Ukugibela amabhayisikili asezintabeni kwaqala nini?
Context:Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1800 Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala zamabhayisikili aguqulwe ngokukhethekile ukuze asetshenziswe ngaphandle komgwaqo kwakuwuhambo lwamaBuffalo Soldiers olusuka eMissoula, eMontana, luya e-Yellowstone ngo-Agasti 1896.  Iminyaka yo-1900 kuya ku-1960 Amabhayisikili ayesetshenziswa ngaphandle komgwaqo ngabagibeli bamabhayisikili abagijima emigwaqweni ababesebenzisa i-cyclocross njengendlela yokulondoloza isimo somzimba ebusika. I-cyclo-cross yagcina isiwumdlalo ngokwawo ngawo-1940, kanti ubuqhawe bomhlaba bokuqala benzeka ngo-1950.  I-Rough Stuff Fellowship yasungulwa ngo-1955 ngabashayeli bamabhayisikili abahamba ngaphandle komgwaqo e-United Kingdom.  E-Oregon ngo-1966, ilungu elilodwa leqembu leChemeketan, uD. Gwynn, lakha ibhayisikili lomgwaqo onzima. Wayiqamba ngokuthi "ibhayisikili lasentabeni" ngenxa yendawo eyayihloselwe ukuyisebenzisa. Lokhu kungase kube ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwalelo gama.  ENgilandi ngo-1968, uGeoff Apps, umgibeli wamabhayisikili, waqala ukuhlola imiklamo yamabhayisikili angahambi emgwaqweni. Ngo-1979 wayesekhiqize ibhayisikili elingasindi elenziwe ngokwezifiso elalifaneleka ngokukhethekile ezimweni zasemgwaqweni ezimanzi nezinodaka ezitholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNgilandi. Zenzelwe amasondo eqhwa aseNokian angu-2 intshi x 650b nakuba kwakhiqizwa nenguqulo engu-700x47c (28 in.) Lezi zathengiswa ngaphansi komkhiqizo weCleland Cycles kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kuka-1984. Amabhayisikili asuselwa ekwakhiweni kweCleland nawo ayethengiswa yi-English Cycles ne-Highpath Engineering kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-1990.  Iminyaka yo-1970 kuya ku-1980 Kwakunamaqembu amaningana abagibeli ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zase-U.S.A. abangenza izimangalo ezizwakalayo zokubamba iqhaza ekuzalweni kwalo mdlalo. Abagibeli baseCrested Butte, eColorado, naseMill Valley, eCalifornia, balungisa amabhayisikili futhi bawavumelanisa nobunzima bokugibela ngaphandle komgwaqo. Amabhayisikili asindayo ashintshiwe, amabhayisikili amadala angama-1930 nama-1940 ama-Schwinn afakwe amabhuleki angcono namasondo amafutha, asetshenziselwa ukuhamba ngezinyawo ezintabeni zaseMarin County, eCalifornia, maphakathi nawo-1970 kuya ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970. Ngaleso sikhathi, zazingekho amabhayisikili asezintabeni. Okhokho bokuqala bamabhayisikili asezintabeni banamuhla babesekelwe emafreyimu avela emabhayisikili e-cruiser njengalawo enziwe nguSchwinn. I-Schwinn Excelsior yayiwuhlaka olukhethiwe ngenxa yokwakheka kwalo. Abagibeli babesebenzisa ama-cruiser adinwe ibhaluni futhi bawalungisa ngamagiya kanye ne-motocross noma i-BMX-style handlebars, bakha "ama-klunker". Leli gama lalizosetshenziswa futhi njengesenzo njengoba igama elithi "ukuhamba ngebhayisikili entabeni" lalingakasetshenziswa. Umuntu wokuqala owaziwa ngokufaka amajubane amaningi namabhuleki e-drum ku-klunker nguRuss Mahon waseCupertino, eCalifornia, owasebenzisa ibhayisikili elivelayo emjahweni we-cyclo-cross. Abagibeli babejaha emigwaqweni yasentabeni evutha umlilo, okwenza ukuba ibhuleki lehabhu lishise amafutha angaphakathi, okudinga ukuba abagibeli baphinde balungise amabheringi. Lezi zazibizwa ngokuthi "Repack Races" futhi zaqala izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe bamabhayisikili asezintabeni kanye nentshisekelo yokuqala yomphakathi (eMt. I-Tamalpais eMarin CA, kusekhona umzila obizwa ngokuthi "Repack"<unk> ngokubhekisele kule miqhudelwano yokuqala). Lo mdlalo waqala eCalifornia eMarin County's Mount Tamalpais.  Kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980 lapho izinkampani zamabhayisikili omgwaqo zaqala khona ukukhiqiza amabhayisikili asezintabeni zisebenzisa izinto ezingasindi ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokuvamile kuthiwa uJoe Breeze nguye owasungula ibhayisikili lokuqala lezintaba elakhelwe injongo ethile ngo-1978. UTom Ritchey wabe eseqhubeka nokwenza amafreyimu enkampanini ebizwa ngokuthi iMountainBikes, ukubambisana phakathi kukaGary Fisher, uCharlie Kelly noTom Ritchey. UTom Ritchey, umshiseli onamakhono ekwakheni uhlaka, naye wakha amabhayisikili okuqala. Abalingani abathathu benkampani bagcina behlakaze ubudlelwano babo, futhi inkampani yaba yiFisher Mountain Bikes, kuyilapho uTom Ritchey eqala isitolo sakhe sezinhlaka.  