# Foundations

## Properties of Real Numbers


### Use the Commutative and Associative Properties

Think about adding two numbers, say 5 and 3. The order we add them doesn’t affect the result, does it?
The results are the same.
As we can see, the order in which we add does not matter!
What about multiplying 
Again, the results are the same!
The order in which we multiply does not matter!
These examples illustrate the commutative property. When adding or multiplying, changing the order gives the same result.
The commutative property has to do with order. If you change the order of the numbers when adding or multiplying, the result is the same.
What about subtraction? Does order matter when we subtract numbers? Does  give the same result as 
The results are not the same.
Since changing the order of the subtraction did not give the same result, we know that subtraction is not commutative.
Let’s see what happens when we divide two numbers. Is division commutative?
The results are not the same.
Since changing the order of the division did not give the same result, division is not commutative. The commutative properties only apply to addition and multiplication!
1. Addition and multiplication are commutative.
2. Subtraction and Division are not commutative.

If you were asked to simplify this expression, how would you do it and what would your answer be?
Some people would think  and then  Others might start with  and then 
Either way gives the same result. Remember, we use parentheses as grouping symbols to indicate which operation should be done first.
When adding three numbers, changing the grouping of the numbers gives the same result.
This is true for multiplication, too.
When multiplying three numbers, changing the grouping of the numbers gives the same result.
You probably know this, but the terminology may be new to you. These examples illustrate the associative property.
Let’s think again about multiplying  We got the same result both ways, but which way was easier? Multiplying  and  first, as shown above on the right side, eliminates the fraction in the first step. Using the associative property can make the math easier!
The associative property has to do with grouping. If we change how the numbers are grouped, the result will be the same. Notice it is the same three numbers in the same order—the only difference is the grouping.
We saw that subtraction and division were not commutative. They are not associative either.
When simplifying an expression, it is always a good idea to plan what the steps will be. In order to combine like terms in the next example, we will use the commutative property of addition to write the like terms together.
When we have to simplify algebraic expressions, we can often make the work easier by applying the commutative or associative property first, instead of automatically following the order of operations. When adding or subtracting fractions, combine those with a common denominator first.

### Use the Identity and Inverse Properties of Addition and Multiplication

What happens when we add 0 to any number? Adding 0 doesn’t change the value. For this reason, we call 0 the additive identity.
For example,
These examples illustrate the Identity Property of Addition that states that for any real number   and 
What happens when we multiply any number by one? Multiplying by 1 doesn’t change the value. So we call 1 the multiplicative identity.
For example,
These examples illustrate the Identity Property of Multiplication that states that for any real number   and 
We summarize the Identity Properties below.

Notice that in each case, the missing number was the opposite of the number!
We call  the additive inverse of a. The opposite of a number is its additive inverse. A number and its opposite add to zero, which is the additive identity. This leads to the Inverse Property of Addition that states for any real number  Remember, a number and its opposite add to zero.
What number multiplied by  gives the multiplicative identity, 1? In other words,  times what results in 1?
What number multiplied by 2 gives the multiplicative identity, 1? In other words 2 times what results in 1?
Notice that in each case, the missing number was the reciprocal of the number!
We call  the multiplicative inverse of a. The reciprocal of  A number and its reciprocal multiply to one, which is the multiplicative identity. This leads to the Inverse Property of Multiplication that states that for any real number 
We’ll formally state the inverse properties here:

### Use the Properties of Zero

The identity property of addition says that when we add 0 to any number, the result is that same number. What happens when we multiply a number by 0? Multiplying by 0 makes the product equal zero.
What about division involving zero? What is  Think about a real example: If there are no cookies in the cookie jar and 3 people are to share them, how many cookies does each person get? There are no cookies to share, so each person gets 0 cookies. So,
We can check division with the related multiplication fact.
So we know  because 
Now think about dividing by zero. What is the result of dividing 4 by 0? Think about the related multiplication fact:  means  Is there a number that multiplied by 0 gives 4? Since any real number multiplied by 0 gives 0, there is no real number that can be multiplied by 0 to obtain 4.
We conclude that there is no answer to  and so we say that division by 0 is undefined.
We summarize the properties of zero below.
We will now practice using the properties of identities, inverses, and zero to simplify expressions.
Now we will see how recognizing reciprocals is helpful. Before multiplying left to right, look for reciprocals—their product is 1.

### Simplify Expressions Using the Distributive Property

Suppose that three friends are going to the movies. They each need $9.25—that’s 9 dollars and 1 quarter—to pay for their tickets. How much money do they need all together?
You can think about the dollars separately from the quarters. They need 3 times $9 so $27, and 3 times 1 quarter, so 75 cents. In total, they need $27.75. If you think about doing the math in this way, you are using the distributive property.
Back to our friends at the movies, we could find the total amount of money they need like this:
In algebra, we use the distributive property to remove parentheses as we simplify expressions.
For example, if we are asked to simplify the expression  the order of operations says to work in the parentheses first. But we cannot add x and 4, since they are not like terms. So we use the distributive property, as shown in .
Some students find it helpful to draw in arrows to remind them how to use the distributive property. Then the first step in  would look like this:
Using the distributive property as shown in  will be very useful when we solve money applications in later chapters.
When we distribute a negative number, we need to be extra careful to get the signs correct!
 will show how to use the distributive property to find the opposite of an expression.
There will be times when we’ll need to use the distributive property as part of the order of operations. Start by looking at the parentheses. If the expression inside the parentheses cannot be simplified, the next step would be multiply using the distributive property, which removes the parentheses. The next two examples will illustrate this.
All the properties of real numbers we have used in this chapter are summarized in .

### Key Concepts

1. Commutative Property of


2. Associative Property of


3. Distributive Property: If  are real numbers, then


4. Identity Property


5. Inverse Property


6. Properties of Zero



### Practice Makes Perfect

Use the Commutative and Associative Properties
In the following exercises, use the associative property to simplify.
In the following exercises, simplify.
Use the Identity and Inverse Properties of Addition and Multiplication
In the following exercises, find the additive inverse of each number.
In the following exercises, find the multiplicative inverse of each number.
Use the Properties of Zero
In the following exercises, simplify.
Mixed Practice
In the following exercises, simplify.
Simplify Expressions Using the Distributive Property
In the following exercises, simplify using the distributive property.

### Everyday Math


### Writing Exercises


### Self Check

ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.
ⓑ After reviewing this checklist, what will you do to become confident for all objectives?