Ndapota ndipei ndaza pfupi yemirangariro inojekesa mativi akasiyana ehukama huri pakati pebasa noupenyu hwemhuri hunoitwa mundima iyi.
Context:Dzidziso dzinotonga dzeukama Dzidziso dzinoverengeka dzinotsanangura mativi akasiana-siana ehukama huri pakati pebasa noupenyu hwemhuri. Dzidziso yemiganhu nedzidziso yemiganhu ndiyo dzidziso mbiri dzinokosha idzo vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa kudzidza idzi nharo dzebasa. Dzimwe rondedzero dzakavakirwa panheyo dzeidzi rondedzero mbiri. Mumakumi maviri emakore kubvira pakatanga kurongwa pfungwa yemiganhu, kukura kweInformation and Communication Technologies (ICT) kwachinja zvikuru mararamiro evanhu pabasa. Basa zvino rinogona kupedzwa panguva ipi neipi uye munzvimbo ipi neipi, zvichireva kuti nzvimbo dzinowanzobatanidzwa uye miganhu haisipo.  Dzidziso nomwe dzakakosha dzakashandiswa kutsanangura ukama uhwu pamuganhu wemuganhu; Dzidziso idzi ndedzekuti: kushanda kwechimiro, kupatsanura, muripo, mubhadharo wekuwedzera uye wekugadzirisa, kusimudzira basa, kuwedzerwa, uye muenzaniso wekupfumisa basa.  Kushanda kwechimiro Midzi yedzidziso iyi inogona kuteverwa kudzokera kumavambo ezana ramakore rechi20, apo chinjo yemabhizimisi yakanga ichiparadzanisa basa rezvemari nomusha wemhuri. Kufambira mberi kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kwomuzana ramakore rechi19 mumashini nokugadzira zvinhu kwakatanga kuparadzanisa basa nemhuri. Zvisinei, kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20 kuti maonero okutanga enzira dzokushanda nadzo mumhuri akavamba kuumba. Structural-functionalism semumwe wemifungo yakakurumbira yemagariro evanhu yepakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 yakanga iri mukwikwidzi wechisikigo.  Dzidziso yechimiro chebasa, yakabuda mushure meHondo Yenyika II, yakanyanya kufurirwa nekushanduka kwemaindasitiri uye shanduko mumutambo wemagariro evarume nevakadzi munguva iyi. Iyi rondedzero inoreva kuti upenyu hunobatanidzwa zvikurukuru namativi maviri akaparadzana: upenyu hunobudirira hunoitika pabasa noupenyu hwomurangariro huri pamusha. Dzidziso yechimiro chokushanda inodavira kuvapo kwokuparadzaniswa kukuru pakati pebasa (sangano, nzvimbo yebasa, kana kuti musika) nemhuri. Maererano nedzidziso iyi, izvi zviviri (nzvimbo yebasa nemhuri) zvinoshanda zvakanaka "kana varume nevakadzi vakagadzira mabasa avo munzvimbo dzakasiyana, vakadzi vari pamba vachiita basa rinoratidza uye varume vari kubasa vachiita mabasa ekushandisa" (Kingsbury & Scanzoni, 1993; sezvakataurwa muna MacDermid, 2005: 18).  Masangano Ane Makaro Zvave zvichitaurwa kuti zvinetso zvebasa nemhuri, zvikurukuru zvinetso zvebasa, zvinogona kududzirwa maererano nepfungwa yaLewis A. Coser ye"masangano ane makaro". Aya masangano anonzi "makaro" mupfungwa yokuti anoita zvinodikanwa zvose-zvinobatanidza pakuzvipira nokuvimbika kwavanhu, uye anowanzoodza mwoyo kubatanidzwa mune dzimwe nharaunda dzomunzanga. Masangano akadai semasangano ezvitendero, mapoka, masangano edzidzo yepamusoro, mitambo yemhando yepamusoro, mauto nevakuru vakuru vakatsoropodzwa semasangano ane makaro. Pane rumwe rutivi,wo mhuri yave ichirondedzerwa sesangano rine makaro mukurangarira zvinodikanwa zvakaiswa pamutarisiri. Apo munhu anobatanidzwa mumasangano maviri ane makaro - kungava kuchengeta vana uye yunivhesiti, kana mhuri nemauto, kana vamwe - zvinetso zvomubato nebasa zvinomuka.  