Iyini i-HiFI?
Context:Ukuthembeka okuphezulu (okuvame ukufushaniswa ngokuthi i-Hi-Fi noma i-HiFi) kuwukwenziwa kabusha komsindo okusezingeni eliphakeme. Kuyathandwa ngabathandi bomsindo nabalandeli bomsindo wasekhaya. Ngokufanelekile, imishini yokwethembeka okuphezulu inomsindo ongezwakali nokuphambuka, kanye nempendulo yemvamisa eyisicaba (engathathi hlangothi, engenambala) ebangeni lokuzwa komuntu.  Ukuthembeka okuphezulu kuyaphikisana nomsindo wekhwalithi ephansi <unk>lo-fi<unk> okhiqizwa yimishini yomsindo engabizi, umsakazo we-AM, noma ikhwalithi ephansi yokwenziwa kabusha komsindo engazwakala kumarekhodi enziwe kuze kube sekupheleni kwawo-1940.
Ama-Bell Laboratories aqala ukuzama izindlela eziningi zokuqopha ekuqaleni kwawo-1930. Ukusebenza kukaLeopold Stokowski nePhiladelphia Orchestra kwaqoshwa ngo-1931 nango-1932 kusetshenziswa imigqa yocingo phakathi kwe-Academy of Music ePhiladelphia kanye nama-Bell labs eNew Jersey. Okunye ukuqoshwa kwama-multitrack kwenziwa ngefilimu yomsindo optical, okwaholela entuthukweni entsha esetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko yi-MGM (kusukela ngo-1937) kanye ne-Twentyth Century Fox Film Corporation (kusukela ngo-1941). I-RCA Victor yaqala ukuqopha ukusebenza kwama-orchestra amaningana esebenzisa umsindo we-optical cishe ngo-1941, okwaholela ekuthembekeni okuphezulu kwamakhosi ama-disc angama-78rpm. Ngawo-1930, u-Avery Fisher, umculi we-violin ongeyena umculi, waqala ukuhlola umklamo womsindo namazwi. Wayefuna ukwenza umsakazo owawuzwakala sengathi wayelalela i-orchestra ephilayo - owawuzotholakala ngokuthembeka okuphezulu kumsindo wokuqala. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, uHarry F. Olson wenza ukuhlola lapho abantu ababevivinywa babelalela i - orchestra bukhoma ngokusebenzisa isihlungi se - acoustic esiguquguqukayo esifihliwe. Imiphumela yafakazela ukuthi izilaleli zikhetha ukukhiqizwa kabusha kokuthembeka okuphezulu, uma umsindo nokuphambuka okulethwe yimishini yokuqala yomsindo sekususwe. [ isidingo sokubhekisela ]  Kusukela ngo-1948, izinto eziningana ezintsha zadala izimo ezenza ukuba kube nokuthuthuka okukhulu kwekhwalithi yomsindo wasekhaya:  Ukuqoshwa kwe-reel-to-reel tape tape, okusekelwe ebuchwephesheni obabuthathwe eJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kwasiza abaculi bomculo abanjengoBing Crosby ukuba benze futhi basakaze okuqoshiwe ngokuthembeka okungcono. Ukufika kwe- 331⁄3 rpm Long Play (LP) microgroove vinyl record, enomsindo ophansi ongaphezulu kanye namajika wokulinganisa acacisiwe ngokobungako kanye nezinhlelo zokunciphisa umsindo kanye nobubanzi obunamandla. Abalandeli bomculo wakudala, ababengabaholi bemibono emakethe yomsindo, basheshe bamukela ama-LP ngoba, ngokungafani namarekhodi amadala, imisebenzi eminingi yakudala yayingafakwa ku-LP eyodwa. Ama-turntable asezingeni eliphakeme, anezinaliti ezisabela kangcono Umsakazo we-FM, onebhande lomsindo elibanzi futhi ongathinteki kangako ekuphazanyisweni kwesiginali nokufiphala kune-AM radio. Imiklamo engcono ye-amplifier, enaka kakhulu ukusabela kwemvamisa kanye nekhono eliphakeme kakhulu lokukhipha amandla, ukukhiqiza kabusha umsindo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okubonakalayo. Imiklamo emisha yesikhulumi, kufaka phakathi ukumiswa kwe-acoustic, eyenziwe ngu-Edgar Villchur noHenry Kloss ngokuphendula okuphuthumayo kwe-bass. Ngawo-1950, abakhiqizi bomsindo basebenzisa inkulumo ethi high fidelity njengegama lokumaketha ukuchaza amarekhodi nemishini ehlose ukuhlinzeka ngokubuyiselwa komsindo okuthembekile. Abathengi abaningi