Kule ndima elandelayo, iziphi izintela/izenzo ezaholela eNguqukweni YaseMelika?
Context:1764<unk>1766: Izintela ezibekwe futhi zahoxiswa Izihloko eziyinhloko: Sugar Act, Currency Act, Quartering Acts, Stamp Act 1765, futhi Declaratory Act Ulwazi olwengeziwe: Akukho intela ngaphandle kokumelwa kanye nokumelwa okubonakalayo  Isaziso se-Stamp Act 1765 ephephandabeni lamakoloni Ngo-1764, iPhalamende lamukela uMthetho Woshukela, owanciphisa izintela ezazikhona kakade koshukela nemelasi kodwa wanikeza izindlela eziqinile zokuphoqelela nokuqoqa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uNdunankulu uGeorge Grenville wasikisela ukuba amakoloni akhokhe izintela eziqondile ukuze kwandiswe imali engenayo, kodwa walibazisa ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze abone ukuthi amakoloni ayeyosikisela yini indlela ethile yokuziqoqela yona ngokwawo imali engenayo.  Ngo-1762, uGrenville wayethi yonke imali engenayo yezindlu zamakhasimende eMelika yayifinyelela kumakhilogremu ayizinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane noma ezimbili ngonyaka, nokuthi umnyango wezimali waseNgilandi wawukhokha amakhilogremu ayizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili ngonyaka ukuze uyiqoqe. U - Adam Smith wabhala encwadini ethi The Wealth of Nations ukuthi iPhalamende " alikaze lifune [emakoloni aseMelika] noma yini ngisho esondele kulokho okwakukhokhwa izakhamuzi zakubo ekhaya". Kamuva uBenjamin Franklin wayezofakaza ePhalamende ngo - 1766 ngokuphambene nalokho, ebika ukuthi abaseMelika base benikele kakhulu ekuvikeleni uMbuso. Wathi ohulumeni bamakoloni bendawo babephakamise, behlomise, futhi bakhokhela amasosha angu-25 000 ukuba alwe neFrance eMpini YaseFrance neyamaNdiya kuphela - amaningi njengoba iBrithani ngokwayo yathumela - futhi bachitha izigidi eziningi ezivela emalini yaseMelika benza kanjalo.  Ekugcineni, ngo-March 1765, iPhalamende lamukela uMthetho Wezimpawu, owawufaka izintela eziqondile emakoloni ngokokuqala ngqá. Yonke imibhalo esemthethweni, amaphephandaba, ama-almanac, nezincwajana kwakudingeka ukuba zibe nezimpawu - ngisho namakhadi okudlala. Abakholoni abazange baphikise ngokuthi izintela zaziphakeme; empeleni zaziphansi.[b] Baphikisana nokuntuleka kwabo kokumelwa ePhalamende, okwakungabaniki izwi mayelana nomthetho owawubathinta. Nokho, abaseBrithani babesabela enkingeni ehluke ngokuphelele: ekupheleni kwempi yamuva nje, uMbuso kwakudingeka ubhekane nezikhulu zaseBrithani ezingaba ngu-1 500 ezazinokuxhumana okuhle kwezombusazwe. Isinqumo senziwa sokubagcina besemsebenzini bekhokhelwa ngokugcwele, kodwa nabo - kanye nabaqondisi babo - kwakudingeka babekwe kwenye indawo. Ukumisa ibutho elihlala njalo eGreat Britain ngesikhathi sokuthula kwakungamukeleki ngokwezombangazwe, ngakho banquma ukulibeka eMelika futhi amaMelika awabhadalele ngentela entsha. Kodwa-ke, la masosha ayengenayo imisebenzi yezempi; ayengekho lapho ukuze avikele amakoloni ngoba kwakungekho usongo lwamanje lwamakoloni.  