Ayini amaqembu abantu abangathintwanga?
Context:Abantu abangathintwanga amaqembu abantu bomdabu abahlala ngaphandle kokuxhumana okuqhubekayo nemiphakathi engomakhelwane kanye nomphakathi womhlaba. Amaqembu anquma ukungaxhumani nabanye abizwa ngokuthi abantu bomdabu abahlukanisiwe ngokuzithandela. Izivikelo ezingokomthetho zenza ukubala inani eliphelele labantu abangathintwanga kube yinselele, kodwa ukulinganisela okuvela e-Inter-American Commission on Human Rights e-UN kanye neqembu elingenzi nzuzo i-Survival International kukhomba kubantu abaphakathi kuka-100 no-200 abangathintwanga abafinyelela kubantu abangu-10,000 bebonke. Iningi labantu abangathintwanga lihlala eNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi enyakatho yeBrazil, lapho uhulumeni waseBrazil neNational Geographic balinganisela khona ukuthi kuhlala izizwe eziphakathi kuka-77 no-84.  Ulwazi ngabantu abangathintwa luvela ikakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni nemiphakathi yomdabu engomakhelwane nasezithombeni zezindiza.
Abantu abangathintwanga ngokuvamile babhekisela kubantu bomdabu abaye bahlala behlukanisiwe kuze kube namuhla, balondoloze izindlela zabo zokuphila zendabuko futhi basebenza ngokuzimela kunoma yiziphi izinhlangano zezombusazwe noma zikahulumeni. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlola nokuhlala kwabantu baseYurophu ekuqaleni kwenkathi yesimanje kwaletha abantu bomdabu emhlabeni wonke ukuba baxhumane nabahlali kanye nabahloli bamazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, amaqembu amaningi omdabu aye ahlangana nezinye izizwe ngandlela - thile. Ngakho-ke, igama elithi "abantu abangathintwa" libhekisela ekuntulekeni kokuxhumana okuqhubekayo neningi labantu abangewona abomdabu okwamanje.  I-Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ibhekisela kubantu abangathintwanga ngokuthi "abantu bomdabu abahlukaniswe ngokuzithandela". La maqembu achazwa ukwenqaba kwawo ukuxhumana nanoma ubani ngaphandle kwabantu bawo. Le ncazelo ihlanganisa namaqembu abekade exhumene nomphakathi omkhulu ongewona owomdabu kodwa akhethe ukubuyela ekuzihlukaniseni futhi angabe esaxhumana. Njengoba abantu abanjalo abangathintwanga beqondwa hhayi njengabahlala esimweni esingesona esemvelo kodwa kunalokho njengabantu besikhathi samanje.  Umbiko ka-2009 weZizwe Ezihlangene wabuye wahlukanisa "abantu abaxhumana nabo okokuqala" njengabahlanganyela izici ezifanayo kodwa abaqala ukuxhumana njalo futhi bahlanganiswe nomphakathi ojwayelekile.  Ukuze kugcizelelwe ikhono labo lokuhlala bengathintwa noma behlukanisiwe, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zigcizelela ukubabiza ngokuthi "abantu bomdabu abahlukanisiwe" noma "abahlukaniswe ngokuzithandela". Ngaphandle kwalokho baye babizwa nangokuthi "abantu abafihlekile" noma "izizwe ezingathintwanga".  Ngokomlando imiqondo yamakoloni aseYurophu yabantu abangathintwanga, kanye nezimangalo zabo zamakoloni phezu kwabo, kwaziswa ngomcabango nokufuna uPrester John, inkosi yombuso ocebile wamaKristu ohlukanisiwe, kanye nezizwe eziyishumi ezilahlekile zakwa-Israyeli, ezikhomba abantu abangathintwanga ngokuthi "izizwe ezilahlekile".  Izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvikela imvelo nemihlaba yabantu bomdabu, ukubaluleka kokuzivikela ekuxhashazweni noma ekuhlukunyezweni, nokubaluleka kokungaxhumani ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusakazeka kwezifo zanamuhla.  Ukuxhashazwa nokuhlukunyezwa okuye kwaba khona emlandweni yiqembu elinabantu abaningi kuye kwaholela ohulumeni abaningi ukuba banikeze abantu abangathintwanga umhlaba wabo nokuvikelwa ngokomthetho. Amaqembu amaningi abomdabu ahlala emahlathini kazwelonke noma ezindaweni ezivikelwe, njengeVale do Javari eBrazil noma eNorth Sentinel Island eNdiya.  Okuningi kokungezwani ngenxa yabantu abahlala kude nabanye kuye kwabangelwa isifiso sohulumeni sokukhipha izinsiza zemvelo. Ngawo-1960 nawo-1970, uhulumeni waseBrazil wazama ukuhlanganisa amaqembu abantu bomdabu abahlala ehlathini lase-Amazon ukuze basebenzise umhlaba wabo ekulimeni. Imizamo yabo yahlangana nempumelelo ehlukahlukene nokugxekwa kuze kube yilapho, ngo-1987, iBrazil isungula uMnyango WamaNdiya Ahlukanisiwe ngaphakathi kweFUNAI (Fundação Nacional do Índio), i-Indian Agency yaseBrazil. I-FUNAI yaphumelela ekuvikeleni izindawo ezivikelwe eziye zavumela amaqembu athile ukuba ahlale engathintwa kuze kube namuhla.  