bathola umehluko wekhwalithi uma kuqhathaniswa nemisakazo ye-AM ejwayelekile ngaleso sikhathi kanye namarekhodi angama-78rpm abonakala kalula futhi bathenga amafonografu athembekile nama-LP angama-331⁄3 afana ne-RCA's New Orthophonics ne-FFRR yaseLondon (Full Frequency Range Recording, uhlelo lwe-UK Decca). Abantu abathanda ukulalela babekhathalela izici zobuchwepheshe futhi bathenga izingxenye ezithile, njengama-turntable, ama-radio tuner, ama-preamplifier, ama-power amplifier nezikhulumi ezihlukile. Abanye abashisekeli baze bazakhela nezindawo zabo zokukhulisa umsindo. Ngokufika kwezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ze-multi-speaker console ngawo-1950, i-hi-fi yaba yigama elijwayelekile lemishini yomsindo yasekhaya, kuze kube sezingeni elithile idlulisa i-phonograph ne-record player.  Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1960, ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini ye-stereophonic nokurekhoda kwaholela esigabeni esilandelayo sokuthuthukiswa komsindo wasekhaya, futhi ngolimi olujwayelekile i-stereo idlulise i-hi-fi. Manje amarekhodi ayedlalwa ngesitiriyo. Nokho, ezweni labalandeli bomculo wezinsimbi, umqondo wokunemba okuphezulu waqhubeka ubhekisela emgomweni wokukhiqiza umsindo ngokunemba okukhulu nasezinsizakalweni zobuchwepheshe ezitholakalayo ukuze kufinyelelwe lowo mgomo. Le nkathi ibhekwa njenge- "Golden Age of Hi-Fi", lapho abakhiqizi bemishini yamashubhu we-vacuum ngaleso sikhathi bekhiqiza amamodeli amaningi abhekwa njengaphezulu ngabakwa-audiophiles banamuhla, futhi ngaphambi nje kokuba imishini ye-solid state (transistorized) yethulwe emakethe, kamuva ithathe indawo yemishini yamashubhu njengobuchwepheshe obujwayelekile.  Ngawo-1960, i-FTC ngosizo lwabakhiqizi bomsindo yafika nencazelo yokuhlonza imishini yokwethembeka okuphezulu ukuze abakhiqizi bakwazi ukusho ngokucacile uma behlangabezana nezidingo futhi banciphise izikhangiso ezidukisayo.  I-metal<unk>oxide<unk>semiconductor field-effect transistor (i-MOSFET) yaguqulwa yaba yi-MOSFET yamandla e-audio nguJun-ichi Nishizawa eNyuvesi yaseTohoku ngo-1974. Ngokushesha ama-Power MOSFET akhiqizwa i-Yamaha ukuze isebenzise ama-amplifier awo e-hi-fi. I-JVC, i-Pioneer Corporation, i-Sony ne-Toshiba nabo baqala ukukhiqiza ama-amplifiers ngama-MOSFET anamandla ngo-1974. Ngo-1977, uHitachi wethula i-LDMOS (i-MOS ehlakazekile eseceleni), uhlobo lwe-MOSFET yamandla. IHitachi kwakuwukuphela komkhiqizi we-LDMOS phakathi kuka-1977 no-1983, ngesikhathi lapho i-LDMOS yayisetshenziswa kuma-amplifiers wamandla alalelwayo avela kubakhiqizi abanjengo-HH Electronics (V-series) no-Ashly Audio, futhi yayisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zomculo nezokukhuluma emphakathini. Ama-amplifier e-Class-D aphumelela phakathi nawo-1980 lapho ama-MOSFET ashibhile, ashintsha ngokushesha atholakala. Ama-transistor amps amaningi asebenzisa amadivayisi e-MOSFET ezingxenyeni zawo zamandla, ngoba ijika lawo lokuhlanekezela linjengeshubhu.  Uhlobo oluthandwayo lwesistimu yokudlala umculo oluqala ngawo-1970 kwakuyisikhungo somculo esihlanganisiwe, esasihlanganisa i-phonograph turntable, i-AM-FM radio tuner, i-tape player, i-preamplifier, ne-power amplifier ephaketheni elilodwa, ngokuvamile ethengiswa nezipikha zalo ezihlukile, ezikhishwayo noma ezihlanganisiwe. Lezi zinhlelo zazikhangisa ngobulula bazo. Umthengi kwakungadingeki akhethe futhi ahlanganise izingxenye ngazinye noma ajwayelane nokumelana namandla alinganisiwe. Ngokuvamile ama-purist agwema ukubhekisela kulezi zinhlelo njengezinga eliphezulu lokuthembeka, nakuba ezinye zikwazi ukukhiqiza umsindo wekhwalithi enhle kakhulu.  