Ma imos isim n tamudre n aharoj olaɣan s ijja Socrates d Aristotle tolas awa eqqalan titbaqqa tin ijjuch n awen? Tamudre olaɣat taqal ayktaban meɣ atwasanan, izar adobat awadəm kul adigriwan?
Iyyan daɣ majradan wi assohat nen tolas idasnen fal majradan eqqal wa n almaɣna n tamudre d immik wa s addobat awadim ad izjir tamudre "t olaɣat" Eqqal annuɣ n awadim asifham n awa war n issen tolas eɣna asifham n immik wa s itaj alɣalim; daɣ attarex fuk filozof tan ijraw nat addabara tan nasan fal awa s ti iddar nat tamudre tan iyyad tolas wi yadnen war n aqqel Issin addinat wi assohat nen i ad ikrichan s data daɣ titbaqqa tin aqqalan Socrates daɣ The Apology wan Platon d Aristotle daɣ Nicomachean Ethics Təmusne tatiwasanat taqal agudiyan ayknan dǎɣ tabarat ən təmuqunen aśohatnen əd aśohatnen ən təbiɗawen wi, dǎɣ tartit ənes dǎɣ təmɣire toɣadat, adobatnen ye awadəm meɣ nadinat kul adigin tamudre təknat. Ye assəkən ən alməɣna was ad nənəməy tamudre tahuskət, ilzam ad assəkən daɣ tizarat haratan azlaynen ad ijrawən ye alaɣi ən ahusken daɣ akayad ən Socrate ad Aristote. Ma imos asuj n isim wan olaɣan? Eqal ayknan meɣ atwasanan? Nadobat adiqil adizgaran? Eqqal a hin okayan meɣ eqqal a hin okayan? Eqqal fal awadim meɣ tawset fuk net? Eqqal awadim alxal olaɣan? Daɣ immik wa s tamudre t olaɣat ikf-a alxalakan meɣ ijjan addinat? Ahuskat as war tila aliɣi atiwasanan fal iyadǎɣ dǎɣ asostanan, dǎɣ əlkitab wan əsin ən emag, tamudre taqalat ahusken təwaƭ ən əmik wa taganen əd əmik wa eqalan ogdahan əd aliɣi ən ahusken wa taganen. Socrates d Aristote axdaman s ismawan chund alxidmat, ta-ite, tumast d ta-ite i afissar n ikayadan nasan n abara wa s i taj id tamudre n olaɣat tolas fuk nasan aqqalnen a maqqornen mucham awa id eqqalan amatikway n tamudre n olaɣat eqqal tudabat n awadim i ajaraw n almaɣna olaɣan jir Dahlke 1 Harat fuk n samalan nasan wi ijjanen s efes n tamudre n olaɣan s almaɣna iyyan Theorizing fal immik wa s addobat tamudre olaɣat eway id derhan n almaɣna n awa s itawan tamudre olaɣat d haratan wi ahanen Aristote ijja mirda daɣ Nicomachean Ethics as ta-ite n alxidmat meɣ alxer addobat ad eqqil majrad maqqoran i haratan wi ahanen "ajjen" wa maqqoran, wa olaɣan eqqalan titbaqqet meɣ asuj eha tamudre fuk data awen Dǎɣ təwaƭ ən talilt taqalat dǎɣ amas ən edag gar ajen əd ogaran təmidrit ən harat dak, əšiɣil meɣ talɣa. ...eqqal daɣ tarha tan d timachɣulen s ijjit, ijjit d median addoben ad aj in Daɣ awen addobat nat tiji n alxoriya, anafham, derhan, ta-ite d ich-ikil fuk n tarha d alxidmat n ta-ite maqqorat meɣ andarrat tolas daɣ almaɣna fuk war n oɣed Mašan musnat ən awa kul ɣor azaman oɣadan, ye haratan oɣadnen, ye adinat oɣadnen, ye tidit oɣadnen, ad dǎɣ alməɣna oɣadnen, awen eqal amək ən amək ən amək, amək eqalan ešwal ən tamusne. (Aristotle. Bk. 2, alɣalamaten 43) tamadilt Hak id ijja awen, hak id almaɣna wa oɣadan hullan ijja Aristotle meɣ Socrates ille iddikud maqqoran n iban tulaɣay Alwaq wa id samalan iyyad meɣ timachɣulen tiyyad iknanat as aqqalan alxer meɣ alxer Aristote ijja mirda n as alxidmat maqqorat n samalan iyyad meɣ issin war eqqel as awadim olaɣan iddaralan tamudre n olaɣan Əgudendǎɣ, aliɣat as ille edag ən amitkal ogdahan gar awa ogaran adigriwan əd harkuk wa itagan dǎɣ aśahat, əd dǎɣ awen tamudre taqalat ahusken. Edag wa daɣ eqqal edag wen war eqqel har ajjudi issanan s