Ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi engiluhlanganyele no-Abel Janszoon Tasman, ungangishumayeza?
Context:U-Abel Janszoon Tasman (Dutch: [ˈɑbəl ˈjɑnsoːn ˈtɑsmɑn]; 1603 <unk> 10 Okthoba 1659) wayengumkhumbi waseDashi nomhloli wamazwe, owaziwa kakhulu ngohambo lwakhe lwango-1642 nango-1644 esebenzela iDutch East India Company (VOC).  Wazalelwa eLutjegast, eNetherlands, ngo - 1603, uTasman waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba itilosi lomthengisi futhi waba itilosi elinekhono. Ngo - 1633, wajoyina i - VOC futhi wathuthela eBatavia, manje eyiJakarta, e - Indonesia. Wabamba iqhaza ohambweni oluningana, kuhlanganise nolunye oluya eJapane. Ngo - 1642, iTasman yamiswa yi - VOC ukuba ihole uhambo lokuhlola izindawo ezazingaziwa zaseNingizimu Pacific Ocean. Umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukuthola izindlela ezintsha zokuhweba nokwakha ubudlelwane bezentengiselwano nabakhileyo bendawo. Ngemva kokushiya iBatavia, uTasman wahamba ngomkhumbi waya empumalanga wafika ogwini lwaseTasmania, waliqamba ngokuthi iZwe likaVan Diemen, eliqhamuka egameni lomuntu owayengumvikeli wakhe. Wabe eseya ngasenyakatho wathola ugu olusentshonalanga yeNew Zealand, waliqamba ngokuthi iStaten Landt, kodwa kamuva waliqamba kabusha ngokuthi iNieuw Zeeland ngemva kwesifundazwe saseNetherlands iZeeland.  Naphezu kokuphumelela kwakhe, uhambo lukaTasman aluzange luphumelele ngokuphelele. Ukuhlangana nabantu abangamaMaori esiQhingini saseNingizimu saseNew Zealand kwaholela empini enobudlova, eyashiya amadoda amane kaTasman efile. Wabuyela eBatavia ngaphandle kokwenza noma yikuphi ukuxhumana okuphawulekayo nezakhamuzi zendawo noma ukusungula noma yibuphi ubudlelwano bezohwebo. Noma kunjalo, ukuhambela kukaTasman kwavula indlela yokuba abantu baseYurophu baqhubeke behlola futhi benze i - Australia neNew Zealand amakoloni. UTasman waqhubeka ekhonza iDutch East India Company kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1659, washiya ifa lokuba omunye wabahloli bamazwe abavelele kakhulu besikhathi sakhe.  Imvelaphi nokuphila kwasekuqaleni  Isithombe sika-Abel Tasman, umkakhe nendodakazi yakhe. Kubhekiselwa kuJacob Gerritsz Cuyp, 1637 (akuqinisekisiwe). U-Abel Tasman wazalwa cishe ngo-1603 eLutjegast, idolobhana elincane esifundazweni saseGroningen, enyakatho yeNetherlands. Umthombo omdala kunawo wonke okhuluma ngaye ngo-27 Disemba 1631 lapho, njengomuntu wasolwandle owayehlala e-Amsterdam, owayeneminyaka engu-28 ubudala wathembisa ukushada noJannetje Tjaers oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala, wasePalmstraat esifundeni saseJordaan edolobheni.  Ukuthuthela eNetherlands East Indies Eqashwe iDutch East India Company (VOC), uTasman wahamba ngomkhumbi esuka eTexel (eNetherlands) eya eBatavia, manje eyiJakarta, ngo-1633 ehamba ngomzila oseningizimu iBrouwer Route. Ngesikhathi eseBatavia, uTasman wathatha ingxenye ohambweni lokuya esiqhingini saseSeram (manje esiyisifundazwe saseMaluku e-Indonesia) ngoba abantu bendawo babethengise izinongo kwezinye izizwe zaseYurophu ngaphandle kwamaDashi. Wasinda ngokulambisa ekufeni lapho abanye babangane bakhe bebulawa izakhamuzi zalesi siqhingi lapho befika ngokunganaki.  