# Terapia i leczenie

## Wprowadzenie

Co przychodzi ci do głowy, kiedy myślisz o terapii problemów psychicznych? Może wyobrażasz sobie kogoś leżącego na kozetce i opowiadającego o swoim dzieciństwie, podczas gdy terapeuta siedzi i robi notatki, jak Zygmunt Freud. Ale czy możesz sobie wyobrazić sesję terapeutyczną, podczas której osoba poddawana terapii ma na głowie okulary wirtualnej rzeczywistości (okulary VR), aby pokonać strach przed wężami?
W tym rozdziale zobaczysz, że podejścia do terapii obejmują zarówno interwencje psychologiczne, jak i biologiczne, a wszystkie one mają na celu złagodzenie cierpienia. Psycholodzy opracowali wiele różnych technik i podejść terapeutycznych, ponieważ problemy o podłożu psychicznym mogą mieć różne genezy — biologiczną, genetyczną, pochodzić z doświadczeń z dzieciństwa, uwarunkowań i wpływów społeczno-kulturowych. Program Ocean Therapy przedstawiony na  korzysta z wielu podejść wspierających zdrowie psychiczne weteranów uczestniczących w tej grupie.

### References

Abbass, A., Kisely, S., Kroenke, K. (2006). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for somatic disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78, 265–274.
Ahmed, S., Wilson, K. B., Henriksen, R. C., Jones, J. W. (2011). What does it mean to be a culturally competent counselor?, Journal for Social Action in Counseling and Psychology, 3(1), 17–28.
Alavi, A., Sharifi, B., Ghanizadeh, A., Dehbozorgi, G. (2013). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in decreasing suicidal ideation and hopelessness of the adolescents with previous suicidal attempts. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 23(4), 467–472.
Alegría, M., Chatterji, P., Wells, K., Cao, Z., Chen, C. N., Takeuchi, D., Jackson, J., Meng, X. L. (2008). Disparity in depression treatment among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 59(11), 1264–1272.
American Psychological Association. (2005). Policy statement on evidence-based practice in psychology. Pobrane z: http://www.apapracticecentral.org/ce/courses/ebpstatement.pdf.
American Psychological Association. (2014). Can psychologists prescribe medications for their patients?. Pobrane z: http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2004/05/louisiana-rx.aspx.
American Psychological Association. (2014). Psychotherapy: Understanding group therapy. Pobrane z: http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/group-therapy.aspx.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy. (n.d.). History of cognitive therapy. Pobrane z: http://www.beckinstitute.org/history-of-cbt/.
Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Belgrave, F., Allison, K. (2010). African-American psychology: From Africa to America (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bertrand, K., Richer, I., Brunelle, N., Beaudoin, I., Lemieux, A., Ménard, J.M. (2013). Substance abuse treatment for adolescents: How are family factors related to substance use change?, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(1), 28–38.
Blank, M. B., Mahmood, M., Fox, J. C., Guterbock, T. (2002). Alternative mental health services: The role of the black church in the South. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1668–1672.
Blumberg, J. (2007, October 24). A brief history of the Salem witch trials. Smithsonian.com. Pobrane z: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/brief-salem.html?c=y&page=2.
Butler, A. C., Chapmanb, J. E., Formanc, E. M., Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 17–31.
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2005). Substance Abuse Treatment: Group Therapy. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 41. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 05-3991. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Suicide prevention: Youth suicide. Pobrane z: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pub/youth_suicide.html.
Chambless, D. L., Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685–716.
Charman, D., Barkham, M. (2005). Psychological treatments: Evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence. InPsych Highlights. Pobrane z: www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/treatments.
Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., Ebesutani, C., Young, J., Becker, K. D., Nakamura, B. J., Starace, N. (2011). Evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents: An updated review of indicators of efficacy and effectiveness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 154–172.
Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rüsch, N., Brown, J.S., Thornicroft, G. (2014, February 25). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, l–17.
Daniel, D. (n.d.). Rational emotive in behavior therapy the context of modern psychlogical research. Pobrane z: albertellis.org/rebt-in-the-context-of-modern-psychological-research.
Davidson, W. S. (1974). Studies of aversive conditioning for alcoholics: A critical review of theory and research methodology. Psychological Bulletin, 81(9), 571–581.
DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., Amsterdam, J. D., Shelton, R. C., Young, P. R., Salomon, R. M., O'Reardon, J.P., Lovett, M.L., Gladis, M.M., Brown, L.L., Gallop, R. (2005). Cognitive Therapy vs medications in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(4), 409–416.
DeYoung, S. H. (2013, November 14). The woman who raised that monster [Web log post]. Pobrane z: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/suzy-hayman-deyoung/the-woman-who-raised-that_b_4266621.html.
