# Quadratic Equations and Functions

## Solve Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula


### Solve Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

When we solved quadratic equations in the last section by completing the square, we took the same steps every time. By the end of the exercise set, you may have been wondering ‘isn’t there an easier way to do this?’ The answer is ‘yes’. Mathematicians look for patterns when they do things over and over in order to make their work easier. In this section we will derive and use a formula to find the solution of a quadratic equation.
We have already seen how to solve a formula for a specific variable ‘in general’, so that we would do the algebraic steps only once, and then use the new formula to find the value of the specific variable. Now we will go through the steps of completing the square using the general form of a quadratic equation to solve a quadratic equation for x.
We start with the standard form of a quadratic equation and solve it for x by completing the square.
To use the Quadratic Formula, we substitute the values of a, b, and c from the standard form into the expression on the right side of the formula. Then we simplify the expression. The result is the pair of solutions to the quadratic equation.
Notice the formula is an equation. Make sure you use both sides of the equation.
If you say the formula as you write it in each problem, you’ll have it memorized in no time! And remember, the Quadratic Formula is an EQUATION. Be sure you start with “x =”.
When we solved quadratic equations by using the Square Root Property, we sometimes got answers that had radicals. That can happen, too, when using the Quadratic Formula. If we get a radical as a solution, the final answer must have the radical in its simplified form.
When we substitute a, b, and c into the Quadratic Formula and the radicand is negative, the quadratic equation will have imaginary or complex solutions. We will see this in the next example.
Remember, to use the Quadratic Formula, the equation must be written in standard form, ax2 + bx + c = 0. Sometimes, we will need to do some algebra to get the equation into standard form before we can use the Quadratic Formula.
When we solved linear equations, if an equation had too many fractions we cleared the fractions by multiplying both sides of the equation by the LCD. This gave us an equivalent equation—without fractions— to solve. We can use the same strategy with quadratic equations.
Think about the equation (x − 3)2 = 0. We know from the Zero Product Property that this equation has only one solution,x = 3.
We will see in the next example how using the Quadratic Formula to solve an equation whose standard form is a perfect square trinomial equal to 0 gives just one solution. Notice that once the radicand is simplified it becomes 0 , which leads to only one solution.

### Use the Discriminant to Predict the Number and Type of Solutions of a Quadratic Equation

When we solved the quadratic equations in the previous examples, sometimes we got two real solutions, one real solution, and sometimes two complex solutions. Is there a way to predict the number and type of solutions to a quadratic equation without actually solving the equation?
Yes, the expression under the radical of the Quadratic Formula makes it easy for us to determine the number and type of solutions. This expression is called the discriminant.
Let’s look at the discriminant of the equations in some of the examples and the number and type of solutions to those quadratic equations.

### Identify the Most Appropriate Method to Use to Solve a Quadratic Equation

We summarize the four methods that we have used to solve quadratic equations below.
Given that we have four methods to use to solve a quadratic equation, how do you decide which one to use? Factoring is often the quickest method and so we try it first. If the equation is  or  we use the Square Root Property. For any other equation, it is probably best to use the Quadratic Formula.  Remember, you can solve any quadratic equation by using the Quadratic Formula, but that is not always the easiest method.
What about the method of Completing the Square? Most people find that method cumbersome and prefer not to use it. We needed to include it in the list of methods because we completed the square in general to derive the Quadratic Formula. You will also use the process of Completing the Square in other areas of algebra.
The next example uses this strategy to decide how to solve each quadratic equation.

### Key Concepts

1. Quadratic Formula


2. How to solve a quadratic equation using the Quadratic Formula.


3. Using the Discriminant, b2 − 4ac, to Determine the Number and Type of Solutions of a Quadratic Equation


4. Methods to Solve Quadratic Equations:


5. How to identify the most appropriate method to solve a quadratic equation.



### Practice Makes Perfect

Solve Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula
In the following exercises, solve by using the Quadratic Formula.
Use the Discriminant to Predict the Number of Real Solutions of a Quadratic Equation
In the following exercises, determine the number of real solutions for each quadratic equation.
Identify the Most Appropriate Method to Use to Solve a Quadratic Equation
In the following exercises, identify the most appropriate method (Factoring, Square Root, or Quadratic Formula) to use to solve each quadratic equation. Do not solve.

### Writing Exercises


### Self Check

ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.
ⓑ What does this checklist tell you about your mastery of this section? What steps will you take to improve?