Imiphakathi yasendulo yayisebenzisa kanjani amakhiwane nezithelo ezomisiwe?
Context:Izithelo ezomisiwe zendabuko ezinjengama-raisin, amakhiwane, izinsuku, ama-apricot nama-apula bekulokhu kuyisisekelo sokudla kwaseMedithera izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuthi ekuqaleni ayehlwanyelwa esifundeni saseMpumalanga Ephakathi esaziwa ngokuthi i-Fertile Crescent, esihlanganisa izingxenye ze-Iran yanamuhla, i-Iraq, iningizimu-ntshonalanga yeTurkey, iSiriya, iLebanon, iPalestine, i-Israel, nenyakatho yeGibhithe. Ukomisa noma ukunciphisa amanzi emzimbeni nakho kwakuyindlela yokuqala yokulondoloza ukudla: amagilebhisi, amakhiwane, namakhiwane ayewa esihlahleni noma emvinini ayoma elangeni elishisayo. Abazingeli-abaqoqi bokuqala baphawula ukuthi lezi zithelo eziwile zazithatha isimo esidliwayo, futhi zazizazisa ngenxa yokuzinza kwazo kanye nobumnandi bazo obugxile. Izikhombo zokuqala ezibhalwe phansi zezithelo ezomisiwe zingatholakala ezibhebheni zaseMesopotamiya ezangonyaka ka-1500 BC, eziqukethe lokho okungenzeka kube izindlela zokupheka ezindala kunazo zonke ezaziwayo. Lezi zibhebhe zobumba, ezazilotshwe ngesi - Akkadian, ulimi olwalukhulunywa nsuku zonke eBhabhiloni, zazilotshwe nge - cuneiform futhi zikhuluma ngokudla okwakusekelwe okusanhlamvu (ibhali, imvubelo, ukolweni), imifino nezithelo ezinjengosuku, amakhiwane, ama - apula, amakhiwane namagilebhisi. Lezi zizwe zakuqala zazisebenzisa amakhiwane, ijusi lamakhiwane elihwamuka libe isiraphu namagilebhisi njengoswidi. Babefaka izithelo ezomisiwe ezinkwa zabo ababenakho izindlela zokupheka ezingaphezu kuka - 300, kusukela esinkweni sebhali esilula sezisebenzi kuya kumakhekhe anobuciko, anenongo noju asezigodlweni nasethempelini. Umuthi wesundu wawungomunye wemithi yokuqala eyayitshalwa. Yayikhuliswa eMesopotamiya eminyakeni engaphezu kuka - 5 000 edlule. Yayikhula ngobuningi eFertile Crescent futhi yayikhiqiza kakhulu (isihlahla sesundu sikhiqiza amakhilogremu angu-50 ngonyaka iminyaka engu-60 noma ngaphezulu) kangangokuthi izihlahla zesundu zaziyizindleko eziphansi kunazo zonke zokudla okuyisisekelo. Ngenxa yokuthi zaziyigugu kakhulu, zabhalwa kahle ezikhumbuzweni nasethempelini lase - Asiriya nelaseBabiloni. Abantu basemaphandleni aseMesopotamiya babewomisa futhi bawudle ube uswidi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi asanda kuphekwa, omiswe ngobumnene noma omiswe kanzima, ayesiza ekwakheni ukudla kwenyama namakhekhe okusanhlamvu. Zazaziswa abahambi ngenxa yamandla azo futhi zazinconywa njengezikhuthazi zokulwa nokukhathala. Amakhiwane ayebaluleke kakhulu naseMesopotamiya yasendulo, ePalestina, kwa-Israyeli naseGibhithe, lapho ayethengiswa khona nsuku zonke. Ngaphandle kokuvela emidwebweni yasodongeni, kuye kwatholakala izibonelo eziningi emathuneni aseGibithe njengezipho zomngcwabo. EGreece naseKrethe, amakhiwane ayekhula kalula futhi ayeyisidlo esiyinhloko sabantu abampofu nabacebile ngokufanayo, ikakhulukazi uma omisiwe. Ukulima amagilebhisi kwaqala e-Armenia nasezifundeni ezisempumalanga yeMedithera ngekhulu lesine BC. Amagilebhisi akhiqizwa ngokumisa amagilebhisi elangeni elishisayo lasogwadule. Ngokushesha, ukulima umvini