# Nanotechnology/Additional methods#Non-contact Nanoscale Temperature Measurements

  Navigate
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   \<\< Prev: Scanning probe microscopy
   \>\< Main: Nanotechnology
   \>\> Next: Physics on the nanoscale

\_\_TOC\_\_

------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Point-Projection Microscopes

Point-Projection Microscopes are a type of field emission
microscope[^1], and consists of
three components: an electron source, the object to the imaged, and the
viewing screen[^2].

-   Field emission microscope
-   Field ion microscope
-   Atom Probe

# Low energy electron diffraction (LEED)

LEED is a technique for imaging surfaces, and has two principle methods
of use: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative method measures
relative size and geometric properties, whereas the quantitative method
looks at diffracted beams as a way of determining the position of atoms.

-    Low energy electron diffraction
    (LEED)
-   LEED intro

# Reflection High Energy Electron diffraction

 RHEED is similar to LEED but uses higher energies
and the electrons are directed to the be reflected on the surface at
almost grazing incidence. This way the high energy electrons only
penetrates a few atomic layers of the surface.

# X-ray Spectroscopy and Diffraction

 X-ray Spectroscopy refers to a
collection of techniques including, but not limited to  X-ray
Absorption Spectroscopy and
 X-ray Photoelectron
Spectroscopy.

 X-rays can be used for  X-ray
crystallography.

# Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)

 Auger Electron Spectroscopy
is a technique that takes advantage of the Auger Process to analyze the
surface layers of a sample[^3].

# Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

-    Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
    (NMR) - in a magnetic
    field the spin of the nuclei of molecules will precess and in strong
    fields (several tesla) this happens with rf frequencies that can be
    detected by receiving rf antennas and amplifiers. The precession
    frequency of an individual nucleus will deviate slightly depending
    on the its surrounding molecules\' electronic structure and hence
    detecting a spectrum of the radiofrequency precession frequencies in
    a sample will provide a finger print of the types of molecules in
    that sample.
-    Nuclear quadrupole
    resonance is a related
    technique, based on the internal electrical fields of the molecules
    to cause a splitting of the nuclear magnetic moments energy levels.
    The level splitting is detected by rf as in NMR. Its is used mainly
    for experimental explosives detection.

# Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) or Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)

 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
measures the  microwave frequency of 
paramagnetic ions or molecules[^4] .

# Mössbauer spectroscopy

 Mössbauer spectroscopy detects
the hyperfine interactions between the nucleus of an atom, and the
ambient environment. The atom must be part of a solid matrix to reduce
the recoil affect of a gamma ray emission or absorption[^5].

# Non-contact Nanoscale Temperature Measurements

Heat radiation has infrared wavelengths much longer than 1 µm and hence
taking a photo of a nanostructure with e.g. a thermal camera will not
provide much information about the temperature distribution within the
nanostructure (or microstructure for that sake).

Temperatures can be measured locally by different non-contact methods:

-   Spectroscopy on individual quantum dots
    1.
-   Spectra of laser dyes incorporated in the structure
-   Raman microscopy (the temperature influences the ratio of stokes and
    anti-stokes lines amplitude, the width of the lines and the position
    of the lines.)
-   Transmission electron microscopy can also give temperature
    information by various techniques
    2
-   Special AFM probes with a temperature dependent resistor at the tip
    can be used for mapping surface temperatures
-   Infrared Near-field Microscopy [^6]
-   Confocal raman microscopy can provide 3D thermal maps
    3

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references
Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.

```{=html}
<references />
```

------------------------------------------------------------------------


[^1]: Rochow, Theodore George, and Paul Arthur Tucker. \"Emissions
    Microscopies\". Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light,
    Electrons, X-Rays, or Acoustics (Chapter 16, page 329) 1994.

[^2]: The Future of the SEM for Image and
    Metrology

[^3]: Auger Electron
    Microscopy

[^4]: What is EPR?

[^5]: Introduction to Mossbauer Spectroscopy: Part
    1

[^6]: C. Feng, M. S. Ünlü, B. B. Goldberg, and W. D. Herzog, \"Thermal
    Imaging by Infrared Near-field Microscopy,\" Proceedings of IEEE
    Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 1996 Annual Meeting, Vol. 1,
    November 1996, pp. 249-250
