a hypothesis was proposed for a fundamental principle of adaptation of normal hearts to pressure and volume loads : the end-systolic active stress ( p ) and shortening fraction ( s ) of myocardium in the ventricular wall were hypothesized to be preserved near normal levels by the adaptation regardless of heart size and animal species f and s were mathematically related to ventricular wall volume ( m ) and end-diastolic chamber volume ( d ) both normalized to stroke volume with afterload pressure ( p ) as a parameter .
C0018787
hearts
C0027061
myocardium