Nginike uhlu olunezinhlamvu lwamanga amathathu angakahleleki nencazelo yawo ngamunye
Context:Amaphutha angakahleleki <unk> izimpikiswano ezingenangqondo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezakhiwo ezinesisekelo esiqinile.  I-Argument to moderation (ukuthengiselana okungelona iqiniso, indawo emaphakathi, iphutha lesilinganiso, i-argumentum ad temperantiam) <unk> ukucabanga ukuthi ukuvumelana phakathi kwezikhundla ezimbili kuhlale kulungile. Iphutha eliqhubekayo (iphutha lesilevu, iphutha lokudweba umugqa, iphutha le-sorites, iphutha lenqwaba, iphutha lomuntu onempandla, iphutha lesinqumo) <unk> ukwenqaba ngokungalungile isimangalo ngenxa yokungacaci. Amaphutha asekelwe ekuqondaneni Isihlanganisi esicindezelwe <unk> isihlanganisi sichazwe kabusha ukuze enye indlela yenziwe ingenakwenzeka (isib., "Angikhuluphele ngoba ngimncane kunoJohn. "). I-definist fallacy <unk> ichaza igama elisetshenziswe empikiswaneni ngendlela enobandlululo (isib., ngokusebenzisa "amagama alayishiwe"). Umuntu okhulumela abanye ulindele ukuba umuntu omlalele amukele incazelo enikeziwe, okwenza kube nzima ukuphikisa lokho akushoyo. I-Divine fallacy (impikiswano yokungakholwa) <unk> ephikisa ngokuthi, ngoba okuthile kungakholeki noma kuyamangalisa, kumele kube umphumela wenhlangano ephakeme, yaphezulu, engaphandle noma engaphaya kwemvelo. Ukubala kabili <unk> ukubala izehlakalo noma izehlakalo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ekucabangeni okungenzeka, okuholela ekuhlanganisweni kwamathuba azo zonke izimo ezidlula ubunye. Ukuqamba amanga <unk> ukusebenzisa igama elinencazelo engaphezu kweyodwa esitatimendeni ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi iyiphi incazelo ehlosiwe. Igama eliphakathi eliyindida <unk> usebenzisa igama eliphakathi elinencazelo eminingi. Ukuhlehla kwencazelo <unk> ukushintsha incazelo yegama lapho kuphakama ukuphikisa. Ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswa nokuhambisa imigomo (bheka ngezansi), njengalapho impikiswano iphonswa inselelo kusetshenziswa incazelo ejwayelekile yegama empikiswaneni, futhi umphikisi wethula incazelo ehlukile yegama futhi ngaleyo ndlela afune ubufakazi obuhlukile bokuqeda impikiswano. I-Motte-and-bailey fallacy <unk> ukuhlanganisa izikhundla ezimbili ezinezakhiwo ezifanayo, eyodwa enesizotha futhi elula ukuyivikela (i- "motte") nenye ephikisanayo (i- "bailey"). Umphikisi uqala asho isikhundla esiphikisanayo, kodwa lapho ephonswa inselele, uthi bathuthukisa isikhundla esinesizotha. Iphutha lokugcizelela <unk> ukushintsha incazelo yesitatimende ngokungacacisi ukuthi kugcizelelwa liphi igama. Incazelo ekholisayo <unk> ethi isebenzisa incazelo "yangempela" noma "eyamukelwa ngokujwayelekile" yegama kuyilapho, empeleni, isebenzisa incazelo engajwayelekile noma eguquliwe. (cf. i-if-by-whiskey iphutha) Iphutha lemvelo <unk> ukuqagela ngohlobo lwenhlangano ngokusekelwe kuphela ezibalweni ezihlanganisiwe eziqoqelwe iqembu lelo nhlangano eliyingxenye yalo. Iphutha le-etymological <unk> lokucabanga ukuthi incazelo yokuqala noma yomlando yegama noma ibinzana ifana ncamashi nokusetshenziswa kwalo kwangempela kwanamuhla. Iphutha lokwakheka <unk> lokucabanga ukuthi okuthile okuyiqiniso ngengxenye yakho konke kumelwe futhi kube yiqiniso ngakho konke. Iphutha lokuhlukanisa <unk> lokucabanga ukuthi okuthile okuyiqiniso ngento ehlanganisiwe kumelwe futhi kube yiqiniso ngazo zonke noma ezinye izingxenye zayo. Ukuqanjwa ngamanga <unk> okubhekisela emthonjeni ongadingekile, ongaqinisekisiwe, ongaziwa, onobandlululo noma oqanjiwe ukusekela impikiswano. Iphutha lokucaphuna ngaphandle komongo (i-contextotomy, i-contextomy; ukucaphuna