Bvisa marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvinovira anotaurwa mundima iyi. Vaparadzanise nekoma.
Context:MuEncyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Michael Gaenzle anonyora kuti: "Chimwe chezvingwa zvekare-kare zvinogadzirwa nechingwa chakabva muna 3700 B.C.E. uye chakacherwa muSwitzerland, asi kwakatangira kuviriswa kwechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa chinogadzirwa nechingwa". "Kugadzirwa kwechingwa kwaienderana nokushandiswa kwembiriso sechinhu chinovirisa kwechikamu chikuru chenhoroondo yevanhu; kushandiswa kwembiriso yomubiki sechinhu chinovirisa kwakatanga makore asingasviki 150 adarika".  Sourdough yakaramba iri nzira yakajairika yekubvisa mbiriso muEurope kuMiddle Ages kusvikira yatsiviwa nebarm kubva mukubika doro, uye mushure megore ra1871 nechinangwa chakasimwa mbiriso.  Chingwa chinogadzirwa noupfu hwegorosi 100%, chinozivikanwa muhafu yokuchamhembe kweEurope, chinowanzosanganiswa nembiriso. Mbiriso yomubiki haibatsiri somubiriso wechingwa cheraga, sezvo raga risina gluten yakakwana. Chimiro chechingwa cheRye chinonyanya kubva pa starch iri muupfu pamwe nemamwe makabhohaidhiretsi anozivikanwa se pentosans; zvisinei, rye amylase inoshanda pamatembiricha akakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura gorosi amylase, zvichikonzera chimiro chechingwa kuparara sezvo starches inoputswa panguva yekubheka. Naizvozvo, pH yakaderera yechingwa chinonhuwira inoderedza amylases apo kupisa hakugoni, kuchibvumira makabhohaidhiretsi ari muchingwa kuti agadzikane uye agare zvakanaka. Muchikamu chekumaodzanyemba kweEurope, uko panettone ichiri kugadzirwa nebhekoni sechirume, bhekoni rave risinganyanyojairika muzana ramakore rechi20; yakatsiviwa nebhekoni yekubika inokurumidza kukura, dzimwe nguva inowedzerwa nekugara kwenguva refu kwekubika kuti ibvumire mamwe mabhakitiriya kuita basa rekuvaka flavour. Sourdough fermentation yakabuda zvakare senzira huru yekubika mukubika chingwa mukati memakore ekuma2010, kunyangwe ichiwanzoshandiswa pamwe chete neyeast yebhekari seyeji yekubikira.  Vabiki vechiFrench vakaunza unyanzvi hwokubika mukanyiwa wakaviriswa kuNorth California panguva yeCalifornia Gold Rush, uye hunoramba huri rutivi rwetsika dzeSan Francisco nhasi. (Zita remadunhurirwa rinoramba riri "Sourdough Sam", mascot weSan Francisco 49ers.) Sourdough yakagara ichibatanidzwa nevanotsvaka goridhe muna 1849, kunyange zvazvo vaiwanzogadzira chingwa nemiriwo inotengeswa kana kuti baking soda. "Celebrated" San Francisco sourdough chingwa chena chinozivikanwa nekunhuwa kwakanyanya, uye zvirokwazvo rudzi rweLactobacillus mune sourdough starters rwunonzi Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis (yaimbova Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis), padivi pe sourdough yeast Kasachstania humilis (yaimbova Candida milleri) inowanikwa mune zvakafanana tsika.  Tsika ye sourdough yakaendeswa kuDhipatimendi reAlaska muUnited States uye nharaunda yeYukon muCanada panguva yeKlondike Gold Rush ya1898. Mbiriso dzenguva dzose dzakadai seyeast ne baking soda dzakanga dzisinganyanyi kuvimbika mumamiriro ezvinhu akatarisana navatsvaki. Vashandi vemumigodhi vaiva neruzivo nevamwe vaibva kune dzimwe nyika vaiwanzotakura homwe yezvokudya zvomumigodhi muhuro mavo kana kuti pabhachi; idzi dzaichengetedzwa zvakasimba kuti dzisaome nechando. Zvisinei, kutonhora hakuurayi mukanyiwa unotanga kuviriswa; kupisa kwakanyanyisa kunodaro. Maoko akwegura akazosvika pakunzi "sourdoughs", shoko richiri kushandiswa kumunhu upi noupi akwegura wokuAlaska kana kuti Klondike. Kukosha kwezita rezita remadunhurirwa rekuti Yukon tsika yakaitwa isingafi muzvinyorwa zvaRobert Service, kunyanya muunganidzwa wake we "Nziyo dzeSourdough". [ citation inodiwa ]  Munyika dzinotaura chiRungu, umo zvingwa zvinogadzirwa negorosi zvinonyanya kushandiswa, mbiriso haisisiri nzira inoshandiswa pakuita kuti chingwa chibvire. Yakanga ichitsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma, kutanga nokushandiswa kwebarm kubva mukugadzira doro, ipapo, pashure pokusimbiswa kworondedzero yeutachiona naLouis Pasteur, nemakwenzi akaomeswa. Kunyange zvazvo chingwa cheupfu chakanga chasiya kushandiswa mumabhekari ezvokutengeserana muzana remakore rechi20, chave chichimutsiridzwa pakati pevanobika chingwa vasingabhadhari uye, munguva pfupi yapfuura, mumabhekari ezvokutengeserana. Munyika dzisina tsanangudzo yepamutemo yechingwa chine mbiriso, mukanyiwa wezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinonzi kana zvinotengeswa seizvi unoomeswa uchishandisa mbiriso yebhekeri kana makemikari anowedzera pamwe chete, kana panzvimbo pe, chirongwa chekutanga chechingwa chine mbiriso. The Real Bread Campaign inodana zvinhu izvi kuti sourfaux.  Vagadziri vezvingwa zvisina mbiriso vanogadzirisa kushayikwa kweiyiyi nevaraidzo yemabhakitiriya kupfurikidza nokuisa musanganiswa wakagadzirwa nenzira yokunyepedzera unozivikanwa sechinhu chinovandudza chingwa kana kuti chinovandudza furawa.
sourdough, mbiriso yebhekari, barm, mbiriso yakarimwa, mbiriso yekutengesa, baking soda, mbiriso yakarimwa, chingwa chinovandudza, hupfu hunovandudza