Chii chinonzi upenyu hwakanaka maererano naSocrates naAristotle, uye zvinhu zvipi zvinoita kuti huvepo? Upenyu hwakanaka hunoberekwa nahwo here kana kuti hunodzidzwa, uye munhu upi noupi anogona kuhuwana here?
Imwe yenyaya dzinonyanyonakidza uye dzinofungidzirwa ndeiya ine chokuita nechinangwa choupenyu uye nzira yokurarama nayo "zvakanaka". Hunhu hwomunhu kutsanangura zvisingazivikanwi nokusika tsananguro dzokuti nyika inoshanda sei; munhau yose vazivi vakasvika pamhedziso dzavo vamene pamusoro pechikonzero nei upenyu humwe hwakanaka uye humwe husina kudaro. Vanhu vaviri vanokosha vanopa nzwisiso muzvinhu izvi ndiSocrates muna Plato's The Apology, naAristotle muNicomachean Ethics. Pfungwa inoratidzika kuva yakapfava nokukurumidza inochinja kuva mumbure unovhiringidza uye wakaoma kunzwisisa wezvikamu izvo pamwe chete chete mumwero wakarurama zvinopa murume kana kuti mukadzi mumwe nomumwe upenyu hwakakwana hwakanaka. Kuti tikurukure nzira yatinofanira kurarama nayo upenyu hwakanaka tinofanira kutanga kukurukura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira kutsanangura chakanaka mumaziso aSocrates naAristotle. Zvinhu zvipi zvinoumba pfungwa yezvakanaka? Kunoberekwa nako here kana kuti kunodzidzwa? Rinogona kutengwa here? Ndezvenguva pfupi here kana kuti ndezvokusingaperi? Inoshanda here kumunhu oga kana kuti kunzanga yose zvayo? Munhu anozvibata kuti ave akanaka here? Upenyu hwakanaka hunopiwa sei navanamwari kana kuti hunowanwa sei nevanhu? Uye kunyange zvazvo pasina mhinduro yokupedzisira kumibvunzo iyi, mumagwaro omunyori mumwe nomumwe kurarama upenyu hwakanaka kunouya kuzvisarudzo zvaunoita uye kuti zvinoenzaniswa sei nerondedzero yezvakanaka zvaunobvuma. Socrates naAristotle vanoshandisa mashoko akadai soutsvene, ushingi, mufaro, uye ungwaru kurondedzera nzira yavanotsanangura yaunotora kuti uwane upenyu hwakanaka, uye zvose zvinokosha, asi chinonyanya kuita kuti munhu ave noupenyu hwakanaka kukwanisa kwake kuwana mwero wakakodzera pakati Dahlke 1 chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvacho zvinobatsira kukudziridza upenyu hwakanaka hunotsanangurwa pamwe chete. Kurangarira pamusoro pokuti ungararama sei upenyu hwakanaka kunotungamirira kukudiwa kwokutaura kuti upenyu hwakanaka chii uye zvikamu zvinohuumba. Aristotle akafungidzira muNicomachean Ethics kuti pfungwa yokuzvibata, kana kuti kunaka, inogona kuva musoro mukuru wezvinhu zvinoumba <unk>zvakanaka<unk> zvakakwirira, zvakanaka zvinova mugumo kana kuti chigadzirwa chinobatanidza upenyu hwose huripo. Uye kukudziridzwa kworunako kuri pakati chaipo pakati pokunyanyisa nokushomeka zvikuru kwomurangariro upi noupi, chiito kana kuti mugariro. ... zviri mumirangariro nezviito kuti kuwedzeredza, kushayikwa uye pakati zvinowanwa. Nokudaro tinogona kuwana rutyo chivimbo, chishuvo, hasha, tsitsi uye kazhinji kazhinji rudzi rupi norupi rwomufarwa uye marwadzo zvakanyanyisa kana kuti zvishomanene zvikuru, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu ose ari maviri zvisina kururama. Asi kuwana ikoku kwose panguva yakarurama, kunzwira vanhu vakarurama, nokuda kwechikonzero chakarurama, uye nenzira yakarurama - iyoyo ndiyo nzira iri pakati nepakati uye yakanakisisa, nzira inoratidzira kunaka. (Aristotle. Bk. 2, mapeji. 