from the kinetic model of chemiosmotic free energy coupling described by pietrobon and caplan [ pietrobon , d. , & caplan , s.r . ( 1986 ) biochemistry 25 , 7690-7696 ] all the results can be simulated by making the assumptions that ( i ) chloroform acts specifically at the level of the proton pumps and intrinsically uncouples electron transfer and atp hydrolysis/synthesis from proton translocation and ( ii ) fccp and oleic acid have a mixed behavior and act both as protonophores and as intrinsic uncouplers of the redox pumps ( but not of the atpases ) .
C0020291
hydrolysis
C0001473
atpases