Ndipei ndaza yezvinhu zvikuru zveterecommunications zvakagadzirwa nokufamba kwenguva
Context:PaPlenipotentiary Telegraph Conference ya1932 neInternational Radiotelegraph Conference muMadrid, masangano maviri aya akasarudza kubatanidzwa kuti aumbe International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Ivo vakatsanangura kutaurirana norunhare so"kurukurirano ipi neipi yeteregirafu kana kuti yorunhare yezviratidzo, zviratidzo, kunyora, facsimiles uye manzwi orudzi rupi norupi, netambo, isina waya kana kuti mimwe mitoo kana kuti mitoo yokuratidzira kwemagetsi kana kuti kuratidzira kwokuona (semaphores)".  Tsananguro yacho yakazosimbiswazve, maererano neChinyorwa 1.3 cheRadio Regulations (RR), telecommunication, iyo yakaitsanangura se "Chero kutumira, kuburitsa kana kugamuchira zviratidzo, zviratidzo, zvinyorwa, mifananidzo uye kurira kana ruzivo rwechero hunhu netambo, redhiyo, optical, kana mamwe magetsi emagetsi".  Mbiru nemhashu  Mufananidzo weimwe yeshongwe dzeChappe's semaphore Njiva dzinotumira mashoko dzave dzichishandiswa munhau yose netsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Pigeon post yakanga ine midzi yePersia uye gare gare yakashandiswa navaRoma kubetsera mauto avo. Frontinus akataura kuti Julius Caesar akashandisa njiva senhume pakukunda kwake Gaul. VaGiriki vaitumirawo mazita evanokunda paMitambo yeOlympic kumaguta akasiyana-siyana vachishandisa njiva dzaitumira mashoko. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, hurumende yeNetherlands yakashandisa nzira iyi muJava neSumatra. Uye muna 1849, Paul Julius Reuter akatanga basa remhashu dzokubhururuka nemitengo yemasheya pakati peAachen neBrussels, basa rakashanda kwegore rose kusvikira mukaha uri muukama hwetelegraph wapera.  MuMiddle Ages, ngetani dzemabhonzo dzaiwanzoshandiswa pamusoro pemakomo senzira yokutumira nayo chiratidzo. Maketani emabhekoni aiva nechinetso chokuti aigona kungopfuudza mashoko mashoma, saka zvairehwa nemashoko akadai sokuti "muvengi aonekwa" zvaifanira kubvumiranwa pachine nguva. Mumwe muenzaniso wakakurumbira wokushandiswa kwawo wakanga uri panguva yeArmada yeSpain, apo cheni yemarambi yaitumira chiratidzo kubva kuPlymouth kuenda kuLondon.  Muna 1792, Claude Chappe, injiniya wokuFrance, akavaka mugero wokutanga weteregirafu yokuona (kana kuti semaphore line) pakati peLille neParis. Zvisinei semaphore yakatambura kubva mukudiwa kwevashandi vane unyanzvi uye shongwe dzinodhura pamatanho emakiromita gumi kusvika makumi matatu (makiromita matanhatu kusvika gumi nemapfumbamwe). Somugumisiro wokukwikwidzana ne telegraph yemagetsi, mutsara wokupedzisira wokutengeserana wakasiyiwa muna 1880.  Teregirafu neterefoni Pana July 25, 1837, teregirafu yokutanga yemagetsi yokutengesa yakaratidzirwa nomugadziri wechiNgezi Sir William Fothergill Cooke uye musayendisiti wechiNgezi Sir Charles Wheatstone. Vagadziri vacho vose vaiona mudziyo wavo se"kuvandudza [waivapo] weteregirafu yemagetsi nemagineti" kwete sechigadzirwa chitsva.  Samuel Morse akazvimiririra akagadzira shanduro yeteregirafu yemagetsi yaakaratidza pasina kubudirira musi waSeptember 2, 1837. Kodhi yake yakanga iri fambiro mberi inokosha pamusoro penzira yokutumira nayo zviratidzo yaWheatstone. Tambo yokutanga yeteregirafu yokuyambuka gungwa reAtlantic yakapedzwa zvinobudirira pana July 27, 1866, ichibvumira kutaurirana norunhare kwokupfuura gungwa reAtlantic kokutanga.  