the song "My Story".


title: Krept and Konan

text: Krept lost his cousin, named Cadet, in a car accident on 9 February 2019. He has a daughter with model Sasha Ellese, named Nala, who was born on 11 June 2020.


title: Krept and Konan

text: The duo lost close friend and business partner Nyasha "Nash" Chagonda to suicide in June 2018, who was commemorated in "Broski" on the album "Revenge Is Sweet."


title: Krept and Konan

text: In 2013, the duo broke the record for 'Highest-Charting UK album by an Unsigned Act'. The pair earned the title with "Young Kingz", which entered into the top 20 in the UK Albums Chart. Following the rap duo success, they won a MOBO award (Best Hip-Hop Act 2014) and BET award.


title: Krept and Konan

text: Both were awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to music and the community in Croydon.


title: Live Magic

text: Live Magic is the second live album by British rock band Queen. It was recorded at various live shows during "The Magic Tour" and was released on 1 December 1986. However, it was not released in the United States until August 1996. It received strong criticism from fans, due to the heavy editing of many songs. For example, the opera section was removed from "Bohemian Rhapsody", the second verse and chorus were removed from "Tie Your Mother Down", and "Is This the World We Created...?", "We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions" were reduced to one verse and chorus.


title: Live Magic

text: Most of the performances were recorded at Knebworth Park on 9 August 1986, which marks the band's final ever concert with its original line-up.


title: Iori Kogawa

text: She showed off her hair nude with traditional Chinese bookbinding on the magazine "Friday" released on 2 November 2012, and debuted from SOD Create from "Iori Kogawa AV Debut" released on 8 November 2012. Her correspondence of an unexpected shooting was taken in Guam just to take a still photo of her debut work.


title: Iori Kogawa

text: In July 2018, she entered the sexy actress popularity vote which appeared as a character of the Sega game "Yakuza" and was selected as 20th place and won the right to appear in "Yakuza 0".


title: Iori Kogawa

text: On 28 January 2022, she announced her complete retirement as AV actress with no more entertainment activity as of 31 December 2022. Her announcement video was uploaded on YouTube SOFT ON DEMAND (SOD) channel. In addition, the special website entitled with "Arigatou, Iori Kogawa" was released on the SODstar homepage. At the same time, she posted her hand-written retirement message with her side-profile photo on her own twitter account. Her message as follows (original in Japanese):


title: Iori Kogawa

text: “As announced on YouTube SOD channel, I have decided to retire completely as AV actress with no more Iori Kogawa’s activity on 31 December 2022. Currently I have nothing special to say about it. I hope you will understand and feel my various feelings through this year. Precious, precious and precious time of the 10th year. I wish I could spend the best year ever with you. I would sincerely thank for all the T-powers’ staffs, SOD office staffs, stores staffs, media staffs, all “Cuticles” members and everyone who knows me. I would look forward to work together with you as well this year.  28 January 2022  Iori Kogawa “


title: Iori Kogawa

text: On 8 August 2022, she announced that she would hold the nationwide final tour events (ex. her live autographs on DVDs, taking photos of her in a bikini etc) for her fans who would purchase her newly released adult DVDs. Total thirteen events will be held in seven Prefectures (Saitama, Fukuoka, Kagawa, Ōsaka, Hyōgo, Hokkaidō, Tokyo-A and Tokyo-B ) from September to November this year.


title: Iori Kogawa

text: Her bust was a C cup and had a complex on her small chest. Her first experience is with a senior one year older than her when she was 18 years old after she entered Osaka's vocational school. She had experience with two men before her AV debut. Her hobby is watching sports. Her special skill is getting lost. She has two pet dogs.


title: Iori Kogawa

text: She has won first place in "Muscat Night" projects "Muscats Kanji Test (New Year's Muscat's Kanji Test (broadcast 7 January 2016)" and "Muscat's Baka NO.1 Decision Fight! 2017 (broadcast 23 February and 2 March 2017)".


Wyoming's at-large congressional district is the sole congressional district for the US state of Wyoming. It is the third largest congressional district in the United States in terms of land size. The district is currently represented by Liz Cheney.


title: Wyoming's at-large congressional district

text: The district was first created when Wyoming achieved statehood on July 10, 1890, electing a single member. Since its creation, Wyoming has retained a single congressional district.


title: Cursed Films

text: Cursed Films is an American documentary streaming television series produced by Shudder, a streaming service owned by AMC Networks. Written, edited and directed by Jay Cheel, the series covers alleged instances of curses surrounding films. It premiered April 2, 2020 on Shudder with mixed to positive reviews.


title: Cursed Films

text: The documentary series focuses on alleged curses that afflicted the production of notable horror/non-horror films. Each episode focuses on a single film and includes interviews with individuals who worked on said films. The series also includes interviews with journalists and film critics who comment on the alleged curses.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: This article is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature of England, so that it includes writers from Scotland, Wales, and the whole of Ireland, as well as literature in English from former British colonies. It also includes, to some extent, the United States, though the main article for that is American literature.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Modernism is a major literary movement of the first part of the twentieth-century. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Irish writers were especially important in the twentieth-century, including James Joyce and later Samuel Beckett, both central figures in the Modernist movement. Americans, like poets T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound and novelist William Faulkner, were other important modernists. British modernists include Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Woolf, and D. H. Lawrence. In the mid-twentieth-century major writers started to appear in the various countries of the British Commonwealth, including several Nobel laureates.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: In the early 20th-century literary modernism developed in the English-speaking world due to a general sense of disillusionment with the Victorian era attitudes of certainty, conservatism, and belief in the idea of objective truth. The movement was influenced by the ideas of Charles Darwin (1809–82) ("On Origin of Species") (1859), Ernst Mach (1838–1916), Henri Bergson (1859–1941), Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), James G. Frazer (1854–1941), Karl Marx (1818–83) ("Das Kapital", 1867), and the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), among others. The continental art movements of Impressionism, and later Cubism, were also important inspirations for modernist writers. Important literary precursors of modernism, were: Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–81) ("Crime and Punishment" (1866), "The Brothers Karamazov" (1880); Walt Whitman (1819–92) ("Leaves of Grass") (1855–91); Charles Baudelaire (1821–67) ("Les Fleurs du mal"), Rimbaud (1854–91) ("Illuminations", 1874); August Strindberg (1849–1912), especially his later plays.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: A major British lyric poet of the first decades of the 20th century was Thomas Hardy (1840–1928). Though not a modernist, Hardy was an important transitional figure between the Victorian era and the 20th century. A major novelist of the late 19th century, Hardy, after the adverse criticism of his last novel, "Jude the Obscure", concentrated on publishing poetry. On the other hand, another significant transitional figure between Victorians and modernists, the late-19th-century novelist, Henry James (1843–1916), continued to publish major works into the 20th century. James, born in the US, lived in Europe from 1875, and became a British citizen in 1915. Another immigrant, Polish-born modernist novelist Joseph Conrad (1857–1924) published his first important work, "Heart of Darkness", in 1899 and "Lord Jim" in 1900. The American exponent of Naturalism Theodore Dreiser's (1871–1945) "Sister Carrie" was also published in 1900.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: However, the Victorian Gerard Manley Hopkins's (1844–89) highly original poetry was not published until 1918, long after his death, while the career of another major modernist poet, Irishman W. B. Yeats (1865–1939), began late in the Victorian era. Yeats was one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, in his later years he served as an Irish Senator for two terms. Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival. In 1923 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first Irishman so honoured. Yeats is generally considered one of the few writers who completed their greatest works after being awarded the Nobel Prize: these works include "The Tower" (1928) and "The Winding Stair and Other Poems" (1929).


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: In addition to W. B. Yeats other important early modernist poets were the American poets T. S. Eliot (1888–1965) and Ezra Pound (1885–1972). Eliot became a British citizen in 1927 but was born and educated in America. His most famous works are: "Prufrock" (1915), "The Waste Land" (1921) and "Four Quartets" (1935–42). Ezra Pound was not only a major poet, first publishing part of "The Cantos" in 1917, but an important mentor for other poets, most significantly in his editorial advice for Eliot's poem "The Waste Land". Other important American poets writing early in the 20th century were William Carlos Williams (1883–1963), Robert Frost (1874–1963), who published his first collection in England in 1913, and H.D. (1886–1961). Gertrude Stein (1874–1946), an American expatriate living in Paris, famous for her line "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose," was also an important literary force during this time period. American poet Marianne Moore (1887–1972) published from the 1920s to the 1960s.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: But while modernism was to become an important literary movement in the early decades of the new century, there were also many fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were not modernists. During the early decades of the 20th century the Georgian poets like Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), Walter de la Mare (1873–1956), and John Masefield (1878–1967, Poet Laureate from 1930) maintained a conservative approach to poetry by combining romanticism, sentimentality and hedonism, sandwiched as they were between the Victorian era, with its strict classicism, and Modernism, with its strident rejection of pure aestheticism. Edward Thomas (1878–1917) is sometimes treated as another Georgian poet. Thomas enlisted in 1915 and is one of the First World War poets along with Wilfred Owen (1893–1918), Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), Isaac Rosenberg (1890–1917), Edmund Blunden (1896–1974) and Siegfried Sassoon (1886–1967).


