title: NBC logo

text: In 2009, with the introduction of the network's "More Colorful" image campaign, the network incorporated a flickering effect for the NBC peacock – seen at the end of promos and ID sequences – in which the logo cycles through all six colors before switching to the standard multi-colored logo, usually displayed next to a clip featuring a main character or host of a particular program. In 2011, the full-color logo was updated to use a shaded appearance, in turn replaced by a glossy appearance beginning in 2013.


title: NBC logo

text: In November 2022, NBC began to phase in an updated version of the peacock symbol, with its colors made brighter to match the logo of NBCUniversal's streaming service Peacock, the feathers repositioned to make them more "balanced", and the peacock's "beak" made larger and more prominent. The wordmark typeface was also emboldened. The updated logo was soft launched in November 2022 during promos for its holiday programming, with a wider rollout beginning at midseason in 2023.


title: NBC logo

text: In the early 1950s, the bold upper case NBC letters (later used in the 1953 "Xylophone" logo) were also used as an animated "light-up letters" logo in synchronization with the NBC chimes in front of a gray background. This closing sequence was edited in at the end of a network program. Another variant was later used with a darker gray background and a disclaimer underneath the light-up letters: "This program was reproduced by the Kinephoto process," a reference to a live program put onto black and white film identified as a Kinescope recording. This variant was widely used throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many programs were originally recorded in this manner before the advent of two-inch videotape. NBC, however, continued to use its Kinephoto recording system to archive many of its videotaped programs so the videotapes can be erased and reused for other programming. This is evident with such 1960s programs as "Hullabaloo" using both archived Kinescope footage with rare color videotape finds, which was later re-released for home video on VHS and DVD.


title: NBC logo

text: For NBC's 1965 fall preview special, the peacock introduction began as normal with announcer Mel Brandt's standard introduction; however, when the peacock faded, Brandt is heard saying "It just "starts" in black and white!" Used to begin the special, the variant – with the voice-over being featured at the beginning of the ident, instead of during the middle – led into almost the complete pre-title teaser of "Get Smart"’s pilot episode, which was shot in black-and-white. This variant is also known as the "Pink Peacock" on video-sharing websites such as YouTube due to the faded color of the video.


title: NBC logo

text: On October 24, 1967, NBC was the first American television network to air The Beatles' film "A Hard Day's Night", but as it was filmed in black and white because color television was not fully implemented at that time in the band's home country, United Kingdom. NBC had to temporarily replace the peacock: a caption showing "I Dream of Jeannie" and "The Jerry Lewis Show" (the programs NBC was pre-empting that night) was pushed off-screen by an animated, waddling penguin adorned with a top hat that flapped its flightless wings (imitating the peacock), accompanied by announcer Mel Brandt drolly saying ""I Dream of Jeannie" and "The Jerry Lewis Show" will not be seen tonight. Instead... (music cue) The following very, very special program is brought to you in lively black and white, on NBC." At the end of the sequence, the penguin is shown taking off its top hat and unzipping its chest, with The Beatles jumping out and performing, before running away while being chased by fangirls.


title: NBC logo

text: In 1968, a variant of the 1965 "in living color" peacock ID was featured at the start of an episode of "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In". At the very end of the sequence, the peacock sneezes, sending its feathers flying off-screen, after which the puzzled peacock is shown looking in each direction in notice that its feathers are missing. This clip was later re-used in 1985 to open an episode of "TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes", and in the 2002 special "The Most Outrageous Game Show Moments 2". The sneezing peacock was only an animation added onto the end of the original clip of the 1965 peacock ID, as the peacock's feathers became brighter upon switching to the portion in which it sneezed.


title: NBC logo

text: In 1993, NBC commissioned several artists such as Al Hirschfeld, Peter Max, John Kricfalusi, J. J. Sedelmaier, David Daniels, Joan C. Gratz, and Mark Malmberg to devise abstract variations of the peacock for promotional use. However, the Gratz bumper was first used in 1992. Animated versions of the Hirschfeld, Sedelmeier, Gratz, and Kricfalusi peacocks acted as stings, and continued to air on the network until 2002.


title: NBC logo

text: The current peacock logo was also used as a part of an occasional sketch on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" called "Polly the NBC Peacock,” where a cardboard cut-out of the peacock logo with an added marionette-like mouth known as Polly (with an obvious talking parrot voice) mocked the ratings moves and celebrities of competitor networks, along with NBC's lesser programming.


title: NBC logo

text: Chermayeff and Geismar's book "Identify" includes the original sketches for the current peacock logo.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, 6th Earl of Suffolk, (c. 147130 April 1513), Duke of Suffolk, was a son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and his wife Elizabeth of York.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: Although the male York line ended with the death of Edward Plantagenet and the Poles at first swore loyalty to the Tudor king of England, they later tried to claim the throne as the Yorkist claimant. Edmund was ultimately executed at the Tower of London.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: Edmund de la Pole was a son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, and Elizabeth of York. His mother was the second surviving daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. She was also a younger sister to Kings Edward IV and Richard III.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: De la Pole's eldest brother John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (c. 14641487), was the designated heir of their maternal uncle Richard III, who gave him a pension and the reversion of the estates of Lady Margaret Beaufort. Meanwhile, Edmund was made a Knight of the Bath at the coronation of Richard III, and was present at the coronation of his cousin Elizabeth of York in 1487. Following the Battle of Bosworth Field, Lincoln took the oath of allegiance to Elizabeth's husband, Henry VII, instead of claiming the throne for himself. In 1487, Lincoln joined the rebellion of Lambert Simnel and was killed at the Battle of Stoke.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: After the death of his older brother, Edmund became the leading Yorkist claimant to the throne, and succeeded to the title Duke of Suffolk in 1492. Edmund took part in the Siege of Boulogne in October 1492. However, he is said to have subsequently agreed with King Henry VII, by Indenture dated 26 February 1492/3, to surrender the dukedom (with, apparently, the marquessate) of Suffolk, and to be known henceforth as the Earl of Suffolk only, this being ratified by Act of Parliament in 1495. In consideration of this surrender and "of the true and diligent service done to his Highness by the said Edmund" the King granted to him, for £5,000, a portion of the lands forfeited by his elder brother John, Earl of Lincoln, in 1487.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: Suffolk was one of the leaders against the Cornish rebels at Blackheath, 17 June 1497. However, in Michaelmas term 1498 he was indicted for murder in the King's Bench and, though afterwards pardoned, he fled overseas to Guisnes, July 1499, returning to England after September. He was at this time recorded as stout and bold and of courage. On 5 May 1500 he witnessed at Canterbury the treaty for the marriage of King Henry and Queen Elizabeth's son Prince Arthur with Catherine of Aragon. He then left for France, arriving there on the 13th, and attended the King at his meeting with Archduke Philip at Calais, on 9 June 1500.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: In August 1501 he and his brother Richard again left England without royal leave (apparently assisted by James Tyrrell, who was subsequently executed for these actions), and joining Emperor Maximilian I in the Tyrol, he assumed his former title of Duke of Suffolk, being also known as the "White Rose" (Yorkist Pretender). For his alleged projected rebellion he was proclaimed an outlaw at Ipswich, 26 December 1502, and with his brothers William (arrested on suspicion and sent to the Tower, which he never left, early in 1502) and Richard, was attainted in Parliament January 1503/4, whereby all his honours were forfeited, backdated to 1 July 1499. Seward relates that throughout this period until Edmund's death he used a Thomas Killingworth, gentleman of East Anglia and London, as his Steward, for which Killingworth later received a Royal Pardon.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: On 28 July 1502 Maximilian signed a treaty at Augsburg whereby, in return for £10,000, he undertook not to help the English rebels. Nevertheless, Suffolk was allowed to remain at Aix, 1502–04, though on leaving he had to leave his brother Richard as hostage for his debts. Upon leaving Aix about April 1504 in an attempt to join the Duke of Saxony in Friesland, he was imprisoned by the Duke of Guelders at Hattem and subsequently by Archduke Philip of Burgundy, at Namur into 1506.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: While sailing to Spain to secure his wife Joanna's inheritance of the Crown of Castile, Philip was blown off course to England, and reluctantly and unexpectedly became a guest of Henry VII. Needing to continue his journey, Philip was persuaded by Henry to hand over the Earl of Suffolk in the treaty "Malus Intercursus". Henry committed the Earl to the Tower on his arrival in London, late in March 1505/6.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: On the accession of Henry VII and Elizabeth's son Henry VIII, Edmund being still in the Tower, was (with his two brothers) excepted from the new king's general pardon of 30 April 1509. After being a prisoner in the Tower for 7 years, he was (since his brother Richard had joined the service of France, with whom England was then at war), without any further proceedings, beheaded on Tower Hill aged about 42.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: Montaigne, in his "Essays", said that Henry VII, in his will, instructed his son to put Suffolk to death immediately after his own death, and the author criticized the father for requiring that his son do what he himself would not.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: Edmund married, before 10 October 1496, Margaret, daughter of Sir Richard Scrope, Knt., second son of Henry Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton. Margaret died in 1515. They had a daughter, Elizabeth, who became a nun and died of the Black Plague in the Convent of the Minoresses without Aldgate, London, in 1515.


title: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: Edmund's younger brother, Richard de la Pole, declared himself Earl of Suffolk and was the leading Yorkist pretender until his death at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525.


title: The Legends (TV series)

text: Zhaoyao (), also known as The Legends, is a 2019 Chinese television series starring Bai Lu, Xu Kai, Dai Xu and Xiao Yan. It is based on the novel of the same name by Jiuliu Feixiang. It aired on Hunan TV from January 28 to April 3, 2019.


title: The Legends (TV series)

text: Lu Zhaoyao (Bai Lu) and her grandfather are bound by duty to guard the seal that has kept the Demon King's son in chains. When an intruder barges in, the Demon King's son escapes and falls into the hands of the righteous sect. Zhao Yao saves him (Xu Kai) and gives him the name Mo Qing. In trying to obtain the Wan Jun Sword, Zhao Yao mistakenly thinks that Mo Qing has betrayed her.