achrut iyyan fal anmizlayan n talɣa war n ila akayad n awadim s awadim Dahlke 2  Daɣ tamudre nasnat tolas daɣ achrut iyyan fal as assohat d iddikud n imutiyan wi idasnen awadim fuk net Hak id ijja awen, Aristote ijja majrad n afissar n almaɣna net n awadim wa olaɣan meɣ tamachɣult i ad isilmad almaɣna n medayan jir sanatat titbaqqa Daɣ almital, medayan n alxer d alxidmat eqqal a fal ardahan iman nasan, jir ajjaraw d anafham eqqal a fal ijrawan addinat, d alxaqqan aqqalnen jir alɣillas d alɣillas.1 Almital tan win issiknan id efew fal immik wa s addobat nat afanaz jir issin samalan izlaynen mucham war issewalan immik wa s addobat nat tiwit n tamudre n alxer Ahuskat as alaɣi ən tidit ən ahusken eqal aśohen, tabarat tan anəzgum ye atkul agud wa atiwagazan fal kanan ən təbiɗawen ən awadəm Aristote itagu ye magrad fal alməɣna was tamudre ahusken taqal. Eɣanni n addabara n immik wa s iddarhan tamudre toɣadat eway id asistan: awadim fuk addobat tamudre toɣadat? Daɣ asiwad, isuj wi addoben timɣutar n alxidmat aqqalan a eɣnan meɣ at w-ajrawan? Aristote ifnaz daɣ issin lakkol tan n amedran, wa ezzaran eqqal as illan ti samalan iyyad id izjar nen addoben ad aɣilan meɣ ad aɣilan erem n awadim i alxal tolas wan issin, as awadim izjar samalan win daɣ azzaman d alxidmat n alxidmat Wa hin okayan, afissar daɣ tulaɣay, "s almaɣna iyyan, taqqal nat a olaɣan s alxidmat n alxidmaten tin alɣalim, amchikki n iman nasan s alxidmat n amchikki n iman nasan, d alɣillas s alxidmaten n alɣillas" (Aristotle. Bk. 2, alɣalamaten Daɣ majrad iyyan, awadim eqqal a olaɣan s ijjuch n olaɣan Daɣ awen, awadim ijraw iman net daɣ tamudre n aharoj olaɣan alwaq wa id awadim eɣlay daɣ ammas n samalan fuk wi ifal nen Kuddeɣ as war addoben addinat fuk daɣ tamazduq izzaɣan tamudre n aharoj olaɣan, addinat fuk daɣ tamazduq addoben ad izzaɣan tamudre n aharoj olaɣan Daɣ edag wen ilzam ti ad Almital tan ijjan daɣ alkittab II Ch. 7 - Nicomachean Ethics Dahlke 3  Daɣ almaɣna n awa eqqalan tamudre olaɣat, war amos arabax, isim meɣ ehare mucham achareɣa n anmirtay n titbaqqa ti eɣnanen albas Ahuskat as talɣiwen tiyad sund aśuhu aqalnat ayknan assuhu, aśuhu eqal ašrut ən təmudre taqalat ayknan assuhu. Aristotle d Socrates fuk nasan ardahan as ehare war eqqel musnat n tamudre n tamudre n aharoj olaɣan mucham amedran nasan izlay fal edag wa it illan azruf daɣ efes n tamudre ten Alwaq wa id Aristotle orda as ehare eqqal derhan n titbaqqa n tamudre n alxidmat, Socrates orda as ehare eqqal harat n tamudre n olaɣan Aristote erha as allaɣat as, ""harat war eqqel harat olaɣan s inta a daɣ n erha ad aɣbil, fal as eqqal a ilan alfayda ɣas, s immik iyyan, eqqal abara i harat iyyan"" (Aristotle. Bk. 1, alɣalamaten 9) Daɣ almaɣna iyyan, as ijja as ehare war eqqel ittus n amindi tolas war ila almaɣna alwaq wa id n allaɣat alqim n awadim, eqqal a idhalan i amukin n tamudre toɣadat Daɣ achrut iyyan, Socrates iktab fal ehare chund harat war eqqel a id erawan tihussay tolas alwaqqan iyyad addobat a id isammuti efes net Daɣ The Apology Socrates allaɣat i addinat wi ijjan majradan, ""azzuk war id eqqel a id erawan timɣutar mucham timɣutar id eqqalan timɣutar d albarodan iyyad n addinat d win iman nasan" (Platon. 