# Organic Chemistry/Glossary

![](Go_To_Organic_Chemistry_Contents.png "Go_To_Organic_Chemistry_Contents.png")
\> Glossary

------------------------------------------------------------------------

## A

-   Acetal - a molecule with two single bonded oxygens attached to the
    same carbon atom

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Acetyl - a functional group with chemical formula -COCH3

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Achiral - a group containing atleast two identical substituents

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Acid anhydride - hydrocarbon containing two carbonyl groups.Acyl
    group attached with carboxylate group. eg RCOOCOR\'

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Acid halide - acyl group with any halogen attached with carbon of
    carbonyl group. eg RCO-X(X=F,Cl,Br,I).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Acidity constant K~a~ -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Activating group - any group which activates a molecule by
    increasing positive or negative charge on a carbon atom. Mainly
    towards neucleophilic or electrophilic substitution reactions.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Activation energy - the energy required for reactants to cross
    energy barrier to undergo any chemical change; denoted by E~a~.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Acyl group - a group having an alkyl or aryl group with a carbonyl
    group RCO-

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Adam\'s catalyst - a catalyst for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis
    in organic synthesis. Also known as platinum dioxide

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Addition
    reaction -
    a reaction where a product is created from the coming together of 2
    reactants.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Alcohol - a saturated hydrocarbon chain with an -OH functional
    group.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Aldehyde - a hydrocarbon containing at least one carbonyl group
    having one hydrogen attached to it.(\>C=O)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Aldol reaction - a reaction of two aldehydes yielding a product with
    both an aldehyde(\>C=O) and an alcohol() group.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Aliphatic - A non-cyclic, non-aromatic, hydrocarbon chain (e.g.
    alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Alkane - A hydrocarbon with all the carbon-carbon bonds are single
    bonds.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Alkene - A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon bond is a
    double-bond.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Alkoxide ion - The conjugate base of an alcohol without the terminal
    H atom. For any alcohol R-OH, the corresponding alkoxide form is
    R-O^-^.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Alkyl - A hydrocarbon having formula C~n~H~2n+1~

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Alkylation - Addition of alkyl group in a compound.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Alkyne - An unsaturated hydrocarbon containog triple bond.and having
    general formula C~n~H~2n-2~

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Allyl - An alkene hydrocarbon group with the formula H2C=CH-CH2-

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   α Position - Carbon attached to a functional group is called
    α-carbon and the position is known as α position.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   α-carbon - Carbon attached to a functional group is called α-carbon

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Amide - A hydrocarbon containing amine group attached to acyl group.
    eg.- RCONH~2~

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Amine - A simple hydrocarbon containing atleast one -NH~2~ group.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Amino Acid - A fundamental unit of polypeptides or proteins.having
    general formula-COOHRCHNH~2~.eg.- glysine, alanine etc.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Anti conformation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Anti periplaner -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Anti stereochemistry -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Anti bonding molecular orbital - Molecular orbitals having higher
    energy than bonding molecular orbitals after combination of atomic
    orbitals.denoted by an astric over Sigma or pi notations.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Arene - Another name for an aromatic hydrocarbon.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Aromaticity - A chemical property in which a conjugated ring of
    unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibit a
    stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization
    of conjugation alone.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Atomic mass - Total no of nucleon i.e. number of proton and number
    of neutrons. Atomic mass is denoted by A.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Atomic number - Total no. of protons is called the atomic number.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Axial bond - The bond parallel or antiparallel to axial coordinate
    passing center of gravity.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Azide synthesis - Dutt-Wormall reaction in which a diazonium salt
    reacts with a sulfonamide first to a diazoaminosulfinate and then on
    hydrolysis the azide and a sulfinic acid.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Azo compound - A compound containing -N=N group.

## B

-   Benzoyl Group - The acyl of benzoic acid, with structure C6H5CO-

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Benzyl Group - The radical or ion formed from the removal of one of
    the methyl hydrogens of toluene (methylbenzene).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Benzylic -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   β position -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   β-carbon -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Bicylcoalkane - A compound containing two cyclic rings.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Bimolecular reaction - A second order reaction where the
    concentration of two compounds determine the reaction rate.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Boat cyclohexane - A less-stable conformation of cyclohexane that
    somewhat resembles a boat.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Bond - The attractive forces that create a link between atoms. Bonds
    may be covalent or ionic.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Bond angle - The angle formed between three atoms across at least
    two bonds.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Bond length - The average distance between the centers of two atoms
    bonded together in any given molecule.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Bond strength - The degree to which each atom linked to a central
    atom contributes to the valency of this central atom.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Bonding molecular orbital -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Bromonium ion -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Brønsted-Lowry
    Acid
    -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Brønsted-Lowry
    Base
    -

