title: Hamraaz

text: Captain Rajesh tells Kumar that whoever the killer is, he was seen by Sarika because she was present in the room where Meena was murdered while both mother and daughter were playing and their activities being recorded by a video camera. Together, they try to find the girl, eventually tracing her to Ooty. Unknown to them, Inspector Ashok is on their trail. Soon, they both are arrested by him with the help of Ooty Police. Kumar explains his case, and they try to find Sarika, and she is at the house of a man called Tejpal (Madan Puri), who tries to run away from there. Shabnam and Jagmohan arrive with the videotape of the night that Meena was murdered. It is revealed that Tejpal is the killer, but he quickly draws a gun and picks up Sarika, threatening to kill her should any of them try to stop him.


title: Hamraaz

text: Captain Rajesh manages to save Sarika from Tejpal, but he is shot twice by the latter. Now free to attack him, Ashok draws his gun and shoots Tejpal, and Kumar rushes over to Captain Rajesh. Tejpal is killed by Ashok and Sarika is safe. Captain Rajesh dies, and at the end of the movie, Kumar tells Shabnam that he cannot work – Meena was his only inspiration. Shabnam shows him Sarika sitting in Meena's seat, and he embraces Shabnam.


title: Hamraaz

text: The music was composed by Ravi, and the lyrics were penned by Sahir Ludhianvi. All the songs were huge hits and remain popular to this day. Mahendra Kapoor won the Filmfare Award for Best Playback Singer for the song "Hey Neele Gagan Ke Tale".


title: University of Mysore

text: The University of Mysore is a public state university in Mysore, Karnataka, India. The university was founded during the reign of Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the Maharaja of Mysore. The university is recognised by the University Grants Commission for offering higher studies degree courses on-campus as well as online. It was inaugurated on 27 July 1916. Its first chancellor was the Maharaja of Mysore; the first Vice-Chancellor was H. V. Nanjundaiah. The university became the first outside of British administration in India, the sixth in India as a whole, and the first in Karnataka. It is a state university of the affiliating type, and became autonomous on 3 March 1956, when it gained recognition from the University Grants Commission.


title: University of Mysore

text: The Mysore University Library comprises over 800,000 books, 2,400 journal titles, and 100,000 volumes of journals. The main campus features an amphitheater, an auditorium, a swimming pool, and hostel accommodations for men and women. As of July 2013, the University of Mysore was accredited "Grade A" by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).


title: University of Mysore

text: The International School of Information Management, was created in 2005 through the collaboration of three US universities, as well as Dalhousie University of Canada, and IIIT, Bangalore. Faculty members from these partnering institutions teach at ISiM.


title: University of Mysore

text: The Third Sector Research Resource Centre (TSRRS) was established in 2004. The aim of the centre is '...to undertake and promote interdisciplinary [sic] studies and research in the domain of civil society,' with a secondary aim of developing and offering Diploma and Masters programs in the management of non-profit organisations.


title: University of Mysore

text: More recently, the Department of Law in the university was incorporated into the Mysore University School of Justice (MUSJ). Continuing with the university's initiative to introduce five-year integrated courses to produce professionals with in-depth knowledge, the MUSJ has introduced a program leading to a degree in law, as a bid to enhance the quality of legal education in Karnataka. University of Mysore along with Institute of Astrophysics has signed an MoU to build a planetarium in Mysore.


title: University of Mysore

text: The university's motto, "Na Hi Jñanena Sadrusham" (Nothing compares with knowledge) is taken from the Bhagavad Gita.


title: University of Mysore

text: Mysore University was ranked 19th among universities in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2021 and 34th overall.


title: University of Mysore

text: The University launched several new Online Degree Programs during the COVID Pandemic, in an attempt to ensure students completing their School leaving exams in 2020-21 did not lose an Academic year due to Colleges & Universities being in lockdown. Its Programs were approved by the University Grants Commission (India) in early 2020 itself, making it one of the first Public Universities to try an initiative of this nature. The University had started projects in the field of Online Programs in 2014, partnering with University18 as a platform partner, making it an early adopter of technology in education.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: Merriweather Post Pavilion is the eighth studio album by American experimental pop group Animal Collective, released in January 2009 on Domino Records. The group recorded the album as a trio featuring members Panda Bear (Noah Lennox), Avey Tare (Dave Portner) and Geologist (Brian Weitz), with co-production by Ben H. Allen. The album features an electronic sound, including the use of samplers and synthesizers as primary instruments, as well as prominent reverb. It is titled after the Maryland venue of the same name, where Portner and Weitz attended concerts in their youth.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: The album peaked at No. 13 on the "Billboard" 200 and No. 2 on the US Top Independent Albums charts. According to review aggregate site Metacritic, "Merriweather" was the most critically acclaimed album of 2009, and went on to sell over 200,000 copies by 2012. It spawned the singles "My Girls" (named the Best Song of 2009 by "Pitchfork" and "Slant Magazine"), "Summertime Clothes", and "Brother Sport". The album's reverb-heavy psychedelic pop sound would exert a wide influence on music of the subsequent decade.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: After recording "Strawberry Jam" in January 2007, guitarist Deakin (Josh Dibb) decided he would take time off from the group for undisclosed personal reasons. As a result, the group went about writing a new batch of songs to be played without guitar. The group debuted nine of these songs, most of which would later appear on the album, in May 2007 and toured with them through 2008.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: To record their eighth studio album, Animal Collective sought the services of Ben H. Allen as co-producer. In an interview with the "Baltimore City Paper", Allen stated that the band chose him due to "my work with Gnarls Barkley, and wanted my low-end expertise". According to band-member Brian Weitz, while "[t]hat was the original attraction", Animal Collective was also impressed by his eclectic music tastes, "[h]e seemed to be somebody that technically knew how to work in [urban hip-hop], but was open-minded to other styles as well... knowing that he'd been involved in a lot of the Bad Boy Records stuff from the '90s was exciting to us". Subsequently, the band and Allen met over a few conference calls on Skype in January 2008.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: The band recorded the album February 2008 at Sweet Tea Recording Studio in Oxford, Mississippi, with mixing completed in June or July of that year at Chase Park Transduction in Athens, Georgia. Drawing inspiration from Lennox's 2007 Panda Bear album "Person Pitch", the band used samplers as its primary instruments, specifically the Roland SP-404 and SP-555 samplers; of the former, Brian Weitz said "it's become an instrument that we know really well. It's really user‑friendly. You can do things in real time on it." The group also used synthesizers such as the Roland SH2 and Novation Bass Station (for bassier sounds) and Juno 60 (for higher melodic lines and arpeggiated parts). The Eventide H3000 Ultra‑Harmonizer also helped the group define the sound of the album: according to Allen, "those guys fell in love with the H3000. [...] A lot of times, with the piano and acoustic guitar stuff, we would run it through the H3000 and create a pitched‑up and a pitched‑down version and mix it back in so it'd have an otherworldly sort of feel. Many of the percussion sounds were played acoustically by Lennox, then layered and processed through the samplers' effects units.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: Privacy during the sessions was paramount for the group, and a significant factor for choosing Sweet Tea. According to Allen, "During the whole month we worked on the album, the only people there were me, my assistant, and the band. No phones or computers... It's a small town, we were in the South, no one knew who they were. It was nonstop [work]". The studio also offered other advantages; Dave Portner felt Sweet Tea was "the vibiest studio I’ve ever been in. It feels like you're making music in a living room that just happens to have a Neve 8038 desk in it". Further, since Animal Collective planned to record a sample-heavy album, the studio's large control room was ideal; Weitz stated, "we wanted to do most of the tracking in the same room as the engineer". On "Merriweather Post Pavilion", the band wanted to capture a live sound on record, just as it intended to on "Strawberry Jam". However, recording methods for the two albums were very different, in Noah Lennox's words, "we went about them in totally opposite ways". While on "Strawberry Jam" they worked with a live foundation (over which they added few overdubs), on "Merriweather..." they "tracked pretty much every sound individually on its own channel, so that we'd have complete control over every sound in the mixing process".


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: The band adopted a number of unorthodox recording practices. For instance, Animal Collective set up its PA systems in the control room in an attempt to replicate the group's live sound; Weitz said, "since so much of [the album] was electronic and sample-based, we used those PA speakers to make the samples".


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: The artwork features an example of illusory motion, a type of optical illusion which is based on the works of Japanese psychologist Akiyoshi Kitaoka. It was compiled and packaged by Robert Carmichael of SEEN studio, who has worked for Animal Collective before and after.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: "Merriweather Post Pavilion" was announced in a cryptic update to Animal Collective's official website on October 5, 2008, an update which initially caused a great deal of confusion about the nature of the news. The site was updated again on October 8 with a link to a second page showing a video of the track listing, which was followed by an official announcement regarding the nature of the news on October 10. Prior to the album's official release, a number of promotional listening parties were held in various cities across the United States and United Kingdom.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: On November 18, the track "Brother Sport" was leaked onto the internet by way of its inclusion in a French music podcast. The track was subsequently posted on many blogs, including Pitchfork, but was later removed virtually everywhere by the international internet policing company Web Sheriff. On November 24, it was incorrectly reported that the band Grizzly Bear had leaked the track through their blog. Ed Droste of Grizzly Bear later clarified that they had only reposted the track as many other blogs had done. A low-quality vinyl rip of the album leaked online on December 25, 2008.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: The album was released on vinyl in the United States on January 6, 2009. It was released on both vinyl and CD in the UK on January 12, and on CD and digitally in the United States on January 20. Peaking at number 13 on the United States "Billboard" 200, by 2012 the album had sold over 199,000 copies, more than twice as many as the group's previous top-seller, "Strawberry Jam". In 2009. It was awarded a silver certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 30,000 copies throughout Europe.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: "Merriweather Post Pavilion" was met with universal acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 89, based on 36 reviews. "Slant Magazine" and "Uncut" gave the album five out of five stars. Stephen Troussé of "Uncut" wrote that the album "feels like one of the landmark American albums of the century so far." Andrzej Lukowski of "Drowned in Sound" wrote "Is "Merriweather Post Pavilion" the flawless album that it's been willed to be? Taken as a whole I'd say it's pretty damn close." Among mixed reviews, Michael Patrick Brady of "The Boston Phoenix" gave the album two and a half stars out of four, arguing that the album "lacks the playfulness and spontaneity that endeared so many to this group". By contrast, Andy Beta of "Spin" praised the album's "startling, pounding, effulgencegent sonic template" for combining many of the group's previous touchstones, including harmonic Beach Boys pop, African tribal chants, minimal techno, psychedelia, and dub.


