Kungani Sidinga I-GIS?
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-GIS sekuyimpoqo ezindaweni eziningi. I-GIS isetshenziselwa ukulwa nobugebengu, ukuvikela izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa, ukubhekana nezinhlekelele zemvelo, ukwelapha izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, nokuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi; i-GIS iyithuluzi ekubhekaneni nezinye zezinkinga zethu zomphakathi ezicindezela kakhulu. Amathuluzi e-GIS esewonke asindisa izigidigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke ekulethweni kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo. I-GIS isiza njalo ekuphathweni kwansuku zonke kwezinsiza eziningi zemvelo nezenziwe umuntu, okubandakanya indle, amanzi, amandla, amanethiwekhi ezokuthutha, kanye nokulethwa kwamaphakheji. I-GIS isenkabeni yenqubo eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi wase-US, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwamashumi eminyaka kwezifunda zase-US, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukusatshalaliswa kwemali yentela nezinye izinsiza zikahulumeni. I-GIS iyadingeka ngokwengxenye ngoba ukusetshenziswa komuntu kufinyelele emazingeni anjalo ukuthi izinsiza eziningi, kufaka phakathi umoya nomhlaba, esikhundleni semikhawulo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni komuntu. Iminyaka yokuqala eyi-100 000 yokuba khona komuntu yabangela imiphumela emincane emithonjeni yomhlaba, kepha eminyakeni engama-300 edlule abantu bashintshe unomphela iningi le-Surface of the Earth. Umkhathi nezilwandle zibonisa ukunciphisa ikhono lokumunca i-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen, okuyizinto ezimbili eziyinhloko ezilahlwa abantu. Imifula eminingi igcwala udaka, futhi kunezibonelo eziningi zentuthu, i-ozone, noma ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo eziyingozi ezilimaza kakhulu impilo yomphakathi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama - 20, iningi lamazwe aseningizimu yesifunda esiseNyakatho lalimiwe, ladliwa, lagawulwa, lakhiwa phezu kwalo, lakhishwa amanzi, lagcwala amanzi, noma lashintshwa abantu ngenye indlela. I-GIS isisiza ukuba sithole futhi sibhekane nezinkinga zemvelo ngokunikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngokuthi izinkinga zenzeka kuphi nokuthi zithinta obani. I-GIS isisiza ukuba sithole umthombo, indawo, nobubanzi bemithelela emibi emvelweni, futhi ingasisiza ukuba sihlele izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokuqapha, ukuphatha, nokunciphisa umonakalo emvelweni. Izingxabano ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo, ukukhathazeka ngokungcola, kanye nezinyathelo zokuqapha ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi kuye kwaholela emithethweni yomthetho edinga ngokucacile noma ngokungaqondile ukucatshangelwa kwendawo. UMthetho Wase-United States Wezinhlobo Ezisengozini Yokuqothulwa (i-ESA) uyisibonelo esihle. I-ESA idinga ukuvikelwa okwanele kwezinto eziphilayo ezingavamile nezisengozini. Lokhu kuhilela ukwakhiwa kwemephu yendawo yokuhlala etholakalayo kanye nobubanzi bezinhlobo kanye namaphethini okufuduka, maqondana nokusetshenziswa komhlaba ngumuntu. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-GIS kuyimpoqo kweminye imizamo, kufaka phakathi izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo, ukuvikelwa kwezikhukhula, ukuhlolwa kanye nokuphathwa kwezinhlekelele, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda. Izinhlangano zomphakathi nazo zamukele i-GIS ngoba iyasiza emisebenzini kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, izimoto ezisebenza ezimweni eziphuthumayo zivame ukuthunyelwa futhi zihambe zisebenzisa i-GIS. I-E911 GIS ifanisa ikheli lomshayeli nesiteshi sezimo eziphuthumayo esiseduzane, indlela yakhiwa ngokusekelwe kwinethiwekhi yomgwaqo kanye nomgwaqo, futhi amaqembu ezimo eziphuthumayo athunyelwa ngesikhathi esiyingxenyana yesikhathi sangaphambi kwe-GIS. Amabhizinisi amaningi asebenzisa i-GIS ukuze athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokulethwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo. Amabhizinisi okudayisa athola izitolo ngokusekelwe ezicini eziningana ezihlobene nendawo. Bakuphi abathengi abangaba khona?Ingabe amabhizinisi ancintisanayo ahlukaniswe ngokwendawo? Zitholakala kuphi izitolo ezintsha? Ziyini izimoto ezihamba eduze kwezitolo zamanje, futhi kulula kangakanani ukupaka eduze nokufinyelela kulezi zitolo? Ama-GIS asetshenziswa nakwezinye izinhlelo eziningi zebhizinisi, ukuqondisa izimoto, ukukhangisa, ukuklama izakhiwo, ukuhlela ukwakhiwa, nokuthengisa izakhiwo. Ukucindezela komphakathi ukwamukela i-GIS kuye kwahlanganiswa nokudonsa kwezobuchwepheshe ekuthuthukiseni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-GIS. Izinkulungwane zabantu ziye zalahlekelwa ukuphila nengcebo engenakulinganiswa ngenxa yokuthi abaphathi bemikhumbi abakwazanga ukuphendula umbuzo olula othi, "Ngikuphi mina?" Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo ikakhulukazi kuye kwasizwa amakhompyutha asheshayo anendawo yokugcina eyengeziwe, kanye nokuxhumana okwandisiwe ngokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi eselula. Izinkinga eziningi zezwe zangempela zazingaphezu kwamandla wonke umuntu ngaphandle kwenhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke kuze kube ngawo-1990. Izindleko ze-GIS computing seziqala ukucatshangelwa kamuva njengoba izindleko zincipha futhi ukusebenza kwanda ngezinga eliphakeme. Amakhompyutha anamandla asensimini alula,ashesha,anekhono elikhulu, futhi angabizi kakhulu, ngakho-ke amakhono okubonisa nokuhlaziya idatha yendawo angahlala ekhona.Ngaphezu kokuthuthukiswa kwamakhompyutha nokuthuthukiswa kwe-GNSS, "amakhamera" amanje ahlinzeka ngemifanekiso enemininingwane emangalisayo yomoya neyesathelayithi. Ekuqaleni,ukuthuthuka ekuqoqweni nasekuhunyushweni kwezithombe kwakushukunyiswa yiMpi Yezwe II bese kuba yiMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngoba kwakudingeka amamephu anembile, kodwa ayengatholakali. Njengoba sesiphendukele emizamweni yesikhathi sokuthula, ubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula izithombe manje busisiza ukuba senze amamephu okudla nemfuyo, izindlu nemigwaqo emikhulu, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi zemvelo nezenziwe ngabantu. Izithombe zingashintshwa ngokushesha zibe ukwaziswa okunembile kwendawo ezindaweni ezinkulu. Kuye kwasungulwa amasu amaningi okukhishwa kolwazi kusuka kudatha yesithombe, futhi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi lolu lwazi lumelela ngokwethembeka indawo, ukuma, kanye nezici zezinto ezisemhlabeni. Okwamanje, kwenziwa imishini yokuskena esebenzisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo, i-laser, i-thermal, ne-radar ukuze kuthuthukiswe ijubane nokunemba kwemidwebo yezwe lethu. Ngakho-ke, intuthuko kulezi zindlela ezintathu zobuchwepheshe <unk> bokuthwebula izithombe, i-GNSS, kanye nekhompyutha <unk> iye yasiza kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-GIS.