Tichifunga nezvechikamu ichi pamusoro pokugadzirwa kwe transistors, nei magweta eBell Labs akarayira Shockley kuti arege kunyorera bvumidzwa nokuda kwe transistors dzake dzomugumisiro womunda?
Context:Kubva pana November 17 kusvika pana December 23, 1947, John Bardeen naWalter Brattain paAT&T's Bell Labs muMurray Hill, New Jersey vakaita ongororo uye vakacherechedza kuti apo macontact maviri endarama akaiswa pakristaro yegermanium, chiratidzo chakabudiswa nesimba rokubudisa rakakura kupfuura rokupinza. Mutungamiriri weSolid State Physics Group William Shockley akaona zvaigona kuitwa neizvi, uye mumwedzi mishomanana yakatevera akashanda kuti awedzere zvikuru zivo ye semiconductors. Izwi rokuti transistor rakagadzirwa naJohn R. Pierce sechidimbu cheshoko rokuti transresistance. Maererano naLillian Hoddeson naVicki Daitch, Shockley akakarakadza kuti Bell Labs' patent yokutanga ye transistor inofanira kuva yakavakirwa pamunda-chinhu uye kuti iye anonzi semuvambi. Vachifumura maumbirwo akaitwa zvinhu naJulius Edgar Lilienfeld ayo akanga asingazivikanwi kwemakore akawanda akanga apfuura, magweta eBell Labs akarambidza chikumbiro chaShockley nokuti pfungwa yechinhu chinonzi field-effect transistor chaishandisa munda wemagetsi se"grid" yakanga isiri itsva. Panzvimbo pezvo, izvo Bardeen, Brattain, naShockley vakagadzira muna 1947 yakanga iri transistor yokutanga yokubatana nenzvimbo. Kuti vaone kubudirira uku, Shockley, Bardeen naBrattain pamwe chete vakagamuchira Mubayiro weNobel wePhysics muna 1956 "nokuda kwokunzvera kwavo semiconductors uye kuwanwa kwavo kwechinhu chinonzi transistor".
Pfungwa yacho yakanga yambotaurwa uye yakanyoreswa naJulius Edgar Lilienfeld.