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Irish playwrights George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) and J.M. Synge (1871–1909) were influential in British drama. Shaw's career began in the last decade of the 19th century, while Synge's plays belong to the first decade of the 20th century. Synge's most famous play, "The Playboy of the Western World", "caused outrage and riots when it was first performed" in Dublin in 1907. George Bernard Shaw turned the Edwardian theatre into an arena for debate about important political and social issues, like marriage, class, "the morality of armaments and war" and the rights of women. An important dramatist in the 1920s, and later, was Irishman Seán O'Casey (1880–1964). Also in the 1920s and later Noël Coward (1899–1973) achieved enduring success as a playwright, publishing more than 50 plays from his teens onwards. Many of his works, such as "Hay Fever" (1925), "Private Lives" (1930), "Design for Living" (1932), "Present Laughter" (1942) and "Blithe Spirit" (1941), have remained in the regular theatre repertoire.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Amongst the novelists, after Joseph Conrad, other important early modernists include Dorothy Richardson (1873–1957), whose novel "Pointed Roof" (1915), is one of the earliest example of the stream of consciousness technique, and D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930), who published "The Rainbow" in 1915, though it was immediately seized by the police. Then in 1922 Irishman James Joyce's important modernist novel "Ulysses" appeared. "Ulysses" has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement". Set during one day in Dublin, in it Joyce creates parallels with Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. William Faulkner's "The Sound and the Fury" (1929) is another significant modernist novel, that uses the stream of consciousness technique.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Novelists who are not considered modernists include: Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) who was also a successful poet; H. G. Wells (1866–1946); John Galsworthy (1867–1933), (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932) whose works include a sequence of novels, collectively called "The Forsyte Saga" (1906–21); Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) author of "The Old Wives' Tale" (1908); G. K. Chesterton (1874–1936); and E.M. Forster's (1879–1970), though Forster's work is "frequently regarded as containing both modernist and Victorian elements". H. G. Wells was a prolific author who is now best known for his science fiction novels, most notably "The War of the Worlds", "The Time Machine", "The Invisible Man" and "The Island of Doctor Moreau" all written in the 1890s. Other novels include "Kipps" (1905) and "Mr Polly" (1910). Forster's most famous work, "A Passage to India" 1924, reflected challenges to imperialism, while his earlier novels, such as "A Room with a View" (1908) and "Howards End" (1910), examined the restrictions and hypocrisy of Edwardian society in England.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Another major work of science fiction, from the early 20th century, is "A Voyage to Arcturus" by Scottish writer David Lindsay, first published in 1920. It combines fantasy, philosophy, and science fiction in an exploration of the nature of good and evil and their relationship with existence. It has been described by writer Colin Wilson as the "greatest novel of the twentieth century", and was a central influence on C. S. Lewis's "Space Trilogy".


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). Kipling's works include "The Jungle Books" (1894–95), "The Man Who Would Be King" and "Kim" (1901), while his inspirational poem "If—" (1895) is a national favourite and a memorable evocation of Victorian stoicism. Kipling's reputation declined during his lifetime, but more recently postcolonial studies has "rekindled an intense interest in his work, viewing it as both symptomatic and critical of imperialist attitudes". Strongly influenced by his Christian faith, G. K. Chesterton was a prolific and hugely influential writer with a diverse output. His best-known character is the priest-detective Father Brown, who appeared only in short stories, while "The Man Who Was Thursday" published in 1908 is arguably his best-known novel. Of his nonfiction, "Charles Dickens: A Critical Study" (1906) was largely responsible for creating a popular revival for Dickens's work as well as a serious reconsideration of Dickens by scholars.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: The modernist movement continued through the 1920s and 1930s and beyond. During the period between the World Wars, American drama came to maturity, thanks in large part to the works of Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953). O'Neill's experiments with theatrical form and his use of both Naturalist and Expressionist techniques had a major influence on American dramatists. His best-known plays include "Anna Christie" (Pulitzer Prize 1922), "Desire Under the Elms" (1924), "Strange Interlude" (Pulitzer Prize 1928), "Mourning Becomes Electra" (1931). In poetry Hart Crane published "The Bridge" in 1930 and E. E. Cummings and Wallace Stevens were publishing from the 1920s until the 1950s. Similarly William Faulkner continued to publish until the 1950s and was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1949. However, not all those writing in these years were modernists; among the writers outside the movement were American novelists Theodore Dreiser, Dos Passos, Ernest Hemingway, Scott Fitzgerald ("The Great Gatsby" 1925), and John Steinbeck.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Important British writers between the World Wars, include the Scottish poet Hugh MacDiarmid (1892–1978), who began publishing in the 1920s, and novelists Virginia Woolf (1882–1941), E. M. Forster (1879–1970) ("A Passage to India", 1924), Evelyn Waugh (1903–1966), Graham Greene (1904–1991), Anthony Powell (1905–2000), P. G. Wodehouse (1881–1975) (who was not a modernist) and D. H. Lawrence. Lawrence's "Lady Chatterley's Lover" was published privately in Florence in 1928, though the unexpurgated version was not published in Britain until 1959. Woolf was an influential feminist, and a major stylistic innovator associated with the stream-of-consciousness technique in novels like "Mrs Dalloway" (1925) and "To the Lighthouse" (1927). Her 1929 essay "A Room of One's Own" contains her famous dictum "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction".


