# Nanotechnology/Overviews#A nano-timeline

  Navigate
  ---------------------------------------------------------
   \<\< Prev: Perspective
   \>\< Main: Nanotechnology
   \>\> Next: About

\_\_TOC\_\_

------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Internet Resources

## Handbooks and Encyclopedias

These are only accessible for subscribers (which is one reason this
Wikibook on Nanotechnology was started):

-   Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 10-Volume
    Set
-   Handbook of Theoretical and Computational Nanotechnology, 10-Volume
    Set
-   Springer Handbook of
    Nanotechnology

## Websites and newsletters

-   International Council on Nanotechnology
    (ICON) a multi-stakeholder group dedicated to
    the safe, responsible and beneficial development of nanotechnology.
    ICON serves as an aggregator for news and research related to
    nanotechnology environment, health and safety.
-   ICON Virtual Journal of Nanotechnology Environment, Health and
    Safety compiles papers in
    peer-reviewed journals that address EHS issues in nanotechnology.
-   Virtual journal of nanotechnology
    compiles nano-related papers in peer reviewed journals that do not
    specialize solely in nanotechnology.
-   ACS Nanotation
-   Nanotechweb.org
-   Nanoforum
-   Nanowerk
-   nanoRISK
-   Physorg.com
-   Foresight Nanotech Institute
-   Center for Responsible Nanotechnology
-   A-Z of nanotechnology
-   Google Directory -
    Nanotechnology
    (sourced from the Open Directory
    Project)
-   Scientific American Nanotechnology
    Page
-   NanoEd Resource Portal managed by the
    National Center for Learning and Teaching in Nanoscale Science and
    Engineering (NCLT)
-   NanoHub.org
-   UnderstandingNano

## Search engines

There are many ways to find information in scientific literature and
some that even specialize in nanotechnology. Apart from the free search
engines and useful tools such as Google
scholar and Google
Desktop, there are several more dedicated
commercial services:

-   ICON Virtual Journal of Nanotechnology Environment, Health and
    Safety (VJ-NanoEHS)
    compiles papers in peer-reviewed journals that address EHS issues in
    nanotechnology.
-   ISI - Web of Science
    Database contains peer
    reviewed journals, their references and citations. It also has very
    useful tools such as \'find related papers\' that searches for
    papers sharing the same references as the entry you\'re looking at.
    This is the database behind the compilation of the journal citation
    factors.
-   Knovel - Online Handbook Collection and
    Database is an
    extensive collection of handbooks and tables.
-   PROLA - the Physical Review Online Archive
    searches Physical Review journals.
-   Rubber Bible Online is a physical
    chemistry handbook which contains tables of physical and chemical
    data.
-   Spin AIP Scitation searches related
    journals.
-   Web of Science by ISI
    generates the  impact factors (see
    journals below).
-   Virtual Journal of Nanotechnology
    collects nanotech related papers from non-nano specialized journals.
-   Derwent Patent database

# Peer reviewed Journals

Overview of the nanotechnology related journals and their impact factors
(2007 values):

