Yayiyini iSivumelwano SaseTordesillas?
Context:Ngo - 1383, uJohn I waseCastile, umyeni kaBeatrice wasePortugal nomkhwenyana kaFerdinand I wasePortugal, wafuna ukuba yinkosi yasePortugal. Iqembu lezikhulu ezincane nabantu abavamile, elaliholwa uJohn wase-Aviz (kamuva owaba iNkosi uJohn I wasePortugal) futhi elaliholwa uJenene Nuno Álvares Pereira lanqoba abaseCastile eMpini yase-Aljubarrota. Ngale mpi, iNdlu ka-Aviz yaba yindawo ebusayo ePortugal.  Umbuso omusha wokubusa wawuzoqhubeka nokudonsela iPortugal ekukhanyeni kwezombusazwe namasiko aseYurophu, ukudala nokuxhasa imisebenzi yezincwadi, efana neCrónicas d'el Rei D. João I kaFernão Lopes, incwadi yokuqala yokugibela nokuzingela iLivro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela no-O Leal Conselheiro zombili ezenziwa yiNkosi u-Edward wasePortugal kanye nokuhunyushwa kwesiPutukezi kukaCicero's De Oficiis noSeneca's De Beneficiis yiNkosana ehamba kakhulu uPeter waseCoimbra, kanye ne-magnum opus yakhe i-Tratado Vertuosa Benfeytoria. Emzamweni wokuqinisa nokugxilisa amandla asebukhosini amakhosi ale nkosi abuye ayala ukuhlanganiswa, ukuhlelwa nokushicilelwa kokuhlanganiswa kwemithetho emithathu yokuqala ePortugal: i-Ordenações d'el Rei D. Duarte, engakaze iphoqelelwe; i-Ordenações Afonsinas, ukusetshenziswa nokuphoqelelwa kwayo kwakungalingani kulo lonke izwe; kanye ne-Ordenações Manuelinas, eyayisebenzisa umshini wokunyathelisa ukufinyelela kuwo wonke amagumbi ombuso. I-Avis Dynasty nayo yaxhasa imisebenzi yokwakha njenge-Mosteiro da Batalha (ngokwezwi nezwi, i-Monastery of the Battle) futhi yaholela ekwakhiweni kwesitayela se-manueline sokwakha ngekhulu le-16.  IPortugal yabuye yahola ekuhloleni kweYurophu umhlaba neNkathi Yokutholwa. INkosana uHenry the Navigator, indodana yeNkosi uJohn I wasePortugal, yaba umxhasi nomvikeli oyinhloko walo msebenzi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iPortugal yahlola i-Atlantic Ocean, yathola iziqhingi zase-Atlantic i-Azores, i-Madeira, neCape Verde; yahlola ugu lwase-Afrika; yakhetha izindawo zase-Afrika; yathola indlela esempumalanga eya eNdiya ngeCape of Good Hope; yathola iBrazil, yahlola i-Indian Ocean, yasungula imizila yokuhweba kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Asia; futhi yathumela ukuhweba okuqondile kwasolwandle kwaseYurophu kanye nemishini yezombusazwe eChina naseJapane.  Ngo - 1415, iPortugal yathola amakoloni ayo okuqala aphesheya kwezilwandle ngokunqoba iCeuta, isikhungo sokuqala sokuhweba samaSulumane esasichuma eNyakatho Afrika. Kwabe sekulandela ukutholakala kokuqala e-Atlantic: iMadeira ne-Azores, okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kokuqala kwamakoloni.  Ngo-1422, ngesimemezelo seNkosi uJohn I, iPortugal yasishiya ngokusemthethweni isimiso sokubalwa kwezikhathi esandulele, i - Era of Caesar, futhi yamukela isimiso se - Anno Domini, ngakho yaba umbuso wokugcina wamaKatolika ukwenza kanjalo.   