title: The Legends (TV series)

text: Five years later, Lu Zhaoyao manages to establish a connection with Qin Zhiyan (Xiao Yan) of the Immortal Sect. She returns to Wan Lu Sect, hoping to reclaim her position. She discovers that Mo Qing, the Demon King's son, has reclaimed his name as Li Chenlan and currently sits in the center of power. Lu Zhaoyao uses her attraction towards him and colludes with Jiang Wu (Dai Xu) with a scheme of her own. Secrets from the past are revealed. Lu Zhaoyao realizes who her enemies are and who has stayed by her side all along.


title: The Legends (TV series)

text: Shooting began on October 27, 2017 at Hongshilinzhen in Hunan and wrapped up on February 12, 2018. Filming also took place in Hengdian World Studios.


title: The Legends (TV series)

text: Zheng Wei, the main director of the drama, previously directed "The Imperial Doctress" and "Secret of the Three Kingdoms".


title: The Legends (TV series)

text: The production team also hired screenwriter Shunjian Qingcheng ("The Rise of Phoenixes") as the literary consult of the drama; and Yuan Jie as the main executive producer.


title: The Legends (TV series)

text: Jiuliu Feixiang, the author of the original novel, co-wrote the script with Yang Ziqian ("Prince of Lan Ling").


title: The Legends (TV series)

text: The drama received positive reviews from the audience for its unique characters and comedic elements, as well as its interesting romance storyline. It was also praised for its showcase and emphasis on strong female characters, as well as its positive and inspirational storyline.


title: Strangelet

text: A strangelet (pronounced ) is a hypothetical particle consisting of a bound state of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. An equivalent description is that a strangelet is a small fragment of strange matter, small enough to be considered a particle. The size of an object composed of strange matter could, theoretically, range from a few femtometers across (with the mass of a light nucleus) to arbitrarily large. Once the size becomes macroscopic (on the order of metres across), such an object is usually called a strange star. The term "strangelet" originates with Edward Farhi and Robert Jaffe in 1984. Strangelets can convert matter to strange matter on contact. Strangelets have been suggested as a dark matter candidate.


title: Strangelet

text: The known particles with strange quarks are unstable. Because the strange quark is heavier than the up and down quarks, it can spontaneously decay, via the weak interaction, into an up quark. Consequently, particles containing strange quarks, such as the Lambda particle, always lose their strangeness, by decaying into lighter particles containing only up and down quarks.


title: Strangelet

text: However, condensed states with a larger number of quarks might not suffer from this instability. That possible stability against decay is the ""strange matter hypothesis"", proposed separately by Arnold Bodmer and Edward Witten. According to this hypothesis, when a large enough number of quarks are concentrated together, the lowest energy state is one which has roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks, namely a strangelet. This stability would occur because of the Pauli exclusion principle; having three types of quarks, rather than two as in normal nuclear matter, allows more quarks to be placed in lower energy levels.


title: Strangelet

text: A nucleus is a collection of a large number of up and down quarks, confined into triplets (neutrons and protons). According to the strange matter hypothesis, strangelets are more stable than nuclei, so nuclei are expected to decay into strangelets. But this process may be extremely slow because there is a large energy barrier to overcome: as the weak interaction starts making a nucleus into a strangelet, the first few strange quarks form strange baryons, such as the Lambda, which are heavy. Only if many conversions occur almost simultaneously will the number of strange quarks reach the critical proportion required to achieve a lower energy state. This is very unlikely to happen, so even if the strange matter hypothesis were correct, nuclei would never be seen to decay to strangelets because their lifetime would be longer than the age of the universe.


title: Strangelet

text: The stability of strangelets depends on their size. This is because of (a) surface tension at the interface between quark matter and vacuum (which affects small strangelets more than big ones), and (b) screening of charges, which allows small strangelets to be charged, with a neutralizing cloud of electrons/positrons around them, but requires large strangelets, like any large piece of matter, to be electrically neutral in their interior. The charge screening distance tends to be of the order of a few femtometers, so only the outer few femtometers of a strangelet can carry charge.


title: Strangelet

text: The surface tension of strange matter is unknown. If it is smaller than a critical value (a few MeV per square femtometer) then large strangelets are unstable and will tend to fission into smaller strangelets (strange stars would still be stabilized by gravity). If it is larger than the critical value, then strangelets become more stable as they get bigger.


title: Strangelet

text: Although nuclei do not decay to strangelets, there are other ways to create strangelets, so if the strange matter hypothesis is correct there should be strangelets in the universe. There are at least three ways they might be created in nature:


title: Strangelet

text: These scenarios offer possibilities for observing strangelets. If there are strangelets flying around the universe, then occasionally a strangelet should hit Earth, where it would appear as an exotic type of cosmic ray. If strangelets can be produced in high-energy collisions, then they might be produced by heavy-ion colliders.


title: Strangelet

text: At heavy ion accelerators like the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), nuclei are collided at relativistic speeds, creating strange and antistrange quarks that could conceivably lead to strangelet production. The experimental signature of a strangelet would be its very high ratio of mass to charge, which would cause its trajectory in a magnetic field to be very nearly, but not quite, straight. The STAR collaboration has searched for strangelets produced at the RHIC, but none were found. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is even less likely to produce strangelets, but searches are planned for the LHC detector.


title: Strangelet

text: The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), an instrument that is mounted on the International Space Station, could detect strangelets.


title: Strangelet

text: In May 2002, a group of researchers at Southern Methodist University reported the possibility that strangelets may have been responsible for seismic events recorded on October 22 and November 24 in 1993. The authors later retracted their claim, after finding that the clock of one of the seismic stations had a large error during the relevant period.


title: Strangelet

text: It has been suggested that the International Monitoring System be set up to verify the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) after entry into force may be useful as a sort of "strangelet observatory" using the entire Earth as its detector. The IMS will be designed to detect anomalous seismic disturbances down to energy release or less, and could be able to track strangelets passing through Earth in real time if properly exploited.


title: Strangelet

text: It has been suggested that strangelets of subplanetary (i.e. heavy meteorite) mass would puncture planets and other Solar System objects, leading to impact craters which show characteristic features.


title: Strangelet

text: If the strange matter hypothesis is correct, and if a stable negatively-charged strangelet with a surface tension larger than the aforementioned critical value exists, then a larger strangelet would be more stable than a smaller one. One speculation that has resulted from the idea is that a strangelet coming into contact with a lump of ordinary matter could convert the ordinary matter to strange matter.


title: Strangelet

text: This is not a concern for strangelets in cosmic rays because they are produced far from Earth and have had time to decay to their ground state, which is predicted by most models to be positively charged, so they are electrostatically repelled by nuclei, and would rarely merge with them. On the other hand, high-energy collisions could produce negatively charged strangelet states, which could live long enough to interact with the nuclei of ordinary matter.


title: Strangelet

text: The danger of catalyzed conversion by strangelets produced in heavy-ion colliders has received some media attention, and concerns of this type were raised at the commencement of the RHIC experiment at Brookhaven, which could potentially have created strangelets. A detailed analysis concluded that the RHIC collisions were comparable to ones which naturally occur as cosmic rays traverse the Solar System, so we would already have seen such a disaster if it were possible. RHIC has been operating since 2000 without incident. Similar concerns have been raised about the operation of the LHC at CERN but such fears are dismissed as far-fetched by scientists.


title: Strangelet

text: In the case of a neutron star, the conversion scenario seems much more plausible. A neutron star is in a sense a giant nucleus (20 km across), held together by gravity, but it is electrically neutral and so does not electrostatically repel strangelets. If a strangelet hit a neutron star, it would initially convert only a small region of it, but that region would grow and eventually consume the entire star, creating a strange star.


title: Strangelet

text: The strange matter hypothesis remains unproven. No direct search for strangelets in cosmic rays or particle accelerators has seen a strangelet. If any of the objects such as neutron stars could be shown to have a surface made of strange matter, this would indicate that strange matter is stable at zero pressure, which would vindicate the strange matter hypothesis. However, there is no strong evidence for strange matter surfaces on neutron stars.


title: Strangelet

text: Another argument against the hypothesis is that if it were true, essentially all neutron stars should be made of strange matter, and otherwise none should be. Even if there were only a few strange stars initially, violent events such as collisions would soon create many fragments of strange matter flying around the universe. Because collision with a single strangelet would convert a neutron star to strange matter, all but a few of the most recently formed neutron stars should by now have already been converted to strange matter.


title: Strangelet

text: This argument is still debated, but if it is correct then showing that one old neutron star has a conventional nuclear matter crust would disprove the strange matter hypothesis.


title: Strangelet

text: Because of its importance for the strange matter hypothesis, there is an ongoing effort to determine whether the surfaces of neutron stars are made of strange matter or nuclear matter. The evidence currently favors nuclear matter. This comes from the phenomenology of X-ray bursts, which is well explained in terms of a nuclear matter crust, and from measurement of seismic vibrations in magnetars.


title: A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms (Game of Thrones)

text: "A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms" is the second episode of the eighth season of HBO's fantasy television series "Game of Thrones", and the 69th overall. It was written by Bryan Cogman, and directed by David Nutter. It aired on April 21, 2019.


text: The episode takes place entirely in Winterfell and is dedicated to the buildup before the battle between the living and the dead. It has been likened to a bottle episode, though one reviewer argued it does not meet the definition of the term.


text: "A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms" received positive reception from critics, with many highlighting the episode's balance of the show's longtime characters and citing it as one of the best episodes of the series. Gwendoline Christie (Brienne of Tarth) submitted the episode to support her Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Nikolaj Coster-Waldau (Jaime Lannister) later selected the episode to support his nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.


text: The title is a reference to the title bestowed on Brienne of Tarth after Jaime Lannister knights her and to the collection of stories of the same name by George R. R. Martin, the author of the "A Song of Ice and Fire" novels on which "Game of Thrones" is based.


text: Daenerys and Sansa both contemplate the fate of Jaime Lannister, who reveals Cersei was lying about sending her army. They let Jaime fight for them after Brienne vouches for him. Jaime speaks with Bran and apologizes for trying to kill him ("Winter Is Coming"), but Bran holds no anger. Meanwhile, Daenerys is angry at Tyrion for believing Cersei, but is mollified by Jorah.


