Iyini iLinux?
Context:I-Linux (/ˈliːnʊks/ (lalela) i-LEE-nuuks noma /ˈlɪnʊks/ LIN-uuks) iyinhlangano yomndeni wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezivulekile ezifana ne-Unix ezisekelwe ku-Linux kernel, i-kernel yesistimu yokusebenza eyakhishwa okokuqala ngoSepthemba 17, 1991, nguLinus Torvalds. I-Linux ivame ukuhlanganiswa njengokusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux, okubandakanya i-kernel kanye nesoftware yesistimu esekelayo nemitapo yolwazi, eminingi yayo enikezwa yi-GNU Project. Izinhlelo eziningi ze-Linux zisebenzisa igama elithi "Linux" egameni lazo, kodwa i-Free Software Foundation isebenzisa igama elithi "GNU/Linux" ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwesoftware ye-GNU, okudala impikiswano ethile.
Ngemuva kokuthi i-AT & T iphume kuphrojekthi ye-Multics, uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Unix lwakhiwa futhi lwasetshenziswa nguKen Thompson noDennis Ritchie (bobabili be-AT & T Bell Laboratories) ngo-1969 futhi bakhululwa okokuqala ngo-1970. Kamuva bayibhala kabusha ngolimi olusha lokuhlela, uC, ukuze ikwazi ukuthuthwa kalula. Ukutholakala nokuthutha kwe-Unix kwabangela ukuba yamukelwe kabanzi, ikopishwe futhi iguqulwe yizikhungo zemfundo namabhizinisi.  Ngo-1977, i-Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) yasungulwa yi-Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) evela e-UC Berkeley, ngokusekelwe ku-6th edition ye-Unix evela ku-AT & T. Njengoba i-BSD iqukethe ikhodi ye-Unix ephethwe yi-AT & T, i-AT & T yafaka icala (i-USL v. BSDi) ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ngokumelene ne-University of California. Lokhu kwakulinganisela kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa nokwamukelwa kwe-BSD.  I-Onyx Systems yaqala ukuthengisa ama-microcomputer okuqala asekelwe kuma-Unix ngo-1980. Kamuva, i-Sun Microsystems, eyasungulwa njengengxenye yephrojekthi yabafundi eStanford University, nayo yaqala ukuthengisa iziteshi zokusebenza zedeskithophu ezisekelwe ku-Unix ngo-1982. Ngenkathi ama-workstations e-Sun engasebenzisi i-hardware ye-PC yomkhiqizo efana ne-Linux kamuva eyenzelwe yona, imele umzamo wokuqala ophumelelayo wokuhweba wokusabalalisa i-microcomputer yomsebenzisi oyedwa kuphela esebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Unix.  Ngo-1983, uRichard Stallman waqala iphrojekthi ye-GNU ngenhloso yokwakha uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-UNIX-like. Njengengxenye yalo msebenzi, wabhala i-GNU General Public License (GPL). Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, kwakunesofthiwe eyanele eyayitholakala ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo lokusebenza oluphelele. Kodwa-ke, i-GNU kernel, ebizwa nge-Hurd, yehlulekile ukuheha umzamo owanele wokuthuthuka, ishiya i-GNU ingaphelele.  Ngo-1985, i-Intel yakhipha i-80386, i-microprocessor yokuqala ye-x86 eneqoqo lemiyalo elinama-32-bit kanye neyunithi yokuphatha inkumbulo ene-paging.  Ngo-1986, uMaurice J. Bach, we-AT&T Bell Labs, washicilela incwadi ethi The Design of the UNIX Operating System. Le ncazelo eqondile ngokuyinhloko ihlanganisa i-System V Release 2 kernel, nezinye izici ezintsha ezivela ku-Release 3 ne-BSD.  Ngo-1987, i-MINIX, uhlelo olufana ne-Unix olwenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezemfundo, lwakhishwa ngu-Andrew S. Tanenbaum ukufanekisa izimiso ezethulwe encwadini yakhe, Operating Systems: Design and Implementation. Nakuba ikhodi yomthombo yesistimu yayitholakala, ukuguqulwa nokusabalalisa kabusha kwakulinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwe-MINIX okungu-16-bit kwakungavumelani kahle nezici ezingama-32-bit ze-Intel 386 yokwakhiwa kwamakhompyutha okubiza kancane futhi okuthandwa kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-UNIX oluthengiswayo lwama-PC e-Intel 386 lwalubiza kakhulu kubasebenzisi abazimele.  Lezi zici kanye nokuntuleka kwamukelwa kabanzi, i-kernel yamahhala inikeze umfutho ku-Torvalds 'ukuqala iphrojekthi yakhe. Uthe ukube i-GNU Hurd noma i-386BSD kernel ibikhona ngaleso sikhathi, cishe wayengeke ayibhale.