Mashoko akatorwa muchitsauko chinotevera pakutsvakurudza kwakaitwa nezvemagetsi muzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18.
Context:Nguva refu pasati pava nezivo ipi neipi pamusoro pemagetsi, vanhu vaiziva nezvokurohwa nehove dzemagetsi. Zvinyorwa zvekare zvokuIjipiti zvinonzi zvakatanga kunyorwa munenge muna 2750 B.C.E. zvaiti hove idzi dzainzi "Tunderer of the Nile", uye dzairondedzerwa se"vadziviriri" veimwe hove dzose. Hove dzemagetsi dzakarondedzerwazve zviuru zvemakore gare gare nenyanzvi dzesayenzi dzechiGiriki, dzechiRoma nedzechiArabic uye vanachiremba. Vanyori vanoverengeka vekare, vakadai saPliny Mukuru naScribonius Largus, vakapupurira muuyo unonyaradza wokubudiswa kwemagetsi ne catfish yemagetsi nemwaranzi yemagetsi, uye vaiziva kuti mabudiro akadaro aigona kufamba pamwe chete nezvinhu zvinotungamirira. Varwere vaiva nezvirwere zvakadai segaut kana kuti kutemwa nomusoro vairayirwa kubata hove dzemagetsi vachitarisira kuti kurova kwakasimba kwacho kwaizovarapa. Tsika dzekare dzaiva pedyo neMediterranean dzaiziva kuti zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai sematanda eamber, zvaigona kukwizwa nebvudzi rekatsi kuti zvikwezve zvinhu zvakareruka zvakadai seminhenga. Thales weMiletus akaita nhevedzano yezvaakacherechedza pamusoro pemagetsi asingachinji munenge muna 600 BCE, kubva paakadavira kuti kukakavadzana kwakaita kuti amber ive nemagineti, kusiyana nemaminerari akadai semagnetite, ayo aisada kukweshera. Thales akanga asina kururama mukudavira kuti kukwezva kwacho kwaiva nemhaka yezvinoitika zvamagineti, asi sayenzi yapashure yaizobvumikisa batano pakati pegineti nemagetsi. Maererano nedzimwe dzidziso dzinopesana, vanhu vokuPatiya vangadaro vaiziva nezvokupenda nemagetsi, zvichibva pakuwanikwa kwakaitwa Battery yokuBaghdad muna 1936, iyo yakafanana nesero remagetsi, kunyange zvazvo zvisingazivikanwi kana chigadzirwa chacho chaiva chemagetsi. Magetsi aizoramba ari chimwe chinhu chinongoda kuziva kwezviuru zvemakore kusvikira muna 1600, apo musayendisiti wechiNgezi William Gilbert akanyora De Magnete, umo akaita fundo yokungwarira yemagetsi nemagineti, achisiyanisa mugumisiro we lodestone nemagetsi asingachinji anogadzirwa nokutsvaira amber. Akagadzira shoko rechiNew Latin rokuti electricus ("reamber" kana kuti "rakafanana neamber", elektron, shoko rechiGiriki rinoreva "amber") kureva kukwezva zvinhu zviduku pashure pokunge zvatsvairwa. Kubatanidzwa uku kwakaparira mashoko echiNgezi okuti "magetsi" uye "simba remagetsi", ayo akatanga kuoneka mubhuku raThomas Browne rinonzi Pseudodoxia Epidemica ra1646. Basa rakawedzerwa rakaitwa muzana remakore rechi17 uye pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi18 naOtto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray naC. F. du Fay. Gare gare muzana remakore rechi18, Benjamin Franklin akaita tsvakurudzo huru pamusoro pemagetsi, achitengesa zvinhu zvake kuti atsigire basa rake. Muna June 1752 anozivikanwa kuva akabatanidza kiyi yesimbi pasi pemutsetse weketeni wakanyoroveswa ndokubhururuka keteni mudenga raiva nedutu. Kupfuurirana kwamasimba anoputika kubva kuchikiyo kuenda kumusana kworuoko rwake kwakaratidza kuti mheni yakanga iri yemagetsi chaizvoizvo. Akatsanangurawo maitiro airatidzika kuva anopesana emudziyo weLeyden sechishandiso chekuchengetedza huwandu hukuru hwemagetsi emagetsi maererano nemagetsi anoumbwa nemitoro yakanaka neyakaipa Muna 1775, Hugh Williamson akataura kuRoyal Society nezvezviitiko zvakawanda zvaakaedza kuita zvine chokuita nemagetsi anokonzerwa negora; gore iroro chiremba wokuvhiya uye nyanzvi yokuongorora muviri womunhu John Hunter akatsanangura zvakaita nhengo dzomuviri dzinoshanda nemagetsi. Muna 1791, Luigi Galvani akabudisa zvaakanga awana zvine chokuita nemagetsi emagetsi, achiratidza kuti magetsi ndiwo anoshandiswa nemasero etsinga kutumira mashoko kumhasuru. Bhatiri raAlessandro Volta ra1800, rakagadzirwa nematanho anotsiva ezingi nemhangura, rakapa masayendisiti manyuko akavimbika zvikuru esimba remagetsi kupfuura michina