# English in Use/Commas

The **comma** is used to separate those parts of a sentence, which are
so nearly connected in sense, as to be only one degree removed from that
close connection which admits no point.

## Introductory phrases

## Appositives

Appositives are always separated from the main body of the sentence by
punctuation, usually commas, but sometimes---when greater separation is
desired---dashes are used.

Words in **apposition**, especially if they have adjuncts, are generally
set off by the comma: as,

-   \"He that now calls upon you, is Theodore, the hermit of
    Teneriffe.\"---Johnson.
-   \"Lowth, Dr. Robert, bishop of London, born in 1710, died in
    1787.\"---Biog. Dict.
-   \"Home, Henry, lord Kames.\"---Ib.
-   \"What next I bring shall please you, be assured, your likeness,
    your fit help, your other self, your wish exactly to your heart\'s
    desire.\"---Milton, P. L., viii, 450.
-   \"And he, their prince, shall rank among my peers.\"---Byron.

## Parenthetical expressions

### Adjectives

Adjectives, when something depends on them, or when they have the import
of a dependent clause, should, with their **adjuncts**, be set off by
the comma: as,

-   \"Among the roots of hazel, pendent over the plaintive stream, they
    frame the first foundation of their domes.\"---Thomson.
-   \"Up springs the lark, shrill-voiced and loud, the messenger of
    morn.\"---Id.

### Adjective which follows its noun

When an adjective immediately follows its noun, and is taken in a
restrictive sense, the comma should not be used before it: as,

-   \"And on the coast averse from entrance or cherubic
    watch.\"---Milton, P. L., B. ix, l. 68.

### Finite verbs

Where a finite verb is understood, a comma is generally required: as,

-   \"From law arises security; from security, curiosity; from
    curiosity, knowledge.\"---Murray.
-   \"Else all my prose and verse were much the same; this, prose on
    stilts; that, poetry fallen lame.\"---Pope.

### A pause for the omitted verb

As the semicolon must separate the clauses when the comma is inserted by
this rule, if the pause for the omitted verb be very slight, it may be
left unmarked, and the comma be used for the clauses: as,

-   \"When the profligate speaks of piety, the miser of generosity, the
    coward of valour, and the corrupt of integrity, they are only the
    more despised by those who know them.\"---Comstock\'s Elocution,
    p. 132.

### Infinitives

The infinitive, when it follows a verb from which it must be separated,
or when it depends on something remote or understood, is generally, with
its adjuncts, set off by the comma: as,

-   \"One of the greatest secrets in composition is, to know when to be
    simple.\"---Jamieson\'s Rhet., p. 151. \[?\]
-   \"To confess the truth, I was much in fault.\"---Murray\'s Gram.,
    p. 271.
-   \"The Governor of all---has interposed, not seldom, his avenging
    arm, to smite the injurious trampler upon nature\'s law.\"---Cowper.

### Participles

Participles, when something depends on them, when they have the import
of a dependent clause, or when they relate to something understood,
should, with their adjuncts, be set off by the comma: as,

-   \"Law is a rule of civil conduct, prescribed by the supreme power in
    a state, commanding what is right, and prohibiting what is
    wrong.\"---Blackstone: Beattie\'s Moral Science, p. 346.
-   \"Young Edwin, lighted by the evening star, lingering and listening
    wandered down the vale.\"---Beattie.
-   \"United, we stand; divided, we fall.\"---Motto.
-   \"Properly speaking, there is no such thing as chance.\"

### Participle which follows its noun

When a participle immediately follows its noun, and is taken in a
restrictive sense, the comma should not be used before it: as,

-   \"A man renowned for repartee, will seldom scruple to make free with
    friendship\'s finest feeling.\"---Cowper.

### Adverbs

Adverbs, when they **break the connection** of a simple sentence, or
when they have not a close dependence on some particular word in the
context, should, with their adjuncts, be set off by the comma: as,

-   \"We must not, however, confound this gentleness with the artificial
    courtesy of the world.\"
-   \"Besides, the mind must be employed.\"---Gilpin.
-   \"Most unquestionably, no fraud was equal to all
    this.\"---Lyttelton.
-   \"But, unfortunately for us, the tide was ebbing already.\"
-   \"When buttress and buttress, alternately, seem framed of ebon and
    ivory.\"---Scott\'s Lay, p. 33.

### Conjunctions

Conjunctions, when they are separated from the principal clauses that
depend on them, or when they introduce examples, are generally set off
by the comma: as,

-   \"But, by a timely call upon religion, the force of habit was
    eluded.\"---Johnson.
-   \"They know the neck that joins the shore and sea, or, ah! how
    changed that fearless laugh would be.\"---Crabbe.

### Prepositions

Prepositions and their objects, when they break the connection of a
simple sentence, or when they do not closely follow the words on which
they depend, are generally set off by the comma: as,

-   \"Fashion is, for the most part, nothing but the ostentation of
    riches.\"
-   \"By reading, we add the experience of others to our own.\"
-   \"In vain the sage, with retrospective eye, would from the apparent
    what conclude the why.\"---Pope.

