# Latin/Accents and Scansion

All latin syllables are either long or short and stressed or unstressed.
The metre of Latin poetry, unlike English poetry, is dependent on the
length of the syllables rather than their accent.

### Length

The two different lengths for syllables are long (indicated by a macron
ˉ ) and short (indicated by a breve ˇ ). All syllables are either one or
the other. A syllable's length is determined by both its nature and its
position. If a syllable is long by nature that means that the vowel
sound is long and pronounced differently to its short counterpart
(e.g.).

  ----------------------------
  ā is pronounced as in cart
  ă is pronounced as in cut
  ----------------------------

On the other hand, if a syllable is long by position, the consonants
around the vowel sound determine the syllables length, rather than the
syllable itself. If a vowel is followed by two consonants, then the
syllable will be long irrespective of the nature of the vowel.

The following line is from Poem 1 by Catullus in hendecasyllables.

  ---------------------------------
  cuī dōnō lĕpĭdūm nŏvūm lĭbēllŭm
  ---------------------------------

The long syllable at the end of novum is caused by the two consonants (m
and l) following it whereas the long syllable at the end of dono has to
be long by nature as there is only one consonant following it.

### Stress

As well as long and short syllables Latin also has a stress accent, like
English. This is where the natural emphasis goes when speaking. The
stress accent is determined by the length of the syllables but not the
same as it. Unlike English there are fairly consistent rules to work out
where the stress accent is placed in Latin words.

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1\) For words of two syllables, the accent usually goes on the second last syllable.
  2\) For words of more than two syllables where the second last syllable is long, the accent goes on the second last syllable.
  3\) For words of more than two syllables where the second last syllable is short, the accent goes on the third last syllable.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

These rules are demonstrated in the following words taken from the
extract above:\

  ------------------
  1\) **nŏ**vūm
  2\) lĭ**bē**llŭm
  3\) **lĕ**pĭdūm
  ------------------

### Poetic Meter

As mentioned, Latin poetry depends on the length of syllables rather
than their stress accent. A line of Latin verse is divided into feet
depending on the pattern of long and short syllables. The pattern of
feet then determines the meter. In some poetic meters, such as dactylic
hexameter, there is also a main caesura in every line written as (˄).
This is caused when there is a break in words in the middle of a foot.

