Ngokusebenzisa izibonelo ezithathwe embhalweni nginikeze isifinyezo sezimpikiswano eziyinhloko ezisekela ukubuyiselwa kobugqila e-United States kanye nezindleko ezicatshangelwayo zokwenza lokho kubuyiselwa
Context:Ubugqila baphela e-United States ngo-1865 ngokuphela kweMpi Yombango yaseMelika kanye nokugunyazwa kweSichibiyelo Seshumi nantathu kuMthethosisekelo wase-United States, owamemezela ukuthi "Abukho ubugqila noma ubugqila obungekho emthethweni, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu lapho iqembu lizobe selibekwe icala ngokufanele, lizoba khona e-United States, noma kunoma iyiphi indawo engaphansi kwegunya labo". Ngalesosikhathi, abantu baseMelika base - Afrika abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezine bakhululwa.  Ukusekela ukulungiswa komonakalo Ngaphakathi komkhakha wezepolitiki, umthetho odinga ukubuyiselwa kobugqila uphakanyisiwe ezingeni likazwelonke, "iKhomishini Yokufunda Nokuthuthukisa Iziphakamiso Zokubuyiselwa Kwabantu Base-Afrika-baseMelika", okwasungulwa nguMmeli uJohn Conyers Jr. (D-MI) e-United States Congress minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-1989 waze washiya isikhundla sakhe ngo-2017. Njengoba igama layo lisikisela, umthethosivivinywa watusa ukusungulwa kwekhomishana yokufunda "umthelela wobugqila empilweni yezenhlalakahle, yezombusazwe nezomnotho yesizwe sethu"., Nokho kunamadolobha nezikhungo eziqalise ukubuyiselwa e-US (bheka § Umthetho nezinye izenzo zohlu).  Ngo-1999, ummeli wase-Afrika-waseMelika nesishoshovu uRandall Robinson, ongumsunguli wenhlangano yokukhuthaza amalungelo abantu i-TransAfrica, wabhala ukuthi umlando waseMelika weziyaluyalu zobuhlanga, ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi, nokucwaswa yizikhungo "kuye kwaholela ekulahlekelweni amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,5 kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika". Isazi sezomnotho uRobert Browne sathi umgomo wokugcina wokunxephezela kufanele kube "ukubuyisela umphakathi omnyama esimweni sezomnotho owawuyoba naso ukube wawungazange ube yisigqila futhi ubandlululwe". Ulinganisela inani elifanele lenhlawulo noma kuphi phakathi kuka-$1.4 kuya ku-$4.7 trillion, noma cishe u-$142,000 (okulingana no-$162,000 ngo-2021) kuwo wonke umuntu omnyama waseMelika ophilayo namuhla. Amanye amanani alinganiselwa ku-$5.7 kuya ku-$14.2 kuya ku-$17.1 trillion.  Ngo-2014, intatheli yaseMelika uTa-Nehisi Coates yashicilela isihloko esithi "Icala Lokunxephezelwa", elaxoxa ngemiphumela eqhubekayo yobugqila nemithetho kaJim Crow futhi yenza izimfuno ezintsha zokunxephezelwa. UCoates ubhekisela kuMthethosivivinywa we-H.R.40 kaJohn Conyers Jr., ekhomba ukuthi ukwehluleka kweCongress ukwamukela lo mthethosivivinywa kuveza ukungabi nesifiso sokulungisa amaphutha abo esikhathi esedlule.  NgoSepthemba 2016, i-United Nations Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent yakhuthaza iCongress ukuthi idlulise uH.R.40 ukuze kufundwe iziphakamiso zokulungiswa. Noma kunjalo, iQembu Elisebenzayo alizange lisekele ngokuqondile noma isiphi isiphakamiso sokukhokha inhlawulo. Lo mbiko waphawula ukuthi kukhona ifa lokungalingani ngokobuhlanga e-United States, echaza ukuthi "Naphezu kwezinguquko ezinkulu kusukela ekupheleni kokuphoqelelwa kukaJim Crow nokulwela amalungelo omphakathi, imibono eqinisekisa ukubusa kweqembu elilodwa phezu kwelinye, iyaqhubeka nokuthonya kabi amalungelo omphakathi, ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezenhlalo namasiko abantu base-Afrika baseMelika namuhla". Lo mbiko uphawula ukuthi "umbono oyingozi wokubusa kwabamhlophe uvimbela ukubumbana komphakathi phakathi kwabantu base-United States".  Isihloko sembuyiselo sathola ukunakwa okusha ngo-2020 njengoba inhlangano iBlack Lives Matter ibize imbuyiselo njengenye yezinhloso zayo zenqubomgomo e-United States.  Ngo-2020, umculi we-rap uT.I. wasekela izinxephezelo ezazinikeza wonke umuntu wase-Afrika waseMelika u-US $ 1 million futhi waqinisekisa ukuthi ubugqila babangela ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ubumpofu, nezinye izifo.
Naphezu kwezinguquko eziqhubekayo kusukela ekupheleni kokuphoqelelwa kukaJim Crow kanye nempumelelo yokulwela amalungelo abantu kusekhona ukungalingani ngokobuhlanga e-USA okuthinta kabi amalungelo abantu, ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezenhlalo namasiko ama-Afrika aseMelika namuhla. Umbiko weZizwe Ezihlangene ka-2016 awuzange uqinisekise isiphakamiso esithile sokukhokhelwa, kodwa wabiza ukuthi kunombono wobukhosi obumhlophe obukhona kubantu base-United States obuvimbela ukubumbana komphakathi. Kuye kwenziwa nezinye izimpikiswano ezikhomba ubugqila njengembangela yokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ubumpofu nezinye izinkinga ezithinta abantu base-Afrika baseMelika namuhla. Kungashiwo ukuthi kukhona ukuvuma kwangempela ukuthi icala likhona ukuhlola umthelela wobugqila empilweni yezenhlalo, yezombusazwe nezomnotho e-United States ekufakweni kwaminyaka yonke kuCongress of the "Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act<unk>. Kukhona futhi amadolobha athile e-USA asungule izinxephezelo. Ukulinganiselwa kwezindleko zama-Afrika aseMelika emlandweni wokubandlululwa kwe-United States kuye kwaqhathaniswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ku-$1.4 trillion, $4.7 trillion, $5.7 trillion, $14.2 trillion kanye ne-$17.1 trillion. Lezi zilinganiso ziveza izindleko ezicatshangelwayo ngo - $ ukuze kubuyiselwe umphakathi wabansundu esimweni somnotho owawuyoba naso ukube awuzange ube yizigqila futhi ubandlululwe.