to examine whether defects in carbohydrate oxidation and thermogenesis in aging , obesity , and diabetes are secondary to impaired insulin action or to a primary defect in intracellular metabolism , we compared substrate oxidation and energy expenditure in 9 younger , 9 older , 9 obese , and 10 non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects after the ingestion of 75 g of glucose or fructose ( a monosaccharide whose transport into the cell and subsequent metabolism are independent of insulin ) .
C0011860
non-insulin-dependent
C0021641
insulin