text: Sansa and Daenerys attempt to clear the air between them based on their mutual love of Jon, but Daenerys doesn't have an answer when Sansa asks about the fate of the North once Daenerys takes the Iron Throne. Theon returns wishing to fight for the Starks. Tormund, Beric, and Edd arrive and tell Jon that the Army of the Dead will arrive before the following morning.


text: At the war council, Bran persuades them to let him act as bait to lure the Night King, who wishes to kill him. Theon volunteers to defend Bran with the Ironborn, and Jon and Daenerys plan to ambush the Night King when he reveals himself to destroy him.


text: Arya talks to the Hound, and asks him why he came North since he only fought for himself, and he retorts that he had fought for her ("The Children"). Arya then visits Gendry. He reveals he is a bastard of Robert Baratheon. Wanting to lose her virginity before the battle, Arya seduces and sleeps with Gendry.


text: Tyrion, Jaime, Brienne, Podrick, Davos, and Tormund gather in the meeting hall to drink before the battle. The conversation turns to why women cannot be knighted; in response to Tormund's remark that he would knight Brienne without hesitation, Jaime knights an emotional Brienne.


text: Jorah fails at attempting to stop Lyanna Mormont from fighting in the battle. Sam approaches Jorah and gives him House Tarly's Valyrian sword Heartsbane, out of gratitude for the influence Jorah's father Jeor had on him.


text: Daenerys visits Jon in the crypts and he reveals his true parentage to Daenerys but Daenerys is skeptical about the reliability of the information. They are interrupted by horn blasts signaling the approach of the Army of the Dead.


text: The episode was written by "series veteran" Bryan Cogman. This was his eleventh and final script of the series overall. For him "the biggest challenge was not writing a Wikipedia page." The episode adapts material from the unpublished novels "The Winds of Winter" and "A Dream of Spring", along with original material not published in George R. R. Martin's novels.


text: The episode was directed by David Nutter, his second of three episodes this season. The outdoor Winterfell scenes were filmed at sets in Moneyglass and Magheramorne in Northern Ireland, with indoor scenes filmed at Paint Hall studios in Belfast. Executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss let Maisie Williams decide how much of her body to show on camera during her sex scene; she didn't believe that Arya's nakedness was central to the narrative, and she "kept [herself] pretty private."


text: The episode features a song called "Jenny's Song", sung by Podrick while many of the characters were drinking by the fire before the upcoming battle. The first line of the song appeared in the book "A Storm of Swords"; the writers wrote the rest of the lyrics while series composer Ramin Djawadi set it to music. Another version of the song, titled "Jenny of Oldstones", was sung by the band Florence and the Machine and played over the ending credits.


text: The episode was viewed by 10.29 million viewers on its initial live broadcast on HBO, and an additional 5.61 million viewers on streaming platforms, for a total 15.9 million viewers.


text: The episode received largely positive reviews from critics and acclaim from many longtime commentators of the series. It has an 87% rating on the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes based on 95 reviews, with an average rating of 8.12/10. The site's critics' consensus states: "What 'A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms' lacks in forward narrative momentum it makes up for in cryptic callbacks, intimate moments, and the promise of imminent battle – though some fans may find their patience tested. The things we do for love."


text: Jeremy Egner of "The New York Times" believed that the episode did a good job with building up the story before the eventual climax at Winterfell and wrote, "In this last week before the big White Walker clash and the presumable carnage and loss of beloved characters it will entail, it was a reminder that the things we do for love can be heroic, too." David Sims of "The Atlantic" suggested that "audiences didn't need most of last week's dire episode," adding that smooshing the episodes together would result in "a good hour of fan service," before the potential death of some of the characters in the next episode. Alyssa Rosenberg of "The Washington Post" believed that the episode did a good job of distinguishing between the two sides of the upcoming battle by showing "the warm bodies and warmer conversations between our tragically, beautifully human characters." Rosenberg went on to analyze that the apocalyptic situation facing the characters served as a meta commentary for the impending end of the series, writing, "It’s a sly note to those of us who have spent a decade or longer with George R.R. Martin’s characters, an admonition that even when this hugely absorbing series ends in a few weeks, its best moments will live on in those of us who have loved it and challenged it. And in the hands of writer and co-executive producer Bryan Cogman — who has always, to my mind, better understood what made “Game of Thrones” wonderful than even the men who created and ran the darn thing" Author Stephen King shared praise about the episode on Twitter, writing, "As a long-time storyteller, I'm in awe of how perfectly the minds behind this show brought all the major characters together at Winterfell. They made it look easy. Constant Readers, it is not."


text: Among the negative reviews, Liz Shannon Miller of "IndieWire" criticized the pace of the episode and what she considered unnecessary confrontations between the characters and added, "The issues surrounding "A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms" would be lesser if a) Episode 1 hadn't also been so devoted to moving pieces into place and b) Season 8 wasn't going to be only six episodes."


title: Killerman

text: Killerman is a 2019 American action crime film starring Liam Hemsworth, Emory Cohen, Diane Guerrero, Zlatko Buric, Suraj Sharma, and Nickola Shreli. It was theatrically released in the United States on August 30, 2019.


title: Killerman

text: Moe (Hemsworth) and Bobby "Skunk" (Cohen) are money launderers for Perico (Buric) who is also Bobby's uncle. They are both given a large job which involves $20 million in 10 days.


title: Killerman

text: As they are both about to launder the money they get a call from Perico to not do anything and just sit on the money until he rings them again. This gives Bobby an opportunity to make a fast buck by doing a drug deal and making some extra money. He involves Moe who reluctantly agrees after refusing flat out first.


title: Killerman

text: They go to see an Indian shopkeeper Fedex (Sharma) who is told he will make $60,000 in a few hours if he gives them the phone number of the drug dealer. Hesitantly he gives them the phone number of Debo, a local drug dealer and contact him to set up a once only deal.


title: Killerman

text: But Debo is in cahoots with some dirty cops who have "borrowed" the drugs from the evidence room so that they can steal the money, and the drugs, once the deal is done. Debo is given 1 kg of drugs, for his help and told to run with his gang by the cops whilst they ambush Moe and Bobby at the drug deal.


title: Killerman

text: Unbeknownst to the cops, Moe has set up a shooter who helps them take the money and drugs back off the cops and escape with the cops in hot pursuit. Whilst getting away Moe crashes his car and loses his memory whilst Bobby has a few scratches.


title: Killerman

text: They manage to hide out with the dirty cops in hot pursuit who want their drugs and the money and will do anything to get them.


title: Killerman

text: Problem is Moe has no memory and has to keep himself safe with the cash and drugs. Who will win? It is a game of cat and mouse...


title: Killerman

text: Skunk and Moe go to see Skunk's uncle on his mother's side, a crime boss in the middle of a real estate deal with a congressman and being vetted by the biggest bank in New York. Skunk's uncle tells them that because they messed things up they must leave New York forever. Before they do, Moe insists he must see his apartment. At the apartment they find his pregnant girlfriend and Skunk leaves and tells them to be ready when he returns. When Skunk returns, so do the dirty cops. They capture Skunk and shoot Moe's girlfriend who later dies at a hospital. Moe goes to see Skunk's uncle, who agrees to help.


title: Killerman

text: Moe is able to rescue Skunk and they take the cash and drugs to Skunk's uncle. His uncle assaults Moe after being tipped off by an FBI agent that Moe is an undercover cop called Killerman. Skunk's uncle informs him that Moe's girlfriend did not die but his unborn child did and then tells him to kill Moe by emptying a clip in his head. Instead of killing Moe, Skunk kills his uncle and his uncle's men. Skunk tells Moe that his uncle would have killed them both and not mentioning that Moe is a cop and his girlfriend is alive. They take a car, the money and drugs and leave New York. In credits, it's said that no one knows their whereabouts and that it is unknown whether Moe ever got his memory back.


title: Killerman

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "It's occasionally effective as a bare-bones action thriller, but "Killerman"s willingness to settle for mediocrity prevents it from reaching its tantalizing true potential."


title: Tridax procumbens

text: Tridax procumbens, commonly known as coatbuttons or tridax daisy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is best known as a widespread weed and pest plant. It is native to the tropical Americas including Mexico, but it has been introduced to tropical, subtropical, and mild temperate regions worldwide. It is listed as a noxious weed in the United States and has pest status in nine states.


title: Tridax procumbens

text: Its common names include coatbuttons and tridax daisy in English, "jayanthi"(ಜಯoತಿ) in Kannada, "cadillo chisaca" in Spanish, "herbe caille" in French, "jayanti veda" (जयंती वेद) and "Avanti" in Sanskrit,"Ghajadvu" in Gujarati "Kumminnippacha", (കുമ്മിനിന്നിപാച്ച) "Kurikootticheera",(കുറികോട്ടിച്ചിചിറ) "Muriyampachila" (മുരിയമ്പാചില), "Odiyancheera", (ഒഡിയൻ‌ചിറ) "Railpoochedi, (റൈലാപൂച്ചെഡി) "Sanipoovu",(ഷാനിപോവ്) "Thelkuthi", (തെക്കുത്തി) "Chiravanakku", (ചിരവനാക്ക്) in Malayalam, "bikhalyakarani" in Assamese, "ghamra" in Hindi, "Tridhara" (ত্রিধারা) in Bengali, "bishalya karani" (ବିଶଲ୍ୟକରଣୀ) in Oriya, "kambarmodi", "Jakhamjudi" & "tantani" (कंबरमोडी, जखमजुडी & टनटनी) in Marathi, "gayapaaku" (గాయపాకు) & "gaddi chemanthi" (గడ్డి చామంతి) & "balapaaku" (బలపాకు) in Telugu,"vettukaaya poondu" or "thatha poo" or" kinatruppasan" (கிணற்றுப்பாசான்) in Tamil, "Ghaburi" (ઘાબુરી) in Gujarati "kotobukigiku" in Japanese and "tīn túkkæ" (ตีนตุ๊กแก; 'gecko feet') in Thai. in Urdu it is known as "zagh mai hayat".