ukucaphuna) <unk> ukukhishwa okukhethiwe kwamagama kumongo wawo wokuqala ukuhlanekezela incazelo ehlosiwe. Igunya elingelona iqiniso (igunya elilodwa) <unk> ukusebenzisa uchwepheshe onemibhalo engabazekayo noma ukusebenzisa umbono owodwa kuphela ukukhuthaza umkhiqizo noma umqondo. Okuhlobene nokuncenga igunya. Inkinga yamanga (i-dichotomy yamanga, iphutha lokuhlukanisa, iphutha elimnyama noma elimhlophe) <unk> izitatimende ezimbili ezihlukile zinikezwa njengezindlela kuphela ezingenzeka lapho, empeleni, kunezinye eziningi. Ukulingana okungamanga <unk> okuchaza izitatimende ezimbili noma ngaphezulu njengezicishe zifane uma zingekho. I-feedback fallacy <unk> ukukholelwa ekutheni ukuhlolwa kufanele kusetshenziswe njengesisekelo sokwenza ngcono ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthombo wokuhlolwa ungumuntu ongenandaba. Iphutha lomlando <unk> lokucabanga ukuthi abenzi bezinqumo basendulo babenolwazi olufanayo nalabo kamuva abahlaziya isinqumo. Lokhu akufanele kudidaniswe ne-presentism, lapho imibono namaphuzu abhekwe khona namuhla ehlelwa ngendlela engafanele esikhathini esidlule. Iphutha elingokomlando <unk> ukukholelwa ukuthi imiphumela ethile yenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuthi kwenziwa inqubo ethile, nakuba leyo nqubo ingase ingahlobene nemiphumela. Iphutha likaBaconian <unk> lokucabanga ukuthi izazi-mlando zingathola "iqiniso eliphelele" ngokungeniswa kusuka ezingxenyeni ezithile zobufakazi bomlando. "Lonke iqiniso" lichazwa ngokuthi ukufunda "okuthile ngakho konke", "konke ngento ethile", noma "konke ngento ethile". Eqinisweni, isazi-mlando "singathemba kuphela ukwazi okuthile ngento ethile". I-homunculus fallacy <unk> isebenzisa "umuntu ophakathi" ukuchaza; lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kuholela kubantu abaphakathi abahlehlela emuva. Ichaza umqondo ngokwemigomo yomqondo ngokwawo ngaphandle kokuchaza imvelo yayo yangempela (isib: ukuchaza umcabango njengento ekhiqizwa umcabangi omncane <unk> i-homunculus <unk> ngaphakathi kwekhanda umane ukhomba umlingisi ophakathi futhi akachazi umkhiqizo noma inqubo yokucabanga). Ukugqugquzela ukungqubuzana <unk> ukuphikisa ngokuthi, uma ochwepheshe emkhakheni wolwazi bengavumelani ephuzwini elithile ngaphakathi kwalowo mkhakha, akukho siphetho esingafinyelelwa noma ukuthi ukuba semthethweni kwalowo mkhakha wolwazi kungabaza. I-If-by-whiskey <unk> impikiswano esekela izinhlangothi zombili zendaba ngokusebenzisa amagama anokuzwela ngokomzwelo futhi angacacile. Ukuqhathanisa okungaphelele <unk> Ulwazi olunikeziwe alwenele ukwenza ukuqhathanisa okuphelele. Iphutha lokuhloselwa <unk> ukugcizelela ukuthi incazelo yokugcina yenkulumo kufanele ihambisane nenhloso yomuntu owasungula ukuxhumana (isibonelo, umsebenzi oqanjiwe owamukelwa kabanzi njenge-allegory esobala akumele ubhekwe kanjalo uma umbhali engahlosile ukuba kube njalo). I-Kafkatrapping <unk> iqhinga eliyinkimbinkimbi lapho noma yikuphi ukuphika komuntu osolwayo kusebenza njengobufakazi bokuthi unecala. I-Kettle logic <unk> esebenzisa izimpikiswano eziningi, ezingahambisani ngokuhlanganyela ukuvikela isikhundla. Iphutha le-Ludic <unk> ukwehluleka ukucabangela ukuthi izehlakalo ezingahleliwe ezingahleliwe ezingaziwa zingathinta amathuba okuthi kwenzeke umcimbi. Iphutha le-lump of labour <unk> umqondo oyiphutha wokuthi kunenani eliqondile lomsebenzi okumelwe wenziwe emnothweni, ongasatshalaliswa ukudala imisebenzi eminingi noma embalwa. Iphutha likaMcNamara (iphutha eliningi) <unk> ukwenza impikiswano usebenzisa kuphela ukubonwa okuningi (ukulinganisa, amanani ezinombolo noma amanani) nokungahloniphi