  Name                                                            Web                                                                                                                          Impact Factor   ISSN   Comments
  --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ACS Nano                                                        1                                                                                   N/A                                            1936-0851                      general nanotech journal
  Advanced Functional Materials                                   2                                                              7.5                                            1616-301X                      ?
  Advanced Materials                                              3                                                             8.2                                            0935-9648                      ?
  American Journal of Physics (AJP)                               4                                                                                          0.9                                            0002-9505                      ?
  Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing               5                                                   1.9                                            0947-8396                      ?
  Applied Physics Letters (APL)                                   [](http://apl.aip.org/apl/top.jsp)                                                                                          3.6                                            ?                              ?
  AZojono - Journal of Nanotechnology Online                      6                                                                              N/A                                            ?                              Free access journal
  Chemical Reviews                                                7                                                                                    22.8                                           0009-2665                      ?
  Current Nanoscience                                             8                                                                                          2.8                                            1573-4137                      Reviews and original research reports
  Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures                9                                                                    0.5                                            1536-383x                      all areas of fullerene research
  IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology                             10                                                   2.1                                            1536-125X                      physical basis and engineering applications of nanotechnology
  International Journal of Nanomedicine                           11                                                           N/A                                            1176-9114                      ?
  International Journal of Nanoscience                            12                                                                             N/A                                            0219-581X                      New nanotech journal (Feb 2002)
  Japanese Journal of Applied Physics                             13                                                                              1.2                                            1347-4065                      ?
  Journal of Applied Physics                                      14                                                                                                   2.2                                            ?                              ?
  Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology                            \[\]                                                                                                                        N/A                                            ?                              JBN is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary journal providing broad coverage in all research areas focused on the applications of nanotechnology in medicine, drug delivery systems, infectious disease, biomedical sciences, biotechnology, and all other related fields of life sciences.
  Journal of Experimental Nanoscience                             15                                                                  N/A                                            1745-8080                      New nanotech journal(March 2006)
  Journal Of Microlithography Microfabrication And Microsystems   16                                               N/A                                            1537-1646                      
  Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering                  17                                                                             1.9                                            0960-1317                      ?
  Journal of Nano Research                                        18                                                                                  N/A                                            1661-9897                      
  Journal of Nanomaterials                                        19                                                                                  N/A                                            ?                              science and applications of nanoscale and nanostructured materials
  Journal of Nanoparticle Research                                20                                                                        2.3                                            1388-0764                      ?
  Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology                       21                                                                                             2.0                                            ?                              JNN is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal covering fundamental and applied research in all disciplines of science, engineering and medicine. JNN publishes all aspects of nanoscale science and technology dealing with materials synthesis, processing, nanofabrication, nanoprobes, spectroscopy, properties, biological systems, nanostructures, theory and computation, nanoelectronics, nano-optics, nano-mechanics, nanodevices, nanobiotechnology, nanomedicine, nanotoxicology.
  Journal of Physical Chemistry A                                 22                                                                               2.9                                            ?                              ?
  Journal of Physical Chemistry B                                 23                                                                               4.1                                            ?                              ?
  Journal of Physical Chemistry C                                 24                                                                                   N/A                                            ?                              Nanomaterials and Interfaces, Nanoparticles and Nanostructures, Surfaces, Interfaces, Catalysis, Electron Transport, Optical and Electronic Devices, Energy Conversion and Storage
  Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS)                 25                                                                                  7.9                                            ?                              Multidisciplinary chemistry journal
  Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A (JVSTA)                26                                                                                       1.3                                            ?                              Vacuum, Surfaces, Films
  Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B (JVSTB)                27                                                                                       1.4                                            ?                              Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures: Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena
  Langmuir                                                        28                                                                        4.0                                            ?                              Research in the fields of colloids, surfaces, and interfaces
  Micron                                                          29                                                                           1.7                                            ?                              Journal for Microscopy
  Materials Chemistry and Physics                                 30                                                                       1.9                                            0254-0584                      materials science, including nanomaterials and opto electronics
  Materials Science and Engineering: C                            31                                                                 1.3                                            0928-4931                      Biomimetic and Supramolecular Systems
  Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports                   32                                                                 17.7                                           0927-796X                      Invited review papers covering the full spectrum of materials science and engineering
  Materials Today                                                 33                                                                                        N/A                                            1369-7021                      materials science and technology
  Microfluidics and Nanofluidics                                  34                                                                     2.2                                            1613-4982                      all aspects of microfluidics, nanofluidics, and lab-on-a-chip science and technology
  Microscopy Research and Technique                               35                                                                1.6                                            ?                              ?
  Nano                                                            36                                                                           N/A                                            1793-2920                      New nanotech journal (July 2006)
  Nano Letters                                                    37                                                                        9.6                                            ?                              General nanotechnology journal
  Nanomedicine                                                    38                                                                                 2.8                                            ?                              ?
  Nanopages                                                       39                                                                           N/A                                            1787-4033                      Since sept 2006.
  Nano Research                                                   40   N/A                                            ?                              First issue july 2008
  Nano Research Letters                                           41                                wait                                           1931-7573                      articles with open access
  Nanotechnology                                                  42                                                                               3.3                                            ?                              Journal specializing in nanotechnology
  NanoToday                                                       43                                                                                             N/A                                            ?                              Is this peer reviewed or more a news/reviews journal?
  Nature                                                          44                                                                                   31.434                                         ?                              One of the major journals in science
  Nature Biotechnology                                            45                                                                                  22.8                                           ?                              advances in life sciences
  Nature Materials                                                46                                                                                           19.8                                           ?                              covers a range of topics within materials science
  Nature Methods                                                  47                                                                                          15.5                                           ?                              tried-and-tested techniques in the life sciences and related area of chemistry
  Nature Nanotechnology                                           48                                                                                          14.9                                           ?                              mix of news, reviews, and research papers
  Nanotoxicology                                                  49                                                                   N/A                                            1743-5404                      Research relating to the potential for human and environmental exposure, hazard and risk associated with the use and development of nano-structured materials
  Open Nanoscience Journal                                        [](http://www.bentham.org/open/tonanoj)                                                                                     N/A                                            1874-1401                      Open access journal with research articles, reviews and letters.
  Physical Review Letters (PRL)                                   [](http://scitation.aip.org/prl/help.jsp)                                                                                   6.9                                            ?                              One of the top physics journals
  PLoS Biology                                                    [](http://biology.plosjournals.org/)                                                                                        13.5                                           1544-9173                      Peer reviewed open access bio journal
  PLoS ONE                                                        [](http://one.plosjournals.org/)                                                                                            N/A                                            ?                              Peer reviewed open access science journal
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences(PNAS)           [](http://www.pnas.org)                                                                                                     10.2                                           ?                              multidisciplinary scientific serial: biological, physical, and social sciences.
  Recent Patents on Nanotechnology                                50                                                                                       N/A                                            1872-2105                      ?
  Science                                                         51                                                                                            26.4                                           ?                              One of the major journals in science
  Solid-State Electronics                                         52                              1.3                                            ?                              ?
  Small Journal                                                   53                                                            6.4                                            1613-6810                      New nanotech journal
  Smart Materials and Structures                                  54                                                                                     1.5                                            0964-1726                      since 1992
  Thin Solid Films                                                55                                                                               1.7                                            0040-6090                      Thin-film synthesis, characterization, and applications.
  Ultramicroscopy                                                 56                                                                 2.0                                            ?                              Microscopy related research.
  Virtual Journal of Nanotechnlogy                                57                                                                                           N/A                                            1553-9644                      Collecting nanotech related papers from non-nano spcialized journals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