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: "Pitchfork"s Mark Richardson stated that the album is "striking in its immediacy and comes across as friendly and welcoming". The A.V. Club's Andy Battaglia called the album a "summation and an expansion of everything Animal Collective has done so far, with a sharper focus on melody and more emboldened vocals that drive the songs." Dave Simpson of "The Guardian" gave the album four out of five stars, declaring the album sound as "their most 'pop'" and the album itself as "a joyful, transcendent record somehow reminiscent of kids let loose in a musical sandpit." "Entertainment Weekly"s Leah Greenblatt awarded the album an A− stating that although it "won't land the band the opening slot on a Coldplay tour", the album "cleaves closer to "Person Pitch" more listener-friendly aesthetic". Margaret Wappler of "The LA Times" stated that the album "shines a light" into the group's "subterranean world of labyrinthine freakadelia, [...] dispens[ing] with most of their creepy vocal tics" in favor of "breezy harmonies."


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: In their 2009 end of year coverage, UK music magazine "Clash" named 'Merriweather Post Pavilion' its Album of the Year, publishing an in-depth look at the album and interview with the band's Noah Lennox (a.k.a. Panda Bear). "Pitchfork" ranked "Merriweather Post Pavilion" 14 on their Top 200 Albums of the 2000s list and also the Album of the Year for 2009. Spin Magazine ranked it the best album of the year, as did Entertainment Weekly and KEXP. Rolling Stone placed it at 14 on their list and it ranked 30th in "The Wire"s annual critics' poll. Readers across Canada voted the album the No. 2 experimental and No. 7 electro album of 2009 in Exclaim! magazine. In 2010 and 2013, the album was included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)

text: To celebrate "Merriweather's" 10th anniversary, Animal Collective released "Ballet Slippers", a live album consisting of performances from its supporting tour. The live album is notable for being mixed to "reflect a full concert experience", including song transitions and interludes, despite the performances being pulled from different concerts. Although released in support of "Merriweather", some songs are from earlier records (e.g. "Lablakely Dress/Fireworks" being a medley of songs from "Danse Manatee" and "Strawberry Jam", respectively).


title: Allison Transmission

text: Allison Transmission is an American manufacturer of commercial duty automatic transmissions and hybrid propulsion systems. Allison products are specified by over 250 vehicle manufacturers and are used in many market sectors including bus, refuse, fire, construction, distribution, military, and specialty applications.


title: Allison Transmission

text: With headquarters in Indianapolis, Indiana, Allison Transmission has regional offices all over the world and manufacturing facilities in Indianapolis, Chennai, India, and Szentgotthárd, Hungary.


title: Allison Transmission

text: Allison began in 1909 when James A. Allison, along with three business partners, helped fund and build the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. In 1911, Allison's new track held the first Indianapolis 500 mile race. In addition to funding several race teams, James Allison founded the Speedway Racing Team Company on September 14, 1915 and quickly gained a reputation for his work on race cars and automotive technology in general. Allison built a shop near the track and changed the team's name to the Allison Experimental Company; the shop later became Plant No. 1.


title: Allison Transmission

text: When World War I began, Allison suspended racing, and the Allison Experimental Company began machining parts, tools, and masters for the Liberty airplane engine — the main power plant used in the US war effort. After the war, Allison entered a car in the 1919 Indy 500 and won. It was the last race Allison's team ever entered as he turned his company's attention to aviation engineering, renaming it to Allison Engineering Company; the aviation-focused company developed steel-backed bronze sleeve bearings for the crankshaft and connecting rods, and high-speed reduction gearing to turn propellers and Roots-type blowers. The company's reputation and expertise in aviation was the major factor in General Motors decision to buy the company following James Allison's death in 1928.


title: Allison Transmission

text: Shortly after the sale to General Motors on April 1, 1929, Allison engineers began work on a 12-cylinder engine to replace the aging Liberty engines. The result was the V1710 12-cylinder aircraft engine and it made the company, renamed to the Allison Division of GM in 1934, also known as the Allison Engine Company, a major force in aviation. Plant 3 was built in 1939, a factory to build V1710 engines. Due to demand during World War II, Allison would add a second factory (Plant 5) and 23,000 new employees; by the end of the war, Allison had built 70,000 V1710 engines.


title: Allison Transmission

text: Alongside the development and production of the V1710, engineers at GM began designing the CD-850 cross-drive steering transmission for tracked military vehicles in 1941; the design was completed in 1944 and Allison was awarded the contract to manufacture the prototypes. In February 1945, General Motors formed the Allison Transmission Engineering Section, dividing the subsidiary into Aircraft Operations and Transmission Operations in 1946. The CD-850 combined range change, steering and braking. Allison stopped producing the CD-850 in 1986, but a licensed version was produced in Spain for more than a decade afterward.


title: Allison Transmission

text: General Motors began developing automatic transmissions with a hydraulic torque converter in the 1930s under its Product Study Group, offering it as an option for Oldsmobile for the first time in 1940. After World War II, Allison Transmission turned its attention to civilian transportation. Allison designed, developed and manufactured the first-ever automatic transmissions for heavy-duty vehicles including delivery trucks, city buses, and locomotives, starting from 1948. In addition, Allison marketed transmissions for off-highway heavy-duty vehicles under the brand Powershift TORQMATIC, with the first TG series transmissions being produced in July 1948.


title: Allison Transmission

text: At approximately the same time the CD-850 was going into production, GMC Truck and Coach Division requested that GM develop a V-Drive transmission with a torque converter in 1945 for transit bus use, replacing the Spicer manual transmission then offered. These buses had rear-mounted engines and to maximize passenger space, the engine compartment was minimized; the V-Drive transmission was named for the 63° angle of intersection between the transmission shaft input (from the engine) and output (to the rear axle). Development of the V-Drive transmission was led by Bob Schaefer, an emigrant from Germany who had joined GM in 1942 after helping to lead the Twin Disc Company, which was one of the licensees of the Ljungstroms hydraulic torque converter. Schaefer was reassigned from the Detroit Transmission Division to Allison in 1946.


title: Allison Transmission

text: The first production V-Drive transmissions were delivered in October 1947, with the first major contract being for 900 buses in 1948, for New York City. The VS-2 was introduced in 1955, which added a two-speed input splitter; a version with both hydraulic and direct clutches was introduced in 1958 (VH), and production of the original V-Drive transmissions was concluded in July 1976, with 65,389 produced.


title: Allison Transmission

text: In addition to the transit bus market, Allison began developing automatic transmissions for commercial trucks in 1953. This effort resulted in the MT-25, which designated the intended application ("M"edium "T"rucks) and maximum input power, . The MT-25 was a 6-speed automatic, using a two-speed high/low splitter and three-speed double planetary gear train. The splitter was equipped with a hydraulic retarder. Because of the additional cost of the automatic transmission, sales were initially slow until Allison began targeting specific markets that required both on- and off-road driving as well as frequent stops and starts, such as concrete mixing and garbage trucks in the early 1960s. The MT-25 was fitted first as an option branded POWERMATIC by Chevrolet, exclusive to that brand for the first year, but was soon offered by other truck manufacturers including Ford (1957), Reo (1958), Dodge (1958), Diamond T (1959), White (1961), and International Harvester (1961); production of the MT-25 continued into the early 1970s.


title: Allison Transmission

text: The MT-25 was supplemented in September 1970 by a second-generation lighter-duty automatic transmission, the four-speed AT-540, which Allison developed jointly with Hydramatic Division in the late 1960s; the AT-540 was targeted specifically for on-highway use and shared similarities with automobile transmissions to reduce the cost penalty to equip on-highway trucks with automatic transmissions. Later, the MT-25 itself was replaced by the MT-640 and a heavier-duty version, the HT-740, was introduced; the new MT and HT were both derived from the AT-540. As an option, the MT-6"nn" and HT-7"nn" series transmissions could be equipped with a lower fifth gear for severe off-road conditions. In 1970, GM combined the Allison and Detroit Diesel divisions as the Detroit Diesel Allison Division of GM.


title: Allison Transmission

text: The 500-series transmissions (AT-540, etc.) were rated to accept input power of up to and were intended for vehicles up to gross vehicle weight (GVW). The medium-duty 600-series had increased ratings to and GVW, while the heavy-duty 700-series were rated to and GVW. In 1976, a 700-series V-Drive transmission was introduced for buses, the V730. The AT/MT/HT were still being produced in 1998.


title: Allison Transmission

text: Allison also produced off-highway transmissions in the 1960s, starting with the "Dual Path Powershift" DP 8000 series. The first electronic controls were fitted to the off-highway DP 8000 series transmission in 1971. Electronic controls (branded the Allison Transmission Electronic Control or ATEC system) were added to the MT/HT/V730 in 1983, improving fuel economy by more precisely controlling shifts.


title: Allison Transmission

text: The third-generation six-speed World Transmission (WT) was introduced in 1991, replacing the second-generation AT/MT/HT/V730 lines. Development of the WT had begun in the mid-1980s, prior to the sale of Detroit Diesel to Roger Penske in 1987. The WT used the WT electronic control (WTEC) system to control the internal clutches during shifting, equipped with a control unit that adapts to variations during use. The WT line was split into MD (medium duty), HD (heavy duty, introduced in 1993), and B (T-drive buses) lines; the MD and HD lines were later renamed to the 3000 and 4000 Series, respectively.