Kwaba nomphumela ohlukile eColombia lapho iqembu labavangeli lithintana nesizwe samaNukak sabantu bomdabu. Lesi sizwe sasithanda ukuhweba futhi ekugcineni sathutha ukuze sisondelane nabahlali. Lokhu kwaholela ekuqubukeni kwezifo zokuphefumula, izingxabano ezinobudlova nabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa, nokufa kwamakhulu amaNukama, angaphezu kwengxenye yesizwe. Ekugcineni, uhulumeni waseColombia wawuthuthela ngenkani lo hlanga edolobheni eliseduze lapho athola khona ukudla nosizo lukahulumeni kodwa kwabikwa ukuthi ayephila ngobumpofu.  Izinsongo ezibhekiswe esizweni samaNukak ngokuvamile ziyafana nakubo bonke abantu abahlukanisiwe, ikakhulukazi isifiso sezwe langaphandle sokuxhaphaza amazwe abo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukugawula izingodo, ukufuya imfuyo nokulima, ukuqagela ngomhlaba, ukufuna nokumba uwoyela, nokuzingela ngokungemthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2007, uMongameli wasePeru u-Alan García wathi amaqembu angathintwa ayeyizinto nje "ezenziwe abashisekeli bemvelo abazimisele ukumisa ukuhlolwa kukawoyela negesi". Muva nje ngo-2016, inkampani yezimayini yaseShayina eBolivia ayizinakanga izimpawu zokuthi yayihlasela izizwe ezingathintwanga, futhi yazama ukufihla lokho. Ngaphandle kokuphishekela ezentengiselwano, abanye abantu abanjengezithunywa zevangeli bangabangela umonakalo omkhulu bengahlosile.  Yilezo zinsongo, zihlanganiswe nokuhlaselwa kwesizwe sabo abashushumbisi be-cocaine abangekho emthethweni, okwaholela eqenjini lamaNdiya ase-Acre ukuba lixhumane nedolobhana laseBrazil futhi kamuva nohulumeni wesifundazwe ngo-2014. Lokhu kuziphatha kusikisela ukuthi izizwe eziningi ziyazi ngezwe elingaphandle futhi zikhetha ukungathintani ngaphandle uma zishukunyiswa ukwesaba noma ukuzithokozisa. Izithombe ezithathwe ngesiphuphutheki zibonisa ukuthi ezinye izizwe zifuduka ngamabomu emigwaqweni noma emisebenzini yokugawula izihlahla ukuze zihlale zodwa.  Izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu bomdabu ngokuvamile ziye zasekela ukuba abantu bomdabu abahlukanisiwe bashiywe bodwa, zithi ukuxhumana nabo kuzophazamisa ilungelo labo lokuzinqumela njengabantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, okuhlangenwe nakho eBrazil kusikisela ukuthi abantu abahlukanisayo bangase bafune ukuba nobudlelwano bokuhweba nokuxhumana okuhle nabanye, kodwa bakhethe ukuhlukaniswa ngenxa yokwesaba ukungqubuzana noma ukuxhashazwa. Inhlangano kahulumeni waseBrazil i-National Indian Foundation (i-FUNAI) ngokubambisana nochwepheshe bezesayensi yabantu iye yakhetha ukwenza ukuxhumana kokuqala okulawulwayo nezizwe. Le nhlangano inezikhungo zokuhweba ezingu - 15 kuyo yonke indawo evikelwe lapho izizwe zingathengisa khona amathuluzi ensimbi nezinto zokupheka. Le nhlangano iphinde ingenele ekuvimbeleni ezinye izingxabano nasekuhlinzekeni abantu imithi yokugoma. Kodwa-ke, i-FUNAI ibilokhu igxeka intando yezepolitiki eBrazil, ibika ukuthi ithole kuphela u-15% wesabelomali sayo esiceliwe ngo-2017. Ngo-2018, ngemuva kokuvumelana phakathi kwabasebenza ensimini, i-FUNAI yakhipha amavidiyo nezithombe zezizwe eziningana ezingaphansi kokuvikelwa kwazo. Nakuba lesinqumo sagxekwa, umqondisi womnyango wamaNdiya Ahlukanisiwe, uBruno Pereira, waphendula ngokuthi "Uma umphakathi wazi okwengeziwe futhi kunengxoxo-mpikiswano eyengeziwe ngale ndaba, kuba namathuba amakhulu okuvikela amaNdiya ahlukanisiwe nemihlaba yawo". Wabelana ngokuthi lenhlangano ibilokhu ibhekana nengcindezi ekhulayo yezombangazwe yokuvula izindawo ezinkampanini zezentengiselwano. Wabuye wafakazela ukuthatha isithombe ngokuchaza ukuthi iFUNAI yayiphenya ngokubulawa kwabantu okungenzeka kwesizwe samaFlechieros.  Eqaphela izinkinga ezingenakubalwa zokuxhumana, uMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu Wezizwe Ezihlangene ngo-2009 kanye ne-Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ngo-2013 baletha imihlahlandlela nezincomo ezibandakanya ilungelo lokukhetha ukuzihlukanisa.  Kuye kwaba nemibiko yama-safari enabantu eziQhingini zase-Andaman zaseNdiya nasePeru, lapho izinkampani zezokuvakasha zizama khona ukusiza izivakashi ukuba zibone abantu abangathintwanga noma abasanda kuthintwa. Lo mkhuba uyimpikiswano.