Uma unikezwa umbhalo oyisihluthulelo mayelana ne-GDPR, ngitshele ukuthi i-GDPR isiza kanjani ekuvikeleni idatha yomuntu siqu.
Context:I-General Data Protection Regulation (2016/679, "i-GDPR") iyisimiso emthethweni we-EU mayelana nokuvikelwa kwedatha nobumfihlo e-EU nase-European Economic Area (EEA). I-GDPR iyingxenye ebalulekile yomthetho wobumfihlo we-EU kanye nomthetho wamalungelo abantu, ikakhulukazi i-Article 8 (1) ye-Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Iphinde ikhulume ngokudluliswa kwedatha yomuntu siqu ngaphandle kwezindawo ze-EU ne-EEA. Inhloso eyinhloko ye-GDPR ukuthuthukisa ukulawula kwabantu namalungelo abo mayelana nemininingwane yabo yomuntu siqu nokwenza lula isimo sokulawula ibhizinisi lamazwe omhlaba. Isebenza esikhundleni se-Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC, lo mthethonqubo uqukethe imibandela nezidingo ezihlobene nokucutshungulwa kwemininingwane yomuntu siqu yabantu, ababizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "abantu abathintekayo", abahlala e-EEA, futhi isebenza kunoma iyiphi ibhizinisi - kungakhathalekile indawo yalo kanye nobuzwe noma indawo yokuhlala yabantu abathintekayo - elicubungula imininingwane yomuntu siqu yabantu ngaphakathi kwe-EEA. I-GDPR yamukelwa ngomhlaka-14 Ephreli 2016 futhi yaqala ukusebenza ngomhlaka-25 Meyi 2018. Njengoba i-GDPR ingumthethonqubo, hhayi isiqondiso, ibopha ngqo futhi isebenza, futhi inikeza ukuguquguquka kwezici ezithile zomthethonqubo okufanele zilungiswe ngamazwe angamalungu ngamanye.  NgokweKhomishane YaseYurophu, "Imininingwane yomuntu siqu iwulwazi oluphathelene nomuntu okhonjwe noma okhonjwayo. Uma ungakwazi ukubona umuntu ngokuqondile kulolo lwazi, khona-ke kudingeka ucabangele ukuthi lowo muntu usengabonakala yini. Kumelwe ucabangele ukwaziswa okucutshungulwayo kanye nazo zonke izindlela okungenzeka ukuthi wena noma omunye umuntu uzosebenzisa ukuhlonza lowo muntu". Izincazelo eziqondile zamagama anjengokuthi "idatha yomuntu siqu", "ukucubungula", "umuntu othintekayo", "umlawuli", kanye "nomcubunguli" zivezwe ku-Article 4 walo Mthetho.  Izimiso Imininingwane yomuntu uqobo ingase ingacutshungulwa ngaphandle kokuthi okungenani kube nesisekelo esisodwa esingokomthetho sokwenza kanjalo. Isigaba 6 sithi izinjongo ezisemthethweni yilezi:  (a) Uma lowo obhekene nedatha enikeze imvume yokucutshungulwa kwemininingwane yakhe; (b) Ukugcwalisa izibopho zesivumelwano nomuntu onolwazi, noma imisebenzi ngesicelo somuntu onolwazi osesimweni sokungena esivumelwaneni; (c) Ukuhambisana nezibopho zomthetho zomlawuli wedatha; (d) Ukuvikela izintshisekelo ezibalulekile zomuntu onolwazi noma omunye umuntu; (e) Ukufeza umsebenzi othinta inhlalakahle yomphakathi noma egunyeni elisemthethweni; (f) Ngezintshisekelo ezisemthethweni zomlawuli wedatha noma umuntu wesithathu, ngaphandle uma lezi zintshisekelo zinqotshwe yizintshisekelo zesihloko sedatha noma amalungelo aso ngokuya ngeSivumelwane Samalungelo Ayisisekelo (ikakhulukazi esimweni sezingane).  Ukuvikeleka kwemininingwane yomuntu Abaphathi nabacubunguli bemininingwane yomuntu kumele basebenzise izindlela ezifanele zobuchwepheshe nezenhlangano ukuze basebenzise imigomo yokuvikelwa kwemininingwane. Izinqubo zebhizinisi ezicubungula idatha yomuntu siqu kufanele zenziwe futhi zakhiwe ngokucabangela izimiso futhi zinikeze iziqinisekiso zokuvikela idatha (ngokwesibonelo, ngokusebenzisa ukufihlwa ngamagama noma ukungaziwa ngokuphelele lapho kufanele khona). Abaphathi bemininingwane kufanele baklame izinhlelo zolwazi benombono wobumfihlo. