Chii chinonzi vanhu vasina kubatana nevamwe?
Context:Vanhu vasina kuonana nemamwe marudzi mapoka evanhu vemarudzi okutanga vanogara vasina kuonana kwenguva refu nemarudzi akapoteredza uye nzanga yenyika. Mapoka anosarudza kuramba asina kuonana anozivikanwa sevanhu vomunharaunda vari voga nokuzvidira. Kudzivirirwa zviri pamutemo kunoita kuti kuverengera huwandu hwevanhu vasina kuonana navo kuve kwakaoma, asi fungidziro kubva kuInter-American Commission on Human Rights muUN uye boka risina purofiti Survival International rinonongedzera pakati pe100 ne200 vanhu vasina kuonana vanoverenga kusvika kuvanhu zviuru gumi. Ruzhinji rwavanhu vasina kubatwa runogara muSouth America, zvikurukuru kuchamhembe kweBrazil, uko hurumende yeBrazil neNational Geographic vanofungidzira kuti marudzi ari pakati pe77 ne84 anogara.  Ruzivo rwavanhu vasina kuonana nevamwe runobva zvikurukuru pakusangana navanhu vomunzvimbomo vakavakidzana uye mifananidzo yomudenga.
Vanhu vasina kubatana kazhinji kazhinji vanoreva vanhu vemarudzi avo vakaramba vari voga kusvikira nhasi, vachichengetedza mararamiro avo echinyakare uye vachishanda zvikurukuru vasingabatanidzwi nemasangano ezvematongerwe enyika kana ehurumende. Zvisinei, kuongorora kweEurope nekoloni mukati menguva yepakutanga yemazuva ano kwakaunza vagari vemo munyika yose kuti vabatane nevatongi vekoloni nevatsvakurudzi. Nokudaro, mapoka akawanda omunzvimbomo akava norumwe rudzi rwokubata navanhu vamwe. Shoko rokuti "vasina kuonana" naizvozvo rinonongedzera kukushayikwa kwokuonana kunopfuurira noruzhinji rwenzanga isiri yomunzvimbomo panguva ino.  Sangano reInter-American Commission on Human Rights rinotaura nezvevanhu vasina kuonana nevamwe se"vanhu vemarudzi omunyika vari voga nokuzvidira". Aya mapoka anoratidzirwa nokuramba kwavo kazhinji kazhinji kuonana naani zvake ari kunze kwavanhu vavo vamene. Tsananguro iyi inosanganisirawo mapoka akambosangana nevanhu vakawanda vasiri vemadzinza, asi vakasarudza kudzokera kwavo voga uye havasisiri kuonana navo. Sezvo vanhu vakadaro vasina kubatana vanonzwisiswa kwete sokurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo asi panzvimbo pezvo savagari vemazuva ano.  Mushumo wa2009 weUnited Nations wakarondedzerawo "vanhu vanotanga kuonana" sevane zvinhu zvakafanana asi vari kutanga kugara vachikurukura uye kubatanidzwa munzanga.  Kusimbisa rusununguko rwavo rwokusataura kana kuti rwokuzviparadzanisa, masangano emarudzi akawanda anosimbisa kuvadana kuti "vanhu vomunzvimbomo vari voga" kana kuti "vari voga nokuzvidira". Zvikasadaro ivo vakanziwo "vanhu vakavanzwa" kana kuti "madzinza asina kuonana".  Nhau dzakaitika dzokuEurope dzokuEurope dzevanhu vasina kuonana, uye zvavanotaura pamusoro pavo, dzakaziviswa nokufungidzira uye kutsvaka Prester John, mambo weumambo hwechiKristu hwakapfuma huri oga, pamwe chete neMakumi eMarudzi Akarasika aIsraeri, achizivisa vanhu vasina kuonana se "marudzi akarasika".  Masangano enyika dzakawanda akasimbisa kukosha kwokudzivirira mhoteredzo yavanhu vomunzvimbomo neminda, kukosha kwokuvadzivirira pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira, uye kukosha kwokusaonana kuitira kudzivisa kupararira kwezvirwere zvamazuva ano.  Kushandiswa zvisina kufanira uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakaitwa vanhu vakawanda munhau kwakaita kuti hurumende dzakawanda dzipe vanhu vasina kubatana nevamwe nyika dzavo uye dzivadzivirire zviri pamutemo. Mapoka akawanda omunzvimbomo anogara mumasango enyika kana kuti nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa, zvakadai seVale do Javari muBrazil kana kuti North Sentinel Island muIndia.  Kurwisana kukuru pamusoro pevanhu vasina kuonana nevamwe kwakabva pakuda kwehurumende kutora pfuma yomusikirwo. Muma1960 nema1970, hurumende yeBrazil yakaedza kubatanidza mapoka evanhu vomunyika yacho vaigara mumasango eAmazon kuitira kuti vashandise nyika dzavo pakurima. Nhamburiko dzavo dzakasangana nokubudirira kwakasiana-siana nokutsoropodzwa kutozosvikira, muna 1987, Brazil yakagadzira Dhipatimendi ravaIndia Vakazviparadzanisa mukati meFUNAI (Fundação Nacional do Índio), Brazil's Indian Agency. FUNAI yakabudirira mukuchengetedza nyika dzakachengetedzwa idzo dzakabvumira mamwe mapoka kuti arambe asina kubatana kusvikira nhasi.  