Tlhahlobo ea genome ke eng?
Ho latellana ha liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lintho tse phelang ho akarelletsa ho latellana ha DNA ea chromosome ka 'ngoe ea lintho tse phelang. Ho baktheria e nang le chromosome e le 'ngoe, morero oa genome o tla leka ho etsa'mapa oa tatellano ea chromosome eo. Mofuteng oa batho, oo genome ea oona e akarelletsang li-autosome tse 22 le li-chromosome tse peli tsa botona le botšehali, ho tla hlokahala hore ho be le li-chromosome tse 46 tse arohaneng hore ho be le lenane le feletseng la genome.  Human Genome Project ke mohlala o tsebahalang oa morero oa genome.  Ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho bolela ho nka palo e khōlō ea likarolo tse khutšoanyane tsa DNA le ho li hlophisa hape ho etsa setšoantšo sa li-chromosome tsa pele tseo DNA e tsoang ho tsona. Morerong oa ho hlophisa likokoana-hloko, DNA eohle e tsoang mohloling (hangata e tsoa ho sebōpuoa se le seng, ntho leha e le efe ho tloha ho baktheria ho ea ho phoofolo e anyesang) e qala ka ho aroloa likotoana tse nyenyane tse limilione. Ka mor'a moo, likotoana tsena li "balloa" ke mechine e ikemetseng e khethollang hore na lintho li latellana joang. Algorithm ea genome assembly e sebetsa ka ho nka likotoana tsohle le ho li hokahanya, le ho lemoha libaka tsohle tseo ho tsona tse peli tsa li-sequence tse khutšoane, kapa tse baloang, li kopanang. Litemana tsena tse kopaneng li ka kopanngoa,' me mokhoa ona oa tsoela pele.  Ho hlophisoa ha liphatsa tsa lefutso ke bothata bo rarahaneng haholo ba lik'homphieutha, bo thatafalloang le ho feta ke hore liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ngata li na le palo e khōlō ea tatellano e tšoanang, e tsejoang e le ho pheta-pheta. Ho pheta-pheta hona ho ka ba bolelele ba li-nucleotide tse likete,' me ho etsahala libakeng tse sa tšoaneng, haholo-holo liphatseng tsa lefutso tse khōlō tsa limela le liphoofolo.  Lenane la liphatsa tsa lefutso le hlahisoang ke sena le hlahisoa ka ho kopanya boitsebiso bo hlophisitsoeng ka tatellano ebe ho sebelisoa boitsebiso bo hokahanyang ho etsa li-scaffold. Li-scaffold li behiloe'mapeng oa'mele oa li-chromosome ho etsa "tsela ea khauta".  Qalong, litsi tse ngata tse khōlō tsa ho hlophisa DNA li ne li iketsetsa mananeo a tsona a ho hlophisa li - sequence tseo li li hlahisitseng. Leha ho le joalo, sena se fetohile ha mananeo a ntse a rarahana le ho feta le ha palo ea litsi tsa ho hlophisa e ntse e eketseha. Mohlala oa motsoako o joalo oa Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package e ntlafalitsoeng ke BGI bakeng sa kopano ea de novo ea li-genome tsa boholo ba motho, ho hokahanya, ho lemoha SNP, ho hlophisa bocha, ho fumana indel, le tlhahlobo ea phapang ea sebopeho.  Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1980, baeloji ea limolek'hule le bioinformatics li ile tsa etsa hore ho be le tlhokahalo ea ho ngola litlhaloso tsa DNA. Tlhaloso ea DNA kapa tlhaloso ea genome ke mokhoa oa ho khetholla ho hokela boitsebiso ba likokoana-hloko ho latellana,'me haholo-holo ho khetholla libaka tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho fumana hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso tseo li etsa'ng.  Ha ho latellana ha genome, hangata ho na le libaka tseo ho leng thata ho li latellana (hangata e le libaka tse nang le DNA e pheta-phetoang haholo). Kahoo, ha ho mohla ho latellanang ha liphatsa tsa lefutso ho "qetelloang" ho kileng ha phethoa,' me mantsoe a kang "ho sebetsa" kapa "haholo-holo ho phethiloe" a' nile a sebelisoa ho hlalosa boemo ba merero e joalo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka nepo. Esita le ha ho se ho fumanoe motsoako o mong le o mong oa liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho ntse ho ka etsahala hore ho be le liphoso hobane ho latellana ha DNA hase mokhoa o nepahetseng ka ho feletseng. Ho ka boela ha phehisana khang ea hore morero o feletseng oa genome o lokela ho akarelletsa ho latellana ha mitochondria le (bakeng sa limela) li-chloroplast kaha li-organelles tsena li na le li-genome tsa tsona.  Hangata ho tlalehiloe hore sepheo sa ho hlophisa genome ke ho fumana boitsebiso bo mabapi le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse feletseng tse hlahang lenaneong leo la genome. Karolo ea genome e ngollang liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka 'na ea e-ba e nyenyane haholo (haholo-holo ho li-eukaryotes tse kang batho, moo DNA e ngotseng khoutu e ka 'nang ea e-ba karolo ea liphesente tse seng kae feela tsa tatellano eohle). Leha ho le joalo, hase kamehla ho ka khonehang (kapa ho lakatsehang) ho hlophisa feela libaka tse ngotsoeng ka thoko. Hape, ha bo-rasaense ba ntse ba utloisisa haholoanyane ka karolo ea DNA ena e sa ngolang (eo hangata ho thoeng ke DNA e sa hlokeng tšebeliso), ho tla ba bohlokoa haholoanyane ho ba le tatellano e feletseng ea genome e le motheo oa ho utloisisa liphatsa tsa lefutso le baeloji ea ntho leha e le efe e phelang.  Ka litsela tse ngata merero ea genome ha e felle feela ho khethollang tatellano ea DNA ea sebōpuoa se phelang. Merero e joalo e ka 'na ea akarelletsa ho bolela esale pele liphatsa tsa lefutso ho fumana hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso li hokae ka har'a genome, le hore na liphatsa tseo tsa lefutso li etsa'ng. Hape ho ka 'na ha e-ba le merero e amanang le ho latellana ha li-EST kapa li-mRNA ho thusa ho fumana hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso li hlile li hokae.