Seen in https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/124922

```
+++ command: bash "hack/make-rules/../../hack/verify-codegen.sh"
go version go1.22.3 linux/amd64
+++ [0517 06:22:42] Generating protobufs for 67 targets
+++ [0517 06:22:42] protoc 23.4 not found (can install with hack/install-protoc.sh); generating containerized...
+++ [0517 06:22:42] Verifying Prerequisites....
+++ [0517 06:22:43] Building Docker image kube-build:build-71fc6bd7d6-5-v1.28.0-go1.21.10-bullseye.0
+++ [0517 06:24:57] Creating data container kube-build-data-71fc6bd7d6-5-v1.28.0-go1.21.10-bullseye.0
+++ [0517 06:24:58] Syncing sources to container
+++ [0517 06:25:03] Output from this container will be rsynced out upon completion. Set KUBE_RUN_COPY_OUTPUT=n to disable.
+++ [0517 06:25:03] Running build command...
go: downloading go1.22.3 (linux/amd64)
go: download go1.22.3 for linux/amd64: toolchain not available
!!! [0517 06:25:04] Call tree:
!!! [0517 06:25:04]  1: build/../build/common.sh:489 kube::build::run_build_command_ex(...)
!!! [0517 06:25:04]  2: build/run.sh:39 kube::build::run_build_command(...)
!!! [0517 06:25:04] Call tree:
!!! [0517 06:25:04]  1: hack/update-codegen.sh:919 codegen::protobuf(...)
+++ exit code: 1
+++ error: 1
[0;31mFAILED[0m   verify-codegen.sh	148s
```

Something is not working properly between .go-version → GOTOOLCHAIN when the go version inside this specific container doesn't match

/assign 
/cc @BenTheElder @MadhavJivrajani
containerized protobuf codegen does not handle .go-version / GOTOOLCHAIN properly
This is a GitHub Issue
repo:kubernetes
owner:kubernetes
Title : containerized protobuf codegen does not handle .go-version / GOTOOLCHAIN properly
Issue date:

--- start body ---
Seen in https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/124922

```
+++ command: bash "hack/make-rules/../../hack/verify-codegen.sh"
go version go1.22.3 linux/amd64
+++ [0517 06:22:42] Generating protobufs for 67 targets
+++ [0517 06:22:42] protoc 23.4 not found (can install with hack/install-protoc.sh); generating containerized...
+++ [0517 06:22:42] Verifying Prerequisites....
+++ [0517 06:22:43] Building Docker image kube-build:build-71fc6bd7d6-5-v1.28.0-go1.21.10-bullseye.0
+++ [0517 06:24:57] Creating data container kube-build-data-71fc6bd7d6-5-v1.28.0-go1.21.10-bullseye.0
+++ [0517 06:24:58] Syncing sources to container
+++ [0517 06:25:03] Output from this container will be rsynced out upon completion. Set KUBE_RUN_COPY_OUTPUT=n to disable.
+++ [0517 06:25:03] Running build command...
go: downloading go1.22.3 (linux/amd64)
go: download go1.22.3 for linux/amd64: toolchain not available
!!! [0517 06:25:04] Call tree:
!!! [0517 06:25:04]  1: build/../build/common.sh:489 kube::build::run_build_command_ex(...)
!!! [0517 06:25:04]  2: build/run.sh:39 kube::build::run_build_command(...)
!!! [0517 06:25:04] Call tree:
!!! [0517 06:25:04]  1: hack/update-codegen.sh:919 codegen::protobuf(...)
+++ exit code: 1
+++ error: 1
[0;31mFAILED[0m   verify-codegen.sh	148s
```

Something is not working properly between .go-version → GOTOOLCHAIN when the go version inside this specific container doesn't match

/assign 
/cc @BenTheElder @MadhavJivrajani
--- end body ---

None