43) Uye zvakadaro, kunyange nerondedzero yakarurama zvikurusa iyo Aristotle kana kuti Socrates anopa pane mwero mukuru wokusajeka. Nepo zvimwe zvinhu kana kuti zviito zvichigoverwa sezvakanaka kana kuti zvakashata Aristotle anofungidzira kuti kungonyanyisa kushandisa chimwe kana kuti zviviri zvezvinhu hazvirevi kuti uri munhu akanaka anorarama upenyu hwakanaka. Asi panzvimbo pezvo, anotaura kuti pane nzvimbo yokushandisa iri pakati pokunyanyisa kwokusambova uye nguva dzose kunoparira kunaka, uye ipapo upenyu hwakanaka. Apo panogumira ikoko pachiri kusingazivikanwi, muchidimbu nemhaka yemisiyano isingagumi yomugariro mumwe munhu angava nayo achirwisana nomumwe munhu Dahlke 2  mukati mehupenyu hwavo uye muchidimbu nemhaka yokuoma uye ukuru hwezvinhu zvinoshanduka zvinoparira munhu wose. Zvisinei, Aristotle anopinda muzvinhu zvishomanene zvikuru zvinorondedzera rondedzero yake yomurume kana kuti mukadzi ane tsika dzakanaka kuti abetsere kurondedzera pakati pakati pezvakanyanyisa zviviri. Somuenzaniso, pakati pemufaro nokurwadziwa pane kuzvidzora, pakati pokutya nokuvimba pane ushingi, uye vakarurama vanowira pakati pegodo nehasha.1 Mienzaniso iyi inojekesa nzira yokuwana nayo pakati pakati pemavara maviri anopesana, asi haitiudzi nzira yatinofanira kurarama nayo upenyu hwakanaka. Nepo kurondedzera zvakajeka pfungwa yezvakanaka kwakaoma, chimiro chendangariro chokushandisa patinotarisana nezvisarudzo zvezuva nezuva icho Aristotle anogovera chinobvumira kurukurirano pamusoro penzira yokurarama nayo upenyu hwakanaka. Kugadzira gadziriro yakarongwa yemararamire akanaka kunomutsa mubvunzo wokuti munhu upi noupi anogona kurarama upenyu hwakanaka here? Uyezve, zvikamu zvinopedzisa kunaka zvakasikwa here kana kuti zvinodzidzwa? Aristotle anoongorora zvikoro zviviri zvemafungiro, chokutanga chiri chokuti kune zvimwe zvinhu zvinoberekwa nazvo zvinogona kudzivisa kana kuti kumisa kutsvaka kwomunhu kunaka kwetsika, uye chechipiri, kuti munhu anovandudza zvinhu izvi nokufamba kwenguva uye kupfurikidza netsika dzetsika. Wechipiri, anorondedzera mukuenzanisa, <unk>Nenzira yakafanana, tinova vakarurama kupfurikidza nokushandisa zviito zvakarurama, vanozvidzora kupfurikidza nokushandisa kuzvidzora, uye vakashinga kupfurikidza nokuita zviito zvougamba.<unk> (Aristotle. Bk. 2, mapeji. 34) Namamwe mashoko, munhu anova akanaka kupfurikidza nokuva akanaka nguva dzose. Nokudaro, munhu anozviwana amene ari muupenyu hwakanaka apo munhu anowanzorarama pakati pamavara ose anopesana. Nepo asiri munhu ari wose ari munzanga achararama upenyu hwakanaka, munhu ari wose ari munzanga anogona kurarama upenyu hwakanaka. Panguva ino zvakakosha kuti Mienzaniso inopiwa muBhuku II Ch. 7 - Tsika dzaNicomachean Dahlke 3  tichidzokera kutsanangudzo youpenyu hwakanaka, hahurevi kubudirira, mukurumbira kana upfumi, asi kuita mubatanidzwa wezvinhu zvinogadzira kunaka. Nepo humwe unhu hwakadai sounhu hwakanaka husinganyanyi kupokanwa kuti hwakanaka, pfuma rutivi rwunokurukurwa zvikuru rwoupenyu hwakanaka. Vose vari vaviri Aristotle naSocrates vanobvumirana kuti pfuma haisi chiratidzo choupenyu hwakanaka asi kufunga kwavo kunosiyana kana toreva nezvebasa rinoitwa nemari mukukudziridzwa kwoupenyu hwakadaro. Nepo Aristotle achidavira kuti pfuma inodikanwa nokuda kwezvinhu zvoupenyu hwakanaka, Socrates anodavira kuti upfumi hunongova bedzi muuyo woupenyu hwakanaka. Aristotle anobvuma kutaura kuti, <unk>upfumi hachisi chinhu chakanaka chatiri kuedza kuwana, nokuti chinongobatsira, kureva kuti, inzira yokuwana chimwe chinhu.<unk> (Aristotle. Bk. 1, mapeji. 9) Zvikasadaro kutaura kuti nepo upfumi husiri chinangwa chokupedzisira uye husina zvahunoreva kana uchifunga nezvokukosha kwomunhu, hunobatsira mukusika upenyu hwakanaka. Kune rumwe rutivi, Socrates anonyora nezvoupfumi sechinhu chisingaiti kunaka uye padzimwe nguva chinogona kunyange kudzivisa kukura kwahwo. MuThe Apology Socrates anoti kujuri, "Pfuma haiunzi kunaka, asi kunaka kunounza upfumi nezvimwe zvikomborero zvose zvevoruzhinji uye zvepachivande kuvanhu". (Plato. 