Runhare rwakajairika rwakagadzirwa naAlexander Bell muna 1876. Elisha Gray akaisawo nyevero nokuda kwayo muna 1876. Gray akasiya zvaainge arambidzwa uye nokuti haana kupikisa kodzero yaBell yokutanga, muongorori akabvuma bvumidzo yaBell musi waMarch 3, 1876. Gray akanga apa nyevero yake nokuda kweterefoni yokuramba kunochinja-chinja, asi Bell ndiye akanga ari wokutanga kunyora pfungwa yacho ndokuiedza muterefoni. Antonio Meucci akagadzira mudziyo waibvumira kutumira mashoko nemagetsi nomutsetse makore anoda kusvika 30 akanga apfuura muna 1849, asi mudziyo wake wakanga usingabatsiri zvikuru nokuti waivimba nemashandisirwo aiitwa magadzirirwo emagetsi aiita kuti vashandisi vaise mudziyo wacho mumiromo yavo kuti "vanzwe". Nhare dzokutanga dzokutengeserana dzakatangwa neBell Telephone Company muna 1878 na 1879 kumativi ose eAtlantic mumaguta eNew Haven neLondon.  Nhepfenyuro neterevhizheni Muna 1894, muvambi weItaly Guglielmo Marconi akavamba kugadzira kutaurirana kusina waya achishandisa chiitiko chakanga chichangobva kuwanwa chemafungu eredhiyo, achiratidza pakasvika 1901 kuti aigona kuparadzirwa kuyambuka Atlantic Ocean. Ikoku kwakanga kuri mavambo eteregirafu isina waya neredhiyo. Musi waDecember 17, 1902, nhepfenyuro yakabva panhepfenyuro yeMarconi muGlace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, yakava mharidzo yeredhiyo yokutanga munyika yose kuyambuka Atlantic ichibva kuNorth America. Muna 1904, basa rokutengeserana rakatangwa rokutumira pfupiso dzenhau dzemanheru kumakungwa akanga anyoresa, ayo akazvibatanidza mumapepanhau aiva mungarava.  Hondo Yenyika I yakakurumidzisa kuvandudzwa kweredhiyo nokuda kwekurukurirano dzemauto. Mushure mehondo, nhepfenyuro yeredhiyo yekutengesa AM yakatanga muma1920 uye ikava svikiro rakakosha rezvekuvaraidza uye nhau. Hondo yeNyika II yakakurumidzisazve kuvandudzwa kweredhiyo nokuda kwezvinangwa zvenguva yehondo zvendege nokukurukurirana kwepasi, kufamba nengarava neredhiyo, uye radar. Kuvandudzwa kwe stereo FM nhepfenyuro yeredhiyo yakatanga muma1930 muUnited States uye ma1970 muUnited Kingdom, ichidzinga AM seyakajairika yekutengesa.  Musi waMarch 25, 1925, John Logie Baird akaratidzira kutenderera kwemifananidzo inofamba pachitoro chikuru cheLondon Selfridges. Chishandiso chaBaird chaivimba nedhisiki raNipkow uye nokudaro chakazozivikanwa seterevhizheni yomuchina. Yakaumba hwaro hwezviratidziro zvekuedza zvakaitwa neBritish Broadcasting Corporation kutanga musi wa30 September 1929. Zvisinei, kwechikamu chikuru chezana ramakore rechi20, materevhizheni aitsamira pa cathode ray tube yakagadzirwa naKarl Braun. Shanduro yokutanga yeterevhizheni yakadaro kuratidza chipikirwa yakabudiswa naPhilo Farnsworth uye yakaratidzwa kumhuri yake musi wa7 September 1927. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, kuedza kwakambovhiringidzwa kwakatangazve uye terevhizheni yakava nzira inokosha yokuparadzira varaidzo yokumusha.  Mavharuvhu e thermionic Rudzi rwechigadzirwa chinozivikanwa setermionic chubhu kana thermionic vharuvhu inoshandisa thermionic kubuda kwemagetsi kubva kune inopisa cathode kune akati wandei akakosha emagetsi mabasa akadai sekusimbisa chiratidzo uye ikozvino kugadzirisa.  