Ndapota taura muchidimbu nezvenhoroondo yeAI.
Context:Musangano weDartmouth wa1956 wakarongwa naMarvin Minsky, John McCarthy uye masayendisiti makuru maviri: Claude Shannon naNathan Rochester veIBM. Chikumbiro chemusangano uyu chaisanganisira kutaura uku: "rutivi rwese rwekudzidza kana chimwe chinhu chehungwaru chinogona kutsanangurwa nenzira chaiyo zvekuti muchina unogona kugadzirwa kuti uenzanise".Vakapinda vaisanganisira Ray Solomonoff, Oliver Selfridge, Trenchard More, Arthur Samuel, Allen Newell naHerbert A. Simon, vese avo vaizogadzira mapurogiramu akakosha mumakumi emakore ekutanga ekutsvaga kweAI. Pamusangano wacho Newell naSimon vakatanga "Logic Theorist" uye McCarthy akanyengetedza vaivapo kuti vagamuchire "Artificial Intelligence" sezita remunda wacho. Musangano weDartmouth wa1956 ndiyo nguva iyo AI yakawana zita rayo, basa rayo, kubudirira kwayo kwokutanga nevatambi vayo vakuru, uye inoonekwa zvikuru sekuberekwa kweAI. Izwi rokuti "Artificial Intelligence" rakasarudzwa naMcCarthy kuti arege kubatana necybernetics uye kubatana necyberneticist ane simba Norbert Wiener.  Zvirongwa zvakagadzirwa mumakore akatevera Dartmouth Workshop, kuvanhu vazhinjisa, makombiyuta "anoshamisa" akanga achigadzirisa zvinetso zveshoko realgebra, achiratidza theorems mu geometry uye achidzidza kutaura chiNgezi. Vashomanene panguva iyeyo vangadai vakatenda kuti mufambiro "wakangwara" wakadaro nemichina wakanga uchibvira chose chose. Vanzveri vakaratidzira tariro yakasimba vari voga uye muzvinyorwa, vachifanotaura kuti muchina wakangwara chose chose waizovakwa mumakore asingasviki 20. Masangano ehurumende akadai seDARPA akaisa mari mumunda mutsva.  Mumakore okuma1970, AI yakashoropodzwa uye yakasangana nematambudziko emari. Vatsvakurudzi veAI vakanga vatadza kunzwisisa kuoma kwezvinetso zvavakasangana nazvo. Tariro dzavo dzakanga dzakakwirira zvisingaiti, uye pavakaona kuti zvavakanga vavimbisa hazvina kuitika, mari yavakanga vachida kushandisa pakugadzira zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nevanhu yakaderera. Panguva imwe cheteyo, munda weconnectionism (kana kuti neural nets) wakavharwa chose chose kwamakore 10 nokutsoropodza kunoparadza kwaMarvin Minsky kwema perceptrons. Pasinei nezvinetso zvomurangariro wavanhu weAI mukupera kwema1970, pfungwa itsva dzakaongororwa mukuronga kwepfungwa, kufunga kwakanaka uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.  Mumakore ekuma1980 rudzi rwepurogiramu yeAI inonzi "zvirongwa zvevanyanzvi" yakatorwa nemakambani pasi rose uye ruzivo rwakava chinangwa chekutsvakurudza kukuru kweAI. Mumakore iwayo, hurumende yeJapan yakapa mari yakawanda chaizvo kuAI pachishandiswa kombiyuta yechishanu. Chimwe chiitiko chinokurudzira mukutanga kwema1980 kwaiva kumutsidzirwa kwechokuwirirana mubasa raJohn Hopfield naDavid Rumelhart. Zvakare, AI yakanga yabudirira.  Kufarira kwaiita vemabhizimisi AI kwakawedzera uye kwakaderera mumakore ekuma1980 zvichienderana nemamiriro akaita zvinhu panyaya dzeupfumi. Kuparara kwacho kwakakonzerwa nokukundikana kwevatengesi vezvokutengeserana kugadzira mhinduro dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshanda. Sezvo makambani akawanda akakundikana, pfungwa yakanga iri yokuti tekinoroji yacho yakanga isingabatsiri. Zvisinei, munda wakaramba uchifambira mberi pasinei zvapo nokushoropodzwa. Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda, kubatanidza vanogadzira marobhoti Rodney Brooks naHans Moravec, vakataura nezvenzira itsva chose chose yokuita nouchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu.  Nzvimbo yeAI, yava nemakore anopfuura hafu yezana, pakupedzisira yakawana zvimwe zvezvinangwa zvayo zvekare. Yakatanga kushandiswa zvinobudirira muindasitiri yose yetekinoroji, kunyange zvazvo iri shure kwezviitiko. Kumwe kubudirira kwacho kwakakonzerwa nokuwedzera simba remakombiyuta uye kumwe kwacho kwakaitwa nokuisa pfungwa pazvinetso zvakaparadzana uye kuzvitsvakira nemitemo yakakwirira zvikuru yokuzvidavirira kwesayenzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukurumbira weAI, munyika yebhizimisi, wakanga usiri wakanaka. Mukati memunda makanga mune kubvumirana kuduku pazvikonzero zvokukundikana kweAI kuzadzika kurota kweungwaru hwevanhu hwakanga hwabata fungidziro yenyika muma1960. Pamwe chete, zvinhu zvose izvi zvakabatsira kupatsanura AI kuva zvikamu zviduku zvinokwikwidzana zvinonangidzira ngwariro pazvinetso chaizvo kana kuti nzira, pane dzimwe nguva kunyange pasi pemazita matsva akafukidza dzinza rakasvibiswa re"uchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu". AI yakanga yakangwarira zvikuru uye yakabudirira zvikuru kupfuura zvayakanga yamboita.  Mumakumi emakore okutanga ezana remakore rechi21, kuwana mashoko akawanda (anozivikanwa se"big data"), makombiyuta anodhura uye anokurumidza uye unyanzvi hwokudzidza michina hwakashandiswa zvinobudirira pamatambudziko akawanda mune zveupfumi. Kutaura zvazviri, McKinsey Global Institute yakafungidzira mubhuku rayo rakakurumbira rinonzi "Big data: The next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity" kuti "panguva ya2009, zvinenge zvikamu zvose zveupfumi hweUnited States zvakanga zvava neavhareji yemataerabytes 200 ezvakachengetwa".  Pakazosvika 2016, misika yezvigadzirwa zvine chekuita neAI, Hardware, uye software yakasvika anopfuura mabhiriyoni masere emadhora, uye New York Times yakashuma kuti kufarira AI kwakasvika "kupenga". Kushandiswa kwemashoko makuru kwakatanga kusvika kune dzimwe nzvimbowo, zvakadai semhando dzokudzidzisa mune zvezvakatipoteredza uye nokuda kwezvikumbiro zvakasiyana-siyana mune zvehupfumi. Kufambira mberi mukudzidza kwakadzama (kunyanya zvakadzama convolutional neural network uye recurrent neural network) yakatungamira kufambira mberi nekutsvagisa mukugadzirisa mifananidzo nemavhidhiyo, kuongorora zvinyorwa, uye kunyangwe kuzivikanwa kwekutaura.
Musangano weDartmouth wa1956 ndiyo nguva iyo AI yakawana zita rayo, basa rayo, kubudirira kwayo kwokutanga nevatambi vayo vakuru, uye inoonekwa zvikuru sekuberekwa kweAI. Mumakore okuma1970, AI yakashoropodzwa uye yakasangana nematambudziko emari. Vatsvakurudzi veAI vakanga vatadza kunzwisisa kuoma kwezvinetso zvavakasangana nazvo. Mumakore ekuma1980 rudzi rwepurogiramu yeAI inonzi "zvirongwa zvevanyanzvi" yakatorwa nemakambani pasi rose uye ruzivo rwakava chinangwa chekutsvakurudza kukuru kweAI. Mumakumi emakore okutanga ezana remakore rechi21, kuwana mashoko akawanda (anozivikanwa se"big data"), makombiyuta anodhura uye anokurumidza uye unyanzvi hwokudzidza michina hwakashandiswa zvinobudirira pamatambudziko akawanda mune zveupfumi. Pakazosvika 2016, kufambira mberi mukudzidza kwakadzama (kunyanya zvakadzama convolutional neural network uye recurrent neural network) yakatungamira kufambira mberi uye kutsvagisa mukugadzirisa mifananidzo nemavhidhiyo, kuongorora zvinyorwa, uye kunyangwe kuziva kutaura.