# Managing Groups and Teams/Motivation#Motivation and Team Dynamics

## What Is Motivation?

In the most general of terms, motivation is the psychological feature
that arouses an individual to action toward a desired goal. Motivation
can also be the reason for an individual\'s action or that which gives
purpose and direction to behavior. In other words, motivation is an
incentive that generates goal-directed behaviors.

### Motivational Theory

Motivation comes in many forms and what motivates one individual is not
necessarily the same for their team members. Therefore, it is important
to understand how motivation differs among individuals and how these
differences affect the overall drive and determination of a team toward
a goal. To better understand the complexities of motivation researchers
over the years have developed a number of theories to try to explain why
people behave in the ways that they do and to try to predict what people
actually will do, based on these theories. These theories, called
motivational theories are often split into two categories --content
theories and process theories.

**Content theories** are centered on finding what makes people tick or
appeals to them. These theories suggest that people have certain needs
and/or desires which have been internalized as they mature to adulthood.
These theories look at what it is about certain people that make them
want the things that they do and what things in their environment will
make them do or not do certain things. Two popular content theories are
Maslow\'s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Hertzberg\'s Two Factor Theory.

**Process theories** focus on how and by what goals people are
motivated. Process theories of motivation look at what people are
thinking about when they decide whether or not to put effort into a
particular activity. There are of a number of this type of approach to
motivation theory one of which is Adam's Equity Theory.

Industrial psychologists have used these ideas on motivational theory to
develop management theories based on what we have learned motivates
individuals. Nearly all motivational theory, regardless of the approach
outlines significant differences in how individuals are motivated on
their own and how they are motivated when being part of a team. Team
motivation tends to be much more difficult. There are more possibilities
to motivate a team, yet at the same time there are more motivational
factors to fulfill for a team in order to gain motivation.

### Team Motivation

Motivational factors differ since the goals of the individual and the
team are often not on the same level. The individual will always fight
to fulfill their higher level needs. These needs are often not
consistent with the needs of the team and of the individual. The
motivation of the individual is essential for successful motivation of
the team. Team members must be able to fulfill their higher level needs
to be motivated and team members must be committed to the team. Along
with good leadership that enables team members to fulfill their goals
all of these qualities will motivate a team. These motivation factors
that drive a team can be divided into four categories-- task, structure,
goals, and members. By realizing other factors besides intrinsic rewards
that will motivate individuals, the team will also be motivated. The
sharing of knowledge, support, solidarity and communication are all
highly effective in motivating a team. All in all, a team that exists
within a collaborative, structured and communicative environment will be
highly motivated.

Overall, there are consequences when teams lack motivation. By examining
the consequences in the areas of task, structure, goals, and members, we
are able to recognize how motivation is lost and proactively address any
issues in the future.

## Lack of Motivation in Teams

Teams that lack motivation will rarely reach their full potential or
perform to the best of their ability. In most cases, it is not the
entire team that lacks motivation, but individuals on the team that lack
motivation.

## Motivation and Team Dynamics

Almost all teams have members who are changing or transitioning in and
out of the team; and requirements and tasks within the team are
constantly modified and becoming more focused on the goal. In fact,
teams that never change can become stagnant; this leads to decreased
motivation within the team. Therefore, monitoring the motivating factors
within the team is vital to team success and increased motivation for
the future. The keys to successfully managing these motivating factors
in an environment of constant team dynamics require understanding the
team members, understanding the team goals, and providing consistent
leadership throughout the project or life of the team.

### Understand Team Members

When the team is first formed, the team leader needs to pay careful
attention to the type of person that is selected in the team. Selecting
two individuals, who may be similar in many aspects yet are motivated by
two contradictory methods, may make it impossible to motivate one while
not offending the other. Then trying to determine the individual that is
less likely to be either unmotivated or un-offended by the motivation
techniques employed may cause additional problems, such as perceived
favoritism or dislike towards certain team members.

Even if the initial team members are perfectly chosen, taking all
motivation requirements into account, new members will probably be added
later to either provide additional support or to take the place of a
departing team member. Understanding the current team members\'
motivation requirements and those of potential team members may be even
more important at this time because the current team is already
progressing and the motivation techniques required to motivate new team
members may be detrimental to the current team members' efforts and
goals.

Understanding the team members\' motivation needs both at inception of
the team and also throughout the ever-changing environment of the team
will result in proper motivation techniques and greater success for the
team.

### Understand Team Goals

Team goals can be short-term task-specific goals, long-term
organizational goals or any combination thereof. In addition, these
goals may be constantly updated or changed, especially short-term
task-specific goals, as the business environment changes or as tasks and
goals are accomplished.

