# Foundations

## Use the Language of Algebra


### Use Variables and Algebraic Symbols

Suppose this year Greg is 20 years old and Alex is 23. You know that Alex is 3 years older than Greg. When Greg was 12, Alex was 15. When Greg is 35, Alex will be 38. No matter what Greg’s age is, Alex’s age will always be 3 years more, right? In the language of algebra, we say that Greg’s age and Alex’s age are variables and the 3 is a constant. The ages change (“vary”) but the 3 years between them always stays the same (“constant”). Since Greg’s age and Alex’s age will always differ by 3 years, 3 is the constant.
In algebra, we use letters of the alphabet to represent variables. So if we call Greg’s age g, then we could use  to represent Alex’s age. See .
The letters used to represent these changing ages are called variables. The letters most commonly used for variables are x, y, a, b, and c.
To write algebraically, we need some operation symbols as well as numbers and variables. There are several types of symbols we will be using.
There are four basic arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. We’ll list the symbols used to indicate these operations in the table below. You’ll probably recognize some of them.
We perform these operations on two numbers. When translating from symbolic form to English, or from English to symbolic form, pay attention to the words “of” and “and.”
1. The difference of 9 and 2 means subtract 9 and 2, in other words, 9 minus 2, which we write symbolically as 
2. The product of 4 and 8 means multiply 4 and 8, in other words 4 times 8, which we write symbolically as 
In algebra, the cross symbol,  is not used to show multiplication because that symbol may cause confusion. Does 3xy mean  (‘three times y’) or  (three times x times y)? To make it clear, use  or parentheses for multiplication.

When two quantities have the same value, we say they are equal and connect them with an equal sign.
On the number line, the numbers get larger as they go from left to right. The number line can be used to explain the symbols “<” and “>.”
The expressions a < b or a > b can be read from left to right or right to left, though in English we usually read from left to right (). In general, a < b is equivalent to b > a. For example 7 < 11 is equivalent to 11 > 7. And a > b is equivalent to b < a. For example 17 > 4 is equivalent to 4 < 17.
Grouping symbols in algebra are much like the commas, colons, and other punctuation marks in English. They help to make clear which expressions are to be kept together and separate from other expressions. We will introduce three types now.
Here are some examples of expressions that include grouping symbols. We will simplify expressions like these later in this section.

What is the difference in English between a phrase and a sentence? A phrase expresses a single thought that is incomplete by itself, but a sentence makes a complete statement. “Running very fast” is a phrase, but “The football player was running very fast” is a sentence. A sentence has a subject and a verb. In algebra, we have expressions and equations.
An expression is like an English phrase. Here are some examples of expressions:
Notice that the English phrases do not form a complete sentence because the phrase does not have a verb.
An equation is two expressions linked with an equal sign. When you read the words the symbols represent in an equation, you have a complete sentence in English. The equal sign gives the verb.
Here are some examples of equations.
Suppose we need to multiply 2 nine times. We could write this as  This is tedious and it can be hard to keep track of all those 2s, so we use exponents. We write  as  and  as  In expressions such as  the 2 is called the base and the 3 is called the exponent. The exponent tells us how many times we need to multiply the base.
We read  as “two to the third power” or “two cubed.”
We say  is in exponential notation and  is in expanded notation.
While we read  as “a to the  power,” we usually read:
1.  “a squared”
2.  “a cubed”
We’ll see later why  and  have special names.
 shows how we read some expressions with exponents.

### Simplify Expressions Using the Order of Operations

To simplify an expression means to do all the math possible. For example, to simplify  we’d first multiply  to get 8 and then add the 1 to get 9. A good habit to develop is to work down the page, writing each step of the process below the previous step. The example just described would look like this:
By not using an equal sign when you simplify an expression, you may avoid confusing expressions with equations.
We’ve introduced most of the symbols and notation used in algebra, but now we need to clarify the order of operations. Otherwise, expressions may have different meanings, and they may result in different values. For example, consider the expression:
If you simplify this expression, what do you get?
Some students say 49,
Others say 25,
Imagine the confusion in our banking system if every problem had several different correct answers!
The same expression should give the same result. So mathematicians early on established some guidelines that are called the Order of Operations.
Students often ask, “How will I remember the order?” Here is a way to help you remember: Take the first letter of each key word and substitute the silly phrase: “Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally.”
It’s good that “My Dear” goes together, as this reminds us that multiplication and division have equal priority. We do not always do multiplication before division or always do division before multiplication. We do them in order from left to right.
Similarly, “Aunt Sally” goes together and so reminds us that addition and subtraction also have equal priority and we do them in order from left to right.
Let’s try an example.
When there are multiple grouping symbols, we simplify the innermost parentheses first and work outward.

