Ubani u-LBJ?
Context:ULyndon Baines Johnson (/ˈlɪndən ˈbeɪnz/; 27 Agasti 1908 <unk> 22 Januwari 1973), uvame ukubizwa ngamagama akhe okuqala athi LBJ, wayengusopolitiki waseMelika owayengumongameli wama-36 wase-United States kusukela ngo-1963 kuya ku-1969. Ngaphambilini wayekhonze njengephini likamongameli wama-37 kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1963 ngaphansi kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy, futhi wafungiswa ngemuva nje kokubulawa kukaKennedy. UDemocrat waseTexas, uJohnson uphinde wakhonza njengommeleli wase-US, uSenator wase-US kanye nomholi weziningi eSenate. Unelungelo lokuba ngomunye woMongameli abambalwa abakhonza kuzo zonke izikhundla ezikhethiwe ezingeni likahulumeni.
ULyndon Baines Johnson (/ˈlɪndən ˈbeɪnz/; 27 Agasti 1908 <unk> 22 Januwari 1973), uvame ukubizwa ngamagama akhe okuqala athi LBJ, wayengusopolitiki waseMelika owayengumongameli wama-36 wase-United States kusukela ngo-1963 kuya ku-1969. Ngaphambilini wayekhonze njengephini likamongameli wama-37 kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1963 ngaphansi kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy, futhi wafungiswa ngemuva nje kokubulawa kukaKennedy. UDemocrat waseTexas, uJohnson uphinde wakhonza njengommeleli wase-US, uSenator wase-US kanye nomholi weziningi eSenate. Unelungelo lokuba ngomunye woMongameli abambalwa abakhonza kuzo zonke izikhundla ezikhethiwe ezingeni likahulumeni.  Wazalelwa epulazini laseStonewall, eTexas, emndenini wezombusazwe wendawo, uJohnson wasebenza njengothisha wesikole samabanga aphakeme kanye nomsizi weCongress ngaphambi kokuwina ukhetho lweNdlu Yabamele yase-US ngo-1937. Ngo-1948, wanqoba ukhetho lweSenate ngo-1948 eTexas ngemuva kokunqoba okuncane nokuphikisanayo okwangaphambi kweDemocratic Party. Waqokwa esikhundleni seSenate Majority Whip ngo-1951. Waba ngumholi we-Senate Democratic ngo-1953 futhi waba ngumholi weziningi ngo-1954. Ngo-1960 uJohnson waba yilungu leqembu leDemokhrasi elalifuna ukhetho lukaMongameli. Ekugcineni, uSenator Kennedy wanqoba uJohnson kanye nabanye ababemncintisene naye ngokumiswa, wabe esethusa abaningi ngokunikeza uJohnson ukuba abe ngumsekeli wakhe wokulwela isikhundla sokuba yiphini likamongameli. Ithikithi likaKennedy-Johnson lanqoba okhethweni lukamongameli lwango-1960. Iphini likaMongameli uJohnson lathatha isikhundla sikaMongameli ngoNovemba 22, 1963, ngemva kokuba uMongameli uKennedy ebulawe. Ngonyaka olandelayo uJohnson wakhethwa ukuba ngumongameli lapho enqoba ngokumangazayo uSenator wase-Arizona uBarry Goldwater, ethola u-61.1% wamavoti athandwayo okhethweni lukamongameli lwango-1964, isabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke esitholwe yinoma yimuphi umongameli kusukela okhethweni lwango-1820.  Inqubomgomo kaJohnson yasekhaya yayihloselwe ukwandisa amalungelo abantu, ukusakaza komphakathi, ukufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, usizo kwezemfundo nezobuciko, ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha nezindawo zasemakhaya, kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi. Ngo-1964 uJohnson waqamba igama elithi "iNhlangano Enkulu" ukuze achaze lemizamo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wafuna ukudala izimo zokuphila ezingcono kubantu baseMelika ababenemali encane ngokuhola umkhankaso owawubizwa ngokungekho emthethweni ngokuthi "Impi Yokulwa Nobumpofu". Njengengxenye yalemizamo, uJohnson wasayina Izichibiyelo Zokuphepha Komphakathi zika-1965, okwaholela ekwakhiweni kweMedicare neMedicaid. UJohnson walandela izinyathelo zomanduleli wakhe ekuqiniseni i - NASA futhi wenza uhlelo lwe - Apollo lwaba into eyinhloko kazwelonke. Wenza uMthetho Wemfundo Ephakeme ka-1965 owasungula ukubolekwa kwemali yabafundi okuvikelwe nguhulumeni. UJohnson wasayina uMthetho Wezokufuduka Nobuzwe ka-1965 owabeka isisekelo senqubomgomo yokufuduka