Pasina kunokora mashoko zvakananga kubva murugwaro, ndipei pfupiso yeJames Webb Space Telescope?
Context:The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope currently conducting infrared astronomy. Sezvo iri iyo teresikopu hombe pane dzose dziri muchadenga, yakagadzirirwa midziyo ine unyanzvi hwokuona zvinhu zvakakura uye inonzwisisika, ichibvumira kuti ione zvinhu zvekare zvikuru, zviri kure, kana kuti zvisingaoneki zvakanaka neHubble Space Telescope. Izvi zvinobvumira kuongorora muminda mizhinji yezvomuchadenga uye cosmology, zvakadai sokucherechedza nyeredzi dzokutanga, kuumbwa kwemapoka enyeredzi okutanga, uye tsanangudzo yakadzama yemhepo yezvinhu zvinenge zvichirarama kune dzimwe nyika.  U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) yakatungamirira kugadzirwa kweJWST uye kushanda pamwe chete nemasangano makuru maviri: European Space Agency (ESA) uye Canadian Space Agency (CSA). NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) muMaryland yakatarisira kugadzirwa kweteresikopu, nepo Space Telescope Science Institute muBaltimore paHomewood Campus yeJohns Hopkins University parizvino inoshanda JWST. Muvaki mukuru wechirongwa chacho akanga ari Northrop Grumman. Teleskopu iyi yakatumidzwa zita raJames E. Webb, uyo akanga ari mutariri weNASA kubva muna 1961 kusvika muna 1968 panguva yemapurogiramu eMercury, Gemini, uye Apollo.  James Webb Space Telescope yakatangwa musi wa25 Zvita 2021 paAriane 5 roketi kubva kuKourou, French Guiana, uye yakasvika paSun<unk>Earth L2 Lagrange poindi muna Ndira 2022. Mufananidzo wekutanga weJWST wakaburitswa kuruzhinji kuburikidza nemusangano wenhau musi wa11 Chikunguru 2022.  Girazi guru reJWST rine zvikamu 18 zvegirazi rine mativi matanhatu zvakagadzirwa neberyllium yakafukidzwa nendarama, izvo zvakabatanidzwa zvinogadzira girazi rine dhayamita yemamita 6,5, zvichienzaniswa nemamita 2,4 reHubble. Izvi zvinopa JWST nzvimbo yokuunganidza chiedza inenge 25 mativi emamita, yakapetwa kanenge katanhatu pane yeHubble. Kusiyana neHubble, iyo inocherekedza mu ultraviolet yepedyo uye inooneka (0.1 kusvika 0.8 μm), uye pedyo ne infrared (0.8<unk>2.5 μm) spectra, JWST inocherekedza yakaderera frequency renji, kubva pakureba kwemafungu anooneka mwenje (tsvuku) kuburikidza nepakati infrared (0.6<unk>28.3 μm). Teresikopu inofanira kuchengetwa iri kutonhora zvikuru, pasi pe50 K (−223 °C; −370 °F), zvokuti chiedza chechiedza chisina kupiswa chinobudiswa neteresikopu pachayo hachipesani nechiedza chakaunganidzwa. Yakagadzirirwa muzuva pedyo neZuva-Nyika L2 Lagrange point, anenge mamiriyoni 1.5 makiromita (930,000 mi) kubva kuNyika, uko sunshield yayo ine zvikamu zvishanu inodzivirira kubva pakupisa kweZuva, Nyika, uye Mwedzi.  Magadzirirwo okutanga eteresikopu yacho, yakazonzi Next Generation Space Telescope, akatanga muna 1996. Zvidzidzo zviviri zvepfungwa zvakarayirwa muna 1999, nokuda kwokutanga kunobvira muna 2007 uye bhajeti yeUS $ 1 bhiriyoni. Chirongwa ichi chakatambudzwa nekuwedzeredzwa kwemari uye kunonoka; kugadziriswazve kukuru muna 2005 kwakatungamira kune nzira yazvino, nekuvakwa kwakapedzwa muna 2016 nemutengo wakazara weUS $ 10 bhiriyoni. Mugariro une ngozi zvikuru wokutanga uye kuoma kunzwisisa kweteresikopu wakataurwa nezvako namapepanhau, masayendisiti, uye mainjiniya.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) isati telescope uye mutsivi yakakurumbira Hubble Space Telescope. JWST yakavhurwa musi wa25 Zvita, 2021. Kugadzirwa kweJWST kwakatungamirirwa neNorth American Space Agency (NASA) mukubatana neEuropean Space Agency (ESA), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), John Hopkins University, The Goddard Space Flight Center (GFSC) uye Northrup Grumman  JWST ine magirazi gumi nemasere ane chimiro chehexagonal akagadzirwa neberyllium yakashongedzwa nendarama achigadzira girazi rine dhayamita yemamita matanhatu nemashanu zvichiita kuti ikwanise kuunganidza chiedza chakawanda zvakapetwa katanhatu pane chinonzi Hubble Space Telescope. JWST ine michina inokwanisa kuona chiedza chine mafambiro akaderera uye chine mafungu akareba, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kuona chiedza chiri pedyo nechepakati pechiedza cheinfrared spectrum.  Kugadzirwa kweJWST kwakatanga muna 1996 uye kwakatambudzwa nekudhura kwemari uye kunonoka kunoguma nekugadziriswazve muna 2005 izvo zvakatungamira kugadzirwa kwekupedzisira kweJWST. Iye zvino JWST iri mumugwagwa unotenderera zuva uri pedyo neL2 Lagrange point, anenge makiromita mamiriyoni 1,5 kubva panyika.