### Evaluate an Expression

In the last few examples, we simplified expressions using the order of operations. Now we’ll evaluate some expressions—again following the order of operations. To evaluate an expression means to find the value of the expression when the variable is replaced by a given number.
To evaluate an expression, substitute that number for the variable in the expression and then simplify the expression.

### Identify and Combine Like Terms

Algebraic expressions are made up of terms. A term is a constant, or the product of a constant and one or more variables.
Examples of terms are 
The constant that multiplies the variable is called the coefficient.

Think of the coefficient as the number in front of the variable. The coefficient of the term 3x is 3. When we write x, the coefficient is 1, since 
Some terms share common traits. Look at the following 6 terms. Which ones seem to have traits in common?
The 7 and the 4 are both constant terms.
The 5x and the 3x are both terms with x.
The  and the  are both terms with 
When two terms are constants or have the same variable and exponent, we say they are like terms.
1. 7 and 4 are like terms.
2. 5x and 3x are like terms.
3.  and  are like terms.
Adding or subtracting terms forms an expression. In the expression  from , the three terms are  and 8.
If there are like terms in an expression, you can simplify the expression by combining the like terms. What do you think  would simplify to? If you thought 12x, you would be right!
Add the coefficients and keep the same variable. It doesn’t matter what x is—if you have 4 of something and add 7 more of the same thing and then add 1 more, the result is 12 of them. For example, 4 oranges plus 7 oranges plus 1 orange is 12 oranges. We will discuss the mathematical properties behind this later.
Simplify: 
Add the coefficients. 12x

### Translate an English Phrase to an Algebraic Expression

In the last section, we listed many operation symbols that are used in algebra, then we translated expressions and equations into English phrases and sentences. Now we’ll reverse the process. We’ll translate English phrases into algebraic expressions. The symbols and variables we’ve talked about will help us do that.  summarizes them.
Look closely at these phrases using the four operations:
Each phrase tells us to operate on two numbers. Look for the words of and and to find the numbers.
How old will you be in eight years? What age is eight more years than your age now? Did you add 8 to your present age? Eight “more than” means 8 added to your present age. How old were you seven years ago? This is 7 years less than your age now. You subtract 7 from your present age. Seven “less than” means 7 subtracted from your present age.
Later in this course, we’ll apply our skills in algebra to solving applications. The first step will be to translate an English phrase to an algebraic expression. We’ll see how to do this in the next two examples.

### Key Concepts

1. Notation                      The result is…

2. Inequality

3. Inequality Symbols                 Words

4. Grouping Symbols


5. Exponential Notation


6. Order of Operations: When simplifying mathematical expressions perform the operations in the following order:


7. Combine Like Terms



### Practice Makes Perfect

Use Variables and Algebraic Symbols
In the following exercises, translate from algebra to English.
In the following exercises, determine if each is an expression or an equation.
Simplify Expressions Using the Order of Operations
In the following exercises, simplify each expression.
In the following exercises, simplify using the order of operations.
Evaluate an Expression
In the following exercises, evaluate the following expressions.
Simplify Expressions by Combining Like Terms
In the following exercises, identify the coefficient of each term.
In the following exercises, identify the like terms.
In the following exercises, identify the terms in each expression.
In the following exercises, simplify the following expressions by combining like terms.
Translate an English Phrase to an Algebraic Expression
In the following exercises, translate the phrases into algebraic expressions.

### Everyday Math


### Writing Exercises


### Self Check

ⓐ Use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.
ⓑ After reviewing this checklist, what will you do to become confident for all objectives?