Kudzidza kwomuchina chii, uye kwakatanga rini?
Context:Kudzidza kwemuchina (ML) inzvimbo yekubvunzurudza yakatsaurirwa kunzwisisa nekuvaka nzira "dzinodzidza" <unk> ndiko kuti, nzira dzinoshandisa data kuvandudza mashandiro pane mamwe mabasa. Kunorangarirwa sorutivi rwouchenjeri hwounyanzvi.  Machine learning algorithms anovaka mufananidzo wakavakirwa pane data rekuenzanisira, rinozivikanwa se data rekudzidzisa, kuitira kuti aite fungidziro kana zvisarudzo pasina kunyorwa zvakajeka kuti zviite saizvozvo. Machine kudzidza algorithms anoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana mafomu, akadai mushonga, Email filtering, kutaura kuzivikanwa, zvokurima, uye kombiyuta kuona, apo zvakaoma kana hazvibviri kukudziridza kwakajairika algorithms kuita mabasa anodiwa.  Chimwe chikamu chekudzidza kwemuchina chakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwekuverenga, iyo inotarisa pakuita fungidziro uchishandisa makomputa, asi kwete zvese kudzidza kwemuchina kudzidza kwehuwandu. Kudzidza kwokuvandudza masvomhu kunopa nzira, dzidziso uye nzvimbo dzokushandisa kumunda wekudzidza kwemichina. Data mining inzvimbo yakabatana yekudzidza, inotarisa pakuongorora kwedata kuburikidza nekudzidza kusingatarisirwe.  Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa pakudzidza kwemichina zvinoshandisa mashoko nemambure etsinga nenzira inotevedzera kushanda kweuropi hwezvinhu zvipenyu.  Mukushandiswa kwaro muzvinetso zvebhizimisi, kudzidza kwomuchina kunonziwo kuongorora kunofanotaura.  Murangariro Kudzidza algorithms kunoshanda pahwaro hwekuti mazano, algorithms, uye inferences izvo zvakashanda zvakanaka munguva yakapfuura zvingangoramba zvichishanda zvakanaka munguva yemberi. Izvi zvingava pachena, zvakadai sokuti "sezvo zuva rabuda mangwanani oga oga mumazuva 10 000 apfuura, zvichida richamuka mangwana mangwananiwo". Dzinogona kuva dzakasvibiswa, dzakadai sokuti "X% yemhuri dzine marudzi akaparadzana nenzvimbo dzine mavara akasiyana-siyana, saka pane mukana weY% wokuti kune mabhanan'ana matema asina kuwanikwa".  Zvirongwa zvokudzidza kwemichina zvinogona kuita mabasa pasina kunyorwa kuti zviite saizvozvo. Inobatanidza makombiyuta anodzidza kubva mumashoko anopiwa kuitira kuti aite mamwe mabasa. Nokuda kwemabasa akareruka anopiwa makombiyuta, zvinobvira kuronga marongedzero anoudza muchina nzira yokuita nayo nhano dzose dzinodikanwa kupedza chinetso chiripo; kumakombiyuta, hapana kudzidza kunodikanwa. Nokuda kwemabasa akaoma zvikuru, zvingava zvakaoma kuti munhu agadzire manyorerwo anodiwa noruoko. Mukuita, kungava kunobudirira zvikuru kubetsera muchina kukudziridza algorithm yawo amene, panzvimbo pokuva navanoronga purogiramu vavanhu vachirondedzera nhano iri yose inodikanwa.  Dzidzo yokudzidza kwemichina inoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokudzidzisa makombiyuta kuita mabasa apo pasina algorithm inogutsa zvakakwana iripo. Muzviitiko apo nhamba huru yemhinduro dzinobvira iripo, imwe nzira ndeyokunyora dzimwe dzemhinduro dzakarurama sedziri dzechokwadi. Ikoku kunogona ipapo kushandiswa sedhipatimendi rokurovedza nokuda kwekombiyuta kuvandudza algorithm ((s) iyo inoshandisa kuziva mhinduro dzakarurama. Somuenzaniso, kurovedza gadziriro nokuda kwebasa rokuziva mavara edhijitari, dataset yeMNIST yenhamba dzakanyorwa noruoko yakashandiswa kazhinji kazhinji.  