# Latin/Lesson 7-Future and Past Perfect

## Future perfect

The future perfect tense is used for an action that will have been
completed in the future by the time something else has happened.

English example: \"I **will have seen** the movie by the time it comes
out.\"

To form the future perfect, take the perfect stem and add the future
perfect endings:

```{=html}
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
```
```{=html}
<tr>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-erō*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-erimus*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
</tr>
```
```{=html}
<tr>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-eris*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-eritis*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
</tr>
```
```{=html}
<tr>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-erit*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-erint*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
</tr>
```
```{=html}
</table>
```
Note the similarities to the future tense of *sum*, except for the third
person plural ending *-erint*[^1] in place of *-erunt*, which serves as
the perfect ending instead.

Hence: **amāverō**, I will have loved; **vīderitis**, you (pl.) will
have seen

```{=html}
<references/>
```
## Pluperfect

The pluperfect tense is used to describe something in the past that
happened before another event in the past.

English example: \"I **had graduated** by the time I applied for a
job.\"

To form the pluperfect, take the perfect stem and add the pluperfect
endings:

```{=html}
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
```
```{=html}
<tr>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-eram*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-erāmus*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
</tr>
```
```{=html}
<tr>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-erās*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-erātis*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
</tr>
```
```{=html}
<tr>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-erat*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
<td>
```
*-erant*

```{=html}
</td>
```
```{=html}
</tr>
```
```{=html}
</table>
```
Hence: **amāveram**, I had loved; **vīderātis**, you (pl.) had seen

## Examples

*De Acutiliano autem negotio quod mihi **mandaras** (**mandaveras**), ut
primum a tuo digressu Romam veni, **confeceram**.* (Cicero, *Ad Atticum*
1.5)

:   \"But as to the business of Acutilius that you had entrusted with
    me, I had already taken care of it when I came to Rome first thing
    after your departure.\" Note the relationship of the pluperfect
    verbs *mandaras* (*-aras* is a common contraction for *-averas*) and
    *confeceram* to the perfect verb *veni*.

*Ego certe meum officium **praestitero**.* (Caesar, *De Bello Gallico*
IV)

:   \"I certainly will have prevailed in my duty.\"


[^1]: *-int* as an ending is rare; *-erint* and *sint* are two of the
    most common
