Ukukhipha izinzuzo nezinkinga zobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokukhuluma.
Context:Izimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zohlelo lokuhlanganiswa kwenkulumo ziwubuhle nokuqondakala. Ukuba semvelo kuchaza indlela okukhiphayo okuzwakala ngayo njengokukhuluma komuntu, kuyilapho ukuqondakala kuyindlela okulula ngayo ukuqonda okukhiphayo. I-speech synthesizer ekahle ingokwemvelo futhi iyaqondakala. Ngokuvamile izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa inkulumo zizama ukukhulisa lezi zici zombili.  Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko obudala amagagasi okukhuluma okuyi-synthetic yi-concatenative synthesis ne-formant synthesis. Ubuchwepheshe ngabunye bunamandla nobuthakathaka, futhi ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kohlelo lokuhlanganisa ngokuvamile kuzonquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela esetshenziswayo.  Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-concatenation Isihloko esiyinhloko: Concatenative synthesis Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe kusekelwe ekuhlanganisweni (ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye) kwezingxenye zenkulumo eqoshiwe. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe kukhiqiza inkulumo ehlanganisiwe ezwakala ingokwemvelo kakhulu. Nokho, umehluko phakathi kokuhlukahluka kwemvelo enkulumweni kanye nemvelo yezindlela ezenzakalelayo zokuhlukanisa amafomu amagagasi ngezinye izikhathi kuholela ekuphazamisekeni okuzwakalayo ekukhipheni. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe.  Ukuhlanganiswa kokukhethwa kweyunithi Ukuhlanganiswa kokukhethwa kweyunithi kusebenzisa ama-database amakhulu okukhuluma okuqoshiwe. Phakathi nokwakhiwa kwe-database, inkulumo ngayinye eqoshiwe ihlukaniswa yaba ezinye noma zonke izinto ezilandelayo: amafonti ngamanye, ama-diphon, ama-half-phon, ama-syllable, ama-morpheme, amagama, imishwana, nemisho. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlukaniswa kube izingxenye kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isibonisi sokukhuluma esilungiswe ngokukhethekile esibekwe kumodi "yokuqondanisa okuphoqelelwe" nokulungiswa okwenziwa ngesandla kamuva, kusetshenziswa izethulo ezibukwayo ezifana ne-waveform ne-spectrogram. Kube sekwakhiwa inkomba yamayunithi asemthonjeni wenkulumo ngokususelwa ekuhlukanisweni kanye nemingcele ye-acoustic efana nemvamisa eyisisekelo (i-pitch), ubude besikhathi, isikhundla ku-syllable, nezingcingo ezingomakhelwane. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, inkulumo okuhloswe ngayo yenziwa ngokunquma uchungechunge olungcono kakhulu lwamayunithi angahle atholakale ku-database (ukukhethwa kweyunithi). Le nqubo ivame ukufezwa ngokusebenzisa isihlahla sokunquma esinesisindo esikhethekile.  Ukukhethwa kweyunithi kunikeza imvelo enkulu, ngoba isebenzisa kuphela inani elincane lokucubungula isignali yedijithali (i-DSP) enkulumweni eqoshiwe. I-DSP ivame ukwenza inkulumo eqoshiwe izwakale ingeyona engokwemvelo, yize ezinye izinhlelo zisebenzisa inani elincane lokucubungula isignali endaweni yokuhlanganiswa ukuze kushelele ifomu legagasi. Okukhishwa yizinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu zokukhetha amayunithi kuvame ukungahlukaniseki nezwi lomuntu wangempela, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho uhlelo lwe-TTS lulungiselelwe khona. Kodwa-ke, ukuba semvelo okuphezulu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuthi ama-unit-selection speech databases abe makhulu kakhulu, kwezinye izinhlelo ahamba aze afike kuma-gigabytes wedatha eqoshiwe, amele inqwaba yamahora okukhuluma. Futhi, iyunithi Ukukhetha algorithms ziye ezaziwa ukukhetha izingxenye kusuka endaweni ukuthi kuphumela synthesis esingaphansi ekahle (isib amagama amancane babe engacacile) ngisho nalapho ukhetho kangcono likhona database. Muva nje, abacwaningi baye basikisela izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezizenzakalelayo zokuthola izingxenye ezingezona ezemvelo ezinhlelweni zokukhetha inkulumo.  Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-diphone Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-diphone kusebenzisa i-database encane yokukhuluma equkethe wonke ama-diphone (ukuguqulwa komsindo) okwenzeka olimini. Inani lama-diphones lincike ku-phonotactics yolimi: isibonelo, iSpanishi inama-diphones angaba ngu-800, kanti isiJalimane sinama-2500. Ekuhlanganisweni kwe-diphone, isibonelo esisodwa kuphela se-diphone ngayinye esiqukethwe ku-database yenkulumo. