Fingqa umlando wemvelaphi yegama leKievan Rus
Context:Ngaphambi kokuvela kweKievan Rus' ngekhulu lesi-9, ingxenye enkulu yendawo esenyakatho yoLwandle Olumnyama, ecishe ihlangane ne-Ukraine neBelarus yanamuhla, yayihlala ikakhulukazi izizwe zaseMpumalanga Slavic. Esifundeni esisenyakatho esizungeze iNovgorod kwakukhona ama-Ilmen amaSlav kanye namaKrivichi angomakhelwane, ababehlala ezindaweni ezizungeze imithombo yamanzi aseNtshonalanga Dvina, Dnieper naseVolga. Ngasenyakatho, ezifundeni zaseLadoga naseKarelia, kwakuhlala isizwe samaFinnic Chud. Ngaseningizimu, endaweni ezungeze iKiev, kwakunamaPoliane, iqembu lezizwe ezaziguqulwe zaba amaSlav ezinemvelaphi yaseIran, amaDrevliane entshonalanga yeDnieper, namaSeveriane empumalanga. Ngasenyakatho nangasempumalanga yawo kwakunamaVyatichi, futhi ngaseningizimu yawo kwakunamazwe anezihlahla ayehlala abalimi abangamaSlav, avumela izindawo ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni eziphakeme.  Kwake kwaba nokuphikisana ngokuthi ngabe amaRus' ayengamaVarangia noma amaSlav, kodwa muva nje, ukunakwa kwezazi kuye kwagxila kakhulu ekuxoxeni ngokuthi abantu baseNorse basendulo bahlanganiswa ngokushesha kangakanani nesiko lamaSlav. Lokhu kungaqiniseki ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa ukuntuleka kwemithombo yangaleso sikhathi. Imizamo yokuphendula lo mbuzo kunalokho incike ebufakazini bemivubukulo, ekulandiseni kwababukeli bakwamanye amazwe, nasezinganekwaneni nasezincwadini ezalotshwa emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva. Ngokwezinga elithile, le mpikiswano ihlobene nezinganekwane zokwakhiwa kwamazwe anamuhla kule ndawo. Le mpikiswano evame ukungabi nalusizo ngemvelaphi iye yaphenduka ngezikhathi ezithile yaba izinganekwane zobuzwe ezincintisanayo zenani eliyinkimbinkimbi lezazi ezikhuthazwa ngokuqondile yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene, ezifundazweni eziningi. Lokhu kwabonakala esikhathini sikaStalin, lapho izazi-mlando zaseSoviet zazifuna ukuhlukanisa amaRus' kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana nezizwe zamaJalimane, ngomzamo wokuqeda inkulumo-ze yamaNazi ethi umbuso waseRussia wawukweleta ukuba khona kwawo nemvelaphi yawo ezizweni zaseNorse okuthiwa ziphakeme ngokobuhlanga. Muva nje, esimweni sokuvuselelwa kobuzwe emazweni angemuva kweSoviet, izifundiswa ezikhuluma isiNgisi zihlolisise imizamo emisha yokusebenzisa le mpikiswano ukudala izindaba zesisekelo sobuzwe, ohulumeni kwesinye isikhathi babandakanyeka ngqo kuphrojekthi. Izingqungquthela nezincwadi ezibuza ngemvelaphi yaseNorse yaseRus' ziye zisekelwa ngokuqondile inqubomgomo yombuso kwezinye izimo, futhi izinganekwane ezisemqoka eziye zafakwa kwezinye izincwadi zesikole eRussia.  Nakuba amaVarangian ayengabathengisi baseNorse namaViking, abanye ababhali-mlando baseRussia nabase-Ukraine abathi amaRus' wona ayengamaSlav (bheka i-Anti-Normanism). Imibono yamaNorman igxile emthonjeni wokuqala obhaliwe wamaSlav aseMpumalanga, i-Primary Chronicle, eyakhiwa ngekhulu le-12. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izazi zezizwe ziye zasikisela ukuthi amaRus' ayekhona ngaphambi kokufika kwamaVarangia, ziphawula ukuthi amagama ambalwa kuphela aseScandinavia angatholakala ngesiRashiya nokuthi amagama aseScandinavia emibhalweni yokuqala asheshe athathelwa indawo amagama amaSlavic.  