  : Nanotechnology Related Journals

-   Impact factors are only guides to how much a papers is referenced in
    the years just after publication.
-   Please add comments about the journals and update impact factors!
-   The Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme
    PACS2006 and
    Nanoscale Science and Technology - Collection of Applicable Terms
    from PACS 2006

# Conferences

-   NSTI Nanotech 2008
-   TNT - Trends in Nanotechnology
    2007;2006
-   MNE - Micro and Nanoengineering
    2007;2008
-   Virtual Conference on Nanoscale Science and
    Technology
-   Foresight Unconference Vision
    Weekend
    NanoBioInfoCognoSocioPhysical technologies
-   58
-   International Microprocess and Nanotechnology Conference,
    Japan
-   Nanosafe 2008: International Conference on Safe production and use
    of nanomaterials

# Nanotech Products

Please add more products, comments and more info about the products if
you have any!

See also the  List of nanotechnology applications in
wikipedia

Woodrow Wilsom Center for International Scholars is starting a Project
on Emerging Nanotechnologies (website should be under construction at
www.nanoproject.org) that among other
things will try to map the available \'nano\'products and work to ensure
possible risks are minimized and benefits are realized.

### Emerging products

-   2008 MultiProbe's AFM Nanoprober is now qualified for 32nm
    technology nodes. 59
-   Intel will make products with 45 nm linewidth transistors available
    from 2008
    60
-   Batteries are increasingly incorporating nanostructures.
-   Flexible, cheaper, or more luminous Flat screen displays
-   Pressure-sensitive mobile devices
    61

### Available in 2006

-   Surface coatings: TCnano,
    Nanocover, Stay
    clean.

