all physicians working in the emergency department should have an understanding of the role of endoscopy in the evaluation and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders , since in some cases , for example , those of massive upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage , foreign body extraction , or functional and obstructive disorders of the colon , endoscopic procedures may be required on an emergency basis .
C0017178
gastrointestinal disorders
C0017181
gastrointestinal hemorrhage