Zvichibva mundima inotevera, ipa zvikonzero zvitatu nei Gadziriro Yechitanhatu yakatenderwa uye yakasimbiswa.
Context:Kugadziridzwa kwemutero wemari kuBumbiro remitemo kwakatanga kupiwa naSeneta Norris Brown weNebraska. Akapa zvikumbiro zviviri, Senate Resolutions Nos. 25 ne39. Kugadziridzwa kwakagamuchirwa pakupedzisira kwakanga kuri Senate Joint Resolution No. 40, yakatangwa naSenator Nelson W. Aldrich weRhode Island, mutungamiri weSenate vazhinji uye Sachigaro weDare reMari. Kugadziriswa kwacho kwakatemerwa sechikamu chehurukuro yeCongress pamusoro pe1909 Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act; nekukumbira shanduko, Aldrich aitarisira kudzikisira kwenguva pfupi kudaidzira kwekufambira mberi kwekutemerwa kwemitero mitsva mumutero. Aldrich nevamwe vatungamiri vezvematongerwe enyika muCongress vaipikisa zvikuru kugadziriswa kwechokwadi kwechigadziriso, asi vakatenda kuti yakanga ine mukana muduku wekugadziriswa, sezvo kugadziriswa kwaidiwa kubvumirwa nezvikamu zvitatu zvezvikamu zvitatu zvemitemo yehurumende.  Musi waJuly 12, 1909, chisarudzo chakanga chichironga Kugadziriswa Kwechigumi Nechitanhatu chakanga chapfuura neCongress uye chakanga chaendeswa kumasangano ehurumende ehurumende. Rutsigiro rwemutero wemari rwakanga rwakasimba zvikurusa mumatunhu okumavirira nokumaodzanyemba, nepo chishoro chakanga chakasimba zvikurusa mumatunhu okuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Vatsigiri vomutero wemari vaifunga kuti waizova mutoo uri nani zvikuru wokuunganidza mari kupfuura mitero, iyo yaiva manyuko makuru emari panguva iyoyo. Kubva kare kare 1894, maDemocrat, maProgressive, maPopulist nemamwe mapato akarerekera kuruboshwe akataura kuti mitero yaikanganisa varombo zvakanyanya, yaipindira mumitengo, yakanga isingafungidziriki, uye yaive sosi yakaganhurirwa yemari. Maodzanyemba neMadokero aifarira kutsigira mitero yemari nemhaka yokuti vagari vawo kazhinji kazhinji vakanga vasina kubudirira, vairima zvikuru uye vachinzwa zvikuru kuchinja kwemitengo yezvinhu. Kukwira kwakasimba kwemutengo wokurarama pakati pa 1897 na 1913 kwakawedzera zvikuru kutsigirwa kwepfungwa yemitero yemari, kubatanidza mumaguta eNortheast. Nhamba iri kukura yevaRepublican yakatangawo kutsigira pfungwa yacho, kunyanya Theodore Roosevelt uye "Vapanduki" veRepublican (avo vaizopfuurira kuumba Progressive Party). VaRepublican ava vaitungamirirwa zvikurukuru nokutya mauto makuru uye akaoma zvikuru eJapan, Britain nemasimba eEurope, vavariro dzavo dzouchangamire, uye kudiwa kwokuda kudzivirira ngarava dzokutengesa dzeAmerica. Uyezve, ava vaRepublican vanofambira mberi vakanga vapwiswa kuti hurumende dzepakati dzaigona kuita basa rakanaka muupfumi hwenyika. Hurumende yakakura uye uto guru, ivo vakataura kudaro, zvaida manyuko emari akakura zvikuru uye akatsiga kuti azvitsigire.  Kuvhiringidzwa kweChisimbiso chegumi nenhanhatu kwakatungamirwa nevakagadzwa veRepublicans nekuda kwehukama hwavo hwepedyo nevapfumi vezvemaindasitiri, kunyangwe ivo vasina kupokana zvakaenzana nepfungwa yakajairika yemutero wechigarire wemari. Muna 1910, Gavhuna weNew York Charles Evans Hughes, nguva pfupi asati ava Mutongi weDare Repamusorosoro, akataura pachena achirwisana nokuvandudzwa kwemutero wemari. Hughes akatsigira pfungwa yemutero wemari yemubatanidzwa, asi akatenda kuti mazwi "kubva kune chero sosi inotorwa" mune yakagadziriswa yekugadziriswa yaireva kuti hurumende yemubatanidzwa yaizove nesimba rekubhadhara mutero wenyika nemabhondi emunharaunda. Aidavira kuti ikoku kwaizonyanyisa kukamuranisa simba rehurumende uye "kwaizoita kuti kuve kusingabviri kuti hurumende ichengete pfuma ipi neipi".  Pakati pa1909 na1913, mamiriro ezvinhu anoverengeka akafarira kupfuudzwa kweGumi nenhanhatu Amendment. Kuwandisa kwemari kwakanga kwakakwirira uye vakawanda vakapa mhosva mitero yehurumende nokuda kwemitengo inokwira. Bato reRepublican rakakamurwa ndokushaiwa simba nokurasikirwa naRoosevelt neVapanduki vakabatana neProgressive Party, chinetso chakapedza kushorwa kunyange muNortheast. Muna 1912, maDemocrat akakunda kuva purezidhendi uye kudzora dzimba mbiri dzeCongress. Kazhinji kazhinji nyika yakanga iri mumamiriro ezvinhu okurerekera kuruboshwe, nenhengo yeSocialist Party ichikunda chigaro muImba yeU.S. muna 1910 uye mukwikwidzi wapurezidhendi webato achiongorora zvikamu zvitanhatu muzana zvevhoti yakakurumbira muna 1912.  Vatsigiri vatatu vemutero wemari yemubatanidzwa vakamhanyira musarudzo yapurezidhendi ya1912. Musi waFebruary 25, 1913, Munyori weHurumende Philander Knox akazivisa kuti kuchinjaniswa kwacho kwakanga kwabvumwa nezvikamu zvitatu zvezvikamu zvina zvenyika uye nokudaro kwakanga kwava rutivi rweBumbiro. Revenue Act ya1913, iyo yakaderedza zvikuru mitero uye yakaita mutero wemari yemubatanidzwa, yakagadzwa nguva pfupi mushure mekugadziriswa kweGumi nenhanhatu.
Zvikonzero zveChitsauko chegumi nenhanhatu kumutemo weUS chakapfuudzwa neCongress muna 1909 uye chakasimbiswa nenyika muna 1913 zvinosanganisira: 1. Zvinhu zvose. VaDemocrats nevanofambira mberi vaidavira kuti mutero wemubhadharo waiva nzira yakarurama yokuwana mari kupfuura mitero (mitero pakutenga nokutengesa zvinhu kunze kwenyika). 2. Kuziva Mwari. Nyika dzokuMadokero nedzokumaodzanyemba dzainetseka pamusoro pemitengo yezvinhu, iyo yaikanganiswa nemitero, uye naizvozvo dzaifarira imwe nzira yemari. 3. Kuita zvinhu nenzira yakanaka. VaRepublican vakakamukana pamusoro pokuti vaizopikisa kana kutsigira chinjo yacho here.