title: Tridax procumbens

text: The plant bears daisy-like yellow-centered white or yellow flowers with three-toothed ray florets. The leaves are toothed and generally arrowhead-shaped. Calyx is represented by scales or reduced to pappus.


title: Tridax procumbens

text: Its fruit is a hard achene covered with stiff hairs and having a feathery, plumelike white pappus at one end. The plant is invasive in part because it produces so many of these achenes, up to 1500 per plant, and each achene can catch the wind in its pappus and be carried some distance. This plant can be found in fields, meadows, croplands, disturbed areas, lawns, and roadsides in areas with tropical or semi-tropical climates. It is listed in the United States as a Noxious Weed and regulated under the Federal Noxious Weed Act.


title: Tridax procumbens

text: Traditionally, "Tridax procumbens" has been in use in India for wound healing and as an anticoagulant, antifungal, and insect repellent. "Tridax procumbens" is also used as treatment for boils, blisters, and cuts by local healers in parts of India.


title: Tridax procumbens

text: The flavonoid procumbenetin has been isolated from the aerial parts of "Tridax procumbens". Other chemical compounds isolated from the plant include alkyl esters, sterols, pentacyclic triterpenes, fatty acids, and polysaccharides. Several main active chemical compounds were found to be present. But toxicological knowledge is scarce and more research described to be needed on this plant.


title: Joselu

text: José Luis Mato Sanmartín (; born 27 March 1990), known as Joselu (), is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a striker for La Liga club Espanyol.


title: Joselu

text: Joselu began his career with Celta de Vigo before being purchased by Real Madrid in the summer of 2009. He was a prolific goalscorer for their B-team, scoring 40 goals in 72 appearances but he was unable to break into the first team and was sold to Bundesliga side 1899 Hoffenheim in August 2012, being loaned out to Eintracht Frankfurt in 2013–14. Joselu joined Hannover 96 in June 2014, then Premier League side Stoke City a year later for a fee of £5.75 million. In 2017, he moved to Newcastle United for £5 million, where he spent two seasons, before moving to Alavés for an undisclosed fee.


title: Joselu

text: Joselu was born in Stuttgart, West Germany, and attended school in the country for four years, when his family returned to Galicia, Spain. He has two older sisters.


title: Joselu

text: Joselu played his two first professional matches for local Celta de Vigo in the second division, late in the 2008–09 season. Since the age of 18, at about the same time he made his debuts with the main squad, he played with the B-team in the third level.


title: Joselu

text: In late summer 2009, Joselu was purchased by Real Madrid, being immediately loaned to his former team for a further campaign. He was relatively used during the division two campaign, but only scored four goals as the team finished in 12th position.


title: Joselu

text: Joselu was Real Madrid Castilla's top scorer in the 2010–11 season, alongside Álvaro Morata, but the team failed to win promotion in the playoffs. On 21 May 2011, he made his first-team – and La Liga – debut, coming on as a substitute for Karim Benzema for the last ten minutes of a home fixture against Almería: he scored almost immediately from a Cristiano Ronaldo cross, making it 8–1 to the hosts.


title: Joselu

text: On 20 December 2011, in his second official appearance for the main squad, Joselu replaced Benzema in the 77th minute of the home match against Ponferradina, for the season's Copa del Rey. He scored the goal to make the match 4–1 two minutes later, in an eventual 5–1 win.


title: Joselu

text: In his second season with Castilla, Joselu became an essential offensive unit for manager Alberto Toril, and responded by netting 26 goals (19 in the regular season and seven in the playoffs) which made him the competition's top scorer, as his team were promoted to division two after five years, as champions. He subsequently attracted the attention of several European clubs.


title: Joselu

text: Joselu said in 2015 that he did not regret his time at Real Madrid despite his limited first-team opportunities, due to his experiences training with its players and manager José Mourinho.


title: Joselu

text: On 8 August 2012, Joselu signed a four-year contract with 1899 Hoffenheim for an undisclosed fee. He made his Bundesliga debut on 16 September, playing 30 minutes in a 3–5 away loss against SC Freiburg, and scored his first goal for his new club ten days later, contributing to a 3–0 success at VfB Stuttgart, and added a brace against SpVgg Greuther Fürth on 19 October 2012. He played 25 times for 1899 Hoffenheim, scoring five goals as they finished in 16th position.


title: Joselu

text: At the end of his first season with Hoffenhiem, Joselu admitted that he struggled to adapt to his new surroundings and was loaned out to Bundesliga rivals Eintracht Frankfurt for the 2013–14 season. He rediscovered his form under Frankfurt manager Armin Veh at the Commerzbank-Arena, scoring 14 goals in 33 appearances as the club finished in 13th position and reached the knockout stages of the UEFA Europa League.


title: Joselu

text: On 9 June 2014, Joselu joined Hannover 96 on a four-year deal for a €5 million transfer fee. In his only season there he made 32 appearances, scoring 10 goals.


title: Joselu

text: On 16 June 2015, Joselu joined English side Stoke City for a fee of £5.75 million, therefore fulfilling a lifelong ambition to play in England's top division. He made his Premier League debut on 15 August away to Tottenham Hotspur, as a 59th-minute substitute for Jonathan Walters; he won a penalty when fouled by Toby Alderweireld, converted by Marko Arnautović as Stoke came from 2–0 down to draw 2–2. On 28 December, after coming on in place of compatriot Bojan, Joselu scored his first goal for the Potters in a 4–3 win at Everton. He played 27 times for Stoke in 2015–16, scoring four goals as the team finished in ninth position. Towards the end of the campaign, Stoke manager Mark Hughes stated that Joselu had made a slow start to life in English football.


title: Joselu

text: On 31 August 2016, Joselu returned to Galicia to join Celta's rivals Deportivo de La Coruña on a season-long loan deal. He scored his first goals for the team on 10 December, a two-minute brace as a substitute to give them the lead in an eventual 3–2 loss on his return to Real Madrid. Joselu scored six goals in 24 appearances for Deportivo before his season was ended due to an Achilles injury.


title: Joselu

text: On 16 August 2017, Joselu joined Premier League side Newcastle United on a three-year deal for a fee of £5 million. He made his debut four days later as a 52nd-minute substitute for Dwight Gayle in a 1–0 loss at Huddersfield Town, and scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home win over West Ham United on 26 August. Much like his fellow strikers, Joselu's form was inconsistent as Newcastle faltered in the league, but he was still top scorer by January when he scored in a 1–1 draw with Swansea City, although he also had his penalty saved by Nick Pope in a 1–1 draw with Burnley. He ended up finishing the season as third highest top scorer behind Gayle and Ayoze Pérez.


title: Joselu

text: In the 2018–19 season, Joselu was fourth choice behind Pérez and new signings Salomón Rondón and Yoshinori Muto. The two league goals he scored all season both came in August in losses to Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea. His final goal for the club came in a FA Cup third round replay victory over Blackburn Rovers on 15 January 2019, but by March, he was out of the squad altogether.


title: Joselu

text: On 15 July 2019, Joselu returned to La Liga to join Alavés on a three-year contract, for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around £2.5 million.


title: Joselu

text: Joselu plays as a striker and has been described by his former manager Mark Hughes as a "technically adept forward...He's a good technical player, he's got good ability and I like his movement. His link-up play is very good and with the finishing we've done so far in training I've been very pleased. You can see technically he's very adept, getting his body in the right position to take chances".


title: Glottis

text: The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds (the rima glottidis). The glottis is crucial in producing vowels and voiced consonants.


title: Glottis

text: From Ancient Greek "γλωττίς" (glōttís), derived from "γλῶττα" (glôtta), variant of "γλῶσσα" (glôssa, "tongue").


title: Glottis

text: As the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the speech, called voice or voicing or pronunciation.


title: Glottis

text: Sound production that involves moving the vocal folds close together is called "glottal". English has a voiceless glottal transition spelled "h". This sound is produced by keeping the vocal folds spread somewhat, resulting in non-turbulent airflow through the glottis. In many accents of English the glottal stop (made by pressing the folds together) is used as a variant allophone of the phoneme (and in some dialects, occasionally of and ); in some languages, this sound is a phoneme of its own.


title: Glottis

text: Skilled players of the Australian didgeridoo restrict their glottal opening in order to produce the full range of timbres available on the instrument.


title: Glottis

text: The vibration produced is an essential component of "voiced" consonants as well as vowels. If the vocal folds are drawn apart, air flows between them causing no vibration, as in the production of voiceless consonants.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: Mykhailo Mykhailovych Podolyak (; born c. 1972) is a Ukrainian politician, journalist and negotiator, serving as the adviser to the president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: In 2022, he became one of the representatives of Ukraine at Russian-Ukrainian peace negotiations during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: In 2004, Podolyak was deputy editor-in-chief of the opposition Belarusian newspaper Vremya. In June 2004, officers of the KGB of Belarus came to his house and gave him half an hour to collect his things. The Belarusian authorities accused Podoliak that his activities "contradict the interests of state security", and the materials contain "slanderous fabrications about the real situation in the country, calls to destabilize the political situation in Belarus".


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: In 2005, Podolyak was the editor-in-chief of "Ukrainska Hazeta". In June, the publication published his article "The Last Supper": it concerned the poisoning in 2004 of the then presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko. The material was a journalistic investigation presented in an artistic form.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: In 2006, Podolyak began working with Ukrainian internet publication Obozrevatel as a freelancer. At the same time, he became an adviser to the owner of the publication, Chairman of the State Committee for Regulatory Policy and Entrepreneurship, Mykhailo Brodskyy. In December 2011, Podoliak became the editor-in-chief of Obozrevatel.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: In April 2020, Podolyak became an adviser to the head of the Office of the President of Ukraine Andriy Yermak and an "anti-crisis manager" of the Office. He controls the entire information policy of the Office of the President and advises Volodymyr Zelenskyy directly. In addition, he prepares ministers of the Ukrainian government for broadcasts in the media so that their theses are coordinated with the content promoted by the president.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: On 25 February, as the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine began, Podolyak and prime minister Denis Shmyhal briefed the media. In the early days, the Russian armed forces failed to significantly advance deep into the territory of Ukraine due to Ukrainian defenses. On 26 February, the Office of the President of Ukraine alleged that the advance of the Russians had stopped due to “huge losses” allegedly inflicted by the Ukrainian army.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: On 28 February, the first round of Ukrainian-Russian negotiations took place on the territory of Belarus. Podolyak, as part of the Ukrainian delegation, participated in both this and subsequent rounds of meetings and became the main speaker of Ukraine during the negotiations. At the same time, according to him, the key demands, uncompromising for Ukraine, are: a ceasefire, the withdrawal of Russian troops to the positions they occupied before 24 February, and security guarantees.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: "“Our position at the negotiations is quite specific — legally verified security guarantees; ceasefire; withdrawal of Russian troops. This is possible only with a direct dialogue between the heads of Ukraine and the Russian Federation.”" — said Podolyak in an interview with PBS. "“There are some concessions that we definitely aren’t going to make,”" he said. "“We cannot give away any territories.”"


