Njengoba kunikezwe lesi sigaba esiphathelene nokuhlola okwaholela ekutholakaleni kwepenicillin nguSir Alexander Fleming, ngitshele ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamagciwane ipenicillin enethonya elwa namagciwane kuzo, bese ubhala uhlu lwezimo ezazidingeka ukuze kutholakale ipenicillin
Context:Ngo-1927, uFleming wayesephenya izakhiwo zama-staphylococci. Wayesaziwa kakade ngomsebenzi wakhe wangaphambili, futhi wayesenedumela lokuba umcwaningi okhaliphile. Ngo-1928, wafunda ukuhlukahluka kwe-Staphylococcus aureus ekhule ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ngemuva komsebenzi kaJoseph Warwick Bigger, owathola ukuthi leli gciwane lingakhula libe izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene (izinhlobo). Ngo - September 3, 1928, uFleming wabuyela elabhorethri ngemva kokuchitha iholide nomkhaya wakhe eSuffolk. Ngaphambi kokuba ahambe aye eholidini, wagoma ama-staphylococcus ezitsheni zokutshala futhi waziyeka ebhentshini ekhoneni elaliselabhorethri yakhe. Lapho ebuya, uFleming waphawula ukuthi isitshalo esisodwa sasingcoliswe isikhunta, nokuthi amakoloni ama-staphylococci ayezungeze isikhunta ayebhujisiwe, kuyilapho amanye amakoloni ama-staphylococci ekude ayejwayelekile, echaza ngokudumile ukuthi "Kuyahlekisa". UFleming wabonisa umsizi wakhe wangaphambili uMerlin Pryce isitshalo esonakele, owamkhumbuza, "Yindlela owathola ngayo i-lysozyme". Wakhomba ukuthi lesi sikhunta sasivela ohlotsheni lwe-Penicillium. Wayesola ukuthi kwakuyi-P. chrysogenum, kodwa umuntu ayesebenza naye uCharles J. La Touche wayichaza ngokuthi yi-P. rubrum. (Kwathi kamuva yalungiswa njenge-P. notatum yase yamukelwa ngokusemthethweni njenge-P. chrysogenum; ngo-2011, yaxazululwa njenge-P. rubens.) I-laboratory lapho uFleming athola khona futhi ahlola khona i-penicillin igcinwe njenge-Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum eSibhedlela iSt. Mary's, ePaddington. Umthombo wokungcola kwesikhunta waqinisekiswa ngo-1966 ukuthi uvela egumbini likaLa Touche, elalingezansi kwelikaFleming. UFleming wakhulisa isikhunta esikhunjeni esihlanzekile futhi wathola ukuthi umhluzi wesitshalo uqukethe into elwa namagciwane. Waphenya ngomphumela wayo wokulwa namagciwane ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo, futhi waphawula ukuthi uthinta amabhaktheriya afana ne-staphylococci nezinye izifo eziningi ze-Gram-positive ezibangela i-scarlet fever, i-pneumonia, i-meningitis ne-diphtheria, kodwa hhayi i-typhoid fever noma i-paratyphoid fever, ezibangelwa amagciwane e-Gram-negative, ayefuna ikhambi lawo ngaleso sikhathi. Futhi yayithinta iNeisseria gonorrhoeae, ebangela isifo sohudo, nakuba leli gciwane lingenawo amagciwane e-Gram. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezithile eyibiza ngokuthi "ijusi yesikhunta" noma "umvimbi", wanikeza igama elithi penicillin ngo-March 7, 1929 ngenxa yezinto ezilwa namagciwane ezikhona esikhunjeni.
I-penicillin inomphumela wokulwa namagciwane emagciwane amaningi e-Gram- positive kuhlanganise kodwa hhayi kuphela amagciwane abangela i- meningitis, i- diptheria, i- pneumonia, i- scarlet fever. Iphinde isebenze kuma- staphylococci bacteria (e- Gram- positive) abangela izifo zesikhumba nezicubu ezithambile njengama- boils. I-penicillin nayo yatholakala ukuthi inomphumela wokulwa namagciwane kumagciwane e-Gram- negative abangela i-gonorrhoea. Kwakunochungechunge lwezimo ezenzeka ngengozi ezazihlangene ukuze kuvunyelwe ukutholakala kwepenicillin, enye yazo kwakuwukukhetha kukaSir Alexander ukuthatha iholide nomkhaya wakhe ngemva kokushiya amagciwane e-staphylococci esikhaleni elabhorethri yakhe ngaphambi kokuhamba. Ngokwe-anecdotally uSir Alexander wayedebesela kancane ngokuhlanzeka kwelabhorethri okwanikela ekutholeni kwakhe i-lysozyme ngaphambili futhi kubonakala sengathi ukungabi bikho kokunakekela okufanayo kwakuyimbangela yokuvulwa kwe-penicillin. Okokugcina indawo ethile yelabhu yakhe namasiko adlala indima - ukungcoliswa kwesikhunta okwakunomphumela wokulwa namagciwane esakhiweni se-staphylococci kwavela elabhorethri yozakwabo bakaSir Alexander esitezi esingaphansi