Nginikeze uhlu lwezici eziyinhloko zezokuxhumana ezathuthukiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
Context:Ngo - 1932 ePlenipotentiary Telegraph Conference kanye ne - International Radiotelegraph Conference eMadrid, lezi zinhlangano ezimbili zanquma ukuhlangana ukuze zakhe i - International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Bachaza ezokuxhumana ngocingo ngokuthi "noma yikuphi ukuxhumana ngocingo noma ngocingo kwezimpawu, amasignali, ukubhala, amafeksi nemisindo yanoma yiluphi uhlobo, ngocingo, okungenantambo noma ezinye izinhlelo noma izinqubo zokukhomba ngogesi noma zokukhomba ngokubonakalayo (ama-semaphore)".  Le ncazelo yaqinisekiswa kamuva, ngokusho kweSigaba 1.3 se-Radio Regulations (RR), ezokuxhumana ngocingo, eyayichaza ngokuthi "Noma yikuphi ukudluliswa, ukukhishwa noma ukwamukelwa kwezimpawu, amasignali, imibhalo, izithombe nemisindo noma ubuhlakani banoma yiluphi uhlobo ngocingo, umsakazo, optical, noma ezinye izinhlelo zikagesi".  Izinkanyiso namajuba  Umfanekiso wesinye sezinqaba ze-semaphore zikaChappe Amajuba ahambisa umyalezo aye asetshenziswa kuwo wonke umlando ngamasiko ahlukahlukene. I - Pigeon post yayinezimpande zasePheresiya futhi kamuva yasetshenziswa amaRoma ukuze asize amabutho awo. UFrontinus wathi uJulius Caesar wasebenzisa amajuba njengezithunywa ekunqobeni kwakhe iGaul. AmaGreki ayesebenzisa namajuba okuhambisa izincwadi ukuze adlulisele amagama abawinile eMidlalweni Yama-Olympic emadolobheni ahlukahlukene. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, uhulumeni waseNetherlands wasebenzisa lolu hlelo eJava naseSumatra. Futhi ngo-1849, uPaul Julius Reuter waqala inkonzo yamajuba yokushayela izintengo zamasheya phakathi kwe-Aachen neBrussels, inkonzo eyasebenza unyaka wonke kwaze kwavalwa igebe ekuxhumaneni kwe-telegraph.  NgeNkathi Ephakathi, kwakusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwezinkanyiso eziqine eziqongweni zamagquma njengendlela yokudlulisela isignali. Izintambo ze-beacon zazinobuthakathaka bokuthi zazikwazi ukudlulisa ulwazi olulodwa kuphela, ngakho kwakudingeka kuvunyelwane kusengaphambili ngencazelo yomyalezo onjengokuthi "isitha sibonwe". Esinye isenzakalo esiphawulekayo sokusetshenziswa kwazo kwaba phakathi ne - Spanish Armada, lapho uchungechunge lwezibani lwaludlulisela isignali esuka ePlymouth iya eLondon.  Ngo - 1792, uClaude Chappe, unjiniyela waseFrance, wakha uhlelo lokuqala lokuthumela imiyalezo olubonakalayo (noma umugqa we - semaphore) phakathi kweLille neParis. Kodwa-ke i-semaphore yayihlushwa isidingo sabasebenzi abanamakhono nemibhoshongo ebizayo ngezikhathi zamakhilomitha ayishumi kuya kwamashumi amathathu (amakhilomitha ayisithupha kuya kwayishumi nesishiyagalolunye). Ngenxa yokuncintisana ne-telegraph kagesi, umugqa wokugcina wezohwebo washiywa ngo-1880.  Izingcingo Ngo-July 25, 1837, kwakhonjiswa ucingo lokuqala lukagesi oluthengiswayo ngumsunguli waseNgilandi uSir William Fothergill Cooke nososayensi waseNgilandi uSir Charles Wheatstone. Bobabili laba basunguli babheka le divayisi yabo "njengokuthuthukiswa kwe-electromagnetic telegraph [ekhona]" hhayi njengedivayisi entsha.  USamuel Morse ngokuzimela wakha inguqulo yocingo kagesi ayibonisa ngempumelelo ngo - September 2, 1837. Ikhodi yakhe yayiyintuthuko ebalulekile kunendlela kaWheatstone yokuthumela imiyalezo. Ikhebula lokuqala le-telegraph elihamba ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic laqedwa ngempumelelo ngo-July 27, 1866, okuvumela ukuxhumana ngocingo okuhamba ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic ngokokuqala ngqá.  