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: After the discovery of Russian war crimes in Bucha in April 2022 Podolyak was worried that the occurrence would complicate ceasefire discussions with Russia.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: On 22 May 2022, after Russia captured the Azovstal steelworks and took full control of Mariupol, Podolyak ruled out ceasefire talks with Russia and would not accept any deal that ceded territories to Russia. Around 20,000 people were killed in Mariupol since the Russian invasion began.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: On 9 June 2022, Podolyak stated to the BBC "that between 100 and 200 Ukrainian troops are being killed on the front line every day."


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: On 17 June 2022, Podolyak was interviewed by "France24" in the wake of the visit of a day after the visit of the Emmanuel Macron, Olaf Scholz, Mario Draghi and Klaus Iohannis to Kyiv and Irpin. He stressed that Ukraine could win the war in three to six months if it were to obtain heavy weapons.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: On 9 August 2022, Podolyak told the BBC: "In short, in my opinion, it’s impossible [to return to the March 2022 Istanbul communiqué]. The emotional background in Ukraine has changed very, very much. We have seen too many war crimes live. Ukrainian society will probably not agree because will understand that if Russia bears no responsibility for these crimes, they will continue in one form or another in the territory of Ukraine. Therefore, the communiqué that was proposed in Istanbul should undergo a certain upgrade." On the same day he said he had deduced the Putinite strategy of wartime negotiation.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: On 10 August 2022, Spanish daily "El Pais" elicited a comment in interview from Podolyak that if a single point of conflict with Russia remains , it will be an unfinished war.


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: In an in-depth 16 August 2022 interview with "The Guardian" Podolyak said the current aim of the Ukrainians was "to create chaos with Russian forces", specifically targeting supply lines and Crimea. According to him, "there was no prospect of Russia negotiating seriously until it experienced a defeat on the battlefield." He added that the tactics of the opponents differed: "a Ukrainian counteroffensive looks very different. We don’t use the tactics of the 60s and 70s, of the last century." Rather, "by striking at the invaders’ supply lines deep into occupied territories.. [the] strategy is to destroy the logistics, the supply lines and the ammunition depots and other objects of military infrastructure."


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: On 19 August a Ukrainian source quoted Podolyak as follows: "Negotiations with Russia are a game of Russian roulette with a full cylinder and a fatal ending for everyone. This is a continuation of war, terror, and criminal blackmail."


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: In August 2022 when Hungarian-based Wizz Air announced that it would restart flights between Moscow and Abu Dhabi in the midst of the Russian invasion of its neighbour, Podolyak tweeted: "Cynics Wizz Air decided that Ukrainians’ blood does not smell, but Russian rubles from Moscow flights smell nice. Soon they realized that supporting barbarians is not about profit, but about destroyed reputation."


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: On 24 August 2022, Ukraine saw its thirty-first anniversary and the sixth month mark since the beginning of the invasion. Podolyak rejected a "congratulatory" message from Alexander Lukashenko, the disputed President of Belarus and an ardent supporter of Russia. Podolyak called Lukashenko's message cynical and disingenuous given Belarus' heavy involvement in the attacks of Ukraine, and asserted that "this blood-soaked clowning is recorded and will have consequences."


title: Mykhailo Podolyak

text: , Podolyak was listed in third place in a ranking of the 100 most influential Ukrainians according to "Focus" magazine.


title: Cody Linley

text: Cody Martin Linley (born November 20, 1989) is an American actor and singer. He played a recurring role as Jake Ryan in the television series "Hannah Montana", and was a contestant on the seventh season of "Dancing with the Stars", in which he was partnered with Julianne Hough and finished fourth.


title: Cody Linley

text: Linley made his acting debut in the 1998 made-for-television film "Still Holding On: The Legend of Cadillac Jack". Subsequently, he had supporting roles in four films released in 2000: "My Dog Skip", "Where the Heart Is", "Walker, Texas Ranger", and "Miss Congeniality". In 2003, Linley was in the independent film "When Zachary Beaver Came to Town" and appeared in the movie "Cheaper by the Dozen". He also played a live-action version of Arnold for a commercial for "".


title: Cody Linley

text: Other film roles include "Hannah Montana," "", "Rebound", and his biggest film role, "Hoot" (2006), with Logan Lerman and Brie Larson. He also had a role in an episode of "That's So Raven" as Daryl in the Episode Five Finger Discount the Boy who was friends with Corey Baxter [Kyle Massey] that tricked Corey into stealing a Monkey Key Chain.


title: Cody Linley

text: Most recently, Linley appeared in ten episodes of "Hannah Montana" as Jake Ryan. Linley co-hosted the 2008 Disney Channel Games.


title: Cody Linley

text: Linley was a contestant on Season 7 of "Dancing with the Stars". He was the youngest contestant of that season. He is also the youngest male star to ever compete. He was temporarily paired with Edyta Śliwińska, who had been eliminated earlier in the season with her partner Jeffrey Ross, for Weeks 7 and 8 of the competition. Śliwińska was brought back after Linley's partner on the show, Julianne Hough, was hospitalized. Hough became his partner again in Week 9. Linley, however, was voted off the show on November 18, 2008.


title: Cody Linley

text: On May 5, 2009, he returned to the eighth season of "Dancing with the Stars". He participated in the new pro dancer competition as Afton DelGrosso's partner/student because the final three pro dancers each had to teach a star from a previous season.


title: Cody Linley

text: Linley released his first single "Breathe" featuring Capo in September 2010. His debut album was released in 2012.


title: Cody Linley

text: Linley made YouTube videos, called the "Ro and Co Show", with fellow Disney star, Roshon Fegan from "Camp Rock". On June 14, 2008, they performed their song "Dis Me" at The Key Club Hollywood.


title: Cody Linley

text: Linley's brother, Chad Linley, died on August 4, 2011. He was 29 years old. Adult Swim did a tribute bumper to "Chad Linley 1982-2011.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore is a scorewriter for Windows, macOS, and Linux supporting a wide variety of file formats and input methods. It is released as free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License. MuseScore is accompanied by a freemium mobile score viewer and playback app, and an online score sharing platform.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore was originally created as a fork of the MusE sequencer's codebase. At that time, MusE included notation capabilities and in 2002, Werner Schweer, one of the MusE developers, decided to remove notation support from MusE and fork the code into a stand-alone notation program.


title: MuseScore

text: The MuseScore.org website was created in 2008, and quickly showed a rapidly rising number of MuseScore downloads. By December 2008, the download rate was up to 15,000 per month.


title: MuseScore

text: Version 0.9.5 was released in August 2009. By October 2009, MuseScore had been downloaded more than one thousand times per day. By the fourth quarter of 2010, MuseScore was being downloaded 80,000 times per month.


title: MuseScore

text: At the end of 2013, the project moved from SourceForge to GitHub, and continuous download statistics have not been publicly available since then, but in March 2015 a press release stated that MuseScore had been downloaded over eight million times, and in December 2016 the project stated that version 2.0.3 had been downloaded 1.9 million times in the nine months since its release.


title: MuseScore

text: The MuseScore company uses income from their commercial sheet music sharing service to support the development of the free notation software.


title: MuseScore

text: In 2018, the MuseScore company was acquired by Ultimate Guitar, which added full-time paid developers to the open source team. In April 2021, it was announced that a parent company, Muse Group, would be formed to support MuseScore, Ultimate Guitar, and other acquired properties (including Audacity). From 2021 to June 2022, the MuseScore company relocated its headquarters to Cyprus with Muse Group.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore's main purpose is the creation of high-quality engraved musical scores in a "What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get" environment. It supports unlimited staves, linked parts and part extraction, tablature, MIDI input and output, percussion notation, cross-staff beaming, automatic transposition, lyrics (multiple verses), fretboard diagrams, and in general everything commonly used in sheet music. Style options to change the appearance and layout are available, and style sheets can be saved and applied to other scores. There are pre-defined templates for many types of ensembles. Functionality can be extended by making use of the many freely available plugins.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore can also play back scores through the built-in sequencer and SoundFont sample library. Multiple SoundFonts can be loaded into MuseScore's synthesizer. It includes a mixer to mute, solo, or adjust the volume of individual parts, and chorus, reverb and other effects are supported during playback. MIDI output to external devices and software synthesizers is also possible.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore can import and export to many formats, though some are export only (visual representations and audio) and some are import only (native files from some other music notation programs).


