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Фридрих Лудвиг фон Вюртемберг (; * 14 декември 1698 в Щутгарт; † 23 ноември 1731 в Лудвигсбург) от Дом Вюртемберг е наследствен принц на херцогство Вюртемберг.

Той е единственият син на херцог Еберхард Лудвиг фон Вюртемберг (1676 – 1733) и първата му съпруга Йохана Елизабет фон Баден-Дурлах (1680 – 1757), дъщеря на маркграф Фридрих VII Магнус фон Баден-Дурлах и Августа Мария фон Шлезвиг-Холщайн-Готорп.

Той постоянно е болен и умира на 23 ноември 1731 г. в Лудвигсбург на 32 години. Херцог става Карл Александер фон Вюртемберг (линия Винентал).

Фамилия
Фридрих Лудвиг фон Вюртемберг се жени на 8 декември 1716 г. в Берлин за принцеса Хенриета Мария фон Бранденбург-Швет (* 2 март 1702 в Швет; † 7 май 1782 в дворец Кьопеник, Берлин), дъщеря на маркграф Филип Вилхелм фон Бранденбург-Швет и съпругата му принцеса Йохана Шарлота фон Анхалт-Десау. Те имат две деца:
 Еберхард Фридрих (1718 – 1719)
 Луиза Фридерика (1722 – 1791), омъжена на 2 март 1746 г. в Швет за херцог Фридрих II фон Мекленбург-Шверин (1717 – 1785)

Литература
 Hansmartin Decker-Hauff: Frauen im Hause Württemberg. Hrsg. von Wolfried Setzler, Volker Schäfer, Sönke Lorenz und Andreas Schmauder, S. 125 ff. (Die baden-württembergische Kreuzhochzeit), ISBN 3-87181-390-7
 Bernd Wunder: 900 Jahre Haus Württemberg, hrsg. von Robert Uhland, S. 210 ff. (Herzog Eberhard Ludwig (1677 – 1733)) ISBN 3-17-008930-7
 Johann Samuel Ersch: Allgemeine encyclopädie der wissenschaften und künste in alphabetischer folge, 2. Sektion, 21. Teil, Leipzig, 1842, S. 477 f.

Източници

Вюртемберги
Родени в Щутгарт


Aphyllorchis je rod orchidejí. Jsou to nezelené pozemní byliny, vyživující se prostřednictvím symbiózy s houbou. Rod zahrnuje asi 30 druhů a je rozšířen v Asii a Austrálii. Největší areál má druh Aphyllorchis montana.

Popis
Zástupci rodu Aphyllorchis jsou vytrvalé, pozemní, nezelené a mykotrofní orchideje. Oddenek je krátký, s dužnatými svazčitými kořeny. Stonek je přímý, dužnatý, nevětvený, obvykle světle hnědý, ve spodní části na uzlinách s řídkými pochvami, v horní části s šupinovitými nezelenými listeny. Květenstvím je vrcholový hrozen složený z několika až mnoha květů. Květy jsou drobné až středně velké, resupinátní (otočené o 180°), často s dlouhou stopkou a semeníkem. Kališní lístky jsou volné, podobného tvaru a velikosti. Korunní lístky se podobají kališním, jsou však kratší a užší. Pysk je přirostlý k bázi sloupku. Hypochil (bazální část pysku) je často křídlatý, epichil (koncová část pysku) je celistvý nebo laločnatý, často nazpět prohnutý. Sloupek je dlouhý a úzký. Andreceum se skládá ze 2 plodných tyčinek s velmi krátkými nitkami a 2 sterilních staminodií. Blizna je konkávní, umístěná poblíž vrcholu sloupku. Tobolky jsou obvykle převislé.

Rozšíření
Rod Aphyllorchis zahrnuje asi 30 druhů. Je rozšířen v Asii a Austrálii. V Asii sahá areál od Himálaje a Číny po Japonsko a Novou Guineu. Největší počet druhů roste v tropické jihovýchodní Asii a Himálaji. Velký areál, sahající od Indie a Číny po Japonsko a Novou Guineu, má druh Aphyllorchis montana. V Austrálii rostou 2 druhy, které jsou oba endemity Queenslandu.

Taxonomie
Rod Aphyllorchis je v taxonomii čeledi Orchidaceae řazen do podčeledi Epidendroideae a tribu Neottieae. Do tohoto tribu patří několik rodů vyskytujících se i v České republice. Ze zelených orchidejí je to okrotice (Cephalanthera) a kruštík (Epipactis), z mykotrofních hnědenec (Limodorum) a hlístník (Neottia).

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

Vstavačovité
Flóra Austrálie
Flóra Číny
Flóra východní Asie
Flóra Indického subkontinentu
Flóra Indočíny
Flóra jihovýchodní Asie
Flóra Papuasie
Mykoheterotrofní rostliny

{'title': 'Aphyllorchis', 'url': 'https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphyllorchis', 'language': 'cs', 'timestamp': '20230320'}


Traun (česky Travna) je rakouské okresní město ve spolkové zemi Horní Rakousy. Leží na řece Traun, v nadmořské výšce 273 m, 12 km jihozápadně od Lince. Žije zde  obyvatel. Je pátým největším městem Horních Rakous.

Místní části
 Oedt
 St. Dionysen
 St. Martin
 Traun

Památky

 Zámek Traun – původně vodní hrad z let 1120–1140, s dochovaným valem opevnění a příkopem, k němu přistavěna obdélná renesanční stavba zámku, v době barokní zvýšena a uzavřena mansardovou střechou; po staletí v majetku rodu Abenspergů; v současnosti slouží jako kulturní centrum města; slavnostní Schönbergův sál; zčásti se v objeku dochovala historická přádelna, slouží mj. jako kabaret
 římskokatolický farní kostel sv. Diviše (Hl. Dionysenkirche) – trojlodní novogotická bazilika podle projektu arch. Raimunda Jedlingera; nahradila starší stavbu a byla vysvěcená roku 1890; na přepážce hlavní lodi jsou osazeny pozdně gotické dřevěné sochy z doby kolem roku 1500; cenné nově rekonstruované varhany pocházejí rovněž z roku 1890; ostatní zařízení novodobé
 evangelický kostel
 římskokatolický kostel sv. Martina z roku 1989

Slavnosti
 velikonoční slavnost
 vánoční trh od prvního adventní týdne

Politika

Starostové

Partnerská města
Partnerskými městy Traunu jsou (v závorce je uvedeno datum podepsání partnerské dohody):
  El Jicaral, Nikaragua (1987)

Významné osobnosti

Rodáci
 Josef Pühringer (* 1949), advokát a politik
 Katharina Krawagna-Pfeiferová (* 1956), novinářka

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Oficiální stránky města

Města v Rakousku
Obce okresu Linec-venkov

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Щеделският художествен институт и галерия (), известен и само като Щедел, е художествен музей с галерия във Франкфурт на Майн, чиято колекция е сред най-значителните в Германия.

В музея се съхраняват 2700 картини (600 от които в действащи експозиции), 600 скулптури, ок. 100 000 графики.

История

Своето наименование художественият институт получава от името на неговия основател - франкфурктския банкер Йохан Фридрих Щедел. В художествения институт има обществена галерия и школа за изкуство.

Силно пострадала по времето на Втората световна война, сградата на музея е построена наново по проект на франкфуртския архитект Йоханес Кран през 1966 г. Помещенията на художествения институт са разширени през 1990 г. През 1997-1999 г. се извършдат ремонтни работи и преустройство на галерията.

Творби
Колекцията представя шедьоври на европейското изкуство от 7 до началото на 14 век, през Късната готика, Ренесанса и Барока до времето на Гьоте; от 19 век и Класическия модернизъм до съвременни произведения.

Готика
Готиката съвпада с голямото възраждане на отдадеността към Дева Мария, в което изобразителното изкуство има основна роля. Изображенията на Дева Мария прерастват от византийския тип – Коронацията на Богородица, в по-човешки и интимни варианти и в цикли за живота на Богородица.

Ренесанс
Италианската ренесансова колекция, наред с други произведения, съдържа женски портрети от Сандро Ботичели и Бартоломео Венето. Жените са прецизно изрисувани и са с особено привлекателни черти. Независимо от идеализирането им се смята, че истински жени са послужили като модели за подражание. Идеализиран портрет на млада жена е ценно произведение от живописта на Ботичели. Младата жена носи скъпоценен камък, подобен на този от колекцията Медичи. Ето защо се приема, че прототипът е Симонета Веспучи - любимата на Джулиано Медичи, а моделът на Венето за картината е незаконната дъщеря на папа Александър VI - Лукреция Борджия.

В допълнение следва да се включат творби с религиозна тематика, като изображението на Мадоната с Младенеца, Йоан Кръстител и Св. Елисавета на Джовани Белини, в чието ателие е рисувана в началото на 16 век. То се характеризира с това, че всички сини тонове са направени със скъпоценния пигмент ултрамарин. Още отпреди 1500 г. е картината Мадона и Младенеца със Свети Йоан Кръстител от Перуджино и Рафаел.

Нидерландските ренесансови художници са представени с Мадона Лука от Ян ван Ейк. Изображението е сред най-ранните картини с маслени бои за изпълнявани за първи път в Нидерландия от 1420 г. от художници-натуралисти. Друга религиозна работа от 1480-1490-те г. е Ecce Homo от Йеронимус Бош – осъждането на Исус от тълпата.

