Sicela usitshele kafushane ngomlando we-AI.
Context:I-Dartmouth Workshop ka-1956 yahlelwa uMarvin Minsky, uJohn McCarthy nososayensi ababili abaphezulu: uClaude Shannon noNathan Rochester be-IBM. Isiphakamiso sale ngqungquthela sasihlanganisa lesi sitatimende: "zonke izici zokufunda noma noma yisiphi esinye isici sobuhlakani zingachazwa ngokunembile kangangokuthi kungenziwa umshini ukuze ulingise". Abahlanganyeli babehlanganisa uRay Solomonoff, u-Oliver Selfridge, uTrenchard More, u-Arthur Samuel, u-Allen Newell noHerbert A. Simon, bonke ababezodala izinhlelo ezibalulekile phakathi namashumi okuqala ocwaningo lwe-AI. Emhlanganweni wokufundisana uNewell noSimon baqala i-"Logic Theorist" futhi uMcCarthy wancenga ababekhona ukuba bamukele i-"Artificial Intelligence" njengegama lomkhakha. Umhlangano owawuseDartmouth ngo-1956 waba yisikhathi lapho i-AI yathola khona igama layo, umsebenzi wayo, impumelelo yayo yokuqala kanye nabadlali bayo abakhulu, futhi kubhekwa njengokuzalwa kwe-AI. Igama elithi "Artificial Intelligence" lakhethwa uMcCarthy ukuze agweme ukuhlotshaniswa ne-cybernetics nokuxhumana ne-cyberneticist enethonya uNorbert Wiener.  Izinhlelo ezathuthukiswa eminyakeni eyalandela iDartmouth Workshop, kubantu abaningi, zazimane ziyizinhlelo "ezimangalisayo" zama-computer ezazixazulula izinkinga zamagama e-algebra, zifakazela izibambiso ze-geometry futhi zifunda ukukhuluma isiNgisi. Ngalesosikhathi bambalwa ababengakholelwa ukuthi ukuziphatha "okuhlakaniphile" okunjalo kwemishini kwakunokwenzeka. Abacwaningi baveza ithemba elikhulu ngasese nasemaphephandabeni, babikezela ukuthi umshini ohlakaniphe ngokuphelele wawuyokwakhiwa eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-20. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjengeDARPA zafaka imali emkhakheni omusha.  Ngawo-1970, i-AI yagxekwa futhi yabhekana nezinkinga zezimali. Abacwaningi be - AI behlulekile ukuqonda ubunzima bezinkinga ababhekana nazo. Ukuqiniseka kwabo okukhulu kwakwenze kwaba nokulindela okukhulu kakhulu, futhi lapho imiphumela eyayithenjisiwe ihluleka ukufezeka, imali ye-AI yanyamalala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umkhakha we-connectionism (noma amanethiwekhi e-neural) wavalwa cishe ngokuphelele iminyaka eyi-10 ngenxa yokugxeka kukaMarvin Minsky ama-perceptrons. Naphezu kwezinkinga zokuqonda komphakathi i-AI ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70, imibono emisha yahlolwa ekuhleleni okunengqondo, ukucabanga okuvamile nakwezinye izindawo eziningi.  Ngawo-1980 uhlobo lohlelo lwe-AI olubizwa ngokuthi "izinhlelo zochwepheshe" lwamukelwa yizinkampani emhlabeni wonke futhi ulwazi lwaba ukugxila ocwaningweni olujwayelekile lwe-AI. Ngaleyo minyaka, uhulumeni waseJapane wasekela ngobuningi i-AI ngomklamo wawo wekhompyutha yesizukulwane sesihlanu. Esinye isenzakalo esikhuthazayo ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 kwakuwukuvuselelwa kokuxhumana emsebenzini kaJohn Hopfield noDavid Rumelhart. Nalapha futhi, i-AI yayiphumelele.  Ukuthakazelisa komphakathi wamabhizinisi nge-AI kwenyuka futhi kwehla ngawo-1980 ngendlela yakudala ye-bubble yezomnotho. Ukuwa kwabangelwa ukwehluleka kwabathengisi bezentengiselwano ukuthuthukisa izixazululo ezihlukahlukene ezingasebenza. Njengoba inqwaba yezinkampani yahluleka, kwaba nombono wokuthi lobu buchwepheshe babungeke busebenze. Nokho, insimu yaqhubeka ithuthuka naphezu kokugxekwa. Abacwaningi abaningi, kuhlanganise nabathuthukisi bamarobhothi uRodney Brooks noHans Moravec, baphikisana ngendlela entsha ngokuphelele yokusebenzisa ubuhlakani bokufakelwa.  