Ndechipi musiyano uripo pakati porutivi rworudyi norworuboshwe rweuropi?
Context:Kuchinjika kwebasa rehuropi muitiro wokuti mamwe mabasa etsinga kana kuti miitiro yokuziva ive yakananga kune rumwe rutivi rweuropi kana rumwe. Tsanga iri pakati nepakati inoparadzanisa uropi hwemunhu kuita hemispheres mbiri dzakakosha, dzakabatanidzwa necorpus callosum. Kunyange zvazvo maumbirwo akaitwa hemispheres mbiri idzi achiratidzika seakafanana, kusiyana kwakaita maumbirwo enetwork dzetsinga kunoita kuti pave nemabasa akasiyana-siyana anoitwa nehemisphere imwe neimwe.
Kuchinjika kwebasa rehuropi muitiro wokuti mamwe mabasa etsinga kana kuti miitiro yokuziva ive yakananga kune rumwe rutivi rweuropi kana rumwe. Tsanga iri pakati nepakati inoparadzanisa uropi hwemunhu kuita hemispheres mbiri dzakakosha, dzakabatanidzwa necorpus callosum. Kunyange zvazvo maumbirwo akaitwa hemispheres mbiri idzi achiratidzika seakafanana, kusiyana kwakaita maumbirwo enetwork dzetsinga kunoita kuti pave nemabasa akasiyana-siyana anoitwa nehemisphere imwe neimwe.  Kurongwa kwezvivako zveuropi kunobva pane zvinowanzoitika zvinoratidzwa muvarwere vane utano hwakanaka; zvisinei, kune mienzaniso yakawanda inopesana nechinangwa chimwe nechimwe. Uropi hwomunhu mumwe nomumwe hunokura nenzira yakasiana-siana, huchitungamirira kukudziridzwa kwemativi kwakasiana mumunhu mumwe nomumwe. Ikoku kwakasiana nokuronga, sezvo lateralization inonongedzera bedzi kubasa rechimiro chimwe chakakamurwa pakati pemahemispheres maviri. Kunyanya kuri nyore zvikuru kucherechedza sechimiro, sezvo ine nhau yakasimba yeanthropological.  Muenzaniso wakanakisisa wokugadziriswa kwepashure kwakatangwa ndewedzimwe nzvimbo dzeBroca neWernicke, apo zvose zviri zviviri zvinowanzowanikwa chete muhafu yepasi yekuruboshwe. Kushanda kwemativi, zvakadai semantics, intonation, accentuation, uye prosody, kubvira ipapo kwave kuchibvunzwa uye kwakanyanya kuwanikwa kuti kune neuronal base mune zvose hemispheres. Mumwe muenzaniso ndewokuti hemisphere imwe neimwe iri muuropi inowanzoratidza rutivi rumwe rwomuviri. Mucerebellum, rutivi irworwo rwomuviri, asi muforebrain rutivi urwu runonyanya kuva rutivi rwomusoro.  Mabasa emutauro akadai segirama, mashoko uye zvinoreva shoko nemashoko anowanzoiswa kurutivi rworuboshwe rwehemisphere, zvikurukuru muvanhu vanoshandisa ruoko rworudyi. Nepo kubudiswa kwomutauro kuri kuruboshwe-kuruboshwe muvanosvika 90% vevanoshandisa maoko okurudyi, kuri kworutivi rwaviri, kana kuti kunyange kurudyi-kuruboshwe, munenge muna 50% yevanoshandisa maoko okuruboshwe.  Nzvimbo yaBroca nenzvimbo yaWernicke, dzine chokuita nokugadzirwa kwokutaura uye kunzwisisa kwokutaura, zvakatevedzana, dziri muchikamu chetsinga dzeropa rokuruboshwe nokuda kweanenge 95% evakarurama asi anenge 70% evashandi vokuruboshwe. 69 Vanhu vanotaura mitauro yakawanda vanoratidza nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzokutaura mumutauro mumwe nomumwe.  Kugadziriswa kwemashoko anokosha okunzwa kunoitwa necheparutivi kupfurikidza nokuparadzaniswa kuva mativi ari kuruboshwe uye kurudyi omuviri kana kuti nzvimbo yakapoteredza muviri.  Pakuona, inenge hafu yetsinga dzetsinga yokuona dzomuziso rimwe nerimwe inoyambuka kuti iratidzike kune rimwe hemisphere, uye inenge hafu haina kuyambuka kuti iratidzike kune rimwe hemisphere riri kurutivi rumwe chete. Izvi zvinoreva kuti rutivi rworuboshwe rwomunda wokuona runogadziriswa zvikurukuru nechikamu chemaziso chehemisphere yokurudyi uye zvinopesana nokuda kworutivi rworudyi rwomunda wokuona.  