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore's native file formats are codice_1, a zip compressed file containing the score and other media, and codice_2, which is XML data that contains the score. The codice_1 format is usually preferred, as it uses less space and can support images.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore also can import and export both compressed (codice_4) and uncompressed (codice_5) MusicXML files, which allows a score to be opened up in other music notation programs (including Sibelius and Finale). It can also import and export MIDI (codice_6, codice_7, and codice_8), which is supported by many other programs (such as Synthesia), although since MIDI is not designed for sheet music, most score notations are lost.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore can also import certain other music software's native formats, including Band-in-a-Box (codice_9 and codice_10), Bagpipe Music Writer (codice_11), Guitar Pro (codice_12, codice_13, codice_14, codice_15, and codice_16), Capella (must be version 2000 (3.0) or later; codice_17 and codice_18) and Overture formats. It can also import MuseData (codice_19), which has been superseded by MusicXML.


title: MuseScore

text: Audio can be exported to WAV, FLAC, MP3, and OGG files, and graphical representations of scores can also be exported to PDF, SVG, and PNG formats, and/or printed directly.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore includes an optical music recognition feature which can convert PDFs to the native MuseScore file format, codice_1. This feature is web-based and uses the open source Audiveris project as a back-end.


title: MuseScore

text: Since May 2014 MuseScore has mobile apps available for iOS, Android and Kindle Fire which tie into the MuseScore score sharing site. The app can play scores, and allows changing of transposition and part extraction, but does not allow creating or editing scores.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore also runs as a portable application. It can be installed onto a regular hard disk drive or stored on a removable storage device such as a CD, USB flash drive or flash card, so that it can be run on any compatible Windows computer system.


title: MuseScore

text: In Musescore 3.6, a new notation font named "Leland" was introduced to the software, created by Martin Keary and Simon Smith. Its name is a reference to Leland Smith, the creator of a now defunct notation software "SCORE". The same update also introduced a new typeface "Edwin". It is influenced by the font "New Century Schoolbook".


title: MuseScore

text: In Musescore 4.0, support was added for VST3 plugins, both instruments and effects. Along with this, the Muse Group released a free orchestral plugin called "Muse Sounds" designed to provide more realistic playback of notation.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore is free and open-source and is written mainly in C++, with the graphical user interface making use of the cross-platform Qt toolkit. Originally founded by Werner Schweer, Nicolas Froment and Thomas Bonte, the project is now headed by Martin Keary (Lead Designer) and Vasily Pereverzev (Lead Developer) with a wider community also contributing. Google Summer of Code has sponsored students to help develop MuseScore in 2013, 2014 and 2016 to 2021. The development of MuseScore takes place on GitHub.


title: MuseScore

text: Contributing code to MuseScore requires that contributors sign an online Contributor License Agreement.


title: MuseScore

text: MuseScore reported over 7,000 downloads per day in 2016. Many Linux distributions also include MuseScore in their software libraries, such as in the Ubuntu Software Center. The total number of downloads since 2017 is 12.1 million (as of December 2022).


title: MuseScore

text: Many educational institutions also make use of MuseScore, including Drew University and the Ionian University. The Board of Education of La Seigneurie des Milles-îles in Canada has also made MuseScore available on 10,000 computers across schools in the Milles-îles region in Québec.


title: MuseScore

text: In 2011, MuseScore launched a Kickstarter campaign to create high-quality, freely available digital score and audio versions of the "Goldberg Variations". The process influenced the development of MuseScore 2, with notation improvements needed in order to create a high-quality engraving of the variations. With the fundraising goal met, MuseScore developers, pianist Kimiko Ishizaka, and crowd-sourced reviewers collaborated to create an engraved score and also record a new album, both of which were released under a Creative Commons Zero license (without copyright), meaning they can be downloaded and shared freely. In 2012, at the end of the online public review process, the final engraved score was released for free on MuseScore.com, and printed and bound by GRIN in Germany. Kimiko Ishizaka's recording was released for free on BandCamp.


title: MuseScore

text: In 2013, a second successful Kickstarter funded the creation of a new edition of Bach's "Well-Tempered Clavier". Once again, the score underwent public review on MuseScore.com, and was recorded by Kimiko Ishizaka, with both score and recordings released into the public domain in 2015.


title: MuseScore

text: After hearing from a blind musician who contributed to the Open WTC Kickstarter, MuseScore set up new stretch funding goals to support making music notation more accessible to blind and visually impaired musicians. Though the top goal of automatically converting all scores in the MuseScore.com library to braille was not funded, they did get funding to create braille sheet music for both the "Goldberg Variations" and the "Well-Tempered Clavier". The digital files (for braille terminals & printers) are available for free download, like the standard scores.


title: MuseScore

text: In 2017, MuseScore and the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) launched a Kickstarter for OpenScore, an initiative to create MuseScore and MusicXML versions of public domain music from IMSLP's library.


title: MuseScore

text: As of December 2020, a number of scores have been completed, including Mozart's Jupiter Symphony, Gluck's Iphigénie en Aulide, Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture, Holst's The Planets and around 900 songs in the OpenScore Lieder Corpus.


title: MuseScore

text: The Save Online feature of the MuseScore application allows users to publish and share their music online through MuseScore.com. Initially, MuseScore.com allowed free downloads of scores, free uploads of up to 5 scores, and unlimited uploads for paid accounts.


title: MuseScore

text: Starting in 2015 with MuseScore 2.0, the Start Center displays featured scores from the website. This feature is no longer present in MuseScore 4.0.


title: MuseScore

text: Starting in June 2019, a number of users who uploaded Disney songs were "copyright striked" by Disney. Publisher Hal Leonard was taking down original music, or arrangements of music that is in the public domain, based on song titles. MuseScore.com has since obtained permission to publicly display Disney music on the site, unblocking previously uploaded scores.


title: MuseScore

text: In July 2019, following complaints from some copyright holders, MuseScore.com changed its policies so only paying subscribers were allowed to download any music sheets. Since MuseScore.com did not have a "trustworthy tool to distinguish songs under copyright from songs available for distribution", this applied to all scores, even those intended for liberal sharing via a Creative Commons license.


title: MuseScore

text: In August and September 2019, features were added to allow works to be marked as public domain or original songs, and made available for free download.


title: MuseScore

text: On 19 February 2020, MuseScore.com announced that everyone could now upload an unlimited number of scores, even without being a paying subscriber. Paying subscribers still have access to other features that free accounts do not, like Track setup and downloads. MuseScore.com allows playback of a score in any browser supporting the HTML5 audio tag. A score can also be linked to YouTube, so that one may follow the sheet music while watching a video featuring that score.


title: MuseScore

text: In September 2021, MuseScore.com launched "Official Scores", scores licensed from sheet music publishers, available with an additional subscription.


title: Stephen Graham Jones

text: Stephen Graham Jones is a Blackfoot Native American author of experimental fiction, horror fiction, crime fiction, and science fiction. Although his recent work is often classified as horror, he is celebrated for applying more "literary" stylings to a variety of speculative genres, as well as his prolificness, having published 22 books under the age of 50. 31.5 linear feet of Jones' works are held in the Sowell Family Collection in Literature, Community, and the Natural World, part of the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University.


title: Stephen Graham Jones

text: Stephen Graham Jones was born in Midland, Texas, in 1972. Jones received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in English and Philosophy from Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas. in 1994. He then went on to earn his Master of Arts Degree in English from the University of North Texas in Denton, Texas, in 1996. He completed his Ph.D. in 1998 from Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida. He is an enrolled member of the Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana.


title: Stephen Graham Jones

text: While he was attending Florida State University, Jones's dissertation director introduced him to Houghton-Mifflin editor Jane Silver at the Writers' Harvest conference. Jones pitched her a novel which he had not yet written, and Silver liked the idea. Jones then wrote the book, "The Fast Red Road", as his dissertation. It was published as his debut novel in 2000.


title: Stephen Graham Jones

text: In 2002, Jones won a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship in fiction. In 2006, he won the Jesse Jones Award for Fiction from the Texas Institute of Letters for his 2005 short story collection "Bleed Into Me". He won the Bram Stoker Award for Long Fiction for "Mapping the Interior" in 2017. "The Only Good Indians", a horror novel, was published on July 14, 2020 through Saga Press and Titan Books. It won the Ray Bradbury Prize for Science Fiction, Fantasy & Speculative Fiction in 2020"."


title: Stephen Graham Jones

text: Jones contributed an X-Men story to Marvel Comics' "Marvel's Voices: Indigenous Voices #1" anthology, release in November of 2020. Joining him was artist David Cutler.


title: Stephen Graham Jones

text: Jones won two 2020 Bram Stoker Awards for "Night of the Mannequins" and "The Only Good Indians". "My Heart is a Chainsaw" won the 2021 Bram Stoker Award for Novel.


title: Stephen Graham Jones

text: Jones has acknowledged a debt to Native American Renaissance writers, especially Gerald Vizenor, who wrote the praise for Jones's debut "The Fast Red Road." Scholar Cathy Covell Waegner describes his work as containing elements of "dark playfulness, narrative inventiveness, and genre mixture."


title: Stephen Graham Jones

text: Other scholars such as Joseph Gaudet have cited his writing as "post-ironic" or representative of David Foster Wallace's "New Sincerity," a literary approach "emerging in response to the cynicism, detachment, and alienation that many saw as defining the postmodern canon," seeking instead "to more patently embrace morality, sincerity, and an 'ethos of belief.' His eighth novel, "Ledfeather", which Jones himself has acknowledged as being the most widely taught of his books, is used as Gaudet's primary example. "Mongrels" too has been included as an example since its publication in 2016.


title: Suspects (TV series)

text: Suspects is a British police procedural television series first aired on Channel 5 from 12 February 2014 to 31 August 2016.


title: Suspects (TV series)

text: Set in London, the series follows DS Jack Weston, DC Charlie Steele and their senior DI Martha Bellamy of the Greater London Police while they investigate different types of cases. Their cases include murders, attempted murders, missing people, drug overdoses, child abuse, and sex crimes.


title: Suspects (TV series)

text: Most of the show's dialogue is improvised in order to make it seem natural. The actors have a detailed story document and perform from there. The show is filmed within the former London Electricity Building on Cambridge Heath Road, London. The building doubles as Brownall House which features in ITV's comedy series "The Job Lot".


title: Suspects (TV series)

text: "Suspects" is set in a London police station. DS Jack Weston, DC Charlie Steele and DI Martha Bellamy investigate murder cases, missing person's reports, drug overdoses etc. Within every episode a crime is solved in a documentary style. For the second series the concept of the series was changed, so that cases are not resolved in a single episode. The actors don't have a script. The plot is described roughly, and actors improvise the dialogue and their reactions. Through this production style the series should be more realistic and investigative. The series hardly deals with the private lives of the investigators, it is about the police work. An episode is shot within two and a half days, which means that one scene is filmed within only 18 minutes. The main cast prepared for the series by taking a police workshop with a retired police officer for several weeks. They learned interview techniques, police terminologies and general day-to-day lingo.


