Ngaphandle kokucaphuna ngokuqondile embhalweni, unganginikeza isifinyezo seJames Webb Space Telescope?
Context:I-James Webb Space Telescope (i-JWST) iyi-telescope yendawo okwamanje eqhuba i-infrared astronomy. Njengoba iyisibonakude esikhulu kunazo zonke esikhaleni, ifakwe izinsimbi ezinokucaca okuphezulu nokuzwela okuphezulu, eziyivumela ukuba ibuke izinto ezindala kakhulu, ezikude, noma ezifiphele kakhulu kuyi - Hubble Space Telescope. Lokhu kuvumela ukucwaninga emikhakheni eminingi yezinkanyezi nomkhathi, njengokubukwa kwezinkanyezi zokuqala, ukwakheka kwemithala yokuqala, kanye nokuchazwa okuningiliziwe komkhathi wama-exoplanet angahlala.  I-U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (i-NASA) yahola ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwe-JWST futhi yabambisana nezinhlangano ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-European Space Agency (i-ESA) ne-Canadian Space Agency (i-CSA). I-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) eseMaryland yaphatha ukuthuthukiswa kwesibonakude, kuyilapho i-Space Telescope Science Institute eseBaltimore eHomewood Campus yaseJohns Hopkins University okwamanje isebenza nge-JWST. Usonkontileka oyinhloko walo msebenzi kwakunguNorthrop Grumman. Lesi sibuko siqanjwe ngoJames E. Webb, owayengumphathi we-NASA kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1968 phakathi nezinhlelo ze-Mercury, i-Gemini, ne-Apollo.  I-James Webb Space Telescope yethulwa ngomhlaka 25 Disemba 2021 nge-Ariane 5 rocket evela eKourou, eFrench Guiana, futhi yafika ephuzwini leL2 Lagrange Sun-Earth ngoJanuwari 2022. Isithombe sokuqala se-JWST sakhishwa emphakathini ngenkomfa yabezindaba ngomhlaka 11 Julayi 2022.  Isibuko esiyinhloko se-JWST sakhiwa izingxenye eziyi-18 zesibuko esingunxantathu ezenziwe nge-beryllium egoqwe ngegolide, ezihlangene zakha isibuko esingamamitha angu-6,5 ububanzi, uma kuqhathaniswa nesibuko se-Hubble esingamamitha angu-2,4 ububanzi. Lokhu kunikeza i-JWST indawo yokuqoqa ukukhanya engamamitha-skwele angaba ngu-25, ecishe iphindwe kasithupha uma iqhathaniswa ne-Hubble. Ngokungafani ne-Hubble, ebuka eduze kwe-ultraviolet nebonakalayo (0.1 kuya ku-0.8 μm), futhi eduze kwe-infrared (0.8<unk>2.5 μm) ama-spectrum, i-JWST ibheka ibanga eliphansi lemvamisa, kusukela ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo kwamagagasi amade (okubomvu) kuze kube maphakathi ne-infrared (0.6<unk>28.3 μm). Isibonakude kumelwe sigcinwe sibanda kakhulu, ngaphansi kuka-50 K (−223 °C; −370 °F), ukuze ukukhanya kwe-infrared okukhishwa yisibonakude ngokwaso kungaphazamisi ukukhanya okuqoqiwe. Itholakala endaweni ezungeza ilanga eduze kweLanga-Umhlaba L2 iphuzu leLagrange, cishe amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyi-1.5 (930,000 mi) ukusuka eMhlabeni, lapho isivikelo sayo selanga esinezendlalelo ezinhlanu sivikela ukufudumala kwelanga, uMhlaba nenyanga.  Imiklamo yokuqala yale telescope, ngaleso sikhathi eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Next Generation Space Telescope, yaqala ngo-1996. Izifundo ezimbili zomqondo zaqalwa ngo-1999, ukuze kuqalwe ngo-2007 futhi kube nesabelomali sika-US $ 1 billion. Lolu hlelo lwalunenkinga yokweqiswa kwezindleko ezinkulu nokubambezeleka; ukwakhiwa kabusha okukhulu ngo-2005 kwaholela endleleni yamanje, nokwakhiwa kwaqedwa ngo-2016 ngezindleko eziphelele zama-US $ 10 billion. Imithombo yezindaba, ososayensi, nonjiniyela baphawula izingozi ezinkulu ezazingaba khona kulokhu kuqaliswa kanye nobunzima balesi sibuko sesibonakude.
I-James Webb Space Telescope (i-JWST) iyi-telescope yesikhala futhi ingumlandeli we-Hubble Space Telescope edumile. I-JWST yethulwa ngomhlaka-25 Disemba, 2021. Umklamo we-JWST waholwa yi-North American Space Agency (i-NASA) ngokubambisana ne-European Space Agency (i-ESA), i-Canadian Space Agency (i-CSA), i-John Hopkins University, i-Goddard Space Flight Center (i-GFSC) kanye neNorthrup Grumman  I-JWST inezibuko ezingu-18 ezinemilo eyisithupha ezenziwe nge-beryllium egoqwe ngegolide ezakha isibuko esingu-6.5m ubukhulu okuyinika amandla okuqoqa ukukhanya okuphindwe kasithupha kunesibonakude sasemkhathini i-Hubble. I-JWST inezinsiza ezikhethekile ezikwazi ukuthola ukukhanya ngamaza aphansi nobude bamaza obude okuyivumela ukuba ithole ukukhanya ebangeni eliphakathi nendawo elisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo.  Umklamo we-JWST waqala ngo-1996 futhi wahlushwa ukweqisa okukhulu kwezindleko nokulibaziseka okwaholela ekwakhiweni kabusha ngo-2005 okwaholela ekwakhiweni kokugcina kwe-JWST. I-JWST okwamanje isendleleni ezungeza ilanga eduze kwephuzu leL2 Lagrange eliseLangeni-Mhlabeni, cishe eliqhele ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-1,5 ukusuka emhlabeni.