Dickerson, F. B., Tenhula, W. N., Green-Paden, L. D. (2005). The token economy for schizophrenia: Review of the literature and recommendations for future research. Schizophrenia Research, 75(2), 405–416.
Donahue, A. B. (2000). Electroconvulsive therapy and memory loss: A personal journey. The Journal of ECT, 162, 133–143.
Dzieci się liczą (2017). Raport o zagrożeniach bezpieczeństwa i rozwoju dzieci w Polsce. Zdrowie dzieci i młodzieży. Zdrowie psychiczne. Raport Fundacji „Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę”, https://fdds.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/dziecisielicza.pdf
Elkins, R. L. (1991). An appraisal of chemical aversion (emetic therapy) approaches to alcoholism treatment. Behavior Research and Therapy, 29(5), 387–413.
Gary, F. A. (2005). Stigma: Barrier to mental health care among ethnic minorities. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26(10), 979–999.
Gerardi, M., Cukor, J., Difede, J., Rizzo, A., Rothbaum, B. O. (2010). Virtual reality exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12(298), 299–305.
Harter, S. (1977). A cognitive-developmental approach to children's expression of conflicting feelings and a technique to facilitate such expression in play therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45(3), 417–432.
Hemphill, R. E. (1966). Historical witchcraft and psychiatric illness in Western Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 59(9), 891–902.
Ivey, S. L., Scheffler, R., Zazzali, J. L. (1998). Supply dynamics of the mental health workforce: Implications for health policy. Milbank Quarterly, 76(1), 25–58.
Janas-Kozik, M. (2017). Sytuacja psychiatrii dzieci i młodzieży w Polsce w 2016 roku. Aktualne występowanie i obraz zaburzeń psychicznych wieku rozwojowego. Psychiatria, 14(1), 61–63.
Jang, Y., Chiriboga, D. A., Okazaki, S. (2009). Attitudes toward mental health services: Age group differences in Korean American adults. Aging & Mental Health, 13(1), 127–134.
Jones, M. C. (1924). A laboratory study of fear: The case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary, 31, 308–315.
Kalff, D. M. (1991). Introduction to sandplay therapy. Journal of Sandplay Therapy, 1(1), 9.
Kondycja psychiczna mieszkańców Polski (2012). Raport z badań „Epidemiologia zaburzeń psychiatrycznych i dostęp do psychiatrycznej opieki zdrowotnej – EZOP Polska”, Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii, Pobrane z: https://ezop.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/EZOP-I_Raport_min.pdf.
Leblanc, M., Ritchie, M. (2001). A meta-analysis of play therapy outcomes. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 14(2), 149–163.
Lovaas, O. I. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 55, 3–9.
Lovaas, O. I. (2003). Teaching individuals with developmental delays: Basic intervention techniques. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Lowinger, R. J., Rombom, H. (2012). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD in New York City Transit Workers. North American Journal of Psychology, 14(3), 471–484.
Madanes, C. (1991). Strategic family therapy. W: A. S. Gurman ,D. P. Kniskern (red.), Handbook of Family Therapy, Vol. 2., s. 396–416. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
Marques, L., Alegría, M., Becker, A. E., Chen, C. N., Fang, A., Chosak, A., Diniz, J. B. (2011). Comparative prevalence, correlates of impairment, and service utilization for eating disorders across US ethnic groups: Implications for reducing ethnic disparities in health care access for eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 44(5), 412–420.
Martin, B. (2007). In-Depth: Cognitive behavioral therapy. Pobrane z: http://psychcentral.com/lib/in-depth-cognitive-behavioral-therapy/000907.
Maślankiewicz, R., Bójko, M. (2019). Raport Watchdoga – Jak źle jest w polskiej psychiatrii dzieci i młodzieży?, Pobrane z: https://siecobywatelska.pl/raport-watchdoga-jak-zle-jest-w-polskiej-psychiatrii-dzieci-i-mlodziezy/.
Mayo Clinic. (2012). Tests and procedures: Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Pobrane z: http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/basics/definition/PRC-20020555.
McGovern, M. P., Carroll, K. M. (2003). Evidence-based practices for substance use disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 26, 991–1010.
McGrath, R. J., Cumming, G. F., Burchard, B. L., Zeoli, S., Ellerby, L. (2009). Current practices and emerging trends in sexual abuser management: The safer society North American survey. Brandon, VT: The SaferSociety Press.
McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O’Brien, C. P., Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. JAMA, 284(13), 1689–1695.
Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56(2), 289–302.
Mullen, E. J., Streiner, D. L. (2004). The evidence for and against evidence-based practice. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 4(2), 111–121.
