Njengoba kunombhalo oyisihluthulelo mayelana neNhlangano Yamazwe Akhiqiza Uwoyela, i-OPEC yasungulwa nini futhi izazi zezomnotho ziyichaza kanjani amandla e-OPEC ezimakethe zikawoyela?
Context:Inhlangano yamazwe athumela uwoyela emazweni angaphandle (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) yinhlangano eyenza ukubambisana kwamazwe akhiqiza uwoyela, ukuze kuthonye ngokuhlanganyela imakethe yomhlaba wonke futhi kwandise inzuzo. Yasungulwa ngo-14 Septhemba 1960 eBaghdad ngamalungu ayisihlanu okuqala (i-Iran, i-Iraq, i-Kuwait, i-Saudi Arabia neVenezuela), kusukela ngo-1965, inekomkhulu layo eVienna, e-Austria, yize i-Austria ingeyona izwe eliyilungu le-OPEC. Kusukela ngoSepthemba 2018, amazwe ayi-13 angamalungu akha cishe amaphesenti angama-44 omkhiqizo kawoyela womhlaba wonke kanye namaphesenti angama-81.5 ezinqolobane zikawoyela eziqinisekisiwe zomhlaba, okunikeza i-OPEC ithonya elikhulu kumanani kawoyela omhlaba wonke ayekade enqunywa yiqembu elibizwa nge- "Seven Sisters" lezinkampani zikawoyela zamazwe amaningi.  Ukwakhiwa kwe - OPEC kwaphawula ushintsho ekubuseni kwamazwe imithombo yemvelo, futhi izinqumo ze - OPEC ziye zaba nendima evelele emakethe kawoyela yomhlaba nasebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe. Umphumela ungaba namandla ngokukhethekile lapho izimpi noma iziyaluyalu zomphakathi ziholela ekuphazamisekeni kokuphakelwa isikhathi eside. Ngawo-1970, ukuvinjelwa kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela kwaholela ekukhuphukeni okukhulu kwamanani kawoyela kanye nemali engenayo nengcebo ye-OPEC, okwaba nemiphumela ehlala isikhathi eside nefinyelela kude emnothweni womhlaba wonke. Ngawo-1980, i-OPEC yaqala ukubeka imigomo yokukhiqiza emazweni ayo angamalungu; ngokuvamile, lapho imigomo yehliswa, amanani kawoyela ayenyuka. Lokhu kwenzeke muva nje kusuka ezinqumweni zenhlangano zango-2008 nango-2016 zokunciphisa ukunikezwa ngokweqile.  Izazi zezomnotho ziye zachaza i - OPEC njengesibonelo esiyisibonelo seqembu elisebenza ndawonye ukuze linciphise ukuncintisana emakethe, kodwa okuxoxisana kwalo kuvikelwe umthetho wokungavikeleki kombuso ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngawo-1960 nawo-1970, i-OPEC yahlela kabusha ngokuphumelelayo isimiso somhlaba wonke sokukhiqiza uwoyela ukuze igunya lokwenza izinqumo neningi lenzuzo kusezandleni zamazwe akhiqiza uwoyela. Kusukela ngawo-1980, i-OPEC ibe nomthelela omncane ekunikezelweni kukawoyela emhlabeni kanye nokuzinza kwamanani, njengoba kukhona ukukopela okuvamile ngamalungu ekuzibophezeleni kwawo komunye nomunye, futhi njengoba ukuzibophezela kwamalungu kukhombisa ukuthi bangenzani ngisho nangaphandle kwe-OPEC.  Amalungu e-OPEC njengamanje yi-Algeria, i-Angola, i-Equatorial Guinea, iGabon, i-Iran, i-Iraq, i-Kuwait, iLibya, iNigeria, iRiphabhulikhi yaseCongo, iSaudi Arabia, i-United Arab Emirates neVenezuela. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Ecuador, i-Indonesia neQatar zingamalungu angaphambili e-OPEC. Iqembu elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi i-OPEC + lasungulwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2016 ukuze libe nokulawula okwengeziwe emakethe kawoyela ongahluziwe yomhlaba.
Inhlangano Yamazwe Akhiqiza Uwoyela (OPEC) yasungulwa ngo - September 14, 1960. Izazi zezomnotho zichaza i - OPEC ngokuthi iqoqo elivimbela ukuncintisana emakethe ngokukhetha amazinga okukhiqiza amalungu alo. Umthelela wezingxenye zokunikezwa kwe-OPEC uba mkhulu kakhulu ngezikhathi zempi noma zezinxushunxushu zomphakathi lapho ukunikezwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe sekuvele kunqunyelwe. Ukukhohlisa kwamazwe angamalungu kunciphisa amandla e-OPEC ekunikezeni uwoyela namanani awo.