# Math and...

## Math and Art


### Learning Objectives

After completing this section, you should be able to:
1. Identify and describe the golden ratio.
2. Identify and describe the Fibonacci sequence and its application to nature.
3. Apply the golden ratio and the Fibonacci sequence relationship.
4. Identify and compute golden rectangles.
Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.
Oxford Dictionary
Art, like other disciplines, is an area that combines talent and experience with education. While not everyone considers themself skilled at creating art, there are mathematical relationships commonly found in artistic masterpieces that drive what is considered attractive to the eye. Nature is full of examples of these mathematical relationships.
Enroll in a cake decorating class and, when you learn how to create flowers out of icing, you will likely be directed as to the number of petals to use. Depending on the desired size of a rose flower, the recommendation for the number of petals to use is commonly 5, 8, or 13 petals. If learning to draw portraits, you may be surprised to learn that eyes are approximately halfway between the top of a person’s head and their chin. Studying architecture, we find examples of buildings that contain golden rectangles and ratios that add to the beautifying of the design. The Parthenon (), which was built around 400 BC, as well as modern-day structures such the Washington Monument are two examples containing these relationships. These seemingly unrelated examples and many more highlight mathematical relationships that we associate with beauty in artistic form.

### Golden Ratio

The golden ratio, also known as the golden proportion, is a ratio aspect that can be found in beauty from nature to human anatomy as well as in golden rectangles that are commonly found in building structures. The golden ratio is expressed in nature from plants to creatures such as the starfish, honeybees, seashells, and more. It is commonly noted by the Greek letter ϕ (pronounced “fee”). , which has a decimal value approximately equal to 1.618.
Consider : Note how the building is balanced in dimension and has a natural shape. The overall structure does not appear as if it is too wide or too tall in comparison to the other dimensions.
The golden ratio has been used by artists through the years and can be found in art dating back to 3000 BC. Leonardo da Vinci is considered one of the artists who mastered the mathematics of the golden ratio, which is prevalent in his artwork such as Virtuvian Man  (). This famous masterpiece highlights the golden ratio in the proportions of an ideal body shape.
The golden ratio is approximated in several physical measurements of the human body and parts exhibiting the golden ratio are simply called golden. The ratio of a person’s height to the length from their belly button to the floor is ϕ or approximately 1.618. The bones in our fingers (excluding the thumb), are golden as they form a ratio that approximates ϕ. The human face also includes several ratios and those faces that are considered attractive commonly exhibit golden ratios.

### Fibonacci Sequence and Application to Nature

The Fibonacci sequence can be found occurring naturally in a wide array of elements in our environment from the number of petals on a rose flower to the spirals on a pine cone to the spines on a head of lettuce and more. The Fibonacci sequence can be found in artistic renderings of nature to develop aesthetically pleasing and realistic artistic creations such as in sculptures, paintings, landscape, building design, and more. It is the sequence of numbers beginning with 1, 1, and each subsequent term is the sum of the previous two terms in the sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …).
The petal counts on some flowers are represented in the Fibonacci sequence. A daisy is sometimes associated with plucking petals to answer the question “They love me, they love me not.” Interestingly, a daisy found growing wild typically contains 13, 21, or 34 petals and it is noted that these numbers are part of the Fibonacci sequence. The number of petals aligns with the spirals in the flower family.

### Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci Sequence Relationship

Mathematicians for years have explored patterns and applications to the world around us and continue to do so today. One such pattern can be found in ratios of two adjacent terms of the Fibonacci sequence.
Recall that the Fibonacci sequence = 1, 1, 3, 5, 8, 13,… with 5 and 8 being one example of adjacent terms. When computing the ratio of the larger number to the preceding number such as 8/5 or 13/8, it is fascinating to find the golden ratio emerge. As larger numbers from the Fibonacci sequence are utilized in the ratio, the value more closely approaches ϕ, the golden ratio.

### Golden Rectangles

Turning our attention to man-made elements, the golden ratio can be found in architecture and artwork dating back to the ancient pyramids in Egypt () to modern-day buildings such as the UN headquarters. The ancient Greeks used golden rectangles—any rectangles where the ratio of the length to the width is the golden ratio—to create aesthetically pleasing as well as solid structures, with examples of the golden rectangle often being used multiple times in the same building such as the Parthenon, which is shown in . Golden rectangles can be found in twentieth-century buildings as well, such as the Washington Monument.
Looking at another man-made element, artists paintings often contain golden rectangles. Well-known paintings such as Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper and the Vitruvian Man contain multiple golden rectangles as do many of da Vinci’s masterpieces.
Whether framing a painting or designing a building, the golden rectangle has been widely utilized by artists and are considered to be the most visually pleasing rectangles.

### Check Your Understanding


### Key Terms

1. golden ratio
2. ϕ
3. Fibonacci sequence
4. golden rectangle

### Key Concepts

1. The golden ratio, ϕ, can be found in nature, and the relationship is often associated with beauty and balance.
2. The Fibonacci sequence reflects a pattern of numbers that can be found in various places in nature. The sequence can be used to predict other values that follow the Fibonacci pattern.
3. State some naturally occurring applications of the Fibonacci sequence.
4. State some naturally occurring applications of the golden ratio.
5. Determine if a rectangle is golden.
6. State some artistic applications of the golden rectangle.