Muñoz-Cuevas, F. J., Athilingam, J., Piscopo, D., Wilbrecht, L. (2013). Cocaine-induced structural plasticity in frontal cortex correlates with conditioned place preference. Nature Neuroscience, 16, 1367–1369.
National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists. (2009). History of cognitive behavioral therapy. Pobrane z: http://nacbt.org/historyofcbt.htm.
National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.-a). Any disorder among children. Pobrane z: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/1ANYDIS_CHILD.shtml.
National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.-b). Use of mental health services and treatment among adults. Pobrane z: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/3use_mt_adult.shtml.
National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.-c). Use of mental health services and treatment among children. Pobrane z: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/1NHANES.shtml.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2008). Addiction science: From Molecules to managed care. Pobrane z: http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/addiction-science/relapse.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2011). Drug facts: Comorbidity: Addiction and other mental disorders. Pobrane z: http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/comorbidity-addiction-other-mental-disorders.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide (3rd ed.). Pobrane z: http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/principles-effective-treatment.
National Institutes of Health. (2013, August 6). Important events in NIMH history. Pobrane z: http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/organization/NIMH.htm.
Nelson, P. (1993). Autobiography in Five Short Chapters. W: There’s a Hole in my Sidewalk: The Romance of Self-Discovery. Hillsboro, OR: Beyond Words Publishing.
Ochrona Zdrowia Psychicznego w Polsce: wyzwania, plany, bariery, dobre praktyki. Raport RPO(2014). Pobrane z: https://www.rpo.gov.pl/sites/default/files/Ochrona_zdrowia_psychicznego.pdf.
O’Connor, K. J. (2000). The play therapy primer (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Osoby z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną lub psychiczną osadzone w jednostkach penitencjarnych. Z uwzględnieniem wyników badań przeprowadzonych przez pracowników Biura Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich. Raport RPO(2017), Pobrane z: https://www.rpo.gov.pl/sites/default/files/Osoby%20z%20niepe%C5%82nosprawno%C5%9Bci%C4%85%20intelektualn%C4%85%20%20lub%20psychiczn%C4%85%20osadzone%20w%20jednostkach%20penitencjarnych%202017_0.pdf.
Page, R. C., Berkow, D. N. (1994). Unstructured group therapy: Creating contact, choosing relationship. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Pagnin, D., de Queiroz, V., Pini, S., Cassano, G. B. (2004). Efficacy of ECT in depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of ECT, 20, 13–20.
Prins, S. J., Draper, L. (2009). Improving outcomes for people with mental illnesses under community corrections supervision: A guide to research-informed policy and practice. New York, NY: Council of State Governments Justice Center.
Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C. (2010). Systems of psychotherapy (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Prudic, J., Peyser, S., Sackeim, H. A. (2000). Subjective memory complaints: A review of patient self-assessment of memory after electroconvulsive therapy. The Journal of ECT, 16(2), 121–132.
Raport o stanie narkomanii w Polsce. Krajowe Biuro ds Przeciwdziałania Narkomanii, 2018.
Rathus, J. H., Sanderson, W. C. (1999). Marital distress: Cognitive behavioral treatments for couples. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Reti, I. R. (n.d.). Electroconvulsive therapy today. Pobrane z: Johns Hopkins Medicine: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/brain_stimulation/docs/DepBulletin407_ECT_extract.pdf.
Richman, L. S., Kohn-Wood, L. P., Williams, D. R. (2007). The role of discrimination and racial identity for mental health service utilization. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(8), 960–981.
Rizzo, A., Newman, B., Parsons, T., Difede, J., Reger, G., Holloway, K., Gahm, G., McLay, R., Johnston, S., Rothbaum, B., Graap, K., Spitalnick, J., Bordnick, P. (2010). Development and clinical results from the Virtual Iraq exposure therapy application for PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1208, 114–125.
Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centered psychotherapy. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
Sackett, D. L., Rosenberg, W. M. (1995). On the need for evidence-based medicine. Journal of Public Health, 17, 330–334.
Sallows, G. O., Graupner, T. D. (2005). Intensive behavioral treatment for children with autism: Four-year outcome and predictors. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 110(6), 417–438.
Scott, L. D., McCoy, H., Munson, M. R., Snowden, L. R., McMillen, J. C. (2011). Cultural mistrust of mental health professionals among Black males transitioning from foster care. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 605–613.
Shechtman, Z. (2002). Child group psychotherapy in the school at the threshold of a new millennium. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80(3), 293–299.
Shedler, J. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 65, 98–109.
Simpson D. D. (1981). Treatment for drug abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 875–880.
Simpson D. D, Joe, G. W,, Bracy, S. A. (1982). Six-year follow-up of opioid addicts after admission to treatment. Archives General Psychiatry, 39, 1318–1323.
Snowden, L. R. (2001). Barriers to effective mental health services for African Americans. Mental Health Services Research, 3, 181–187.
