Ngitshele engidinga ukukwazi ngomphumela kaDunning Kruger.
Context:Umphumela we-Dunning-Kruger yi-bias yokuqonda lapho abantu abanekhono eliphansi, ubuchwepheshe, noma isipiliyoni maqondana nohlobo oluthile lomsebenzi noma indawo yolwazi bavame ukweqisa ikhono noma ulwazi lwabo. Abanye abacwaningi bahlanganisa nomphumela ophambene kulabo abenza kahle kakhulu: ukuthambekela kwabo ekubukeleni phansi amakhono abo. Ngokwesiko elidumile, umphumela kaDunning-Kruger uvame ukuqondwa ngokungeyikho njengokufakazela ukuzethemba ngokweqile kwabantu abanobuhlakani obuncane esikhundleni sokuzethemba ngokweqile kwabantu abangenalwazi lomsebenzi othile.  Umphumela kaDunning-Kruger uvame ukulinganiswa ngokuqhathanisa ukuzihlola nesilinganiso sokusebenza okuhlosiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, abahlanganyeli ocwaningweni bangase bacelwe ukuba baphothule imibuzo bese belinganisa ukuthi baphumelele kangakanani. Lokhu kuhlolwa okucatshangelwayo bese kuqhathaniswa nokuthi bawenza kahle kangakanani umsebenzi wabo. Lokhu kungase kwenzeke ngokwemibandela ehlobene noma ephelele, okungukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu labalingani njengamaphesenti ontanga abaphumelelayo noma uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga enhloso njengenani lemibuzo ephendulwe kahle. Umphumela weDunning-Kruger uvela kuzo zombili lezi zimo, kodwa ubonakala kakhulu ngokwemibandela ehlobene; i-quartile engezansi yabadlali bavame ukuzibona njengengxenye yama-quartile amabili aphezulu. Ucwaningo lokuqala lwanyatheliswa uDavid Dunning noJustin Kruger ngo-1999. Yayigxile ekucabangeni okunengqondo, uhlelo lolimi, kanye namakhono okuxhumana nabanye. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuye kwenziwa olunye ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene oluhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namakhono emikhakheni efana nebhizinisi, ezombusazwe, ezokwelapha, ukushayela, ezokundiza, inkumbulo yendawo, ukuhlolwa esikoleni, nokufunda nokubhala.  Kuye kwasikiselwa amamodeli amaningi ukuze kuchazwe izimbangela eziyimbangela yomphumela kaDunning-Kruger. Imodeli yokuqala kaDunning noKruger ithi ukungabi bikho kwamakhono okuqonda okuyinhloko okubangela lokhu. Lokhu kuhumusha kusekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi abantu abenza kabi abasenalo ikhono lokuhlukanisa phakathi kokusebenza okuhle nokubi. Bavame ukuzazisa ngokweqile ngoba abawuboni umehluko phakathi kwemisebenzi yabo nemisebenzi yabanye. Lokhu kuye kwabizwa nangokuthi "i-akhawunti yomthwalo ophindwe kabili" njengoba ukuntuleka kwamakhono kuhlanganiswa nokungazi ngalokhu kusilela. Abanye abacwaningi bahlanganisa ingxenye ye-metacognitive njengengxenye yencazelo yomphumela kaDunning-Kruger hhayi nje njengencazelo ehlukile kuyo. Abacwaningi abahlukahlukene baye bagxeka imodeli ye-metacognitive futhi basikisela ezinye izincazelo. Ngokwemodeli yezibalo, umphumela wezibalo owaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlehla okubhekiswe kwesilinganiso kanye nokuchema kwengqondo okwaziwa ngokuthi umphumela ongcono kunesilinganiso yiwona obangela okutholakele kokuhlangenwe nakho. Imodeli enengqondo ithi izinkolelo zangaphambili ezakhayo ngokweqile ngamakhono omuntu ziwumthombo wokuzihlola okungamanga. Enye incazelo ithi ukuzihlola kunzima kakhudlwana futhi kunamaphutha kubantu abenza kahle ngoba abaningi babo banamazinga amakhono afanayo. Enye imodeli ibona ukuntuleka kwesikhuthazo sokunikeza ukuhlola okuqondile njengomthombo wephutha.  Umphumela kaDunning-Kruger uchazwe njengohlobene nezindaba ezihlukahlukene ezingokoqobo, kodwa kunokungavumelani mayelana nobukhulu bomthelela wawo. Ukuzibheka ngendlela engafanele kungenza abantu benze izinqumo ezimbi, njengokukhetha umsebenzi abangawufanele noma ukuhileleka ekuziphatheni okuyingozi. Kungase futhi kuvimbele labo abathintekayo ukuba babhekane nokushiyeka kwabo ukuze bazithuthukise. Kwezinye izimo, ukuzethemba ngokweqile okuhambisana nakho kungase kube nemiphumela emihle, njengokwandisa isisusa namandla.
Umphumela kaDunning-Kruger ubhekisela ekuthambekeleni kwabantu ukuba balinganise ngokweqile ikhono labo lokwenza umsebenzi othile, ikakhulukazi uma benamakhono aphansi kulowo msebenzi. Ukucwaninga okuhlobene kusikisela ukuthi okuphambene nakho kuyiqiniso; abantu abanamakhono aphezulu bavame ukubukela phansi ikhono labo. Lo mphumela waqinisekiswa ngezifundo eziningana ezihlanganisa amakhono ahlukahlukene, nakuba imbangela yalo mphumela iseyindaba yokuphikisana. Ngokufanayo, imiphumela engokoqobo yalo mphumela iyaphikisana, njengoba ukuzethemba ngokweqile okuvela ekuzihloleni okungalungile kungaba nemiphumela emihle nemibi.