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa izilungiselelo zobumfihlo eziphakeme kakhulu ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukuze amasethi wedatha angatholakali esidlangalaleni ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi angasetshenziselwa ukukhomba isihloko. Ayikho idatha yomuntu siqu engacutshungulwa ngaphandle kokuthi lokhu kucutshungulwa kwenziwa ngaphansi kwesinye sezizathu eziyisithupha zomthetho ezichazwe kulo mthetho (imvume, inkontileka, umsebenzi womphakathi, inzuzo ebalulekile, inzuzo esemthethweni noma imfuneko yomthetho). Lapho ukucubungula kusekelwe ekuvumeni, umuntu onolwazi unelungelo lokuhoxisa noma nini.  I-Article 33 ithi umlawuli wedatha unesibopho esingokomthetho sokwazisa isiphathimandla esilawulayo ngaphandle kokubambezeleka okungafanele ngaphandle uma ukwephulwa kungeke kubangele ubungozi kumalungelo nenkululeko yabantu. Unamahora angu-72 ngemuva kokwazi ngokwephulwa kwedatha ukuze wenze umbiko. Abantu kufanele baziswe uma kutholakala ukuthi kunengozi enkulu yomthelela omubi (Isigaba 34). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umcubunguli wedatha kuzodingeka azise umlawuli ngaphandle kokubambezeleka okungadingekile ngemuva kokwazi ukwephulwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu (Isigaba 33). Kodwa-ke, isaziso kubantu abathintekayo asidingeki uma umlawuli wedatha esebenzise izinyathelo zokuvikela ezifanele zobuchwepheshe nezenhlangano ezenza idatha yomuntu siqu ingaqondakali kunoma yimuphi umuntu ongagunyaziwe ukuyifinyelela, njengokubethela (Isigaba 34).  Isikhulu sokuvikelwa kwedatha  Isigaba 37 sidinga ukuqokwa kwesikhulu sokuvikelwa kwedatha. Uma ukucubungula kwenziwa yisiphathimandla somphakathi (ngaphandle kwezinkantolo noma iziphathimandla zezobulungiswa ezizimele lapho zisebenza njengeziphathimandla zezobulungiswa), noma uma imisebenzi yokucubungula ifaka ukuqapha okujwayelekile nokuhlelekile kwabantu ababhekene nedatha ngezinga elikhulu, noma uma ukucubungula ngezinga elikhulu kwezigaba ezikhethekile zedatha nedatha yomuntu siqu ephathelene nokulahlwa ngamacala obugebengu kanye nezenzo zobugebengu (izigaba 9 no-10) kufanele kuqokwe isikhulu sokuvikelwa kwedatha (i-DPO) - umuntu onolwazi lomthetho nokuziphatha kokuvikelwa kwedatha - ukusiza umlawuli noma umcubunguli ekuqapheni ukuhambisana kwabo kwangaphakathi nalomthethonqubo.  I-DPO enqunyiwe ingaba yilungu lezisebenzi zamanje zomlawuli noma umcubunguli, noma indima ingafakwa ngaphandle kumuntu wangaphandle noma i-ejensi ngokusebenzisa inkontileka yesevisi. Kunoma ikuphi, inhlangano yokwelashwa kufanele iqiniseke ukuthi akukho kungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo kwezinye izindima noma izintshisekelo i-DPO engase ibe nazo. Imininingwane yokuxhumana ye-DPO kufanele ishicilelwe yinhlangano yokwelashwa (ngokwesibonelo, esazisweni sobumfihlo) futhi ibhaliswe enhlanganweni yokuqondisa.  I-DPO ifana nesikhulu sokuhambisana futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ibe nekhono ekuphatheni izinqubo ze-IT, ukuphepha kwedatha (kufaka phakathi ukubhekana nokuhlaselwa kwe-cyber) nezinye izindaba ezibucayi zokuqhubeka kwebhizinisi ezihambisana nokugcina nokucubungula idatha yomuntu siqu nezwelayo. Isethi yamakhono edingekayo idlulela ngalé kokuqonda ukuhambisana ngokomthetho nemithetho nemithethonqubo yokuvikela idatha. I-DPO kufanele igcine uhlu lwedatha ephilayo yayo yonke idatha eqoqwe futhi igcinwe egameni lenhlangano. Imininingwane eyengeziwe ngomsebenzi nendima yesikhulu sokuvikelwa kwedatha yanikezwa ngo-13 Disemba 2016 (kubuyekezwe ngo-5 Ephreli 2017) embhalweni wemihlahlandlela.  Izinhlangano ezinze ngaphandle kwe-EU nazo kufanele ziqoke umuntu ozinze e-EU njengommeleli kanye nendawo yokuxhumana yezibopho zazo ze-GDPR (Isigaba 27). Lena indima ehlukile kweye-DPO, nakuba kukhona ukuhlangana kwemithwalo yemfanelo okusikisela ukuthi le ndima ingase futhi ithathwe yi-DPO ekhethiwe.