Ngo - August 1637, uTasman wayesebuyele e - Amsterdam, futhi ngonyaka olandelayo wasayina omunye umsebenzi weminyaka eyishumi futhi wathatha umkakhe baya naye eBatavia. Ngo-25 Mashi 1638 wazama ukuthengisa impahla yakhe eJordaan, kodwa ukuthenga kwamiswa.  Wayengumuntu wesibili-in-umyalo we 1639 uhambo lokuhlola eNyakatho Pacific ngaphansi Matthijs Quast. Le mikhumbi yayihlanganisa imikhumbi i - Engel ne - Gracht futhi yafika eFort Zeelandia (eDutch Formosa) naseDeshima (isiqhingi esenziwe ngabantu ngaphandle kwaseNagasaki, eJapane).  Uhambo lokuqala olukhulu Ngo-Agasti 1642, uMkhandlu waseNdiya, owawunamalungu u-Antonie van Diemen, uCornelis van der Lijn, uJoan Maetsuycker, uJustus Schouten, uSolomon Sweers, uCornelis Witsen, noPieter Boreel eBatavia wathumela uTasman noFranchoijs Jacobszoon Visscher ohambweni lokuhlola ezindaweni ezazingabhalisiwe empumalanga yeCape of Good Hope, entshonalanga yeStaten Land (eduze neCape Horn yaseNingizimu Melika) naseningizimu yeSolomon Islands.  Enye yezinjongo kwakuwukuthola ulwazi "ngazo zonke iziFundazwe zaseBeach ezazingaziwa nhlobo". Lena kwakuyizwe okwakuthiwa alikho kodwa okwakuthiwa linegolide eliningi, elalivele livela emabalazweni aseYurophu kusukela ngekhulu le - 15, ngenxa yephutha elalivela kwezinye izinguqulo zemisebenzi kaMarco Polo.  Lolu hambo lwaluzosebenzisa imikhumbi emibili emincane, iHeemskerck neZeehaen.  IMauritius Ngokuhambisana neziqondiso zikaVisscher, uTasman wasuka eBatavia ngo-14 Agasti 1642 futhi wafika eMauritius ngo-5 Septhemba 1642, ngokusho kwedayari likakaputeni. Isizathu salokhu sasiwukuthi iqembu lalingadla kahle esiqhingini; kwakunamanzi amaningi ahlanzekile nezinkuni zokulungisa imikhumbi. UTasman wathola usizo lukaMbusi u-Adriaan van der Stel.  Ngenxa yemimoya enamandla, kwakhethwa iMauritius njengendawo yokuguqula izinto. Ngemva kokuhlala amasonto amane esiqhingini, zombili lezi zikebhe zahamba ngomhlaka-8 Okthoba zisebenzisa iRoaring Forties ukuze zihambe ziqonde empumalanga ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. (Akekho owayeke waya kude njengoPieter Nuyts ngo-1626/27.) NgoNovemba 7, iqhwa nesichotho kwathonya umkhandlu womkhumbi ukuba ushintshe inkambo uye ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga, ngenhloso yokuba neSolomon Islands njengendawo yabo.  I-Tasmania  Amawa asogwini lweNhlonhlo YaseTasman NgoNovemba 24, 1642, uTasman wafika futhi wabona ugu olusentshonalanga yeTasmania, enyakatho yeMacquarie Harbour. Waqamba lokhu akuthola ngokuthi iZwe likaVan Diemen, eqanjwe ngo-Antonio van Diemen, uMbusi-Jikelele waseDutch East Indies.  Iqhubekela eningizimu, iTasman yagudla ingxenye eseningizimu yeTasmania yaphendukela enyakatho-mpumalanga. Wabe esezama ukufaka imikhumbi yakhe emibili e-Adventure Bay ogwini olusempumalanga yeSouth Bruny Island, kodwa washaywa isiphepho. Le ndawo wayiqamba ngokuthi iStorm Bay. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, ngo-December 1, iTasman yanqamula enyakatho yeCape Frederick Hendrick enyakatho yeForestier Peninsula. NgoDisemba 2, izikebhe ezimbili zemikhumbi ngaphansi komyalo kaPilot, uMajor Visscher, zagwedla ngeMarion Narrows zaya eBlackman Bay, zase ziya entshonalanga ziye ekuphumeni kweBoomer Creek lapho zaqoqa khona "imifino" edliwayo. UTasman waqamba leli chibi ngokuthi iFrederick Hendrik Bay, elalihlanganisa iNorth Bay, iMarion Bay kanye nalokho manje okuyiBlackman Bay. (Igama lasekuqaleni laseTasman, uFrederick Henrick Bay, ladluliselwa ngephutha endaweni yalo yamanje nguMarion Dufresne ngo-1772). Ngosuku olulandelayo, kwenziwa umzamo wokufika eNorth Bay. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi ulwandle lwaluyaluza kakhulu, umbazi womkhumbi wabhukuda phakathi kwamagagasi wafaka ifulege laseNetherlands. UTasman wabe esezibiza ngokusemthethweni ukuthi ungumnikazi womhlaba ngo-3 Disemba 1642.  Kwaphela ezinye izinsuku ezimbili, eqhubeka elandela ugu olusempumalanga eya enyakatho ukuze abone ukuthi lufinyelela kude kangakanani. Lapho izwe liphendukela enyakatho-ntshonalanga e-Eddystone Point, wazama ukulandela ugu kodwa imikhumbi yakhe yavele yashaywa yiRoaring Forties eyayihamba ngeBass Strait. UTasman wayesemkhankasweni wokuthola izwekazi eliseningizimu hhayi ezinye iziqhingi, ngakho ngokungazelelwe waphendukela empumalanga futhi waqhubeka nokuzingela kwakhe izwekazi.  INew Zealand  I-Murderers' Bay, edwetshwe u-Isaack Gilsemans  I-haka yamaMaori UTasman wayehlose ukuqhubekela ngasenyakatho kodwa njengoba umoya wawungemuhle wabhekisa empumalanga. Lolu hambo lwalunzima kakhulu futhi kwelinye lamaphephabhuku akhe uTasman wathi ikhampasi yakhe yiyo kuphela eyamgcina ephila.  Ngo-December 13, 1642 babona izwe elisogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSouth Island yaseNew Zealand, baba abantu bokuqala baseYurophu ukubona iNew Zealand. UTasman wayiqamba ngokuthi iStaten Landt "ngokuhlonipha iStates General" (iphalamende laseNetherlands). Wabhala, "kungenzeka ukuthi leli zwe lijoyina iStaten Landt kodwa akuqinisekisiwe", ebhekisela e-Isla de los Estados, indawo enegama elifanayo eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika, eyatholakala ngumkhumbi waseDashi uJacob Le Maire ngo-1616. Nokho, ngo-1643 uhambo lukaBrouwer oluya eValdivia lwathola ukuthi iStaaten Landt ihlukaniswe ulwandle neZwe laseNingizimu elicatshangelwayo. UTasman waqhubeka: "Sikholelwa ukuthi leli yizwekazi elisogwini lweNingizimu engaziwa". UTasman wayecabanga ukuthi usethole uhlangothi olusentshonalanga lweTerra Australis okwase kuyisikhathi eside ecatshangwa ukuthi yayidabula iPacific iye ngasekugcineni eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika.  Ngemva kokuhamba ngomkhumbi izinsuku ezinhlanu belibangise enyakatho bese belibangise empumalanga, leli qembu lafikela endaweni eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu - 7 ukusuka ogwini, endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iGolden Bay. Iqembu lamaMaori lahamba ngesikebhe i-waka (isikebhe) futhi lahlasela amatilosi athile ayeshayela phakathi kwemikhumbi emibili yamaDashi. Amatilosi amane ashaywa ngesibhakela kwaze kwaba sekufeni. Kusihlwa cishe ihora ngemva kokushona kwelanga sabona izibani eziningi ogwini nemikhumbi emine eduze nogu, emibili