Tichifunga ndima iyi pamusoro pomuedzo wakatungamirira kukuwanwa kwepenicillin naSir Alexander Fleming, ndiudzei pamhandoi dzebhakitiriya penicillin ine muuyo unorwisa mabhakitiriya, uye rondedzerai migariro yakanga iri madikanwa nokuda kwokuwanwa kwepenicillin
Context:Pakazosvika 1927, Fleming akanga ava kuongorora zvinhu zvinokonzerwa neutachiona hunonzi staphylococci. Akanga atozivikanwa zvikuru nebasa rake rokutanga, uye akanga ava nomukurumbira womutsvakurudzi akaisvonaka. Muna 1928, akaongorora kusiyana kweStaphylococcus aureus yakakura mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo, mushure mebasa raJoseph Warwick Bigger, uyo akawana kuti utachiona hwacho hunogona kukura kuita mhando dzakasiyana-siyana (mavara). Musi waSeptember 3, 1928, Fleming akadzokera kubasa rake pashure pokunge apedza zororo nemhuri yake kuSuffolk. Asati aenda kuzororo rake, akabaya majekiseni estaphylococci pamapureti embeu ndokuasiya ari pabhenji mukona yerabhoritari yake. Paakadzoka, Fleming akacherechedza kuti imwe tsika yakanga yakasvibiswa nefungus, uye kuti makoloni e staphylococci akange akapoteredza fungus akanga aparadzwa, nepo mamwe makoloni e staphylococci kure kure akanga akajairika, achicherechedza zvikuru kuti "Izvozvo zvinosetsa". Fleming akaratidza aichimbova mubatsiri wake Merlin Pryce tsika yakasvibiswa, uyo akamuyeuchidza kuti, "Ndiwo mawanire awakaita lysozyme". Akaziva kuti chakuvhe chacho chaiva cheboka repenicillium. Akafungidzira kuti rakanga riri P. chrysogenum, asi mumwe waaishanda naye Charles J. La Touche akaziva kuti rakanga riri P. rubrum. (Yakazogadziriswa seP. notatum uye yakazogamuchirwa zviri pamutemo seP. chrysogenum; muna 2011, yakagadziriswa seP. rubens.) Rabhoritari umo Fleming akawana uye akaedza penicillin inochengetwa seAlexander Fleming Laboratory Museum muSt. Mary's Hospital, Paddington. Manyuko echinhu chinokuvadza chefungal akasimbiswa muna 1966 kuva anobva mukamuri raLa Touche, iro raiva pasi chaipo peyaFleming. Fleming akarima chakuvhuvhu chacho mumuti wakachena uye akawana kuti muto wacho waiva nemushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya. Akatsvakurudza kushanda kwaro kunorwisa mabhakitiriya pazvinhu zvipenyu zvakawanda, uye akacherechedza kuti kwaibata mabhakitiriya akadai se staphylococci uye mamwe magirama eGram-positive anokonzera chirwere che scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis uye diphtheria, asi kwete typhoid fever kana paratyphoid fever, iyo inokonzerwa neGram-negative bacteria, iyo yaakanga achitsvaka kurapwa panguva iyoyo. Yakakanganisawo Neisseria gonorrhoeae, inokonzera gonorrhoea, kunyange zvazvo utachiona uhwu husina hutachiona hweGram. Pashure pemwedzi inoverengeka yokuchidana kuti "muto wefungi" kana kuti "chinodzivisa", akapa zita rokuti penicillin pana 7 March 1929 nokuda kwechinhu chinorwisa utachiona chiri muforoma.
Penicillin ine mhedzisiro inorwisa mabhakitiriya ehutachiona hwakawanda hweGram- positive kusanganisira asi husina kuganhurirwa kumabhakitiriya anokonzera meningitis, diptheria, pneumonia, scarlet fever. Inoshandawo pamakemikari anonzi (Gram- positive) staphylococci anokonzera zvirwere zveganda uye zvemakemikari zvakapfava zvakadai semakemikari. Penicillin yakawanwawo kuva nebasa rinorwisa mabhakitiriya pamabhakitiriya eGram- asina kunaka anokonzera gonorrhoea. Pakanga pane nhevedzano yemamiriro ezvinhu anongoitika ayo akabatanidzwa kubvumira kuwanwa kwepenicillin, imwe yacho yakanga iri chisarudzo chaSir Alexander chokutora zororo nemhuri yake pashure pokusiya mabhakitiriya e staphylococci mumusikirwo murabhoritari yake asati aenda. Nenzira yechitsama Sir Alexander akanga asina kunyatsongwarira utsanana hwomurabhoritari uhwo hwakabetsera kuwanwa kwake kwokutanga kwe lysozyme uye kunoratidzika kuti kusava nehanya kwakadaro kwakanga kune mutoro wokuwanwa kwepenicillin. Pakupedzisira nzvimbo chaiyo yerabhoritari yake nemarudzi akaita basa - tsvina yefungal yaiva nemigumisiro inorwisa utachiona pamasitaphylococci yakabva murabhoritari yaSir Alexander's colleagues pasi pasi