## C

-   Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priorities - A rule for assigning priorities to
    substituents off of carbon in a double-bond or in a chiral center.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Carbocation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Carbonyl group - A functional group composed of a carbon atom
    double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Carboxylation - A chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid group
    is introduced in a substrate.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Carboxylic acid - An organic acid characterized by the presence of a
    carboxyl group.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Chain reaction - A sequence of reactions where a reactive product or
    by-product causes additional reactions to take place

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Chair cyclohexane -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Chiral - A term used to describe an object that is non-superposable
    on its mirror image

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Chiral center - A carbon atom bonded to four different groups

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Chromatography - The process of separating compounds such as a dye
    into its constituents

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Cis-trans isomers -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Claisen condensation reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Claisen rearrangement reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Concerted -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Configuration - the permanent geometry of a molecule that results
    from the spatial arrangement of its bonds.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Conformation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Conformer -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Conjugate acid -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Conjugate base -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Conjugation - A system of atoms covalently bonded with alternating
    single and multiple (e.g. double) bonds (e.g., C=C-C=C-C).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Covalent bond - A form of chemical bonding that is characterized by
    the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Cracking - The process whereby complex organic molecules such as
    heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules (e.g.
    light hydrocarbons) by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Cycloaddition reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Cycloalkane - An alkane that has one or more rings of carbon atoms
    in the chemical structure of its molecule.

## D

-   Debye -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Decarboxylation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Delocalization - The ability of electrons to spread out among pi
    bonds to provide stabilization to electronically unstable areas of a
    molecule.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Dextrorotatory -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Diastereomers - Two or more isomers of a molecule which are *not*
    enantiomers of one another.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   1,3 Diaxial interaction - The steric intereaction between two methyl
    or larger groups attached at the 1 and 3 cis positions of
    cyclohexanes. The cyclohexane is in a higher energy state in the
    ring flip conformation that results in both 1 and 3 positions being
    axial due to steric strain between the 2 groups. This strain does
    not exist when hydrogens are bonded at these positions.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Diels-Alder reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Dienophile -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Dipolar -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Dipole moment -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Disulfide -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Downfield - A term used to describe the left direction on NMR
    charts. A peak to the left of another peak is described as being
    downfield from the peak.

## E

-   E geometry -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   E1 reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   E2 reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Eclipsed conformation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Eclipsing strain -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Electron - An elementary subatomic particle that carries a negative
    electrical charge and occupies an electron shell outside the atomic
    nucleus.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Electron configuration - The arrangement of electrons in an atom or
    molecule

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Electron-dot structure -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Electron shell - The orbit followed by electrons around an atomic
    nucleus. The atom has a number of shells and they are normally
    labelled K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Electronegativity - The ability of an atom to attract electrons
    towards itself in a covalent bond.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Electrophile - Literally, electron lover. A positively or neutrally
    charged reagent that forms bonds by accepting electrons from a
    nucleophile. Elecrophiles are Lewis Acids.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Electrophilic addition reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Electrophilic aromatic substitution -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Elimination
    reaction -
    A reaction where atoms and/or functional groups are removed from a
    reactant.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Endergonic - In an endergonic process, work is done on the system,
    and ΔG^0^ \> 0, so the process is nonspontaneous. An exergonic
    process is the opposite: ΔG^0^ \< 0, so the process is spontaneous.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Endothermic - An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that
    absorbs heat, and is the opposite of an exothermic reaction.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Enol - An alkene with a hydroxyl group affixed to one of the carbon
    atoms composing the double bond.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Enolate ion -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Entgegen - German word meaning \"opposite\". Represented by E in the
    E/Z naming system of alkenes.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Enthalpy -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Entropy -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Equatorial bond -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Ester - An inorganic or organic acid in which at least one -OH
    (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Ether - An organic compound which contains an ether group --- an
    oxygen atom connected to two (substituted) alkyl or aryl groups ---
    of general formula R--O--R\'.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Exergonic -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Exothermic - An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that
    releases heat, and is the opposite of an endothermic reaction.