### Available in 2005

-   Molybdenum disulfide catalytic nanoparticles in Brimm
    catalysts62
    made by Haldor Topsøe
-   Forbes top ten nanoproducts in
    200563
    -   Apples IPod with sub 100nm elements in its memory chips
    -   Choleterol reducing nanoencapsulated oil,Shemen Industries
        Canola Active.
    -   Nanocrystals improve the consistency of
        chocolate64
    -   Zelen Fullerene C-60 Day Cream 65
    -   Easton Stealth CNT baseball bat
    -   Nanotex textiles once again
    -   ArcticShield polyester socks from ARC Outdoors with 19nm silver
        particles that kill fungs to reduce odor.
    -   NanoGuard developed by Behr Process for improved paint hardness.
    -   Pilkingtons self-cleaning \'Activ Glass\'.
    -   NanoBreeze Air Purifier from NanoTwin Technologies, where the UV
        light from a fluorescent tube cleans the air by photochemical
        reactions in nanoparticles.

### Available in 2004

-   Cold cathode carbon nanotube emitters for X-ray analysis by Oxford
    instruments66\[\]
-   Forbes has an overview in 2004 of what they consider the top ten
    nanotech
    products:
    -   Footwarmers with nanporous aerogel for 3-20 times lighter than
        comparable insulating materials used in shoes (produced by Aspen
        Aerogels).
    -   Matress covers with nanotex fibres that can be washed (Simmonos
        bedding company).
    -   Better golf drivers with carbon nanotube enforced metal
        composites (produced by Maruman & Co) and nanocomposite
        containing golf balls (produced by NanoDynamics)
    -   The company \'Bionova\' apparently adds some nanoproducts to
        their \'personalized product line\'.
    -   EnviroSystems make a nanoemulsive disinfectant cleaner, called
        EcoTru, that is EPA Tox category 4 registered (meaning very safe
        to use)
    -   EnviroSystems also make a spray-on version of this product.
    -   BASF makes a nanoparticle coating for building materials called
        Mincor, that reduces their wettabililty.
    -   A nanostructured coating produced by Valley View, called Clarity
        Defender, improves visibility through windscreens in rain.
        Another company, Nano-Film, makes a similar coating on
        sunglasses.
    -   w:Flex-Power makes a gel containing
        nanoscale liposomes for soothing aching muscles
    -   3M espe Dental adhesive with silica nanoparticle filler.

### Available in 2003

-   NanoGuard Zink Oxide nanoparticles for sunscreens FDA
    approved
-   Forbes 2003 top ten nanoproduct
    67
    includes:
    -   High performance ski wax, Cerax Nanowax
        68.
    -   Nanotex textiles in ski jackets from
        Ziener69
    -   Nanotex textiles
    -   Plenitude Revitalift antiwrinkle cream by L\'Oréal contains
        nanocapsules with vitamin A 70
    -   organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in Sony camera flat screen
        display
    -   Nanofilm coatings for ani-reflection and scratch resistance
        71
    -   Zink oxide nanoparticles in Sunscreen by BASF
        72
    -   carbon nanotube enforced tennis rackets
        73 and nanopolymer enforced tennis
        balls 74

### Available in 2000

Nanotex makes textiles where the clothing
fibres have been coating in nanoscale fibres to change the textile
wettability. This makes the textile much more stain resistant.

## Companies making nanotech research equipment

-   MultiProbe Manufacturer of a 1-to-6 head
    Atomic Force nanoprobing tool used in failure analysis, that
    combines multi-scan fault isolation imaging with nanoprobing
    electrical capabilities. For process technology node measurements of
    32nm, 45nm, 65nm, 90nm or larger.
-   Veeco AFM and related equipment
-   Zyvex nanomanipulation equipment
-   Nanofactory in-situ TEM manipulation
    equipment
-   SmarAct nanomanipulators
-   Capres micro four point conductance measurement
    probes
-   ImageMetrology SPIP software for SPM
    analysis
-   QuantumWise software for simulating
    nanosystems
-   75 AFM and related equipment

## Products that have been nanostructured for decades

-   Catalysts
    -   Haldor Topsøe
-   Computer processesors are increasingly made of nanoscale systems
    -   Intel

## Non-nanotech products and a warning

Not everything that says nano is nano - and given the hype surrounding
nanotechnology you will see an increasing number of \'nano\' products
that have nothing to do with it. It is worrying when sometimes problems
arise with non-nano products and this adds to the \'scare\' that is
present in the public, fuelled by the newspapers where they are just
waiting for a nice scandal\... an example was the product Magic Nano
from a German
company that
made a number of users sick when inhaling the aerosol cleaning product -
which in the end turned out to have nothing \'nano\' in it. There is
good reason to be very alert to such issues. Not all countries have
legislation in place to secure the consumers against the possible
dangers present in nanoparticles and some products could end being
marketed before having been tested well enough. Though this example
turned out to be \'non-nano\', we will probably meet new cases shortly
that are truly \'nano\'. On this background environmental and health
aspects will be an important part of this book.

