Aɣazan wa eynayan n alxadud wa s afalla d wa s andarran n sofa constant tolas azzuken daɣ dumu wan {Bound Type} - {Bound Value}.
Context:Eqal aygan fal asidututan as anilkam ən əmik ən əmik (A) winan adobat adiqilan ogaran meɣ ogaran təmɣire iyad (iyan samando əd wi ogarnen samando).  Ijjit Alxadud wa andarran eqqal A \geq \pi/2 \approx 1.57 Awen izjar id sofa eqqalan tazune n disk n radius iyyan, addoben a ezzaran daɣ ihandagan  John Hammersley ijraw alxadud andarran n A \geq \pi/2 + 2/\pi \approx 2.2074 ijjan fal dumu olahan id telefon handset, eha issin quarter-discs n radius n 1 fal achrut fuk n rectangle n 1 fal 4/\pi s achrut iyyan n disk n radius  Daɣ awatay wan 1992, Joseph L. Gerver wan Rutgers University iktab fal sofa s 18 ichrutan s iyyan fuk ila dumu n amiyiz olaɣan Awen iday alxadud wa andarran n sofa constant s 2.2195  Edag wan afalla  Hammersley ijraw har ajjudi alxadud wa s afalla fal sofa constant, issiknan as eqqal a ojjaran 2.8284.  Yoav Kallus ad Dan Romik assəknan edag aynayan wa ogaran təmɣire dǎɣ juin 2017, igašən edag wa ogaran təmɣire dǎɣ 2.37.
Iddikud wan soft constant ila alxadudan win: alxadud wan afalla - 2.37, alxadud wan sider - 2.2195.