Ngaphandle kokucaphuna ngokuqondile embhalweni nginikeze isifinyezo somdlalo we-chess
Context:I-chess ngumdlalo webhodi wabadlali ababili, obizwa ngokuthi i-White ne-Black, ngamunye elawula ibutho lezingcezu ze-chess ngombala wazo, ngenhloso yokushaya inkosi yomphikisi. Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i - international chess noma i - Western chess ukuze ihlukaniswe emidlalweni ehlobene nayo, njenge - xiangqi (chess yaseChina) ne - shogi (chess yaseJapane). Umlando obhaliwe womdlalo we - chess uqala okungenani lapho kuvela umdlalo ofanayo, i - chaturanga, ngekhulu lesikhombisa leminyaka eNdiya. Imithetho ye-chess njengoba siyazi namuhla yavela eYurophu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, futhi yabekwa indinganiso futhi yamukelwa yizwe lonke ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Namuhla, i-chess ingenye yemidlalo ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni, edlalwa izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke.  I - chess iwumdlalo wamasu ongahileli ukwaziswa okufihlekile futhi ongasebenzisi amadayisi noma amakhadi. Idlalwa ebhodini le-chess elinezimbobo ezingu-64 ezihlelwe zibe yi-grid eyisishiyagalombili ngesishiyagalombili. Ekuqaleni, umdlali ngamunye ulawula izingcezu eziyishumi nesithupha: inkosi eyodwa, indlovukazi eyodwa, imibhoshongo emibili, ababhishobhi ababili, amaqhawe amabili nezidladla eziyisishiyagalombili. Abamhlophe bahamba kuqala, kulandele abamnyama. Ukwenza inkosi yomphikisi i-checkmat kuhilela ukubeka inkosi ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa ngokushesha ("ku-check") lapho kungekho khona indlela yokubaleka. Kunezindlela eziningana umdlalo ongaphela ngazo ungancintisani.  I - chess ehleliwe yavela ngekhulu le - 19. Umncintiswano we - chess namuhla ulawulwa i - FIDE (i - International Chess Federation) emhlabeni wonke. UWilhelm Steinitz, owaba yiqhawe lomhlaba lokuqala elaziwa emhlabeni wonke, wazithathela lona ngo-1886; uMagnus Carlsen nguyena onguMpetha Womhlaba wamanje. Kuye kwasungulwa inqwaba yemibono ye-chess kusukela ekuqaleni kwalo mdlalo. Izici zobuciko zitholakala ekwakhiweni kwe-chess, futhi i-chess nayo yathonya isiko nobuciko baseNtshonalanga, futhi inokuxhumana neminye imikhakha efana nezibalo, isayensi yamakhompyutha, kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo.  Omunye wemigomo yezazi zama-computer zakuqala kwakuwukudala umshini wokudlala i-chess. Ngo-1997, i-Deep Blue yaba ikhompyutha yokuqala ukunqoba iqhawe lomhlaba elibusayo emdlalweni lapho linqoba uGarry Kasparov. Izinjini zanamuhla ze-chess zinamandla kakhulu kunabadlali abangabantu abahamba phambili futhi ziye zathonya kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kombono we-chess.
I-Chess ngumdlalo webhodi wamasu we-abstract strategy wabadlali ababili abanomgomo wokufaka inkosi yomphikisi. Lo mdlalo wavela emdlalweni webhodi ofanayo waseNdiya obizwa ngokuthi iChatarunga, owawudlalwa phakathi nekhulu le - 17.  Ibhodi le-chess linezindawo ezingu-64 ezihlelwe zibe igridi engu-8x8 enezindawo ezimhlophe nezimnyama ezishintshanayo. Umdlali ngamunye ulawula izingcezu ezingu-16: inkosi eyodwa, indlovukazi eyodwa, amabhishobhi amabili, imibhoshongo emibili, amaqhawe amabili nezidladla eziyisishiyagalombili. Ingxenye ngayinye inendlela echazwe kusengaphambili yokuhamba. Izingcezu zomdlali ngamunye zinombala ofanayo; ngokwesibonelo uma umdlali wokuqala enezingcezu ezimhlophe, umdlali wokuqala uzoqala umdlalo.  Ukwenza inkosi yomdlali ophikisayo ibe yi-checkmat kudinga ukuba umdlali ophikisayo abeke izingcezu zakhe ngendlela yokuhlasela evimbela inkosi yomdlali ophikisanayo ukuba ihambe. Lokhu kuvame ukufezwa ngokusondela enkosini yomphikisi evikelayo futhi ngokusebenza ngokuhlelekile ezindaweni lapho inkosi ingasakwazi ukunyakaza ngaphandle kokubanjwa. Uma inkosi ihlaselwa (okusho ukuthi inkosi isesimweni lapho isitha esilandelayo sizothatha khona inkosi) umdlali ozivikelayo kufanele athathe noma iyiphi into ehlaselayo noma ahambise inkosi endaweni lapho inkosi ingasekho ngaphansi kokubambelela, lokhu kulungiswa kubizwa ngokuthi "Ukuhlola" noma "Ukuhlolwa". Imidlalo ye-chess nayo ingaphela ngokushayisana.  I - chess yathandwa kakhulu ngekhulu le - 19 futhi ilawulwa i - FIDE (i - international chess federation). UMagnus Carlsen ungumpetha womhlaba wamanje (2023) futhi lo mdlalo unenqwaba yemibono ehlobene nokudlala lo mdlalo.  Lo mdlalo uye wathonya isiko laseNtshonalanga emkhakheni wezobuciko, izibalo, isayensi yamakhompyutha kanye nezengqondo. Ososayensi bama - computer baye basebenzisa i - chess njengendlela yokwakha ama - algorithm akwazi ukudlala i - chess. Ngo-1997, i-Deep Blue yaba i-computer yokuqala ukunqoba umuntu, yanqoba umpetha wezwe owayekhona ngaleso sikhathi uGary Kasparov. Imishini yokudlala i-chess yanamuhla inamandla kakhulu futhi iye yathonywa abadlali be-chess abahamba phambili emhlabeni.