# Quantum Physics

## The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed


### Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain the concept of particle-wave duality, and its scope.
Particle-wave duality—the fact that all particles have wave properties—is one of the cornerstones of quantum mechanics. We first came across it in the treatment of photons, those particles of EM radiation that exhibit both particle and wave properties, but not at the same time. Later it was noted that particles of matter have wave properties as well. The dual properties of particles and waves are found for all particles, whether massless like photons, or having a mass like electrons. (See .)
There are many submicroscopic particles in nature. Most have mass and are expected to act as particles, or the smallest units of matter. All these masses have wave properties, with wavelengths given by the de Broglie relationship . So, too, do combinations of these particles, such as nuclei, atoms, and molecules. As a combination of masses becomes large, particularly if it is large enough to be called macroscopic, its wave nature becomes difficult to observe. This is consistent with our common experience with matter.
Some particles in nature are massless. We have only treated the photon so far, but all massless entities travel at the speed of light, have a wavelength, and exhibit particle and wave behaviors. They have momentum given by a rearrangement of the de Broglie relationship, . In large combinations of these massless particles (such large combinations are common only for photons or EM waves), there is mostly wave behavior upon detection, and the particle nature becomes difficult to observe. This is also consistent with experience. (See .)
The particle-wave duality is a universal attribute. It is another connection between matter and energy. Not only has modern physics been able to describe nature for high speeds and small sizes, it has also discovered new connections and symmetries. There is greater unity and symmetry in nature than was known in the classical era—but they were dreamt of. A beautiful poem written by the English poet William Blake some two centuries ago contains the following four lines:
To see the World in a Grain of Sand
And a Heaven in a Wild Flower
Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand
And Eternity in an hour

### Integrated Concepts

The problem set for this section involves concepts from this chapter and several others. Physics is most interesting when applied to general situations involving more than a narrow set of physical principles. For example, photons have momentum, hence the relevance of Linear Momentum and Collisions. The following topics are involved in some or all of the problems in this section:
1. Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion
2. Work, Energy, and Energy Resources
3. Linear Momentum and Collisions
4. Heat and Heat Transfer Methods
5. Electric Potential and Electric Field
6. Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm’s Law
7. Wave Optics
8. Special Relativity
 illustrates how these strategies are applied to an integrated-concept problem.

### Test Prep for AP Courses


### Section Summary

1. The particle-wave duality refers to the fact that all particles—those with mass and those without mass—have wave characteristics.
2. This is a further connection between mass and energy.

### Conceptual Questions


### Problems & Exercises