yayo yaziphonsa kithi. Lapho izikebhe zethu ezimbili zibuyela emikhunjini zibika ukuthi zazithole amanzi angekho ngaphansi kwezingalo eziyishumi nantathu, futhi ngokushona kwelanga (elacwila ngemva kwezwe eliphakeme) zase zisengamakhilomitha angaba yingxenye ukusuka ogwini. Ngemva kokuba abantu bakithi sebekhwele cishe ingilazi eyodwa, abantu ababesemikhumbini emibili baqala ukusimemeza ngezwi elibi, elingenalutho. Sasingakuqondi nakancane; nokho, lapho bephinde bebiza izikhathi eziningana saphinde sababiza njengempendulo engokomfanekiso. Kodwa abazange basondele ngisho nangokudutshulwa itshe. Babephinde bashaye insimbi yomculo izikhathi eziningi, eyayikhipha umsindo ofana nowecilongo lamaMoor. Sathi omunye wabasebenzi bethu bemikhumbi (owayekwazi ukudlala icilongo kancane) adlale izingoma ezithile ukuze abaphendule".  Njengoba uTasman ayesehamba ngomkhumbi ephuma ethekwini waphawula ama-waka angu-22 eduze nogu, "ayishumi nanye ayegcwele abantu eza kithi". I-waka yasondela e-Zeehaen eyadubula futhi yashaya indoda eyayiphethe i-waka enkulu ephethe ifulege elincane elimhlophe. Umcibisholo owawuphuma emgodleni nawo washaya uhlangothi lwe-waka. Kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi amaMaori endawo ayecabanga ukuthi amaDashi ayezama ukufika endaweni enkulu yezolimo, amaMaori ayezama ukuyivikela. UTasman wabiza le ndawo ngokuthi "iBay of Murderers".  Lolu hambo lwabe seluhamba lwaya enyakatho, lubona iCook Strait, olwalukubheka njenge-bay futhi lwaluyiqamba ngokuthi "i-Zeehaen's Bight". Amagama amabili athiwa yileli qembu ezindaweni ezisemaphethelweni asenyakatho yeNew Zealand asekho nanamuhla: iCape Maria van Diemen neThree Kings Islands. (ICape Pieter Boreels yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iCape Egmont nguKaputeni uJames Cook eminyakeni engu-125 kamuva.)  Uhambo lokubuyela  ITongatapu, isiqhingi esikhulu saseTonga; umdwebo ka - Isaack Gilsemans  Ibhange laseTongatapu nemikhumbi emibili; umdwebo ka-Isaack Gilsemans Endleleni ebuyela eBatavia, uTasman wahlangana nesiqhingi saseTonga ngoJanuwari 20, 1643. Lapho zidlula eziQhingini zaseFiji, imikhumbi kaTasman yacishe yaphahlazeka emithonjeni eyingozi engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeqembu laseFiji. Wenza ibalazwe lomngcele osempumalanga yeVanua Levu neCikobia-i-Lau ngaphambi kokuba abuyele olwandle.  Leli qembu laphendukela enyakatho-ntshonalanga maqondana neNew Guinea futhi lafika eBatavia ngoJuni 15, 1643.  Uhambo lwesibili olukhulu UTasman wasuka eBatavia ngomhlaka 30 Januwari 1644 ohambweni lwakhe lwesibili nemikhumbi emithathu (iLimmen, iZeemeeuw ne-tender Braek). Walandela ugu oluseningizimu yeNew Guinea eya empumalanga ezama ukuthola indlela eya ohlangothini olusempumalanga yeNew Holland. Nokho, waphuthelwa iTorres Strait phakathi kweNew Guinea ne-Australia, cishe ngenxa yamawa amaningi neziqhingi ezifiphaza imizila engaba khona, futhi waqhubeka nohambo lwakhe ngokulandela ugu lweGulf of Carpentaria ngasentshonalanga ngasogwini olusenyakatho ye-Australia. Wenza amabalazwe asogwini olusenyakatho ye - Australia, ebheka iNew Holland nabantu bakhona. Wabuyela eBatavia ngo-August 1644.  