ulwazi oluzicabangelayo olugxile kwikhwalithi (izici, izici, noma ubudlelwano). Iphutha lokuqagela kwengqondo <unk> lokucabanga ukuthi isitatimende ngento sichaza impahla yangempela yento, kunokuba kube umbono womuntu. I-moralistic fallacy <unk> ukuveza iziphetho zeqiniso kusuka kumaphoyinti okuhlola ngokwephula umehluko weqiniso <unk> value (isb.: ukuveza okuvela kufanele). Iphutha lokuziphatha liyiphutha eliphambene nephutha lemvelo. Ukuhambisa imigomo (ukuphakamisa izinga) <unk> impikiswano lapho ubufakazi obethulwe ekuphenduleni isimangalo esithile budluliswa bese kufunwa obunye ubufakazi (ngokuvamile obukhulu). Iphutha le-Nirvana (iphutha lesisombululo esiphelele) <unk> izixazululo zezinkinga ziyenqatshwa ngoba aziphelele. Iphakethe lokuhweba <unk> ukubhekana nemiqondo ehluke ngokuyisisekelo njengokungathi ifana ngokuyisisekelo. Ubufakazi ngokufakaza <unk> isisho siphindaphindwa kaningi kungakhathalekile ukuphikisana; kwesinye isikhathi kudidaniswa nengxabano evela ekuphindaphindeni (i-argumentum ad infinitum, i-argumentum ad nauseam). Iphutha lomshushisi <unk> Amathuba aphansi okufana okungelona iqiniso akusho ukuthi kunamathuba aphansi okuthola ukufana okungelona iqiniso. Ukufakazela ngokweqile - impikiswano eholela esiphethweni esivamile ngokweqile (isib.: ukuphikisa ngokuthi ukuphuza utshwala kubi ngoba kwezinye izimo kuye kwaholela ekuhlukunyezweni komngane womshado noma kwengane). Iphutha le-Psychologist <unk> umqaphi ucabanga ukuthi umbono wakhe uqondile lapho ehlaziya isenzakalo sokuziphatha. I-referential fallacy <unk> ukucabanga ukuthi wonke amagama abhekisela ezintweni ezikhona nokuthi incazelo yamagama ihlala ngaphakathi kwezinto abhekisa kuzo, ngokungafani namagama okungenzeka abhekise kunoma iyiphi into yangempela (isb.: iPegasus) noma ukuthi incazelo ivela endleleni asetshenziswa ngayo (isb.: "akekho" owayekhona ekamelweni). I-Reification (i-concretism, i-hypostatization, noma iphutha lokungaqiniseki okungalungile) <unk> ukuphatha inkolelo engaqondakali noma ukwakhiwa okucatshangelwayo njengokungathi kungumcimbi oqondile, wangempela noma into ebonakalayo (isib.: ukusho ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukhetha ukuthi yiziphi izici ezidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezizayo; ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akuyona into enolwazi enenhlangano). I-retrospective determinism <unk> ukukholelwa ukuthi, ngenxa yokuthi isehlakalo senzeke ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, leso simo kumele senze leso senzakalo singenakugwenywa (isib.: ngoba othile uwine ilotho egqoke amasokisi akhe enhlanhla, ukugqoka lawo masokisi kwenza ukunqoba ilotho kungenakugwenywa). Ukuthambekela okusheshayo (umngcele omncane we-wedge, impumulo yekamela) <unk> eqinisekisa ukuthi isenzo sokuqala esihlongozwayo, esincane, sizoholela ngokungenakugwenywa ochungechungeni lwezehlakalo ezihlobene eziholela emcimbini obalulekile futhi omubi futhi, ngakho-ke, akufanele uvunyelwe. Isikhalazo esikhethekile <unk> umuntu ozama ukuphikisa ngokuthile njengokweqiwa komthetho noma isimiso esivunyelwe ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu sokweqiwa (isibonelo: ummangalelwa oyintandane obulale abazali bakhe ecela ukuboniswa umusa).
Amaphutha amathathu angakahleleki yilawa: - Igunya Lamanga: Ukusebenzisa uchwepheshe onezimpawu ezingabazisayo ukuze akhuthaze impikiswano - Ukuqhathaniswa Okungaphelele: Akukho lwazi olwanele olwanikezwa ukuze kuqhathaniswe kahle - Ukufakaza ngokufakaza: Ukuphindaphinda impikiswano efanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunezimpikiswano eziphikisanayo neziphikisanayo