Chitubu chevacuum chakareruka, diode yakagadzirwa muna 1904 naJohn Ambrose Fleming, inongova nekathode inopisa inobudisa maerekitironi uye anode. Maerekitironi anogona kuyerera munzira imwe chete kuburikidza nechishandiso<unk>kubva ku cathode kuenda ku anode. Kuwedzerwa kweimwe kana kuti mamwe magiridhi anodzora mukati mehubhu kunobvumira kuti ikozvino pakati pe cathode ne anode igadziriswe ne voltage pane grid kana kuti grids. Midziyo iyi yakava chinhu chinokosha chezvikamu zvemagetsi zvehafu yokutanga yezana remakore rechi20 uye yakanga ichikosha zvikuru mukukudziridzwa kweredhiyo, terevhizheni, radar, kurekodha uye kubereka inzwi, runhare rurefu-rurefu, uye makombiyuta eanalog uye ekutanga edhijitari. Nepo mamwe mashandisirwo akanga ashandisa unyanzvi hwekare hwakadai sechinhu chinobudisa chiedza chinopisa nokuda kweredhiyo kana makombiyuta emagetsi nokuda kwokushandisa makombiyuta, kwakanga kuri kugadzirwa kwechubhu ye thermionic vacuum iyo yakaita kuti unyanzvi uhwu huve hwakapararira uye hunoshanda, hunotungamirira kusikwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi.  Muma1940, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoshandisa semiconductor kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzira zvinhu zvinoshandisa solid-state, izvo zviduku, zvinodhura, uye zvinobudirira zvikuru, zvakavimbika, uye zvinogara kwenguva refu kupfuura maThermionic tubes. Kutanga pakati pema1960, maThermionic tubes akatsiviwa ne transistor. Thermionic machubhu achine mamwe mashandisirwo emamwe maamplifera ane frequency yakakwirira.  Mitambo yemakombiyuta neInternet Pana 11 September 1940, George Stibitz akatumira zvinetso zveComplex Number Calculator yake muNew York achishandisa teletype uye akagamuchira migumisiro yakaverengwa kudzokera kuDartmouth College muNew Hampshire. Iyi gadziriro yekombiyuta huru (mainframe) ine zviteshi zvisipo zvisipo zvakaramba zvakakurumbira kusvika kuma1970. Muma1960, vaongorori vakatanga kuongorora packet switching, tekinoroji inotumira mashoko muzvikamu kunzvimbo yaanoenda asynchronously pasina kuapfuudza nepakati mainframe. Nhepfenyuro ine mapfundo mana yakabuda musi wa 5 December 1969, ichiumba mavambo eARPANET, iyo pakazosvika 1981 yakanga yakura kusvika pamapfundo 213. ARPANET yakazopedzisira yabatanidzwa nemamwe maratidziro kuti pave neInternet. Nepo kuvandudzwa kweInternet kwaive kwakanyanya kutariswa neInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF) iyo yakaburitsa nhevedzano yeKukumbira kweMashoko magwaro, kumwe kufambira mberi kwenetiweki kwakaitika mumarabhoritari emaindasitiri, senge nharaunda yenzvimbo yenzvimbo (LAN) kuvandudzwa kweEthernet (1983) uye Token Ring (1984) [ citation inodiwa ].  Kukura kwechinzvimbo chekutakura Kugona kunoshanda kwekutsinhanisa mashoko munyika yose kupfurikidza nemambure enhare maviri kwakawedzera kubva pa 281 petabytes (pB) yemashoko akanyatsomanikidzwa muna 1986 kusvika pa 471 pB muna 1993 kusvika pa 2.2 exabytes (eB) muna 2000 kusvika pa 65 eB muna 2007. Ikoku ndiko kuenzana kwemashoko namapeji maviri amapepanhau pamunhu mumwe nomumwe pazuva rimwe muna 1986, uye mapepanhau matanhatu akazara pamunhu mumwe nomumwe pazuva rimwe muna 2007. Tichifunga nezvekukura uku, kutaurirana nerunhare kuri kutamba basa rinokosha zvikuru muhupfumi hwenyika uye indasitiri yekutaurirana nerunhare yepasi rose yaive chikamu chemadhora zviuru mazana mana nemazana manomwe emadhora muna 2012. Mari inowanikwa mubasa remagetsi munyika yose yakafungidzirwa kuva $1.5 trillion muna 2010, inoenderana ne2.4% yezvigadzirwa zvemunyika yose (GDP).
Mabhakoni, teregirafu, runhare, redhiyo, terevhizheni, mavharuvhu ethermionic, makombiyuta uye Indaneti