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: In the 1930s W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood co-authored verse dramas, of which The Ascent of F6 (1936) is the most notable, that owed much to Bertolt Brecht. T. S. Eliot had begun this attempt to revive poetic drama with "Sweeney Agonistes" in 1932, and this was followed by "The Rock" (1934), "Murder in the Cathedral" (1935) and "Family Reunion" (1939). There were three further plays after the war. "In Parenthesis", a modernist epic poem by David Jones (1895–1974) first published in 1937, is probably the best known contribution from Wales to the literature of the First World War.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: An important development, beginning in the 1930s and 1940s was a tradition of working class novels actually written by working-class background writers. Among these were coal miner Jack Jones, James Hanley, whose father was a stoker and who also went to sea as a young man, and coal miners Lewis Jones from South Wales and Harold Heslop from County Durham.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Aldous Huxley (1894–1963) published his famous dystopia "Brave New World" in 1932, the same year as John Cowper Powys's "A Glastonbury Romance". Henry Miller's "Tropic of Cancer" then appeared in 1934, though it was banned for many years in both Britain and America. Samuel Beckett (1906–89) published his first major work, the novel "Murphy" in 1938. This same year Graham Greene's (1904–91) first major novel "Brighton Rock" was published. Then in 1939 James Joyce's published "Finnegans Wake", in which he creates a special language to express the consciousness of a dreaming character. It was also in 1939 that another Irish modernist poet, W. B. Yeats, died. British poet W. H. Auden was another significant modernist in the 1930s.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Though some have seen modernism ending by around 1939, with regard to English literature, "When (if) modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when the transition from Victorianism to modernism occurred". In fact a number of modernists were still living and publishing in the 1950s and 1960, including T. S. Eliot, William Faulkner, Dorothy Richardson, and Ezra Pound. Furthermore, Basil Bunting (1900–1985) published little until "Briggflatts" in 1965 and Samuel Beckett, born in Ireland in 1906, continued to produce significant works until the 1980s, including "Waiting for Godot" (1953), "Happy Days" (1961), "Rockaby" (1981), though some view him as a post-modernist.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Among British writers in the 1940s and 1950s were novelists Graham Greene and Anthony Powell, whose works span the 1930s to the 1980s and poet Dylan Thomas, while Evelyn Waugh, and W. H. Auden continued publishing significant work.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: In 1947 Malcolm Lowry published "Under the Volcano", while George Orwell's dystopia of totalitarianism, "1984", was published in 1949. One of the most influential novels of the immediate post-war period was William Cooper's naturalistic "Scenes from Provincial Life", a conscious rejection of the modernist tradition. Graham Greene was a convert to Catholicism and his novels explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world. Notable for an ability to combine serious literary acclaim with broad popularity, his novels include "Brighton Rock" (1938), "The Power and the Glory" (1940), "The Heart of the Matter" (1948), "A Burnt-Out Case" (1961), and "The Human Factor" (1978). Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were: Anthony Powell whose twelve-volume cycle of novels "A Dance to the Music of Time", is a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; comic novelist Kingsley Amis (1922–1995) is best known for his academic satire "Lucky Jim" (1954); Nobel Prize laureate William Golding's allegorical novel "Lord of the Flies" 1954, explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island who try to govern themselves, but with disastrous results. Philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels throughout the second half of the 20th century, that deal especially with sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious, including "Under the Net" (1954), "The Black Prince" (1973) and "The Green Knight" (1993). Scottish writer Muriel Spark pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels. Her first, "The Comforters" (1957) concerns a woman who becomes aware that she is a character in a novel; "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" (1961), at times takes the reader briefly into the distant future, to see the various fates that befall its characters. Anthony Burgess is especially remembered for his dystopian novel "A Clockwork Orange" (1962), set in the not-too-distant future, which was made into a film by Stanley Kubrick in 1971. In the entirely different genre of Gothic fantasy Mervyn Peake (1911–1968) published his highly successful Gormenghast trilogy between 1946 and 1959.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: One of Penguin Books' most successful publications in the 1970s was Richard Adams's heroic fantasy "Watership Down" (1972). Evoking epic themes, it recounts the odyssey of a group of rabbits seeking to establish a new home. Another successful novel of the same era was John Fowles' "The French Lieutenant's Woman" (1969), with a narrator who freely admits the fictive nature of his story, and its famous alternative endings. This was made into a film in 1981 with a screenplay by Harold Pinter. Angela Carter (1940–1992) was a novelist and journalist, known for her feminist, magical realism, and picaresque works. Her novels include, "The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman" 1972 and "Nights at the Circus" 1984. Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who published from the 1960s into the 21st century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for "Possession" published in 1990.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are "Money" (1984) and "London Fields" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. English novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include "The Cement Garden" (1978) and "Enduring Love" (1997), which was made into a film. In 1998 McEwan won the Man Booker Prize with "Amsterdam". "Atonement" (2001) was made into an Oscar-winning film. McEwan was awarded the Jerusalem Prize in 2011. Zadie Smith's Whitbread Book Award winning novel "White Teeth" (2000), mixes pathos and humour, focusing on the later lives of two war time friends in London. Julian Barnes (born 1946) is another successful living novelist, who won the 2011 Man Booker Prize for his book "The Sense of an Ending", while three of his earlier books were shortlisted for the Booker Prize: "Flaubert's Parrot" (1984), "England, England" (1998), and "Arthur & George" (2005). He has also written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Two significant contemporary Irish novelists are John Banville (born 1945) and Colm Tóibín (born 1955). Banville is also an adapter of dramas, a screenwriter, and a writer of detective novels under the pseudonym Benjamin Black. Banville has won numerous awards: "The Book of Evidence" was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and won the Guinness Peat Aviation award in 1989; his eighteenth novel, "The Sea", won the Booker Prize in 2005; he was awarded the Franz Kafka Prize in 2011. Colm Tóibín (Irish, 1955) is a novelist, short story writer, essayist, playwright, journalist, critic, and, most recently, poet.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Scotland has in the late 20th century produced several important novelists, including James Kelman, who like Samuel Beckett can create humour out of the most grim situations. "How Late it Was, How Late", 1994, won the Booker Prize that year; A. L. Kennedy's 2007 novel "Day" was named Book of the Year in the Costa Book Awards. In 2007 she won the Austrian State Prize for European Literature; Alasdair Gray's "" (1981) is a dystopian fantasy set in a surreal version of Glasgow called Unthank.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: An important cultural movement in the British theatre which developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s was Kitchen sink realism (or "kitchen sink drama"), a term coined to describe art (the term itself derives from an expressionist painting by John Bratby), novels, film and television plays. The term angry young men was often applied to members of this artistic movement. It used a style of social realism which depicts the domestic lives of the working class, to explore social issues and political issues. The drawing room plays of the post war period, typical of dramatists like Terence Rattigan and Noël Coward were challenged in the 1950s by these Angry Young Men, in plays like John Osborne's "Look Back in Anger" (1956). Arnold Wesker and Nell Dunn also brought social concerns to the stage.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Again in the 1950s, the absurdist play "Waiting for Godot" (1955) (originally "En attendant Godot", 1952), by Irish writer Samuel Beckett profoundly affected British drama. The Theatre of the Absurd influenced Harold Pinter (1930–2008), author of (The Birthday Party, 1958), whose works are often characterised by menace or claustrophobia. Beckett also influenced Tom Stoppard (born 1937) ("Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead", 1966). Stoppard's works are however also notable for their high-spirited wit and the great range of intellectual issues which he tackles in different plays. Both Pinter and Stoppard continued to have new plays produced into the 1990s. Michael Frayn (born 1933) is among other playwrights noted for their use of language and ideas. He is also a novelist. He has written a number of novels, including, "The Tin Men", which won the 1966 Somerset Maugham Award), "The Russian Interpreter" (1967, Hawthornden Prize), and "Spies", which won the Whitbread Prize for Fiction in 2002.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Other Important playwrights whose careers began later in the century are: Caryl Churchill ("Top Girls", 1982) and Alan Ayckbourn ("Absurd Person Singular", 1972).


