Yiziphi izibonelo zezinqubo zokwakha umhubhe we - quantum?
Context:Ngaphandle kokuhlakazwa okubangelwa i-neutron, okusetshenziswe futhi kusetshenziswe ngabantu, uhlobo lwemvelo lokubola okuzenzakalelayo kwe-radioactive (olungadingi i-neutron) lubizwa nangokuthi ukuhlakazwa, futhi lwenzeka ikakhulukazi kuma-isotopes aphezulu kakhulu. Ukuhlukaniswa okuzenzakalelayo kwatholakala ngo-1940 nguFlyorov, Petrzhak, noKurchatov eMoscow, ocwaningweni olwaluhloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi, ngaphandle kokushaywa ngama-neutron, izinga lokuhlukaniswa kwe-uranium lalinganakwa, njengoba kwakubikezelwe nguNiels Bohr; kwakungeyona into encane.  Ukwakheka okungalindelekile kwemikhiqizo (ehlukahluka ngendlela ebanzi engaba khona futhi engaqondakali ngandlela thile) kuhlukanisa ukuhlukaniswa kusuka ezinqubweni zokuqothula i-quantum kuphela njengokukhishwa kwe-proton, ukubola kwe-alpha, nokubola kwe-cluster, okunikeza imikhiqizo efanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuqhekeka kwenuzi kukhiqiza amandla enyukliya futhi kuholele ekuqhumeni kwezikhali zenuzi. Zombili lezi zindlela zingasetshenziswa ngoba izinto ezithile ezibizwa ngokuthi amafutha enuzi ziyawa lapho zishaywa ama-neutron, bese zikhipha ama-neutron lapho zihlukana. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba kube nempendulo yenuzi enochungechunge ezisekelayo, ekhipha amandla ngesilinganiso esilawulwayo emgodini wenuzi noma ngesilinganiso esisheshayo, esingalawulwayo esisemgodini wenuzi.  Inani lamandla amahhala aqukethwe uphethiloli wenuzi liyizigidi zezikhathi inani lamandla amahhala aqukethwe isisindo esifanayo sophethiloli wamakhemikhali onjengephethiloli, okwenza ukuqhuma kwenuzi kube umthombo wamandla onamandla kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, imikhiqizo yokuqhekeka kwe-nuclear ivame ukuba nemisebe kakhulu kunezakhi ezisindayo ezivame ukuqhuma njenge-fuel, futhi zihlala zinjalo isikhathi eside, okudala inkinga yemfucuza yenuzi. Nokho, le mikhiqizo eyisikhombisa ehlala isikhathi eside ihlanganisa ingxenye encane kuphela yemikhiqizo yokuhlakazeka. Ukumuncwa kwama-neutron okungaholeli ekuhlukaneni kukhiqiza iPlutonium (kusuka ku-238 U) nama-actinides amancane (kokubili 235 U futhi 238 U) onobuthi obusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu kunezinhlobo zemikhiqizo yokuhlukaniswa isikhathi eside. Ukukhathazeka ngokuqongelelwa kwemfucumfucu yenuzi kanye namandla okubhubhisa ezikhali zenuzi kuvimbela isifiso sokuthula sokusebenzisa i - fission njengomthombo wamandla. Umjikelezo kaphethiloli we-thorium empeleni awukhiqizi i-plutonium futhi awukhiqizi ama-actinide amancane, kodwa 232 I - U - noma kunalokho imikhiqizo yayo yokubola - iyisikhuthazi esikhulu semisebe ye - gamma. Wonke ama-actinide ayakheka noma ayaqhuma futhi ama-reactor akhulisa ngokushesha angakwazi ukuwahlukanisa wonke noma ngabe akhiwe ngendlela ethile kuphela. Ukucubungula kabusha amandla enuzi kuhloselwe ukubuyisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezivela ekushisweni kwamandla enuzi ukuze kokubili kuvumele ukunikezwa kwe-uranium (ne-thorium) kuhlale isikhathi eside futhi kunciphise inani "lemfucuza". Igama elisetshenziswa embonini ngenqubo ehlukanisa wonke ama-actinide noma cishe wonke "umjikelezo kaphethiloli ovaliwe".
ukukhishwa kwama-proton, ukubola kwe-alpha, nokubola kweqoqo.