Kuyini ukufunda ngomshini, futhi kwaqala nini ukuvela?
Context:Ukufunda ngomshini (ML) kuyinkambu yophenyo enikezelwe ekuqondeni nasekwakheni izindlela "ezifundayo" <unk> okungukuthi, izindlela ezisebenzisa idatha ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinye izinhlelo zemisebenzi. Kubhekwa njengengxenye yobuhlakani bokufakelwa.  Ama-algorithm okufunda ngomshini akha imodeli esekelwe kudatha eyisampula, eyaziwa ngokuthi idatha yokuqeqesha, ukuze enze izibikezelo noma izinqumo ngaphandle kokuhlelwa ngokucacile ukwenza kanjalo. Ama-algorithm okufunda ngomshini asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo, njengokwelapha, ukuhlunga i-imeyili, ukubonwa kwenkulumo, ezolimo, kanye nokubona ngekhompyutha, lapho kunzima noma kungenzeki ukuthuthukisa ama-algorithm ajwayelekile ukwenza imisebenzi edingekayo.  Iqoqo elincane lokufunda ngomshini lihlobene kakhulu nezibalo zokubala, ezigxile ekwenzeni izibikezelo kusetshenziswa amakhompyutha, kepha akuzona zonke izindlela zokufunda ngomshini ezifunda izibalo. Ukucwaninga ngokwenza kahle kwezibalo kunikeza izindlela, inkolelo-mbono nezindawo zokusebenzisa emkhakheni wokufunda ngomshini. Ukumbiwa kwedatha kuyinkambu yokufunda ehlobene, egxile ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha yokuhlola ngokufunda okungaqondisiwe.  Ezinye izindlela zokufunda ngomshini zisebenzisa idatha namanethiwekhi ezinzwa ngendlela elingisa ukusebenza kwengqondo engokwemvelo.  Ekusebenziseni kwayo ezinkingeni zebhizinisi, ukufunda ngomshini kubizwa nangokuthi ukuhlaziya okubikezelayo.  Ukubuka konke Ama-algorithm okufunda asebenza ngesisekelo sokuthi amasu, ama-algorithm, nezinqumo ezisebenze kahle esikhathini esedlule kungenzeka ziqhubeke zisebenza kahle esikhathini esizayo. Lezi ziphetho zingase zibonakale zicacile, njengokuthi "njengoba ilanga liphuma njalo ekuseni ezinsukwini ezingu - 10 000 ezidlule, cishe lizovuka nakusasa ekuseni". Zingachazwa ngokuthi, "X% yemindeni inezinhlobo ezihlukene ngokwendawo ezinemibala ehlukahlukene, ngakho-ke kunethuba elingu-Y% lokuthi kukhona ama-swans amnyama angatholakali".  Izinhlelo zokufunda ngomshini zingenza imisebenzi ngaphandle kokuba zihlelwe ngokucacile ukuba zenze kanjalo. Kuhlanganisa amakhompyutha afunda kulwazi olunikeziwe ukuze afeze imisebenzi ethile. Ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi elula eyabelwe amakhompyutha, kungenzeka ukuhlela ama-algorithm atshela umshini indlela yokwenza zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga; ngokwengxenye yekhompyutha, akudingeki ukuba ifunde. Ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi ethuthuke kakhudlwana, kungaba inselele kumuntu ukudala ngesandla ama-algorithm adingekayo. Eqinisweni, kungase kube ngcono kakhulu ukusiza umshini ukuba wakhe i-algorithm yawo siqu, kunokuvumela abahleli bezinhlelo abangabantu ukuba bachaze isinyathelo ngasinye esidingekayo.  Ukufunda ngomshini kusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokufundisa amakhompyutha ukuba afeze imisebenzi lapho kungekho algorithm egculisayo ngokuphelele etholakalayo. Ezimweni lapho kunenani elikhulu lezimpendulo ezingaba khona, enye indlela iwukuba ezinye zezimpendulo ezilungile zibizwa ngokuthi ziyiqiniso. Lokhu kungasetshenziswa njengedatha yokuqeqesha ikhompyutha ukuze ithuthukise i-algorithm (s) eyisebenzisayo ukuthola izimpendulo ezifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze kuqeqeshwe isimiso somsebenzi wokuqashelwa kwezinhlamvu zedijithali, ngokuvamile kuye kwasetshenziswa iqoqo lemininingwane ye-MNIST lezinhlamvu ezibhalwe ngesandla.  