### Interjections

Interjections that require a pause, though more commonly emphatic and
followed by the ecphoneme, are sometimes set off by the comma: as,

-   \"For, lo, I will call all the families of the kingdoms of the
    north.\"---Jeremiah, i, 15.
-   \"O, it was about something you would not understand.\"---Columbian
    Orator, p. 221.
-   \"Ha, ha! you were finely taken in, then!\"---Aikin.
-   \"Ha, ha, ha! A facetious gentleman, truly!\"---Id.
-   \"Oh, when shall Britain, conscious of her claim, stand emulous of
    Greek and Roman fame?\"---Pope.

### Words emphatically repeated

A word emphatically repeated, is generally set off by the comma: as,

-   \"Happy, happy, happy pair!\"---Dryden.
-   \"Ay, ay, there is some comfort in that.\"---Shak.
-   \"Ah! no, no, no.\"---Dryden.
-   \"The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, the moss-covered
    bucket, which hung in the well!\"---Woodworth.

### Dependent quotations

A quotation, observation, or description, when it is introduced in close
dependence on a verb, (as, say, reply, cry, or the like,) is generally
separated from the rest of the sentence by the comma: as,

-   \"\'The book of nature,\' said he, \'is before
    you.\'\"---Hawkesworth.
-   \"I say to all, watch.\"---Mark.
-   \"\'The boy has become a man,\' means, \'He has grown to be a man.\'
    \'Such conduct becomes a man,\' means, \'Such conduct befits
    him.\'\"---Hart\'s Gram., p. 116.
-   \"While man exclaims, \'See all things for my use!\' \'See man for
    mine!\' replies a pampered goose.\"---Pope.

### Words put absolute

Nouns or pronouns put **absolute**, should, with their adjuncts, be set
off by the comma: as,

-   \"The prince, his father being dead, succeeded.\"
-   \"This done, we parted.\"
-   \"Zaccheus, make haste and come down.\"
-   \"His proctorship in Sicily, what did it produce?\"---Cicero.
-   \"Winged with his fears, on foot he strove to fly, his steeds too
    distant, and the foe too nigh.\"---Pope, Iliad, xi, 440.

## Series

### More than two words

When more than two words or terms are connected in the same
construction, or in a **joint dependence** on some other term, by
conjunctions expressed or understood, the comma should be inserted after
every one of them but the last; and, if they are nominatives before a
verb, the comma should follow the last also: as,

-   \"Who, to the enraptured heart, and ear, and eye, teach beauty,
    virtue, truth, and love, and melody.\"---Beattie.
-   \"Ah! what avails\... all that art, fortune, enterprise, can bring,
    if envy, scorn, remorse, or pride, the bosom wring?\"---Id.
-   \"Women are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible; you, stern, obdurate,
    flinty, rough, remorseless.\"---Shak.
-   \"She plans, provides, expatiates, triumphs there.\"---Young.
-   \"So eagerly the fiend over bog, or steep, through strait, rough,
    dense, or rare, with head, hands, wings, or feet, pursues his way,
    and swims, or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or flies.\"---Milton.

### Only two words

When only two words or terms are connected by a conjunction, they should
not be separated by the comma: as,

-   \"It is a stupid and barbarous way to extend dominion by arms; for
    true power is to be got by arts and industry\"---Spectator, No. 2.
-   \"Despair and anguish fled the struggling soul.\"---Goldsmith.

### Two words with several adjuncts

When the **two words** connected have several **adjuncts**, or when one
of them has an adjunct that relates not to both, the comma is inserted:
as,

-   \"I shall spare no pains to make their instruction agreeable, and
    their diversion useful.\"---Spectator, No. 10.
-   \"Who is applied to persons, or things personified.\"---Bullions.
-   \"With listless eyes the dotard views the store, he views, and
    wonders that they please no more.\"---Johnson.

### Contrasted words or phrases

When two connected words or phrases are **contrasted**, or emphatically
distinguished, the comma is inserted: as,

-   \"The vain are easily obliged, and easily disobliged.\"---Kames.
-   \"Liberal, not lavish, is kind nature\'s hand.\"---Beattie.
-   \"It is certain he could write, and cipher too.\"---Goldsmith.

### Alternative of names

When there is merely an alternative of names, or an explanatory change
of terms, the comma is usually inserted: as,

-   \"We saw a large opening, or inlet.\"---W. Allen.
-   \"Have we not power to lead about a sister, a wife, as well as other
    apostles?\"---Cor., ix, 5.

### Understood conjunction

When the conjunction is understood, the comma is inserted; and, if two
separated words or terms refer alike to a third term, the second
requires a second comma: as,

-   \"Reason, virtue, answer one great aim.\"---L. Murray, Gram.,
    p. 269.
-   \"To him the church, the realm, their powers consign.\"---Johnson.
-   \"She thought the isle that gave her birth. The sweetest, wildest
    land on earth.\"---Hogg.