title: Allison Transmission

text: Allison followed the WT (3000 and 4000 Series) line with the 1000 and 2000 Series starting in 1999. The 1000 Series transmission incorporated many features from the WT line for light-duty trucks, including the electronic control system, and was initially available as an option with the 6.6L GM/Isuzu Duramax diesel engine and the 8.1L Vortec gasoline engine for the trucks based on the GMT800 platform.


title: Allison Transmission

text: In 2007, GM sold Allison Transmission to private equity firms Carlyle Group and Onex Corporation for US$5.6 billion.


title: Allison Transmission

text: Allison markets its transmissions by vocational series according to the intended use; for example, the Tractor Series is sold for and installed in Class 8 tractors, while the Motorhome Series is marketed to manufacturers of recreational vehicles. A transmission is given a designation specific to the vocational series, but is otherwise identical mechanically to other transmissions sold for other vocational series; for example, the Bus Series B210 / B220 / B295 transmissions are also sold with identical gearing as:


title: Allison Transmission

text: Collectively, these are grouped into the 1000/2000 Series transmission family; transmissions within a family share the same basic dimensions, power input capabilities, and weight. Allison transmission families include the 1000/2000 Series, 3000 Series, 4000 Series, 5000 Series, 6000 Series, 8000 Series, 9000 Series, and Tractor Series. Each transmission family is given a generational designation based on the electronic control system; parts generally are not interchangeable between generations within a specific family:


title: Allison Transmission

text: GM-Allison introduced hybrid vehicle technology for transit buses in 2003. Allison hybrid transit bus products were initially branded as the "Allison Electric Drives E System", which included the following components:


title: Allison Transmission

text: Allison characterizes the system as the "Two-Mode Compound Split Parallel Hybrid Architecture". As installed in buses, the E System has two operating modes or speed ranges, with the changeover generally occurring between . Under full-throttle, the vehicle's initial launch in the low-speed mode is boosted by the output motor. As vehicle speed increases, the input motor begins to dominate, resulting in nearly total mechanical output only. Through 2011, GM intended to introduce 16 passenger car and truck hybrid models based on the Allison split-mode system. The primary benefit of the Allison hybrid system is in recapturing kinetic energy during regenerative braking and storing it as electrical energy, which can later be converted back to kinetic energy through an output motor, which assists in accelerating the vehicle, reducing demand on the engine and consequently fuel consumption. Fuel economy is improved by up to 60%, and acceleration can also be improved compared to a conventional bus.


title: Allison Transmission

text: To the operator, the hybrid system is automatic and requires no special training. Under normal in-motion operation, engine speed is controlled by the TCM, which commands a torque and speed point based on the needs of the hybrid system. During startup and shutdown, the TCM commands only a speed requirement.


title: Allison Transmission

text: The E Drive Unit is installed in lieu of a conventional transmission and acts as a continuously variable transmission controlled electronically; it integrates two motor-generators (Motor A and Motor B, on the input and output, respectively), three planetary gear sets, one rotating clutch, and one stationary clutch. From the engine, power is transferred to the input shaft through an input damper instead of the conventional torque converter found in an automatic transmission. The input shaft is coupled to the main shaft and Motor A through a planetary gearset (P1), and Motor A is coupled to Motor B through another planetary gearset (P2). Motor B is coupled to the output shaft through a third planetary gearset (P3) and the stationary (C1) and rotating (C2) clutches. Both motors are three-phase AC induction motors and automatically switch from motoring to generation when the mechanical rotation frequency exceeds the stator field frequency.


title: Allison Transmission

text: There are two drive units available (EP40 or H 40 EP; and EP50 or H 50 EP). The H40 is intended for regular transit bus use, while the H50 is for articulated and suburban coaches, similar in size and application to the B400 and B500 Bus Series transmissions, respectively. The H40 has a continuous input capacity of and of torque, while the respective H50 input limits are and .


title: Allison Transmission

text: The DPIM includes an inverter for each motor; the continuous and peak output are 160 and 300 kW, respectively. The ESS uses nickel-metal hydride batteries, air-cooled using internal fans, and weighs approximately . The ESS is made of three sub-strings wired in parallel with a storage capacity of 450 A and 624 VDC. Each sub-string uses two 312 V sub-packs in series, which are made of 40 7.8-volt modules. Six battery control information modules (BCIM) monitor temperature, one in each sub-pack. The DPIM and ESS have been improved since the initial introduction, and newer models generally can replace earlier units. In addition, newer installations include a DC-DC converter, a solid-state device that converts the high-voltage traction motor energy to 12/24V accessory power.


title: Allison Transmission

text: As of 2008, there are more than 2,700 GM-Allison hybrid buses operating in 81 cities in the U.S., Canada and Europe. This includes:


title: Allison Transmission

text: Allison introduced its second-generation "eGen Flex" diesel-electric hybrid drive unit in 2022, partnering with Gillig; the first units will be delivered to IndyGo, serving Indianapolis. eGen Flex is available as multiple models, designated eGen Flex 40, 40 CertPlus, 40 Max, or 40 Max CertPlus (equivalent to the H 40 in physical size, input, and output capabilities); or the eGen Flex 50, 50 CertPlus, 50 Max, or 50 Max CertPlus (equivalent to the H 50). The "Max" models are capable of operating on electric power alone for up to , depending on the axle ratio and duty cycle.


title: Allison Transmission

text: In 2020, Allison introduced a line of motor-integrated electric axles, branded "eGen Power". The first model, 100D, was designated for its gross axle weight rating (GAWR) of and (D)ual electric motors; 100D has a continuous and peak power output of , respectively, with a maximum torque of . In 2021, Allison expanded the range with the 100S (a single-motor variant of the 100D, with continuous and peak power output of , respectively and a maximum of torque) and the 130D (a variant of the 100D with a higher GAWR for the European and Asia Pacific markets).


title: Allison Transmission

text: The Allison eGen Power integrated axle also includes a multi-speed gearbox to optimize both launch and cruising speeds; it was designed to be a drop-in replacement for existing axles for medium- and heavy-duty trucks and buses, allowing more flexibility in battery placement.


title: Allison Transmission

text: The model designations for off-highway transmissions marketed under the Powershift TORQMATIC brand were in the format "AAAA" "1234", where:


title: Allison Transmission

text: For example, the TT 2220 was a twin-turbine 2000 series automatic transmission with two forward speeds and a maximum input torque capacity of .


title: Gurukula

text: A ' or ' () is a type of education system in ancient India with ('students' or 'disciples') living near or with the guru, in the same house. The guru-shishya tradition is a sacred one in Hinduism and possibly appears in other dharmas in India, such as Jainism and Buddhism. (In the Sikh tradition by contrast, the word Guru has a very restricted use and not generally applied to individual teachers, while the institution of Gurdwara has a major social role instead of a monastic one.) The word is a combination of the Sanskrit words ('teacher' or 'master') and ('family' or 'home'). The term is also used today to refer to residential monasteries or schools operated by modern gurus. The proper plural of the term is , though "gurukuls" is also used in English and some other Western languages.


title: Gurukula

text: The students learn from the guru and help the guru in his everyday life, including carrying out of mundane daily household chores. However, some scholars suggest that the activities are not mundane and very essential part of the education to inculcate self-discipline among students. Typically, a guru does not receive or accept any fees from the studying with him as the relationship between a guru and the shishya is considered very sacred.


title: Gurukula

text: At the end of one's education, a offers the guru before leaving the gurukul. The is a traditional gesture of acknowledgment, respect and thanks to the guru, which may be monetary, but may also be a special task the teacher wants the student to accomplish. While living in a , the students would be away from their home from a period of months to years at a stretch.


title: Gurukula

text: Through Gurukul, students used to learn self discipline, politeness, good humanism and spirituality that would assist them to be an enlightened person in the future.


title: Gurukula

text: The system of education has been in existence since ancient times. The Upanishads (1000-800 BCE) mention multiple , including that of guru Drona at Gurgaon. The (a discourse on the Brahman) is said to have taken place in Guru Varuni's . The vedic school of thought prescribes the (sacred rite of passage) to all individuals before the age of 8 at least by 12. From initiation until the age of 25 all individuals are prescribed to be students and to remain unmarried, a celibate.


title: Gurukula

text: By the colonial era, the system was on a steep decline in India. Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of Arya Samaj and Swami Shraddhanand, were the pioneers of the modern system, who in 1886 founded now-widespread Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Public Schools and Universities.


title: Gurukula

text: In 1948, Shastriji Maharaj Shree Dharamjivan das Swami followed suit and initiated first Swaminarayan in Rajkot in Gujarat state of India. Recently, several have opened up in India as well as overseas with a desire to uphold tradition.


title: Gurukula

text: Various still exist in India, and researchers have been studying the effectiveness of the system through those institutions. With the advent of new means of mass communication, many gurus and Vedantic scholars are opening E-gurukul. These gurukuls are operating online and are now imparting knowledge about different Hindu scriptures using the internet.


title: Gurukula

text: In 1990, Shrii Shrii Anandamurtiji founded Ananda Marga gurukul with its headquarters at Anandanagar, Dist Purulia, West Bengal, India and its branches all over the globe. {www.gurukul.edu} He nominated Acharya Shambhushivananda Avadhuta as its kulapati (chancellor) and formed a skeletal structure for spreading "neohumanist education" all over the globe.


title: Gurukula

text: At the Jain Culture Center of Antwerp, children between the ages of 8 till 16 study Vedic mathematics, Art, Music, as well as Vedic Astrology, Jyotishi, Sanskrit and Yoga.


title: Gurukula

text: Children participate in this gurukul during holiday times at the traditional schools, for a week in October / November, 2 weeks during Easter break, and 1 month during summer break.


