Zvichienderana nendima inotevera yeastrobiology, chirongwa cheViking chii?
Context:Nzvimbo yemazuva ano yezvinhu zvipenyu zviri muchadenga inogona kuverengwa kudzokera kuma1950 nema1960 nekuuya kwekutsvakurudza muchadenga, apo masayendisiti akatanga kufunga zvakakomba nezve mukana woupenyu kune mamwe mapuraneti. Muna 1957, Soviet Union yakatumira Sputnik 1, satiraiti yokutanga yakagadzirwa nevanhu, iyo yakaratidza kutanga kweNguva Yokuongorora Kwedenga. Chiitiko ichi chakatungamirira kukuwedzera mukudzidza bviro youpenyu pamamwe mapuraneti, sezvo masayendisiti akavamba kurangarira bviro dzakazarurwa netekinoroji itsva yokunzvera nzvimbo. Muna 1959, NASA yakabhadhara purojekiti yayo yokutanga yeexobiology, uye muna 1960, NASA yakavamba Purogiramu yeExobiology, zvino chimwe chezvinhu zvina zvikuru zveNASA yezvino yeAstrobiology Program. Muna 1971, NASA yakapa mari kuProject Cyclops, chikamu chokutsvaka uchenjeri hwokunze kwenyika, kutsvaka maredhiyo emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi ekukurukurirana kwemapuraneti kunoparidzirwa noupenyu hwokunze kwenyika kunze kweSystem Solar. Muma1960-1970s, NASA yakatanga chirongwa cheViking, icho chakanga chiri basa rokutanga reU.S. rokumhara paMars nokutsvaka zviratidzo zvomuviri zvoupenyu hwazvino; migumisiro yacho yakanga isingapindirani.
Purogiramu yeViking, yakatangwa neNASA muma1960 kusvika kuma1970, yakanga iri basa rokutanga reUnited States raiva nechinangwa chokumhara paMars nokutsvaka zviratidzo zvomuviri zvoupenyu huripo iye zvino.