Chii chinonzi nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy yemapuroteni?
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (inowanzonzi protein NMR) inzvimbo ye structural biology umo NMR spectroscopy inoshandiswa kuwana ruzivo pamusoro pechimiro uye masimba emapuroteni, uyewo nucleic acids, uye complexes yavo. Nzvimbo iyi yakatangwa naRichard R. Ernst naKurt Wüthrich paETH, naAd Bax, Marius Clore, Angela Gronenborn paNIH, naGerhard Wagner paHarvard University, pakati pevamwe. Kugadziriswa kwechimiro neNMR spectroscopy kazhinji kunosanganisira zvikamu zvinoverengeka, chimwe nechimwe chichishandisa nzira yakasarudzika yemhando yepamusoro. Muenzaniso unogadzirirwa, kuyerwa kunoitwa, nzira dzokududzira dzinoshandiswa, uye chimiro chinoverengerwa uye chinotenderwa.  NMR inobatanidza zvinhu zvema quantum-mechanical zvepakati ("nucleus") yeatomu. Zvinhu izvi zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu epamolecular, uye kuyerwa kwazvinoitwa kunoratidza kuti maatomu akabatanidzwa sei nemakemikari, kuti ari pedyo zvakadini muchadenga, uye kuti ari kufamba nokukurumidza zvakadini. Zvinhu izvi zvakangofanana nezvakashandiswa pakuita kuti vanhu vazive kuti magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) yakaita sei, asi mashandisirwo anoitwa mamorekuru anoshandisa nzira yakasiyana, inoenderana nokuchinja kwechiyero kubva pamamilimita (chinokosheswa nenyanzvi dzinoshanda nemwaranzi) kusvika pamatanomita (maatomu akabatanidzwa anowanzosiyana nechidimbu chematanomita), chikamu chemiriyoni. Shanduko iyi yechiyero inoda kunzwisisika kwakakwirira zvikuru kwokucherechedza nokugadzikana nokuda kwokuyera kwenguva refu. Kusiyana neMRI, zvidzidzo zvoupenyu hwomuviri hazvibudisi mufananidzo zvakananga, asi zvinovimba nokuverenga kwakaoma kwekombiyuta kuti zvibudise mienzaniso yemamorekuru ane mativi matatu.  Pari zvino mienzaniso yakawanda inoongororwa mumvura, asi nzira dziri kugadzirwa dzokushandawo nemienzaniso yakasimba. Kuunganidza mashoko kunotsamira pakuisa muenzaniso mukati memagineti ane simba, kutumira masaini eredhiyo kakawanda kupfurikidza nomuenzaniso, uye kuyera kupinza kwamasimba iwayo. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu emaatomu ari mupuroteni yacho, maatomu omunhu oga oga anobata maitikiro akasiyana-siyana enhepfenyuro. Uyezve, zviratidzo zvokupinza zvenyukireya dzakasiyana-siyana zvingavhiringidzwa nenyukireya dziri pedyo. Mashoko aya anogona kushandiswa kuona chinhambwe chiri pakati penyuchi. Daro iri rinogona kushandiswawo kuona zvakaita puroteni yacho yose zvayo.  Chidzidzo chinowanzoitwa chinogona kubatanidza kuti mapuroteni maviri anoshanda sei pamwe chete, zvichida nechinangwa chokugadzira mamorekuru maduku anogona kushandiswa kuongorora biology yenguva dzose yekubatana ("biology yemakemikari") kana kuti kugovera zvinotungamirira kushandiswa kwemishonga (kugadzirwa kwezvinodhaka). Kazhinji kazhinji, mapuroteni maviri anoshanda pamwe chete angave akazivikanwa nokudzidza nezvezvinhu zvinogarwa nhaka zvevanhu, zvichiratidza kuti kudyidzana kwacho kunogona kukanganiswa neshanduko dzisingafadzi, kana kuti angave ari kuita basa rinokosha muzvipenyu zvenguva dzose zve"muenzaniso" wezvinhu zvipenyu zvakadai senhunzi yezvibereko, mbiriso, honye C. elegans, kana mbeva. Kuti vagadzire muyenzaniso, nzira dzebiology yemamolecular dzinowanzoshandiswa kugadzira uwandu kupfurikidza nekupfungaira kwebhakitiriya. Izvi zvinobvumirawo kuchinja maumbirwo eisotopic eamolecule, izvo zvinodikanwa nokuti maisotopes anozvibata zvakasiyana uye anopa nzira dzokuziva nadzo zviratidzo zveNMR zvinopindirana.