title: Suspects (TV series)

text: The second series consisted of 4 episodes, arranged as two 2-part stories, with each story being originally shown on consecutive days in the same week.


title: Suspects (TV series)

text: A fourth series began broadcasting weekly on Wednesday 25 November 2015. It consists of four stand-alone episodes.


title: Suspects (TV series)

text: A fifth series of the show aired in 2016 without main cast member Fay Ripley, who, due to her filming commitments for the new series of "Cold Feet", was unable to reprise her role as DI Martha Bellamy. Bellamy is found dead, having been fatally shot, in the first episode of the series. Three new cast members were introduced to the main cast with the initial premise of investigating her murder. Lenora Crichlow stars as DS Alisha Brooks, James Murray stars as DCI Daniel Drummond, and Perry Fitzpatrick stars as TDC Gary Roscoe. For the first time in the series history, all six episodes focus on one ongoing story, entitled "The Enemy Within".


title: Suspects (TV series)

text: In October 2016 it was announced that "Suspects" would be getting a German remake. The company UFA will produce the remake for RTL Television.


title: Suspects (TV series)

text: In March 2017 a Dutch remake of Suspects was released in the Netherlands on Videoland, produced for RTL Netherlands.


title: Nick Blood

text: Nick Blood (born 20 March 1982) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Lance Hunter in Marvel's "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and "Kieran in "Trollied".


title: Nick Blood

text: Blood was born in Aylesbury, England. He joined his local drama club at the age of 7 and soon realized that he wanted to become an actor. Blood went to local school Wingrave C&E before he was a pupil at Sir Henry Floyd Grammar School in Aylesbury, and attending Bristol University. He found his pathway into acting via the ITV Drama Club. Blood subsequently attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.


title: Nick Blood

text: Blood's first acting role came in the 25th series of The Bill in a two-episode story of an armed robbery at a toy shop.


title: Nick Blood

text: He had a role as Alex, Ali's gay flatmate who works as a designer, in the BBC drama "Material Girl" (2010).


title: Nick Blood

text: In 2011, he appeared in the Channel 4 drama "Misfits" as the coma victim, Dom, Jen's boyfriend. In 2011, he was announced to play the role of Kieran, a butcher, in fictitious "Valco" in the Sky1 sitcom "Trollied". Blood left the show in the finale of Season 3.


title: Nick Blood

text: In 2013, he appeared in the final season of "Him & Her" as Becky's ex-boyfriend, Lee. "Him & Her" appears on BBC Three. Lee is a charming young lad which Becky's parents adore very much and prefer to be Becky's boyfriend more than Steve, who is played by Russell Tovey, and is Becky's fiancé. In 2014, Blood appeared in ITV's mystery drama "The Bletchley Circle", as Ben, a police officer. Blood also appeared in the Channel 4 police comedy-satire "Babylon". He also provides a voice in the video game "". In 2018, he played Adam in the indie thriller, Still.


title: Nick Blood

text: Blood became a regular on the second season of Marvel's "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." as Lance Hunter, a mercenary whom Coulson turns to for help and who agrees to join S.H.I.E.L.D. His character is later forced to retire from S.H.I.E.L.D. prior to the season 3 finale. He returns in season 5's episode "Rewind."


title: Nick Blood

text: WE. BUY. GOLD.'s debut show, "Inches Apart", which was co-written and starred Blood, was entered into the Old Vic New Voices Theatre503 Award, which it subsequently won. The Old Vic then produced a full professional production at Theatre503, which ran from 12 May to 13 June 2009.


title: Nick Blood

text: Blood made his professional stage debut in 2009 in "The Priory" as Adam, at the Royal Court Theatre which ran from 19 November 2009 to 16 January 2010. In 2010, he went on to perform as Sordido in a modern adaptation of the Jacobean tragedy "Women Beware Women" at the National Theatre, directed by award-winning Marianne Elliott.


title: Nick Blood

text: In 2011, he appeared in "Backbeat" which told the story of the formation and early years of The Beatles. It ran in the Duke of York's Theatre from 10 October 2011 to 18 February 2012, and Blood played the lead role of the "fifth Beatle" Stuart Sutcliffe. Due to the musical nature of the role he has learned to play bass guitar, and also subsequently joined a band, Shaaark. The show was an overwhelming critical success during its West End run. This success took the show to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 24 August 2012 to 31 August 2012, for a run of seven days.


title: Korg

text: , founded as Keio Electronic Laboratories, is a Japanese multinational corporation that manufactures electronic musical instruments, audio processors and guitar pedals, recording equipment, and electronic tuners. Under the Vox brand name, they also manufacture guitar amplifiers and electric guitars.


title: Korg

text: Korg was founded in 1962 in Tokyo by Tsutomu Kato and Tadashi Osanai as "Keio Gijutsu Kenkyujo Ltd.". It later became because its offices were located near the Keio train line in Tokyo and Keio can be formed by combining the first letters of Kato and Osanai. Before founding the company, Kato ran a nightclub. Osanai, a Tokyo University graduate and noted accordionist, regularly performed at Kato's club accompanied by a Wurlitzer Sideman rhythm machine. Dissatisfied with the rhythm machine, Osanai convinced Kato to finance his efforts to build a better one.


title: Korg

text: The company's first product was an electro-mechanical rhythm device, the Disc Rotary Electric Auto Rhythm machine, Donca Matic DA-20, released in 1963. The name "Donca" was an onomatopoeic reference to the sound the rhythm machine made. Buoyed by the success of the DA-20, Keio released a solid-state version of the Rhythm machine, the Donca matic DE-20, in 1966.


title: Korg

text: In 1967, Kato was approached by Fumio Mieda, an engineer seeking to build keyboards. Impressed with Mieda's enthusiasm, Kato asked him to build a prototype, and 18 months later Mieda returned with a programmable organ. Keio sold the organ under the name "KORG", created by using the first letter of each founder's name plus "RG" from their planned emphasis on products targeted for the organ market (emphasizing the letters R and G in the word "organ"). In 1970 the firm name changed again to Keio Giken Kogyo Inc. (京王技研工業株式会社).


title: Korg

text: Keio's organ products were successful throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. Concerned about competition from other organ manufacturers, Kato decided to use the organ technology to build a keyboard for the then-niche synthesizer market. Keio's first synthesizer, the Korg miniKORG, was released in 1973.


title: Korg

text: During the 1970s, Korg's synthesizer line was divided into instruments for the hobbyist, and large expensive patchable instruments such as the PS series. In the early '80s, Korg branched into digital pianos.


title: Korg

text: Korg is credited with a number of innovations. The "key transpose" function was Kato's idea after a singer at his club needed her accompaniment played in a lower key, which the accompanist wasn't able to do. Korg was the first company to feature effects on a synthesizer, and the first to use a "sample + synthesis" sound design. The M1 workstation, released in 1988, sold over 250,000 units, making it the bestselling synthesizer ever at that time. The M1 is still to this day regarded as the perfect workstation.


title: Korg

text: Yamaha Corporation has always been a major partner of Korg, supplying them with circuitry and mechanical parts.


title: Korg

text: In 1987, shortly before the release of the M1 Music Workstation, Yamaha acquired a controlling interest in Korg. The takeover of the company was amicable, with Kato drawing up the terms, and the two companies continued to independently develop their product lines and compete in the marketplace.


title: Korg

text: In 1989, Korg recruited the design team from Sequential Circuits as they were relieved of their duties by then-Sequential owner Yamaha.


title: Korg

text: In 1993, after 5 successful years under Yamaha's control, Kato had sufficient funds to repurchase most of the Yamaha shares.


title: Korg

text: Korg has since diversified into digital effects, tuners, recording equipment, electronic hand percussion, and software instruments.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Muslim marriage and Islamic wedding customs are traditions and practices that relate to wedding ceremonies and marriage rituals prevailing within the Muslim world. Although Islamic marriage customs and relations vary depending on country of origin and government regulations, both Muslim men and women from around the world are guided by Islamic laws and practices specified in the Quran.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: According to the teachings of the Quran, a married Muslim couple is equated with clothing. Within this context, both husband and wife are each other's protector and comforter, just as real garments “show and conceal” the body of human beings. Thus, they are meant “for one another”. The Quran continues to discuss the matter of marriage and states, "And among His Signs is this, that he created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquility with them, and He has put love and mercy between your [hearts]…". Marriages within the Muslim community are incredibly important. The purpose of marriage in Islamic culture is to preserve the religion through the creation of a family. The family is meant to be “productive and constructive, helping and encouraging one another to be good and righteous, and competing with one another in good works”.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: In Islam, polygyny is allowed with certain restrictions; polyandry is not. The Quran directly addresses the matter of polygyny in Chapter 4 Verse 3: "...Marry of the women that you please: two, three, or four. But if you feel that you should not be able to deal justly, then only one or what your right hand possesses. That would be more suitable to prevent you from doing injustice." The Prophet accepts the marriage of multiple wives but only if the husband's duties will not falter as a result


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Although practices of polygamy have declined in practice and acceptance in most parts of the Muslim world (such as Turkey and Tunisia who have completely outlawed it), it is still legal in over 150 countries in Africa, Middle East, and most countries in the third world. Since the 20th century and the rise of major feminist movements, polygamous marriages have severely declined. With changing economic conditions, female empowerment, and acceptance of family planning practices, polygamy seems to be severely declining as an acceptable and viable marriage practice within the Muslim world.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: In regards to interfaith marriages and partners, the rules for Muslim women are much more restrictive than the rules applied to Muslim men wishing to marry a non-Muslim.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: The specific passages of Islamic text that address the issue of interfaith marriage are in Quran 5:5, as well as in Quran 60:10:


