# Circuit Theory/Open Puzzles

Sloppy people build circuits with shorts where wires accidentally touch.
These people are easy to spot. The circuit looks like a bird\'s nest.

Opens are harder. Intermittent opens are caused by bad wires, bad
connections, bad soldering, warm up/cool down expansion contraction,
dust, and physical movement of the circuit. Finding them is difficult.
One technique is to push every where in the circuit with a wooden stick
to try and re-create an open. Identifying opens is the best thing to
practice at the moment.

!Circuit with Open

This circuit has an open between the red and black dots. No current is
flowing. The electro motive force (EMF) extends from the battery +
terminal through resistors 4 and 5. The EMF from the negative terminal
of the battery extends through resistor 6. Thus the voltage drop between
the red and black dots is the battery voltage of 1 volt.

!Circuit where open causes dangling resistor, or where opening a short
puts the resistor back in the
circuit

Opening a wire can cause dangling resistors. A wire removed between red
and green removes resistor 2 from the circuit.

Opening a short can put a resistor back into the circuit. A wire between
between green and ground would short resistor 4. Opening this wire puts
resistor 4 back into the circuit.

If a wire connected black, green and red, then resistor 4 would be
shorted out of the circuit. Resistors 2 and 3 would combine in parallel,
and the combination would combine in series with resistor 1.

!Two opens complicating
things

Two wires have been removed from this circuit. This has left resistors
2,3,7,5 and 8 dangling.

It has made the EMF of red and green, the same as the EMF between
resistors 1 and 6.

It has made the EMF of the black and blue the same as the EMF between
resistors 6 and 4.

The voltage drop from red to black will be the same voltage drop from
green to blue.

!Which resistors are left dangling because of these two
opens?

Resistors 3,4,5 and 6 are no longer are participating in this circuit.

!What are the voltages between the colored
points?

The EMF of the green, red, yellow, blue points in the circuit is all the
same \... that of the positive terminal of the battery.

The EMF of the black is that of the negative terminal of the battery.

The voltage between any pair of green, red, yellow and blue is zero.

The voltage between black and any of the other colors is going to be 1
volt. 
