Wayengubani uRosa Parks?
Context:URosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 <unk> October 24, 2005) wayengumshikashika waseMelika emkhankasweni wamalungelo omphakathi owaziwa kakhulu ngeqhaza lakhe elibalulekile ekushayweni kwamabhasi eMontgomery. I-United States Congress yamdumisa ngokuthi "unkosikazi wokuqala wamalungelo abantu" nangokuthi "umama wenhlangano elwela inkululeko". UParks waba yisishoshovu se-NAACP ngo-1943, wabamba iqhaza emikhankasweni eminingana yamalungelo ezakhamizi ephezulu. Ngo-December 1, 1955, eMontgomery, e-Alabama, uParks wenqaba umyalo womshayeli webhasi uJames F. Blake wokushiya umugqa wezihlalo ezine esigabeni "sabantu abanemibala" ukuze athole umgibeli omhlophe, uma sekugcwaliswe isigaba "sabantu abamhlophe". UParks wayengeyena umuntu wokuqala ukumelana nokuhlukaniswa kwamabhasi, kodwa iNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) yayikholelwa ukuthi wayengumuntu ongcono kakhulu wokubona inselelo yasenkantolo ngemuva kokuboshwa kwakhe ngenxa yokungalaleli komphakathi ngokwephula imithetho yokuhlukaniswa kwabantu e-Alabama, futhi wasiza ukukhuthaza umphakathi wabamnyama ukuthi babhikishe amabhasi aseMontgomery isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Leli cala lagcina selingaphumeleli ezinkantolo zombuso, kodwa icala likahulumeni laseMontgomery ibhasi uBrowder v. Gayle laholela esinqumweni sikaNovemba 1956 sokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhasi akuhambisani nomthethosisekelo ngaphansi kwe-Equal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se-14 soMthethosisekelo wase-U.S.  Isenzo sikaParks sokungalaleli nokuvinjelwa kwamabhasi aseMontgomery kwaba izimpawu ezibalulekile zalokhu kuhamba. Waba yisithonjana somhlaba wonke sokumelana nokuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga, futhi wahlela futhi wabambisana nabaholi bamalungelo abantu, kufaka phakathi u-Edgar Nixon noMartin Luther King Jr. Ngaleso sikhathi, uPark wayesebenza njengomthungi esitolo sendawo futhi wayengunobhala wesigaba saseMontgomery se-NAACP. Muva nje wayeseHighlander Folk School, isikhungo saseTennessee sokuqeqesha izishoshovu zamalungelo ezisebenzi nokulingana ngokobuhlanga. Yize ahlonishwa kakhulu eminyakeni eyalandela, naye wahlupheka ngenxa yesenzo sakhe; waxoshwa emsebenzini wakhe, futhi wathola izinsongo zokubulawa iminyaka eminingi ngemuva kwalokho. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvinjelwa, wathuthela eDetroit, lapho athola khona umsebenzi ofanayo okwesikhashana. Kusukela ngo-1965 kuya ku-1988, wasebenza njengonobhala nomamukeli kuJohn Conyers, ummeleli wase-Afrika-waseMelika wase-US. Wayephinde asebenze emkhankasweni weBlack Power futhi esekela iziboshwa zezombusazwe e-US.  Ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, uParks wabhala umlando wakhe futhi waqhubeka ephikelela ngokuthi kwakunomsebenzi omningi okwakumelwe wenziwe ekulweni nobulungisa. Amapaki athola ukuqashelwa kuzwelonke, kufaka phakathi i-NAACP's 1979 Spingarn Medal, i-Presidential Medal of Freedom, i-Congressional Gold Medal, kanye nesithombe esenziwe ngemuva kokufa e-United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. Lapho eshona ngo-2005, waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukulala ngenhlonipho eCapitol Rotunda. ICalifornia neMissouri zikhumbula uSuku LukaRosa Parks ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa, ngo-February 4, kuyilapho i-Ohio, i-Oregon, neTexas zikhumbula usuku lokuboshwa kwakhe, ngo-December 1.