Ama-audiophiles ngawo-1970 nawo-1980 ayethanda ukuthenga ingxenye ngayinye ngokwehlukana. Ngaleyo ndlela, babengakhetha amamodeli engxenye ngayinye anemininingwane abayifunayo. Ngawo-1980, kwaqala ukutholakala omagazini abaningana be-audiophile, abanikeza ukubuyekezwa kwezingxenye nezihloko zokuthi ungakhetha kanjani futhi uvivinye izipikha, izandiso, nezinye izingxenye.  Ukuhlolwa kokulalela Bheka futhi: Ukuhlolwa kokulalela i-codec Ukuhlolwa kokulalela kusetshenziswa abakhiqizi bama-hi-fi, omagazini abathanda ukulalela, nabacwaningi nososayensi bezobunjiniyela bemisindo. Uma ukuhlolwa kokulalela kwenziwa ngendlela yokuthi umlaleli ohlola ikhwalithi yomsindo wengxenye noma ukuqoshwa angabona izingxenye ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa (isibonelo, ucezu olufanayo lomculo olalelwa nge-amplifier yamandla eshubhu kanye ne-amplifier yesimo esiqinile), khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ukubandlulula kwangaphambilini komlaleli maqondana noma ngokumelene nezingxenye ezithile noma imikhiqizo kungathinta ukwahlulela kwabo. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, abacwaningi baqala ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa okungaboni, lapho izilaleli zingaziboni khona izingxenye ezihlolwayo. Uhlobo oluvame ukusetshenziswa lwalesi sivivinyo luvivinyo lwe-ABX. Isifundo sinikezwa amasampula amabili awaziwayo (isampula A, inkomba, nesampula B, okunye), nesampula elilodwa elingaziwa X, okuyisampula ezintathu esewonke. U-X ukhethwa ngokungahleliwe ku-A no-B, futhi isihloko sichaza u-X njengo-A noma u-B. Nakuba ingekho indlela yokufakazela ukuthi indlela ethile ivulekile, ukuhlolwa okuphindwe kabili okwenziwe kahle kungafakazela ukuthi indlela ayivulekile.  Ukuhlolwa okungaboni kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa njengengxenye yemizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye ezithile zomsindo (njengezintambo ezibizayo, ezingajwayelekile) zinomthelela othile obonakalayo ekhwalithi yomsindo. Imininingwane etholwe kulezi zivivinyo eziyimpumputhe ayemukelwa abanye omagazini be-audiophile abanjengo-Stereophile ne-The Absolute Sound ekuhloleni kwabo imishini yomsindo. UJohn Atkinson, umhleli wamanje we-Stereophile, wathi wake wathenga i - Quad 405, i - solid-state amplifier, ngo - 1978 ngemva kokubona imiphumela yokuhlolwa okungaboni, kodwa waqaphela ezinyangeni kamuva ukuthi "umlingo wawungasekho" kwaze kwaba yilapho ewushintsha nge - tube amp. URobert Harley we-The Absolute Sound wabhala, ngo-2008, ukuthi: "... ukuhlolwa kokulalela okungaboni ngokuyisisekelo kuphazamisa inqubo yokulalela futhi akusizi ngalutho ekunqumeni ukuzwakala kwesimo esithile".  UDoug Schneider, umhleli wenethiwekhi ye-Soundstage eku-inthanethi, wakuphikisa lokhu ngesikhundla sakhe ngezindatshana ezimbili zokuhlela ngo-2009. Wathi: "Ukuhlola okungaboniyo kuyisihluthulelo sokucwaninga kwamashumi eminyaka ngokwakhiwa kwezikhulumi okwenziwa eNational Research Council (NRC) yaseCanada. Abacwaningi be-NRC babazi ukuthi ukuze imiphumela yabo ithembeke emphakathini wezesayensi futhi ibe nemiphumela enengqondo kakhulu, kwakudingeka baqede ukucwasana, futhi ukuhlola abantu abangaboni kwakuwukuphela kwendlela yokwenza lokho". Izinkampani eziningi zaseCanada ezinjenge-Axiom, Energy, Mirage, Paradigm, PSB, neRevel zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okungaboniyo kakhulu ekwakheni izipikha zazo. Uchwepheshe wezomsindo uDkt. Sean Olive waseHarman International uyavumelana nalombono.