Different types of goals may require different types of motivation. For
example, a team might be motivated to work hard on a project for an
extra couple of weeks if they are rewarded with a three or four-day
weekend once it is completed; or maybe if the company has no
work-related accidents for the year everyone receives an extra
percentage bonus during the holiday season.

An understanding of the team goals, in all varieties, is neither more
nor less important as understanding the team members who are trying to
accomplish these goals. These two factors are interdependent in
determining the motivation tactics that should be employed to maximize
success within the team.

### Provide Consistent Leadership

Because there is so much change with team members and associated team
goals, providing consistent leadership is essential to motivating team
members. If possible, keeping the same individual in charge will keep
the team members focused on their goal rather than on determining what a
new leader expects of them. Team members may be motivated to make their
new boss happy rather than being motivated to achieve the team goals.

Additionally, with constantly changing leadership, many team members may
assume the team they belong to is undesirable to leaders. Team members
may think leaders are \"jumping ship\" because they know they will not
succeed; and in turn, managing a poorly achieving team puts a black mark
on own leadership abilities.

No matter how hard individual team leaders try to stay with a team,
change is inevitable for team leaders as well. To mitigate the problems
mentioned above, two strategies can be employed:

1.  Maintain consistent expectations from the former to the new team
    leader
2.  Utilize the current motivational techniques that work.

Both of these strategies require as much communication as possible
between the former and the new leader. In addition, communication to the
team members throughout the transition process provides motivation to
the team because they will understand what is expected of them, and they
will feel like they are part of the process. This communication between
the leaders and to the team members is the responsibility of the team
leaders, but team members should try to make sure they are available and
receptive to this communication.

An appreciation for the subtleties that exist in human behavior and team
dynamics will better enable the understanding of team motivation.
Understanding team members, understanding team goals, and providing
consistent leadership should help provide the motivation required to
achieve success.

## Motivating Team Members

Many top managers assume that the key to motivation is the proper use of
the available motivational *\"tools.\"* This is making an enormous
assumption that some magical tool actually exists that will motivate an
individual. This is one of the common myths regarding motivation.
According to Authenticity Consulting LLC advisor Carter McNamara, tools
are not what motivate individuals. Motivation is a process, not the end
result of a task. Specifically regarding the question posed to our team,
motivation is not catered to an individual because of their experience
or position. It is catered to an individual because they **ARE** an
individual. This goes for the long-tenured employee as well as the
newest member of the team.

### Motivational Myths

McNamara discusses three motivational myths that can help us better
understand the process of motivation. The first myth is that one person
can motivate another. This is simply not true. An employee has to
motivate themselves. As a manager you have to establish an environment
that will cultivate and bring forth the personal motivational factors of
each individual. This can be accomplished through establishing team
goals based on the goals of the individuals. If an individual is
motivated towards a goal and the goal has no relation to the team goal,
they will not continue to motivate themselves because their results will
have no real team value. This is why it is important that managers fully
and frequently discuss the organizational goals with their employees.

The second myth is that money and fear are good motivators. According to
McNamara, money can only help people from being less motivated. It does
not typically increase motivation in an individual. Fear, like money, is
only useful in the short term. The same repeated criticism or threat
from a manager can negatively impact the motivation of the employee.

\"I know what motivates me, so I know what motivates my employees,\" is
the third myth. Everyone is different. Motivational factors can vary to
every extreme. However, what can be uniform for everyone is the goal
they are trying to reach. Managers need to identify and understand what
motivates each employee to reach the common organizational goal. This
can be done by asking, observing and listening to your employees. They
will give tremendous insight into their motivational factors through
their daily, menial conversations. Often what motivates an individual is
what they show the most enthusiasm for. This needs to be followed up
with sincere one-on-one meetings to discuss accomplishments and to
modify goals based on evolving motivational factors.

### Steps to Employee Motivation

Finally, McNamara recommends some steps that managers can take to better
support their employees in motivating themselves. First, managers need
to write down what they think motivates each of their employees and ask
the employee to do the same. They then compare results with the employee
and discuss the differences and misconceptions. Next, the results are
used to establish a reward system based on self-stated motivational
factors. Finally, managers need to reward and acknowledge positive
behaviors. Employees need to know when an organizational goal has been
met as a result of their actions. They need to clearly understand their
specific action or actions that led to the goal being met. Once this is
done it is a time to celebrate. Celebration among the team of a job well
done is the first step in accomplishing the next organizational goal.

## Sources

-   Managementhelp.org