title: Reality pornography

text: Reality pornography is a genre of pornography where staged scenes, usually shot in cinéma vérité fashion, set up and precede sexual encounters. These scenes may either have the camera operator directly engaging in sex (as in gonzo pornography) or merely filming others having sex. The genre presents itself as "real couples having real sex". It has been described as professionally made porn which seeks to emulate the style of amateur pornography.


title: Reality pornography

text: The niche's popularity grew significantly in 2000s. Examples include the "Girls Gone Wild" and "Girls Who Like Girls Series". The work of Bruce Seven has been called reality porn, due to his lack of using scripts and asking his performers to act naturally in their own character. Reality Kings, Money Talks and Brazzers are other reality porn websites.


title: Reality pornography

text: In order to comply with the industry's requirements for sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing, the vast majority of reality porn involves professional actors and actresses posing as so-called "amateurs." Even though the performers who perform in these films typically appear on many reality websites within a short span of time, most of these websites claim that each of them is an amateur.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: Ternopil Oblast (; also referred to as Ternopilshchyna, , or Ternopillia, ) is an oblast (province) of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret, a tributary of the Dniester. Population:


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: One of the natural wonders of the region are its cave complexes. Although Ternopil Oblast is among the smallest regions in Ukraine, over 100 caves have been discovered there. Scientists believe these are only 20% of all possible caves in the region. The biggest cave is Optymistychna Cave. Measuring in total length, it is the longest cave in Eurasia and the fifth longest in the world (). Twenty percent of the land in the region is chernozem soil.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: Among its attractions, Ternopil Oblast has 34 castles. By at least one account, the most prominent is the Zbarazh Castle with fortifications that expand over and was the epicenter of a 17th-century standoff between troops of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Dniester Canyon passes through the oblast; it is considered one of the wonders of Ukraine, stretching for .


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: The oblast is located in Western Ukraine and has an area of . It is situated at the western part of the Podilian Upland, which is known for its rocky terrain. Among noticeable mountains there are the Kremenets Mountains. The oblast is also famous for its caves.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: One of the major rivers in the country Dniester forms southern and southwestern borders of Ternopil Oblast with the adjacent Chernivtsi Oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Its tributaries that flow through the oblast include Zbruch, Seret, and Strypa among just a few of them. The Seret River (not to be confused with Siret nor Seret) is a left tributary of the Dniester flowing through the oblast administrative center, i.e. Ternopil.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: Ternopil Oblast is one of two oblasts in West Ukraine that do not have an international border. It is surrounded by five other oblasts of Ukraine: Chernivtsi Oblast – to the south, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast – to the southwest, Lviv Oblast – to the northwest, Rivne Oblast – to the north, and Khmelnytskyi Oblast – to the east.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: The oblast was created during the Second World War when both Nazi Germany and later the Soviet Union invaded Poland. Due to the Polish national policy in the area (Pacification action), many people favored the Soviet invasion of Eastern Galicia at first. However, soon thereafter, the Soviet security agencies started a witchhunt among nationally oriented members of Ukrainian resistance who emigrated to Poland after the Soviet-Ukrainian War as well as other reasons. Many people of local population regardless of their ethnic background were exiled to Siberia. On December 4, 1939, the voivodeship division in the West Ukraine was abolished and replaced with the existing Soviet administrative division oblast. Ternopil Oblast (originally Tarnopol Oblast) was established based mostly on the Tarnopol Voivodeship and southern portions of the Volhynian Voivodeship.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: During the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, Ternopil became an object of fierce fighting between Soviet and German forces because of its importance as a rail transportation hub. During German occupation, the region (except for its Volhynian portion) became part of the District of Galicia and transferred to administration by the General Government. After the war, a destroyed residential section of Ternopil, near the river, was turned into an artificial lake rather than being rebuilt. Additionally, upon annexation to the Soviet Union's Ukrainian SSR, most ethnic Poles in the region were forcibly relocated to Poland, whose national borders had shifted far to the west. The area of the former Polish voivodeship was expanded by adding territory in the north, though the westernmost parts were transferred to the Lviv oblast. After 1945 Soviet authorities also encouraged ethnic Russians to settle in territories newly annexed to the Soviet Union, including the Ternopil oblast, though western Ukraine remained considerably less Russian than eastern Ukraine.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: In Ukraine today, there are three provinces (oblasts) that formed the eastern part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Two of these, Lviv Oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast were entirely contained in the kingdom; the third oblast of Ternopil was mainly in the kingdom apart from four of its most northerly counties (raions). These four counties, Kremenets Raion, Shumsk Raion, Lanivtsi as well as the northern half of Zbarazh Raion, were formerly part of the county of Krzemieniec in the Wolyn voivodeship (province) of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period. Prior to World War I, they were part of Congress Poland. They never formed part of the Kingdom of Galicia. The remaining raions of Ternopil Oblast, listed below, were all part of the Kingdom of Galicia and mainly coterminous with the Kingdom's counties.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: As Ukraine achieved independence in the 1990s, western Ukraine remained the heartland of Ukrainian political and cultural nationalism, and the political affiliations of Ternopil voters reflected that viewpoint. In the first elections after independence, the People's Movement of Ukraine was the leading party in the oblast. A majority of oblast voters supported the Ukrainian nationalist-oriented Electoral Bloc Yuliya Tymoshenko in the 2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election. Over 88% of voters supported Yulia Tymoshenko of the All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: By 2005, the population of the oblast had grown to roughly 225,000, consisting primarily of ethnic Ukrainians with a large Russian or Russian-speaking minority. The city of Ternopil has important institutions of higher education, including two teacher's colleges, an international medical school with instruction in English, and one of three economics institutes in Ukraine.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: The religion of the majority is Eastern Rite Catholic (Uniate), though there is a notable Orthodox presence and a small Protestant minority. Many churches which were closed or destroyed under Soviet rule have rebuilt since independence. The local Jewish community, which was very large before 1939, disappeared in the Holocaust and was not reestablished after 1945. There are no active synagogues in the oblast and only a few isolated individuals affiliating with the Jewish faith.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: The oblast is known for its castles and fortresses. Due to the underfunding of the state program for the preservation of cultural heritage, many of objects of historical significance are in poor condition.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: The population is predominantly Ukrainophone and about 98% consider themselves Ukrainians. Among the biggest minorities are Poles and Russians who combine 1.6% of the total population. Most of the population is bilingual and the Ukrainian language is accepted in daily communications. The estimated population is


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: In historical comparison, before World War II national composition was very different and according to the 1931 Polish Census Ukrainians were a slight majority in the Tarnopol Voivodeship at 54.8%, while there was almost no Russians. On the other hand, the Polish and Jewish population decreased drastically from 36.6% and 8.4% respectively.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: The economy is predominantly agriculturally oriented. Among industries, there is a well developed food industry particularly sugar production, alcohol, and dairy (such as butter). There is also number of factories such as "Vatra" (lighting equipment), Ternopil Harvester Plant, "Orion" (radio communication) among a few.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: Ternopil Oblast has an adequate network of highways, while the city of Ternopil is located at the intersection of main European corridors along the E50 and E85 highways. There is a small airport in Ternopil (Ternopil Airport) which however mostly is used for charter flights. There is a well developed railroad network which is a part of the Lviv Railways. Water transportation is very limited and mostly along the Dniester River.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: Before the 2020 administrative reform, Ternopil Oblast was administratively subdivided into 17 raions (districts), as well as 1 city (municipality) which is directly subordinate to the oblast government: Ternopil, the administrative center of the oblast. The average area of a raion was around , the biggest one was Terebovlia Raion covering and the smallest one - Pidhaitsi Raion with . The average population number was around 50.6 thousands which is just below the national average.


title: Ternopil Oblast

text: In town of Buchach was born a Nobel Prize recipient, writer Shmuel Yosef Agnon. The prize was given for works about fate of Galician Jews. Agnon worked for a Lviv newspaper, but after refusal to serve in the army he moved to Mandatory Palestine. In Ukraine he published over 70 of his early works.


title: Cover Me in Sunshine

text: "Cover Me in Sunshine" is a song by American singer and songwriter Pink and her daughter Willow Sage Hart. It was written by Amy Allen and Mozella with production by A Strut (Ludwig Söderberg). The song debuted via video-sharing social media platform TikTok on February 8, while the full version was released on February 12, 2021, as a single through RCA Records.


title: Cover Me in Sunshine

text: The track was met with positive reviews, with critics calling it "adorable" and praising both performers' vocals. The accompanying music video was published alongside the single release, featuring Pink and Willow Sage on their family ranch and winery in California. While not charting in the US, the song achieved success overseas, topping the charts in Belgium (Wallonia), Romania and Slovakia, while reaching the top-ten in Australia, Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, and Switzerland, and in the top 40 of Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, and Russia.


title: Cover Me in Sunshine

text: In 2018 Pink's daughter Willow Sage Hart (born in June 2011) released a cover of the reprise of "A Million Dreams" for "" soundtrack. In 2019, Pink told "Entertainment Tonight" that she would do a collaboration with her daughter in the future. In November 2019 Pink took a break from music to focus more on her family. In March 2020 she and her son were diagnosed with COVID-19.


title: Cover Me in Sunshine

text: On February 8, 2021, Pink released an a cappella preview of the "Cover Me in Sunshine" chorus, sung by her daughter, on her TikTok account. Two days later, Pink revealed that the full version of the song would be released on February 12, and also released a video, which emphasized her collaboration with her daughter:


title: Cover Me in Sunshine

text: I love singing with my daughter and my son. (...) But we have this song called "Cover Me in Sunshine" that we recorded at home because it made us feel happy and so we're going to put it out for no other reason than that we hope that the song makes you feel happy. We thought we'd put it out around Valentine's Day as a big ol' hug and a kiss from us to all ya'll.


