Bhala uhlu lwezitshalo ezitholakala e-Antarctica ngendlela evamile ehlukanisiwe.
Context:I-Antarctica (/ænˈtɑːrktɪkə/) iyizwekazi eliseningizimu kakhulu futhi elinabantu abambalwa kakhulu eMhlabeni. Njengoba iseningizimu ye-Antarctic Circle cishe ngokuphelele futhi izungezwe iSouthern Ocean (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Antarctic Ocean), iqukethe iSouth Pole. I-Antarctica iyizwekazi lesihlanu ngobukhulu, ngokuba cishe ngo-40% kukhulu kuneYurophu, futhi inendawo eyi-14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Ingxenye enkulu ye-Antarctica imbozwe yiqhwa lase-Antarctic, elinobukhulu obuphakathi no-1.9 km (1.2 mi). Ngokwesilinganiso, i-Antarctica iyona ekala kakhulu, eyomile, futhi enomoya omkhulu kunawo wonke amazwekazi, futhi inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko iyihlane elisezindaweni ezibandayo, elinemvula yaminyaka yonke engaphezu kwama-200 mm (8 in) ogwini futhi ingaphansi kakhulu ezweni. Cishe u-70% wemithombo yamanzi amasha emhlabeni wonke iqandisiwe e-Antarctica, okuthi uma incibilika, izinga lolwandle emhlabeni wonke lingakhuphuka cishe ngamamitha angu-60 (amamitha angu-200). I-Antarctica iphethe irekhodi lokushisa okuphansi kakhulu okulinganisiwe eMhlabeni, -89.2 °C (-128.6 °F). Izifunda ezisogwini zingase zifinyelele emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-10 °C (50 °F) ehlobo. Izinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona lapha zihlanganisa ama-mite, ama-nematode, ama-penguin, ama-seal nama-tardigrade. Lapho kutholakala khona izimila, kuvame ukuba ama - lichen noma ama - moss. Cishe ama-ice shelf ase-Antarctica aqala ukubonakala ngo-1820, ngesikhathi sokuhambela kwezwe kwaseRussia okwaholwa uFabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen noMikhail Lazarev. Emashumini eminyaka alandela kwaqhubeka ukuhlola ngokuhlola kwamaFulentshi, amaMelika, namaBrithani. Ukufika kokuqala okuqinisekisiwe kwaba iqembu laseNorway ngo-1895. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwaba nemikhumbi embalwa eya ezindaweni ezingaphakathi kuleli zwekazi. Abacwaningi baseBrithani baba ngabokuqala ukufinyelela iSouth Pole kazibuthe ngo-1909, kanti iSouth Pole ngokwendawo yaqala ukufinyelelwa ngo-1911 ngabacwaningi baseNorway.
Ama-lichens, ama-moss.