Nhau uye ukama kune dzimwe nzvimbo Onawo: Nguva yekudzidza kwemuchina Mashoko okuti kudzidza kwomuchina akatanga kushandiswa muna 1959 naArthur Samuel, mushandi weIBM uye aiita basa rokutanga pakugadzira mitambo yemakombiyuta nouchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu. Zita rokuti makombiyuta anozvidzidzisa raishandiswawo panguva iyi.  Pakutanga kwema1960, "muchina wokudzidza" wokuedza une punched tape memory, unonzi CyberTron, wakanga wagadzirwa neRaytheon Company kuti uongorore zviratidzo zve sonar, electrocardiograms, uye mienzaniso yekutaura uchishandisa rudimentary reinforcement learning. Yakanga "yakadzidziswa" kakawanda nomunhu anoshanda/mudzidzisi kuti azive mienzaniso uye yakagadzirirwa ne"goof" bhatani kuti iite kuti iongororezve zvisarudzo zvisina kururama. Bhuku rinomiririra pakutsvakurudza mukudzidza kwemichina mukati memakore e1960 raiva bhuku raNilsson paKudzidza Kwemichina, rinonyanya kubata nekudzidza kwemichina yekugadzirisa maitiro. Kufarira kwakabatana nekucherechedzwa kwemaitiro kwakaramba kuripo kusvika kuma1970, sezvakatsanangurwa naDuda naHart muna 1973. Muna 1981 mushumo wakapiwa pamusoro pokushandisa mitoo yokudzidzisa zvokuti network yetsinga inodzidza kuziva mavara 40 (mavara 26, manhamba 10, uye zviratidzo 4 zvinokosha) zvinobva pamugumo wekombiyuta.  Tom M. Mitchell akapa tsanangudzo yakanyanya kutaurwa, yakanyatsotsanangurwa yezvinyorwa zvakadzidzwa mumunda wekudzidza kwemuchina: "Chirongwa chepakombiyuta chinonzi chinodzidza kubva pane zvakaitika E maererano nekirasi yemabasa T uye chiyero chekuita P kana kuita kwayo pamabasa muT, sekuyerwa naP, kunovandudza neruzivo E". Iyi tsanangudzo yemabasa umo kudzidza kwemuchina kunobatanidzwa kunopa tsanangudzo inoshanda zvikuru pane kutsanangura munda mumashoko ekuziva. Ikoku kunotevera chikarakadzo chaAlan Turing mupepa rake rinonzi "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", umo mubvunzo unoti "Michina inogona kufunga here?" unotsiviwa nomubvunzo unoti "Michina inogona kuita zvatinogona kuita here (sezvisikwa zvinofunga)?"  Kudzidza kwemichina kwemazuva ano kune zvinangwa zviviri, chimwe ndechokusiyanisa dhata zvichibva pamhando dzakagadzirwa, chimwe chinangwa ndechokuita fungidziro dzemigumisiro yemberi zvichibva pamhando idzi. Imwe nzira yokufungidzira inoshandiswa pakuronga mashoko inogona kushandisa kombiyuta kuti ione mavara emamole pamwe chete nokudzidza kunotungamirirwa kuitira kuti iadzidzise kuronga mavara emamole ane kenza. Muchina unodzidza algorithm yekutengesa masheya unogona kuzivisa
Kudzidza kwemichina ibazi reAI rine chokuita nokunzwisisa nokugadzira nzira dzinodzidza", ndiko kuti, nzira dzinoshandisa mashoko kuvandudza kuita pane chimwe chikamu chemabasa. Machine learning algorithms anovaka muenzaniso kubva pane data rekuenzanisira, inonzi data rekudzidzisa, kuitira kuti ifanotaura kana kuita zvisarudzo pasina kunyorwa zvakajeka kuti zviite saizvozvo. Yakatanga kuoneka mumakore okuma1960.