Umlando we-Linux
Context:Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Unix lwakhiwa futhi lwasetshenziswa ngo-1969, kuma-AT & T's Bell Labs, e-United States nguKen Thompson, uDennis Ritchie, uDouglas McIlroy, noJoe Ossanna. I-Unix yakhululwa okokuqala ngo-1971, futhi yayibhalwe ngokuphelele ngolimi lwe-assembly, njengoba kwakuwumkhuba ovamile ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1973, ngendlela eyisihluthulelo yokuphayona, yabhalwa kabusha ngolimi lokuhlela i-C nguDennis Ritchie (ngaphandle kwezinto ezithile zehadiwe kanye nemikhuba ye-I / O). Ukutholakala kolimi olusezingeni eliphezulu lwe-Unix kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuhambisa i-Unix kuma-computer ahlukahlukene.  Ngenxa yecala langaphambilini lokulwa nokuthengiselana eliyivimbela ukuba ingene ebhizinisini lamakhompyutha, i-AT & T yanikeza ilayisense ikhodi yomthombo yohlelo lokusebenza njengemfihlo yebhizinisi kunoma ngubani owayebuza. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Unix yakhula ngokushesha futhi yamukelwa kabanzi yizikhungo zemfundo namabhizinisi. Ngo-1984, i-AT & T yazikhipha ezinkampanini zayo eziphethe izifunda, futhi yakhululwa esibophweni sayo sokungangeni ebhizinisini lamakhompyutha; ikhululiwe kulesosibopho, iBell Labs yaqala ukuthengisa i-Unix njengomkhiqizo onelungelo lobunikazi, lapho abasebenzisi babengavunyelwe ngokomthetho ukuyiguqula.  I-Onyx Systems yaqala ukuthengisa ama-microcomputer okuqala asekelwe kuma-Unix ngo-1980. Kamuva, i-Sun Microsystems, eyasungulwa njengengxenye yephrojekthi yabafundi eStanford University, nayo yaqala ukuthengisa iziteshi zokusebenza zedeskithophu ezisekelwe ku-Unix ngo-1982. Ngenkathi ama-workstations e-Sun engasebenzisi i-hardware ye-PC yomkhiqizo efana ne-Linux kamuva eyenzelwe yona, imele umzamo wokuqala ophumelelayo wokuhweba wokusabalalisa i-microcomputer yomsebenzisi oyedwa kuphela esebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Unix.  Njengoba i-Unix yayilokhu "ivaliwe" njengomkhiqizo onelungelo lobunikazi, i-GNU Project, eyaqalwa ngo-1983 nguRichard Stallman, yayinomgomo wokwakha "uhlelo lwesoftware oluhambisana ngokuphelele ne-Unix" olwakhiwe ngokuphelele ngesoftware yamahhala. Umsebenzi waqala ngo-1984. Kamuva, ngo-1985, uStallman wasungula i-Free Software Foundation futhi wabhala i-GNU General Public License (i-GNU GPL) ngo-1989. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, izinhlelo eziningi ezidingekayo ohlelweni lokusebenza (njengemitapo yolwazi, abahlanganisi, abahleli bemibhalo, igobolondo lomugqa wemiyalo, kanye nohlelo lwamawindi) zaqedwa, yize izinto ezisezingeni eliphansi ezinjengezishayeli zedivayisi, ama-daemon, kanye ne-kernel, ebizwa nge-GNU Hurd, yayimi futhi ingaphelele.  I-MINIX yadalwa ngu-Andrew S. Tanenbaum, uprofesa wesayensi yamakhompyutha, futhi yakhululwa ngo-1987 njengohlelo lokusebenza oluncane olufana ne-Unix oluhloselwe abafundi nabanye ababefuna ukufunda izimiso zohlelo lokusebenza. Nakuba ikhodi yomthombo ephelele ye-MINIX yayitholakala ngokukhululekile, imigomo yelayisense yayiyivimbela ekubeni isofthiwe yamahhala kuze kube yilapho ilayisense ishintsha ngo-Ephreli 2000.  Yize ingakhishwanga kwaze kwaba ngo-1992, ngenxa yezinkinga zomthetho, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-386BSD, lapho iNetBSD, i-OpenBSD ne-FreeBSD yavela khona, ngaphambi kweLinux.  ULinus Torvalds usho kaningi ukuthi ukube i-GNU kernel noma i-386BSD ibikhona ngaleso sikhathi (1991), cishe wayengeke adale i-Linux.
I-Linux, uhlelo lokusebenza lwekhompyutha olwenziwe ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990 ngunjiniyela wesoftware waseFinland uLinus Torvalds kanye neFree Software Foundation (FSF).  Ngesikhathi esengumfundi eNyuvesi yaseHelsinki, uTorvalds waqala ukuthuthukisa iLinux ukuze enze uhlelo olufana neMINIX, uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-UNIX. Ngo-1991 wakhipha inguqulo engu-0.02; Inguqulo engu-1.0 ye-Linux kernel, okuyisisekelo sohlelo lokusebenza, yakhishwa ngo-1994. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, umenzi wesofthiwe waseMelika uRichard Stallman ne-FSF benza imizamo yokudala uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-UNIX olunomthombo ovulekile olubizwa ngokuthi i-GNU. Ngokungafani noTorvalds, uStalman ne-FSF baqala ngokudala izinsiza kusebenza zohlelo lokusebenza kuqala. Lezi zinsiza zabe sezihlanganiswa ne-Linux kernel ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo oluphelele olubizwa ngokuthi i-GNU/Linux, noma, ngokungaqondile, i-Linux nje.