Ngicela unginikeze isifinyezo segrafu engezansi emgqeni ongekho ngaphezu kuka-2.
Context:Ukuhlakanipha okufakelwayo (i-AI) kuwukuhlakanipha okuboniswa imishini, okuphambene nokuhlakanipha kwabantu nezinye izilwane. Izibonelo zemisebenzi lapho lokhu kwenziwa khona zihlanganisa ukuqashelwa kwenkulumo, umbono wekhompyutha, ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi (zemvelo), kanye nokunye ukufanisa okokufaka.  Izicelo ze-AI zihlanganisa izinjini zokusesha zewebhu ezithuthukile (isib., Ukusesha kwe-Google), izinhlelo zokuncoma (ezisetshenziswa yi-YouTube, i-Amazon, ne-Netflix), ukuqonda inkulumo yomuntu (njenge-Siri ne-Alexa), izimoto ezizimele (isib., I-Waymo), amathuluzi okukhiqiza noma okudala (i-ChatGPT ne-AI art), ukuthatha izinqumo okuzenzakalelayo, nokuncintisana ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu ezinhlelweni zemidlalo yamasu (njenge-chess ne-Go).  Njengoba imishini iba namandla ngokwengeziwe, imisebenzi ebhekwa njengedinga "ubuhlakani" ivame ukususwa encazelweni ye-AI, into eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-AI. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlonza izinhlamvu zamehlo ngokuvamile akuhlanganiswa nezinto ezibhekwa njenge-AI, ngoba sekuyindlela yobuchwepheshe evamile.  Ubuhlakani bokufakelwa basungulwa njengesiyalo sezemfundo ngo-1956, futhi eminyakeni eyalandela yabhekana namagagasi amaningana okuthemba, kwalandelwa ukudumazeka nokulahleka kwezimali (okwaziwa ngokuthi "ubusika be-AI"), kwalandelwa izindlela ezintsha, impumelelo, nokuvuselelwa kwezimali. Ucwaningo lwe-AI luye lwazama futhi lwalahla izindlela eziningi ezahlukene, kuhlanganise nokulingisa ubuchopho, ukulingisa ukuxazulula izinkinga zabantu, ukucabanga okusemthethweni, ulwazi oluningi, nokulingisa ukuziphatha kwezilwane. Emashumini okuqala eminyaka yekhulu lama-21, ukufundwa kwemishini yezibalo kanye nezibalo kuye kwalawula le nsimu, futhi le ndlela ibonakalise impumelelo enkulu, isiza ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi eziyinselele kuyo yonke imboni kanye nezifundiswa.  Imikhakha ehlukahlukene yocwaningo lwe-AI igxile emigomweni ethile nasekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi athile. Imigomo yendabuko yocwaningo lwe-AI ifaka phakathi ukucabanga, ukumelwa kolwazi, ukuhlela, ukufunda, ukucubungula ulimi lwemvelo, ukuqonda, kanye nekhono lokuhambisa nokulawula izinto.[a] Ubuhlakani obujwayelekile (ikhono lokuxazulula inkinga engahleliwe) buphakathi kwemigomo yesikhathi eside yale nkambu. Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinkinga, abacwaningi be-AI baye bavumelanisa futhi bahlanganisa izindlela eziningi zokuxazulula izinkinga, kuhlanganise nokusesha nokwenza kahle kwezibalo, ukucabanga okusemthethweni, amanethiwekhi ezinzwa okufakelwayo, nezindlela ezisekelwe ezibalweni, emathubeni nakwezomnotho. I-AI isebenzisa futhi isayensi yamakhompyutha, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, izilimi, ifilosofi, nezinye izindawo eziningi.  Le nkambu yasungulwa ngokucabanga ukuthi ubuhlakani bomuntu "bungase buchazwe ngokunembile kangangokuthi kungenziwa umshini ukuze ulingise".[b] Lokhu kwaphakamisa izimpikiswano zefilosofi mayelana nengqondo kanye nemiphumela yokuziphatha yokudala izidalwa ezifakelwayo ezinobuhlakani obufana nobomuntu; lezi zinkinga sezihlolwe ngaphambili ngenganekwane, inganekwane, nefilosofi kusukela endulo. Ososayensi be-computer nezazi zefilosofi baye basikisela ukuthi i-AI ingase ibe ingozi ekhona esintwini uma amakhono ayo anengqondo engaqondiswa emigomweni ezuzisayo.[c] Igama elithi intelligence yokufakelwa liye lagxekwa ngenxa yokugcizelela ngokweqile amakhono obuchwepheshe be-AI.
Ubuhlakani bokufakelwa (i-AI) ubuhlakani obuboniswa yimishini kunobuhlakani bezinhlobo futhi lobu buhlakani bokufakelwa busetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinjengezinjini zokusesha zewebhu ezithuthukile, izinhlelo zokuncoma, ukuqonda inkulumo yabantu, izimoto ezizishayelayo, amathuluzi okukhiqiza noma okudala kepha njengazo zonke izinhlamvu zemali zinobuso obubili i-AI ibuye iphakamise imiphumela yokuziphatha yokwakha izidalwa zokufakelwa ezinobuhlakani obufana nobomuntu