Немскоговорещите страни са представени от картините на Ханс Холбайн Стари, Ханс Холбайн Млади, Лукас Кранах Стари; Матиас Грюневалд.

Барок
Барокът е представен от италианската (включително Венецианската) живописна школа, както и от Нидерладската барокова живопис от нейния Златен век.

 Немски барок
Има значими творби на немски художници – пейзажи и натюрморти.

19 век

Скици
Графичната колекция на Щадел включва 100 000 скици и графики от Късното Средновековие до модерните времена. Тя е сред най-богатитие от рода си в Германия.

Модернизъм
Отделът за модерно изкуство показва творби от всички основни стилове. Така творбата Портрет на Фернанд Олиевие (1909) на Пабло Пикасо е пример за кубизъм. Експресионизмът също е изчерпателно представен в колекцията, например с художниците Август Ролберт Лудвиг Маке и Франц Марк, които създават Синият конник. Интересна е картината Натюрморт на Анри Матис, рисувана през 1911-1913 г. В допълнение към това са картините на Едвард Мунк, който е нареждан сред пионерите на това изкуство. Колекциите включват произведенията на водещите групи на художници на онова време.

Художникът Франц Марк е един от ярките представители на Експресионизма и е един от редакторите на алманах „Синият конник“. Неговите търсения са насочени към природата сама по себе си, към животните, също се обръща към проблемът на изображение на снега или „бяло върху бяло“. Тук е представен от картината Лежащо куче на снега. Образът на животното е пълен с усещане за свещена чистота и хармония, постигнати чрез белия цвят, а синият е символ на мъжеството и строгостта на ума.

Скулптура
Там се намира скулптурата „Ева“ на Огюст Роден.

Източници

Външни препратки

 Официален сайт

Художествени музеи и галерии в Германия
Художествени галерии в Германия
Култура във Франкфурт на Майн


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Apure (država u Venezueli), savezna država u Venezueli
 Apure (rijeka), rijeka u Venezueli

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Cet article recense les principaux palais de Rome. La plupart d'entre eux ont été édifiés du  au début du .

Liste des palais existants

Palais médiévaux

 Palais des Anguillara
Casa dei Crescenzi
Casino Bessarione

Palais Renaissance

 Palais Alberini
Palais Alicorni
 Palais Altemps
 Palais apostolique
Palais del Banco di Santo Spirito
 Galerie Borghèse
Palais Borromeo
Palais Cavalieri Ossoli
 Palais de la Chancellerie
 Palais des Conservateurs
 Palazzo dei Convertendi
 Casa Crivelli
 Palais Della Genga
 Palais Della Rovere ou Palazzo dei Penitenzieri
 Palais Farnèse
 Villa Farnesina
Casa di Fiammetta
Palais Firenze
 Palais Giraud-Torlonia
 Villa Giulia
Palais Maccarani Stati
 Palais Madame
 Palais Massimo alle Colonne
 Villa Médicis
Palais Milesi
 Palais Monte di Pietà
 Palais Neuf
Villa Pia ou Casina Pio IV
 Palais Sacchetti
Palais Santacroce a Sant'Angelo
Palais Sénatorial
 Palais Strozzi Gaddi Niccolini
 Palais Valentini
Palais Vecchiarelli
 Palais de Venise
 Palais Vidoni Caffarelli

Palais baroques

 Villa Albani
Palais Albani Del Drago
 Palais Altieri
Palais Astalli
 Palais Barberini
 Palais Bonaparte
 Palais Boncompagni Sterbini
 Palais Borghèse
Palais Caffarelli al Campidoglio
 Palais Chigi
Palais Chigi-Odescalchi
Palais Cimarra
 Palais Colonna
 Palais de la Consulta
 Palais Corsini
Palais de la Daterie
 Palais Doria Pamphilj
 Palais d'Espagne
 Palais Falconieri
Palais Fonseca a Pigna (Grand Hôtel de la Minerve)
 Palais Gabrielli-Borromeo
 Palais Gambirasi
 Palais Giustiniani
 Palais Grazioli
Palazzo del Grillo
 Palais du Latran
Palais Maccarani
Palais Macchi di Cellere
 Palais Maffei Marescotti (ou Palais du Vicariat)
 Palais magistral
 Palais Mancini
 Palais Mattei di Giove
Palais de la Minerve
 Palais Montecitorio
 Palais Muti
Palais Muti Papazzurri
 Palais Nuñez-Torlonia
 Palais Pallavicini Rospigliosi
 Palais Pamphilj
Palazzo della Panetteria
Palais Petroni Cenci Bolognetti
 Palais di Propaganda Fide
 Palais du Quirinal
Écuries du Quirinal
 Palais Ricci
 Palais San Callisto
Palais San Macuto
 Palais Spada
 Palais Zuccari

Palais néo-classiques
 Palais Braschi
 Villa Celimontana
 Palais des expositions de Rome
 Palais Massimo alle Terme
 Villa Torlonia (Rome)
 Casina Valadier
 Palais Wedekind
Palais de la Manufacture pontificale des tabacs

Palais humbertins
 Palais de justice
 Palais Calabresi
 Palais Marguerite
 Palais Koch
 Palazzo delle Finanze
Palais de l'Agriculture
Palais de l'Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
 Palais de l'AIFA
Palais Lavaggi Pacelli (Hôtel Tiziano)
Palais Massimo alle Terme
 Palais Montemartini
Palais Esercito (Palais du Ministère de la Guerre)
Palais des Caisses d'Epargne Postales
Palazzina Reale (Villa Ada)

Palais éclectiques
Villa Accademia di Romania
Palais Aéronautique de Rome
Palais des Assurances Générales de Venise
Palais de la Banca Commerciale Italiana
Palais Baracchini
Palais Bassi
Palais Bocconi
 Palais Brancaccio
Palais de la Caisse des Dépôts et des Prêts
Palais Caprara
Palais Chauvet
 Palais Corrodi
 Palais Coppedè (Via Veneto)
Palais des Examens
 Palais du Gouvernorat du Vatican
Palais Giorgioli
Palais du Gouvernorat d'Ostie
Palais Guglielmi Chiablese
Palais Guglielmi Gori
Palais Latmiral
 Palais du Ministère de la Justice
 Palais du ministère de l'Instruction publique
 Palazzo Marina
Palais Nathan
Palais Odescalchi Simonetti
 Palais Primoli
Palazzo delle Poste a Piazza di San Silvestro
Palazzo del Tritone
 Palais de l'Union Militaire
Villa Blanc
 Villa Lubin
Villa Strohl Fern
 Palais du Viminal
 Palazzetto Torlonia a Via Tomacelli

Art nouveau
Casina delle Civette
Villa Astengo
Palazzetto Calzone
Palais Canevari
Casa de' Salvi
 Villa Maraini
 Villa Marignoli
 Villa Wille

Palais des années 1930
 Palais de la civilisation italienne
 Palais des Offices (EUR)
 Palazzo della Farnesina
Palais des Archives d'État (EUR)
 Palais de l'INA et de l'INPS (EUR)
 Palais Piacentini
Palais INAIL
Palais INA a piazza della Valle
Palais des Sacrées Congrégations romaines

Palais aujourd'hui disparus
 Le palais Branconio dell'Aquila dessiné par Raphaël

Notes et références

Bibliographie

En français
 Claudio Rendina, Villas et palais de Rome, Mengès, 1998

En italien
 Giuseppe Baracconi, I rioni di Roma, Edizioni del Tritone, Roma, 1942
 Giorgio Carpaneto, I palazzi di Roma, Roma, Newton & Compton, 2004
 Ferruccio Lombardi, Roma-Palazzi, palazzetti e case, Edilstampa, 1991
 Willy Pocino, Le curiosità di Roma, Newton & Compton Editori, Roma 2004 (alla voce Vittorio Emanuele II, pag. 445),
 Claudio Rendina, Le grandi famiglie di Roma, Newton Compton Editori, Roma, 2004
 Claudio Rendina, I palazzi storici di Roma, Newton Compton Editori, Roma 2005
 Romolo A. Staccioli, Guida inedita ai luoghi, ai monumenti e alle curiosità di Roma antica, Newton & Compton Editori, Roma 2000 (alla voce Stabula Factionum, pag. 333),

Annexes
 Liste des palais de Venise
 Liste des palais de Sicile

Liste en rapport avec Rome
Palais de Rome

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RIDUZIONE IN GOMMA Ø 21,4 - 16 MM. LUNGHEZZA 70 MM PER CAMPER E CARAVAN.
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{'timestamp': '2019-04-25T02:33:09Z', 'url': 'https://www.accessoricaravan.it/189-alde-tubi-e-raccordi-gomma-e-metallo-per-impianto-circolazione', 'language': 'en', 'source': 'c4'}


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{'timestamp': '2019-04-25T17:54:33Z', 'url': 'http://downpublic.info/led-window-candles/led-window-candles-s-cordless-with-timer-remote-luminara-8-flameless-timers/', 'language': 'en', 'source': 'c4'}


"""Exposing agent sweeps."""

