Zvichipa rugwaro rwokutaura pamusoro peSangano reNyika Dzinotengesa Petroleum, OPEC yakavambwa rini uye nyanzvi dzezvoupfumi dzinorondedzera sei simba reOPEC pamisika yamafuta?
Context:Sangano reNyika Dzinotengesa Petroleum (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) isangano rinogonesa kudyidzana kwenyika dzinogadzira mafuta, kuitira kuti dzibatanidze pamusika wepasi rose uye kuwedzera purofiti. Yakagadzwa musi wa14 September 1960 muBaghdad nenhengo shanu dzokutanga (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, uye Venezuela), kubvira muna 1965, dzimbahwe rayo riri muVienna, Austria, kunyange zvazvo Austria isiri nhengo yeOPEC. Kubva munaGunyana 2018, nyika gumi nenhatu dzenhengo dzaive ne44 muzana yekugadzirwa kwemafuta epasi rose uye 81.5 muzana yezvakachengetedzwa mafuta epasi rose, zvichipa OPEC pesvedzero huru pamitengo yemafuta epasi rose iyo yaimbove yakatarwa neiyo inonzi "Vanomwe Vanun'una" boka remakambani emafuta epasi rese.  Kuumbwa kweOPEC kwakaratidza kuchinja kwokuda kuti nyika dzive nesimba pazvinhu zvakasikwa, uye zvisarudzo zveOPEC zvave kuita basa rinokosha pamusika wepasi rose wemafuta uye muukama hwenyika dzakawanda. Mugumisiro wacho unogona kuva wakasimba zvikurukuru apo hondo kana kuti nyongano dzomunzanga zvinotungamirira kukuvhiringidzwa kwenguva refu mukugovera. Mumakore okuma1970, kurambidzwa kwekugadzirwa kwemafuta kwakaita kuti mitengo yemafuta ikwire zvikuru uye kuti mari neupfumi zveOPEC zviwedzere, izvo zvakazokanganisa upfumi hwenyika yose kwenguva refu. Muma1980, OPEC yakatanga kuisa zvinangwa zvokubudisa nokuda kwamarudzi ayo ari mitezo; kazhinji, apo zvinangwa zvinoderedzwa, mitengo yamafuta inokwira. Izvi zvakaitika nguva pfupi yadarika kubva pazvisarudzo zvesangano ra2008 na2016 zvekudzikisa kuwanda kwezvigadzirwa.  Nyanzvi dzezvoupfumi dzakarondedzera OPEC somuenzaniso womubhuku wokubatana kunobatira pamwe kuti kuderedze makwikwi omusika, asi uyo kubvunzana kwake kunodzivirirwa nedzidziso yokudzivirirwa kwenyika pasi pomutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Muma1960 nema1970, OPEC yakabudirira kugadzirisazve gadziriro yenyika yose yokubudisa mafuta zvokuti masimba okuita zvisarudzo nechikamu chikuru chezvikomborero zviri mumaoko enyika dzinoburitsa mafuta. Kubvira kuma1980, sangano reOPEC harina zvakawanda zvarinoita pakugoverwa kwemafuta munyika yose uye pakugadzikana kwemitengo, sezvo nhengo dzaro dzichiwanzokanganisa zvavanenge vavimbisa mumwe nemumwe, uye sezvo zvavanenge vavimbisa zvinoratidza zvavangaita kunyange dai risina sangano reOPEC.  Nhengo dzazvino dzeOPEC iAlgeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates neVenezuela. Zvichakadaro, Ecuador, Indonesia neQatar dzaichimbova nhengo dzeOPEC. Boka guru rinonzi OPEC+ rakaumbwa mukupera kwa2016 kuti riite zvakawanda pamusika wepasi rose wemafuta asina kugadzirwa.
Sangano reNyika Dzinotengesa Petroleum (OPEC) rakaumbwa musi waSeptember 14, 1960. Nyanzvi dzezvoupfumi dzinorondedzera OPEC sechikwata chinorambidza makwikwi mumusika wakasununguka nokugadza migove yokugadzira yenhengo dzacho. Migumisiro yemiganhu yokupa yeOPEC inonyanyotyisa munguva yehondo kana kuti nyonganyonga yevagari vemo apo kugoverwa kwemafuta asina kuchena kunotova kwakaganhurirwa. Kubiridzira kwamarudzi ari mitezo kunoderedza simba reOPEC pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvemafuta nemitengo.