iyini inzuzo ye-cryogenics ku-virology?
Context:I-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ingenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokunquma izakhiwo ezingokwenyama nezingokwamakhemikhali zama-athomu ngokuthola imvamisa yomsakazo ethathwe kanye nokukhululeka okulandelayo kwama-nucleus ensimini kazibuthe. Lena ngenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswayo zokuchaza futhi zisetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi. Ngokuyinhloko, amandla kazibuthe aqinile akhiqizwa ama - electromagnet apholisayo, nakuba kukhona ama - spectrometer angadingi ama - cryogen. Kuma-solenoid avamile aqhuba kakhulu, i-helium ewuketshezi isetshenziselwa ukupholisa ama-coil angaphakathi ngoba iphoyinti layo lokubilisa licishe libe ngu-4 K ekucindezelweni kwendawo ezungezile. Ama-superconductor ashibhile ensimbi angasetshenziselwa izintambo zekhoyili. Okubizwa ngokuthi ama-high-temperature superconducting compounds kungenziwa ukuthi kube yi-superconducting ngokusebenzisa i-liquid nitrogen, ebilayo cishe ku-77 K. I-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) iyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisa i-NMR lapho i-geometry ye-resonance i-deconvoluted futhi isetshenziselwa izinto ezithombeni ngokuthola ukuphumula kwama-proton aphazamiswe yi-pulse ye-radio-frequency emkhakheni onamandla kazibuthe. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezempilo. Emadolobheni amakhulu, kunzima ukudlulisa amandla ngezintambo ezihamba phezulu, ngakho kusetshenziswa izintambo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Kodwa izintambo ezingaphansi komhlaba ziyashisa futhi ukumelana kwentambo kukhuphuke, okuholela ekuchithweni kwamandla. Ama-superconductor angasetshenziselwa ukwandisa amandla, nakuba kungadinga uketshezi lwe-cryogenic njenge-nitrogen noma i-helium ukupholisa izintambo ezikhethekile eziqukethe i-alloy ukwandisa ukudluliswa kwamandla. Kuye kwenziwa izifundo eziningana zokwenzeka futhi le ndawo iyisihloko sesivumelwano ngaphakathi kwe-International Energy Agency.  Iloli elihambisa amagesi abamba ukushisa esitolo esikhulu, e-Ypsilanti, eMichigan Amagesi e-cryogenic asetshenziswa ekuthuthweni nasekugcinweni kwenqwaba yokudla okufriziwe. Lapho kudingeka kuthuthwe ukudla okuningi kakhulu kuya ezindaweni ezinjengezindawo zempi, izindawo ezithintwe ukuzamazama komhlaba, njll., kumelwe kugcinwe isikhathi eside, ngakho kusetshenziswa ukufriza ukudla okushiswayo. Ukuqandisa ukudla nge-cryogenic kuyasiza nasembonini enkulu yokulungisa ukudla. Amakhamera amaningi e-infrared (abheke phambili e-infrared) adinga ukuthi ama-detector awo apholiswe nge-cryogenically. Amaqembu athile egazi angavamile agcinwa emazingeni okushisa aphansi, njenge - 165 °C, emabhange egazi. Ubuchwepheshe be-cryogenics obusebenzisa i-nitrogen ewuketshezi ne-CO2 buye bahlanganiswa nezinhlelo ze-nightclub effect ukuze kwenziwe umoya opholile nenkungu emhlophe engakhanyiswa ngamalambu anemibala. Ukupholisa kwe-cryogenic kusetshenziselwa ukupholisa umphetho wethuluzi ngesikhathi sokucubungula inqubo yokukhiqiza. Kwenyusa ukuphila kwethuluzi. I-oksijini isetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile enqubweni yokukhiqiza insimbi. Amarokhethi amaningi asebenzisa amagesi acwebezelayo njengama - propellant. Lezi zihlanganisa i - oxygen ewuketshezi, i - hydrogen ewuketshezi, ne - methane ewuketshezi. Ngokugxilisa isondo lemoto noma iloli ku-nitrogen ewuketshezi, iraba liyaphela futhi lingachotshozwa libe izinhlayiya ezincane. Lezi zinhlayiya zingasetshenziswa futhi kwezinye izinto. Ucwaningo lokuhlola ngezinto ezithile zemvelo, njengama-spintronics nezakhiwo ze-magnetotransport, ludinga amazinga okushisa we-cryogenic ukuze imiphumela ibhekwe. Imithi yokugoma ethile kufanele igcinwe ezingeni lokushisa le-cryogenic. Isibonelo, umuthi wokugoma i-Pfizer<unk>BioNTech COVID-19 kufanele ugcinwe ezingeni lokushisa elingu-90 kuya ku-60 °C (-130 kuya ku-76 °F). (Bheka uchungechunge olubandayo.)
Imithi yokugoma ethile kufanele igcinwe kuphela ezingeni lokushisa le-cryogenic (izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu elilinganiselwa ku- -90 kuya ku- -60 degrees celcius / -130 F kuya ku- -76 F)