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Despite the Quranic text that seem to detest interfaith marriage , a growing movement of modern Islamic scholars are beginning to reinterpret and reexamine traditional Shari'a interpretations. While these scholars use "established and approved methodologies" in order to claim new conclusions, they are still met with a considerable amount of opposition from the majority of orthodox Islamic scholars and interpreters.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: In most Islamic societies and communities it is not a common practice for young people to actively seek a partner for themselves by following modern and Western rituals, such as dating. Young Muslim men and women are strongly encouraged to marry as soon as possible, since the family is considered the foundation of Islamic society. According to traditional Islamic law, women and men are not free to date or intermingle, which results in a more drawn-out and deliberate process. The amount of choice and acceptance involved in choosing marriage partners often depends on the class and educational status of the family when it comes to society. In the religion itself though, choosing your partner is allowed and encouraged as long as there are no inappropriate relations, such as dating or being physical. Some important characteristics in choosing a worthy mate are faith and chastity. These traits are pointed out in Quran Chapter 33 Verse 35 "For Muslim men and women, for believing men and women, for true men and women, for men and women who are patient and for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who engage much in Allah's praise, for them has Allah prepared forgiveness and great reward." ‘Forced’ marriages, where consent has not been given by the bride, or is given only under excessive pressure, is considered illegal in all schools of Islamic law. Forced marriage is absolutely and explicitly forbidden.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Since traditional Muslim societies are generally religiously homogeneous, it is much easier for individuals to find socially acceptable partners through traditional methods. Within these communities, families, friends, and services are used to help people find a significant other. However, in non-Muslim countries, like the United States, there is no universal method for matchmaking or finding a spouse. These Muslims must use alternate methods in order to find a partner in a way that closely simulates the traditional process.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Muslims in non-Islamic countries like the United States use Islamic institutions or imams to help them find partners. Islamic institutions like the ISNA (Islamic Society of North America), NOI (Nation of Islam), ICNA (Islamic Circle of North America), and MANA (Muslim Alliance of North America), allow individuals to meet others at annual conventions. The imam is a valued source among these Muslim communities as well. For any individual who values religious piety in a partner and does not have a Muslim social network, the imam is a valuable source of guidance.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: The internet also offers new opportunities for Muslim individuals to meet one another. In the past 10 years, Matchmaking sites for Muslims have become an increasingly popular way to meet one's spouse. The website, SingleMuslim.com one of the first matchmaking sites is very successful. Adeem Younis, the founder of the website, designed it in accordance with Islamic principles. Halal sites like SingleMuslim.com and helahel.com ask questions about individuals’ piety including prayer habits, fasting, and if they have made the hajj pilgrimage. Among Islamic theological figures there is some dispute over the validity of these websites; however, these sites continue to be created and avidly used. According to Younis, “Because ‘dating’ is not allowed in Islam, the Internet is an ideal vehicle for a discreet first step in finding a marriage partner." Websites such as, The International Muslim Matrimonial site, broaden the depth of choices for individuals looking for a partner. Individual interests like, hobbies, political views, passions, activities, and family values, are all included to make a user profile. In some societies in both the Islamic world and the West, traditional matchmaking practices do not necessarily include this kind of expression of personal characteristics; therefore, these websites expand individuality while maintaining traditional Islamic ideals of matchmaking.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Considering that there are over 2 billions Muslims in the Muslim World, there is no single way for all Muslim weddings to be held. There are 49 Muslim majority countries and each contains many regional and cultural differences. Additionally, many Muslims living in the West then mix family traditions with their host countries.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Muslims in the United States come from many backgrounds, but the largest segment are those from South Asia, Arab countries, and more recently from East Africa. When it comes to Muslim weddings the culture they come from heavily influences the kind of rituals that will take place. Similarly American-Muslims e.g. African-Americans, Caucasians, Hispanics and others have elements of both local, and Muslim influence.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: The central event in all American-Muslim Weddings will be the Nikah. This is the actual wedding ceremony, usually officiated by a Muslim cleric, an Imam. Although a Nikah can be done anywhere including the bride's home or reception hall, it is preferable and usually done in a mosque.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: A Muslim Wedding Survey of North American Muslims, revealed among other things the merger of two or more cultures. For example, the two most popular wedding dress colors are red and white. Whereas in traditional Muslim countries marriages have been arranged, in the United States, 57.75% of weddings are through friends, online or people the person has met at work.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Prominent Muslims in China, such as generals, followed standard marriage practices in the 20th century, such as using western clothing like white wedding dresses.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Chinese Muslim marriages resemble typical Chinese marriages except traditional Chinese religious rituals are not used.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Muslims in the Indian subcontinent normally follow marriage customs that are similar to those practiced by Muslims of the Middle-East, which are based on Islamic convention. These Islamic traditions were first handed down to medieval Indians by propagators of the Islamic religion that involved sultans and Moghul rulers at the time. The blueprint is the same as the Middle-Eastern "Nikah", a pattern seen in marriage ceremonies of Sunnis and Shias. Traditional Muslim Indian wedding celebrations typically last for three days. Prior to the observance of the wedding ceremony proper, two separate pre-wedding rituals, which involve traditional dancing and singing, occurs in two places: at the groom's house and at the bride's home.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: On the eve of the wedding day, a bridal service known as the "Mehndi" ritual or henna ceremony is held at the bride's home. This ritual is sometimes done two days before the actual wedding day. During this bridal preparation ritual, turmeric paste is placed on the bride's skin for the purpose of improving and brightening her complexion, after which mehndi is applied on the bride's hands and feet by the "mehndiwali", a female relative.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Now long abandoned, anointing the teeth with a powder called 'missī' in order to blacken them used to be part of Islamic wedding rituals in India.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: The Indian Islamic wedding ceremony is also preceded by a marriage procession known as the groom's "baraat". From this convoy arrives the groom, who will share a sherbet drink with a brother of his bride at the place of the marriage ceremony. This drinking ritual happens as the sisters of the bride engage in tomfooleries and playfully strike guests using flower-filled cudgels.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: The wedding ceremony, known as "Nikah", is officiated by the "Maulvi", a priest also called "Qazi". Among the important wedding participants are the "Walises", or the fathers of both groom and bride. and the bride's legal representative. It is the bride's father who promises his daughter's hand to the groom, a ritual known as the "Kanya-dhan". Also in this formal occasion, particularly in conventional Islamic weddings, when men and women typically have separate seating arrangements. Another common practice are wedding sequences that include the reading of Quranic verses, the groom's proposal and bride's acceptance parts known as the "Ijab-e-Qubul" or the "ijab" and "qabul"; the decision-making of the bride's and groom's families regarding the price of the matrimonial financial endowment known as the "Mehar" or "Mehr" (a dower no less than ten dirhams), which will come from the family of bridegroom. Blessings and prayers are then given by older women and other guests to the couple. In return the groom gives salutatory "salaam" wishes to his blessers, especially to female elders. The bride also usually receives gifts known generally as the "burri", which may be in the form of gold jewelries, garments, money, and the like.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: The marriage contract is known as the "Nikaahnama", and is signed not only by the couple but also by the Walises and the Maulvi.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: After the Nikah, the now married couple joins each other to be seated among gender-segregated attendees. The groom is customarily brought first to the women's area in order for him to be able to present gifts to his wife's sister. Although jointly seated, the bride and the groom can only observe one another via mirrors, and a copy of the Quran is placed in between their assigned seats. With their heads sheltered by a "dupatta" and while guided by the Maulvi, the couple reads Muslim prayers.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: After the wedding ceremony, the bride is brought to the house of her husband, where she is welcomed by her mother-in-law, who holds a copy of the Quran over her head.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: As per Muslim Personal Law Sharia Application Act of 1937, which is applicable to all Muslims in India (except in the state of Goa), polygamy is legal: a Muslim man may marry a maximum of four women without divorce and with few conditions. Following are the laws applicable to Muslims in India (except in the state of Goa) regarding matters of marriage, succession, Inheritance etc.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Note: Above laws are not applicable in the state of Goa, as state of Goa has Uniform Civil Code i.e. same law irrespective of religion, caste or nationality.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Malay wedding traditions (Malay: "Adat Perkahwinan Melayu"; Jawi script: عادة ڤركهوينن ملايو), such as those that occur in Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, and parts of Indonesia and Thailand, normally include the "lamaran" or marriage proposal, the betrothal, the determination of the bridal dowry known as the "hantaran" agreed upon by both the parents’ of the groom and the bride (usually done one year before the solemnization of marriage), delivery of gifts and the dowry ("istiadat hantar belanja"), the marriage solemnization ("upacara akad nikah") at the bride's home or in a mosque, the henna application ritual known as the "berinai", the costume changing of the couple known as the "tukar pakaian" for photography sessions, followed by wedding reception, a feast-meal for guests ("pesta pernikahan" or "resepsi pernikahan") usually took place in the weekend (Saturday or Sunday), and the "bersanding" or the sitting-in-state ceremony when the couple sit in elaborate "pelaminan" (wedding throne) at their own home, or in wedding hall during the wedding reception.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: Prior to being able to meet his bride, sometimes a "mak andam", a “beautician”, or any member of the family of the bride will intercept the groom to delay the joining of the would-be spouses; only after the groom was able to pay a satisfactory “entrance fee” could he finally meet his bride. The wedding ceremony proper is usually held on a weekend, and involves exchanging of gifts, Quranic readings and recitation, and displaying of the couple while within a bridal chamber. While seated at their "pelaminan" “wedding throne”, the newly-weds are showered with uncooked rice and petals, objects that signify fertility. The guests of the wedding celebration are typically provided by the couple with gifts known as the "bunga telur" (“egg flower”). The gifted eggs are traditionally eggs dyed with red coloring and are placed inside cups or other suitable containers bottomed with glutinous rice. These eggs also symbolize fertility, a marital wish hoping that the couple will bear many offspring. However, these traditional gifts are now sometimes replaced by non-traditional chocolates, jellies, or soaps.


title: Islamic marital practices

text: The marriage contract that binds the marital union is called the "Akad Nikah", a verbal agreement sealed by a financial sum known as the "mas kahwin", and witnessed by three persons. Unlike in the past when the father of the bride customarily acts as the officiant for the ceremonial union, current-day Muslim weddings are now officiated by the "kadhi", a marriage official and Shariat (or) Syariah Court religious officer. In Indonesia Muslim weddings are officiated and led by the "penghulu", the official of "Kantor Urusan Agama" (KUA or Office of Religious Affairs). The "Akad Nikah" might be performed in the Office of Religious Affairs, or the "penghulu" is invited to a ceremonial place outside the Religious Affair Office (mosque, bride's house or wedding hall).