Fingqa indlela ezokuvakasha eziye zathinta ngayo iHawaii ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene
Context:Imiphumela yezokuvakasha eHawaii Ezomnotho Njengoba iHawaii yayishintsha isuka ekubeni uMbuso iya ekubeni iNdawo yaba iSifundazwe, kanjalo nezimboni ezivelele zashintsha. Njengoba ngokuyinhloko kwakuyizwe lezolimo, elalikhiqiza amaphesenti angaba ngu-80 ephayinaphu emhlabeni wonke ngawo-1960, ukwengezwa komzila wezindiza wePan Am eHawaii kwandisa ngokushesha inani lezivakashi eziya eziqhingini. Eminyakeni eyalandela ukuba yisifundazwe kwaholela ekwandeni ngokuphindwe kabili kwenani labagibeli abafika esikhumulweni sezindiza saseHonolulu. Njengoba lo mkhuba uqhubeka ukhula, umnotho waseHawaii usuncike kakhulu embonini yezokuvakasha. Nakuba umnotho uye wakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngokufakwa kwalomkhakha, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuzoshiya iHawaii ithambekele emandleni ezomnotho angaphandle. Ezinye izibonelo zalokhu ukuwa komnotho, iziteleka zezindiza, noma ukwehluka kwamanani kaphethiloli okungabhubhisa umnotho wendawo. Ukuwohloka komnotho okushaqisayo ngo - 2008, kwalimaza kakhulu imboni yezokuvakasha yaseHawaii. Ngo-2008, inani labantu abahlala emahhotela lehla laba ngamaphesenti angu-60, okuyinani elingakaze libonwe kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula ngo-2001.  Njengoba umnotho ubuyele ezingeni elijwayelekile, imboni yezokuvakasha iye yaqhubeka ikhula eHawaii ngeningi lezivakashi ezivakashela i-Oahu, iMaui, iKauai nesiqhingi esikhulu saseHawaii. Ukwakhiwa kwamathuba emisebenzi kungenye inzuzo yezokuvakasha eziqhingini. Ngo-2017, imibiko ithi imisebenzi engu-204,000 yayihlobene nezokuvakasha. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni izivakashi zisebenzise amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-16,78 kanye namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,96 emalini yentela eyaqoqwa ngalowo nyaka kuphela. Izindawo zokungcebeleka nezinkampani zezindiza yizona ezizuza kakhulu kulokhu kwanda kwezokuvakasha.  Ezemvelo I-Sustainable Tourism Association yaseHawaii (ngaphambili iHawaii Ecotourism Association) yasungulwa ngo-1995 njengenhlangano engenzi nzuzo engu-501 (c) (3) yokukhulisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha okusimeme eHawaii. Inikeza uhlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi lokufundisa nokuqaphela abaqhubi bezokuvakasha abanomqondo wokulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo eHawaii, okuwukuphela kohlelo olunjalo lokunikeza izitifiketi olunjalo eMelika.  Imiphumela yesikhathi eside yemvelo eHawaii ngenxa yezokuvakasha kwabantu abaningi iye yabangela ukukhathazeka. Ukuze balwe nalokhu futhi basize ekwandiseni ukuqaphela, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zemvelo ziye zahlanganyela nemiphakathi yasesiqhingini. Kunezinzuzo ezinkulu kulolu hlobo lokuphathwa, ngokuvamile oluchazwa ngokuthi "ukuphathwa okuqondiswa amagugu". Ngokubeka phambili izindinganiso nemikhuba ekhona eqhubekayo emiphakathini yendawo ehlala eziqhingini ezivakashelwa kakhulu, igcina izintshisekelo zayo futhi ihloniphe ngokwengeziwe isiko layo.  Amanzi Ngokuvamile amahhotela abekwa eduze nolwandle, ezindaweni ezinemvula encane, futhi izivakashi zisebenzisa amalitha angu-2 000 kuya kwangu-10 000 (440 kuya ku-2 200 imp gal; 530 kuya ku-2 640 US gal) amanzi umuntu ngamunye. Olunye ucwaningo lwaphetha ngokuthi ngokwesilinganiso, isivakashi esisodwa sisebenzisa cishe amalitha angu-1 300 kuya kwangu-3 600 (290 kuya ku-790 imp gal; 340 kuya ku-950 US gal) amanzi ngosuku, ahlukaniswe cishe ngesigamu phakathi kwezindlu (izindlu zangasese nezindlu zangasese) nezinkundla zegalofu (ukuniselwa). Lokhu kukhulu kakhulu kunesilinganiso sabantu abahlala kulezi ziqhingi futhi kuye kwaholela ezikhathini eziningi zesomiso kuzo zonke lezi ziqhingi.  