Umkhakha we - AI, manje osuneminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu ubudala, ekugcineni uye wafinyelela eminye yemigomo yawo emidala kakhulu. Yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kuyo yonke imboni yezobuchwepheshe, nakuba yayingabonakali. Okunye kwalokhu kuphumelela kwakubangelwa ukwanda kwamandla amakhompyutha kanti okunye kwafinyelelwa ngokugxila ezinkingeni ezithile ezihlukanisiwe nokuzilandela ngezindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zokuziphendulela ngokwesayensi. Noma kunjalo, idumela le-AI, okungenani kwezamabhizinisi, lalingalungile neze. Ngaphakathi emkhakheni kwakunokuvumelana okuncane ngezizathu zokwehluleka kwe-AI ukugcwalisa iphupho lobuhlakani obusezingeni lomuntu obase babambe umcabango womhlaba wonke ngawo-1960. Ngokubambisana, zonke lezi zici zasiza ekuhlukaniseni i-AI ibe izingxenye ezincintisanayo ezigxile ezinkingeni ezithile noma izindlela ezithile, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangaphansi kwamagama amasha afihla uhlu lozalo oluhlanekezelwe "lokuhlakanipha okufakelwayo". I-AI yayicophelela futhi iphumelela kakhulu kunangaphambili.  Emashumini okuqala eminyaka yekhulu lama-21, ukufinyelela emininingwaneni emikhulu yedatha (eyaziwa ngokuthi "idatha enkulu"), amakhompyutha ashibhile futhi asheshayo kanye namasu okufunda omshini athuthukile asetshenziswe ngempumelelo ezinkingeni eziningi emnothweni wonke. Eqinisweni, i-McKinsey Global Institute yalinganisela ephepheni layo elidumile elithi "Imininingwane Emikhulu: Umkhawulo Olandelayo Wokwenza Izinto Ezintsha, Ukuncintisana, Nokukhiqiza" ukuthi "ngonyaka ka-2009, cishe yonke imikhakha yomnotho wase-U.S. yayinesilinganiso semininingwane egciniwe okungenani engamathera-byte angu-200".  Ngo-2016, imakethe yemikhiqizo ehlobene ne-AI, i-hardware, kanye nesofthiwe yafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8, kanti i-New York Times yabika ukuthi isithakazelo ku-AI sesifinyelele "ekushiseni". Ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane emikhulu kwaqala ukufinyelela nakwezinye izindawo, njengamamodeli okuqeqesha kwezemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kwezomnotho. Intuthuko ekufundeni okujulile (ikakhulukazi amanethiwekhi we-neural ne-neural networks) iqhube inqubekela phambili nocwaningo ekucubunguleni isithombe nevidiyo, ukuhlaziywa kombhalo, ngisho nokuqashelwa kwenkulumo.
Umhlangano owawuseDartmouth ngo-1956 waba yisikhathi lapho i-AI yathola khona igama layo, umsebenzi wayo, impumelelo yayo yokuqala kanye nabadlali bayo abakhulu, futhi kubhekwa njengokuzalwa kwe-AI. Ngawo-1970, i-AI yagxekwa futhi yabhekana nezinkinga zezimali. Abacwaningi be - AI behlulekile ukuqonda ubunzima bezinkinga ababhekana nazo. Ngawo-1980 uhlobo lohlelo lwe-AI olubizwa ngokuthi "izinhlelo zochwepheshe" lwamukelwa yizinkampani emhlabeni wonke futhi ulwazi lwaba ukugxila ocwaningweni olujwayelekile lwe-AI. Emashumini okuqala eminyaka yekhulu lama-21, ukufinyelela emininingwaneni emikhulu yedatha (eyaziwa ngokuthi "idatha enkulu"), amakhompyutha ashibhile futhi asheshayo kanye namasu okufunda omshini athuthukile asetshenziswe ngempumelelo ezinkingeni eziningi emnothweni wonke. Ngo-2016, intuthuko ekufundeni okujulile (ikakhulukazi amanethiwekhi we-convolutional ne-recurrent neural networks) iqhube inqubekela phambili nocwaningo ekucutshungulweni kwezithombe namavidiyo, ukuhlaziywa kombhalo, ngisho nokuqashelwa kwenkulumo.