Iyini i-photosynthesis?
Context:I-photosynthesis inqubo esetshenziswa izitshalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze kuguqulwe amandla okukhanya abe amandla amakhemikhali okuthi, ngokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, kamuva akhululwe ukuze kusetshenziswe izinto eziphilayo. Amanye ala mandla amakhemikhali agcinwa kuma-molecule e-carbohydrate, njengoshukela nesitashi, ahlanganiswa i-carbon dioxide namanzi <unk> yingakho igama elithi photosynthesis, lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi phōs (φῶς), "ukukhanya", nelithi synthesis (σύνθεσις), "ukuhlanganiswa". Iningi lezitshalo, ama-algae, nama-cyanobacteria enza i-photosynthesis; izidalwa ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-photoautotrophs. I-photosynthesis ngokuyinhloko inomthwalo wokukhiqiza nokugcina okuqukethwe komoya-mpilo emkhathini womhlaba, futhi inikeza iningi lamandla adingekayo ekuphileni eMhlabeni.  Nakuba i-photosynthesis yenziwa ngezindlela ezingafani yizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, inqubo iqala njalo lapho amandla okukhanya amuncwa amaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi izikhungo zokusabela eziqukethe i-chlorophyll eluhlaza (nezinye izinto ezinemibala) ezenziwe nge-pigment/chromophores. Ezitshalweni, la maphrotheni agcinwa ngaphakathi kwama-organelle okuthiwa ama-chloroplast, atholakala kakhulu emangqamuzaneni amaqabunga, kuyilapho emabhaktheriya egxilile kulwelwesi lwe-plasma. Kulezi zimo ezixhomeke ekukhanyeni, kusetshenziswa amandla athile ukuze kukhishwe ama - electron ezintweni ezifanele, njengamanzi, kukhiqizwe igesi yomoya - mpilo. I-hydrogen ekhululwe ngokuqhekeka kwamanzi isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezinye izinhlanganisela ezimbili ezisebenza njengamasheya omfutho wesikhashana, okuvumela ukudluliselwa kwayo ukushayela ezinye ukusabela: lezi zinhlanganisela ziyancishiswa i-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) ne-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), "imali yamandla" yamangqamuzana.
I-photosynthesis - inqubo esetshenziswa izitshalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze kuguqulwe amandla okukhanya abe amandla amakhemikhali - igama elivela kwelesiGreki elithi phōs (φῶς), "ukukhanya", nelithi synthesis (σύνθεσις), "ukuhlanganisa" - inqubo eqala ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho amandla okukhanya amuncwa amaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi izikhungo zokusabela - kwenziwa ngendlela ehlukile yizinhlobo ezahlukene - inengxenye enkulu ekukhiqizeni nasekulondolozeni okuqukethwe umoya-mpilo emkhathini womhlaba