title: Cover Me in Sunshine

text: It is an upbeat and mid-tempo pop song containing positive lyrics backed up by acoustic guitars. Pink sings the first verse and chorus with backing vocals provided by her daughter, while Hart sings an outro on her own. The song is composed in the key of F major; Pink's vocals range from F to Bb.


title: Cover Me in Sunshine

text: Justin Curto from "Vulture" wrote that song contains "some bright and warm harmonies between mother and child to get you through the end of the week". "Entertainment Tonight"s Liz Calvario called the duo "the cutest twosome around" and described Willow Sage Hart's voice as "impressive". Julia Barajas of "Los Angeles Times" also praised Willow Sage's vocals, calling them "fabulous". Nicholas Rise from "People" called the track "upbeat and positive". while "ABC News Radio"s Megan Stone described the track as "adorable". "Billboard"s Gil Kaufman called the song "inspirational" and "dreamy", while describing song's chorus as "bright and poppy".


title: Cover Me in Sunshine

text: In the US "Cover Me in Sunshine" failed to chart in Hot 100, however it peaked at number four in Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart with 2 million streams and 11,000 downloads. In Canada the song peaked at number 60, and globally it debuted at number 104 on Global 200 and 133 on Global 200 Excl. US charts. On April 17, 2021 the song achieved peak of number 90 on Global 200 chart and number 60 on its Excl. US counterpart. In Europe the song got a placement within top 40 of Austria, Croatia, Flanders, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Russia, and Switzerland. In Australia the track became Pink's 27th top ten single at the third week of charting by moving from number 16 to 10. It ascended to number eight following week, peaking at number six next week. "Cover Me in Sunshine" was certified gold by Australian Recording Industry Association for shipping 35,000 copies.


title: Cover Me in Sunshine

text: The music video for "Cover Me in Sunshine" was released on the same day as the song and was "made" by both Pink and Willow Hart. The video was recorded on Pink's family ranch and winery near Santa Barbara, California. It features the singer and her daughter having fun in nature, riding horses, collecting chicken eggs and being in a boat. Corinne Heller of "E! Online" commented that the video "resembles an old home video".


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: Can't Be Tamed is the third studio album by American singer Miley Cyrus. It was released on June 18, 2010, by Hollywood Records, and was her final album with the label; she signed with RCA Records in early 2013. Cyrus wrote and began recording the project in late 2009, while traveling internationally for her Wonder World Tour, and completed it in early 2010. Described by Cyrus as a "good [record] to blast in your car", "Can't Be Tamed" represents a musical departure from her earlier work, which she had grown to feel uninspired by. The efforts resulted in a primarily dance-pop record, which Cyrus' record label acknowledged differed from the original plans for the project. Its lyrical themes revolve largely around breaking free of constraints and expectations, which are largely mentioned in the context of romantic relationships. Most of the album was produced by Rock Mafia and John Shanks. Cyrus co-wrote eleven out of twelve songs on the album, with the only one not being written by her being a cover of "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" by American band Poison.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: Upon its release, "Can't Be Tamed" received generally mixed reviews from music critics, who were ambivalent toward perceived lack of musical focus and a failure to fully establish Cyrus' maturing public image; additional criticism was placed on her vocals sounding over-processed and lacking emotional depth. It was unable to replicate the success of her earlier work, debuting at number three on the US "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 102,000 copies. The album has sold over 350,000 copies in the United States. "Can't Be Tamed" charted moderately on record charts in internationally, reaching the top-ten in countries including Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: Two singles were released from "Can't Be Tamed". Its title track "Can't Be Tamed" was released on May 3, 2010, and peaked at number eight on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and performed moderately worldwide. "Who Owns My Heart" was released on October 22, 2010, as the second single. Promotional efforts for "Can't Be Tamed" began to associate Cyrus with an increasingly provocative image, an effort continued with her fourth studio album "Bangerz" (2013). The record was primarily promoted through a series of television appearances and Cyrus' headlining Gypsy Heart Tour in 2011.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: In December 2009, Cyrus announced that she had begun planning her third studio album and intended to begin a musical hiatus after its completion. She expressed concerns that her newer material "doesn't truly inspire me" and worried that should would be "blending in with everyone else", although she later commented that the final product was inspired by techno music qualities commonly used by recording artist Lady Gaga. Abby Konowitch from Cyrus' label Hollywood Records admitted that the record drew more inspiration from dance-pop music than she originally intended, but maintained that it "feels very comfortable for her, and it feels very comfortable in terms of the state of contemporary music."


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: The majority of "Can't Be Tamed" was recorded abroad during Cyrus' her headlining Wonder World Tour in 2009 and 2010. She collaborated with John Shanks during its production; he frequently traveled to London for Cyrus' recording sessions, and returned to Los Angeles to finalize their material. Cyrus also collaborated with the production team Rock Mafia, consisting of Antonina Armato and Tim James; they notably produced her earlier singles "See You Again" and "7 Things" from her first and second studio albums "" (2007) and "Breakout" (2008), respectively. Cyrus stated that "Can't Be Tamed" contained a variety of dance beats and synths, but believed that its sound was secondary to the personal lyrics therein.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: In February 2010, Cyrus announced that her then-untitled third studio album would be released later that summer, which she felt was appropriate because it is "good to blast in your car." Later that April, it was announced that the record would be titled "Can't Be Tamed", and would be released on June 22, 2010, in the United States. Consequently, it became the first project from Hollywood Records to be released under the "day-and-date" format, which allowed the project to be released nearly simultaneously worldwide instead of traditionally "staggering" its launch to accommodate "the availability of the artist" internationally. On May 7, Cyrus unveiled the album artwork through her website; it depicts Cyrus dressed in a leather jacket, pants, and midriff-baring shirt while standing against a black-and-white background. It was noted for establishing an increasingly provocative public image for Cyrus; her stylist Simone Harouche stated that it was inspired by singer Joan Jett and the band Blondie, and was "basically a strong statement saying in the most simple way, that she can’t be tamed–literally and metaphorically." A deluxe version of the record was simultaneously released, which included the audio disc packaged with the standard version in addition to a bonus DVD that includes previously unseen footage from Cyrus' performance at The O2 Arena during the Wonder World Tour.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: "Can't Be Tamed" is primarily a dance-pop record; it contains "several bass-heavy, slickly produced dance numbers" that Ann Donahue from "Billboard" joked "thunder in such a catchy, accessible way that it may make Kesha down another bottle of Jack out of envy." Its opening track "Liberty Walk" describes an individual who leaves a harmful relationship, which Cyrus felt leaned towards more meaningful lyrical content instead of the "super shallow" current mainstream music. "Who Owns My Heart" details the excitement in possibly finding a lover at a nightclub, while Cyrus herself commented that the title track "Can't Be Tamed" bears a theme of "breaking out and feeling free." It is followed by a cover version of one of Cyrus' favorite songs, "Every Rose Has Its Thorn", originally performed by the band Poison for their second studio album "Open Up and Say... Ahh!" (1988); she stated that the modern-day music industry "shelters kids [from] songs as honest and real as this one", and added that a consultation with the band's lead singer Bret Michaels helped her to incorporate her "own flare and edge" to the track, which she deemed "a classic."