# Suppliers

Nanomaterials

-   Sigma-Aldrich
-   Zyvex
-   overview of companies making nanoparticles and related
    equipment

Nanolithography

-   NIL Technology sells stamps for nanoimprint
    lithography (NIL) and provides imprint services.

Quantum Dots

-   Evident technologies

# A nano-timeline

Overview of some important events in nanotechnology

See also  History of Nanotechnology in
Wikipedia

  Year       Development
  ---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Medieval   Observation of metal whisker growth and nanoparticles used for staining glass
  1900        Max Planck proposes energy quantization.
  1905-30    Development of quantum mechanics
  1927       Heisenberg formulated his  uncertainty principle
  1933       The first  First electron microscope was built by Ernst Ruska
  1952       First  carbon nanotubes observation by Radushkevich and Lukyanovich
  1953        DNA structure discovered by James D. Watson and Francis Crick
  1959        Feynmanns talk  There is plenty of room at the bottom
  1965       Proposal of  Moores Law
  1981       Invention of  STM by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
  1985       Invention of  AFM by Binnig, Quate and Gerber
  1985        Buckyball discovery by Harry Kroto, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley
  1986       K. Eric Drexler publishes his book *Engines of Creation*, in which he discusses both the potential huge benefits and the potential dangers of nanotechnology. He talks about a future of nanotechnology defined by molecular manufacturing, where self-replicating nanobots/assemblers are engineered to carry out practical applications.
  1989       Don Eigler pushed around xenon atoms to spell IBM
             

  : A Nanotechnology Timeline

# A nano-scale overview

Just to get a sense of proportion

  Scale           typical elements
  --------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 m             1 m is 1.000.000.000 nanometers ( 10\^9 nm )
  200 µm          About the size of the smallest letters you can write with a very very sharp pencil and a very very steady hand.
  100 µm          Typical thick hair
  10-1000 µm      Cells in living organisms can have many sizes, and neurons can be much longer. In frog embryos (Tadpoles) the initial embryo cells can be up to 1000µm.
  8 µm            Red blood cell
  1 µm            Bacteria
  100 nm          Virus
  5-100 nm        The range for nanotechnology systems built from atomic/molecular components (quantum dots, nanoparticles, diameter of nanotubes and nanowires, lipid membranes, nanopores\...).
  10 nm           Size of typical Antibody molecules in living organisms immune defence
  6-10 nm         Thickness of a cell membrane, and typical pore size in membrane.
  2.5 nm          The width of DNA (but it depends on the conditions)
  1 nm            The size of a C60 buckyball molecule or glucose molecule.
  0.3 nm          The size of a water molecule.
  1 Å = 0.1 nm    Roughly the size of hydrogen atom.
  0.7 Å = 70 pm   The best resolution in AFM achieved so far where they managed to image individual orbitals in an atom.
                  

  : A Nano-scale overview

-   Distances between objects can be measured with sub Å precision with
    STM, laser interferometry and its even done continuously in a
    standard airbag acceleration sensor chip that costs a few dollars
    and senses the vibrations of a micro-inertial mass element with
    femtometer precision (10\^-15 m).

# Bibliography

-   G. Ali Mansoori, *Principles of Nanotechnology*, Molecular-Based
    Study of Condensed Matter in Small Systems, (New Jersey: World
    Scientific, 2006).
-   Monthioux, Marc; Kuznetsov, Vladimir L. (2006). \"Who should be
    given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?\".
    Carbon 44. <doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2006.03.019>. Retrieved on
    2007-07-26.

# References

See also notes on editing this book
Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.

```{=html}
<references />
```
the nanotechnology pioneers by Steven A. Edwards

```{=html}
<references />
```
*Engines of Creation 2.0: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology* by K. Eric
Drexler

------------------------------------------------------------------------