import dataclasses
from typing import Sequence

import ml_collections
from neural_testbed.agents.factories import base as factories_base
from neural_testbed.agents.factories import baselines
from neural_testbed.agents.factories.sweeps.testbed_2d import bbb
from neural_testbed.agents.factories.sweeps.testbed_2d import deep_kernel
from neural_testbed.agents.factories.sweeps.testbed_2d import dropout
from neural_testbed.agents.factories.sweeps.testbed_2d import ensemble
from neural_testbed.agents.factories.sweeps.testbed_2d import ensemble_plus
from neural_testbed.agents.factories.sweeps.testbed_2d import hypermodel
from neural_testbed.agents.factories.sweeps.testbed_2d import knn
from neural_testbed.agents.factories.sweeps.testbed_2d import mlp
from neural_testbed.agents.factories.sweeps.testbed_2d import random_forest
from neural_testbed.agents.factories.sweeps.testbed_2d import sgmcmc

# Populate a global dictionary that makes these agents easy to access.
_AGENTS = {
    'baseline:uniform_class_probs': baselines.uniform_class_probs_paper_agent(),
    'baseline:average_class_probs': baselines.average_class_probs_paper_agent(),
    'baseline:prior': baselines.prior_paper_agent(),
    'logistic_regression': baselines.logistic_regression_paper_agent(),
    'mlp': mlp.mlp_paper_agent(),
    'bbb': bbb.paper_agent(),
    'ensemble': ensemble.paper_agent(),
    'ensemble+': ensemble_plus.paper_agent(),
    'hypermodel': hypermodel.paper_agent(),
    'dropout': dropout.paper_agent(),
    'sgmcmc': sgmcmc.paper_agent(),
    'deep_kernel': deep_kernel.paper_agent(),
    'knn': knn.paper_agent(),
    'random_forest': random_forest.paper_agent(),
}

def get_implemented_agents() -> Sequence[str]:
  return list(_AGENTS.keys())

def get_paper_agent(agent: str) -> factories_base.PaperAgent:
  assert agent in get_implemented_agents()
  return _AGENTS[agent]

def dummy_config() -> ml_collections.ConfigDict:
  """Creates a dummy config with all possible components."""
  global_dict = {}
  for agent in get_implemented_agents():
    paper_agent = get_paper_agent(agent)
    global_dict.update(dataclasses.asdict(paper_agent.default))
  return ml_collections.ConfigDict(global_dict, type_safe=False)

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Kaloň plavý, nebo také kaloň palmový (Eidolon helvum), je nejrozšířenějším ze všech afrických kaloňů. Může žít v koloniích až o milionu jedinců.

Popis
Délka těla dosahuje až 19, 5 cm, rozpětí křídel je 75 až 95 cm. Váha se pohybuje něco mezi 250 a 350 g.

Kaloň plavý dostal své druhové jméno od hedvábně nažloutlé barvy svého těla. Křídla jsou černá a chlupy na zádech jsou bledé a žlutohnědé. Samci jsou obvykle jasně oranžoví a samice nažloutlé. Kaloni mají velké tváře, oči a uši. Srdce dosahuje značných rozměrů. Samci jsou mírně větší než samice.

Výskyt
Vyskytuje se v jihozápadní části Arabského poloostrova, a v Africe na jih od Sahary.

Způsob života
Kaloň plavý je vysoce společenský druh. Žije obvykle ve skupinách čítajících nad 100 000 jedinců a občas jejich početnost může dosáhnout téměř jeden milion. Kaloni v noci opouští hřad v menších skupinách a pátrají po jídle. K jeho vyhledávání ale nepoužívají echolokaci, nýbrž čich a zrak. Na jejich jídelníčku se nachází ovoce, nektar, listy, květy, výhonky a kůra.

Období páření nastává od dubna do června a není synchronizováno. Nidace bývá následně odložena až do října a všechny samice zabřeznou právě v tomto období. K porodu dochází většinou v únoru nebo březnu. Rodí se 1 mládě. V zajetí se dožívá až 21 let.

Hrozby
Hlavní hrozbou pro kaloně plavé je jejich lov a následné využívání jako jídlo (bushmeat). IUCN hodnotí druh jako téměř ohrožený.

Chov zoo v Česku
Kaloně plavého chová momentálně (2022) Zoo Praha, Zoo Plzeň, Zoo Brno a Zoo Ostrava. a Zoo Dvorec.

Reference

Externí odkazy

Kaloňovití

{'title': 'Kaloň plavý', 'url': 'https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalo%C5%88%20plav%C3%BD', 'language': 'cs', 'timestamp': '20230320'}


declare module slack {
    export interface Bot {
        id: string;
        app_id: string;
        deleted: boolean;
        name: string;
        icons: {
            image_36: string;
            image_48: string;
            image_72: string;
        };
    }
    export interface Channel {
        id: string;
        name: string;
        is_channel: string;
        created: number;
        creator: string;
        is_archived: boolean;
        is_general: boolean;
        members: string[];
        topic: {
            value: string;
            creator: string;
            last_set: number;
        };
        purpose: {
            value: string;
            creator: string;
            last_set: number;
        };
        is_member: boolean;
        last_read: string;
        latest: Message;
        unread_count: number;
        unread_count_display: number;
    }
    type FileType = 'auto' | 'text' | 'applescript' | 'boxnote' | 'c' | 'csharp' | 'cpp' |
        'css' | 'csv' | 'clojure' | 'coffeescript' | 'cfm' | 'd' | 'dart' | 'diff' |
        'dockerfile' | 'erlang' | 'fsharp' | 'fortran' | 'go' | 'groovy' | 'html' |
        'handlebars' | 'haskell' | 'haxe' | 'java' | 'javascript' | 'kotlin' |
        'latex' | 'lisp' | 'lua' | 'markdown' | 'matlab' | 'mumps' | 'ocaml' |
        'objc' | 'php' | 'pascal' | 'perl' | 'pig' | 'post' | 'powershell' |
        'puppet' | 'python' | 'r' | 'ruby' | 'rust' | 'sql' | 'sass' | 'scala' |
        'scheme' | 'shell' | 'smalltalk' | 'swift' | 'tsv' | 'vb' | 'vbscript' |
        'velocity' | 'verilog' | 'xml' | 'yaml';
    type FileCategory = 'all' | 'spaces' | 'snippets' | 'images' | 'gdocs' | 'zips' | 'pdfs';
    export interface File {
        id: string;
        created: number;
        timestamp: number;
        name: string;
        title: string;
        mimetype: string;
        filetype: FileType;
        pretty_type: string;
        user: string;
        mode: string;
        editable: boolean;
        is_external: boolean;
        external_type: string;
        username: string;
        size: number;
        url_private: string;
        url_private_download: string;
        thumb_64: string;
        thumb_80: string;
        thumb_360: string;
        thumb_360_gif: string;
        thumb_360_w: number;
        thumb_360_h: number;
        thumb_480: string;
        thumb_480_w: number;
        thumb_480_h: number;
        thumb_160: string;
        permalink: string;
        permalink_public: string;
        edit_link: string;
        preview: string;
        preview_highlight: string;
        lines: number;
        lines_more: number;
        is_public: boolean;
        public_url_shared: boolean;
        display_as_bot: boolean;
        channels: string[];
        groups: string[];
        ims: string[];
        initial_comment: FileComment,
        num_stars: number;
        is_starred: boolean;
        pinned_to: string[];
        reactions: Reaction[],
        comments_count: number;
    }
    export interface FileComment {
        id: string;
        timestamp: number;
        user: string;
        comment: string;
        channel?: string;
        reactions?: Reaction[];
    }
    export interface Reaction {
        name: string;
        count: number;
        users: string[];
    }
    export interface Group {
        id: string;
        name: string;
        is_group: string;
        created: number;
        creator: string;
        is_archived: boolean;
        is_mpim: boolean;
        members: string[];
        topic: {
            value: string;
            creator: string;
            last_set: number;
        };
        purpose: {
            value: string;
            creator: string;
            last_set: number;
        };
        last_read: string;
        latest: Message;
        unread_count: number;
        unread_count_display: number;
    }
    export interface Im {
        id: string;
        is_im: boolean;
        user: string;
        created: number;
        is_user_deleted: boolean;
    }
    export interface Mpim {
        id: string;
        name: string;
        is_mpim: boolean;
        is_group: boolean;
        created: number;
        creator: string;
        members: string[];
        last_read: string;
        latest: Message;
        unread_count: number;
        unread_count_display: number;
    }
    export interface User {
        id: string;
        name: string;
        deleted: boolean;
        color: string;
        profile: {
            avatar_hash: string;
            current_status: string;
            first_name: string;
            last_name: string;
            real_name: string;
            email: string;
            skype: string;
            phone: string;
            image_24: string;
            image_32: string;
            image_48: string;
            image_72: string;
            image_192: string;
            image_512: string;
        };
        is_admin: boolean;
        is_owner: boolean;
        is_primary_owner: boolean;
        is_restricted: boolean;
        is_ultra_restricted: boolean;
        updated: number;
        has_2fa: boolean;
        two_factor_type?: 'app' | 'sms';
    }
    export interface Usergroup {
        id: string;
        team_id: string;
        is_usergroup: boolean;
        name: string;
        description: string;
        handle: string;
        is_external: boolean;
        date_create: number;
        date_update: number;
        date_delete: number;
        auto_type: string;
        created_by: string;
        updated_by: string;
        deleted_by: string | null;
        prefs: {
            channels: Channel[];
            groups: Group[];
        },
        users: string[];
        user_count: string;
    }
    type MessageParseOptions = 'none' | 'full';
    export interface Message {
        reactions?: Reaction[];
    }
    export interface Attachment {
        fallback: string;
        color?: string;
        pretext?: string;
        author_name?: string;
        author_link?: string;
        author_icon?: string;
        title?: string;
        title_link?: string;
        text?: string;
        fields?: {
            title?: string;
            value?: string;
            short?: boolean;
        }[];
        image_url?: string;
        thumb_url?: string;
        footer?: string;
        footer_icon?: string;
        ts?: number;
    }
    interface PinnedItemBase {
        created: number;
        created_by: string;
    }
    interface MessagePayload {
        type: 'message';
        channel: string;
        message: Message;
    }
    interface MessagePayloadLight {
        type: 'message';
        channel: string;
        ts: string;
    }
    interface FilePayload {
        type: 'file';
        file: File;
    }
    interface FilePayloadLight {
        type: 'file';
        file: string;
    }
    interface FileCommentPayload {
        type: 'file_comment';
        file: File;
        comment: FileComment;
    }
    interface FileCommentPayloadLight {
        type: 'file_comment';
        file: string;
        comment: string;
    }
    interface ChannelPayload {
        type: 'channel';
        channel: string;
    }
    interface ImPayload {
        type: 'im';
        channel: string;
    }
    interface GroupPayload {
        type: 'group';
        channel: string;
    }
    interface LinkPayload {
        domain: string;
        url: string;
    }
    interface Paging {
        count: number;
        total: number;
        page: number;
        pages: number;
    }
    export interface Reminder {
        id: string;
        creator: string;
        user: string;
        text: string;
        recurring: boolean;
        time?: number;
        complete_ts?: number;
    }
    type Presence = 'active' | 'away';
    export interface Profile {
        status_text: string;
        status_emoji: string;
        first_name: string;
        last_name: string;
        email: string;
        skype: string;
        image_24: string;
        image_32: string;
        image_48: string;
        image_72: string;
        image_192: string;
        image_512: string;
        image_1024: string;
        image_original: string;
        fields: {
            [id: string]: {
                value: string;
                alt: string;
                label: string;
            };
        };
        always_active?: boolean;
    }

