both in vitro assays for macrophage activation were found to require a two-stage process that involved priming by murine recombinant interferon-gamma ( ifn-gamma ) and triggering by subactivating concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide ( lps ) , lipid a , polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid ( poly i : c ) , or cobra venom factor ( cvf ) .
C0023810
lipopolysaccharide
C0023767
lipid a