URosa Louise McCauley Parks, owazalwa ngoFebhuwari 4, 1913 wayeyisishoshovu saseMelika emkhankasweni wamalungelo abantu owaziwa kakhulu ngeqhaza lakhe elibalulekile ekushayweni kwamabhasi eMontgomery. I-United States Congress yamdumisa ngokuthi "unkosikazi wokuqala wamalungelo abantu" nangokuthi "umama wenhlangano elwela inkululeko". UParks waba yisishoshovu se-NAACP ngo-1943, wabamba iqhaza emikhankasweni eminingana yamalungelo ezakhamizi ephezulu. Ngo-December 1, 1955, eMontgomery, e-Alabama, uParks wenqaba umyalo womshayeli webhasi uJames F. Blake wokushiya umugqa wezihlalo ezine esigabeni "sabantu abanemibala" ukuze athole umgibeli omhlophe, uma sekugcwaliswe isigaba "sabantu abamhlophe". UParks wayengeyena umuntu wokuqala ukumelana nokuhlukaniswa kwamabhasi, kodwa iNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) yayikholelwa ukuthi wayengumuntu ongcono kakhulu wokubona inselelo yasenkantolo ngemuva kokuboshwa kwakhe ngenxa yokungalaleli komphakathi ngokwephula imithetho yokuhlukaniswa kwabantu e-Alabama, futhi wasiza ukukhuthaza umphakathi wabamnyama ukuthi babhikishe amabhasi aseMontgomery isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Leli cala lagcina selingaphumeleli ezinkantolo zombuso, kodwa icala likahulumeni laseMontgomery ibhasi uBrowder v. Gayle laholela esinqumweni sikaNovemba 1956 sokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhasi akuhambisani nomthethosisekelo ngaphansi kwe-Equal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se-14 soMthethosisekelo wase-U.S.  Isenzo sikaParks sokungalaleli nokuvinjelwa kwamabhasi aseMontgomery kwaba izimpawu ezibalulekile zalokhu kuhamba. Waba yisithonjana somhlaba wonke sokumelana nokuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga, futhi wahlela futhi wabambisana nabaholi bamalungelo abantu, kufaka phakathi u-Edgar Nixon noMartin Luther King Jr. Ngaleso sikhathi, uPark wayesebenza njengomthungi esitolo sendawo futhi wayengunobhala wesigaba saseMontgomery se-NAACP. Muva nje wayeseHighlander Folk School, isikhungo saseTennessee sokuqeqesha izishoshovu zamalungelo ezisebenzi nokulingana ngokobuhlanga. Yize ahlonishwa kakhulu eminyakeni eyalandela, naye wahlupheka ngenxa yesenzo sakhe; waxoshwa emsebenzini wakhe, futhi wathola izinsongo zokubulawa iminyaka eminingi ngemuva kwalokho. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvinjelwa, wathuthela eDetroit, lapho athola khona umsebenzi ofanayo okwesikhashana. Kusukela ngo-1965 kuya ku-1988, wasebenza njengonobhala nomamukeli kuJohn Conyers, ummeleli wase-Afrika-waseMelika wase-US. Wayephinde asebenze emkhankasweni weBlack Power futhi esekela iziboshwa zezombusazwe e-US.  Ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, uParks wabhala umlando wakhe futhi waqhubeka ephikelela ngokuthi kwakunomsebenzi omningi okwakumelwe wenziwe ekulweni nobulungisa. Amapaki athola ukuqashelwa kuzwelonke, kufaka phakathi i-NAACP's 1979 Spingarn Medal, i-Presidential Medal of Freedom, i-Congressional Gold Medal, kanye nesithombe esenziwe ngemuva kokufa e-United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. Lapho eshona ngo-2005, waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukulala ngenhlonipho eCapitol Rotunda. ICalifornia neMissouri zikhumbula uSuku LukaRosa Parks ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa, ngo-February 4, kuyilapho i-Ohio, i-Oregon, neTexas zikhumbula usuku lokuboshwa kwakhe, ngo-December 1.