left atrial dimension ( lad ) on m-mode echocardiogram was ( 1 ) 23.3 +/- 0.7 mm ( mean +/- s.e . ) in 24 normal subjects , ( 2 ) 30.5 +/- 0.7 mm in 58 patients without atrial fibrillation who had hypertension and/or ischemic heart disease , ( 3 ) 35.5 +/- 0.9 mm in 27 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation of whom 23 had non-rheumatic cardiovascular diseases and 4 had idiopathic atrial fibrillation , ( 4 ) 40.5 +/- 1.1 mm in 38 patients with persistent atrial fibrillation of whom 30 had nonrheumatic cardiovascular diseases and 8 had idiopathic atrial fibrillation , and ( 5 ) 53.3 +/- 2.0 mm in 17 patients with persistent atrial fibrillation who had rheumatic heart disease .
C0007226
cardiovascular
C0007222
cardiovascular diseases