Ubani uRuth Bader Ginsburg?
Context:UJoan Ruth Bader Ginsburg (/ˈbeɪdər ˈɡɪnzbɜːrɡ/ BAY-dər GHINZ-burg; 15 Mashi 1933 <unk> 18 Septhemba 2020) wayengummeli waseMelika kanye nommeli owayesebenza njengomphathi wejaji leNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States kusukela ngo-1993 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-2020. Wakhethwa nguMongameli uBill Clinton ukuba athathe isikhundla sikaJaji uByron White owayethathe umhlalaphansi, futhi ngaleso sikhathi wayebhekwa njengomakhi wokuvumelana olinganiselayo. Ekugcineni waba yingxenye yohlangothi oluvumayo lweNkantolo njengoba iNkantolo yashintshela ngakwesokudla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. UGinsburg wayengowesifazane wokuqala ongumJuda futhi ungowesifazane wesibili ukukhonza eNkantolo, ngemuva kukaSandra Day O'Connor. Ngesikhathi esebenza, uGinsburg wabhala imibono eminingi, kufaka phakathi i-United States v. Virginia (1996), i-Olmstead v. L.C. (1999), Abangane bomhlaba, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. (2000), kanye neDolobha laseSherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation yaseNew York (2005).
UJoan Ruth Bader Ginsburg (/ˈbeɪdər ˈɡɪnzbɜːrɡ/ BAY-dər GHINZ-burg; 15 Mashi 1933 <unk> 18 Septhemba 2020) wayengummeli waseMelika kanye nommeli owayesebenza njengomphathi wejaji leNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States kusukela ngo-1993 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-2020. Wakhethwa nguMongameli uBill Clinton ukuba athathe isikhundla sikaJaji uByron White owayethathe umhlalaphansi, futhi ngaleso sikhathi wayebhekwa njengomakhi wokuvumelana olinganiselayo. Ekugcineni waba yingxenye yohlangothi oluvumayo lweNkantolo njengoba iNkantolo yashintshela ngakwesokudla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. UGinsburg wayengowesifazane wokuqala ongumJuda futhi ungowesifazane wesibili ukukhonza eNkantolo, ngemuva kukaSandra Day O'Connor. Ngesikhathi esebenza, uGinsburg wabhala imibono eminingi, kufaka phakathi i-United States v. Virginia (1996), i-Olmstead v. L.C. (1999), Abangane bomhlaba, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. (2000), kanye neDolobha laseSherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation yaseNew York (2005).  UGinsburg wazalelwa futhi wakhulela eBrooklyn, eNew York. Udadewabo omdala washona lapho esewusana, futhi unina washona ngaphambi nje kokuba uGinsburg aphothule esikoleni esiphakeme. Wathola iziqu zakhe ze-bachelor's e-Cornell University futhi washada noMartin D. Ginsburg, waba ngumama ngaphambi kokuqala isikole somthetho eHarvard, lapho ayengomunye wabesifazane abambalwa ekilasini lakhe. UGinsburg wadluliselwa eColumbia Law School, lapho aphothula khona ekilasini lakhe. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1960 wasebenza neColumbia Law School Project on International Procedure, wafunda isiSweden, futhi wabhala incwadi kanye nommeli waseSweden u-Anders Bruzelius; umsebenzi wakhe eSweden waba nomthelela omkhulu ekucabangeni kwakhe ngokulingana ngokobulili. Wabe eseba nguprofesa eRutgers Law School naseColumbia Law School, efundisa inqubo yezomphakathi njengomunye wabesifazane abambalwa emkhakheni wakhe.  UGinsburg wachitha isikhathi esiningi somsebenzi wakhe wezomthetho njengommeli wokulingana ngokobulili namalungelo abesifazane, enqoba izimpikiswano eziningi ngaphambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Wayekhulumela njengommeli wokuzithandela we-American Civil Liberties Union futhi wayeyilungu lebhodi labaqondisi kanye nomunye wabeluleki bayo jikelele ngawo-1970. Ngo-1980, uMongameli uJimmy Carter wamqoka ukuba abe yiNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Yase-US yesiFunda saseColumbia, lapho asebenza khona waze waqokwa eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1993. Phakathi kokuthatha umhlalaphansi kuka-O'Connor ngo-2006 nokuqokwa kukaSonia Sotomayor ngo-2009, wayengowesifazane kuphela oyisazi sezomthetho eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngalesi sikhathi, uGinsburg waba namandla kakhulu ngokuphikisana kwakhe, njengeLedbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (2007). Umbono kaGinsburg owawuphikisana nawo wabhekwa njengophefumulele uMthetho Wokuhola Ngokulinganayo kaLilly Ledbetter owawusayinwa uMongameli uBarack Obama ngo-2009, okwenza kwaba lula ukuthi abasebenzi banqobe izimangalo zokubandlululwa emholweni. UGinsburg wathola ukunakwa esikweni elidumile laseMelika ngenxa yokuphikisana kwakhe okunothando emacaleni amaningi, okubhekwa kabanzi njengokubonisa imibono ekhululekile yomthetho. Wabizwa ngokuthi "The Notorious R.B.G.",[a] futhi kamuva wamukela leli gama.  Naphezu kokuhlaselwa umdlavuza kabili nokuncenga komphakathi okuvela kubafundi bezomthetho abakhululekile, wanquma ukungathathi umhlalaphansi ngo-2013 noma ngo-2014 lapho u-Obama kanye neSenate elawulwa yiDemocratic bengabeka futhi baqinisekise owalandela esikhundleni sakhe. UGinsburg ushone ekhaya lakhe eWashington, D.C., ngoSepthemba 18, 2020, eneminyaka engu-87, ngenxa yezinkinga zomdlavuza we-pancreatic. Isikhala esaba khona ngemva kokufa kwakhe sagcwaliswa ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-39 u-Amy Coney Barrett, owayengumgcini-mbuso. Umphumela waba ngenye yezinguquko ezintathu ezinkulu eziya ngakwesokudla eNkantolo kusukela ngo-1953, kulandela ukuqokwa kukaClarence Thomas esikhundleni sikaThurgood Marshall ngo-1991 kanye nokuqokwa kukaWarren Burger esikhundleni sika-Earl Warren ngo-1969.