Ndipei pfupiso pfupi yeIndustrial Revolution
Context:Shanduko yeIndasitiri yaive shanduko kune matsva ekugadzira maitiro muGreat Britain, kondinendi yeEurope, neUnited States, izvo zvakaitika mukati menguva kubva munenge muna 1760 kusvika munenge muna 1820-1840. Iyi chinjo yaibatanidza kuenda kubva kunzira dzokubudisa namaoko kuenda kumichina; kugadzirwa kwemakemikoro matsva uye mitoo yokugadzira simbi; kushandiswa kunowedzera kwesimba remvura nesimba remhepo; kuvandudzwa kwemichina yematurusi; uye kusimuka kwegadziriro yefekitari ine michina. Kubudiswa kwakawedzera zvikuru, uye mugumisiro wakanga uri wedzero isingaenzaniswi munhamba yavagari vemo nomumwero wokukura kwavagari vemo. Indasitiri yemachira ndiyo yakatanga kushandisa nzira dzemazuva ano dzokugadzira zvinhu, uye indasitiri yemachira ndiyo yakava indasitiri inonyanya kushandiswa maererano nevashandi, kukosha kwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa, uye mari inoshandiswa.  Shanduko yeIndasitiri yakatanga muGreat Britain, uye zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvitsva zvokugadzira zvinhu uye zvokuvaka zvakabva kuBritain. Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi18, Britain yakanga yava nyika inotungamirira munyika mune zvokutengeserana, ichidzora umambo hwenyika yose hwekutengeserana nemakoroni muNorth America neCaribbean. Britain yakanga ine simba guru rezvemauto uye rezvematongerwo enyika muIndia; kunyanya neProto-indasitiri Mughal Bengal, kuburikidza nemabasa eEast India Company. Kukura kwezvokutengeserana nokukura kwebhizimisi zvakanga zviri pakati pezvikonzero zvikuru zveShanduko yeIndasitiri.  Shanduko yeIndasitiri yakaratidza kuchinja kukuru munhau. Inogona kuenzaniswa bedzi nokugamuchira kworudzi rwomunhu kurima pamusoro pokubudirira mune zvokunyama, Shanduko yeIndasitiri yakapesvedzera munzira yakati rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Zvikurukuru, avhareji yemari uye huwandu hwevanhu zvakatanga kuratidza kukura kwakasimba kusati kwamboitika. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzezveupfumi dzakataura kuti mugumisiro unokosha zvikuru weIndustrial Revolution waiva wokuti mwero wokurarama kwevanhu vose munyika yokuMadokero wakatanga kuwedzera nguva dzose kwenguva yokutanga munhau, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vakataura kuti hauna kutanga kuvandudzika zvinonzwisisika kutozosvikira pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nerechi20. GDP pamunhu yakanga yakanyatsogadzikana pamberi peShanduko yeIndasitiri uye kubuda kwehupfumi hwemazuva ano hwehupfumi, nepo Shanduko yeIndasitiri yakatanga nguva yekukura kwehupfumi pamunhu mune hupfumi hwehupfumi. Vanyori venhau dzezvemari vanobvumirana kuti kutanga kweBudiriro yeIndasitiri ndicho chiitiko chinokosha zvikurusa munhau yomunhu chibviro chokupfuya mhuka nezvirimwa.  Kutanga chaiko nekuguma kweIndustrial Revolution kuchiri kukakavadzana pakati pevanyori venhoroondo, sezvakaita kumhanya kweshanduko dzehupfumi nemagariro. Eric Hobsbawm akati Industrial Revolution yakatanga muBritain muma1780 uye haina kunzwika zvizere kusvika kuma1830 kana kuma1840, nepo TS Ashton akati zvakaitika pakati pa1760 na1830. Kuvandudza nekukurumidza kwekutanga kwakatanga muBritain, kutanga nemichina yemachira yakatenderera muma1780, iine huwandu hwakakura hwekukura kwesimba remhepo uye kugadzirwa kwesimbi kunoitika mushure megore ra1800. Kugadzirwa kwemicheka kunogadzirwa nemichina kwakapararira kubva kuGreat Britain kuenda kuEurope uye kuUnited States mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi19, nenzvimbo dzakakosha dzemicheka, simbi uye marasha dzichibuda muBelgium neUnited States uye gare gare micheka muFrance.  Kuderera kweupfumi kwakaitika kubva mukupera kwema1830 kusvika kutanga kwema1840 apo kugamuchirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva zvekutanga zveIndustrial Revolution, zvakadai sekugadzira michina uye kuruka, kwakaderera uye misika yavo yakakura. Zvinhu zvitsva zvakagadzirwa mukupera kwenguva yacho, zvakadai sokugamuchirwa kunowedzera kwemotokari, steamboats uye steamships, uye kupisa kupisa kwesimbi. Unyanzvi hutsva hwakadai setelegraph yemagetsi, yakatangwa zvikuru muma1840 nema1850, yakanga isina simba rakakwana rokutungamirira mwero wakakwirira wokukura. Kukura kwezvemari nokukurumidza kwakatanga kuitika pashure pa 1870, kuchibva muboka idzva rezvinhu zvitsva mune izvo zvakatumidzwa kuti Second Industrial Revolution. Zvinhu zvitsva izvi zvaisanganisira nzira itsva dzokugadzira simbi, kugadzirwa kwezvizhinji, mitsetse yokuunganidza, masisitimu emagetsi, kugadzirwa kwemashini esimbi pamwero mukuru, uye kushandiswa kwemichina inopfuurira mberi mumafekitari anofambiswa nemhepo
Shanduko yeIndasitiri yakatanga muGreat Britain, Europe yekondinendi neUnited States. Yakachinja kugadzirwa kubva pakushanda nevanhu vakawanda kuenda pakushandisa michina. Rakafukidza nhambo inobva munenge muna 1760 kusvikira kuna 1820-1840. Kwakanga kuri kufambira mberi kukuru uko kunongoenzaniswa bedzi nokugamuchirwa kworudzi rwomunhu kwokurima nokuraramiswa kwemhuka.