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: "Two More Lonely People" was described by Evan Sawdey of PopMatters as "one moment of carefree dance-pop joy" that was reminiscent of material from her earlier "Hannah Montana" soundtracks; he also stated that the lyrics delivered in "Forgiveness and Love" were among the "more over-the-top cutesy moments" throughout the record, specifically commenting that the lines "The only thing that / Our hearts are made of / Are the acts of forgiveness and love" were "so unbelievably saccharine that Hallmark would ultimately have to turn them down". Robert Ham from "Christianity Today" felt that "Permanent December" discussed the story of "the devoted girlfriend pushing aside the 'sexy boys' vying for her affections", while "Stay" addressed the difficulties in maintaining a long-distance relationship.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: Writing for AllMusic, Heather Phares noted that "Scars" exemplified Cyrus' equating of "grown-up with joyless", adding that the track fails to find the "emotional depth" Cyrus was likely intending. She also described "Take Me Along" as one of the more "overwrought ballads" where Cyrus' delivery seemed more comfortable than others on the record. Leah Greenblatt from "Entertainment Weekly" felt that "Robot" highlighted the theme of defiance and rebellion seen throughout "Can't Be Tamed", specifically noting the lyrics "Stand here, sell this, and hit your mark / I would scream but I'm just this hollow shell". The record closes with the twelfth track "My Heart Beats for Love", which according to Ham, describes "the more universal ideal of love for all"; Greenblatt also recognized the integration of organ instrumentation.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: "Can't Be Tamed" was released as the lead single from "Can't Be Tamed" on May 3, 2010. It received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who appreciated its electropop influences. The track debuted at number eight on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 with first-week digital downloads of 191,000 copies, although it performed moderately internationally. An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Robert Hales, and was premiered through "E! News" on May 4, 2010. It follows Cyrus and her back-up dancers dressed in bird-like clothing as they escape a cage and trash a museum.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: "Who Owns My Heart" was released as the second single from "Can't Be Tamed" later that year. It generated mixed reviews from music critics, who felt that its production was generic. It reached the top 40 of the German record charts. The accompanying music video for the track was also directed by Hales, and was released on October 22, 2010.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: Hollywood Records focused on television appearances when further promoting "Can't Be Tamed", which they expected would accommodate Cyrus' schedule more effectively than traditional interviews with the press and radio stations. She first performed "Can't Be Tamed" on May 18, 2010, during the tenth season of "Dancing with the Stars" in the United States. Cyrus later traveled to Europe to perform at the Rock in Rio concerts in Lisbon on May 29 and Madrid on June 6; she sang "Can't Be Tamed", "Robot" and "My Heart Beats for Love" there. Meanwhile, she played concerts in 1515 Club in Paris (June 1) and G-A-Y nightclub in London (June 5). On June 3 she sang "Can't Be Tamed" on "Britain's Got Talent". After returning to the United States, Cyrus held a concert at the House of Blues in Los Angeles on June 16. Her performance was later re-broadcast by MTV through thirty of its international websites, reaching approximately 160 countries; it was made available for on-demand streaming the following day. She also sang "Can't Be Tamed" on TV shows such as "Late Show with David Letterman" (June 17), "Good Morning America" (June 18), both in New York City, and 2013 MuchMusic Video Awards in Toronto (June 20), On "Good Morning America" she also sang "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" with Bret Michaels. In November, Cyrus flew to Europe to sing "Who Owns My Heart" on "Wetten, dass..?" (November 6) and 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards (November 7). On November 21, she performed "Forgiveness and Love" on American Music Awards of 2010 in Los Angeles.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: Cyrus launched her headlining Gypsy Heart Tour in April 2011, for which she traveled internationally.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, "Can't Be Tamed" received an average score of 48, which indicates "mixed or average reviews", based on nine reviews. Heather Phares from AllMusic shared a similar sentiment in regards to its production, suggesting that the excessive use of Auto-Tune limited Cyrus' ability to express genuine emotion, adding that several tracks were similar to "Tik Tok" by Kesha "minus that song's mindless fun". A writer for "Billboard" also noted a lack of emotion in Cyrus' vocals, but considered the "delightfully robo-country" cover version of "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" as the standout track from the record.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: Writing for "The Boston Globe", James Reed questioned the need to "tame" Cyrus, given that "this stuff is already pretty innocuous". However, he acknowledged that "Can't Be Tamed" contained "the catchiest Top 40 hits money can buy." Referencing the lyrics in "Every Rose Has Its Thorn", Leah Greenblatt from "Entertainment Weekly" felt that Cyrus was "just not (yet) that thorny a girl" despite visible efforts of rebellion. Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" thought that Cyrus lost sight of her target audience with the project, noting that "if you're old enough to stay up after 9:00 PM without asking permission, it's not intended for you" while also commenting that children that may be interested in the record had likely "transferred their affections" to the then-teenage Justin Bieber. Writing for "Rolling Stone", Rob Sheffield opined that the production used throughout "Can't Be Tamed" felt too generic for its goal of rebellion.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: Theon Weber of "The Village Voice" felt that Cyrus' attempts of maturity were too similar to those of Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears in their earlier years, and commented that the album itself was "sadly wan". Evan Sawdey from PopMatters shared the same concern, additionally noting the irony that Cyrus' first project after "Hannah Montana" was released through the Disney-owned Hollywood Records. Elysa Gardner from "USA Today" opined that Cyrus had successfully "made the full leap from tween queen to pop tart" with the music video for "Can't Be Tamed", but failed to maintain this image with "generic, anonymous tunes" on the parent album.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: In the United States, "Can't Be Tamed" debuted at number three on the "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 102,000 copies, behind the 741,000 and 447,000 copies moved by "Recovery" by Eminem and "Thank Me Later" by Drake, respectively. The record was viewed as a commercial disappointment in the country, given that Cyrus' second studio album "Breakout" (2008) debuted at number one on the chart with first-week sales of 371,000 copies. As of January 2014, the album has moved 350,000 units in the United States. "Can't Be Tamed" reached number two on the Canadian Albums Chart, and peaked at number ten on the Top 100 Mexico.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: "Can't Be Tamed" performed moderately on national record charts in Europe. It peaked at number one on the Spanish PROMUSICAE, and reached the top-five on the Ö3 Austria Top 40, German Media Control Charts, Greek IFPI, Hungarian MAHASZ, Irish IRMA, Italian FIMI, and Swiss Hitparade. Furthermore, the record peaked in the top-ten on the Flanders and Wallonia regions of the Belgian Ultratop, Norwegian VG-lista, and the UK Albums Chart. In the latter country, the album was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry. "Can't Be Tamed" charted in the lower ends of the Danish Tracklisten, Dutch MegaCharts, The Official Finnish Charts, French SNEP, and the Swedish Sverigetopplistan. It did, however, attain a gold certification in Poland. In Oceania, "Can't Be Tamed" peaked at numbers two and four on the Official New Zealand Music Chart and the Australian ARIA Charts, respectively. In the latter nation, it was recognized with a gold certification.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: Miley Cyrus: Live from London is the first video album by American singer Miley Cyrus, released as deluxe version of "Can't Be Tamed". The album was recorded from Cyrus' performance at The O2 Arena, United Kingdom, during the Wonder World Tour, on December 13, 14, 19, 20 and 29, 2009.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: The concerts held on December 13, 14, 19, 20 and 29, 2009 at The O2 Arena in London were filmed and broadcast as an hour-long television special entitled "Miley Cyrus: Live from London" on June 18, 2010, in American Broadcasting Company. The project was executively produced by Leticia "Tish" Cyrus, Cyrus' mother, and Jason Morey, Cyrus' manager. It was directed by Russell Thomas and produced by Jim Parsons. "Miley Cyrus: Live from London" was described by Cyrus' official website with the following statement: "The program captures how Miley, who has grown up in the public eye, has grown as an artist and reveals her natural progression and sophistication." The concert special was watched by over 2.6 million viewers in the United States.


title: Can't Be Tamed

text: "Miley Cyrus: Live from London"s airing on ABC was a filtered version of the full-length concert, which became available on the limited, deluxe edition of "Can't Be Tamed", released on June 18, 2010. The deluxe edition featured the audio CD, containing the album's music, and a DVD, which contains nineteen live performances and behind-the-scenes footage with Cyrus. "We anticipate an overindexing, if you will, of those who buy the CD/DVD over just the music because it's never been seen before", stated Abbey Konowitch, general manager of Hollywood Records.


title: Temtem

text: Temtem is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Spanish development studio Crema, and published by Humble Bundle. The game was released in early access through Steam on January 21, 2020, and PlayStation 5 on December 8, 2020 with the Nintendo Switch and Xbox Series X/S versions of the game was released alongside the full release of the game on September 6, 2022. The game uses the Unity development engine, and is a creature-collection video game greatly inspired by Nintendo's "Pokémon" series. The game was partly funded through the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter, from May to June 2018.


title: Temtem

text: "Temtem"'s gameplay is largely inspired by the "Pokémon" series. Players explore the area capturing the eponymous Temtem creatures and command them in double battles against other Temtem controlled by an NPC or another player. All battles in Temtem happen in a 2x2 environment, similar to double battles in "Pokémon" series


title: Temtem

text: In the game, players assume the role of a novice Temtem tamer who starts their journey around the six floating islands of the Airborne Archipelago while facing the threat of Clan Belsoto, an evil organization that plans to take over the islands by force.


title: Temtem

text: "Temtem" is developed by Crema, a Spanish game development studio. The game was first announced on crowdfunding platform Kickstarter in May 2018, with an initial fundraising goal of €61,000. "Temtem" was launched on Steam's Early Access on January 21, 2020.


title: Temtem

text: On August 6, 2020, it was announced that "Temtem" would be released on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S in 2021. On October 26, 2020, it was announced that the game would be releasing in early access on PlayStation 5 on December 8, 2020.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: Galdhøpiggen () is the highest mountain in Norway, Scandinavia, and Northern Europe. The tall mountain is located in Lom Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is in the Jotunheimen mountains within Jotunheimen National Park. The mountain sits about southwest of the village of Fossbergom and about northeast of the village of Øvre Årdal. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Keilhaus topp to the east; Store Styggehøe to the southeast; Svellnosbreahesten, Midtre Tverråtinden, and Store Tverråtinden to the south; Storjuvtinden and Skardstinden to the west; Veslpiggen, Storgrovtinden, and Storgrovhøe to the northwest; and Galdhøi and Juvvasshøi to the northeast.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: "Galdhøpiggen" means "the peak/spike ("piggen") of the mountain Galdhø." The first element in the name of the mountain is "gald" (m.) which means "steep mountain road". The last element is "hø" (f.) which means "(big and) rounded mountain." An old road between Gudbrandsdalen and Sogn passes beneath the mountain.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: Geologically, Galdhøpiggen belongs to the Caledonian folding, like most of South Norway's mountain ranges. The peak is made of gabbro, a hard but rather coarse-grained rock which is found in most of the Jotunheimen range. During the ice ages it was heavily glaciated and got its present form. The theory that the highest summits in Norway stayed above the ice as nunataks has been abandoned by most geologists. It fits well with the present flora in the area, but it does not fit well with the present knowledge of ice thickness and the results of glaciation.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: For many years, geologists did not know that Galdhøpiggen was in fact the highest summit in Norway. That distinction was instead granted to Snøhetta in the Dovrefjell range, visible on the Oslo-Trondheim land route. Hence no attempts were made to climb the peak, while Snøhetta was visited for the first time in 1798 as part of a scientific trip to the area. In 1844 the geologist and mountaineer, Baltazar Mathias Keilhau, made two unsuccessful attempts to reach the summit. On one of these he reached a summit, which was later named Keilhaus topp (at 2,355 m above sea level very close to Galdhøpiggen), but the terrible weather forced him to return.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: In 1850 three men from Lom reached the summit; the guide Steinar Sulheim, the local teacher Lars Arnesen and the church warden Ingebrigt Flotten.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: Access to the top of Galdhøpiggen is not especially hard: from Juvasshytta (1,850 metres above sea level, 5 km from the summit) it takes about three hours up (including about 45 minutes to prepare for crossing the Styggebreen glacier), an hour at the top and about two hours back. Some days in the summer, a few hundred people reach the summit each day. Guides are needed to cross the glacier, but are available every summer morning.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: The main season for hiking to Galdhøpiggen is between June and August. The season is determined by the melting and first appearance of snow, so it does not follow a set date.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: Galdhøpiggen can also be hiked from the Spiterstulen lodge in Visdalen, with a technically very easy, but still somewhat strenuous climb of . It takes four hours to ascend and two hours to descend. From Spiterstulen, hikers do not have to cross the Styggebreen glacier, and hence a guide is not required. Ardent peak-baggers may count three summits on the route from Spiterstulen: Svellnose, Keilhaus topp and the summit itself. During the main season guided trips take one to the summit from Spiterstulen via the well known blue ice fall on Svellnosbreen.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: At Juvasshytta there is an alpine ski resort with lift on a glacier, reaching an elevation of above sea level, the highest in Scandinavia. It is called Galdhøpiggen Summer Ski Centre and is open from June and all the summer when the road is open.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: Galdhøpiggen had earlier been challenged for the title as the highest mountain in Norway by Glittertind, as some measurements showed Glittertind was slightly higher including the glacier at its peak.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: This glacier has, however, shrunk in recent years, and Glittertind is now only even including the glacier. Hence, the dispute has been settled in Galdhøpiggen's favour.