### Words in pairs

When successive words are joined in **pairs** by conjunctions, they
should be separated in pairs by the comma: as,

-   \"Interest and ambition, honour and shame, friendship and enmity,
    gratitude and revenge, are the prime movers in public
    transactions.\"---W. Allen.
-   \"But, whether ingenious or dull, learned or ignorant, clownish or
    polite, every innocent man, without exception, has as good a right
    to liberty as to life.\"---Beattie\'s Moral Science, p. 313.
-   \"Then say how hope and fear, desire and hate, overspread with
    snares the crowded maze of fate.\"---Dr. Johnson.

### A compound name

When several words, in their common order, are used as one compound
name, the comma is not inserted: as,

-   \"Dr. Samuel Johnson,\"
-   \"Publius Gavius Cosanus.\"

### United common and proper name

When a common and a proper name are closely united, the comma is not
inserted: as,

-   \"The brook Kidron,\"
-   \"The river Don,\"
-   \"The empress Catharine,\"
-   \"Paul the Apostle.\"

### A mere emphasis and distinction

When a pronoun is added to an other word merely for emphasis and
distinction, the comma is not inserted: as,

-   \"You men of Athens,\"
-   \"I myself,\"
-   \"You flaming minister,\"
-   \"You princes.\"

### Name acquired by action or relation

When a name acquired by some action or relation, is put in apposition
with a preceding noun or pronoun, the comma is not inserted: as,

-   \"I made the ground my bed;\"
-   \"To make him king;\"
-   \"Whom they revered as God;\"
-   \"With modesty your guide.\"---Pope.

## Clarity

### Simple sentences

A **simple sentence** does not, in general, admit the comma: as,

-   \"The weakest reasoners are the most positive.\"---W. Allen\'s
    Gram., p. 202.
-   \"Theology has not hesitated to make or support a doctrine by the
    position of a comma.\"---Tract on Tone, p. 4.
-   \"Then pain compels the impatient soul to seize on promised hopes of
    instantaneous ease.\"---Crabbe.

### Nominative accompanied by adjuncts

When the **nominative** in a long simple sentence is accompanied by
inseparable **adjuncts**, or when several words together are used
instead of a nominative, a comma should be placed immediately before the
verb: as,

-   \"Confession of sin without amendment, obtains no
    pardon.\"---Dillwyn\'s Reflections, p. 6.
-   \"To be totally indifferent to praise or censure, is a real defect
    in character.\"---Murray\'s Gram., p. 268.
-   \"O that the tenor of my just complaint, were sculpt with steel in
    rocks of adamant!\"---Sandys.

### Simple members

The **simple members** of a compound sentence, whether successive or
involved, elliptical or complete, are generally divided by the comma:
as,

-   \"Here stand we both, and aim we at the best.\"---Shak.
-   \"I, that did never weep, now melt in woe.\"---Id.
-   \"Tide life, tide death, I come without delay.\"---Id.
-   \"I am their mother, who shall bar me from them?\"---Id.
-   \"How wretched, were I mortal, were my state!\"---Pope.
-   \"Go; while you may, avoid the dreadful fate.\"---Id.
-   \"Grief aids disease, remembered folly stings, and his last sighs
    reproach the faith of kings.\"---Johnson.

### Relative that follows its antecedent

When a relative immediately follows its antecedent, and is taken in a
restrictive sense, the comma should not be introduced before it: as,

-   \"For the things which are seen, are temporal; but the things which
    are not seen, are eternal.\"---2 Cor., iv, 18.
-   \"A letter is a character that expresses a sound without any
    meaning.\"---St. Quentin\'s General Gram., p. 3.

### Closely connected simple members

When the simple members are short, and **closely connected** by a
**conjunction** or a **conjunctive adverb**, the comma is generally
omitted: as,

-   \"Honest poverty is better than wealthy fraud.\"---Dillwyn\'s Ref.,
    p. 11.
-   \"Let him tell me whether the number of the stars be even or
    odd.\"---Taylor: Joh. Dict., w.
-   \"It is impossible that our knowledge of words should outstrip our
    knowledge of things.\"---Campbell: Murray\'s Gram., p 359.

## Omissions

### Simple immediately united members

When two simple members are immediately united, through **ellipsis** of
the relative, the antecedent, or the conjunction that, the comma is not
inserted: as,

-   \"Make an experiment on the first man you meet.\"---Berkley\'s
    Alciphron, p. 125.
-   \"Our philosophers do infinitely despise and pity whoever shall
    propose or accept any other motive to virtue.\"---Ib., p. 126.
-   \"It is certain we imagine before we reflect.\"---Ib., p. 359.
-   \"The same good sense that makes a man excel, still makes him doubt
    he never has written well.\"---Young.

## References

-   The organization of this chapter was adapted from the 1977 edition
    of *Building English Skills Handbook* by McDougal, Litell & Company.
-   A part of the text in this article, was taken from the public domain
    English grammar \"The Grammar of English
    Grammars\" by Goold Brown,
    1851.