yase-U.S. namuhla. Umbono kaJohnson ngodaba lwamalungelo abantu wamenza wahluka kwamanye amaDemocrats amhlophe, aseningizimu. Ifa lakhe lamalungelo abantu lakhiwa ngokusayina uMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964, uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota ka-1965, noMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1968. Ngesikhathi sokuphatha kwakhe, isimo sezombusazwe saseMelika sashintsha kakhulu, njengoba abantu abamhlophe baseningizimu ababekade bengamaDemocrats aqotho baqala ukuthuthela eqenjini lamaRepublican kanti abavoti abamnyama baqala ukuthuthela eqenjini lamaDemocratic. Ngenxa ye-ajenda yakhe yasekhaya, ukuba ngumongameli kukaJohnson kwaphawula ukuphakama kwenkululeko yanamuhla e-United States.  Ukuba ngumongameli kukaJohnson kwenzeka ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ngakho-ke inqubomgomo yakhe yezangaphandle yayibeka phambili ukuvimbela ubuKhomanisi. Ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumongameli, i - U.S. yayisivele ihileleke eMpini yaseVietnam, isekela iNingizimu Vietnam ngokumelene neNyakatho yamaKhomanisi. Ngemva kokushayisana kwamasosha asolwandle ngo-1964 phakathi kwe-United States neNyakatho yeVietnam, iCongress yaphasisa iSinqumo seGulf of Tonkin, esanikeza uJohnson amandla okuqala ukungenela kwezempi okugcwele eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Inani lamasosha aseMelika eVietnam landa ngokuphawulekayo, futhi inani lamasosha aseMelika kanye nabantu baseVietnam abafa lenyuka kakhulu. UJohnson futhi wandisa imisebenzi yezempi eLaos engomakhelwane ukubhubhisa imigqa yokuhlinzekwa kweNyakatho yeVietnam. Ngo - 1968, i - Tet Offensive yamaKhomanisi yavusa ukunyakaza okuphikisana nempi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabafundi abaseminyakeni yobudala bokuya empini emanyuvesi, futhi umbono womphakathi waphendukela ekuzibandakanyeni kweMelika empini. EYurophu, ukuphathwa kukaJohnson kwaqhubeka nokukhuthaza nokuthuthukisa ukubambisana kwezepolitiki nezomnotho eNtshonalanga Yurophu kanye nokuhlanganiswa njengoba kwenza okhokho bakhe.  Ekhaya, uJohnson wabhekana nezinkinga ezengeziwe ngenxa yeziyaluyalu zobuhlanga emadolobheni amakhulu nokwanda kwezinga lobugebengu. Abaphikisi bakhe bezombangazwe balithatha leli thuba futhi baphakamisa izimfuneko zenqubomgomo "yomthetho nokuhleleka". UJohnson waqala ubumongameli bakhe ngokusekelwa cishe komhlaba wonke, kodwa ukwamukelwa kwakhe kwehla kulo lonke isikhathi sakhe sokuba ngumongameli njengoba umphakathi wakhungatheka ngempi yaseVietnam kanye nezinxushunxushu zasekhaya. Ekuqaleni uJohnson wayefuna ukuphinde akhethwe; kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwemiphumela edumazayo okhethweni lokuqala lwaseNew Hampshire wakhipha ukhetho lwakhe. Impi yayiyinkinga enkulu yokhetho futhi ukhetho lukamongameli lwango-1968 lwabona ukhetho lweRiphabhulikhi uRichard Nixon ehlula iphini likamongameli kaJohnson uHubert Humphrey. Ekupheleni kokubusa kwakhe njengoMongameli ngo-1969, uJohnson wabuyela epulazini lakhe eTexas, wanyathelisa izinkumbulo zakhe, futhi kwezinye izici wahlala ecashile kwaze kwaba yilapho efa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo ngo-1973.  UJohnson ungomunye woMongameli abaphikisayo kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Imibono yomphakathi kanye nemibono yezazi ngefa lakhe iye yaguquguquka kakhulu kusukela ekufeni kwakhe. Izazi-mlando nezazi zibeka uJohnson esigabeni esiphakeme ngenxa yalokho akufeza ngokuphathelene nenqubomgomo yasekhaya. Ukubusa kwakhe kwamisa imithetho eminingi emikhulu eyaletha izinguquko ezinkulu emalungelweni abantu, ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, enhlalakahleni nasekufundiseni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJohnson ugxekwa kakhulu ngenqubomgomo yakhe yezangaphandle, okungukuthi ukwanda kokubandakanyeka kweMelika eMpini yaseVietnam.