30b) Nepo kutaura uku kuchibviswa mumashoko ehurukuro yokuzvidzivirira, kuchine zvitendero zvaSocrates pamusoro pepfuma. Iye, murume murombo, haawani kukosha mumari kwakafanana navazivi vakaita saAristotle, uye nepo achidzivirira chisarudzo chake chokusabhadharisa mari kuvadzidzi vaitevera kufunga kwake kwouzivi sezvakaita vamwe vazivi, iye akati ari pano mukubatira mwari. Dzidziso dzose dziri mbiri pamusoro pebasa repfuma muupenyu hwakanaka dzinokosha kurangarira. Pfuma inotungamirira kukuora uye urombo kuupenyu hwechivi zvikuru here? Pfuma, zvakafanana nokutya, inoda pakati nepakati. Sokurondedzera kunoita Aristotle kutya, kushoma zvikuru ndiko kusava nehanya, nepo kwakawandisa ndiko kuva neushingi. Mupfuma pfungwa imwe cheteyo Dahlke 4  rinogona kushandiswa, rakawandisa rinoparira urombo hwakanyanyisa hunotsausa munhu pakurarama upenyu hwakanaka uye rakawandisa rinoparira kutsausa kwakasiyana-siyana kunotungamirira kumugumisiro mumwe chetewo. Imwe rondedzero inopokanidzwa ndeiya yenguva iyo "kunaka" kunogara. Paunenge uchitsanangura upenyu hwakanaka, zvinokosha kufunga kuti ungashandisa zvakanaka rini sechitsanangudzo. Kana kunaka kunonongedzera kuupenyu hwomunhu kuchipfuurira nokusingaperi ipapo shoko racho rinogara uye rinogona kushandiswa muupenyu hwomunhu hwose. Kana pane kupesana, kunaka kunouya ndokuenda muupenyu hwose shoko racho rinogona kushandiswa bedzi kwenguva pfupi kana kuti muzvizvarwa zvinotevera kucherechedza upenyu hwomunhu hwose. Socrates, pashure pokuziviswa kwokuurawa kwake anoti, "Munhu akanaka haagoni kukuvadzwa muupenyu kana murufu, uye kuti zvinhu zvake hazviregerwi navanamwari". (Plato. 41 c-d) Kupa pfungwa yokuti murume kana kuti mukadzi akanaka anorarama upenyu hwakanaka hunopfuurira uye hunogara, muupenyu hwose norufu. Zvisinei, Aristotle anoti sezvo upenyu hwakanaka huri huwandu hwezvinhu zviduku, kuti ashandise shoko racho kurondedzera upenyu hwomumwe munhu, hunofanira kuuya pakupera kwoupenyu hwake, achihuona sechinhu chakazara. Pashure pokurondedzera nharidzano duku nemigumo iye anoenda mberi ndokuti, "Chinhu chakanaka zvikurusa, pane rumwe rutivi, chinofanira kuva chimwe chinhu chokupedzisira" (Aristotle. Bk. 1 pg. 14) Kutaura kuti kunyange zvazvo kune mapazi akasiyana-siyana oupenyu hwakanaka, mufambiro wakanaka hausi chinhu chinogara chiripo uye naizvozvo haugoni kupa rondedzero kuupenyu hwavo hwose kusvikira hwapera. Zvikonzero zvaSocrates pamusoro penguva yokunaka hazvina maturo, sezvo vanhu vachichinja nokufamba kwenguva, bedzi nemashoko akazara oupenyu hwavo mumwe anogona kuita kutaura kwokuti vakararama upenyu hwakanaka here kana kuti kwete. Mukupfupikisa, mirangariro miviri yakasiana pamusoro pokuti tinofanira kurarama sei upenyu hwakanaka pamwe chete inopa nzwisiso nedzidziso munhau yacho asi hapana inopa murairidzo wakakwana wokuita saizvozvo. Socrates, sezvakanyorwa naPlato, anorondedzera upenyu hwake pachake hwaakarondedzera Dahlke 5  anorangarira kuva akanaka uye Aristotle anogovera rondedzero youzivi yapashure penzira yokurarama nayo nenzira yakanaka nechinangwa chokupedzisira chomufarwa kana kuti namamwe mashoko upenyu hwakanaka. Chinhu chikuru chatinogona kuita kuti tinzwisise kuti tingararama sei upenyu hwakanaka ndechokunzwisisa kuti chii chinoita kuti upenyu huve hwakanaka, uye kunyange izvi hazvisi pachena. Maonero anoita mumwe munhu upenyu hwakanaka anogona kusiyana zvikuru neomumwe zvichienderana nekwaanogara, chitendero chake, kana kuti chinzvimbo chake munzanga. Kusiyana-siyana uku kunoguma nenhungamiro dzakawanda dzakasiyana-siyana uye tsanangudzo dzoupenyu hwakanaka. Mukati memafungiro ose akasiyana, pfungwa yakaunzwa muNicomachean Ethics iyo inogona kugamuchirwa zvakanyanya ndeyekuti mukati mehupenyu hwemunhu pane nzvimbo yepakati pakati peimwe neimwe yemanzwiro avo, zviito uye hunhu hunogadzira hunhu uye hunotungamira kuhupenyu hwakanaka.