Ngokombono weDutch East India Company, ukuhlola kukaTasman kwaba ukudumazeka: wayengatholanga ndawo ethembisayo yokuhweba noma indlela entsha ewusizo yokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Nakuba uTasman athola ukwamukelwa ngenhlonipho lapho ebuya, inkampani yacasuka ngokuthi uTasman wayengazihlolisisanga ngokugcwele izindawo azithola, futhi yanquma ukuthi kufanele kukhethwe "umhloli wamazwe ophikelelayo" kunoma yiziphi izinkambo ezizayo. Kwaphela isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, kwaze kwaba yinkathi kaJames Cook, iTasmania neNew Zealand zingazange zivakashelwe abantu baseYurophu; izwe lase-Australia lalivakashelwa, kodwa ngokuvamile ngengozi.  Ukuphila kwesikhathi esizayo NgoNovemba 2, 1644, u-Abel Tasman waqokwa njengelungu loMkhandlu Wezobulungiswa eBatavia. Waya eSumatra ngo-1646, kwathi ngo-August 1647 waya eSiyam (manje eyiThailand) ephethe izincwadi ezivela enkampanini eziya eNkosini. Ngo - May 1648, wayephethe iqembu elathunyelwa eManila ukuze lizame ukuvimbela nokuphanga imikhumbi yesiliva yaseSpain eyayivela eMelika, kodwa akazange aphumelele futhi wabuyela eBatavia ngo - January 1649. Ngo-November 1649, wabekwa icala futhi watholakala enecala lokuthi ngonyaka owandulele wayilengise omunye wamadoda akhe ngaphandle kokwahlulelwa, wamiswa esikhundleni sakhe sokuba umkhuzi, wahlawuliswa, futhi kwadingeka akhokhe isinxephezelo ezihlotsheni zesikebhe. Ngo-5 Januwari 1651, wabuyiselwa ngokusemthethweni esikhundleni sakhe futhi wachitha iminyaka yakhe esele eBatavia. Wayesesimweni esihle, engomunye wabanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu edolobheni. Washona eBatavia ngomhlaka 10 Okthoba 1659 futhi washiywa ngumkakhe wesibili nendodakazi yakhe nomkakhe wokuqala. Impahla yakhe yahlukaniswa phakathi komkakhe nendodakazi yakhe. Esivumelwaneni sakhe (esibhalwe ngo-1657), washiyela abampofu basemzaneni wakubo, uLutjegast, ama-guilder angu-25.  Nakuba umshayeli wendiza kaTasman, uFrans Visscher, ashicilela incwadi ethi Memoir ephathelene nokutholakala kwezwe eliseningizimu ngo - 1642, iphephabhuku likaTasman elinemininingwane alizange lishicilelwe kwaze kwaba ngo - 1898. Noma kunjalo, amanye amamephu akhe ayesetshenziswa abahloli bamazwe abalandela. Ibhuku lomkhumbi lika - 1642 elalisayinwe u - Abel Tasman ligcinwe eNational Archives yaseNetherlands eHague.  Ifa Uhambo lwezinyanga eziyishumi lukaTasman ngo-1642/43 lwalunemiphumela ebalulekile. Ngokuzungeza i - Australia (nakuba yayikude) uTasman wafakazela ukuthi izwekazi elincane lesihlanu lalingathintene nanoma iliphi izwekazi lesithupha elikhulu, njengezwekazi laseNingizimu elalikade licatshangwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusikisela kukaTasman kokuthi iNew Zealand yayiyingxenye esentshonalanga yalelo Zwekazi eliseningizimu kwathathwa ngabenzi bamabalazwe abaningi baseYurophu, ngekhulu leminyaka elalandela, ababonisa iNew Zealand njengogwini olusentshonalanga yeTerra Australis ephakama kancane kancane emanzini azungeze iTerra del Fuego. Lo mbono wagcina uphikisiwe lapho uKaputeni uCook ezungeza iNew Zealand ngo-1769.  