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: An important new element in the world of British drama, from the beginnings of radio in the 1920s, was the commissioning of plays, or the adaption of existing plays, by BBC radio. This was especially important in the 1950s and 1960s (and from the 1960s for television). Many major British playwrights in fact, either effectively began their careers with the BBC, or had works adapted for radio. Most of playwright Caryl Churchill's early experiences with professional drama production were as a radio playwright and, starting in 1962 with "The Ants", there were nine productions with BBC radio drama up until 1973 when her stage work began to be recognised at the Royal Court Theatre. Joe Orton's dramatic debut in 1963 was the radio play "The Ruffian on the Stair", which was broadcast on 31 August 1964. Tom Stoppard's "first professional production was in the fifteen-minute "Just Before Midnight" programme on BBC Radio, which showcased new dramatists". John Mortimer made his radio debut as a dramatist in 1955, with his adaptation of his own novel "Like Men Betrayed" for the BBC Light Programme. But he made his debut as an original playwright with "The Dock Brief", starring Michael Hordern as a hapless barrister, first broadcast in 1957 on BBC Radio's Third Programme, later televised with the same cast, and subsequently presented in a double bill with "What Shall We Tell Caroline?" at the Lyric Hammersmith in April 1958, before transferring to the Garrick Theatre. Mortimer is most famous for Rumpole of the Bailey a British television series which starred Leo McKern as Horace Rumpole, an aging London barrister who defends any and all clients. It has been spun off into a series of short stories, novels, and radio programmes.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Other notable radio dramatists included Brendan Behan, and novelist Angela Carter. Novelist Susan Hill also wrote for BBC radio, from the early 1970s. Irish playwright Brendan Behan, author of "The Quare Fellow" (1954), was commissioned by the BBC to write a radio play "The Big House" (1956); prior to this he had written two plays "Moving Out"and "A Garden Party" for Irish radio.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Among the most famous works created for radio, are Dylan Thomas's "Under Milk Wood" (1954), Samuel Beckett's "All That Fall" (1957), Harold Pinter's "A Slight Ache" (1959) and Robert Bolt's "A Man for All Seasons" (1954). Samuel Beckett wrote a number of short radio plays in the 1950s and 1960s, and later for television. Beckett's radio play "Embers" was first broadcast on the BBC Third Programme on 24 June 1959, and won the RAI prize at the Prix Italia awards later that year.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Major poets like T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden and Dylan Thomas were still publishing in this period. Though W. H. Auden's (1907–1973) career began in the 1930s and 1940s he published several volumes in the 1950s and 1960s. His stature in modern literature has been contested, but probably the most common critical view from the 1930s onward ranked him as one of the three major twentieth-century British poets, and heir to Eliot and Yeats. Stephen Spender (1909 – 1995)), whose career began in the 1930s, was another important poet.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: New poets starting their careers in the 1950s and 1960s include Philip Larkin (1922–1985) ("The Whitsun Weddings", 1964), Ted Hughes (1930–1998) ("The Hawk in the Rain", 1957) and Irishman (Northern Ireland) Seamus Heaney (1939–2013) ("Death of a Naturalist", 1966). Northern Ireland has also produced a number of other significant poets, including Derek Mahon and Paul Muldoon. In the 1960s and 1970s Martian poetry aimed to break the grip of 'the familiar', by describing ordinary things in unfamiliar ways, as though, for example, through the eyes of a Martian. Poets most closely associated with it are Craig Raine and Christopher Reid. Martin Amis, an important contemporary novelist, carried this defamiliarisation into fiction.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Another literary movement in this period was the British Poetry Revival, a wide-reaching collection of groupings and subgroupings which embraces performance, sound and concrete poetry. Leading poets associated with this movement include J. H. Prynne, Eric Mottram, Tom Raworth, Denise Riley and Lee Harwood. The Mersey Beat poets were Adrian Henri, Brian Patten and Roger McGough. Their work was a self-conscious attempt at creating an English equivalent to the Beats. Many of their poems were written in protest against the established social order and, particularly, the threat of nuclear war.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Other noteworthy later 20th-century poets are Welshman R. S. Thomas, Geoffrey Hill, Charles Tomlinson Carol Ann Duffy (Poet Laureate from 2009 to 2019) and Simon Armitage, the current laureate. Geoffrey Hill (born 1932) is considered one of the most distinguished English poets of his generation, Although frequently described as a "difficult" poet, Hill has retorted that supposedly difficult poetry can be "the most democratic because you are doing your audience the honour of supposing they are intelligent human beings". Charles Tomlinson (1927–2015) is another important English poet of an older generation, though "since his first publication in 1951, has built a career that has seen more notice in the international scene than in his native England; this may explain, and be explained by, his international vision of poetry". The critic Michael Hennessy has described Tomlinson as "the most international and least provincial English poet of his generation". His poetry has won international recognition and has received many prizes in Europe and the United States.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, published her first novel "The Grass is Singing" in 1950, after immigrating to England. She initially wrote about her African experiences. Lessing soon became a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing right through the century, and won the nobel prize for literature in 2007. Her other works include a sequence of five novels collectively called "Children of Violence" (1952–69), "The Golden Notebook" (1962), "The Good Terrorist" (1985), and a sequence of five science fiction novels the "Canopus in Argos: Archives" (1979–83). Indeed, from 1950 on a significant number of major writers came from countries that had over the centuries been settled by the British, other than America which had been producing significant writers from at least the Victorian period. There had of course been a few important works in English prior to 1950 from the then British Empire. The South African writer Olive Schreiner's famous novel "The Story of an African Farm" was published in 1883 and New Zealander Katherine Mansfield published her first collection of short stories, "In a German Pension", in 1911. The first major English-language novelist from the Indian sub-continent, R. K. Narayan (1906–2001), began publishing in England in the 1930s, encouraged by English novelist Graham Greene. Caribbean writer Jean Rhys's writing career began as early as 1928, though her most famous work, "Wide Sargasso Sea", was not published until 1966. South Africa's Alan Paton's famous "Cry, the Beloved Country" dates from 1948.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Salman Rushdie is among a number of post Second World War writers from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain. Rushdie achieved fame with "Midnight's Children" 1981, which was awarded both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Booker prize, and was named Booker of Bookers in 1993. His most controversial novel "The Satanic Verses" 1989, was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. V. S. Naipaul (1932–2018), born in Trinidad, was another immigrant, who wrote among other things "A House for Mr Biswas" (1961) and "A Bend in the River" (1979). Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Also from the West Indies was George Lamming (1927–2022), who wrote "In the Castle of My Skin" (1953), while from Pakistan, came Hanif Kureshi (born 1954), a playwright, screenwriter, filmmaker, novelist and short story writer. His book "The Buddha of Suburbia" (1990) won the Whitbread Award for the best first novel, and was also made into a BBC television series. Another important immigrant writer Kazuo Ishiguro (born 1954) was born in Japan, but his parents immigrated to Britain when he was six. His works include "The Remains of the Day" 1989, "Never Let Me Go" 2005.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: From Nigeria a number of writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English, including novelist Chinua Achebe (1930–2013), who published "Things Fall Apart" in 1958, as well as playwright Wole Soyinka (born 1934) and novelist Buchi Emecheta (1944–2017). Soyinka won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1986, as did South African novelist Nadine Gordimer in 1995. Other South African writers in English are novelist J. M. Coetzee (Nobel Prize 2003) and playwright Athol Fugard. Kenya's most internationally renowned author is Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o who has written novels, plays and short stories in English. Poet Derek Walcott, from St Lucia in the Caribbean, was another Nobel Prize winner in 1992. Two Irishmen and an Australian were also winners in the period after 1940: novelist and playwright, Samuel Beckett (1969); poet Seamus Heaney (1995); Patrick White (1973), a major novelist in this period, whose first work was published in 1939. Another noteworthy Australian writer at the end of this period is poet Les Murray. The contemporary Australian novelist Peter Carey (born 1943) is one of only four writers to have won the Booker Prize twice—the others being J. G. Farrell, J. M. Coetzee and Hilary Mantel.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Among Canadian writers who have achieved an international reputation, are novelist and poet Margaret Atwood, poet, songwriter and novelist Leonard Cohen, short story writer Alice Munro, and more recently poet Anne Carson. Another admired Canadian novelist and poet is Michael Ondaatje, who was born in Sri Lanka.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: From 1940 into the 21st century, American playwrights, poets and novelists have continued to be internationally prominent.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature. It is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and a reaction against Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is difficult to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, scope, and importance of postmodern literature. Among postmodern writers are the Americans Henry Miller, William S. Burroughs, Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut, Hunter S. Thompson, Truman Capote and Thomas Pynchon.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Agatha Christie (1890–1976) was a crime writer of novels, short stories and plays, who is best remembered for her 80 detective novels as well as her successful plays for the West End theatre. Christie's works, particularly those featuring the detectives Hercule Poirot or Miss Marple, have given her the title "Queen of Crime", and she was one of the most important and innovative writers in this genre. Christie's novels include "Murder on the Orient Express", "Death on the Nile" and "And Then There Were None". Another popular writer during the Golden Age of detective fiction was Dorothy L. Sayers (1893–1957). Other recent noteworthy writers in this genre are Ruth Rendell, P. D. James and Scot Ian Rankin.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Erskine Childers' "The Riddle of the Sands" (1903), is an early example of spy fiction. A noted writer in the spy novel genre was John le Carré, while in thriller writing, Ian Fleming created the character James Bond 007 in January 1952, while on holiday at his Jamaican estate, Goldeneye. Fleming chronicled Bond's adventures in twelve novels, including "Casino Royale" (1953), "Live and Let Die" (1954), "Dr. No" (1958), "Goldfinger" (1959), "Thunderball" (1961), and nine short story works.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Hungarian-born Emma Orczy's (1865–1947) original play, "The Scarlet Pimpernel", opened in October 1903 at Nottingham's Theatre Royal but was not a success. However, with a rewritten last act, it opened at the New Theatre in London in January 1905. The premier of the London production was enthusiastically received by the audience, running 122 performances and enjoying numerous revivals. "The Scarlet Pimpernel" became a favourite of London audiences, playing more than 2,000 performances and becoming one of the most popular shows staged in England to that date. The novel "The Scarlet Pimpernel" was published soon after the play opened and was an immediate success. Orczy gained a following of readers in Britain and throughout the world. The popularity of the novel encouraged her to write a number of sequels for her "reckless daredevil" over the next 35 years. The play was performed to great acclaim in France, Italy, Germany and Spain, while the novel was translated into 16 languages. Subsequently, the story has been adapted for television, film, a musical and other media.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: The Kailyard school of Scottish writers, notably J. M. Barrie (1869–1937), creator of "Peter Pan" (1904), presented an idealised version of society and brought of fantasy and folklore back into fashion. In 1908, Kenneth Grahame (1859–1932) wrote the children's classic "The Wind in the Willows". An informal literary discussion group associated with the English faculty at the University of Oxford, were the "Inklings". Its leading members were the major fantasy novelists; C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien. Lewis is especially known for "The Chronicles of Narnia", while Tolkien is best known as the author of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". Another significant writer is Alan Garner author of "Elidor" (1965), while Terry Pratchett is a more recent fantasy writer. Roald Dahl rose to prominence with his children's fantasy novels, such as "James and the Giant Peach" and "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", often inspired by experiences from his childhood, which are notable for their often unexpected endings, and J. K. Rowling author of the highly successful "Harry Potter" series and Philip Pullman famous for his "His Dark Materials" trilogy are other significant authors of fantasy novels for younger readers.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: Noted writers in the field of comic books are Neil Gaiman, and Alan Moore; Gaiman also produces graphic novels.


