# Latin/Lesson 2-Subjunctive Use

.The subjunctive mood has several uses in Latin, the most notable of
which are:

-   First Person Exhortations
-   Purpose Clauses
-   Result Clauses
-   Indirect Commands

## First Person Exhortations (Hortatory Subjunctive)

### Definition, Common Usage and Expression in Latin

An exhortation is a statement which expresses a wish. In English, the
most common exhortation is \"let\'s go\". Other possibilities are
\"would go\", \"should go\" and \"may go\". In Latin, these statements
are equally as often used and are expressed in the present subjunctive
active tense.

### Examples

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## Purpose Clauses

### Definition, Common Usage and Expression in Latin

A purpose clause is a clause which expresses that someone did something
in order that something else might happen. In English they usually
contain the words **in order to** or **so that**. In Latin this concept
is expressed by the words **ut** and **ne** followed by a verb in the
subjunctive mood. *Ut* means \"so that\" or \"in order to\" and *ne*
means \"lest.\" In purpose clauses, only forms of the imperfect
(following the secondary sequence of tenses) and present (for the
primary sequence) are used.

### Examples

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## Result Clauses

### Definition, Common Usage and Expression in Latin

Result clauses state that something occurred as a result of something
else happening. For a positive result, use *ut*. For a negative result,
use *ut\... non*.

Result clauses are normally recognisable by a signpost word in the main
clause:

tam = so (with adjective or adverb) tantus, -a, -um = so big, tot
(indecl) = so many talis, -e = such, of such a sort adeo = so much, to
such an extent (with verb) ita = so, in such a way (with verb) totiens =
so often, so many times (with verb)

### Examples

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## Indirect Commands

### Definition, Common Usage and Expression in Latin

An indirect command is a statement like the following: \"He ordered her
to do x\". The English equivalent words are \"**to**\" or \"**that they
should**\" It can also take the form of \"I am ordering you to do x\",
as opposed to the imperative \"DO X!\". Several verbs in Latin take the
subjunctive mood with indirect commands:

1.  rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum - to ask
2.  persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum - to persuade
3.  impero, imperare, -imperavi, imperatum - to order
4.  peto, petere petivi, petitum - to seek, ask for

These verbs use an ut/ne + the subjunctive construction.

### Examples

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## Indirect questions

### Definition, Common Usage and Expression in Latin

The subjunctive is used in indirect questions. For example, the question
\'What are you doing?\' is direct, while \"He asked what I was doing\"
is indirect. In Latin, the verb in the clause containing the indirect
question must be in the subjunctive.

### Examples

-   *Imperator milites rogat si castra ceperent*\
    The general asks the soldiers if they captured the camp.
-   *Eum rogo quid faciat*\
    I am asking him what he is doing.
-   *Magister pueros rogat utrum laborent an ludant*\
    The teacher asks the boys whether they are working or playing.

## Notā bene!

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