Kupatsanurwa Zvichienderana nedzidziso iyi basa nemhuri hazvibatanidzani, sezvo zvichikamuraniswa uye zvisingawirirani. Mabhuku anotaurawo nezvokushandiswa kwemashoko okuti kupatsanura, kuzvimiririra, kuparadzana, kusabatanidzwa, kusava nedivi kwavanotsigira, uye kusabatanidzwa kurondedzera pfungwa iyi.  Kubhadharwa Muna 1979, Piotrkowski akataura kuti maererano nedzidziso iyi vashandi "vanotarira kumisha yavo senzvimbo dzokuvanda, [uye] vanotarira kumhuri dzavo samanyuko egutsikano anoshaikwa munzvimbo yebasa". Chinosiyanisa dzidziso yokuripira nedzidziso dzapakuvamba ndechokuti, mu dzidziso yokuripira, kwenguva yokutanga, muuyo wakanaka webasa kumhuri wave uchizivikanwa.  Kuwedzera uye kugadzirisa mubhadharo Supplemental uye reactive muripo dzidziso vari dichotomies maviri muripo dzidziso izvo dzakabudirira mukupera 1980s uye mangwanani 1990s. Nepo mubhadharo dzidziso rinorondedzera maitiro vashandi mukutsvaka imwe mubayiro mune imwe nharaunda, zvokuwedzera uye reactive mubhadharo dzidziso vanoedza kutsanangura chikonzero shure basa <unk> mhuri mubhadharo maitiro vashandi.  Dzidziso yekuvandudza mabasa Maererano nedzidziso iyi, kubatanidzwa kwemabasa akati kune migumisiro yakanaka pane kuipa pautano. Iyi rondedzero inotaura kuti kutora rutivi mune rimwe basa kunoitwa kuri nani kana kuti kuri nyore nemhaka yokutora rutivi mune rimwe basa. Uyezve, dzidziso iyi inobvuma kukanganisa kwehukama hwebasa nemhuri, umo, chete kupfuura muganhu wepamusoro unogona kuwedzerwa uye kushungurudzika kunogona kuitika, zvisinei, pfungwa huru yemaonero aya inonyanya kukanganisa kushanda uye ukama hwemhuri, zvakadai sekusimudzira zvinhu.  Muenzaniso wokupfumisa basa Iyi rondedzero ndeimwe yemienzaniso ichangobva kuitika yokutsanangura ukama huri pakati pebasa nemhuri. Maererano nomuenzaniso uyu, ruzivo mune rimwe basa (basa kana mhuri) kuchawedzera unhu hwoupenyu mune rimwe basa. Nemamwe mashoko, muenzaniso uyu unoedza kutsanangura migumisiro yakanaka yeukama hwemhuri nebasa.
- Structural Functionalism: Theory of structural functionalism inoratidza kuti upenyu hwakanyatsoparadzaniswa pakati pebasa, apo upenyu hunobudirira hunoitika, uye upenyu hwepamusha kana hwemhuri umo upenyu hune chokuita nemanzwiro hunoitika.  - Masangano ane makaro: Dzidziso yemasangano ane makaro inoti masangano anoita zvinodikanwa zvikuru kuvanhu, uye anodzivisa kutora chikamu kwevanhu mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzevanhu kana masangano, zvichitungamirira kukakavadzana apo zvinodikanwa zvinokwikwidzana zvinomuka.  - Kupatsanurwa: Dzidziso yokupatsanurwa inotaura kuti basa noupenyu hwemhuri zvakaparadzaniswa zvizere kana kuti zvakaparadzaniswa kubva kune mumwe nomumwe uye naizvozvo hazvipesani.  -Kuripwa: Dzidziso yokuripwa inotaura kuti vanhu vanowana utiziro kubasa nokushayikwa kwahwo muupenyu hwavo hwemumba uye kugutsikana kunobva kumhuri dzavo.  -Supplemental and Reactive Compensation: Supplemental and reactive compensation ndiyo dzidziso mbiri dzinorondedzera nzira idzo vanhu vanotevera dzimwe nzira dzokugutsikana noupenyu pavanenge vakabatwa pakati pebasa nemhuri.  - Kuvandudza basa: Dzidziso yokuvandudza basa inotaura kuti kubatanidzwa mune imwe nharaunda yenzanga kunogona kuwedzera kugutsikana uye kubatanidzwa mune imwe - kusvikira kumiganhu yakati kupfuura iyo kuwandisa kunogona kuitika.  - Work Enrichment Model: Dzidziso yekupfumiswa kwebasa inoedza kutsanangura kuti ruzivo mune rimwe basa kana nzvimbo yemagariro rinogona sei kuwedzera kana kuwedzera kugutsikana mune imwe. Nenzira iyi, muenzaniso wokupfumisa basa wakafanana nedzidziso yokusimudzira basa.