Waa maxay mitochondrion?
Mitochondrion waa unug ka tirsan unugyada eukaryotes badankood, sida xayawaanka, dhirta iyo fangaska. Mitochondria waxay leeyihiin qaab dhismeed laba-geesood ah waxayna isticmaalaan neefsashada aerobikada si ay u soo saaraan adenosine triphosphate (ATP), kaas oo loo isticmaalo unugyada oo dhan sida isha tamarta kiimikada. waxaa ogaadey Albert von Kölliker sanadkii 1857 muruqyada cayayaanka Ereyga mitochondrion waxaa sameeyay Carl Benda sanadkii 1898. Mitochondrion waxaa loo yaqaanaa "aaladda korontada ee unugyada", waa erey uu sameeyay Philip Siekevitz oo ku qoran maqaal la mid ah oo uu qoray sanadkii 1957.  Unugyada qaarkood ee noolaha badan ee unugyada badan leh waxay ka maqan yihiin mitochondria (tusaale ahaan, unugyada dhiigga cas ee naasleyda qaangaarka ah). Nooleyaal badan oo hal unug leh, sida microsporidia, parabasalids iyo diplomonads, waxay yareeyeen ama u beddeleen mitochondria qaab dhismeed kale. Mid ka mid ah eukaryote, Monocercomonoides, ayaa la ogsoon yahay inuu gabi ahaanba lumiyay mitochondria, iyo hal noole oo unugyo badan leh, Henneguya salminicola, ayaa la ogsoon yahay inuu haystay unugyada la xiriira mitochondrion oo ay weheliso luminta buuxda ee hiddo-wadaha mitochondrial.  Mitochondria waxay caadi ahaan u dhaxeysaa 0.75 iyo 3 μm2 oo dherer ah, laakiin si weyn ayey ugu kala duwan yihiin cabirka iyo qaab dhismeedka. Haddii aan si gaar ah loo madoobayn, lama arki karo. Ka sokow bixinta tamarta unugyada, mitochondria waxay ku lug leedahay hawlo kale, sida calaamadeynta, kala duwanaanshaha unugyada, iyo dhimashada unugyada, iyo sidoo kale ilaalinta xakamaynta wareegga unugyada iyo koritaanka unugyada. Mitochondrial biogenesis ayaa markeeda si ku meel gaar ah ula jaanqaadaysa geeddi socodkan unugyada. Mitochondria waxay ku lug leedahay dhowr xanuun iyo xaaladood oo aadanaha ah, sida cudurada mitochondrial, cillad wadnaha, wadnaha oo yaraada iyo autism.  Tirada mitochondria ee unugyada waxay si weyn ugu kala duwanaan karaan noolaha, unugyada, iyo nooca unugyada. Unugyada dhiiga cas ee qaangaarka ahi ma laha mitochondria, halka unugyada beerka ay yeelan karaan in ka badan 2000. Mitochondrion-ku wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaybo ka shaqeeya shaqooyin gaar ah. Qeybaha ama gobollada waxaa ka mid ah xuubka dibadda, meelaha u dhexeeya xuubka, xuubka gudaha, cristae, iyo matrix.  Inkastoo DNA-da unugyada eukaryotic-ka badankood ay ku jiraan nuucyada unugyada, mitochondrion waxay leedahay genome u gaar ah ("mitogenome") oo aad ugu eg genomes-ka bakteeriyada. Aragtidaas waxay keentay in si guud loo aqbalo aragtida endosymbiotic - in awoowayaasha prokaryotic ee bilaashka ah ee mitochondria casriga ah ay si joogto ah ula midoobeen unugyada eukaryotic-ka ee waagii hore, oo horumaray si xayawaanada casriga ah, dhirta, fangaska, iyo eukaryotes kale ay u neefsan karaan si ay u soo saaraan tamarta unugyada.