nokukhiqizwa kwamazambane omisiwe kwasakazekela eNyakatho Afrika kuhlanganise neMorocco neTunisia. AbaseFenike nabaseGibithe benza ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane omnqumo kwaziwa kabanzi, cishe ngenxa yendawo eyomile ekahle yokomiswa elangeni. Zazifakwa emabhodweni ukuze zigcinwe futhi zabelwe amathempeli ahlukahlukene ngezinkulungwane. Zazithelwa nasezinkwa nasezintweni ezihlukahlukene zokubhaka, ezinye zenziwe ngobusi, ezinye ngobisi namaqanda. Kusukela eMpumalanga Ephakathi, lezi zithelo zasakazekela eGrisi zaya e-Italy lapho zaba khona ingxenye enkulu yokudla. AmaRoma asendulo ayedla amazambane omvini amaningi ngendlela emangalisayo futhi kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi, ehlanganisa nawo njengengxenye eyinhloko yokudla kwawo okuvamile, kanye neminqumo nezithelo ezintsha. Isinkwa esivutshelwe sasivamile ukudla kwasekuseni futhi sasidliwa ndawonye nokusanhlamvu, ubhontshisi nobisi olunezithako. Amaqebelengwane ayebaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi ayengeyona nje into yokudla kodwa ayeba umklomelo wabasubathi abaphumelelayo, kanye nemali yokuthengiselana eyigugu. Ukuba nezithelo ezomisiwe kwakubalulekile eRoma lasendulo njengoba lezi ziqondiso zabasebenzi basendlini cishe ngo-100 BC zithi: "Kumelwe agcine ukudla okuphekiwe kuwe nasezincekwini. Kumelwe abe nezinkukhu eziningi namaqanda amaningi. Kumelwe ukuba wayenephunga elikhulu lamapheya omisiwe, ama-sorbs, amakhiwane, ama-raisin, ama-sorbs e-must, amapheya agciniwe namagilebhisi nama-quinces. Kumelwe futhi agcine amagilebhisi agciniwe enhlama yamagilebhisi nasezimbizeni ezingcwatshwe emhlabathini, kanye namantongomane amasha asePraenestine agcinwe ngendlela efanayo, nama-quinces aseScantian emabhodweni, nezinye izithelo ngokuvamile ezigcinwa, kanye nezithelo zasendle. Konke lokhu kumelwe akubekele eceleni ngenkuthalo unyaka ngamunye". Amakhiwane ayethandwa kakhulu naseRoma. Amakhiwane omisiwe ayefakwa esinkwa futhi ayeyingxenye enkulu yokudla kwasebusika kwabantu basemaphandleni. Zazigcotshwa ngezinongo ezinjengekhumini, i-anise nembewu ye-fennel, noma i-sesame eyosiwe, zifakwe emaqabungeni omkhiwane bese zigcinwa emabhodweni. Namuhla, izindawo ezikhiqiza kakhulu zihlanganisa i - Israel, iJerusalema, iGaza namanye amazwe amaningi ama - Arabhu. Amakhiwane omisiwe acebile ngamavithamini, i-phosphorus namanye amaminerali ahlukahlukene abalulekile. Ama-plum, ama-apricot namapentshisi aqala e-Asia. Zaqala ukufuywa eChina ngeminyaka eyinkulungwane yesithathu ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu futhi zasakazekela eFertile Crescent lapho zazidume kakhulu, zisha futhi zomile ngokufanayo. Kwafika eGreece nase-Italy kamuva kakhulu futhi kwakubiza kakhulu kodwa kwakuyigugu ekulungiseleleni izitsha zokudla okunomsoco ezine-port noma ezibilisiwe noju nezinongo.
Impucuko yasendulo yayisebenzisa amakhiwane, ijusi lamakhiwane elihwamuka libe isiraphu namakhiwane omisiwe njengezithasiselo. Babefaka izithelo ezomisiwe ezinkwa zabo ababenakho izindlela zokupheka ezingaphezu kuka - 300, kusukela esinkweni sebhali esilula sezisebenzi kuya kumakhekhe anobuciko, anenongo noju asezigodlweni nasethempelini.