    export namespace WebApi {
        export interface ParametersAuthRequired {
            token: string;
        }
        export interface Response {
            ok: boolean;
            error?: string;
        }

        // api
        export interface ApiTestParameters {
            [index: string]: string;
            error?: string;
        }
        export interface ApiTestResponse extends Response {
            args: {
                [index in keyof ApiTestParameters]: string;
            }
        }

        // auth
        export interface AuthRevokeParameters {
            token?: string;
            test?: boolean;
        }
        export interface AuthRevokeResponse extends Response {
            revoked: boolean;
        }
        export interface AuthTestParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface AuthTestResponse extends Response {
            url: string;
            team: string;
            user: string;
            team_id: string;
            user_id: string;
            enterprise_id?: string;
        }

        // bots
        export interface BotsInfoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            bot: string;
        }
        export interface BotsInfoResponse extends Response {
            bot: Bot;
        }

        // channels
        export interface ChannelsArchiveParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsArchiveResponse extends Response { }
        export interface ChannelsCreateParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            name: string;
            validate?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChannelsCreateResponse extends Response {
            channel: Channel;
        }
        export interface ChannelsHistoryParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            latest?: string;
            oldest?: string;
            inclusive?: boolean;
            count?: number;
            unreads?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChannelsHistoryResponse extends Response {
            latest: string;
            messages: Message[];
            has_more: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChannelsInfoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsInfoResponse extends Response {
            channel: Channel;
        }
        export interface ChannelsInviteParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            user: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsInviteResponse extends Response {
            channel: Channel;
        }
        export interface ChannelsJoinParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            name: string;
            validate?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChannelsJoinResponse extends Response {
            channel: Channel;
        }
        export interface ChannelsKickParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            user: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsKickResponse extends Response { }
        export interface ChannelsLeaveParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsLeaveResponse extends Response {
            not_in_channel?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChannelsListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            exclude_archived?: boolean;
            exclude_members?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChannelsListResponse extends Response {
            channels: Channel[];
        }
        export interface ChannelsMarkParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsMarkResponse extends Response { }
        export interface ChannelsRenameParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            name: string;
            validate?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChannelsRenameResponse extends Response {
            channel: {
                id: string;
                is_channel: boolean;
                name: string;
                created: number;
            }
        }
        export interface ChannelsRepliesParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            thread_ts: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsRepliesResponse extends Response {
            messages: Message[];
        }
        export interface ChannelsSetPurposeParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            purpose: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsSetPurposeResponse extends Response {
            purpose: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsSetTopicParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            topic: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsSetTopicResponse extends Response {
            topic: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsUnarchiveParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelsUnarchiveResponse extends Response { }

        // chat
        export interface ChatDeleteParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            ts: string;
            channel: string;
            as_user?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChatDeleteResponse extends Response {
            channel: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface ChatMeMessageParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            text: string;
        }
        export interface ChatMeMessageResponse extends Response {
            channel: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface ChatPostMessageParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            text: string;
            parse?: MessageParseOptions;
            link_names?: boolean;
            attachments?: Attachment[];
            unfurl_links?: boolean;
            unfurl_media?: boolean;
            username?: string;
            as_user?: boolean;
            icon_url?: string;
            icon_emoji?: string;
            thread_ts?: string;
            reply_broadcast?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChatPostMessageResponse extends Response {
            ts: string;
            channel: string;
            message: Message;
        }
        export interface ChatUnfurlParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            ts: string;
            unfurls: string;
            user_auth_required?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChatUnfurlResponse extends Response { }
        export interface ChatUpdateParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            ts: string;
            channel: string;
            text: string;
            attachments?: Attachment[];
            parse?: MessageParseOptions;
            link_names?: boolean;
            as_user?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ChatUpdateResponse extends Response {
            channel: string;
            ts: string;
            text: string;
        }

        // dnd
        export interface DndEndDndParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface DndEndDndResponse extends Response { }
        export interface DndEndSnoozeParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface DndEndSnoozeResponse extends Response {
            dnd_enabled: boolean;
            next_dnd_start_ts: number;
            next_dnd_end_ts: number;
            snooze_enabled: boolean;
        }
        export interface DndInfoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            user?: string;
        }
        export interface DndInfoResponse extends Response {
            dnd_enabled: boolean;
            next_dnd_start_ts: number;
            next_dnd_end_ts: number;
            snooze_enabled: boolean;
            snooze_endtime: number;
            snooze_remaining: number;
        }
        export interface DndSetSnoozeParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            num_minutes: number;
        }
        export interface DndSetSnoozeResponse extends Response {
            snooze_enabled: boolean;
            snooze_endtime: number;
            snooze_remaining: number;
        }
        export interface DndTeamInfoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            users: string;
        }
        export interface DndTeamInfoResponse extends Response {
            users: {
                [user: string]: {
                    dnd_enabled: boolean;
                    next_dnd_start_ts: number;
                    next_dnd_end_ts: number;
                }
            }
        }

        // emoji
        export interface EmojiListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface EmojiListResponse extends Response {
            emoji: {
                [name: string]: string;
            }
        }

        // files
        export interface FilesCommentsAddParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            file: string;
            comment: string;
        }
        export interface FilesCommentsAddResponse extends Response {
            comment: FileComment;
        }
        export interface FilesCommentsDeleteParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            file: string;
            id: string;
        }
        export interface FilesCommentsDeleteResponse extends Response { }
        export interface FilesCommentsEditParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            file: string;
            id: string;
            comment: string;
        }
        export interface FilesCommentsEditResponse extends Response {
            comment: FileComment;
        }
        export interface FilesDeleteParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            file: string;
        }
        export interface FilesDeleteResponse extends Response { }
        export interface FilesInfoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            file: string;
            count?: number;
            page?: number;
        }
        export interface FilesInfoResponse extends Response {
            file: File;
            comments: Comment[];
            paging: Paging;
        }
        export interface FilesListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            user?: string;
            channel?: string;
            ts_from?: number;
            ts_to?: number;
            types?: FileCategory;
            count?: number;
            page?: number;
        }
        export interface FilesListResponse extends Response {
            files: File[];
            paging: Paging;
        }
        export interface FilesRevokePublicUrlParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            file: string;
        }
        export interface FilesRevokePublicUrlResponse extends Response {
            file: File;
        }
        export interface FilesSharedPublicUrlParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            file: string;
        }
        export interface FilesSharedPublicUrlResponse extends Response {
            file: File;
            comments: Comment[];
            paging: Paging;
        }
        export interface FilesUploadParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            /* Should be a ReadStream, unsure how to import fs without jeopardizing the module structure */
            file?: any;
            content?: string;
            filetype?: FileType;
            filename: string;
            title?: string;
            initial_comment?: string;
            channels?: string;
        }
        export interface FilesUploadResponse extends Response {
            file: File;
        }