Noma kunjalo, ukuxhumana okusondelene phakathi kweRus' neNorse kuqinisekiswa kokubili ngemizi ebanzi yaseScandinavia eBelarus, eRussia nase-Ukraine kanye namathonya amaSlavic olimini lwesiSweden. Yize impikiswano ngemvelaphi yeRus' ihlala ikhokhiswe ngokwezepolitiki, kunokuvumelana okubanzi kokuthi uma ama-proto-Rus' empeleni ayengamaNorse ekuqaleni, asheshe azalwa, amukela izilimi zamaSlavic nezinye izindlela zamasiko. Lesi sikhundla, cishe esimelela ukuvumelana kwezazi (okungenani ngaphandle kwesayensi yomlando wobuzwe), safingqwa yisazi-mlando, uF. Donald Logan, "ngo-839, amaRus ayengamaSweden; ngo-1043 amaRus ayengamaSlav". Ucwaningo lwamuva nje luye lwazama ukudlulela ngale kwengxoxo emincane nezingokwezombangazwe ngemvelaphi, ukugxila ekutheni ukuhlanganiswa kwenzeka kanjani futhi kungani kwenzeka ngokushesha kangaka. Okunye ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA kwanamuhla kukhomba nemvelaphi yamaViking, hhayi kuphela eminye yemindeni yezikhulu zakuqala zaseRus kanye / noma izizukulwane zayo kodwa futhi nezixhumanisi zabafowabo abangaba khona abavela emazweni angomakhelwane njengoSviatopolk I waseKiev.  U - Ahmad ibn Fadlan, umhambi ongumArabhu ngekhulu le - 10, wanikeza enye yezincazelo zokuqala ezibhalwe phansi zamaRus: "Bamde njengesihlahla sesundu, banombala ophuzi futhi banombala obomvu, ngakho akudingeki bagqoke ingubo noma ingubo; kunalokho amadoda phakathi kwawo agqoka izingubo ezivala ingxenye yomzimba kuphela futhi ashiye esinye isandla sikhululekile". ULiutprand waseCremona, owayengumthunywa enkantolo yaseByzantium kabili (949 no-968), ukhomba "amaRussi" namaNorse ("amaRussi, esiwabiza ngokuthi amaNorse ngelinye igama") kodwa uchaza igama njengegama lesiGreki elibhekisela ezimfanelweni zabo zomzimba ("Abantu abathile abakhiwe yingxenye yamaNorse, amaGrikhi abiza [...] amaRussi ngenxa yezici zabo zomzimba, sibabiza ngokuthi amaNorse ngenxa yendawo abavela kuyo. "). ULeo the Deacon, isazi-mlando nomlobi wezindaba waseByzantium wekhulu le-10, ubiza amaRus ngokuthi "amaSkithe" futhi uphawula ukuthi ayethanda ukwamukela imikhuba namasiko amaGreki. Kodwa igama elithi 'amaSkithe' ngolimi lwesiGreki lisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengegama elihlanganisa bonke abantu abafudukayo.
Imvelaphi yegama elithi i-Kievan Rus' inempikiswano eningi, ikakhulukazi kwamanye amazwe anethonya elinamandla emibonweni yobuzwe (ukuze uthole ulwazi oluthe xaxa hlola izindaba zesisekelo se-ethno-nationalist). Kwake kwaba nokuphikisana ngokuthi amaRus ayengamaVarangia noma amaSlav. Ezinye izazi-mlando zithi amaRus' wona ngokwawo ayengamaSlav, kuyilapho amaVarangia ayengabathengisi baseNorse namaViking. Ukuhlobana okuseduze phakathi kwamaRus' namaNorse kuqinisekiswa kokubili izindawo eziningi zokuhlala zaseScandinavia ezatholakala ezindaweni eziseBelarus, eRussia, naseUkraine namuhla nangethonya lamaSlav olimini lwesiSweden.  Ngokubeka eceleni umbono wezombusazwe-ngokomlando okhuthaza ubuzwe, singalandela okutholakele okungokomlando nokwemivubukulo okuchaza ukwakheka kwezizwe endaweni kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi, iKievan Rus'.  ULiutprand waseCremona, uhlanganisa "amaRashiya" namaNorse kodwa uchaza leli gama njengegama lesiGreki elibhekisela ezimfanelweni zawo ezingokwenyama. ULeo the Deacon, isazi-mlando nomlobi wezindaba waseByzantium wekhulu le-10, ubiza amaRus ngokuthi "amaSkithe" futhi uphawula ukuthi ayethanda ukwamukela imikhuba namasiko amaGreki. Kodwa igama elithi 'amaSkithe' ngolimi lwesiGreki lisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengegama elihlanganisa bonke abantu abafudukayo.  Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa noma ukuvela kweKievan Rus, ingxenye enkulu yendawo esenyakatho yoLwandle Olumnyama yayihlala ikakhulukazi izizwe zamaSlav asempumalanga. Kodwa futhi yayizungezwe futhi inabantu abaningi njengama-Ilmen amaSlav kanye namaKrivich angomakhelwane, isizwe saseFinnic Chud, iPoliane, iqembu lezizwe zamaSlavic ezinemvelaphi yase-Iranian, iDrevliane kanye neSeveriane kanye neVyatichi, futhi eningizimu yabo kwakuyizwe elinamahlathi elalihlala abalimi abangamaSlav, linikeza indawo emazweni asezindaweni ezihlala abelusi abahamba ngezinyawo.