Amabhayisikili okuqala asezintabeni ngokuyisisekelo ayeyizinhlaka zebhayisikili lomgwaqo (ezinamashubhu asindayo nokuma okuhlukile) ezinohlaka olubanzi nefolokhwe ukuvumela isondo elibanzi. I-handlebar nayo yayihlukile ngoba yayiyi-handlebar eqondile, efakwe ngaphesheya, kunokuba i-handlebar ewile, egobile evame ukufakwa emabhayisikili omjaho womgwaqo. Futhi, ezinye zezingxenye zamabhayisikili asezintabeni okuqala akhiqizwa zathathwa ebhayisikili le-BMX. Abanye abafaka isandla kwakungu-Otis Guy noKeith Bontrager.  UTom Ritchey wakha ifreyimu yokuqala yamabhayisikili asezintabeni etholakala njalo, eyatholwa nguGary Fisher noCharlie Kelly futhi yathengiswa yinkampani yabo ebizwa ngeMountainBikes (kamuva yashintshwa yaba yiFisher Mountain Bikes, yabe isithengwa yiTrek, isasebenza ngaphansi kwegama likaGary Fisher, okwamanje ithengiswa njengeTrek's "Gary Fisher Collection"). Amabhayisikili amabili okuqala entabeni akhiqizwa ngobuningi athengiswa ekuqaleni kwawo-1980: i-Specialised Stumpjumper ne-Univega Alpina Pro. Ngo - 1988, kwakhululwa i - Great Mountain Biking Video, ngokushesha kwalandelwa eminye. Ngo-2007, i-Klunkerz: Ifilimu Mayelana namabhayisikili asezintabeni yakhishwa, ibhala umlando wamabhayisikili asezintabeni ngesikhathi sokwakheka eNyakatho California. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu labagibeli bamabhayisikili asezintabeni elibizwa ngokuthi amaLaguna Rads lasungula iqembu maphakathi nawo-1980 futhi laqala ukugibela masonto onke, lihlola amagquma asogwini angakahlolwa eLaguna Beach, eCalifornia. Abantu abasemkhakheni basikisela ukuthi lokhu kwakuwukuzalwa kwenhlangano ye-freeride, njengoba babehamba ngamabhayisikili behla benyuka emagqumeni nasezintabeni lapho kwakungekho khona inethiwekhi yezindlela ezithile zamabhayisikili. Ama - Laguna Rads abuye abambe umncintiswano wokwehla kwezitebhisi omude kunayo yonke unyaka ngamunye kusukela ngo - 1986.  Ngaleso sikhathi, imboni yamabhayisikili yayingahlatshwa umxhwele yibhayisikili lasentabeni, ibheka ukuhamba ngebhayisikili lasentabeni njengento eyisiphukuphuku. Ikakhulukazi, abakhiqizi abakhulu abanjengoSchwinn noFuji behluleka ukubona ukubaluleka kwebhayisikili le-all-terrain kanye nokuqhuma okuzayo 'kwezemidlalo yokuzijabulisa'. Kunalokho, amabhayisikili okuqala entabeni akhiqizwa ngobuningi aqalwa izinkampani ezintsha ezinjenge-MountainBikes (kamuva, i-Fisher Mountain Bikes), i-Ritchey, ne-Specialized. I-Specialized kwakuyinkampani yokuqala yaseMelika eyayihlele ukukhiqizwa kohlaka lwebhayisikili lezintaba kusuka emafektri eJapane naseTaiwan. Iqale ukuthengiswa ngo-1981, ibhayisikili lezintaba le-Specialized landela kakhulu i-geometry yohlaka lukaTom Ritchey, kodwa lisebenzisa i-TiG welding ukujoyina amashubhu wohlaka esikhundleni se-filet-brazing, inqubo efaneleke kangcono ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi, futhi esize ukunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi nezokukhiqiza. Amabhayisikili ayehlelwe ngamagiya angu-15 asebenzisa ama-derailleurs, uchungechunge olunezinhlamvu ezintathu, kanye ne-cogset enama-sprocket amahlanu.
Ukuhamba ngebhayisikili ezintabeni njengomdlalo kwaqala ukuba khona ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene e-USA ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980. Nakuba amaqembu amaningi abagibeli ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zase-U.S. ethi yiwo anelungelo lokuqala lokugibela amabhayisikili asezintabeni, kusobala ukuthi akekho umuntu oyedwa noma indawo eyodwa eyaba isiqalo salo mdlalo. Abagibeli baseCrested Butte, CO, Marin County, CA, Mill Valley, CA, Cupertino, CA, nakwezinye izindawo eziningi bafaka isandla kakhulu ekuzalweni kwalo mdlalo.  Kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980 lapho izinkampani zamabhayisikili zaqala khona ukukhiqiza amabhayisikili asezintabeni ngezinto ezithile zobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu ezenza lo mdlalo waduma. UJoe Breeze (waseMarin County) uvame ukubhekwa njengomuntu owakha ibhayisikili lokuqala lezintaba elakhelwe injongo ethile ngo-1978.  Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kwakukhona imiqondo yamabhayisikili asezintabeni kanye nama-prototypes akhiwe ngaphambi kwale nkathi, nomqondo wokuqala owawungewebhayisikili langaphandle lomgwaqo elisetshenziswa yiBuffalo Soldiers ngo-1896.