Kusho ukuthini ukuthi "umbuso wobumbano ophindwe kabili", futhi uhluke kanjani "embusweni wobumbano osebenzisanayo"?
I-federalism iyisimiso sikahulumeni lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kwamazinga ahlukahlukene. E-United States, sinohlelo olunezigaba ezimbili, uhulumeni wesifundazwe noma kazwelonke, nangaphansi kwawo ohulumeni bezifundazwe. I-dual federalism yisikhathi esiphakathi kuka-1819 no-1936 lapho kwakunokuhlukaniswa kwamandla okucacile phakathi kukahulumeni wesifundazwe nohulumeni wesifundazwe. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi uhulumeni kazwelonke washiya izifundazwe ngokuyinhloko ukuba zizenzele zona ezindaweni ezinkulu zenqubomgomo ezibandakanya imfundo, ezokuthutha, namalungelo abantu, phakathi kokunye. Phakathi nenkathi yombuso wobumbano ophindwe kabili, amacala amabili abalulekile asetha inkundla yenkathi yesikhathi elandelayo ebizwa ngokuthi "umbuso wobumbano wokubambisana" (1936-manje). Icala lokuqala lalinguMcCulloch v. Maryland elalibhekisela esigabeni soMthethosisekelo sokuphakama futhi lisho amandla kahulumeni wobumbano esinqumweni esasenqabela izwe laseMaryland ukuba likhokhe intela ebhange likahulumeni. Icala lesibili kwakunguGibbons v. Ogden elalibhekisela emandleni kahulumeni wesifundazwe okulawula ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifundazwe okunikeza uGibbons igunya lokuhambisa abantu besuka eNew Jersey beya eNew York. La macala amabili asetshenziswa nguhulumeni waseFederal ngesikhathi seNew Deal njengesibonelo sokuvumela ukubambisana kobumbano okuyi "ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla, inqubomgomo, kanye nemithombo phakathi kohulumeni kazwelonke kanye nohulumeni wesifundazwe". "Uhulumeni wasungula izinhlelo ezihlinzeka ngezimali zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezazikade ziyimikhakha yombuso kuphela, njengezempilo, ezokuthutha, ezemfundo, ezokuqashwa kanye nokusiza abampofu". Lokhu kuhlukile ekubumbeni imibuso emibili ngoba manje sinokuxubana nokwabelana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezifundazwe nobezizwe.