title: Galdhøpiggen

text: At the summit a small cabin has been built. In the summer soft drinks, chocolate bars, postcards and other items are sold here. Earlier the Norwegian Postal Authority had a small post office here—being the highest in Northern Europe. Galdhøpiggen is not only the highest summit in Northern Europe, it also contains two probably unbreakable horticultural records in Northern Europe, being the upper limit for "Ranunculus glacialis" (2370 m) and "Saxifraga oppositifolia" (2350 m). Since the summer might not occur at all, some years, it tells something about these flowers' adaptation to the extremely harsh climate.


title: Direct marketing

text: Direct marketing is a form of communicating an offer, where organizations communicate directly to a pre-selected customer and supply a method for a direct response. Among practitioners, it is also known as "direct response marketing". By contrast, advertising is of a mass-message nature.


title: Direct marketing

text: Response channels include toll-free telephone numbers, reply cards, reply forms to be sent in an envelope, websites and email addresses.


title: Direct marketing

text: The prevalence of direct marketing and the unwelcome nature of some communications has led to regulations and laws such as the CAN-SPAM Act, requiring that consumers in the United States be allowed to opt-out.


title: Direct marketing

text: Intended targets are selected from larger populations based on vendor-defined criteria, including average income for a particular ZIP code, purchasing history and presence on other lists. The goal is "to sell directly to consumers" without letting others "join (the) parade."


title: Direct marketing

text: A 2010 study by the Direct Marketing Association reports that in 2010, marketers —commercial and nonprofit—spent $153.3 billion on direct marketing, which accounted for 54.2% of all ad expenditures in the United States. Measured against total US sales, these advertising expenditures generated approximately $1.798 trillion in incremental sales. In 2010, direct marketing accounted for 8.3% of the total US gross domestic product. In 2010, there were 1.4 million direct marketing employees in the US. Their collective sales efforts directly supported 8.4 million other jobs, accounting for a total of 9.8 million US jobs.


title: Direct marketing

text: Direct marketing, using catalogues, was practiced in 15th-century Europe. The publisher Aldus Manutius of Venice printed a catalogue of the books he offered for sale. In 1667, the English gardener, William Lucas, published a seed catalogue, which he mailed to his customers to inform them of his prices. Catalogues spread to colonial America, where Benjamin Franklin is believed to have been the first cataloguer in British America. In 1744, he produced a catalogue of scientific and academic books.


title: Direct marketing

text: The Welsh entrepreneur Pryce Pryce-Jones set up the first modern mail order in 1861. Starting off as an apprentice to a local draper in Newtown, Wales, he took over the business in 1856 and renamed it the Royal Welsh Warehouse, selling local Welsh flannel.


title: Direct marketing

text: Improvements in transportation systems combined with the advent of the Uniform Penny Post in the mid-19th century provided the necessary conditions for rapid growth in mail order services. In 1861, Pryce-Jones hit upon a unique method of selling his wares. He distributed catalogs of his wares across the country, allowing people to choose the items they wished and order them via post; he would then dispatch the goods to the customer via the railways. It was an ideal way of meeting the needs of customers in isolated rural locations who were either too busy or unable to get into Newtown to shop directly. This was the world's first mail-order business, an idea which would change the nature of retail in the coming century.


title: Direct marketing

text: One of Price-Jones most popular products was the Euklisia Rug, the forerunner of the modern sleeping bag, which Pryce-Jones exported around the world, at one point landing a contract with the Russian Army for 60,000 rugs. By 1880, he had more than 100,000 customers and his success was rewarded in 1887 with a knighthood.


title: Direct marketing

text: In the 19th century, the American retailer, Aaron Montgomery Ward, believed that using the technique of selling products directly to the customer at appealing prices could if executed effectively and efficiently, revolutionize the market industry and therefore be used as a model for marketing products and creating customer loyalty. The term "direct marketing" was coined long after Montgomery Ward's time.


title: Direct marketing

text: In 1872, Ward produced the first mail-order catalog for his Montgomery Ward mail order business. By buying goods and then reselling them directly to customers, Ward was consequently removing the middlemen at the general store and, to the benefit of the customer, drastically lowering the prices. The Direct Mail Advertising Association, the predecessor of the present-day Direct Marketing Association, was first established in 1917. Third class bulk mail postage rates were established in 1928.


title: Direct marketing

text: In 1967, Lester Wunderman identified, named, and defined the term "direct marketing". Wunderman—considered to be the father of contemporary direct marketing—is behind the creation of the toll-free 1-800 number and numerous loyalty marketing programs including the Columbia Record Club, the magazine subscription card, and the American Express Customer Rewards program.


title: Direct marketing

text: Direct marketing is attractive to many marketers because its results, positive or otherwise, can be measured directly. For example, if a marketer sends out 1,000 solicitations by mail and 100 respond to the promotion, the marketer can say with confidence that the campaign led directly to a 10% conversion. This metric is known as the 'response rate', and it is one of many clearly quantifiable success metrics employed by direct marketers. In contrast, general advertising uses indirect measurements, such as awareness or engagement, since there is no direct response from a consumer. Measurement of results is a fundamental element in successful direct marketing.


title: Direct marketing

text: One of the other significant benefits of direct marketing is that it enables promoting products or services that might not be known to consumers. Products or services with a sound value proposition, matched with an attractive offer, supported with effective communication, delivered through a suitable direct marketing channel and targeting the relevant customer segment can result in a very effective cost of acquisition. Relative to other channels of distribution (say retailing) direct marketing as a practice principally relies on the proposition, offer, communication, choice of channel and the target customer and so less dependent on the brand strength. Despite the proven ability of direct marketing to generate measurable results, most companies continue to use general or branding advertising to market their products or services.


title: Direct marketing

text: The Internet has made it easier for marketing managers to measure the results of a campaign. This is often achieved by using a specific website landing page directly relating to the promotional material. A call to action will ask the customer to visit the landing page, and the effectiveness of the campaign can be measured by taking the number of promotional messages distributed and dividing it into the number of responses. Another way to measure the results is to compare the projected sales or generated leads for a given term with the actual sales or leads after a direct advertising campaign. Some companies use conversion rate as a key metric while others use revenue as the key metric.


title: Direct marketing

text: List brokers provide names and contact information, but their services need to be contrasted to expected "return on investment."


title: Direct marketing

text: Some direct marketers use of individual "opt-out" lists, variable printing, and better-targeted list practices to improve success percentages. Additionally, in order to avoid unwanted mailings, members of the marketing industry have established preference services that give customers more control over the marketing communications they receive in the mail.


title: Direct marketing

text: The term "junk mail", referring to unsolicited commercial ads delivered via post office or directly deposited in consumers' mail boxes, can be traced back to 1954. The term "spam," meaning "unsolicited commercial e-mail," can be traced back to March 31, 1993, although in its first few months it merely referred to inadvertently posting a message so many times on UseNet that the repetitions effectively drowned out the normal flow of conversation.


title: Direct marketing

text: To address the concerns of unwanted emails or spam, in 2003, The US Congress enacted the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing (CAN-SPAM) Act to curb unwanted email messages. Can-Spam gives recipients the ability to stop unwanted emails and set out tough penalties for violations. Additionally, ISPs and email service providers have developed increasingly effective Email Filtering programs. These filters can interfere with the delivery of email marketing campaigns, even if the person has subscribed to receive them, as legitimate email marketing can possess the same hallmarks as spam. There are a range of email service providers that provide services for legitimate opt-in emailers to avoid being classified as spam.


title: Direct marketing

text: Consumers have expressed concerns about the privacy and environmental implications of direct marketing. In response to consumer demand and increasing business pressure to increase the effectiveness of reaching the right customer with direct marketing, companies specialize in targeted direct advertising to great effect, reducing advertising budget waste and increasing the effectiveness of delivering a marketing message with better geo-demography information, delivering the advertising message to only the customers interested in the product, service, or event on offer. Additionally, members of the advertising industry have been working to adopt stricter codes regarding online targeted advertising.


title: Direct marketing

text: Channels available include a variety of media: cell phone text messaging, email, websites, online adverts, database marketing, fliers, catalog distribution, promotional letters. Use of Television advertisements, newspapers, magazine advertisements, and outdoor advertising are not "direct", although they may have a "direct response" aspect, such as an 800-number.


title: Direct marketing

text: Sending marketing messages through email or email marketing is one of the most widely used direct-marketing methods. One reason for email marketing's popularity is that it is relatively inexpensive to design, test, and send an email message. It also allows marketers to deliver messages around the clock, and to accurately measure responses.


title: Direct marketing

text: With the expansion of digital technology and tools, direct marketing is increasingly taking place through online channels. Most online advertising is delivered to a focused group of customers and has a trackable response.


title: Direct marketing

text: Through mobile marketing, marketers engage with prospective customers and donors in an interactive manner through a mobile device or network, such as a cellphone, smartphone, or tablet. Types of mobile marketing messages include: "SMS" (short message service)—marketing communications are sent in the form of text messages, also known as texting. "MMS" (multi-media message service)—marketing communications are sent in the form of media messages.