title: Twentieth-century English literature

text: In the later decades of the 20th century, the genre of science fiction began to be taken more seriously because of the work of writers such as Arthur C. Clarke's (""), Isaac Asimov, Ursula K. Le Guin, Robert Heinlein, Michael Moorcock and Kim Stanley Robinson. Another prominent writer in this genre, Douglas Adams, is particularly associated with the comic science fiction work, "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", which began life as a radio series in 1978. Mainstream novelists such as Doris Lessing and Margaret Atwood also wrote works in this genre, while Scottish novelist Ian M. Banks has also achieved a reputation as both a writer of traditional and science fiction novels.


title: Radon transform

text: In mathematics, the Radon transform is the integral transform which takes a function "f" defined on the plane to a function "Rf" defined on the (two-dimensional) space of lines in the plane, whose value at a particular line is equal to the line integral of the function over that line. The transform was introduced in 1917 by Johann Radon, who also provided a formula for the inverse transform. Radon further included formulas for the transform in three dimensions, in which the integral is taken over planes (integrating over lines is known as the X-ray transform). It was later generalized to higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces, and more broadly in the context of integral geometry. The complex analogue of the Radon transform is known as the Penrose transform. The Radon transform is widely applicable to tomography, the creation of an image from the projection data associated with cross-sectional scans of an object.


title: Radon transform

text: If a function formula_1 represents an unknown density, then the Radon transform represents the projection data obtained as the output of a tomographic scan. Hence the inverse of the Radon transform can be used to reconstruct the original density from the projection data, and thus it forms the mathematical underpinning for tomographic reconstruction, also known as iterative reconstruction.


title: Radon transform

text: The Radon transform data is often called a sinogram because the Radon transform of an off-center point source is a sinusoid. Consequently, the Radon transform of a number of small objects appears graphically as a number of blurred sine waves with different amplitudes and phases.


title: Radon transform

text: The Radon transform is useful in computed axial tomography (CAT scan), barcode scanners, electron microscopy of macromolecular assemblies like viruses and protein complexes, reflection seismology and in the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations.


title: Radon transform

text: The Radon transform, formula_7, is a function defined on the space of straight lines formula_8 by the line integral along each such line as:formula_9Concretely, the parametrization of any straight line "formula_10" with respect to arc length formula_11 can always be written:formula_12where formula_13 is the distance of formula_14 from the origin and formula_15 is the angle the normal vector to "formula_10" makes with the formula_17-axis. It follows that the quantities formula_18 can be considered as coordinates on the space of all lines in formula_19, and the Radon transform can be expressed in these coordinates by: formula_20More generally, in the formula_21-dimensional Euclidean space formula_22, the Radon transform of a function formula_1 satisfying the regularity conditions is a function "formula_7" on the space formula_25 of all hyperplanes in formula_22. It is defined by:


title: Radon transform

text: formula_27where the integral is taken with respect to the natural hypersurface measure, formula_28 (generalizing the formula_29 term from the formula_30-dimensional case). Observe that any element of formula_25 is characterized as the solution locus of an equation formula_32, where formula_33 is a unit vector and formula_34. Thus the formula_21-dimensional Radon transform may be rewritten as a function on formula_36 via: formula_37It is also possible to generalize the Radon transform still further by integrating instead over formula_38-dimensional affine subspaces of formula_22. The X-ray transform is the most widely used special case of this construction, and is obtained by integrating over straight lines.


title: Radon transform

text: The Radon transform is closely related to the Fourier transform. We define the univariate Fourier transform here as: formula_40 For a function of a formula_30-vector formula_42, the univariate Fourier transform is: formula_43 For convenience, denote formula_44. The Fourier slice theorem then states: formula_45 where formula_46


title: Radon transform

text: Thus the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the initial function along a line at the inclination angle formula_15 is the one variable Fourier transform of the Radon transform (acquired at angle formula_15) of that function. This fact can be used to compute both the Radon transform and its inverse. The result can be generalized into "n" dimensions: formula_49


title: Radon transform

text: The dual Radon transform is a kind of adjoint to the Radon transform. Beginning with a function "g" on the space formula_25, the dual Radon transform is the function formula_51 on R defined by: formula_52The integral here is taken over the set of all hyperplanes incident with the point formula_53, and the measure formula_54 is the unique probability measure on the set formula_55 invariant under rotations about the point formula_56.


title: Radon transform

text: Concretely, for the two-dimensional Radon transform, the dual transform is given by: formula_57 In the context of image processing, the dual transform is commonly called "back-projection" as it takes a function defined on each line in the plane and 'smears' or projects it back over the line to produce an image.


title: Radon transform

text: Let formula_58 denote the Laplacian on formula_22 defined by:formula_60This is a natural rotationally invariant second-order differential operator. On formula_25, the "radial" second derivative formula_62 is also rotationally invariant. The Radon transform and its dual are intertwining operators for these two differential operators in the sense that: formula_63In analysing the solutions to the wave equation in multiple spatial dimensions, the intertwining property leads to the translational representation of Lax and Philips. In imaging and numerical analysis this is exploited to reduce multi-dimensional problems into single-dimensional ones, as a dimensional splitting method.


title: Radon transform

text: The process of "reconstruction" produces the image (or function formula_1 in the previous section) from its projection data. "Reconstruction" is an inverse problem.


title: Radon transform

text: In the two-dimensional case, the most commonly used analytical formula to recover formula_1 from its Radon transform is the "Filtered Back-projection Formula" or "Radon Inversion Formula": formula_66where formula_67 is such that formula_68. The convolution kernel formula_67 is referred to as Ramp filter in some literature.


title: Radon transform

text: Intuitively, in the "filtered back-projection" formula, by analogy with differentiation, for which formula_70, we see that the filter performs an operation similar to a derivative. Roughly speaking, then, the filter makes objects "more" singular. A quantitive statement of the ill-posedness of Radon inversion goes as follows:formula_71


title: Radon transform

text: where formula_72 is the previously defined adjoint to the Radon Transform. Thus for formula_73, we have: formula_74


title: Radon transform

text: The complex exponential formula_75 is thus an eigenfunction of formula_76 with eigenvalue formula_77. Thus the singular values of formula_78 are formula_79. Since these singular values tend to formula_80, formula_81 is unbounded.


title: Radon transform

text: Compared with the "Filtered Back-projection" method, iterative reconstruction costs large computation time, limiting its practical use. However, due to the ill-posedness of Radon Inversion, the "Filtered Back-projection" method may be infeasible in the presence of discontinuity or noise. Iterative reconstruction methods ("e.g." iterative Sparse Asymptotic Minimum Variance) could provide metal artefact reduction, noise and dose reduction for the reconstructed result that attract much research interest around the world.


title: Radon transform

text: Explicit and computationally efficient inversion formulas for the Radon transform and its dual are available. The Radon transform in formula_21 dimensions can be inverted by the formula: formula_83where formula_84, and the power of the Laplacian formula_85 is defined as a pseudo-differential operator if necessary by the Fourier transform: formula_86For computational purposes, the power of the Laplacian is commuted with the dual transform formula_87 to give: formula_88where formula_89 is the Hilbert transform with respect to the "s" variable. In two dimensions, the operator formula_90 appears in image processing as a ramp filter. One can prove directly from the Fourier slice theorem and change of variables for integration that for a compactly supported continuous function formula_91 of two variables: formula_92Thus in an image processing context the original image formula_91 can be recovered from the 'sinogram' data formula_94 by applying a ramp filter (in the formula_13 variable) and then back-projecting. As the filtering step can be performed efficiently (for example using digital signal processing techniques) and the back projection step is simply an accumulation of values in the pixels of the image, this results in a highly efficient, and hence widely used, algorithm.


title: Radon transform

text: Explicitly, the inversion formula obtained by the latter method is: formula_96The dual transform can also be inverted by an analogous formula: formula_97


title: Radon transform

text: In algebraic geometry, a Radon transform (also known as the "Brylinski–Radon transform") is constructed as follows.