        // groups
        export interface GroupsArchiveParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsArchiveResponse extends Response { }
        export interface GroupsCloseParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsCloseResponse extends Response { }
        export interface GroupsCreateParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            name: string;
            validate?: boolean;
        }
        export interface GroupsCreateResponse extends Response {
            group: Group;
        }
        export interface GroupsCreateChildParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsCreateChildResponse extends Response {
            group: Group;
        }
        export interface GroupsHistoryParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            latest?: string;
            oldest?: string;
            inclusive?: boolean;
            count?: number;
            unreads?: boolean;
        }
        export interface GroupsHistoryResponse extends Response {
            latest: string;
            messages: Message[];
            has_more: boolean;
        }
        export interface GroupsInfoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsInfoResponse extends Response {
            group: Group;
        }
        export interface GroupsInviteParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            user: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsInviteResponse extends Response {
            already_in_group?: boolean;
            group: Group;
        }
        export interface GroupsKickParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            user: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsKickResponse extends Response { }
        export interface GroupsLeaveParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsLeaveResponse extends Response { }
        export interface GroupsListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            exclude_archived?: boolean;
        }
        export interface GroupsListResponse extends Response {
            groups: Group[];
        }
        export interface GroupsMarkParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsMarkResponse extends Response { }
        export interface GroupsOpenParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsOpenResponse extends Response { }
        export interface GroupsRenameParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            name: string;
            validate?: boolean;
        }
        export interface GroupsRenameResponse extends Response {
            channel: {
                id: string;
                is_group: boolean;
                name: string;
                created: number;
            };
        }
        export interface GroupsRepliesParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            thread_ts: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsRepliesResponse extends Response {
            messages: Message[];
            thread_info: {
                complete: boolean;
                count: number;
            };
        }
        export interface GroupsSetPurposeParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            purpose: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsSetPurposeResponse extends Response {
            purpose: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsSetTopicParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            topic: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsSetTopicResponse extends Response {
            topic: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsUnarchiveParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface GroupsUnarchiveResponse extends Response { }

        // im
        export interface ImCloseParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface ImCloseResponse extends Response { }
        export interface ImHistoryParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            latest?: string;
            oldest?: string;
            inclusive?: boolean;
            count?: number;
            unreads?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ImHistoryResponse extends Response {
            latest: string;
            messages: Message[];
            has_more: boolean;
        }
        export interface ImListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface ImListResponse extends Response {
            ims: Im[];
        }
        export interface ImMarkParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface ImMarkResponse extends Response { }
        export interface ImOpenParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            user: string;
            return_im?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ImOpenResponse extends Response {
            channel: {
                id: string;
            } | Channel;
            no_op?: boolean;
            already_open?: boolean;
        }
        export interface ImRepliesParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            thread_ts: string;
        }
        export interface ImRepliesResponse extends Response {
            messages: Message[];
            thread_info: {
                complete: boolean;
                count: number;
            };
        }

        // mpim
        export interface MpimCloseParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface MpimCloseResponse extends Response { }
        export interface MpimHistoryParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            latest?: string;
            oldest?: string;
            inclusive?: boolean;
            count?: number;
            unreads?: boolean;
        }
        export interface MpimHistoryResponse extends Response {
            latest: string;
            messages: Message[];
            has_more: boolean;
        }
        export interface MpimListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface MpimListResponse extends Response {
            groups: Group[];
        }
        export interface MpimMarkParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface MpimMarkResponse extends Response { }
        export interface MpimOpenParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            users: string;
        }
        export interface MpimOpenResponse extends Response {
            group: Mpim;
        }
        export interface MpimRepliesParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            thread_ts: string;
        }
        export interface MpimRepliesResponse extends Response {
            messages: Message[];
            thread_info: {
                complete: string;
                count: number;
            };
        }

        // oauth
        export interface OauthAccessParameters {
            client_id: string;
            client_secret: string;
            code: string;
            redirect_uri?: string;
        }
        export interface OauthAccessResponse extends Response {
            access_token: string;
            scope: string;
        }

        // pins
        export interface PinsAddParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            file?: string;
            file_comment?: string;
            timestamp?: string;
        }
        export interface PinsAddResponse extends Response { }
        export interface PinsListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface PinsListResponse extends Response {
            items: (PinnedItemBase & (MessagePayload | FilePayload | FileCommentPayload))[];
        }
        export interface PinsRemoveParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            channel: string;
            file?: string;
            file_comment?: string;
            timestamp?: string;
        }
        export interface PinsRemoveResponse extends Response { }

        // reactions
        export interface ReactionsAddParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            name: string;
            file?: string;
            file_comment?: string;
            channel?: string;
            timestamp?: string;
        }
        export interface ReactionsAddResponse extends Response { }
        export interface ReactionsGetParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            name: string;
            file?: string;
            file_comment?: string;
            channel?: string;
            timestamp?: string;
            full?: boolean;
        }
        export type ReactionsGetResponse = Response & (MessagePayload | FilePayload | FileCommentPayload);
        export interface ReactionsListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface ReactionsListResponse extends Response {
            items: (MessagePayload | FilePayload | FileCommentPayload)[];
            paging: Paging;
        }
        export interface ReactionsRemoveParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            name: string;
            file?: string;
            file_comment?: string;
            channel?: string;
            timestamp?: string;
        }
        export interface ReactionsRemoveResponse extends Response { }

        // reminders
        export interface RemindersAddParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            text: string;
            time: number;
            user?: string;
        }
        export interface RemindersAddResponse extends Response {
            reminder: Reminder;
        }
        export interface RemindersCompleteParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            reminder: string;
        }
        export interface RemindersCompleteResponse extends Response { }
        export interface RemindersDeleteParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            reminder: string;
        }
        export interface RemindersDeleteResponse extends Response { }
        export interface RemindersInfoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            reminder: string;
        }
        export interface RemindersInfoResponse extends Response {
            reminder: Reminder;
        }
        export interface RemindersListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface RemindersListResponse extends Response {
            reminders: Reminder[];
        }

        // rtm
        export interface RtmConnectParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface RtmConnectResponse extends Response {
            url: string;
            team: {
                id: string;
                name: string;
                domain: string;
                enterprise_id?: string;
                enterprise_name?: string;
            };
            self: {
                id: string;
                name: string;
            };
        }
        export interface RtmStartParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            simple_latest?: boolean;
            no_unreads?: boolean;
            mpim_aware?: boolean;
            no_latest?: boolean;
        }
        export interface RtmStartResponse extends Response {
            url: string;
            self: {
                id: string;
                name: string;
                prefs: object;
                created: number;
                manual_presence: Presence;
            };
            team: {
                id: string;
                name: string;
                email_domain: string;
                domain: string;
                icon: object;
                msg_edit_window_mins: number;
                over_storage_limit: boolean;
                prefs: object;
                plan: string;
            };
            users: User[];
            channels: Channel[];
            groups: Group[];
            mpims: Mpim[];
            ims: Im[];
            bots: Bot[];
        }

        // search
        export interface SearchAllParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            query: string;
            sort?: 'score' | 'timestamp';
            sort_dir?: 'asc' | 'desc';
            highlight?: boolean;
            count?: number;
            page?: number;
        }
        export interface SearchAllResponse extends Response {
            query: string;
            messages: {
                matches: Message[];
                paging: Paging;
            };
            files: {
                matches: File[];
                paging: Paging;
            };
        }
        export interface SearchFilesParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            query: string;
            sort?: 'score' | 'timestamp';
            sort_dir?: 'asc' | 'desc';
            highlight?: boolean;
            count?: number;
            page?: number;
        }
        export interface SearchFilesResponse extends Response {
            query: string;
            files: {
                total: number;
                paging: Paging;
                matches: File[];
            };
        }
        export interface SearchMessagesParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            query: string;
            sort?: 'score' | 'timestamp';
            sort_dir?: 'asc' | 'desc';
            highlight?: boolean;
            count?: number;
            page?: number;
        }
        export interface SearchMessagesResponse extends Response {
            query: string;
            files: {
                total: number;
                paging: Paging;
                matches: Message[];
            };
        }

        // stars
        export interface StarsAddParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            file?: string;
            file_comment?: string;
            channel?: string;
            timestamp?: string;
        }
        export interface StarsAddResponse extends Response { }
        export interface StarsListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            count?: number;
            page?: number;
        }
        export interface StarsListResponse extends Response {
            items: (MessagePayload | FilePayload | FileCommentPayload | ChannelPayload | ImPayload | GroupPayload)[];
            paging: Paging;
        }
        export interface StarsRemoveParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            file?: string;
            file_comment?: string;
            channel?: string;
            timestamp?: string;
        }
        export interface StarsRemoveResponse extends Response { }

        // team
        export interface TeamAccessLogsParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            count?: number;
            page?: number;
            before?: number;
        }
        export interface TeamAccessLogsResponse extends Response {
            logins: {
                user_id: string;
                username: string;
                date_first: number;
                date_last: number;
                count: number;
                ip: string;
                user_agent: string;
                isp: string;
                country: string;
                region: string;
            }[];
            paging: Paging;
        }
        export interface TeamBillableInfoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            user?: string;
        }
        export interface TeamBillableInfoResponse extends Response {
            billable_info: {
                [user: string]: {
                    billing_active: boolean;
                };
            };
        }
        export interface TeamInfoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface TeamInfoResponse extends Response {
            team: {
                id: string;
                name: string;
                domain: string;
                email_domain: string;
                icon: {
                    image_34: string;
                    image_44: string;
                    image_68: string;
                    image_88: string;
                    image_102: string;
                    image_132: string;
                    image_default: boolean;
                };
                enterprise_id?: string;
                enterprise_name?: string;
            };
        }
        export interface TeamIntegrationLogsParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            service_id?: string;
            app_id?: string;
            user?: string;
            change_type?: 'added' | 'removed' | 'enabled' | 'disabled' | 'updated';
            count?: number;
            page?: number;
        }
        export interface TeamIntegrationLogsResponse extends Response {
            logs: ({
                user_id: string;
                user_name: string;
                channel: string;
                date: string;
                change_type: 'added' | 'removed' | 'enabled' | 'disabled' | 'updated';
                reason?: string;
                scope: string;
                rss_feed?: boolean;
                rss_feed_change_type?: string;
                rss_feed_title?: string;
                rss_feed_url?: string;
            } & ({
                app_id: string;
                app_type: string;
            } | {
                    service_id: string;
                    service_type: string;
                }))[];
            paging: Paging;
        }
        export interface TeamProfileGetParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            visibility?: 'all' | 'visible' | 'hidden';
        }
        export interface TeamProfileGetResponse extends Response {
            profile: {
                fields: {
                    id: string;
                    ordering: number;
                    label: string;
                    hint: string;
                    type: string;
                    possible_values: string[] | null;
                    options: object | null;
                    is_hidden?: boolean;
                }[]
            }
        }

