Ziyini izindlela zokuzivikela?
Context:Izazi zemfundiso ehlukile zinokuhlukaniswa okuhlukile kanye nemiqondo yezinqubo zokuzivikela. Ukubuyekezwa okukhulu kwemibono yezinqubo zokuzivikela kuyatholakala kuPaulhus, Fridhandler and Hayes (1997) nakuCramer (1991). I - Journal of Personality yanyathelisa umagazini okhethekile okhuluma ngezindlela zokuzivikela (1998).  Encwadini yokuqala ephathelene nezindlela zokuzivikela, ethi The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936), u-Anna Freud wabala izindlela zokuzivikela eziyishumi ezibonakala emisebenzini kayise, uSigmund Freud: ukucindezelwa, ukuhlehla, ukwakheka kokusabela, ukuhlukaniswa, ukubhujiswa, ukuqagela, ukungena ngaphakathi, ukuphendukela kumuntu wakho, ukuguqulwa kube okuphambene, kanye nokwehliswa noma ukufuduka.  USigmund Freud waveza ukuthi izindlela zokuzivikela zisebenza ngokuguqula izifiso zobuntu zibe amafomu amukelekayo, noma ngokuvimbela ngokungazi noma ngokuqaphela lezi zifiso. U-Anna Freud wayebheka izindlela zokuzivikela njengezinto ezizenzakalelayo ezingokwengqondo nezingokwenyama ezinamazinga ahlukahlukene obucayi, ezavela enqubweni yokufunda okungazenzakaleli nokuzithandela.  U-Anna Freud wethula umqondo wokukhathazeka okuyisibonakaliso; wathi "kwakungekhona ukungezwani okuqondile okungokwemvelo kodwa kwakuyisibonakaliso esivela ku-ego sokungezwani okungokwemvelo okulindelekile". Ngakho umsebenzi wokubonisa izinkathazo wawubhekwa njengobalulekile, futhi wawuhlelwe ngokwemvelo ukuze uxwayise umzimba ngengozi noma usongo ekulinganiseni kwawo. Ukukhathazeka kuzwakala njengokwanda kokucindezeleka okungokomzimba noma okungokwengqondo, futhi isignali umzimba oyithola ngale ndlela ivumela ukuba kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngokuphathelene nengozi ebhekwayo.  Bobabili oFreud bafunda izindlela zokuzivikela, kodwa u-Anna wasebenzisa isikhathi sakhe esiningi nocwaningo lwakhe ezindleleni ezinhlanu eziyinhloko: ukucindezela, ukuhlehla, ukuqagela, ukwakheka kokusabela, nokwehliswa. Zonke izindlela zokuzivikela ziyindlela yokuphendula ekukhathazekeni nokuthi ukwazi nokungazi kusingatha kanjani ukucindezeleka kwesimo senhlalo.  Ukucindezelwa: lapho umuzwa ufihlwa futhi uphoqelelwa usuke ekwazini uye kokungazi ngoba ubhekwa njengongavumelekile emphakathini Ukuhlehla: ukubuyela emuva esimweni sokuqala sokuthuthuka ngokwengqondo/ngokomzimba okubhekwa "njengokufuna okuncane nokuphephile" Ukuqagela: ukuba nomuzwa obhekwa njengongamukeleki emphakathini futhi esikhundleni sokubhekana nawo, lowo muzwa noma "isifiso esingaqondakali" kubonakala ezenzweni zabanye abantu Ukwakheka kokusabela: ukwenza okuphambene nalokho okungaqondakali okuyala umuntu ukuba aziphathe, "ngokuvamile ngokweqile nangokuthambekela". Ngokwesibonelo, uma inkosikazi ithandana nomuntu ongeyena umyeni wayo, ukusabela okungokwemvelo kungase kuyenze ukuba <unk> esikhundleni sokungathembeki <unk> iphileleke ekuboniseni umyeni wayo izimpawu zothando nothando. Ukwehliswa: okubhekwa njengendlela eyamukeleka kakhulu, ukuveza ukukhathazeka ngezindlela ezamukelekayo emphakathini U-Otto F. Kernberg (1967) wasungula inkolelo-mbono yokuhlelwa kobuntu obungaphansi komkhawulo