# Wstęp do psychologii

## Wprowadzenie

Clive Wearing (ur. 1938), uznany muzyk, utracił umiejętność tworzenia nowych wspomnień w wyniku choroby, na którą zapadł w wieku 46 lat. O ile mężczyzna nadal potrafi bezbłędnie grać na pianinie, to nie jest w stanie zapamiętać, co jadł na śniadanie zaledwie kilka godzin wcześniej (Sacks, 2007). James Wannerton przeżywa doznania zmysłowe powiązane z dźwiękiem słów. Imię jego byłej dziewczyny smakuje według niego jak rabarbar (Mundasad, 2013). John Nash (1928-2015) to wybitny matematyk i laureat nagrody Nobla. Mimo piastowania funkcji profesora na  (MIT) zwykł opowiadać innym, że w artykułach publikowanych w „” zakodowane są wiadomości od istot pozaziemskich skierowane do niego. Naukowiec zaczął również słyszeć głosy i stał się podejrzliwy wobec otaczających go ludzi. Wkrótce po tym u Nasha zdiagnozowano schizofrenię i został on przyjęty do państwowego szpitala psychiatrycznego (O’Connor i Robertson, 2002). Nash był bohaterem filmu z 2001 roku pt. Piękny umysł. Dlaczego te wszystkie osoby miały takie doświadczenia? Jak działa ludzki mózg? Jakie powiązania istnieją między wewnętrznymi procesami zachodzącymi w mózgu a zachowaniami danej osoby? Podręcznik Psychologia omawia szereg sposobów, w jakie dziedzina psychologii bada tego typu problemy.