title: Radon transform

text: for the universal hyperplane, i.e., "H" consists of pairs ("x", "h") where "x" is a point in "d"-dimensional projective space formula_99 and "h" is a point in the dual projective space (in other words, "x" is a line through the origin in ("d"+1)-dimensional affine space, and "h" is a hyperplane in that space) such that "x" is contained in "h".


title: Radon transform

text: Then the Brylinksi–Radon transform is the functor between appropriate derived categories of étale sheaves


title: Radon transform

text: The main theorem about this transform is that this transform induces an equivalence of the categories of perverse sheaves on the projective space and its dual projective space, up to constant sheaves.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Marc Diakiese (born 16 March 1993) is a Congolese-born English professional mixed martial artist who competes as a lightweight for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He has also competed for Caged Steel and BAMMA.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Aged 17, Diakiese began training in mixed martial arts to keep fit and stay out of trouble. Before turning professional, he worked as a railway engineer. Diakiese was also a promising footballer before committing to mixed martial arts.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: As an amateur, Diakiese went 9–0 and simultaneously held three different titles. He turned professional in 2013 after struggling to find willing opponents.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: After four wins in under a year in regional promotions, Diakiese joined BAMMA on a five-fight contract in 2014. In September, he made his promotional debut against Jefferson George at BAMMA 16 and won the fight by unanimous decision. In December, he beat Vernon O'Neill via unanimous decision at BAMMA 17.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: In March 2015, Diakiese faced Jack McGann at BAMMA 19 for the vacant Lightweight Championship. He won the fight by unanimous decision. In September, he defended his title at BAMMA 22 with a knockout 24 seconds into the first round against Rick Selvarajah. In February 2016, Diakiese signed a new deal with the promotion.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Three months later, he successfully decided his title for a second time with another first round knockout. Diakiese finished Kane Mousah in 36 seconds at BAMMA 25 and subsequently earned a UFC contract.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese made his UFC debut against Lukasz Sajewski on October 8, 2016 at UFC 204. After being smothered by his opponent in the first round, Diakiese came back to win the fight by TKO due to knees and punches near the end of the second round.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese returned to face Frankie Perez on December 9, 2016 at . Despite losing the second round, Diakiese would go on to win the bout by unanimous decision.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese faced Teemu Packalén on March 18, 2017 at . Diakiese defeated Packalén via knockout, 30 seconds into the first round. The win earned Diakiese his first "Performance of the Night" bonus.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese faced Dan Hooker on December 30, 2017 at UFC 219. He lost the fight via guillotine choke submission in the third round.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese faced Nasrat Haqparast on July 22, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 134. He lost the fight via unanimous decision after being knocked down multiple times during the bout.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese faced Joseph Duffy on March 16, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 147. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: In May 2019, Diakese revealed on his social media that he had signed a new, multi-fight contract with the UFC.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese faced Lando Vannata on September 28, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 18. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese was scheduled to face Stevie Ray on March 21, 2020 at . However, Ray was removed from the card late-January for undisclosed reasons. Diakiese was expected to remain on the card against promotional newcomer Jai Herbert. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed . Instead Diakiese was scheduled to face Alan Patrick on July 19, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 172. However, on June 14, Patrick withdrew from the event for unknown reason and he was replaced by Rafael Fiziev. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese was scheduled to face Rafael Alves on September 4, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 191. However, Alves pulled out of the fight in mid-August for undisclosed reasons and in turn, Diakiese was removed from the card as well. In turn, the pair was rescheduled at UFC Fight Night 197 on November 13, 2021. Diakiese lost the bout via guillotine choke submission in the first round.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese faced Viacheslav Borshchev on March 26, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 33. He won the fight by unanimous decision after controlling Borshchev on the ground for nearly twelve and a half minutes.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: As the first bout of his new four-fight contract, Diakiese faced Damir Hadžović on July 23, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 208. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese faced Michael Johnson on December 3, 2022, at UFC on ESPN 42. He lost the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Marc Diakiese

text: Diakiese has two children, a son named Junior and a daughter named Matilda, with his fiancée. In 2017, he became the first UFC fighter to pose for "Gay Times", an LGBT publication.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Ducati Corse is the racing team division of Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. that deals with the firm's involvement in motorcycle racing. It is directed by Claudio Domenicali and is based in Borgo Panigale, Bologna.


title: Ducati Corse

text: More than one hundred people work in Ducati Corse (almost 10 percent of the Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. workforce). Ducati Corse currently competes in MotoGP, the Superbike World Championship and other national championships.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Between 1998 and 2004 the racing division existed as a subsidiary company named "Ducati Corse S.r.l.", fully owned by Ducati Motor Holding. Ducati won its first MotoGP world championship for both rider (with Casey Stoner) and constructor in 2007, and two consecutive constructors' world championships in 2020 and 2021. In addition, Ducati has won multiple Superbike world championships, with Carl Fogarty (four titles) and Troy Bayliss (three titles) being the most successful riders.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Technical research and development is composed of two teams responsible for the design and development of the motorcycles that compete in the MotoGP and Superbike championships.


title: Ducati Corse

text: The sporting activities department is responsible for the factory teams that take part in the MotoGP and Superbike championships.


title: Ducati Corse

text: The commercial activities department is responsible for providing private teams with motorcycles and spare parts. It also provides consultancy services and technical assistance to Ducati privateers take part in the Superbike World Championship and in national Superbike championships. From Ducati Corse also supports a satellite team in MotoGP, supplying bikes and technical support.


title: Ducati Corse

text: The marketing and communication department's goal is to increase and manage the Ducati brand image in racing. It is also responsible for Ducati Corse official merchandising line.


title: Ducati Corse

text: When the MotoGP technical rules changed in the season, giving priority to four-stroke machinery, Ducati decided to enter Grand Prix motorcycle racing.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Ducati's MotoGP motorcycle was unveiled at the 2002 Italian GP at Mugello, for use in the 2003 MotoGP championship. Ducati began taking part in the MotoGP Championship in the season and won one title in the season. Ducati has collected 70 wins: 23 by Casey Stoner, 14 by Andrea Dovizioso, 11 by Francesco Bagnaia, 7 by Loris Capirossi, 4 by Enea Bastianini, 3 each by Jorge Lorenzo and Jack Miller, 2 by Danilo Petrucci, and 1 each by Troy Bayliss, Andrea Iannone and Jorge Martin.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Marlboro has been the title sponsor since 2003, although its name does not appear on the team's motorcycle. This comes at a time when advertising of tobacco sponsorship has become illegal in the European Union and other major teams have withdrawn from relationships with tobacco companies, for example Yamaha ended their five-year relationship with Fortuna/Gauloises. The "controversial" team name associated with Marlboro's parent company, Philip Morris, was removed from the motorcycle livery for a May race event due to possible contravention of local advertising law, similarly it had been removed from Ferrari F1 race cars earlier in 2019.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Troy Bayliss and Loris Capirossi competed in all rounds of the MotoGP championship. Loris Capirossi, got a podium in the opening round of the championship in Japan and won the Catalan Grand Prix in Barcelona. Capirossi finished fourth in the final championship standings and Bayliss sixth; while Ducati finished second overall in the Manufacturers' standings.


title: Ducati Corse

text: A large part of the season went by before the bike became competitive, but the season concluded with both riders on the podium.


title: Ducati Corse

text: In the season, Bayliss was replaced by Spain's Carlos Checa and Ducati switched tyre suppliers to Bridgestone. Capirossi took two wins at Twin Ring Motegi and Sepang, while Checa scored a brace of podium finishes.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Spanish rider Sete Gibernau replaced Checa for the season. The team took its first win of 2006 in the opening round at Jerez, followed by a podium in Qatar. Capirossi led the championship for a short while, but at the start of the Catalan Grand Prix in Barcelona, Capirossi's bike collided with Gibernau's. Both riders ended up injured and in hospital, with Gibernau sustaining a broken collar bone. Capirossi struggled at the Dutch TT race a week later, while Gibernau was replaced by German Alex Hofmann for several rounds after undergoing additional surgery. With Gibernau also sidelined for the final round of the season at Valencia, Ducati recalled Bayliss, who was recently crowned Superbike World champion. Bayliss won the race, his first MotoGP victory, with Capirossi taking second place for the first Ducati 1–2 finish.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Engine displacement was reduced to 800 cc for the season. Ducati started development of its 800 cc motorcycle extremely early, and according to Ducati's racing chief Filippo Preziosi, by August 2006, Ducati had already built twenty 800 cc engines with various specifications. Loris Capirossi was joined in the team by Casey Stoner. During the most part of the 2007 season, Stoner dominated the field, obtaining his and the team's first MotoGP World Championship at Twin Ring Motegi on September 23, 2007, four races before the end of the season.