Izindawo eziningi ziqanjwe ngeTasman, kufaka phakathi:  isiqhingi sase-Australia nesifundazwe saseTasmania, esaqanjwa ngegama lakhe, esasikade siyizwe likaVan Diemen. Ihlanganisa izici ezinjengalezi: iNhlonhlo YaseTasman. Ibhuloho laseTasman. Umgwaqo omkhulu waseTasman. uLwandle lwaseTasman.  ENew Zealand: i-Tasman Glacier. Ichibi laseTasman. uMfula iTasman. INtaba iTasman. i-Abel Tasman National Park. ITasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere. Isifunda saseTasman. Isikhumbuzo sika-Abel Tasman.
Yebo, nansi ingqikithi ka-Abel Janszoon Tasman:  U-Abel Janszoon Tasman (Dutch: [ˈɑbəl ˈjɑnsoːn ˈtɑsmɑn]; 1603 <unk> 10 Okthoba 1659) wayengumuntu wasolwandle waseDashi nomhloli wamazwe owaziwa kakhulu ngohambo lwakhe lwango-1642 nango-1644 esebenza eNkampanini yaseDutch East India (VOC). Wathunywa yi-VOC ukuba ayohlola izindawo ezazingakaze zibonwe eSouthern Pacific Ocean futhi wathola iVan Diemen's Land, iStaten Landt, neNieuw Zeeland. Naphezu kokuphumelela kwakhe, uhambo lwakhe aluzange luphumelele ngokuphelele ngenxa yokubhekana nobudlova nabantu baseMaori esiQhingini saseNingizimu saseNew Zealand. Noma kunjalo, uhambo lwakhe lwavulela abantu baseYurophu indlela yokuba baqhubeke behlola futhi benze i - Australia neNew Zealand amakoloni. U-Abel Tasman wazalwa cishe ngo-1603 eLutjegast, idolobhana elincane esifundazweni saseGroningen, enyakatho yeNetherlands.  Wakhonza iDutch East India Company kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1659, washiya ifa lokuba omunye wabahloli bamazwe abavelele kakhulu besikhathi sakhe. Wayethembisene umshado noJannetje Tjaers oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala, wasePalmstraat esifundeni saseJordaan edolobheni, futhi wabamba iqhaza ohambweni oluya eSeram Island. Wayengumuntu wesibili-in-umyalo we 1639 uhambo lokuhlola eNyakatho Pacific ngaphansi Matthijs Quast, okuyinto safinyelela Fort Zeelandia futhi Deshima.  UMkhandlu WaseNdiya wathumela uTasman noFranchoijs Jacobszoon Visscher ohambweni lokuyohlola izifundazwe zaseBeach, ezazivele zikhona emabalazweni aseYurophu kusukela ngekhulu le-15. UTasman wazama ukufika eNorth Bay, kodwa ulwandle lwalunzima kakhulu, ngakho waphenduka waqhubeka nokuzingela kwakhe izwekazi. UTasman nethimba lakhe babona izwe elisogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNew Zealand, baliqamba ngokuthi iStaten Landt behlonipha iStates General. Ithimba likaTasman lahlangana neqembu lamaMaori elahlasela amatilosi amane futhi labiza le ndawo ngokuthi "iMurderers' Bay".  Uhambo lwesibili lukaTasman lwadabukisa iDutch East India Company, eyanquma ukuthi kufanele kukhethwe umhloli wamazwe ophikelela ngokwengeziwe ohambweni oluzayo. Uhambo lukaTasman ngo-1642-43 lwabonisa ukuthi izwekazi elincane lesihlanu lalingathintene nanoma iliphi izwekazi lesithupha elikhulu, futhi isiphakamiso sakhe sokuthi iNew Zealand yayiyingxenye esentshonalanga yalelo Zwekazi Eliseningizimu samukelwa abadwebi bamabalazwe baseYurophu.  Abantu baseTasmania baye babiza izindawo ngamagama akhe, kuhlanganise neNhlonhlo yaseTasman, iTasman Highway, iTasman Glacier, iTasman Lake, iNtaba iTasman, ne-Abel Tasman Monument.