Mugumisiro wakasiyana wakaitika muColombia apo rudzi rwavaNukak rwavanhu vomunzvimbomo rwakawanwa neboka revhangeri. Rudzi rwacho rwakanga rwuchifarira kutengeserana uye pakupedzisira rwakazotama kuitira kuti ruve noukama hwepedyo nevakatamira ikoko. Izvi zvakakonzera kupararira kwezvirwere zvokufema, kurwisana nevanotengesa zvinodhaka, uye kufa kwemazana evaNukak, vanopfuura hafu yedzinza racho. Pakupedzisira, hurumende yeColombia yakamanikidza dzinza racho kuti ridzokere kuguta raiva pedyo kwavakagamuchira zvokudya uye rubatsiro rwaibva kuhurumende asi zvakanzi vairarama muurombo.  Kutyisidzirwa kworudzi rwavaNukak kunowanzogoveranwa navanhu vose vari voga, zvikurukuru chishuvo chenyika yokunze chokushandisa nyika dzavo. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza kutema miti, kurima uye kurima, kufungidzira nyika, kutsvaka mafuta uye kuchera, uye kuvhima zvisiri pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi wePeru panguva iyoyo, Alan García, muna 2007 akati mapoka evanhu vasingatauri nevamwe vanhu aingova "zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nevanoda kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza vachida kumisa kutsvakurudzwa kwemafuta negasi". Munguva pfupi yapfuura, muna 2016, imwe kambani yemigodhi yeChina muBolivia yakaregeredza zviratidzo zvekuti vakanga vachipinda mumadzinza asina kubatana, uye vakaedza kuzvivanza. Mukuwedzera kuzvinangwa zvokutengeserana, vamwe vanhu vakadai savafundisi vangaparira kuvadziko huru vasingazivi.  Kutyisidzira ikoko, pamwe chete nekurwiswa kwakaitwa vanhu vemadzinza avo nevanotengesa zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo, ndizvo zvakaita kuti boka revaAcre Indian rizivane nemumwe musha wokuBrazil uye hurumende yemubatanidzwa muna 2014. Mufambiro uyu unoratidza kuti marudzi mazhinji anoziva nezvenyika yokunze uye anosarudza kusataura kunze kwokunge atungamirirwa nokutya kana kuti kufarira. Mifananidzo yakaitwa nesatellite inoratidza kuti mamwe madzinza anobva mumigwagwa kana kuti muminda kuti arambe ari oga.  Vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vemarudzi omuzvarirwo kazhinji kazhinji vakatsigira kuti vanhu vemarudzi omuzvarirwo vari voga varegwe vari voga, vachiti kusangana kuchapindira nekodzero yavo yokuzvisarudzira sevanhu. Ukuwo, zvakaitika kuBrazil zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vanozviparadzanisa nevamwe vangada kutengeserana nevamwe uye kuva noukama hwakanaka nevamwe, asi vanosarudza kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe nokuti vanotya kunetsana kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kunaka. Sangano rehurumende reBrazil reNational Indian Foundation (FUNAI) mukubatira pamwe nenyanzvi dzeanthropological rakasarudza kuita kuonana kwokutanga kunodzorwa nemadzinza. Sangano racho rinotarisira nzvimbo 15 dzokutengesera munharaunda yose inochengetedzwa umo madzinza anogona kutengesa zvishandiso zvesimbi nemidziyo yokubika. Sangano racho rinopindirawo kuti ridzivirire kurwisana uye kuti ripe vanhu mishonga yokudzivirira zvirwere. Zvisinei, FUNAI yanga ichitsoropodza kuda kwezvematongerwo enyika muBrazil, ichitaura kuti yakangogamuchira chete 15% yebhajeti rayo rakakumbirwa muna 2017. Muna 2018, mushure mekubvumirana pakati pevashandi vepanzvimbo, FUNAI yakaburitsa mavhidhiyo nemifananidzo yemadzinza akati wandei ari pasi pekudzivirirwa kwavo. Kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo chacho chakashorwa, mutungamiriri wedhipatimendi revaIndia Vakaparadzana, Bruno Pereira, akapindura kuti "Kana vanhu vakawanda vachiziva uye vachikurukura nhau yacho, ndipo panova nomukana mukuru wokudzivirira vaIndia vakaparadzana nenyika dzavo". Akagoverana kuti sangano rave richisangana nedzvinyiriro yezvematongerwe enyika inowedzera yokuzarura nyika kumakambani ezvokutengeserana. Akaruramisawo kutora mifananidzo iyi nokurondedzera kuti FUNAI yakanga ichitsvakurudza nezvokupondwa kwaiitwa vanhu verudzi rweFlechieros.  Vachiziva matambudziko akawanda ane chokuita nokuonana, United Nations Human Rights Council muna 2009 uye Inter-American Commission on Human Rights muna 2013 vakaunza mirayiridzo uye zvavakakurudzira zvaisanganisira kodzero yokusarudza kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe.  Kwave kune mishumo yesafari dzevanhu muAndaman Islands yeIndia uye muPeru, umo makambani anoshanyira vanhu anoedza kubatsira vashanyi kuona vanhu vasina kuonana kana kuti vachangobva kuonana. Muitiro uyu unopokanwa.