### References

American Board of Forensic Psychology. (2014). Brochure. Pobrane z: http://www.abfp.com/brochure.asp.
American Psychological Association. (2014). Pobrane z: www.apa.org.
American Psychological Association. (2014). Graduate training and career possibilities in exercise and sport psychology. Pobrane z: http://www.apadivisions.org/division-47/about/resources/training.aspx?item=1.
American Psychological Association. (2019). Maime Phipps Clark, PhD, and Kenneth Clark, PhD. Pobrane z: https://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/clark.
American Psychological Association. (2011). Psychology as a career. Pobrane z: http://www.apa.org/education/undergrad/psych-career.aspx.
Ashliman, D. L. (2001). Cupid and Psyche. In Folktexts: A library of folktales, folklore, fairy tales, and mythology. Pobrane z: http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/cupid.html.
Betancourt, H., & López, S. R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology. American Psychologist, 48, 629–637.
Black, S. R., Spence, S. A., Omari, S. R. (2004). Contributions of African Americans to the field of psychology. Journal of Black Studies, 35, 40–64.
Bulfinch, T. (1855). The age of fable: Or, stories of gods and heroes. Boston, MA: Chase, Nichols and Hill.
Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1–49.
Carlson, N. R. (2013). Physiology of Behavior (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Confer, J. C., Easton, J. A., Fleischman, D. S., Goetz, C. D., Lewis, D. M. G., Perilloux, C., Buss, D. M. (2010). Evolutionary psychology. Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations. American Psychologist, 65, 100–126.
Crawford, M., Marecek, J. (1989). Psychology reconstructs the female 1968–1988. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 147–165.
Danziger, K. (1980). The history of introspection reconsidered. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 16, 241–262.
Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray.
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
DeAngelis, T. (2010). Fear not. gradPSYCH Magazine, 8, 38.
Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Projected future growth of the older population. Pobrane z: http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/future_growth/future_growth.aspx#age.
Endler, J. A. (1986). Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Fogg, N. P., Harrington, P. E., Harrington, T. F., & Shatkin, L. (2012). College majors handbook with real career paths and payoffs (3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: JIST Publishing.
Franko, D. L., et al. (2012). Racial/ethnic differences in adults in randomized clinical trials of binge eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 186–195.
Friedman, H. (2008), Humanistic and positive psychology: The methodological and epistemological divide. The Humanistic Psychologist, 36, 113–126.
Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Ludność. stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym (stan w dniu 31.12.2019). Publikacja 30.04.2020.
Gordon, O. E. (1995). A brief history of psychology. Pobrane z: http://www.psych.utah.edu/gordon/Classes/Psy4905Docs/PsychHistory/index.html#maptop.
Green, C. D. (2001). Classics in the history of psychology. Pobrane z: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Krstic/marulic.htm.
Greengrass, M. (2004). 100 years of B.F. Skinner. Monitor on Psychology, 35, 80.
Hock, R. R. (2009). Social psychology. Forty studies that changed psychology: Explorations into the history of psychological research (pp. 308–317). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Hoffman, C. (2012). Careers in clinical, counseling, or school psychology; mental health counseling; clinical social work; marriage & family therapy and related professions. Pobrane z: http://www.indiana.edu/~psyugrad/advising/docs/Careers%20in%20Mental%20Health%20Counseling.pdf.
Ignaszak, M. (2016). Jak zostać psychologiem klinicznym? Pobrane z: http://pytaniaiodpowiedzi.pl/jak-zostac-psychologiem-klinicznym/.
Jang, K. L., Livesly, W. J., Vernon, P. A. (1996). Heritability of the Big Five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64, 577–591.
Knekt, P. P., Lindfors, O., Härkänen, T., Välikoski, M., Virtala, E., Laaksonen, M. A., Marttunen, M., Kaipainen, M., Renlund, C.; Helsinki Psychotherapy Study Group. (2008). Randomized trial on the effectiveness of long- and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and solution-focused therapy on psychiatric symptoms during a 3-year follow-up. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research In Psychiatry And The Allied Sciences, 38, 689–703.
Landers, R. N. (2011, June 14). Grad school: Should I get a PhD or Master’s in I/O psychology? [Web log post]. Pobrane z: http://neoacademic.com/2011/06/14/grad-school-should-i-get-a-ph-d-or-masters-in-io-psychology/#.UuKKLftOnGg.
Macdonald, C. (2013). Health psychology center presents: What is health psychology? Pobrane z: http://healthpsychology.org/what-is-health-psychology/.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. (2008). Empirical and theoretical status of the five-factor model of personality traits. W: G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, D. H. Saklofske (red.). The Sage handbook of personality theory and assessment. Vol. 1.Personality theories and models. London: Sage.
Michalski, D., Kohout, J., Wicherski, M., Hart, B. (2011). 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. APA Center for Workforce Studies. Pobrane z: http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/09-doc-empl/index.aspx.
Miller, G. A. (2003). The cognitive revolution: A historical perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 141–144.
Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej (2019). Pobrane z: http://www.bip.nauka.gov.pl/komunikaty-rzecznika-prasowego-mnisw/znamy-ranking-najpopularniejszych-kierunkow-studiow-w-roku-akademickim-2018-2019.html.
Munakata, Y., McClelland, J. L., Johnson, M. H., Siegler, R. S. (1997). Rethinking infant knowledge: Toward an adaptive process account of successes and failures in object permanence tasks. Psychological Review, 104, 689–713.
Mundasad, S. (2013). Word-taste synaesthesia: Tasting names, places, and Anne Boleyn. Pobrane z: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-21060207
Munsey, C. (2009). More states forgo a postdoc requirement. Monitor on Psychology, 40, 10.
Najpopularniejsze kierunki studiów 2019.Rzeczpospolita, Pobrane z: https://www.rp.pl/Edukacja-i-wychowanie/307129976-Najpopularniejsze-kierunki-studiow-2019.html.
National Association of School Psychologists. (n.d.). Becoming a nationally certified school psychologist (NCSP). Pobrane z: http://www.nasponline.org/CERTIFICATION/becomeNCSP.aspx.
Nicolas, S., & Ferrand, L. (1999). Wundt’s laboratory at Leipzig in 1891. History of Psychology, 2, 194–203.
Norcross, J. C. (n.d.) Clinical versus counseling psychology: What’s the diff? Pobrane z: http://www.csun.edu/~hcpsy002/Clinical%20Versus%20Counseling%20Psychology.pdf.
Norcross, J. C., Castle, P. H. (2002). Appreciating the PsyD: The facts. Eye on Psi Chi, 7, 22–26.
O'Connor, J. J., Robertson, E. F. (2002) John Forbes Nash. Press.
O’Hara, M. (n.d.). Historic review of humanistic psychology. Pobrane z: http://www.ahpweb.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=14&Itemid=24.
Person, E. S. (1980). Sexuality as the mainstay of identity: Psychoanalytic perspectives. Signs, 5, 605–630.
Rantanen, J., Metsäpelto, R. L., Feldt, T., Pulkkinen, L., Kokko, K. (2007). Long-term stability in the Big Five personality traits in adulthood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 511–518.
Riggio, R. E. (2013). What is industrial/organizational psychology? Psychology Today. Pobrane z: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/201303/what-is-industrialorganizational-psychology.
Sacks, O. (2007). A neurologists notebook: The abyss, music and amnesia. The New Yorker. Pobrane z: http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/09/24/070924fa_fact_sacks?currentPage=all.
Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., Ehlers, A., Foa, E. B., Hasan, A., Mwiti, G., Kristensen, Ch. H., Neuner, F., Oe, M., Yule, W. (2016). Culture-sensitive psychotraumatology. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.31179.
Shedler, J. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 65(2), 98–109.
Soldz, S., Vaillant, G. E. (1999). The Big Five personality traits and the life course: A 45-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 208–232.
Thorne, B. M., Henley, T. B. (2005). Connections in the history and systems of psychology (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Ustawa z dnia 8 czerwca 2001 „o zawodzie psychologa i samorządzie zawodowym psychologów. Pobrane z: http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20010730763.
Ustawa z dnia 11 września 2015 r. o zdrowiu publicznym. Pobrane z: http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20150001916.
Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177.
Weisstein, N. (1993). Psychology constructs the female: Or, the fantasy life of the male psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the male anthropologist). Feminism and Psychology, 3, 195–210.
Westen, D. (1998). The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud, toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 333–371.
Vogels, S. R. (2014). The Milgram experiment: Its impact and interpretation. Social Cosmos, 5(1), 15 - 21.
Volkmann-Raue, S, Luck, H. E. (2014). Najwybitniejsze kobiety w psychologii XX wieku. Gdańsk: GWP Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.