Indawo Inani lamakamelo amahhotela kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku-2010 lacishe laphindeka kabili lisuka emakamelweni angu-65 000 laya kwangu-132 000. Izivakashi zivakashela izindawo ezinezakhiwo ezingqalasizinda ezithuthukile, imisebenzi ehlelwe kahle nezimo ezihlanzekile, okuthuthukisa umnotho nezimali ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe lezi zakhiwo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakhiwa kwalezi zikhungo ngokwako kunciphisa izici zemvelo ezikhanga izivakashi. Ukuba nezimo eziphelele kudinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe okuxhaswa yimali etholwa izivakashi kodwa izivakashi nazo ziyonakalisa imvelo ngesivinini esisheshayo kunabantu abahlala lapho.  Umphumela oqondile wokwanda kwengqalasizinda ukuncibilika kwendawo yemvelo. Njengoba kwakhiwa izakhiwo inani lomhlaba wemvelo liya lincipha. Njengoba amahhotela akhiwa ezindaweni eziphambili, izinkinga zemvelo ezidalwayo azibalwa ngokulinganayo nenzuzo engaba khona. Uhulumeni ubheka ukudala imisebenzi nokwanda kwemali esetshenziswa izivakashi esifundazweni njengento enhle. Lezi yizinto eziguquguqukayo ezingalinganiswa ngokuqondile ngamadola nangenani lemisebenzi. Nokho, umthelela emvelweni noma kubantu bomdabu kunzima ukuwulinganisa ngokuqondile. IHawaii inamaphesenti angu-0,2 kuphela omhlaba wase-United States kodwa inezinga lokuqothulwa kwamaphesenti angu-72,1, futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye yemiphakathi yemvelo kulezi ziqhingi isengozini yokushabalala ngenxa yentuthuko. Isibonelo salokhu ukucekelwa phansi kwamachibi emvelo lapho kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezinkulu ezazikade ziyizindawo zokuhlala zezinyoni ezifudukayo. Amachibi awekho lapho, okuphazamisa ukugeleza kwemvelo kwesimiso semvelo. Esinye isibalo esishaqisayo sithi cishe amaphesenti angu - 60 ezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane zaseHawaii asengozini yokuqothulwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulahleka kwezindawo ezihlala izilwane kanye nezimbali ezihlukahlukene ezenza iHawaii ibe yinhle, eziwohloka ngesivinini esethusayo.  Amandla Isihloko esiyinhloko: Amandla eHawaii IHawaii ngokwesiko ithembele ezitshalweni zamandla ezishisayo ezisebenza ngamafutha ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi, yize ibeke umgomo wombuso wonke wokufinyelela ku-100% wokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngokusebenzisa imithombo evuselelekayo ngo-2045; ngenxa yalokho, isivakashi esijwayelekile sisebenzisa okulingana no-6.4 kuya ku-13 kilogram (14 kuya ku-29 lb) kawoyela ngosuku, cishe i-2⁄3 yayo idliwe ngokusebenza kwemoto eqashiwe. Uma kukhulunywa ngogesi kuphela, isivakashi esivamile sisebenzisa ama-kWh angu-23,9 kuya kwangu-33,6 ngosuku.  Yenqaba Amabhishi aseHawaii aya ngokuya egcwala udoti, ikakhulukazi amapulasitiki. Lokhu akubi yinkinga nje kuphela kwezemvelo, kodwa futhi kungaba nomthelela omubi emnothweni njengoba izivakashi ziza ngenxa yamabhishi anesihlabathi futhi izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana nemfucumfucu noma amapulasitiki zinciphisa ukuheha kweHawaii njengendawo yokuvakasha. Ibhishi laseKamilo elisogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yesiqhingi saseHawaii liye lathola igama elithi "Ibhishi Elenziwe Ngepulasitiki" ngenxa yokugcwala kwalo udoti owenziwe ngepulasitiki, iningi lawo elethwa imisinga yolwandle nemimoya evela endaweni engcolile eseduze yasePacific. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amathani angu-15 kuya kwangu-20 emfucumfucu (amathani angu-14 kuya kwangu-18), angu-96% ayo ayipulasitiki, agelezela ogwini lapha unyaka ngamunye.  Isivakashi esivamile sikhiqiza cishe amakhilogremu angu-3.3 emfucumfucu ngosuku. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhiqizwa kwemfucumfucu epulasitiki, iHawaii isiqalile ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye ne-polystyrene foam ngendlela yesifunda ngasinye. Ukuvinjelwa kwezitsha ze-polystyrene foam kwaqala ukusebenza eMaui County ngoDisemba 31, 2018; ukuvinjelwa okufanayo kwaqala eHawaii County (iBig Island) ngoJulayi 1, 2019. Ukuvinjelwa kwepulasitiki ne-polystyrene esetshenziswa kanye e-Oahu kuzoqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2021. Izishayamthetho zaseHawaii ekuqaleni kuka-2019, zacabangela izikweletu ezimbili ezazingaba ukuvinjelwa kokuqala kwepulasitiki yokudla eMelika. I-SB367 izovimba ukusetshenziswa kweziqukathi zokudla ze-polystrene foam esifundazweni sonke; lowo mthethosivivinywa washona ekomidini ngoMashi 2019. I-SB522 izovimba amabhodlela okuphuza apulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, izitsha, izinduku zokuxuba, iziqukathi ze-polystyrene foam, namashaye aqala ngo-2021; lowo mthethosivivinywa washintshwa ekomidini ukuze kwakhiwe iqembu lokusebenza ukwenza izincomo zokuthi unganciphisa kanjani imfucuza yepulasitiki esikhundleni salokho.  Umphumela wezenhlalakahle Abanye abantu bomdabu baseHawaii bakholelwa ngokuqinile ekuzimeleni kweHawaii nasenhlanganweni yokuzibusa yaseHawaii. Ukusungulwa kwale nhlangano esekelwe emphakathini kuholela embonweni ongemuhle ngezivakashi nasekonakalisweni komhlaba wemvelo. Lokhu kuholela empikiswaneni enamandla phakathi kwabakhi bomhlaba nabantu bomdabu abakholelwa ukuthi umhlaba akufanele uguqulwe ube indawo yokuhweba noma yokuhlala. Abaningi balaba bantu bathembele emhlabathini njengendlela yokuphila. Ukulahleka kwemvelo kuthinta inhlalakahle yezenhlalo nezengqondo zalabo abaxhomeke emithonjeni yomhlaba neyezilwandle. Abantu bomdabu baseHawaii kanye nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo baba namathuba emisebenzi alinganiselwe ngenxa yesisekelo semisebenzi esishintshashintshayo embonini yezokuvakasha.  Umbhalo othi "Lovely Hula Lands" (kamuva owaphinde wanyatheliswa ngokuthi "Lovely Hula Hands") owabhalwa isazi saseHawaii kanye nesishoshovu uHaunani-Kay Trask ugxeka kakhulu ukugeleza okukhulu kwezivakashi eziya eHawaii, azibiza ngokuthi "ubufebe" besiko laseHawaii. Uphetha indaba yakhe ngokuthi "ake ngikushiye lokhu engqondweni. Uma ucabanga ukuvakashela izwe lakithi, ngicela ungakwenzi lokho. Asifuni noma asidingi izivakashi ezengeziwe, futhi ngokuqinisekile asizithandi". Kodwa-ke, iSouthern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) imlahlile uTrask ngenxa yezitatimende zakhe eziphikisana neMelika, ithi lokho kukhuluma kabi kusiza ukufukula ubuhlanga eHawaii.
- Ngokombono wezomnotho, ezokuvakasha zashintsha iHawaii ekubeni ngokuyinhloko ezolimo nokuziphilisa ukuze ixhomeke kakhulu ezimbonini zezokuvakasha futhi ithambekele kakhulu emandleni ezomnotho angaphandle njengokwehla komnotho noma amanani kaphethiloli. Inani elandayo lemisebenzi kanye nemali engenayo yombuso livela emabhizinisini ahlobene nezokuvakasha - Ngokombono wezemvelo, izwe laseHawaii lasungula uhlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi lokufundisa imiphakathi yasendaweni ukuba isebenzise abaqhubi bezokuvakasha abazinzile nabacabangela ukulondolozwa kwemvelo - Ngokombono wemithombo, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, indawo kanye namandla kukhuphuke kakhulu futhi kwaholela ekukhathazekeni ngezindawo zemvelo ezincishisiwe zezinyoni nezilwane - Ngokombono wokuphathwa kwemfucuza, imfucuza, ikakhulukazi amapulasitiki, yaba ukukhathazeka okukhulu kokubili ngokwemvelo nangokwezomnotho. IHawaii yaphasisa imithetho yombuso ngo-2019 nango-2021 yokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ekudleni, amabhodlela okuphuza, izitsha, izinti zokuxuba, iziqukathi ze-polystyrene foam, namathiphu. Lena yimithetho yokuqala yaseMelika evimbela ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ekudleni. - Ngokombono womthelela kwezenhlalo, kunezingxabano phakathi kwabomdabu baseHawaii nezakhamuzi ezinombono ongemuhle ngezokuvakasha nezivakashi kanye nomkhakha wezokuvakasha okhulayo.