## F

-   Fingerprint region -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   First order reaction - A reaction whose rate is determined by the
    concentration of only one of its reactants leading to a reaction
    rate equation of $Rate = k[X]$

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Fischer projection -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Formal Charge -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Friedel-Crafts reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Functional group - This is a specific group of atoms within a
    molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical
    reactions of that molecule. The same functional group will undergo
    the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of
    the molecule it is a part of.

## G

-   Geminal -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Gibbs free energy -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Gilman reagent -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Glycol - A chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups (-OH
    groups). Also known as a Diol.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Glycolysis - The metabolic pathway that converts glucose,
    C~6~H~12~O~6~, into pyruvate, C~3~H~5~O~3~. This process usually
    occurs outside the mitochondria of a cell to help produce energy.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Grignard reagent -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Ground state - In electrons, the state where they have the least
    energy. Electrons that gain energy get \"excited\" and leave the
    ground state, now able to do more work. Moving electrons out of
    their ground state is a key part of photosynthesis, where plants
    create sugar from the sun, carbon dioxide, and water.

## H

-   Halohydrin formation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hammond postulate -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hemiacetal -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hemiaminal -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Heterocycle - A cyclic molecule with more than 2 types of atoms as
    part of the ring. (e.g. Furan, a 5-membered ring with four carbons
    and one oxygen, or a Pyran, a 6-membered ring with five carbons and
    one oxygen)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   HOMO - Acronym for Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Homolytic cleavage - Where bond breaks leaving each atom with one of
    the bonding electrons, producing two radicals.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hybrid orbital -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hydration - A chemical reaction in which a hydroxyl group (OH-) and
    a hydrogen cation (an acidic proton) are added to the two carbon
    atoms bonded together in the carbon-carbon double bond which makes
    up an alkene functional group.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hybride shift -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hydroboration - A reaction adding BH~3~ or B~2~H~6~ or an
    alkylborane to an alkene to produce intermediate products consisting
    of 3 alkyl groups attached to a boron atom. This molecule is then
    used in other reactions, for example, to create an alcohol by
    reacting it with H~2~O~2~ in a basic solution.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hydrocarbon - A molecule consisting of hydrogens and carbons.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hydrogen bond -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hydrogenation - Addition of a hydrogen atoms to an alkene or alkane
    to produce a saturated product.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hydrophilic - literally, \"water loving\". In chemistry, these are
    molecules that are soluble in water.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hydrophobic - literally, \"water fearing\". In chemistry, molecules
    that aren\'t soluble in water.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hydroxylation - A chemical process that introduces one or more
    hydroxyl groups (-OH) into a compound (or radical) thereby oxidizing
    it.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Hyperconjugation -

## I

-   Imide -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Imine -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Infrared spectroscopy -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Intermediate -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Isomer - Compounds with the same molecular formula but different
    structural formulae. There are two main forms of isomerism:
    structural isomerism and stereoisomerism.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Isotope - The different types of atoms of the same chemical element,
    each having a different atomic mass (mass number). Isotopes of an
    element have nuclei with the same number of protons (the same atomic
    number) but different numbers of neutrons.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   IUPAC - Acronym for International Union of Pure and Applied
    Chemistry.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   IUPAC Nomenclature - The international standard set of rules for
    naming molecules.
    ```{=html}
    <div class="noprint">
    ```
    (Available
    Here)

    ```{=html}
    </div>
    ```

## K

-   Kekulé structure -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Keto-enol tautomerism -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Ketone - The functional group characterized by a carbonyl group
    (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms, or a chemical compound that
    contains a carbonyl group

## L

-   Leaving group -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Levorotatory -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Lewis acid - A reagent that accepts a pair of electrons form a
    covalent bond. *(see also Lewis Acids and
    Bases)*

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Lewis base - A reagent that forms covalent bonds by donating a pair
    of electrons. *(see also Lewis Acids and
    Bases)*

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Lewis structure -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Lindlar catalyst -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Line-bond structure -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Lone pair electrons -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   LUMO - Acronym for Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital

## M

-   Markovnikov\'s
    rule -
    States that \"when an unsymmetrical alkene reacts with a hydrogen
    halide to give an alkyl halide, the hydrogen adds to the carbon of
    the alkene that has the greater number of hydrogen substituents, and
    the halogen to the carbon of the alkene with the fewer number of
    hydrogen substituents.\"

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Mass number - The total number of protons and neutrons (together
    known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Mass spectrometry -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Mechanism -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Meso compound -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Meta -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Methylene group -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Molality - A measure of the concentration of a solute in a solvent
    given by moles of solute per kg of solvent.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Molarity - A measure of the concentration, given by moles of solute
    per liter of *solution* (solute and solvent mixed).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Mole - A measure of a substance that is approximately Avogadro\'s
    Number (6.022×10^23^) of molecules of the substance. More simply,
    calculate the molecule\'s atomic mass and that many grams of the
    substance is a mole.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Molecule -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Monomer - A small molecule that may become chemically bonded to
    other monomers to form a polymer.