I - Sons of Liberty yasungulwa ngokushesha ngemva kwe - Act ngo - 1765, futhi yasebenzisa imibhikisho yomphakathi, ukuvimbela, nokusongela ngobudlova ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi imithetho yentela yaseBrithani yayingenakusetshenziswa. EBoston, amaSons of Liberty ashisa amarekhodi enkantolo ye-vice admiralty futhi aphanga umuzi wejaji elikhulu uThomas Hutchinson. Izishayamthetho eziningana zacela ukuba kwenziwe isenzo esihlangene, futhi amakoloni ayisishiyagalolunye athumela izithunywa eMhlanganweni WaseNew York City ngo-October. Abamnene abaholwa uJohn Dickinson benza i-Declaration of Rights and Grievances eyayithi izintela ezakhishwa ngaphandle kokumelwa zaziphula amalungelo abo njengamaNgisi, futhi amakoloni agcizelela ukuzimisela kwawo ngokumelana nokungeniswa kwezimpahla zaseBrithani.  IPhalamende laseWestminster lalizibheka njengegunya eliphezulu lokushaya imithetho kulo lonke uMbuso futhi ngaleyo ndlela linelungelo lokukhokhisa noma iyiphi intela ngaphandle kwemvume yamakoloni noma ngisho nokubonisana nawo. Baveza ukuthi ngokomthetho amakoloni ayeyizinkampani zaseBrithani ezingaphansi kwePhalamende laseBrithani, futhi bakhomba ezimweni eziningi lapho iPhalamende lalenze khona imithetho esikhathini esidlule eyayibopha amakoloni. IPhalamende laphikelela ngokuthi amakholoni ayejabulela "ukumelwa okungokoqobo", njengoba kwenza iningi labantu baseBrithani, njengoba kwakungabantu abambalwa kuphela kubantu baseBrithani abakhetha abameleli ePhalamende. Kodwa-ke, abantu baseMelika abanjengoJames Otis bagcina ukuthi kwakungekho muntu ePhalamende owayebhekele ngokuqondile noma yiliphi iqembu labakoloni, ngakho-ke "babengamelwe" yinoma ngubani ePhalamende.  Uhulumeni waseRockingham wathatha izintambo ngo-July 1765, futhi iPhalamende laphikisana ngokuthi liwuhoxise yini umthelo wokuthumela izitembu noma lithumele ibutho ukuba liwuqinise. UBenjamin Franklin wenza isimangalo sokusiphula, echaza ukuthi amakoloni ayesebenzise kakhulu amandla abantu, imali, negazi ekuvikeleni umbuso ochungechungeni lwezimpi ayezilwa nabaseFrance nabantu bomdabu, nokuthi ukukhokhwa okwengeziwe kwalezo zimpi kwakungenabulungisa futhi kwakungase kuholele ekuvukeleni. IPhalamende lavuma futhi lahoxisa intela ngo-February 21, 1766, kodwa laphikelela eMthethweni Wokuzichaza ka-March 1766 ukuthi laligcina igunya eligcwele lokwenza imithetho yamakoloni "kuzo zonke izimo". Noma kunjalo, ukuhoxiswa kwalo mthetho kwabangela imikhosi ebanzi emakoloni.  1767<unk>1773: I-Townshend Acts kanye noMthetho Wetiye Izihloko eziyinhloko: I-Townshend Acts kanye ne-Tea Act Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe: Crisis of 1772, Massachusetts Circular Letter, Boston Massacre, and Boston Tea Party  Incwadi III yezincwadi zikaJohn Dickinson ezithi Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, eyanyatheliswa kuyi-Pennsylvania Chronicle, ngo-December 1767 Ngo-1767, iPhalamende laphasisa i-Townshend Acts eyayibeka intela emikhiqizweni eminingi, kuhlanganise nephepha, ingilazi netiye, futhi yamisa iBhodi Yamasiko eBoston ukuze iqondise imithetho yokuhweba ngokuqinile. Le mithelo emisha yakhishwa ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi abantu baseMelika babephikisana kuphela nentela yangaphakathi hhayi nentela yangaphandle njengentela yamasiko. Nokho, encwajaneni yakhe efundwa kabanzi, ethi Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, uJohn Dickinson waphikisana nokungqubuzana nomthetho-sisekelo kwalezi zenzo ngoba injongo yazo kwakuwukukhulisa imali hhayi ukulawula ukuhweba. Abathumbi basabela kulezo zintela ngokuhlela imikhankaso emisha yokungamukeli izimpahla zaseBrithani. Nokho, le mikhankaso yokumelana nayo yayingasebenzi kangako, njengoba izimpahla ezikhokhiswa intela yi-Townshend Acts zazisetshenziswa kabanzi.  