Umlando nobudlelwano neminye imikhakha Bheka futhi: Isikhathi sokufunda komshini Igama elithi ukufunda ngomshini lasungulwa ngo-1959 u-Arthur Samuel, isisebenzi se-IBM nesiphayona emkhakheni wemidlalo yama-computer nobuhlakani bokufakelwa. Igama elifanayo elithi self-teaching computer lalisetshenziswa futhi kule nkathi.  Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1960 "umshini wokufunda" wokuhlola onemememori yetheyiphu ebunjiwe, ebizwa ngeCyberTron, wayethuthukiswe yiRaytheon Company ukuhlaziya amasiginali e-sonar, ama-electrocardiograms, namaphethini okukhuluma kusetshenziswa ukufunda okuqinisa okuyisisekelo. "Yayiqeqeshwa" ngokuphindaphindiwe ngumsebenzisi / uthisha womuntu ukuba ibone amaphethini futhi ifakwe inkinobho ethi "goof" ukuyenza ihlaziye kabusha izinqumo ezingalungile. Incwadi emele ucwaningo lokufunda ngomshini phakathi nawo-1960 kwakuyincwadi kaNilsson yokufunda imishini, eyayiphathelene nokufunda ngomshini ngokuhlukaniswa kwamaphethini. Intshisekelo ephathelene nokubona amaphethini yaqhubeka ngawo-1970, njengoba kuchazwe nguDuda noHart ngo-1973. Ngo - 1981 kwanikezwa umbiko ngokusebenzisa amasu okufundisa ukuze inethiwekhi yezinzwa ifunde ukubona izinhlamvu ezingu - 40 (izinhlamvu ezingu - 26, izinombolo ezingu - 10 nezimpawu ezikhethekile ezingu - 4) ezivela esigungwini sekhompyutha.  UTom M. Mitchell wanikeza incazelo ecatshangwe kabanzi, ehleleke kakhudlwana yama-algorithm afundwe emkhakheni wokufunda ngomshini: "Uhlelo lwekhompyutha kuthiwa lufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho E maqondana nekilasi elithile lemisebenzi T nesilinganiso sokusebenza P uma ukusebenza kwalo emisebenzini ku-T, njengoba kulinganiswa ngu-P, kuthuthuka ngokuhlangenwe nakho E". Le ncazelo yemisebenzi lapho ukufunda ngomshini kuthinteka khona kunikeza incazelo yokusebenza ngokuyisisekelo kunokuchaza insimu ngamagama okuqonda. Lokhu kulandela isiphakamiso sika-Alan Turing ephepheni lakhe elithi "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", lapho umbuzo othi "Ingabe imishini ingacabanga?" ushintshwa ngombuzo othi "Ingabe imishini ingenza lokho thina (njengezinto ezicabangayo) esingakwenza?".  Ukufunda ngomshini kwanamuhla kunemigomo emibili, owokuqala ukuhlukanisa idatha ngokususelwa kumamodeli athuthukisiwe, enye injongo ukwenza izibikezelo zemiphumela yesikhathi esizayo ngokususelwa kulezi zimodeli. I-algorithm ethile yokuhlukanisa idatha ingasebenzisa ukubonwa kwamakhompiyutha kwamamoli ahlanganiswe nokufunda okuqondisiwe ukuze ayiqeqeshe ukuhlukanisa ama-moles anomdlavuza. I-algorithm yokufunda ngomshini yokuhweba ngamasheya inganikeza ulwazi
Ukufunda ngomshini igatsha le-AI elibhekene nokuqonda nokuthuthukisa izindlela ezifundayo, "okungukuthi, izindlela ezisebenzisa idatha ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kusethi yemisebenzi. Ama-algorithm okufunda ngomshini akha imodeli kusuka kudatha eyisampula, ebizwa ngokuthi idatha yokuqeqesha, ukuze enze izibikezelo noma izinqumo ngaphandle kokuhlelwa ngokucacile ukwenza kanjalo. Yaqala ukuvela ngawo-1960.