Ucingo olujwayelekile lwavunyelwa uAlexander Bell ngo-1876. U-Elisha Gray naye wafaka isicelo sokuxwayiswa ngo-1876. UGray wayeka ukunikeza ubufakazi bakhe futhi ngenxa yokuthi akazange aphikisane nobunikazi bukaBell, umhloli wavuma ilungelo lobunikazi likaBell ngo - March 3, 1876. UGray wayefake isexwayiso sakhe ngocingo olwalunokumelana okuguquguqukayo, kodwa uBell waba ngowokuqala ukubhala lo mbono futhi awuhlole ocingweni. U - Antonio Meucci wasungula umshini owawuvumela ukudluliswa kukagesi kwezwi ngentambo cishe eminyakeni engu - 30 ngaphambili ngo - 1849, kodwa umshini wakhe wawungenalusizo olutheni ngoba wawuncike emphumeleni we - electrophonic owawufuna ukuba abasebenzisi bafake umamukeli emlonyeni wabo ukuze "bezwe". Izinsizakalo zokuqala zocingo lwezentengiselwano zasungulwa iBell Telephone Company ngo-1878 nango-1879 ezinhlangothini zombili ze-Atlantic emadolobheni aseNew Haven naseLondon.  Umsakazo nethelevishini Ngo-1894, umqambi waseNtaliyane uGuglielmo Marconi waqala ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana okungenantambo esebenzisa into eyayisanda kutholakala ngaleso sikhathi yamaza omsakazo, ebonisa ngo-1901 ukuthi ayengadluliselwa ngaphesheya koLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Lokhu kwakuyisiqalo sokusebenzisa ucingo olungenantambo. Ngo-December 17, 1902, isiteshi somsakazo iMarconi eGlace Bay, eNova Scotia, eCanada, saba isigijimi somsakazo sokuqala emhlabeni ukuwela i-Atlantic sisuka eNyakatho Melika. Ngo-1904, kwasungulwa inkonzo yezohwebo yokudlulisela izifinyezo zezindaba zakusihlwa emikhunjini eyayibhalisile, eyayizifaka emaphephandabeni ayo asemkhunjini.  IMpi Yezwe I yasheshisa ukuthuthukiswa komsakazo wezokuxhumana kwezempi. Ngemuva kwempi, ukusakazwa komsakazo we-AM kwezohwebo kwaqala ngawo-1920 futhi kwaba yindlela ebalulekile yokuzijabulisa nezindaba. IMpi Yezwe II yaphinde yasheshisa ukuthuthukiswa komsakazo ngezinjongo zempi zezindiza nezokuxhumana komhlaba, ukuzulazula komsakazo, ne-radar. Ukuthuthukiswa kokusakazwa komsakazo we-stereo FM kwaqala ngawo-1930 e-United States nakuma-1970 e-United Kingdom, kususa i-AM njengezinga eliphakeme lezentengiselwano.  Ngo - March 25, 1925, uJohn Logie Baird wabonisa indlela izithombe ezinyakazayo ezisakazwa ngayo esitolo saseLondon iSelfridges. Idivayisi kaBaird yayincike kudiski kaNipkow ngakho yaziwa ngokuthi ithelevishini eyenziwe ngomshini. Kwaba isisekelo sokusakazwa kokuhlola okwenziwa iBritish Broadcasting Corporation kusukela ngo - September 30, 1929. Nokho, ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lama-20, amathelevishini ayexhomeke eshubeni le-cathode ray elasungulwa uKarl Braun. Uhlobo lokuqala lwethelevishini olunjalo olwalunikeza ithemba lwakhiqizwa nguPhilo Farnsworth futhi lwaboniswa umndeni wakhe ngo - September 7, 1927. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ukuhlolwa okwaphazamiseka kwaqala futhi ithelevishini yaba indlela ebalulekile yokusakaza ukuzijabulisa kwasekhaya.  Amaphayiphu e-thermionic Uhlobo lwedivayisi olwaziwa ngokuthi i-thermionic tube noma i-thermionic valve lusebenzisa ukukhishwa kwe-thermionic kwama-electron kusuka ku-cathode efudumele ngenombolo yemisebenzi eyisisekelo ye-elekthronikhi efana nokukhulisa isignali nokulungisa okwamanje.  