title: Ducati Corse

text: At the end of season, Ducati's chief engineer Alan Jenkins was awarded the Sir Jackie Stewart Award for brilliance throughout the season.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Casey Stoner remained with the team and was partnered with Marco Melandri for the season. Melandri had a difficult time adapting to the GP-8's performance, and mutually agreed to shorten his two-year contract to one year midway through the 2008 MotoGP season.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Again, Casey Stoner remained with the team while Nicky Hayden became Stoner's new teammate on the factory Carbon Fibre chassis Ducati GP9, replacing Marco Melandri who moved to Kawasaki for the season. Halfway through the season Finnish rookie Mika Kallio was given the chance to compete for the team for 3 races, as Stoner was unavailable due to illness.


title: Ducati Corse

text: On 9 July 2010, Casey Stoner announced that he would join Honda Racing Corporation for the season, after four years at Ducati.


title: Ducati Corse

text: On 15 August 2010, after the MotoGP Brno race, Valentino Rossi confirmed he would be riding for Ducati Corse, signing a two-year deal to start with the season.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Nicky Hayden remained with Ducati Corse for the 2013 season on a one-year contract. He was joined by Andrea Dovizioso.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Andrea Dovizioso remained with Ducati for the 2014 season. He was joined by former team-mate Cal Crutchlow.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Andrea Dovizioso remained with Ducati for the 2015 season with Andrea Iannone coming to the factory team from a Pramac Ducati. 2015 awaited the highly anticipated GP15, a full redesign of the Desmosedici by Gigi Dall'Igna which made its debut at the second February test in Sepang.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Dovizioso and Iannone remained as the factory team riders for the 2016 season with the Desmo GP16, cited as being an evolution of the GP15. Perhaps the most notable change within Ducati Corse came with the arrival of Casey Stoner as the division's top test rider who immediately gelled with the Ducati, in addition to Michele Pirro. Ducati has fielded a total of 8 bikes on the MotoGP circuit for 2016 between the factory team, Pramac Yakhnich team, Aspar Team, and Avintia Racing.


title: Ducati Corse

text: In 2016, Ducati Corse signed five time world champion and reigning MotoGP champion Jorge Lorenzo to pilot the Ducati for the and seasons. They have also retained Andrea Dovizioso, for a further two seasons.


title: Ducati Corse

text: In 2019, after mainly poor results, Jorge Lorenzo's 2-year contract with Ducati ended with a move to Honda to join Marc Márquez, while Dovizioso remained. Italian rider Danilo Petrucci joined Ducati from Alma Pramac Racing.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Andrea Dovizioso's last year with the Ducati team ended with a victory in the 2020 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix, while Danilo Petrucci won in the 2020 French motorcycle Grand Prix.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Jack Miller and Francesco Bagnaia moved to this team. In the overall standings, Bagnaia secured second place.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Triple Crown for Ducati: the Bologna-based manufacturer wins the Constructors' Title, the Teams' Title for the Ducati Lenovo Team and the Riders' Title in MotoGP.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Ducati has been taking part in the Superbike World Championship since it began in until , then came back for , with the race organisation delivered by Bologna-based Feel Racing.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Using V-twin engines Ducati was able to dominate the championship for many years. Ducati won its first riders' championship in with Raymond Roche. The title was won by Doug Polen riding for the customer team managed by Eraldo Ferracci. From to Carl Fogarty won the title 4 times on Ducatis. Australian Troy Corser won the title on a factory-spec Ducati fielded by Austrian team Promotor Racing.


title: Ducati Corse

text: In , the rule changes in MotoGP allowing 4-stroke engines meant that the Japanese manufacturers had focused their resources there, leaving the Superbike World Championship with limited factory involvement. Ducati Corse entered the only 2 Ducati 999s in the field, taking 20 wins from 24 races in a season where all races were won by Ducati. Neil Hodgson won the title on a Factory Ducati, while the team finished the season with 600 points, a record point score by a constructor in a season. was a similar story, James Toseland winning the title although Ten Kate Honda's Chris Vermeulen prevented a Ducati clean-sweep.


title: Ducati Corse

text: In , Troy Bayliss finished fourth riding once again a Ducati 999. Even though production of the 999 ended in 2006 and the bike was replaced by the Ducati 1098, Ducati produced 150 limited edition 999s to satisfy homologation requirements.


title: Ducati Corse

text: For , Ducati raced a homologated version of the 1098R. The FIM, the sanctioning body for the Superbike World Championship, raised the displacement limit for 2 cylinder engines to 1,200 cc. Bayliss won his third world championship and retired at the end of the 2008 season.


title: Ducati Corse

text: On 27 August 2010, it was announced that Ducati SBK will no longer compete with a factory team in 2011, after 23 seasons which had brought the marque a total of 29 riders' and manufacturers' championship titles, instead limiting their participation to privateer teams running their works bikes.


title: Ducati Corse

text: During 2011-12 Ducati gave factory support to Althea Racing privateer team, winning the title with Carlos Checa.


title: Ducati Corse

text: Having parted from Althea at the end of 2012, for Ducati supported Francis Batta's Alstare Racing team introducing the new 1199 Panigale R in the world championship.


title: Ducati Corse

text: On 15 November 2013, it was announced that Ducati would be returning as a factory team in SBK as "Ducati Superbike Team".


title: Ducati Corse

text: Davies was runner-up in 2015, 2017 and 2018, and third in 2016. Teammate Marco Melandri finished 4th in 2017 and 5th in 2018. The Italian was replaced by Álvaro Bautista in 2019. The Spaniard began the season with 11 consecutive wins, but later had mixed results.


The Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 was a catastrophic, historic nor'easter that struck New England, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and the New York metropolitan area. The Blizzard of '78 formed on Sunday, February 5, 1978, and broke up on February 7. The storm was primarily known as "Storm Larry" in Connecticut, following the local convention promoted by the Travelers Weather Service on television and radio stations there. Snow fell mostly from Monday morning, February 6, to the evening of Tuesday, February 7. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts were hit especially hard by this storm.


title: Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978

text: Boston received a record-breaking of snow; Providence also broke a record, with of snow; Atlantic City broke an all-time storm accumulation, with , two Philadelphia suburban towns in Chester County received while the City of Philadelphia received . Nearly all economic activity was disrupted in the worst-hit areas. The storm killed about 100 people in the Northeast and injured about 4,500. It caused more than (US$ in terms) in damage.


text: The storm was formed from an extratropical cyclone off the coast of South Carolina on February 5. An Arctic cold front and a cold air mass then merged with the storm, creating the perfect ingredients for a large and intense low-pressure system.


text: This storm system made its way up the coast and approached southern New England late February 6 and early February 7. Since it developed during a new moon, an unusually large high tide occurred, and the storm brought a massive amount of water along coastal communities. The huge storm surge resulted in broken sea walls and massive property loss.


text: Strong winds and extremely heavy precipitation brought zero visibility for travelers, and numerous power outages ensued. The precipitation changed to rain on Cape Cod, reducing the total snowfall, but snow continued in the west. By the time it ended, thousands of people were stranded and homeless as a result of the storm.


text: The storm's power was made apparent by its sustained hurricane-force winds of approximately with gusts to and the formation of an eye-like structure in the middle. While a typical nor'easter brings steady snow for six to twelve hours, the Blizzard of '78 brought heavy snow for an unprecedented full 33 hours as it was blocked from heading into the North Atlantic by a strong Canadian high pressure area. In many areas in Central and Southern New England, the snow falling at night turned to an icy mix that left a notable layer of solid ice on every external surface. This ice greatly complicated recovery efforts in subsequent days, as it added considerable weight to power lines and tree limbs. Trees that survived the daytime snow did not survive the nighttime ice storm.


text: An atypical vertical development of storm clouds brought unusual thundersnow to southern New England and Long Island. These storms resulted in lightning and thunder accompanying the snowfall as it fell at an hour at times.


