Zvichienderana nerugwaro rwekuverengera, ipa pfupiso yakapfupika yezvinangwa zvikuru zveFederal Reserve
Context:Sangano reFederal Reserve System (rinowanzoshandurwa kuti Federal Reserve, kana kuti Fed) ndiro sangano rebhangi guru reUnited States. Yakasikwa musi waZvita 23, 1913, nekubvumidzwa kweFederal Reserve Act, mushure mekutyisa kwemari (kunyanya kutya kwa1907) kwakatungamira kuchishuwo chekutonga kwepakati pesisitimu yemari kuitira kudzikisira matambudziko emari. [rondedzero 1] Kwemakore, zviitiko zvakaita seKuderera Kukuru mu1930s uye Kuderera Kukuru mukati memakore a2000 zvakatungamira mukuwedzera kwemabasa nemabasa eFederal Reserve System.  Congress yakagadza zvinangwa zvikuru zvitatu zvemitemo yemari muFederal Reserve Act: kuwedzera basa, kudzikamisa mitengo, uye kuderedza mitengo yemari yenguva refu. Zvinangwa zviviri zvokutanga dzimwe nguva zvinonzi basa rakapetwa reFederal Reserve. Mabasa ayo akawedzera mumakore, uye parizvino anosanganisirawo kutarisa nekugadzirisa mabhangi, kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwehurongwa hwemari, uye kupa mabasa emari kumasangano ekuchengetedza, hurumende yeU.S., uye masangano ekunze ekunze. Fed inoitawo tsvakurudzo pamusoro pezvoupfumi uye inopa zvinyorwa zvakawanda, zvakadai seBeige Book uye FRED database.  Sangano reFederal Reserve System rinoumbwa nematanho anoverengeka. Inotungamirirwa nebhodhi revatongi rinogadzwa napurezidhendi kana kuti Federal Reserve Board (FRB). Mabhangi eFederal Reserve gumi nemaviri emunharaunda, ari mumaguta munyika yose, anodzora nokuona mabhangi ezvokutengeserana akazvimirira. Mabhangi ezvokutengeserana akasarudzwa munyika yose anodikanwa kuti ave nemasheya, uye anogona kusarudza dzimwe nhengo dzebhodhi, Federal Reserve Bank yedunhu ravo.  Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) inogadza mutemo wemari. Iyo inoumbwa nenhengo dzose nomwe dzebhodhi ravatongi uye mapurezidhendi gumi nemaviri enharaunda yeFederal Reserve Bank, kunyange zvazvo mapurezidhendi emabhangi mashanu bedzi achivhota panguva imwe chete - purezidhendi weNew York Fed nevamwe vana vanochinjana kuburikidza nemitemo yokuvhota yegore rimwe. Kunewo makurukota akasiyana-siyana anopa mazano.[rondedzero 2] Iine chimiro chakasarudzika pakati pemabhangi epakati, uye zvakare chisina kujairika mukuti United States Department of Treasury, sangano riri kunze kwebhangi repakati, rinodhinda mari inoshandiswa.  Hurumende yemubatanidzwa inogadza mibairo yavatongi vanomwe vebhodhi, uye inogamuchira mhindu yegore negore yose yesangano racho, pashure pokunge migove yezvitsama zvemari yemabhangi ari mitezo yabhadharwa, uye chengetedzo yeakaundi inochengetwa. Muna 2015, Federal Reserve yakawana mari inosvika mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri emadhora uye yakashandura mabhiriyoni mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemanomwe emadhora kuHurumende yeUnited States, uye mari ya2020 yaive madhora mazana masere nemakumi masere nematanhatu emadhora nemari yekutumira kuHurumende yeUnited States yemadhora mazana masere nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe emadhora. Kunyange zvazvo chiri chishandiso chehurumende yeU.S., Federal Reserve System inozviona "sebhangi guru rakazvimirira nemhaka yokuti zvisarudzo zvaro zvetsika yemari hazvifaniri kubvumirwa napurezidhendi kana kuti nomumwe munhu upi noupi ari mumapazi anotonga kana kuti anopa mitemo ehurumende, harigamuchiri mari inopiwa neCongress, uye miganhu yenhengo dzebhodhi ravatongi inotambanudza miganhu yakawanda yapurezidhendi neCongress".
Zvinangwa zvikuru zveFederal Reserve ndezvokuwedzera basa, kudzikamisa mitengo, uye mwero wemiyero yemari yomubereko yenguva refu.