Ishubhu elingenalutho elilula kunawo wonke, i - diode eyasungulwa ngo - 1904 uJohn Ambrose Fleming, iqukethe kuphela i - cathode ekhipha i - electron eshisayo ne - anode. Ama-electron angageleza ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa idivayisi<unk>kusuka ku-cathode kuya ku-anode. Ukwengeza igridi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu zokulawula ngaphakathi kweshubhu kwenza amandla phakathi kwe-cathode ne-anode alawulwe yi-voltage ku-grid noma ku-grids. Le mishini yaba yingxenye ebalulekile yezifunda ze-elekthronikhi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 futhi yayibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umsakazo, ithelevishini, i-radar, ukuqoshwa nokwenziwa kabusha komsindo, amanethiwekhi wezingcingo amabanga amade, kanye namakhompyutha e-analog nama-digital okuqala. Nakuba ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zazisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bangaphambilini njenge-spark gap transmitter yomsakazo noma amakhompyutha omshini wokubhala, kwaba ukusungulwa kweshubhu le-vacuum ye-thermionic okwenza lobu buchwepheshe basakazeke futhi basebenziseke, okwaholela ekwakhiweni kwe-elekthronikhi.  Ngawo-1940, ukusungulwa kwamadivayisi e-semiconductor kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza amadivayisi e-solid-state, amancane, ashibhile, futhi asebenza kahle, athembekile, futhi aqinile kunamashubhu e-thermionic. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1960, amashubhu e-thermionic athathelwa indawo i-transistor. Amapayipi e-thermionic asenokusetshenziswa okuthile kuma-amplifier athile anemvamisa ephezulu.  Amanethiwekhi Amakhompyutha Ne-Internet Ngo-September 11, 1940, uGeorge Stibitz wathumela izinkinga ze-Complex Number Calculator yakhe eNew York esebenzisa i-teletype futhi wathola imiphumela ebalwe emuva eDartmouth College eNew Hampshire. Lolu hlelo lwekhompyutha emaphakathi (i-mainframe) enama-terminal angasho lutho aqhubeka ethandwa kwaze kwaba ngawo-1970. Ngawo-1960, abacwaningi baqala ukuhlola ukushintshaniswa kwamaphakethe, ubuchwepheshe obuthumela umyalezo ngezingxenye endaweni oya kuyo ngokungavumelani ngaphandle kokuwudlulisa nge-mainframe eyodwa. Ngo-December 5, 1969, kwavela inethiwekhi enezinhlaka ezine, okwakuwukuqala kwe-ARPANET, okwathi ngo-1981 yayisikhule yaba nezinhlaka ezingu-213. I - ARPANET yagcina ihlanganiswe namanye amanethiwekhi ukuze kwakheke i - Internet. Ngenkathi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Intanethi kwakugxile kwi-Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) eyashicilela uchungechunge lwezicelo zemibhalo, okunye ukuthuthuka kwenethiwekhi kwenzeka kumalabhorethri ezimboni, njengokuthuthukiswa kwenethiwekhi yendawo (i-LAN) ye-Ethernet (1983) neToken Ring (1984) [citation needed].  Ukukhula kwamandla okudlulisa Ikhono lokushintshanisa ulwazi emhlabeni wonke ngokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi okuxhumana ngocingo ahamba ngezindlela ezimbili lakhula lisuka kuma-petabyte angu-281 (pB) wolwazi olucindezelwe kahle ngo-1986 laya kuma-pB angu-471 ngo-1993 laya kuma-exabyte angu-2,2 (eB) ngo-2000 laya kuma-eB angu-65 ngo-2007. Lokhu kulingana nokwaziswa kwamakhasi amabili amaphephandaba ngomuntu ngamunye ngosuku ngo-1986, namaphephandaba ayisithupha aphelele ngomuntu ngamunye ngosuku ngo-2007. Njengoba kunikezwe lokhu kukhula, ezokuxhumana zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emnothweni womhlaba futhi imboni yezokuxhumana yomhlaba wonke yayicishe ibe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 4.7 ngo-2012. Imali engenayo yezinsizakalo embonini yezokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke yalinganiselwa ku- $ 1.5 trillion ngo-2010, okuhambisana no-2.4% womkhiqizo womhlaba wonke (GDP).
Ama-beacon, ama-telegraph, ucingo, umsakazo, ithelevishini, ama-thermionic valve, amanethiwekhi amakhompyutha ne-Internet