Mukunzwa, inenge 90% yetsinga dzetsinga dzokunzwa dzinobva munzeve imwe dzichipfuura kuti dzibudire muchikamu chendangariro chomunzeve cheimwe hemisphere.  Mukunzwa kwokubata, mizhinjisa yetsinga dzomuviri dzinobva paganda dzinoyambuka kuti dziratidzike ku somatosensory cortex yeimwe hemisphere.  Nemhaka yokuparadzaniswa kunoitwa rutivi rworuboshwe norudyi rwomuviri nenzvimbo yakaupoteredza, kugadziriswa kwemashoko muchikamu chepfungwa chinonzi sensory cortices kunenge kwakafanana. Kureva kuti, kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvinooneka uye zvinonzwika, kushandisa nzvimbo, kuona chiso, uye mano oumhizha zvinoratidzwa zviri zviviri. Kufungidzira kwenhamba, kuenzanisa uye kuverenga kwepamhepo zvinoenderana nematunhu maviri eparietal nepo kuverenga chaiko uye kudzoreredza chokwadi zvakabatana nematunhu ekuruboshwe eparietal, pamwe nekuda kwekubatana kwavo nekugadziriswa kwemitauro.  Panzvimbo pokungova nhevedzano yenzvimbo umo madhipatimendi akasiyana-siyana ehuropi anoitika, pane zvakafanana zvinoitika mumarudzi emabasa anoonekwa kurutivi rumwe norumwe, somuenzaniso kuti kukanganiswa kworutivi rworudyi rwokugona kudhirowa kunoita sei kuti varwere vadhirowe mativi enyaya ine ukama husingawirirani chose chose, kana kuti apo rudzi rwokukuvadzwa kurutivi rworuboshwe kunoonwa mukukanganiswa kwomutauro kusingakuvadzi mano omurwere okuwana revo yenzwi mukutaura. Izvi zvakaita kuti chiremba wepfungwa wokuBritain Iain McGilchrist aone hemispheres mbiri idzi sedzine tsika dzakasiyana, apo hemisphere yokuruboshwe inowanzoderedza nhau dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzakadai setsika kumitemo nemiganhu, uye hemisphere yokurudyi inogadziriswa kune yakazara uye yekufananidzira.  Kuora mwoyo kunobatanidzwa nehemisphere yokurudyi inonyanyoshanda. Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nokufungidzira, reduplicative paramnesia uye Capgras delusion zvinowanzokonzerwawo nokukuvara kwehemisphere yokurudyi.  Kukuvadzwa kwehemisphere yokurudyi kana kuti yokuruboshwe, uye kushayikwa kwayo kunoguma nako kunogovera nzwisiso mubasa renzvimbo yakakuvadzwa. Kukuvadzwa kwehemisphere yokuruboshwe kune migumisiro yakawanda pakugadzirwa kwomutauro uye kurangarira. Kukuvadzwa kana kuti kukuvara kwehemisphere yokurudyi kunogona kuguma nokushayikwa kworwiyo rwomurangariro kana kuti kutaura kwakanaka pakutaura. Kukuvadzwa kwehemisphere yokurudyi kunewo miuyo yakakomba pakunzwisisa kutaura. Vanhu vane kukuvara kwehemisphere yokurudyi vane mano akaderera okuita mhedziso, kunzwisisa nokugadzira pfungwa huru, uye mano akaderera okutarisira zvimwe zvinorehwa. Uyezve, vanhu vane hemisphere yokurudyi yakakuvadzwa kazhinji kazhinji vanoratidzira kutaura uko kuri kwechimbichimbi uye kwokusafunga kana kuti kwokutaura zvakawanda uye kwakanyanyisa. Vanogonawo kuva nezvikanganiso zvepragmatic mumamiriro ezvinhu ekutora, kuchengetedza musoro wenyaya uye kugovana ruzivo.  Kukuvadzwa kwepfungwa kunoitika nechokumucheto kunogonawo kukanganisa kunzwisisa kwomuchadenga. Vanhu vane kukuvara kwehemisphere yokuruboshwe vangave vakakanganiswa mukunzwisisa zvinhu zvine tsanangudzo huru, kana kuti zvakadzama, zvomufananidzo. Vanhu vane kukuvara kwehemisphere yokurudyi vangave vakakanganiswa mukunzwisisa zvimiro zvomufananidzo zvine chisarudzo chakaderera, kana kuti mufananidzo mukuru.  