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, i-prosody yomusho ehlosiwe ifakwa kulezi zinhlaka ezincane ngokusebenzisa amasu wokucubungula isignali yedijithali njengokufaka ikhodi yokubikezela okuqondile, i-PSOLA noma i-MBROLA. noma amasu akamuva njengokuguqulwa kwe-pitch kusizinda somthombo usebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwe-cosine ehlukile. I-diphone synthesis ihlushwa yizinkinga ze-sonic ze-concatenative synthesis kanye nemvelo yomsindo we-robotic ye-formant synthesis, futhi inezinzuzo ezimbalwa kunoma iyiphi indlela ngaphandle kobukhulu obuncane. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezentengiselwano kuyancipha, [citation needed] yize iqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ocwaningweni ngoba kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zesoftware ezitholakala mahhala. Isibonelo sokuqala sokuhlanganiswa kweDiphone irobhothi lokufundisa, iLeachim, elasungulwa uMichael J. Freeman. ILeachim yayinokwaziswa okuphathelene nesimiso sesifundo sasekilasini kanye nokwaziswa okuthile okuphathelene nokuphila kwabafundi eyayihlelelwe ukuba ibafundise. Kwahlolwa ekilasini lasebanga lesine eBronx, eNew York.  Ukuhlanganiswa okuqondene nesifunda Ukuhlanganiswa okuqondene nesizinda kuhlanganisa amagama nemishwana eqoshiwe kusengaphambili ukuze kwakhiwe amazwi aphelele. Isetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ezihlukahlukene imibhalo uhlelo okukhipha kungagcini domain ethile, efana izimemezelo transit schedule noma imibiko sezulu. Lobu buchwepheshe kulula kakhulu ukubusebenzisa, futhi sekuyisikhathi eside busetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano, kumadivayisi anjengamawashi akhulumayo nama-calculator. Izinga lemvelo yalezi zinhlelo lingaba liphezulu kakhulu ngoba izinhlobo zemisho zinqunyelwe, futhi zihambisana kakhulu ne-prosody kanye nokushaywa kwamarekhodi okuqala.  Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinhlelo zikhawulelwe amagama nemishwana esezinqolobaneni zazo, azinakusetshenziswa kabanzi futhi zingahlanganisa kuphela inhlanganisela yamagama nemishwana ezihlelelwe yona kusengaphambili. Nokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwamagama olimini olukhulunywa ngokwemvelo kusengabangela izinkinga ngaphandle kokuba kucatshangelwe ukuhlukahluka okuningi. Isibonelo, ezilimini zesiNgisi ezingezona ezama-rhotic u- "r" emagameni afana no "clear" /ˈklɪə/ uvame ukubizwa kuphela uma igama elilandelayo linonkamisa njengencwadi yalo yokuqala (isib. "clear out" igcwaliseka njenge /ˌklɪəɹˈʌʊt/). Ngokufanayo, ngesiFulentshi, izinhlamvu eziningi ezisemaphethelweni azibe zisathule uma zilandelwa igama eliqala ngohlamvu, umphumela obizwa ngokuthi i-liaison. Lokhu kushintshana akunakwenziwa kabusha ngohlelo olulula lokuhlanganiswa kwamagama, obekungadinga ubunzima obengeziwe ukuba buzwele umongo.  Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Formant I-Formant synthesis ayisebenzisi amasampula okukhuluma kwabantu ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Esikhundleni salokho, okukhiphayo kwenkulumo okuhlanganisiwe kudalwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlanganiswa kokungeziwe kanye nemodeli ye-acoustic (ukwakheka kwemodeli ebonakalayo). Amapharamitha anjengezinga eliyisisekelo, ukuphimisela, namazinga omsindo ayahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze kwakheke amaza okukhuluma okufakelwayo. Le ndlela ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-synthesis esekelwe emithethweni; Nokho, izinhlelo eziningi ezihlangene nazo zinezingxenye ezisekelwe emithethweni. Izinhlelo eziningi ezisekelwe ebuchwephesheni bokusebenzisa i - formant synthesis zikhiqiza inkulumo eyenziwe umuntu, ezwakala njengerobhothi engeke neze iphambaniswe nenkulumo yomuntu. Kodwa-ke, ukuba semvelo okuphezulu akuyona njalo inhloso yohlelo lokuhlanganiswa kwenkulumo, futhi izinhlelo zokuhlanganiswa kwe-formant zinezinzuzo ngaphezu kwezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe. Inkulumo eyenziwe nge-Formant ingaqondakala ngokuthembekile, ngisho nangejubane eliphezulu kakhulu, kugwenywe izinkinga zomculo ezivame ukuhlupha izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe. Abantu abangaboni kahle basebenzisa inkulumo ehlanganisiwe esheshayo ukuze bakwazi ukuzulazula ngokushesha kuma-computer besebenzisa umfundi wesikrini. Ama-synthesizer e-formant ngokuvamile ayizinhlelo ezincane kunezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ngoba azinayo i-database yamasampula okukhuluma. Ngakho-ke zingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezifakwe ngaphakathi, lapho inkumbulo namandla e-microprocessor kunqunyelwe khona. Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlelo ezisekelwe kuma-formant zinokulawula okuphelele kwazo zonke izici zokukhuluma okukhiphayo, kungakhishwa izinhlobo eziningi zama-prosody nama-intonation, okudlulisela hhayi nje imibuzo nezitatimende, kodwa nemizwa ehlukahlukene namathoni wezwi.  Izibonelo zokulawulwa kwe-intonation okungeyona isikhathi sangempela kodwa okunembile kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni kwe-formant kufaka phakathi umsebenzi owenziwe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 ngethoyizi leTexas Instruments Speak & Spell, futhi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980 imishini ye-arcade ye-Sega nasemidlalweni eminingi ye-arcade ye-Atari, Inc. isebenzisa i-TMS5220 LPC Chips. Kwakunzima ukudala umsindo ofanele wale miklamo, futhi imiphumela kusazodingeka ifane nezixhumanisi zesikhathi sangempela zokuguqula umbhalo ube inkulumo.  Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganiswa Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-articulatory kubhekisele ezindleleni zokubhala zokukhuluma okususelwa kumamodeli wethrekhi yomlomo womuntu kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanganiswa okwenzeka lapho. I-synthesizer yokuqala esetshenziswa njalo ekuhlolweni kwelabhorethri yasungulwa eHaskins Laboratories maphakathi nawo-1970 nguPhilip Rubin, uTom Baer, noPaul Mermelstein. Le-synthesizer, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-ASY, yayisekelwe kumamodeli omzila wezwi athuthukiswe eBell Laboratories ngawo-1960 nawo-1970 nguPaul Mermelstein, uCecil Coker, kanye nozakwabo.  Kuze kube muva nje, amamodeli wokuhlanganisa amazwi awazange afakwe ezinhlelweni zokuhlanganisa izinkulumo ezidayiswayo. Okuphawuleka kakhulu uhlelo olususelwa ku-NEXT ekuqaleni olwakhiwa futhi lwathengiswa yiTrillium Sound Research, inkampani ehlukile yeYunivesithi yaseCalgary, lapho kwenziwa khona ucwaningo oluningi lwangempela. Ngemuva kokuphela kwezinguqulo ezahlukahlukene ze-NeXT (ezaqalwa nguSteve Jobs ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 futhi zahlanganiswa ne-Apple Computer ngo-1997), isoftware yeTrillium yashicilelwa ngaphansi kwelayisense yomphakathi jikelele ye-GNU, nomsebenzi uqhubeka njenge-gnuspeech. Lolu hlelo, olwathengiswa okokuqala ngo-1994, lunikeza ukuguqulwa okuphelele kokubhaliwe kube inkulumo kusetshenziswa umhlahlandlela wamagagasi noma umugqa wokudlulisa ofana nomlomo womuntu nomlomo olawulwa yi- "distinctive region model" kaCarré.  Ama-synthesizer akamuva, athuthukiswe nguJorge C. Lucero nozakwabo, afaka amamodeli we-vocal fold biomechanics, i-glottal aerodynamics kanye nokusakazwa kwamagagasi e-acoustic kuma-bronchi, i-trachea, izimbotshana zomphimbo nezomlomo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwakha izinhlelo eziphelele zokulingisa inkulumo okusekelwe ku-physics.
Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko obudala amagagasi okukhuluma okuyi-synthetic yi-concatenative synthesis ne-formant synthesis.  Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe kusekelwe ekuhlanganiseni izingxenye zenkulumo eqoshiwe. Ngokuvamile ikhiqiza inkulumo ehlanganisiwe ezwakala ingokwemvelo kakhulu. Nokho, umehluko phakathi kokuhlukahluka kwemvelo enkulumweni kanye nemvelo yezindlela ezenzakalelayo zokuhlukanisa amafomu amagagasi ngezinye izikhathi kuholela ekuphazamisekeni okuzwakalayo ekukhipheni. Ukuba semvelo kakhulu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba imininingwane yolwazi lwenkulumo ibe mikhulu kakhulu, kwezinye izinhlelo ifinyelela kuma-gigabytes emininingwane eqoshiwe, emelela inqwaba yamahora okukhuluma.  I-Formant synthesis ayisebenzisi amasampula okukhuluma kwabantu ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Esikhundleni salokho, inkulumo ehlanganisiwe idalwa kusetshenziswa i-additive synthesis kanye nemodeli ye-acoustic. Izinhlelo eziningi ezisekelwe ebuchwephesheni bokusebenzisa i - formant synthesis zikhiqiza inkulumo eyenziwe umuntu, ezwakala njengerobhothi engeke neze iphambaniswe nenkulumo yomuntu. Ngokuvamile ziyizinhlelo ezincane kunezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ngoba azinayo i-database yamasampula okukhuluma. Ngakho-ke zingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezifakwe ngaphakathi, lapho inkumbulo namandla e-microprocessor kunqunyelwe khona.