okungenzeka ukuthi kungumphumela wokuphazamiseka kobuntu obungaphansi komkhawulo. Umbono wakhe usekelwe embonweni wobudlelwane bezinto ezingokwengqondo. Ukuhleleka kobuntu obungasemngceleni kwenzeka lapho umntwana engakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinto ezingokwengqondo eziwusizo nezingeyona ingozi ndawonye. UKernberg ubheka ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zokuzivikela zokuqala njengokubalulekile kule nhlangano yobuntu. Izindlela zokuzivikela zokuqala ezingokwengqondo ziwukugxila, ukuphika, ukuhlukana noma ukuhlukana futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izindlela zokuzivikela ezisemngceleni. Futhi, ukwehla kwenani kanye nokuhlonza okucatshangelwayo kubhekwa njengezindlela zokuzivikela ezisemngceleni.  Ngokwehlukaniswa kukaGeorge Eman Vaillant (1977), izivikelo zakha i-continuum ehlobene nezinga labo lokuthuthuka kwengqondo. Zihlukaniswa zaba izivikelo ze-pathological, immature, neurotic and "mature".  Umbono kaRobert Plutchik (1979) ubheka ukuzivikela njengokuvela emizweni eyisisekelo, nayo ehlobene nezakhiwo ezithile zokuxilonga. Ngokusho kombono wakhe, ukwakheka kokuphendula kuhlobene nenjabulo (nezici ze-manic), ukwenqaba kuhlobene nokwamukelwa (nezici ze-histrionic), ukucindezelwa kokwesaba (nokuphazamiseka), ukubuyela emuva kokumangala (nezici zomngcele), isinxephezelo sosizi (nokucindezeleka), ukuqagela ekuzondeni (nokucasuka), ukufuduka ekufuthekeni (nobutha) kanye nokuqonda kulindelwe (nokuphazamiseka).  I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) eyanyatheliswa yi-American Psychiatric Association (1994) ifaka i-axis yokuxilonga yokuzivikela. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusekelwe kakhulu embonweni kaVaillant wokuzivikela, kodwa kunezinguquko ezithile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa: ukuphika, ukucabanga, ukucabanga okunengqondo, ukuhlehla, ukuhlukaniswa, ukuvezwa, nokususwa.
Kunezincazelo eziningi zendlela yokuzivikela esekelwe emibonweni ehlukene. Ngokuvamile, izindlela zokuzivikela ziyindlela abantu abaphendula ngayo ekukhathazekeni nokuthi ukwazi nokungazi kulawula kanjani ukucindezeleka kwesimo senhlalo. Ezinye zezindlela zokuzivikela ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:  Ukucindezela: ukuphoqelela umuzwa kusuka ekwazini kuya kokungazi ngoba kubhekwa njengokungamukeleki emphakathini  Ukuhlehla: ukubuyela emuva esimweni sokuqala sokuthuthuka ngokwengqondo/ngokomzimba okubhekwa njengokungafuni kakhulu futhi okuphephile  Ukuqagela: ukuba nomuzwa obhekwa njengongamukeleki emphakathini futhi esikhundleni sokubhekana nawo, lowo muzwa noma "isifiso esingaqondakali" kubonakala ezenzweni zabanye abantu  Ukwakheka kokusabela: ukwenza okuphambene nalokho okungaqondakali okuyala umuntu ukuba aziphathe, "ngokuvamile ngokweqile nangokuthambekela". Ngokwesibonelo, uma inkosikazi ithandana nomuntu ongeyena umyeni wayo, ukusabela okungokwemvelo kungase kuyenze ukuba <unk> esikhundleni sokungathembeki <unk> iphileleke ekuboniseni umyeni wayo izimpawu zothando nothando.  Ukwehliswa: okubhekwa njengendlela eyamukeleka kakhulu, ukuveza ukukhathazeka ngezindlela ezamukelekayo emphakathini