Ngo-February 1768, uMkhandlu waseMassachusetts Bay wakhipha incwadi eyisiyingi eya kwamanye amakoloni ewacela ukuba ahlele ukumelana. Umbusi wahlakaza umhlangano lapho wenqaba ukuhoxisa lencwadi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwaqubuka isiyaluyalu eBoston ngo-June 1768 ngenxa yokuvinjwa kwesikebhe i-sloop i-Liberty, esasingesikaJohn Hancock, ngenxa yokushushumbisa. Izikhulu zamasiko zaphoqeleka ukuba zibaleke, okwabangela ukuba abaseBrithani bathumele amabutho eBoston. Umhlangano wasedolobheni laseBoston wamemezela ukuthi imithetho yephalamende yayingafanele ilalelwe futhi wabiza ukuba kubizwe umhlangano. Kwabuthana umhlangano kodwa wamane wakhipha isitatimende esincane sokuphikisa ngaphambi kokuba uqedwe. NgoJanuwari 1769, iPhalamende laphendula kulokhu kungabi nandaba ngokuvuselela uMthetho Wokungathembeki Ka-1543 owawufuna ukuba izikhonzi ezingaphandle kombuso zibhekane nezilingo zokungathembeki eNgilandi. Umbusi waseMassachusetts watshelwa ukuba aqoqe ubufakazi balokho kukhaphela, futhi leso sisongo sabangela intukuthelo enkulu, nakuba singenzwanga.  Ngo-March 5, 1770, isixuku esikhulu sahlangana sizungeze iqembu lamasosha aseBrithani emgwaqweni waseBoston. Isixuku sasongela, sibajikijela ngamabhola eqhwa, ngamatshe, nangezibi. Elinye isosha lashaywa futhi lawa. Kwakungekho myalelo wokudubula, kodwa amasosha ashaqeka futhi adubula esixukwini. Bashaya abantu abangu-11; izakhamuzi ezintathu zafa ngenxa yezilonda endaweni yesigameko sokudubula, futhi ezimbili zafa ngokushesha ngemva kwesigameko. Ngokushesha lesi senzakalo sabizwa ngokuthi iBoston Massacre. La masosha alingwa futhi akhululwa (avikelwa uJohn Adams), kodwa ngokushesha izincazelo ezazisakazekile zaqala ukuguqula imizwa yamakoloni ngokumelene namaNgisi. Lokhu kwasheshisa ukuwohloka kobudlelwane phakathi kweBrithani neSifundazwe saseMassachusetts.  Uhulumeni omusha ngaphansi kukaLord North wathatha izintambo ngo-1770, futhi iPhalamende lahoxisa zonke izintela ngaphandle kwentela yetiye, layeka imizamo yalo yokuqongelela imali ngenkathi ligcina ilungelo lokukhokha intela. Lokhu kwaxazulula okwesikhashana le nkinga, futhi ukuvinjelwa kwezimpahla zaseBrithani kwaphela kakhulu, kanti kuphela ama-patriots aqine kakhulu njengoSamuel Adams aqhubeka nokugqugquzela.   Ngo - June 9, 1772, ama - Sons of Liberty ashisa i - HMS Gaspee, isikebhe saseBrithani esasisebenza ezindlekweni eNarragansett Bay. Ngo-June 1772, abashisekeli bezwe baseMelika, kuhlanganise noJohn Brown, bashisa umkhumbi wempi waseBrithani owawuphoqelela ngenkuthalo imithetho yezohwebo eyayingathandwa, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iGaspee Affair. Lendaba yaphenywa ngokukhohlisa okungenzeka, kodwa akukho lutho olwenziwa.  