in 12 cases of closed head injury without fracture or hematoma , but with clinical signs of increased intracranial pressure ( icp ) and brain stem compression and with computed tomographic ( ct ) scan evidence of cerebral edema and contusion , subgaleal shunts were inserted for immediate decompression of the ventricular system and continuous drainage of hemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) .
C3540840
clinical signs
C0013604
edema