        // usergroups
        export interface UsergroupsCreateParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            name: string;
            handle?: string;
            description?: string;
            channels?: string;
            include_count?: boolean;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsCreateResponse extends Response {
            usergroup: Usergroup;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsDisableParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            usergroup: string;
            include_count?: boolean;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsDisableResponse extends Response {
            usergroup: Usergroup;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsEnableParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            usergroup: string;
            include_count?: boolean;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsEnableResponse extends Response {
            usergroup: Usergroup;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            include_disabled?: boolean;
            include_count?: boolean;
            include_users?: boolean;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsListResponse extends Response {
            usergroups: Usergroup[];
        }
        export interface UsergroupsUpdateParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            usergroup: string;
            name?: string;
            handle?: string;
            description?: string;
            channels?: string;
            include_count?: boolean;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsUpdateResponse extends Response {
            usergroup: Usergroup;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsUsersListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            usergroup: string;
            include_disabled?: boolean;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsUsersListResponse extends Response {
            users: string[];
        }
        export interface UsergroupsUsersUpdateParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            usergroup: string;
            users: string;
            include_count?: boolean;
        }
        export interface UsergroupsUsersUpdateResponse extends Response {
            usergroup: Usergroup;
        }

        // users
        export interface UsersDeletePhotoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface UsersDeletePhotoResponse extends Response { }
        export interface UsersGetPresenceParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            user: string;
        }
        export interface UsersGetPresenceResponse extends Response {
            presence: Presence;
        }
        export interface UsersIdentityParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface UsersIdentityResponse extends Response {
            user: {
                name: string;
                id: string;
                email?: string;
                image_24?: string;
                image_32?: string;
                image_48?: string;
                image_72?: string;
                image_192?: string;
            };
            team: {
                id: string;
                name?: string;
            }
        }
        export interface UsersInfoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            user: string;
        }
        export interface UsersInfoResponse extends Response {
            user: User;
        }
        export interface UsersListParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            presence?: boolean;
        }
        export interface UsersListResponse extends Response {
            members: User[];
        }
        export interface UsersSetActiveParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired { }
        export interface UsersSetActiveResponse extends Response { }
        export interface UsersSetPhotoParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            /* Should be a ReadStream, unsure how to import fs without jeopardizing the module structure */
            image: any;
            crop_x?: number;
            crop_y?: number;
            crop_w?: number;
        }
        export interface UsersSetPhotoResponse extends Response { }
        export interface UsersSetPresenceParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            presence: 'auto' | 'away';
        }
        export interface UsersSetPresenceResponse extends Response { }
        export interface UsersProfileGetParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            user?: string;
            include_labels?: boolean;
        }
        export interface UsersProfileGetResponse extends Response {
            profile: Profile;
        }
        export interface UsersProfileSetParameters extends ParametersAuthRequired {
            user?: string;
            profile?: string;
            name?: string;
            value?: string;
        }
        export interface UsersProfileSetResponse extends Response {
            profile: Profile;
        }
    }

    export namespace EventsApi {
        export interface BaseEvent {
            type: 'url_verification' | 'event_callback';
            token: string;
        }
        export interface UrlVerificationEvent extends BaseEvent {
            type: 'url_verification';
            challenge: string;
        }
        export interface Event extends BaseEvent {
            team_id: string;
            api_app_id: string;
            event: InnerEvent;
            type: 'event_callback';
            authed_users: string[];
            event_id: string;
            event_time: string;
        }
        type InnerEvent = ChannelArchiveEvent | ChannelCreatedEvent | ChannelDeletedEvent | ChannelHistoryChangedEvent |
            ChannelRenameEvent | ChannelUnarchiveEvent | DndUpdatedEvent | DndUpdatedUserEvent | EmailDomainChangedEvent |
            EmojiChangedEvent | FileChangeEvent | FileCommentAddedEvent | FileCommentDeletedEvent | FileCommentEditedEvent |
            FileCreatedEvent | FileDeletedEvent | FilePublicEvent | FileSharedEvent | FileUnsharedEvent | GroupArchiveEvent |
            GroupCloseEvent | GroupHistoryChangedEvent | GroupOpenEvent | GroupRenameEvent | GroupUnarchiveEvent | ImCloseEvent |
            ImCreatedEvent | ImHistoryChangedEvent | ImOpenEvent | LinkSharedEvent | MessageEvent | MessageChannelsEvent |
            MessageGroupsEvent | MessageImEvent | MessageMpimEvent | PinAddedEvent | PinRemovedEvent | ReactionAddedEvent |
            ReactionRemovedEvent | StarAddedEvent | StarRemovedEvent | SubteamCreatedEvent | SubteamSelfAddedEvent |
            SubteamSelfRemovedEvent | SubteamUpdatedEvent | TeamDomainChangeEvent | TeamJoinEvent | TeamRenameEvent |
            UrlVerificationEvent | UserChangeEvent;
        export interface ChannelArchiveEvent {
            type: 'channel_archive';
            user: string;
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelCreatedEvent {
            type: 'channel_created';
            channel: {
                id: string;
                name: string;
                created: number;
                creator: string;
            };
        }
        export interface ChannelDeletedEvent {
            type: 'channel_deleted';
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelHistoryChangedEvent {
            type: 'channel_history_changed';
            latest: string;
            ts: string;
            event_ts: string;
        }
        export interface ChannelRenameEvent {
            type: 'channel_rename';
            channel: {
                id: string;
                name: string;
                created: number;
            }
        }
        export interface ChannelUnarchiveEvent {
            type: 'channel_unarchive';
            user: string;
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface DndUpdatedEvent {
            type: 'dnd_updated';
            user: string;
            dnd_status: {
                dnd_enabled: boolean;
                next_dnd_start_ts: number;
                next_dnd_end_ts: number;
                snooze_enabled: boolean;
                snooze_endtime: number;
            };
        }
        export interface DndUpdatedUserEvent {
            type: 'dnd_updated_user';
            user: string;
            dnd_status: {
                dnd_enabled: boolean;
                next_dnd_start_ts: number;
                next_dnd_end_ts: number;
            };
        }
        export interface EmailDomainChangedEvent {
            type: 'email_domain_changed';
            email_domain: string;
            event_ts: string;
        }
        type EmojiChangedEvent = EmojiChangedAddedEvent | EmojiChangedRemovedEvent;
        interface EmojiChangedBaseEvent {
            type: 'emoji_changed';
            event_ts: string;
        }
        export interface EmojiChangedAddedEvent extends EmojiChangedBaseEvent {
            subtype: 'add';
            name: string;
            value: string;
        }
        export interface EmojiChangedRemovedEvent extends EmojiChangedBaseEvent {
            subtype: 'remove';
            names: string[];
        }
        export interface FileChangeEvent {
            type: 'file_change';
            file: File;
        }
        export interface FileCommentAddedEvent {
            type: 'file_comment_added';
            file: File;
            comment: FileComment;
        }
        export interface FileCommentDeletedEvent {
            type: 'file_comment_deleted';
            file: File;
            comment: string;
        }
        export interface FileCommentEditedEvent {
            type: 'file_comment_edited';
            file: File;
            comment: FileComment;
        }
        export interface FileCreatedEvent {
            type: 'file_created';
            file: File;
        }
        export interface FileDeletedEvent {
            type: 'file_deleted';
            file_id: string;
            event_ts: string;
        }
        export interface FilePublicEvent {
            type: 'file_public';
            file: File;
        }
        export interface FileSharedEvent {
            type: 'file_shared';
            file: File;
        }
        export interface FileUnsharedEvent {
            type: 'file_unshared';
            file: File;
        }
        export interface GroupArchiveEvent {
            type: 'group_archive';
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface GroupCloseEvent {
            type: 'group_close';
            user: string;
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface GroupHistoryChangedEvent {
            type: 'group_history_changed';
            latest: string;
            ts: string;
            event_ts: string;
        }
        export interface GroupOpenEvent {
            type: 'group_open';
            user: string;
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface GroupRenameEvent {
            type: 'group_rename';
            channel: {
                id: string;
                name: string;
                created: number;
            }
        }
        export interface GroupUnarchiveEvent {
            type: 'group_unarchive';
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface ImCloseEvent {
            type: 'im_close';
            user: string;
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface ImCreatedEvent {
            type: 'im_created';
            user: string;
            channel: Channel;
        }
        export interface ImHistoryChangedEvent {
            type: 'im_history_changed';
            latest: string;
            ts: string;
            event_ts: string;
        }
        export interface ImOpenEvent {
            type: 'im_open';
            user: string;
            channel: string;
        }
        export interface LinkSharedEvent {
            type: 'link_shared';
            channel: string;
            user: string;
            message_ts: string;
            links: LinkPayload[];
        }
        export interface MessageEvent {
            type: 'message';
            channel: string;
            user: string;
            text: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface MessageChannelsEvent {
            type: 'message.channels';
            channel: string;
            user: string;
            text: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface MessageGroupsEvent {
            type: 'message.groups';
            channel: string;
            user: string;
            text: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface MessageImEvent {
            type: 'message.im';
            channel: string;
            user: string;
            text: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface MessageMpimEvent {
            type: 'message.mpim';
            channel: string;
            user: string;
            text: string;
            ts: string;
        }
        export interface PinAddedEvent {
            type: 'pin_added';
            user: string;
            channel_id: string;
            item: object;
            event_ts: string;
        }
        export interface PinRemovedEvent {
            type: 'pin_removed';
            user: string;
            channel_id: string;
            item: object;
            has_pins: boolean;
            event_ts: string;
        }
        export interface ReactionAddedEvent {
            type: 'reaction_added';
            user: string;
            reaction: string;
            item_user: string;
            item: MessagePayloadLight | FilePayloadLight | FileCommentPayloadLight;
            event_ts: string;
        }
        export interface ReactionRemovedEvent {
            type: 'reaction_removed';
            user: string;
            reaction: string;
            item_user: string;
            item: MessagePayloadLight | FilePayloadLight | FileCommentPayloadLight;
            event_ts: string;
        }
        export interface StarAddedEvent {
            type: 'star_added';
            user: string;
            event_ts: string;
            items: (MessagePayload | FilePayload | FileCommentPayload | ChannelPayload | ImPayload | GroupPayload)[];
        }
        export interface StarRemovedEvent {
            type: 'star_removed';
            user: string;
            event_ts: string;
            items: (MessagePayload | FilePayload | FileCommentPayload | ChannelPayload | ImPayload | GroupPayload)[];
        }
        export interface SubteamCreatedEvent {
            type: 'subteam_created';
            subteam: Usergroup;
        }
        export interface SubteamSelfAddedEvent {
            type: 'subteam_self_added';
            subteam_id: string;
        }
        export interface SubteamSelfRemovedEvent {
            type: 'subteam_self_removed';
            subteam_id: string;
        }
        export interface SubteamUpdatedEvent {
            type: 'subteam_updated';
            subteam: Usergroup;
        }
        export interface TeamDomainChangeEvent {
            type: 'team_domain_change';
            url: string;
            domain: string;
        }
        export interface TeamJoinEvent {
            type: 'team_join';
            user: User;
        }
        export interface TeamRenameEvent {
            type: 'team_rename';
            name: string;
        }
        export interface UserChangeEvent {
            type: 'user_change';
            user: User;
        }
    }
}