Ngo-1772, kwaziwa ukuthi iCrown yayihlose ukukhokha amaholo amisiwe kubabusi nakumahluleli eMassachusetts, okwakukhokhwa yiziphathimandla zendawo. Lokhu kwakuyonciphisa ithonya labameleli bamakoloni kuhulumeni wabo. USamuel Adams eBoston waqala ukwakha amaKomiti Amasha Okuxhumana, axhumanisa amaPatriot kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingu-13 futhi ekugcineni ahlinzeka ngohlaka lukahulumeni wabavukeli. IVirginia, ikoloni elikhulu kunawo wonke, yamisa iKomiti Yayo Yokuxhumana ekuqaleni kuka-1773, lapho uPatrick Henry noThomas Jefferson babekhonza khona.  Ingqikithi yama-Patriots angaba ngu-7,000 kuya ku-8,000 ayesebenza kumaKomidi Okuxhumana emazingeni amakoloni nawendawo, ahlanganisa iningi labaholi emiphakathini yabo. AmaLoyalist ayengekho. La makomiti aba abaholi bokumelana kwaseMelika nezenzo zaseBrithani, futhi kamuva anquma kakhulu umzamo wempi ezingeni likahulumeni nelasekhaya. Lapho i-First Continental Congress inquma ukuvimbela imikhiqizo yaseBrithani, amaKomiti aseKoloni nawasendaweni athatha izintambo, ahlola amarekhodi abathengisi futhi ashicilela amagama abathengisi abazama ukuvimbela umkhankaso ngokungenisa izimpahla zaseBrithani.  Ngo-1773, kwanyatheliswa izincwadi zangasese lapho uMbusi waseMassachusetts uThomas Hutchinson athi amakoloni awakwazi ukujabulela yonke inkululeko yamaNgisi, futhi lapho uLieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver abiza khona ukukhokhelwa ngqo kwezikhulu zamakoloni. Okuqukethwe yilezi zincwadi kwasetshenziswa njengobufakazi bokuhlelwa okuhlelekile kwamalungelo aseMelika, futhi kwacekela phansi uHutchinson emehlweni abantu; i-colonial Assembly yacela ukukhunjulwa kwakhe. UBenjamin Franklin, umphathi-jikelele wamakholoni, wavuma ukuthi nguye owakhipha lezi zincwadi, okwamholela ekubeni asolwe izikhulu zaseBrithani futhi asuswe esikhundleni sakhe.   I - Boston Tea Party yango - December 16, 1773, eyayiholwa uSamuel Adams nama - Sons of Liberty, iye yaba insika eyinhloko yezinkolelo zokuthanda izwe zaseMelika. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iPhalamende lamukela uMthetho Wetiye owawunciphisa intengo yetiye elikhokhiswa intela elalithunyelwa emakoloni, ukuze lisize iBritish East India Company ukuba ithengise itiye laseNetherlands elingakhokhiswa intela. Kwaqokwa abantu abakhethekile ababezothengisa itiye ukuze bagweme abathengisi bamakoloni. Lesi senzo saphikiswa yilabo ababephikisana nezintela kanye nabashushumbisi ababesengozini yokulahlekelwa yibhizinisi. Ezimweni eziningi, abathumeli baphoqelelwa amaMelika ukuthi bashiye phansi futhi itiye labuyiselwa emuva, kepha umbusi waseMassachusetts uHutchinson wenqaba ukuvumela abathengisi baseBoston ukuthi banikezele ekucindezelweni. Umhlangano wasedolobheni eBoston wanquma ukuthi itiye lalingeke lifike, futhi awuzange uwunake umyalo wombusi wokuba lihlakazeke. Ngo-December 16, 1773, iqembu lamadoda, elaliholwa uSamuel Adams futhi ligqoke ngendlela evusa ukubukeka kwabantu bomdabu, langena emikhunjini ye-East India Company futhi lalahla itiye elibiza ama-£10,000 (cishe ama-£636,000 ngo-2008) lisuka ezindlini zabo zokulondoloza impahla eBoston Harbor. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, lesi senzakalo saziwa ngokuthi iBoston Tea Party futhi sihlala siyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lokuthanda izwe laseMelika.  