Stensland, M., Watson, P. R., Grazier, K. L. (2012). An examination of costs, charges, and payments for inpatient psychiatric treatment in community hospitals. Psychiatric Services, 63(7), 66–71.
Stewart, S. M., Simmons, A., Habibpour, E. (2012). Treatment of culturally diverse children and adolescents with depression. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 22(1), 72–79.
Streeton, C., Whelan, G. (2001). Naltrexone, a relapse prevention maintenance treatment of alcohol dependence: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 36(6), 544–552.
Sue, D. W. (2001). Multidimensional facets of cultural competence. Counseling Psychologist, 29(6), 790–821.
Sue, D. W. (2004). Multicultural counseling and therapy (MCT). W: J. A. Banks, C. Banks (red.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed.), s. 813–827. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Sue, D. W., Sue, D. (2007). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice (5th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Sussman, L. K., Robins, L. N., Earls, F. (1987). Treatment–seeking for depression by Black and White Americans. Social Science & Medicine, 24, 187–196.
Szasz, T. S. (1960). The Myth of Mental Illness. American Psychologist, 15, 113–118.
Thomas, K. C., Snowden, L. R. (2002). Minority response to health insurance coverage for mental health services. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 4, 35–41.
Tiffany, F. (2012/1891). Life of Dorothea Lynde Dix (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin.
Torrey, E. F. (1997). Out of the shadows: Confronting America's mental illness crisis. New York, NY: Wiley.
Torrey, E. F., Zdanowicz, M. T., Kennard, A. D., Lamb, H. R., Eslinger, D. F., Biasotti, M. C., Fuller, D. A. (2014, April 8). The treatment of persons with mental illness in prisons and jails: A state survey. Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center. Pobrane z: http://tacreports.org/storage/documents/treatment-behind-bars/treatment-behind-bars.pdf.
Townes D. L., Cunningham N. J., Chavez-Korell, S. (2009). Reexaming the relationships between racial identity, cultural mistrust, help-seeking attitudes, and preference for a Black counselor. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(2), 330–336.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2013, December 10). USDA announces support for mental health facilities in rural areas [Press release No. 0234.13]. Pobrane z: http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2013/12/0234.xml.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Office of Rural Health Policy. (2005). Mental health and rural America: 1984–2005. Pobrane z: ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/ruralhealth/RuralMentalHealth.pdf.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2013, December). Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental Health Findings (NSDUH Series H-47, HHS Publication No. [SMA] 13-4805). Pobrane z: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k12MH_FindingsandDetTables/2K12MHF/NSDUHmhfr2012.htm.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2011, September). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings (NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No. [SMA] 11-4658). Pobrane z: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k10ResultsRev/NSDUHresultsRev2010.htm.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2013, September). Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings (NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. [SMA] 13-4795). Pobrane z: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2012SummNatFindDetTables/NationalFindings/NSDUHresults2012.htm#ch2.2.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Community Planning and Development. (2011). The 2010 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress. Washington, DC. Pobrane z: http://www.hudhre.info/documents/2010HomelessAssessmentReport.pdf.
U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Mental health parity. Pobrane z: http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/mentalhealthparity/.
U.S. Public Health Service. (2000). Report of the Surgeon General’s conference on children’s mental health: A national action agenda. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.
Wagenfeld, M. O., Murray, J. D., Mohatt, D. F., DeBruiynb, J. C. (red.). (1994). Mental health and rural America: 1980–1993 (NIH Publication No. 94-3500). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Wampold, B. E. (2007). Psychotherapy: The humanistic (and effective) treatment. American Psychologist, 62, 857–873. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.8.857.
Weil, E. (2012, March 2). Does couples therapy work?, The New York Times. Pobrane z: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/fashion/couples-therapists-confront-the-stresses-of-their-field.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
Weiss, R. D., Jaffee, W. B., de Menil, V. P., Cogley, C. B. (2004). Group therapy for substance abuse disorders: What do we know?, Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(6), 339–350.
Willard Psychiatric Center. (2009). Echoes of Willard. Pobrane z: http://www.echoesofwillard.com/willard-psychiatric-centre/.
Wolf, M., Risley, T. (1967). Application of operant conditioning procedures to the behavior problems of an autistic child: A follow-up and extension. Behavior Research and Therapy, 5(2), 103–111.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Wygnańska, J. (2016). Podwójna diagnoza wśród ludzi chronicznie bezdomnych korzystających z warszawskich placówek dla bezdomnych. Raport z badania agregacyjnego. Warszawa: Fundacja Ius Medicinae, Pobrane z: http://www.czynajpierwmieszkanie.pl/content/uploads/2016/03/raport-z-badania-agregacyjnego-FINAL.pdf.