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KB Peja je kosovski košarkaški klub iz Peći.

Osnovan je 1991. godine. Neko je vrijeme nosio ime po sponzoru, KB Dukagjini.
Utakmice igra u dvorani Pallatin e Sporteve Karagaçi (športska palača Karagaçi).

Bili su kosovski prvaci 1992./93., 1993./94., 1994./95. i 1995./96. U sezonama 1992., 1999./00., 2004./05. i 2010./11 su bili finalisti lige.
Kosovski su kup osvojili 1996./97. i 2010./11., a u sezonama 2000./01. i 2008./09. bili su poraženi u finalu kupa.

Danas ih trenira hrvatski trener Rudolf Jugo.

Poznati igrači

Za Peju su igrali hrvatski reprezentativci Goran Kalamiza i Ivica Marić.

Izvori

Kosovski košarkaški klubovi

{'title': 'KB Peja', 'url': 'https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KB%20Peja', 'language': 'hr', 'timestamp': '20230320'}


Die Gmina Jeziorzany ist eine Landgemeinde im Powiat Lubartowski der Woiwodschaft Lublin in Polen. Ihr Sitz ist das gleichnamige Dorf.

Gliederung
Zur Landgemeinde Jeziorzany gehören folgende neun Ortschaften mit einem Schulzenamt:
 Blizocin
 Jeziorzany
 Krępa
 Nowiny Przytockie
 Przytoczno
 Skarbiciesz
 Stawik
 Stoczek Kocki
 Walentynów
 Wola Blizocka

Fußnoten

Powiat Lubartowski

{'title': 'Gmina Jeziorzany', 'url': 'https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina%20Jeziorzany', 'language': 'de', 'timestamp': '20230320'}


Katalanskt parti är en schacköppning som karaktäriseras av att vit tidigt spelar d4, c4, g3 och Lg2. Dragen kan utföras i olika ordning men en typisk dragföljd är:

 1.d4 Sf6
 2.c4 e6
 3.g3

Katalanskt parti har likheter med damgambit, med den viktiga skillnaden att vit fianchetterar sin vitfältslöpare, och med Retis öppning.
Det är en etablerad öppning som har använts av många elitspelare och i flera VM-matcher.

Öppningen fick sitt namn vid en turnering i Kataloniens huvudstad Barcelona 1929. Arrangörerna anordnade då en tävling där deltagarna skulle uppfinna och spela en ny öppning som skulle få namnet katalanskt parti. Tävlingen vanns av Savielly Tartakower.

Varianter
Efter dragen ovan följer normalt 3…d5 4.Lg2.
Man skiljer sen på öppet katalanskt, där svart slår bonden på c4, och slutet katalanskt, där svart håller i sin d5-bonde.

Öppet katalanskt

I öppet katalanskt byter svart på c4, antingen direkt eller några drag senare. Vits löpare på g2 blir stark utan bonden på d5.
Här är två vanliga varianter efter 4…dxc4:
 5.Sf3 a6 6.0–0 Sc6 7.e3 Ld7
 5.Sf3 c5 6.0–0 Sc6 7.dxc5

Slutet katalanskt

I slutet katalanskt kan svart komma lite trångt men han står solitt. Huvudvarianten fortsätter 4...Le7 5.Sf3 0–0 6.0–0 c6 7.Dc2 Sbd7.

Källor

Schacköppningar

{'title': 'Katalanskt parti', 'url': 'https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanskt%20parti', 'language': 'sv', 'timestamp': '20230320'}


Komisariat Straży Granicznej „Gdynia” – jednostka organizacyjna Straży Granicznej pełniąca służbę ochronną na granicy państwowej w latach 1928–1939.

Formowanie i zmiany organizacyjne
Rozporządzeniem Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej Ignacego Mościckiego z 22 marca 1928 roku, do ochrony północnej, zachodniej i południowej granicy państwa, a w szczególności do ich ochrony celnej, powoływano z dniem 2 kwietnia 1928 roku  Straż Graniczną.
Rozkazem nr 2 z 19 kwietnia 1928 roku w sprawach organizacji Pomorskiego Inspektoratu Okręgowego dowódca Straży Granicznej gen. bryg. Stefan Pasławski przydzielił komisariat „Gdynia” do Inspektoratu Granicznego nr 5 „Gdynia” i określił jego strukturę organizacyjną.
Już 29 kwietnia 1929 komendant Straży Granicznej płk Jan Jur-Gorzechowski rozkazem nr 1  w sprawie zmian w organizacji Pomorskiego Inspektoratu Okręgowego zmieniał częściowo organizację komisariatu. Komisariat miał strzec odcinka ówczesnych placówek w Orłowie i Oksywiu, a  zamiast placówek nakazał utworzyć wartownie.
Rozkazem nr 12 z 10 stycznia 1930 roku  w sprawie reorganizacji Pomorskiego Inspektoratu Okręgowego komendant Straży Granicznej płk Jan Jur-Gorzechowski ustalił nową organizację komisariatu.

W 1934 roku gdyńskiemu komisariatowi powierzono odcinek granicy morskiej od styku granicy polsko-gdańskiej do ujścia Redy. W styczniu tego roku ustalono jego nową organizację i etat. Kierownik komisariatu do dyspozycji miał dwóch oficerów młodszych oraz 106 szeregowych. Komisariatowi podlegała placówka portowa Gdynia i trzy placówki pierwszej linii: „Mechelinki”, „Obłuże” i „Orłowo”. Istniejące dotąd placówki pierwszej linii „Gdynia” i „Oksywie” zostały zniesione. Placówka portowa organizacyjnie odpowiadała placówce II linii. Zasięgiem obejmowała port handlowy i wojenny, strefę wolnocłową oraz kontrolę nad ruchem kolejowym.
Komisariat wyposażony został w łódź motorową, dwa motocykle oraz psa służbowego.

