Iyini I-Photosynthesis
Context:I-photosynthesis inqubo esetshenziswa izitshalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze kuguqulwe amandla okukhanya abe amandla amakhemikhali okuthi, ngokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, kamuva akhululwe ukuze kusetshenziswe izinto eziphilayo. Amanye ala mandla amakhemikhali agcinwa kuma-molecule e-carbohydrate, njengoshukela nesitashi, ahlanganiswa i-carbon dioxide namanzi <unk> yingakho igama elithi photosynthesis, lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi phōs (φῶς), "ukukhanya", nelithi synthesis (σύνθεσις), "ukuhlanganiswa". Iningi lezitshalo, ama-algae, nama-cyanobacteria enza i-photosynthesis; izidalwa ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-Photoautotroph. I-photosynthesis ngokuyinhloko inomthwalo wokukhiqiza nokugcina okuqukethwe komoya-mpilo emkhathini womhlaba, futhi inikeza iningi lamandla adingekayo ekuphileni eMhlabeni.
I-photosynthesis yenziwa ngendlela ehlukile yizinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlukene kodwa inqubo iqala njalo lapho amandla avela ekukhanyeni amuncwa amaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi izikhungo zokuphendula eziqukethe i-chlorophyll eluhlaza (nezinye ezimibalabala) ama-pigment / ama-chromophores. Ezitshalweni, la maphrotheni agcinwa ngaphakathi kwama-organelle okuthiwa ama-chloroplast, atholakala kakhulu emangqamuzaneni amaqabunga, kuyilapho emabhaktheriya egxilile kulwelwesi lwe-plasma. Kulezi zimo ezixhomeke ekukhanyeni, kusetshenziswa amandla athile ukuze kukhishwe ama - electron ezintweni ezifanele, njengamanzi, kukhiqizwe igesi yomoya - mpilo. I-hydrogen ekhululwe ngokuqhekeka kwamanzi isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezinye izinhlanganisela ezimbili ezisebenza njengamasheya omfutho wesikhashana, okuvumela ukudluliselwa kwayo ukushayela ezinye ukusabela: lezi zinhlanganisela ziyancishiswa i-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) ne-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), "imali yamandla" yamangqamuzana.  Ezitshalweni, ama-algae nama-cyanobacteria, ushukela uhlanganiswa ngokulandelana kokusabela okuzimele kokukhanya okubizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo kaCalvin. Emjikelezweni kaCalvin, i-carbon dioxide esemkhathini ihlanganiswa nezakhi zekhabhoni ezikhona kakade, njenge-ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Kusetshenziswa i-ATP ne-NADPH ekhiqizwa ukusabela okuxhomeke ekukhanyeni, izinhlanganisela eziwumphumela ziyancishiswa bese zisuswa ukuze kwakheke amanye ama-carbohydrate, njenge-glucose. Kwamanye amabhaktheriya, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukile ezifana nomjikelezo we-Krebs ophendukayo ukuze kufinyelelwe umgomo ofanayo.