# Myślenie i inteligencja

## Wprowadzenie

Dlaczego tak trudno porzucić nawyki takie jak sięganie po dzwoniący telefon nawet w najmniej odpowiednich momentach, np. podczas prowadzenia samochodu? Jak ktoś, kto nigdy w życiu nie widział i nie dotykał śniegu, ma go sobie wyobrazić? W jaki sposób małe dzieci przyswajają język bez żadnego formalnego nauczania? Odpowiedzi na takie pytania poszukują psychologowie badający zjawisko myślenia.
Psychologowie poznawczy zajmują się również inteligencją. Czym jest i dlaczego nie jest jednakowa u wszystkich ludzi? Czy „mądrość życiowa” to rodzaj inteligencji, a jeśli tak, jakie ma związki z innymi rodzajami inteligencji? Co tak naprawdę mierzą testy inteligencji? Odpowiedzi na te i inne pytania przedstawimy w niniejszym rozdziale, poświęconym myśleniu i inteligencji.
W innych rozdziałach omówiliśmy podstawowe procesy poznawcze, takie jak percepcja, uczenie się i pamięć. Teraz skupimy się na procesach poznawczych wyższego rzędu. W ramach tej dyskusji uwzględnimy myślenie oraz pokrótce przeanalizujemy rozwój kompetencji językowych i posługiwanie się językiem. Omówimy również kwestię rozwiązywania problemów i zagadnienie kreatywności. Rozdział zakończymy rozważaniami na temat tego, jak mierzy się inteligencję oraz w jaki sposób biologia i nasze otoczenie wzajemnie na siebie oddziałują, kształtując jej poziom. Po zapoznaniu się z tym rozdziałem będziesz lepiej rozumieć procesy poznawcze wyższego rzędu, które odróżniają nas jako gatunek od innych zwierząt.

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