title: Direct marketing

text: In October 2013, the Federal Telephone Consumers Protection Act made it illegal to contact an individual via cell phone without prior express written consent for all telephone calls using an automatic telephone dialing system or a prerecorded voice to deliver a telemarketing message (known as Robocall) to wireless numbers and residential lines. An existing business relationship does not provide an exception to this requirement.


title: Direct marketing

text: "Mobile Applications:" Smartphone-based mobile apps contain several types of messages. Push Notifications are direct messages sent to a user either automatically or as part of a campaign. They include transactional, marketing, geo-based, and more. Rich Push Notifications are full HTML Push Notifications. Mobile apps also contain Interactive ads that appear inside the mobile application or app; "Location-Based Marketing:" marketing messages delivered directly to a mobile device based on the user's location; "QR Codes" (quick-response barcodes): This is a type of 2D barcode with an encoded link that can be accessed from a smartphone. This technology is increasingly being used for everything from special offers to product information. "Mobile Banner Ads:" Like standard banner ads for desktop Web pages but smaller to fit on mobile screens and run on the mobile content network


title: Direct marketing

text: Another common form of direct marketing is telemarketing, in which marketers contact customers by phone. The primary benefit to businesses is increased lead generation, which helps businesses increase sales volume and customer base. The most successful telemarketing service providers focus on generating more "qualified" leads that have a higher probability of getting converted into actual sales.


title: Direct marketing

text: In the United States, the National Do Not Call Registry was created in 2003 to offer consumers a choice of whether to receive telemarketing calls at home. The FTC created the National Do Not Call Registry after a comprehensive review of the Telemarketing Sales Rule (TSR). The do-not-call provisions of the TSR cover any plan, program, or campaign to sell goods or services through interstate phone calls.


title: Direct marketing

text: The 2012 modification, which went into effect on October 16, 2013, stated that prior express written consent will be required for all auto dialed and/or pre-recorded calls/texts sent/made to cell phone; and for pre-recorded calls made to residential land lines for marketing purposes.


title: Direct marketing

text: Further, a consumer who does not wish to receive further prerecorded telemarketing calls can "opt-out" of receiving such calls by dialing a telephone number (required to be provided in the prerecorded message) to register his or her do-not-call request. The provisions do not cover calls from political organizations or charities.


title: Direct marketing

text: Canada has its own National Do Not Call List (DNCL). In other countries, it is voluntary, such as the New Zealand Name Removal Service.


title: Direct marketing

text: Voicemail marketing emerged from the market prevalence of personal voice mailboxes, and business voicemail systems. One particular form is known as Ringless voicemail. Voice-mail courier is a similar form of voice-mail marketing with both business-to-business and business-to-consumer applications.


title: Direct marketing

text: Broadcast faxing, in which faxes are sent to multiple recipients, is now less common than in the past. This is partly due to laws in the United States and elsewhere which regulate its use for consumer marketing. In 2005, President Bush signed into law S.714, the Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005 (JFPA), which allows marketers to send commercial faxes to those with whom they have an established business relationship (EBR), but imposes some new requirements. These requirements include providing an opt-out notice on the first page of faxes and establishing a system to accept opt-outs at any time of the day. Roughly 2% of direct marketers use faxes for advertising purposes, mostly for business-to-business marketing campaigns.


title: Direct marketing

text: Couponing is used in print and digital media to elicit a response from the reader. An example is a coupon which the reader receives through the mail and takes to a store's check-out counter to receive a discount.


title: Direct marketing

text: "Digital Coupons:" Manufacturers and retailers make coupons available online for electronic orders that can be downloaded and printed. Digital coupons are available on company websites, social media outlets, texts, and email alerts. There are an increasing number of mobile phone applications offering digital coupons for direct use.


title: Direct marketing

text: Daily Deal Sites offer local and online deals each day, and are becoming increasingly popular. Customers sign up to receive notice of discounts and offers, which are sent daily by email. Purchases are often made using a special coupon code or promotional code. The largest of these sites, Groupon, has over 83 million subscribers.


title: Direct marketing

text: Direct Response Marketing is designed to generate an immediate response from consumers, where each consumer response (and purchase) can be measured, and attributed to individual advertisements. This form of marketing is differentiated from other marketing approaches, primarily because there are no intermediaries such as retailers between the buyer and seller, and therefore the buyer must contact the seller directly to purchase products or services. Direct-response marketing is delivered through a wide variety of media, including DRTV, radio, mail, print advertising, telemarketing, catalogues, and the Internet.


title: Direct marketing

text: Mail order in which customers respond by mailing a completed order form to the marketer. Mail order direct response has become more successful in recent years due to internet exposure.


title: Direct marketing

text: Direct marketing via television (commonly referred to as DRTV) has two basic forms: long form (usually half-hour or hour-long segments that explain a product in detail and are commonly referred to as infomercials) and short form, which refers to typical 30-second or 60-second commercials that ask viewers for an immediate response (typically to call a phone number on screen or go to a website). TV-response marketing—i.e. infomercials—can be considered a form of direct marketing, since responses are in the form of calls to telephone numbers given on-air. This allows marketers to reasonably conclude that the calls are due to a particular campaign, and enables them to obtain customers' phone numbers as targets for telemarketing. One of the most famous DRTV commercials was for Ginsu Knives by Ginsu Products, Inc. of Rhode Island. Several aspects of ad, such as its use of adding items to the offer and the guarantee of satisfaction were much copied, and came to be considered part of the formula for success with short-form direct-response TV ads (DRTV).


title: Direct marketing

text: Forms of direct response marketing on television include standard short form television commercials, infomercials and home shopping networks. Short-form direct-response commercials have time lengths ranging from 30 seconds to 2 minutes. Long form infomercials are typically 30 minutes long. An offshoot of the infomercial is the home shopping industry. In this medium, items can potentially be offered with reduced overhead.


title: Direct marketing

text: In direct response radio, ads contain a call to action with a specific tracking mechanism. Often, this tracking mechanism is a "call now" prompt with a toll-free phone number or a unique Web URL. Results of the ad can be tracked in terms of calls, orders, customers, leads, sales, revenue, and profits that result from the airing of those ads.


title: Direct marketing

text: Magazine and newspaper ads often include a direct response call-to-action, such as a toll-free number, a coupon redeemable at a brick-and-mortar store, or a QR code that can be scanned by a mobile device—these methods are all forms of direct marketing, because they elicit a direct and measurable action from the customer.


title: Direct marketing

text: By 1982, "the rising cost of an industrial sales call" (compared to 1971) led to business press outlets becoming a "primary reference for buying."


title: Direct marketing

text: Other media, such as magazines, newspapers, radio, social media, search engine marketing and e-mail can be used to elicit the response. A survey of large corporations found e-mail to be one of the most effective forms of direct response.


title: Direct marketing

text: The term "advertising", or "direct mail", is used to refer to communications sent to potential customers or donors via the postal service and other delivery services. Direct mail is sent to customers based on criteria such as age, income, location, profession, buying pattern, etc. Direct mail includes advertising circulars, catalogs, free-trial CDs, pre-approved credit card applications, and other unsolicited merchandising invitations delivered by mail to homes and businesses. Bulk mailings are a particularly popular method of promotion for businesses operating in the financial services, home computer, and travel and tourism industries.


title: Direct marketing

text: In many developed countries, direct mail represents such a significant amount of the total volume of mail that special rate classes have been established. In the United States and United Kingdom, for example, there are bulk mail rates that enable marketers to send mail at rates that are substantially lower than regular first-class rates. In order to qualify for these rates, marketers must format and sort the mail in particular ways—which reduces the handling (and therefore costs) required by the postal service. In the US, marketers send over 90 billion pieces of direct mail per year.


title: Direct marketing

text: Advertisers often refine direct mail practices into targeted mailing, in which mail is sent out following database analysis to select recipients considered most likely to respond positively. For example, a person who has demonstrated an interest in golf may receive direct mail for golf-related products or perhaps for goods and services that are appropriate for golfers. This use of database analysis is a type of database marketing. The United States Postal Service calls this form of mail "advertising mail" (admail for short).


title: Direct marketing

text: Another form of direct marketing, insert media are marketing materials that are inserted into other communications, such as a catalog, newspaper, magazine, package, or bill. Coop or shared mail, where marketing offers from several companies are delivered via a single envelope, is also considered insert media.


title: Direct marketing

text: Out-of-home direct marketing refers to a wide array of media designed to reach the consumer outside the home, including billboards, transit, bus shelters, bus benches, aerials, airports, in-flight, in-store, movies, college campus/high schools, hotels, shopping malls, sport facilities, stadiums, taxis—that contain a call-to-action for the customer to respond.


title: Direct marketing

text: Direct selling is the sale of products by face-to-face contact with the customer, either by having salespeople approach potential customers in person, or through indirect means such as Tupperware parties.


title: Direct marketing

text: Grassroots marketing involves advertising in the local community. The goal is to involve the community in discussions about the business through local events, meetings, and projects.


title: Direct marketing

text: The ICC Consolidated Code of Advertising and Marketing relates to all direct marketing activities in their entirety, whatever their form, medium or content. It sets the standards of ethical conduct to be followed by marketers, practitioners or other contractors providing services for direct marketing purposes or in the media.


title: Direct marketing

text: The fulfillment of any obligation arising from a direct marketing activity should be prompt and efficient.


title: Direct marketing

text: Whenever an offer is made, all the commitments to be fulfilled by the marketer, the operator and the consumer should be made clear to consumers, either directly or by reference to sales conditions available to them at the time of the offer.


title: Direct marketing

text: When the presentation of an offer also features products not included in the offer, or where additional products need to be purchased to enable the consumer to use the product on offer, this should be made clear in the original offer.


title: Direct marketing

text: High-pressure tactics which might be construed as harassment should be avoided, and, marketers should ensure that they respect local culture and tradition to avoid offensive questions.