1774<unk>1775: Izenzo Ezingamukeleki Isihloko esiyinhloko: Izenzo Ezingamukeleki Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe: Umthetho waseQuebec ne-Continental Association  Umdwebo wango-1774 ovela kuyi-London Magazine ubonisa uNdunankulu uLord North, umlobi we-Boston Port Act, ephoqelela ama-Intolerable Acts phansi kwe-America, izingalo zayo ziboshwe yiNkosi uMahluleli Omkhulu uMansfield, futhi "i-Boston Petition" eyonakele ilele phansi eceleni kwakhe. INkosi uSandwich ibamba izinyawo zakhe futhi ibuka izingubo zakhe; ngemva kwazo, uMama Britannia uyakhala kuyilapho iFrance neSpain zibuka. Uhulumeni waseBrithani waphendula ngokudlulisa izinyathelo eziningana ezaziwa ngokuthi yi - Intolerable Acts, okwaqhubeka nokwenza umbono wamakoloni ngeNgilandi ube mnyama. Yayihlanganisa imithetho emine eyashaywa yiphalamende laseBrithani. Eyokuqala kwakuyi-Massachusetts Government Act eyashintsha umthetho-sisekelo waseMassachusetts futhi yavimbela imihlangano yasedolobheni. Umthetho wesibili kwakuwumthetho wokuPhathwa koBulungisa owawuyalela ukuba wonke amasosha aseBrithani ayokwahlulelwa ayokwahlulelwa eBrithani, hhayi emakoloni. Umthetho wesithathu kwakuwumthetho waseBoston Port, owavala itheku laseBoston kuze kube yilapho abaseBrithani sebekhokhelwe ngetiye elalahleka ngesikhathi seBoston Tea Party. Umthetho wesine kwakuwumthetho we-Quartering Act ka-1774, owawuvumela ababusi basebukhosini ukuba bahlalise amabutho aseBrithani emizini yezakhamuzi ngaphandle kokudinga imvume yomnikazi.  Ephendula, abashisekeli bezwe baseMassachusetts bakhipha i-Suffolk Resolves futhi bakha uhulumeni wesithunzi owaziwa ngokuthi i-Provincial Congress owaqala ukuqeqesha amabutho ngaphandle kweBoston eyayihlala amaNgisi. Ngo-September 1774, i-First Continental Congress yahlangana, eyayihlanganisa abameleli bakakoloni ngamunye, ukuze ibe yindawo yokuxoxisana neyokwenza izinto ndawonye. Phakathi nezingxoxo eziyimfihlo, uJoseph Galloway owayengumgcini wezimiso waphakamisa ukuthi kwakhiwe iPhalamende lamakoloni elalizokwazi ukuvuma noma ukungavumelani nezenzo zePhalamende laseBrithani, kodwa umqondo wakhe wethulwa ngevoti elingu-6 kuya ku-5 futhi kamuva wasuswa kwirekhodi. ICongress yabiza i-boycott eqala ngoDisemba 1, 1774, yazo zonke izimpahla zaseBrithani; yaphoqelelwa ngamakomidi amasha endawo agunyazwe yiCongress.
Imithetho elandelayo eyadluliselwa iPhalamende laseBrithani yaholela eNguqukweni YaseMelika: 1) Umthetho Woshukela ka - 1764 wanikeza izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphoqelela nokuqoqa izintela zikashukela. 2) UMthetho Wezitembu wango - 1765 wabeka intela eqondile emibhalweni esemthethweni, emaphephandabeni, ezincwadini zonyaka, ezincwajaneni nasemakhadi okudlala. 3) UMthetho Wokufakaza ngo - 1766 wamemezela ukuthi iPhalamende laseBrithani laligcina amandla agcwele okukhokha intela emakoloni aseMelika. 4) I - Townshend Acts ngo - 1767 yanezela izintela ezintweni ezinjengamaphepha, ingilazi, netiye. 5) UMthetho Wetiye ngo - 1773 wehlisa izintela zetiye ukuze kuzuze iBritish East India Company. 6) Okubizwa ngokuthi yi - Intolerable Acts ngo - 1774 kwakunemithetho emine eyandisa ubukhosi baseBrithani phezu kwamaKoloni aseMelika. Le mithetho ihlanganisa amalungelo eBrithani okunqanda imihlangano yasemadolobheni, ukuqulisa amabutho aseBrithani amacala obugebengu owenziwe emakoloni aseMelika, ukuvala itheku laseBoston, nokufuna ukuba amasosha aseBrithani ahlale emizini yezakhamuzi.