30b) Alwaq wa id majrad wen ikna daɣ talɣa n majrad n ag-az, har ajjudi ikna ta-ite tan Socrates fal ehare Eqal awadim ahusken, wǎr igrew alhak olahan dǎɣ azruf sund sophistes sund Aristote, əd dǎɣ alwaq wa nadakal ən aliɣi ənes ən wǎr eqel ayfan alhak ye kal magradan wi ilkamnen ye anyat ənes ən magrad sund wi iyad ən sophistes, inna as eqal dahan dǎɣ əšiɣil wan əliɣitan. Mirda tan fuk fal alxidmat n ehare daɣ tamudre toɣadat aqqal nat a assohen Aɣrim eway id tamɣare id tamudre n alxidmat n musnat? Taɣrimt, chund tighad, tarha medayan Daɣ awa allaɣat Aristotle tigdaht, andarran eqqal a war n ila akayad, as ijja awen ajjen eqqal a war n ila akayad Daɣ ehare amedran iyyan Dahlke 4  Dǎɣ təbiɗawt ən təmusnawen ən aduniyat, ogaran təmidrit tadobat adiqil aygan ən təbiɗawt ən təbiɗawt taśohet taśohet taśohet ən tamudre taśohet əd ogaran təmidrit tadobat adiqil aygan ən təbiɗawt ən təbiɗawt ən təbiɗawt taśohet ta tasohet dǎɣ alkum iyandǎɣ. Təmusne iyat ən aśibabanat taqal tan anilkaman ən "ahusken". Alwaq wan almaɣna n tamudre olaɣat, assohat a tijja amedran fal alwaq wa s addobat nat axadam n olaɣan chund almaɣna A fal tihussay daɣ tamudre n awadim tijja i harkuk alwaq wa id isim wen eqqal a imdan tolas addobat a ti illa daɣ tamudre n awadim fuk A fal s almaɣna iyyan, olaɣan iday d itiki daɣ tamudre isim wen addobat ad exdam alwaq iyyan ɣas meɣ daɣ iwityan wi id ifalnen s tamudre n awadim fuk net Socrates, darat awa allaɣat awadim wan tamattant net, allaɣat as " awadim olaɣan war addobat a ti id ifes hak id daɣ tamudre net meɣ tamattant net, tolas haratan net war ilen tinfusen n amaxlak" (Platon. 41 c-d) Awen eqqal ta-ite n as awadim olaɣan meɣ deden wi iddarnen tamudre olaɣat taqqal a ilkam i alwaq fuk daɣ tamudre d tamattant Hak id ijja awen, Aristote allaɣat as alɣillas n tamudre olaɣat eqqal iddikud n ilalan madroynen, i axadam n isim i afissar n tamudre n awadim, ilzam ti ad eqqil daɣ amindi n tamudre net, akayad fal as fuk net Darat afissar n ittusan madroynen d titbaqqa n amindi itaj hullan tolas allaɣat, "awa ojjaran hullan, daɣ achrut iyyan, ilzam ad eqqil harat n amindi" (Aristotle. Bk. 1 pg. 14) Allaɣat as alwaq wa id illan ti ichrutan ajjotnen n tamudre olaɣat, alxal olaɣan war eqqel a imdan tolas war addobat afissar n tamudre net har tamattant net Ikayadan win Socrates fal azzaman n olaɣan aqqalan a war n ila musnat, ɣur addinat amutti daɣ azzaman, s isalan fuk n tamudre nasan addobat awadim ad eɣri as ijja awen a ilan tamudre n aharoj olaɣan Daɣ tiɣir, ikayadan win issin izlaynen fal immik wa s tijja tamudre olaɣat daɣ edag iyyan ikfan akayad d mirda daɣ majal mucham war ikf-a turhajat timdat fal awen Socrates, s immik wa s iktab Platon, afissar n tamudre net s inta Dahlke 5  Aristote ikf-a mirda n filozofi fal immik wa s iddarhan addinat s immik wa olaɣan s ittus wan samalan meɣ daɣ majrad iyyan tamudre n aharoj olaɣan Wa ogaran tarədawt ən afahamat ən alməɣna ən tamudre təknat taqal as afahamat ən awa itaj tamudre təknat, izar awen deɣ eqal ayknan. Ikayadan n awadim fal almaɣna n tamudre n almaɣna addoben ad izlay hullan daɣ wi yadnen s edag wa daɣ izzaɣan, addin nasan meɣ edag n tamazduq Anmizlayan win eway id alwazab tan ajjotnen d almaɣna tan n tamudre n olaɣan Daɣ ikayadan fuk wi izlayan, isim eqqalan daɣ Nicomachean Ethics addobat ad at ijraw turhajat hullan amos as daɣ tamudre n awadim ille titbaqqet n ammas jir almaɣna tan net, alxidmaten d samalan wi id erawan i alxidmat tolas eway id tamudre n olaɣan