yemagetsi yaishandiswa kare. Kuzivikanwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, kubatana kwezvinhu zvemagetsi nemagineti, kunokonzerwa naHans Christian Ørsted naAndré-Marie Ampère muna 1819<unk>1820. Michael Faraday akagadzira motokari yemagetsi muna 1821, uye Georg Ohm akaongorora mashandiro emagetsi emagetsi muna 1827. Magetsi nemagineti (nechiedza) zvakabatanidzwa zvakajeka naJames Clerk Maxwell, zvikurukuru mubhuku rake rinonzi "On Physical Lines of Force" muna 1861 na 1862. Nepo kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19 kwakanga kwaona fambiro mberi inokurumidza musayenzi yemagetsi, kupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 kwaizoona fambiro mberi hurusa muunyanzvi hwemagetsi. Kuburikidza nevanhu vakadai saAlexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla naGeorge Westinghouse, magetsi akashanduka kubva pakuda kuziva kwesayenzi kuva chinhu chinokosha muupenyu hwemazuva ano. Muna 1887, Heinrich Hertz akawana kuti maelectrode akavhenekerwa nechiedza cheultraviolet anogadzira zvimvuramabwe zvemagetsi nyore nyore. Muna 1905, Albert Einstein akabudisa pepa raitsanangura mashoko okuedza anobva muzvinoitika zvemagetsi anopenya somugumisiro wesimba rechiedza riri kutakurwa mumapaketi akaparadzana, anopa simba maerekitironi. Kuwana uku kwakatungamirira kukushanduka-shanduka kwe quantum. Einstein akapiwa mubayiro weNobel Prize muPhysics muna 1921 "nokuwana kwake mutemo wechiedza chinopisa". Chiedza chemagetsi chinoshandiswawo mumafotocells akadai seanowanikwa mumapaneli ezuva. Chigadzirwa chokutanga chakanga chiri "cat's-whisker detector" yakatanga kushandiswa muma1900 mumagamuchira enhepfenyuro. Tambo yakaita semhete inoiswa ichibata zvishoma nekristaro yakasimba (yakadai sekristaro yegermanium) kuti ione chiratidzo cheredhiyo nekubatana kwekubatana. Muchikamu chakasimba, magetsi anogumira pazvinhu zvakasimba nemakemikari akagadzirwa zvakananga kuti achinje uye awedzere. Kuyerera kwazvino kunogona kunzwisiswa nenzira mbiri: semagetsi ane mutoro wakashata, uye semagetsi ane mutoro wakanaka anonzi maburi. Iyi mitoro nemakomba zvinonzwisiswa maererano ne quantum physics. Zvinhu zvokuvakisa zvacho kazhinji kazhinji inenge iri semiconductor yekristaro. Zvinhu zvemagetsi zvinonzi solid-state electronics zvakatanga kushandiswa pakatanga kugadzirwa michina inonzi transistors. Transistor yokutanga inoshanda, inonzi germanium-based point-contact transistor, yakagadzirwa naJohn Bardeen naWalter Houser Brattain paBell Labs muna 1947, ichiteverwa ne bipolar junction transistor muna 1948.
Basa rakawedzerwa rakaitwa muzana remakore rechi17 uye pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi18 naOtto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray naC. F. du Fay. Gare gare muzana remakore rechi18, Benjamin Franklin akaita tsvakurudzo huru pamusoro pemagetsi, achitengesa zvinhu zvake kuti atsigire basa rake. Muna June 1752 anozivikanwa kuva akabatanidza kiyi yesimbi pasi pemutsetse weketeni wakanyoroveswa ndokubhururuka keteni mudenga raiva nedutu. Kupfuurirana kwamasimba anoputika kubva kuchikiyo kuenda kumusana kworuoko rwake kwakaratidza kuti mheni yakanga iri yemagetsi chaizvoizvo. Akatsanangurawo maitiro airatidzika kuva anopesana emudziyo weLeyden sechishandiso chekuchengetedza huwandu hukuru hwemagetsi emagetsi maererano nemagetsi anoumbwa nemitoro yakanaka neyakaipa Muna 1775, Hugh Williamson akataura kuRoyal Society nezvezviitiko zvakawanda zvaakaedza kuita zvine chokuita nemagetsi anokonzerwa negora; gore iroro chiremba wokuvhiya uye nyanzvi yokuongorora muviri womunhu John Hunter akatsanangura zvakaita nhengo dzomuviri dzinoshanda nemagetsi. Muna 1791, Luigi Galvani akabudisa zvaakanga awana zvine chokuita nemagetsi emagetsi, achiratidza kuti magetsi ndiwo anoshandiswa nemasero etsinga kutumira mashoko kumhasuru. Bhatiri raAlessandro Volta ra1800, rakagadzirwa nematanho anotsiva ezingi nemhangura, rakapa masayendisiti manyuko akavimbika zvikuru esimba remagetsi kupfuura michina yemagetsi yaishandiswa kare.