Rozkazem nr 3 z 23 czerwca 1934 roku w sprawach [...] tworzenia i zniesienia posterunków informacyjnych, komendant Straży Granicznej płk Jan Jur-Gorzechowski wyłączył placówkę I linii „Wielki Kack”  z komisariatu Straży Granicznej „Kartuzy” i włączył w skład komisariatu Straży Granicznej „Gdynia”.
Rozkazem nr 4 z 17 grudnia 1934 roku  w sprawach [...] zarządzeń organizacyjnych i zmian budżetowych, komendant Straży Granicznej płk Jan Jur-Gorzechowski przeniósł placówkę I linii „Obłuże”  do Podgórza.
Rozkazem nr 3 z 31 grudnia 1938 roku w sprawach reorganizacji jednostek na terenach Śląskiego, Zachodniomałopolskiego i Wschodniomałopolskiego okręgów Straży Granicznej, a także utworzenia nowych komisariatów i placówek, komendant Straży Granicznej płk Jan Gorzechowski wydzielił z komisariatu „Gdynia” placówkę II linii „Gdynia” i przydzielił ją do Komendy Odwodu „Gdynia” jako placówkę „Gdynia Port”, przemianował placówkę I linii „Gdynia I” na placówkę II linii „Gdynia Miasto” i przydzielił ją do Komendy Obwodu „Gdynia”. Odcinek placówki „Gdynia I” podzielono pomiędzy placówkę „Orłowo“ i „Gdynia III”. Placówki Gdynia III, IV i V otrzymały numery I, II i III.
Rozkazem nr 12 z 14 lipca 1939 roku w sprawie reorganizacji placówek II linii i posterunków wywiadowczych oraz obsady personalnej, komendant Straży Granicznej gen. bryg. Walerian Czuma przemianował posterunek „Chylonia” na placówkę II linii.
Rozkazem nr 13 z 31 lipca 1939 roku w sprawach [...] przeniesienia siedzib i zmiany przydziałów jednostek organizacyjnych, komendant Straży Granicznej gen. bryg. Walerian Czuma wydzielił komisariat „Wejherowo” z Odwodu SG „Kościerzyna” i przydzielił go do Odwodu SG „Gdynia”.

Służba graniczna
Kierownik Pomorskiego Inspektoratu Okręgowego Straży Granicznej mjr Józef Zończyk w rozkazie organizacyjnym nr 2 z 8 czerwca 1928 roku udokładnił linie rozgraniczenia inspektoratu. Granica południowa: granica WM Gdańska (podkomisariat Hel - od m. Chałupy); granica północna: m. Nowe Obłuże (wył.).

Sąsiednie komisariaty
 komisariat Straży Granicznej „Gniew” ⇔ komisariat Straży Granicznej „Puck” − 1928

Funkcjonariusze komisariatu

Struktura organizacyjna
Organizacja komisariatu w maju 1928:
 komenda − Gdynia
podkomisariat Straży Granicznej „Hel”
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii „Orłowo”
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii „Gdynia”
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii „Oksywie”
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii „Hel”
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii „Jastarnia”
 placówka Straży Granicznej II linii „Gdynia”

Organizacja komisariatu w styczniu 1930:
 komenda − Gdynia
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii „Orłowo”
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii „Gdynia”
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii „Oksywie”
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii „Mechelinki”
 placówka Straży Granicznej II linii „Gdynia”

Organizacja komisariatu w 1936:
 komenda − Gdynia
 placówka Straży Granicznej II linii Gdynia (II)
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii Wielki Kack
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii Orłowo
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii Gdynia (I)
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii Gdynia (III)
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii Gdynia (IV)
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii Gdynia (V)
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii Pogórze
 placówka Straży Granicznej I linii Mechelinki
posterunek SG Chylonia

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Gdynia
Formacje Straży Granicznej (1928–1939) w Gdyni
Komisariaty Inspektoratu Granicznego nr 5 „Gdynia”

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Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (MNHN) är Frankrikes naturhistoriska riksmuseum. Det är ett grand établissement som tillhör Paris universitet (Sorbonne). Huvudmuseet är beläget i Paris, i Jardin des Plantes på vänstra stranden av Seine. Det grundades den 10 juni 1793 under franska revolutionen, men ursprunget går tillbaka till anläggandet av Jardin des Plantes 1635. Museet består idag av 12 delar utspridda över Frankrike, med tre i Paris. Museets målsättning är att informera allmänheten, upprätta samlingar och bedriva forskning.

Historia
Museet grundades formellt den 10 juni 1793, under den franska revolutionen, men dess ursprung ligger egentligen i Jardin royal des plantes médicinales (Kungliga trädgården för medicinalväxter) som skapades under Ludvig den XII 1635 av kungens läkare Guy de La Brosse. Till trädgården var tre "institutioner" knutna (anatomi, botanik och kemi, vardera med en professor och en "demonstrator"). I en deklaration av Ludvig den XV den 31 mars 1718, vid den dåvarande överintendenten Guy-Crescent Fagons död, frigjordes tjänsten som överintendent från kungens livläkare. Trädgården inriktades härvid alltmer mot naturhistoria (1829 gjordes det tidigare "apoteket" om till Cabinet d'Histoire Naturelles) och blev känd som Jardin de Roi (Kungens trädgård).

Under en stor del av 1700-talet (1739-1788) leddes trädgården av Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon, en av upplysningstidens ledande naturhistoriker, som gav trädgården internationell berömmelse och prestige samtidigt som dess areal fördubblades. Den kungliga institutionen överlevde anmärkningsvärt nog revolutionen genom att omorganiseras under ledning av Joseph Lakanal, bland annat genom inlemmande av samlingar som tillhört Louis Joseph av Bourbon, till den republikanska Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, med tolv jämbördiga professorer. Några av dess tidiga professorer innefattade den framstående jämförande zoologen Georges Cuvier och de båda pionjärerna inom evolutionsforskningen Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck och Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.

När Paris 1814 besattes av ryska och preussiska trupper, började dessa förstöra den botaniska trädgården. Genom ingripande från Alexander von Humboldt, räddades dock samlingarna.

Museet fortsatte att blomstra under 1800-talet och blev, speciellt under kemisten Michel Eugène Chevreuls ledning, en konkurrent till Paris universitet inom naturvetenskaplig forskning och en professur i fysik inrättades 1838. Exempelvis upptäckte Henri Becquerel under sin tid som professor i fysik radioaktiviteten hos uran (fyra generationer Becquerel höll denna professorsstol, från 1838 till 1948). Denna fas i museets verksamhet upphörde med Alphonse Milne-Edwards tillträde och ett dekret utfärdat 1891 vilka förde tillbaka tyngdpunkten hos forskningen till traditionella taxonomiska studier.

Referenser
 Paul Lemoine, 1935, Le Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle; Son Histoire - Son État actuel

Externa länkar

 Officiell webbplats

Museer i Paris
Naturhistoriska museer
Grand établissement

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Un arabist este un specialist nearab în limba arabă (literară sau colocvială, fonetică, fonologie, morfologie, sintaxă, semantică, pragmatică, stilistică), în literatura arabă (din perioada preislamică și până în zile noastre, creată fie în spațiul arabofon, fie în alte spații ce au folosit sau folosesc limba arabă ca mijloc de exprimare culturală), în sociolingvistică arabă (analize de discurs scris sau rostit în limba arabă, istoria limbii arabe, predarea limbii arabe etc.), în istoria arabă, în politica arabă etc. Nu de puține ori, un arabist poate fi, în același timp, și islamolog, specialist în religia islamică.

Calitatea de arabist este probată printr-o bogată bibliografie ce poate cuprinde monografii, traduceri, studii academice etc.

Arabiști din România
De-a lungul timpului, câteva personalități ale culturii române s-au preocupat de studiul limbii arabe: spătarul Nicolae Milescu, Dimitrie Cantemir, Timotei Cipariu, preotul Vasile Radu, Silvestru Octavian Isopescul ș.a.

După înființarea secției de limbă și literatură arabă, la Universitatea din București, în 1957, avându-l ca profesor-fondator pe Yves Goldenberg, studiile de arabistică încep să prindă contur în România. Se remarcă, astfel, o seamă de arabiști, prin  traduceri din literatura arabă clasică și modernă, prin studii de lingvistică cu aplicație pe araba literară sau pe dialectele arabe vorbite, prin studii de literatură arabă, cum ar fi:

 Nadia Anghelescu;
 Nicolae Dobrișan;
 Grete Tartler;
 George Grigore;
 Irina Vainovski-Mihai;
 Rodica Firănescu;
 Monica Brosteanu;
 Gabriel Bițună;
 Ioana Feodorov;
 Adrian Măcelaru;
 Laura Sitaru;
 Ovidiu Pietrăreanu;
 Georgiana Nicoarea;

Romano-Arabica
Romano-Arabica este revista academică a arabiștilor din România, publicată de Centrul de studii arabe de la Universitatea din București. Seria nouă a revistei apare începând cu anul 2001 (în seria veche au văzut lumina tiparului două numere în anii '70).  Direcțiile tematice abordate în numerele de până acum ale revistei sunt: Orientul, discursuri despre dragoste în Orient, lingvistica arabă, traducerea din și în limba arabă și orientalismul din perspectivă diacronică și sincronică. În perioada 2001-2008, revista Romano-Arabica a fost editată de către Nadia Anghelescu (editor) și George Grigore (editor adjunct), iar începând cu anul 2008, este editată de George Grigore și Laura Sitaru.

Vezi și
 Centrul de studii arabe

Legături externe
 Romano-Arabica, revista română de studii arabe
  Secția de limba arabă, Facultatea de Limbi și Literaturi Străine, Universitatea din București
  Secția de limba arabă, Facultatea de Limbi și Literaturi Străine, Universitatea Creștină "Dimitrie Cantemir" din București
  Feodorov, Ioana, The Arab World, in the Romanian Culture
  50 de ani de studii arabe la Universitatea din București
  Situl oficial al Nadiei Anghelescu
  Ziua Internațională a Limbii Arabe sărbătorită la Universitatea din București

Limba arabă
Lingvistică
Orientaliști

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