## N

-   Nitrile - Any organic compound which has a -C≡N functional group.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   NMR - See Nuclear magnetic resonance.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Non-bonding electrons -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Normality -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Nuclear magnetic resonance -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Nucleophile - Literally, nucleus lover. A negatively or neutrally
    charged reagent that forms a bond with an electrophile by donating
    both bonding electrons. Nucleophiles are Lewis Bases.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Nucleophilic addition reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Nucleophilic substitution
    reaction -
    A reaction in which a halide is removed from a molecule and replaced
    with a nucleophile.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Nucleophilicity -

## O

-   Optical isomer -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Optical activity -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Orbital -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Ortho -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Oxidation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Oxime -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Oxymercuration reduction reaction -

## P

-   Para -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Pauli exclusion principle -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Pericyclic reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Periplanar -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Peroxide -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Peroxyacid -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Phenol - A toxic, colourless crystalline solid with the chemical
    formula C~6~H~5~OH and whose structure is that of a hydroxyl group
    (-OH) bonded to a phenyl ring. It is also known as carbolic acid,

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Phenyl - A functional group with the formula -C~6~H~5~

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Pi bond -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Polar aprotic solvent -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Polar covalent bond -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Polar protic solvent -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Polar reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Polarity -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Polarizability -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Polymer - A large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating
    structural units (monomers) typically connected by covalent chemical
    bonds.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Primary -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Prochiral -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Prochirality center -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Protic solvent -

## Q

## R

-   R group -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   R,S convention -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Racemic mixture -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Radical -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Radical reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Rate constant -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Rate equation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Rate-limiting step -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   re face -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Reducation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Regiochemistry -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Regioselectivity -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Resonance form -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Resonance hybrid -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Ring-flip -

## S

-   Saponification - The hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions
    to form an alcohol and the salt of a carboxylic acid.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Saturated - Saturation in a general means possessing a maximal
    quantity. A compound is commonly called saturated when it has no
    double or triple bonds. Saturated can refer to a maximal amount of a
    solute which can dissolve in a solution. Whether the context is
    chemical bonding or solutions will determine which meaning is
    appropriate.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Saytzeff\'s Rule - See Zaitsev\'s
    rule

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Second order reaction - A reaction whose rate is dependent on the
    concentration of two reactants, leading to a reaction rate of
    $Rate = k[X][Y]$

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Secondary -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   si face -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Side chain -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Sigma bond -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Simmons-Smith reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   S~N~1 reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   S~N~2 reaction -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Solvation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Solvent -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   sp orbital -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   sp^2^ orbital -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   sp^3^ orbital -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Spin-spin splitting -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Staggered conformation -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Stereochemistry -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Stereoisomer -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Steric hinderance -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Steric strain -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Substitution reaction - Reactions where one functional groups is
    replaced with another functional group.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Symmetry plane -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Syn addition -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Syn periplanar -

## T

-   Tautomers -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Tertiary - adjective describing a third occurrence or position

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Thioester -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Thiol - A compound that contains the functional group composed of a
    sulfur atom and a hydrogen atom (-SH).

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Thiolate ion -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Torisional strain -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Tosylate -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Transition state -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Twist-boat conformation -

## U

-   Ultraviolet spectroscopy -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Unsaturated - Unsaturated commonly describes a situation in which a
    compound contains double or triple bonds.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Upfield - A term used to describe the right direction on NMR charts.
    A peak to the right of another peak is described as being upfield
    from the peak.

## V

-   Valence bond theory -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Valence electrons -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Valence shell -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Van der Waals forces -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Vicinal -

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Vinyl - An organic compound that contains a vinyl group (also called
    ethenyl), −CH=CH2.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Vinylic -

## W, X, Y, Z

-   Zaitsev\'s
    rule -
    In elimination
    reactions,
    the major reaction product is the alkene with the more highly
    substituted double bond. This most-substituted alkene is also the
    most stable.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Zussamen - German word meaning \"together\". Represented by Z in the
    E/Z naming system of alkenes. Simple mnemonic, Z=Zame Zide (Same
    Side).