text: One of the major problems with the Blizzard of 1978 was the lack of foreknowledge about the storm's severity. Weather forecasting in New England is difficult, and meteorologists had developed a reputation as being inaccurate. Forecasting techniques and technology had improved dramatically in the 1970s, but the public was still quite skeptical. Snow failed to arrive in Monday's pre-dawn hours as predicted, and many locals felt it to be another failed forecast—despite the accuracy of National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters' predictions concerning the Great Blizzard—and they went to work and school as normal. Because of this, people had neither time nor incentive to prepare. The region was already reeling after storms in January 1978 that left nearly two feet of snow in some areas of New England, and had caused the collapse of the roof of the Hartford Civic Center.


text: The government of Massachusetts had a system for notifying major employers to send employees home early in the event of heavy storms. Thousands of employees were sent home starting in the early afternoon of February 6, but thousands more were still caught by the storm. Some did not make it home for several days. Many people were stranded in their cars along roads throughout New England. Fourteen people died on I-95 near Boston because snow piled high enough to prevent poisonous exhaust fumes from escaping from their idling vehicles. I-95 eventually had to be evacuated by cross-country skiers and snowmobilers. More than 3,500 cars were found abandoned and buried on roads during the clean-up. This number excludes the countless other vehicles buried in driveways, on the sides of streets, and in parking lots. Other transportation links were disrupted and shut down throughout the region, stranding public-transit commuters in city centers.


text: Snowplows were also stranded in traffic as the snow continued to fall. At one point on I-93 north of Boston, a jackknifed tractor trailer blocked traffic in both directions, with a similar event occurring on Route 128 near Route 138 in Canton. The Neponset River also flooded I-93 in Milton, causing the highway's complete closure.


text: A massive effort was made to clear Logan Airport runways for 200 National Guard troops' arrival on 27 C-130 and C-141 military flights from Fort Bragg and Fort Devens, who were called out by the governor.


text: Some 11,666 college-hockey fans in Boston Garden, then the site of the 26th edition of the annual "Beanpot" college ice hockey tournament, held at the time of the blizzard's outbreak, found weather much different from what they had expected. Some spectators spent the next few days living at the arena, eating hot dogs, and sleeping in the bleachers and locker rooms. Because of the Blizzard, the second round of the Beanpot that year was not held until March 1, 1978, the latest date ever for the tournament's concluding games.


text: Throughout eastern Massachusetts, automobile traffic was banned for the remainder of the week. Thousands of people walked and skied on the quiet city streets and over the frozen Charles River.


text: This blizzard was one of the worst in Rhode Island's history, catching off guard many residents and the state government. Although Governor J. Joseph Garrahy had ordered an emergency evacuation of all public buildings, shortly before noon on February 6, too many people had lagged. Providence County, Rhode Island, was the hardest hit by the blizzard; the towns of Lincoln, Smithfield, Woonsocket, and North Smithfield all reported totals of at least snow.


text: In New York City, it was one of the rare times that a snowstorm closed the schools; the New York City Board of Education closed schools for snow again only once in the next 18 years, on April 7, 1982. Most suburban districts in the area close for snow several times each winter, but they rarely do in the city itself because of relatively easy access to subways, whose ability to run is not appreciably affected by moderate snowstorms.


text: Many people were caught in the storm while driving, and many others were trapped in their homes and workplaces, with snow drifts of up to , in some places blocking the exits. In many cases, those who had become ill or had been injured during the storm had to be taken to hospitals by snowmobile. Other people left their homes and went for help by cross-country skis and sleds.


text: The storm caused coastal flooding. The fierce northeast winds from the storm—with the low-pressure area stalled off the island of Martha's Vineyard—combined with high tides and storm surge, resulting from the storm's low pressure. This sent water over low land along the shores of Long Island Sound, Cape Cod Bay, and other bodies of water, causing some of the worst recorded coastal flooding. The flood continued through two days of tide cycles, a total of four successive high tides. Thousands of homes throughout coastal Massachusetts were damaged or destroyed, as was "Motif Number 1", in Rockport, an often-painted fisherman's shack renowned in art circles. (A replica was constructed later the same year.) The "Peter Stuyvesant", a former Hudson River Day Line boat turned into a floating restaurant, was sunk in Boston Harbor. The region's fishing fleet was damaged by the storm.


text: The storm's straight-line surface winds destroyed buildings along the coast, often aided by flooding and waves. Wind gusts of were recorded in Plum Island and at First Cliff in Scituate, Massachusetts. Duxbury Beach was hit with gusts and in Chatham.


text: Boston and Providence recorded all-time highs for 24-hour and storm snowfall. Many people were left without heat, water, food, and electricity for over a week after the storm finished. Approximately 10,000 people moved into emergency shelters. Some 2,500 houses were reported as seriously damaged or destroyed and 54 people were killed, many because of fallen electrical wires. Several people were found dead in downtown Providence, near the central police station; they may have been seeking shelter. Ten-year-old Peter Gosselin, of Uxbridge, Massachusetts, disappeared in the deep snow just feet from his home's front door and was not found until three weeks later. Most of the Interstate highway system in the region was shut down, with some stretches not reopening to traffic until the following week. Air and rail traffic also were shut down.


text: The snow fell too quickly for plow trucks to keep up. Plows were further hampered by the number of cars stuck on the roads. In Boston, the deep snow overwhelmed the city's sanitation department, because there was no more room along streets and sidewalks to put the snow; much of it was hauled to nearby harbors and dumped. Throughout the region, the high winds caused enormous drifts.


text: A state of emergency was declared by governors in the affected states, and the United States National Guard was called out to help clear the roads. Additional troops were flown into Boston to help. It took six days to clear the roads of snow and of the cars and trucks buried in it. Governor Ella T. Grasso ordered all roads in Connecticut closed except for emergency travel, for three days; Governor Michael Dukakis, of Massachusetts, did the same for his state. The parking lot of Fenway Park was used for the National Guard to stage its efforts. In Massachusetts, there was no travel ban again until 35 years later, when Governor Deval Patrick announced a travel ban on February 8, 2013, running from 4 p.m. that day until 4 p.m. the next day, because of the February 2013 nor'easter, whose snowfall rivaled and, in some places, beat that of the Blizzard of '78; in the "Blizzard of '13", the ban was declared before the worst hit; in the Blizzard of '78 this happened after the storm's worst.


text: Extensive beach erosion occurred on the east coast of Massachusetts. Especially hard-hit were Cape Cod and Cape Ann, both on the eastern shore of Massachusetts. In Truro, on Cape Cod, the Atlantic Ocean broke through to the Pamet River for the first time during this storm, completely washing away the link between the North and South Pamet roads. The town chose not to reconstruct the link, though the right-of-way is open to pedestrians. Monomoy Island was split into north and south parts.


text: Many homes along the New England and Long Island coastlines were destroyed or washed into the ocean. Many roofs collapsed across New England from snow load.


title: Crashbox

text: Crashbox is an educational children's television series co-created by Eamon Harrington and John Watkin for HBO Family that ran from 1999 to 2000 in the United States. It was HBO's second attempt (their first being "Braingames" 15 years earlier) at a show focused on educational skits.


title: Crashbox

text: "Crashbox" was one of the original programs for the relaunch of the HBO Family channel in February 1999. Although it has never been released on physical media like DVD or VHS, it is still rerun on HBO Family and is found on various streaming services.


title: Crashbox

text: "Crashbox" was created by Planet Grande Pictures (consisting of Eamon Harrington and John Watkin) and is animated by Cuppa Coffee Studios, headed by Adam Shaheen. Planet Grande Pictures engaged Cuppa Coffee Studios 8 months to complete 13 hours of programming.


title: Crashbox

text: The show takes place in the insides of a game computer where green game cartridges (which are sculpted out of clay) are created and loaded by rusty tin robots, occasionally with short sketches of them "repairing" damaged games. The format of each episode is "The Electric Company"-esque, with sketches not connecting to each other nor following a sequential plot. Each half-hour episode consists of seven 2-to-5-minute educational games, and occasionally an eighth bonus game.


title: Crashbox

text: Near the end of each episode, the robots recap and review most of the games to the viewers in a "Crashbox Rewind". Segments marked with an asterisk (*) don't appear in Seasons 1B and 2.


title: Crashbox

text: The series received generally positive reviews from audiences and parents on Common Sense Media, with a 4 out of 5 star rating.


title: Freedom of assembly

text: Freedom of peaceful assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the freedom of association, is the individual right or ability of people to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their collective or shared ideas. The right to freedom of association is recognized as a human right, a political right and a civil liberty.