Kana imwe nharaunda yomuuropi, kana kuti kunyange hemisphere yose, ikakuvadzwa kana kuti kuparadzwa, mabasa ayo dzimwe nguva anogona kutorwa nenharaunda yakavakidzana iri muhemisphere imwe cheteyo kana kuti nharaunda inowirirana iri mune imwe hemisphere, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yakakuvadzwa uye zera romurwere. Apo kukuvadzwa kunovhiringidza nzira dzinobva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe, dzimwe nzira (dzisina kunanga) dzokubatanidza dzinogona kukura kuti dzitaure mashoko nenzvimbo dzakaparadzana, pasinei nokusaita zvakanaka.  Aphasia yaBroca rudzi rwakati rweaphasia yekutaura uye inonzi yakadaro nekuda kweaphasia inokonzerwa nekukuvara kana kukuvara kunzvimbo yaBroca yeuropi, iyo inowanikwa zvakanyanya kuruboshwe rwepasi yepamberi hemisphere. Nokudaro, aphasia inokura kubva mukushayikwa kwekushanda kwenzvimbo yaBroca iaphasia inoratidzira uye isingatauri. Inonzi 'isinganzwisisiki' nemhaka yezvinetso zvinomuka nokuti nzvimbo yaBroca inokosha nokuda kwokududza mutauro uye kugadzirwa kwawo. Nzvimbo yacho inodzora zvimwe zvikamu zvemotokari zvekugadzirwa kwekutaura uye kutaura kwepfungwa kumashoko uye sekukuvara kwakadaro kunzvimbo kunoguma mune chaiyo isiri-yakasununguka aphasia.  Aphasia yaWernicke imhedzisiro yekukuvadzwa kwenzvimbo yehuropi inowanzowanikwa muhemisphere yekuruboshwe pamusoro peSylvian fissure. Kukuvadzwa kwenzvimbo iyi kunonyanya kukonzera kusanzwisisa mutauro. Nepo mano okutaura zvakanaka nenzwi romutinhimira wenguva dzose achidzivirirwa, mutauro unobudiswa nomunhu ane aphasia yaWernicke unoturikidzanwa nezvikanganiso zvamashoko uye unganzwika sousina mufungo kumuteereri. Wernicke's aphasia inoratidzirwa ne phonemic paraphasias, neologism kana jargon. Chimwe chinhu chomunhu ane aphasia yaWernicke ndechokuti haana hanya nezvikanganiso zvaari kuita.  Terence Hines anotaura kuti kunzvera pamusoro pokushandurwa kweuropi kuva rutivi kunoshanda sechirongwa chokutsvakurudza, kunyange zvazvo vatsigiri vezvokutengeserana vakashandisa ichocho kusimudzira zvidzidzo nezvigadzirwa zviri kure nemigumisiro yokutsvakurudza. Somuenzaniso, zvinorehwa nokutsvakurudza kwacho hazvina chokuita nezvirongwa zvepfungwa zvakadai sokuderedza kunzwa nokuchinja zvinoitwa nemaziso (EMDR) uye purogiramu yemitauro yetsinga, midziyo yokurovedza uropi, kana kurovedza vatungamiriri.  Zvimwe zvinozivikanwa zvinonyanyisa kurerutsa sayenzi pamusoro pe lateralization, kupfurikidza nokuratidza misiyano inoshanda pakati pemakondinendi seyakanyanyisa kupfuura zvazviri chaizvoizvo. Nenzira inofadza, kutsvakurudza kwakaratidzira basa rakapesana zvikuru rokuparadzaniswa kweuropi, kureva kuti hemisphere yokuruboshwe nenzira yokusika uye nenzira isina kurongeka inobatanidza pakati pemashoko uye hemisphere yokurudyi inoda kunamatira kune imwe nguva uye nguva, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji inonamatira kumuitiro wehuropi hworuboshwe sokududzira mutauro uye uropi hworudyi senzvimbo-nguva.  Muzana remakore rechi19 uye zvishoma muzana remakore rechi20, zvaifungidzirwa kuti rutivi rumwe norumwe rweuropi rwaiva nechokuita nevakadzi: rutivi rworuboshwe rwaiva nechokuita nevanhurume uye rutivi rworudyi rwaiva nevanhukadzi uye rutivi rumwe norumwe rwacho rwaigona kushanda rusina kubatana. Rutivi rworudyi rwehuropi rwairangarirwa sorwakaderera uye rwaifungidzirwa kuva rwakatanhamara muvakadzi, mhuka dzomusango, vana, matsotsi, uye vanopenga. Muenzaniso mukuru waikoku muzvinyorwa zvokufungidzira unogona kuonwa muRobert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.