Phakathi nekhulu le-15, abahloli bamazwe abangamaPutukezi bahamba ngomkhumbi ogwini lwase-Afrika, besungula izindawo zokuhweba zezinhlobo eziningana zezimpahla ezazivamile ngaleso sikhathi, kusukela egolideni kuya ezigqila, njengoba babefuna indlela eya eNdiya nezinongo zayo, ezazithandwa kakhulu eYurophu.  Isivumelwano saseTordesillas, esasihloselwe ukuxazulula impikiswano eyayibangelwe ukubuya kukaChristopher Columbus, senziwa uPapa Alexander VI, umlamuleli phakathi kwePortugal neSpain. Yasayinwa ngo - June 7, 1494, futhi yahlukanisa amazwe ayesanda kutholakala ngaphandle kweYurophu phakathi kwamazwe amabili ahamba ngomugqa ongamakhilomitha angu - 370 entshonalanga yeziqhingi zaseCape Verde (ngaphandle kogu olusentshonalanga ye - Afrika).   Ngo - 1498, uVasco da Gama wafeza lokho uColumbus ayehlose ukukwenza futhi waba owaseYurophu wokuqala ukufinyelela eNdiya ngomkhumbi, waletha ukuchuma kwezomnotho ePortugal nakubantu bayo abayizigidi ezingu - 1,7, futhi wasiza ekuqaliseni iNkathi Yokuvuselelwa KwamaPutukezi. Ngo - 1500, umhloli wamazwe wasePortugal uGaspar Corte - Real wafika endaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi iCanada futhi wasungula idolobha lasePortugal Cove - St. I-Philip's, eNewfoundland naseLabrador, yaqala kudala ngaphambi kwamaFulentshi namaNgisi ngekhulu le-17, futhi ingenye nje yezindawo eziningi amaPutukezi azihlala eMelika.  Ngo - 1500, uPedro Álvares Cabral wathola iBrazil futhi wayibekela iPortugal. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, u - Afonso de Albuquerque wanqoba iGoa eNdiya, iMuscat neOrmuz ePersian Strait, neMalacca, manje eyisifundazwe saseMalaysia. Ngakho, umbuso wamaPutukezi waba negunya lokuhweba oLwandlekazi i - Indian naseNingizimu ye - Atlantic. Amatilosi asePortugal aqala ukufinyelela eMpumalanga Asia ngokuhamba ngomkhumbi asuka eYurophu aye empumalanga, afike afike ezindaweni ezinjengeTaiwan, iJapane, isiqhingi saseTimor, naseMoluccas.  Nakuba isikhathi eside kwakukholelwa ukuthi amaDashi ayengabantu bokuqala baseYurophu ukufika e-Australia, kunobufakazi bokuthi amaPutukezi kungenzeka awuthola ngo-1521. Kusukela ngo - 1519 kuya ku - 1522, uFerdinand Magellan (uFernão de Magalhães) wahlela uhambo lwaseSpain oluya e - East Indies okwaphumela ekuzungezeni umhlaba okokuqala ngqá. UMagellan akazange aphinde abuyele eYurophu njengoba abulawa abantu bomdabu ePhilippines ngo-1521.  Isivumelwano saseZaragoza, esasayinwa ngo-22 April 1529 phakathi kwePortugal neSpain, sachaza i-anti-meridian emgqeni wokwehlukanisa ochazwe eSivumelwaneni saseTordesillas.  Zonke lezi zici zenza iPortugal yaba elinye lamandla amakhulu ezomnotho, ezempi nezombusazwe emhlabeni kusukela ngekhulu le - 15 kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le - 16.
Ngemva kokubuya kukaChristopher Columbus, kwaphakama impikiswano phakathi kwePortugal neSpain, eyaxazululwa uPapa Alexander VI ngeSivumelwano SaseTordesillas. Ngokwalokhu kuvumelana okuhlanganyelwe, amazwe asanda kutholakala angaphandle kweYurophu ahlukaniswa phakathi kwala mazwe amabili emzileni oqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-370 entshonalanga yeziqhingi zaseCape Verde.