this article reviews the present knowledge concerning in vitro and in vivo effects of pomc-derived peptides on glucagon , insulin and glucose levels involving several possible mechanisms : direct effects on the endocrine pancreas ( including endocrine , paracrine and peptidergic regulation ) and glucose production , and indirect effects involving the hypothalamus , the autonomic nervous system and the adrenal gland .
C0014136
endocrine
C0001625
adrenal gland