I-General Data Protection Regulation inikeza iziqondiso mayelana nokugcinwa nokucutshungulwa kwemininingwane yomuntu. Imininingwane yomuntu siqu yinoma yiluphi ulwazi ngomuntu okhonjwe noma okhonjwa, owaziwa nangokuthi umuntu onemininingwane. Imininingwane yomuntu siqu ihlanganisa ulwazi olufana nalolu:  igama ikheli Inombolo yekhadi/ipasipoti imali engenayo isithombe sesiko Ikheli le-Internet Protocol (IP) idatha egcinwe isibhedlela noma udokotela (ekhomba umuntu ngokuhlukile ngezinhloso zezempilo).  Izigaba ezikhethekile zemininingwane Awukwazi ukucubungula idatha yomuntu siqu yomuntu:  uhlanga noma ubuzwe ukuthambekela ngokobulili imibono yezombusazwe izinkolelo zenkolo noma zefilosofi ubulungu bezinyunyana Imininingwane yezakhi zofuzo, ye-biometric noma yezempilo ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile (isib. lapho unikezwe imvume yakho ecacile noma lapho ukucubungula kudingekile ngenxa yezizathu zenzuzo enkulu yomphakathi, ngesisekelo somthetho we-EU noma kazwelonke) imininingwane yomuntu ephathelene nokulahlwa ngamacala obugebengu kanye namacala ngaphandle uma lokhu kuvunyelwe ngumthetho we-EU noma kazwelonke.  Ubani ocubungula idatha yomuntu siqu? Ngesikhathi sokucubungula, imininingwane yomuntu siqu ingadlula ezinkampanini noma ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphakathi kwalomjikelezo kunamaphrofayili amabili amakhulu aphathelene nokucutshungulwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu:  Umlawuli wedatha - unquma injongo nendlela idatha yomuntu siqu ecutshungulwa ngayo. Iprosesa yedatha - igcina futhi icubungule idatha egameni lomlawuli wedatha. Ubani oqapha indlela idatha yomuntu siqu esetshenziswa ngayo enkampanini? Isikhulu Sokuvikelwa Kwemininingwane (i-DPO), okungenzeka ukuthi siqokwe yinkampani, sinesibopho sokuqapha ukuthi idatha yomuntu siqu icutshungulwa kanjani futhi sazise futhi seluleke abasebenzi abacubungula idatha yomuntu siqu mayelana nezibopho zabo. I-DPO ibuye ibambisane ne-Data Protection Authority (i-DPA), esebenza njengendawo yokuxhumana ne-DPA kanye nabantu ngabanye.  Ukucubungula idatha kwenye inkampani Umlawuli wedatha angasebenzisa kuphela iprosesa yedatha enikeza iziqinisekiso ezanele, lezi kufanele zifakwe esivumelwaneni esibhaliwe phakathi kwamaqembu ahilelekile. Inkontileka kufanele futhi ibe nezigatshana eziningi eziphoqelelayo, isibonelo, ukuthi umcubunguli wedatha uzocubungula kuphela idatha yomuntu siqu uma enikezwe umyalelo wokwenza kanjalo ngumlawuli wedatha.  Ukudluliselwa kwedatha ngaphandle kwe-EU Lapho idatha yomuntu siqu idluliselwa ngaphandle kwe-EU, ukuvikelwa okunikezwa yi-GDPR kufanele kuhambe nedatha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma uthumela idatha phesheya, inkampani yakho kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi enye yalezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo iyagcinwa:  Ukuvikelwa kwezwe elingeyona ingxenye ye-EU kubhekwa njengokwanele yi-EU. Inkampani yakho ithatha izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze inikeze iziqinisekiso ezifanele, njengokufaka imibandela ethile enkontilekeni evunyelwene nomngenisi wedatha yomuntu siqu ongeyena owaseYurophu. Inkampani yakho isebenzisa izizathu eziqondile zokudlulisa (ukuphambuka) njengokuvuma komuntu. Ukucutshungulwa kwedatha kuvunyelwe nini? Imithetho yokuvikelwa kwedatha ye-EU isho ukuthi kufanele ucubungule idatha ngendlela enobulungiswa futhi esemthethweni, ngenhloso ethile futhi esemthethweni futhi ucubungule kuphela idatha edingekayo ukufeza le nhloso. Kumele uqinisekise ukuthi uhlangabezana nenye yezimo ezilandelayo zokucubungula idatha yomuntu siqu; wena:  anikezwe imvume yomuntu othintekayo udinga imininingwane yomuntu siqu ukuze ufeze isibopho senkontileka nomuntu kudingeka imininingwane yomuntu siqu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesibopho esingokomthetho kudingeka imininingwane yomuntu siqu ukuze kuvikelwe izithakazelo ezibalulekile zomuntu ukucubungula idatha yomuntu siqu ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi othakazelisa umphakathi zisebenza ngenxa yezintshisekelo ezifanele zenkampani yakho, inqobo nje uma amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko yomuntu okucutshungulwa idatha yakhe kungathinteki kakhulu. Uma amalungelo alowo muntu edlula izintshisekelo zenkampani yakho, khona-ke awukwazi ukucubungula idatha yomuntu siqu.   Ukuvuma ukucutshungulwa kwedatha - imvume Ilungelo lokufinyelela nelungelo lokuphatheka kwedatha Ilungelo lokulungisa nelungelo lokuphikisa Ilungelo lokusula (ilungelo lokukhohlwa) Ukwenza izinqumo okuzenzakalelayo nokwenza amaphrofayli Ukwephulwa kwedatha <unk> ukunikeza isaziso esifanele Ukuphendula izicelo Ukuhlola umthelela Ukugcina irekhodi