Ngokusekelwe embhalweni wenkomba, nikeza ukubuka konke okufingqiwe kwezinhloso eziyinhloko ze-Federal Reserve
Context:I-Federal Reserve System (evame ukufushaniswa ngokuthi i-Federal Reserve, noma i-Fed) iyisistimu yasebhange ephakathi kwe-United States. Yasungulwa ngoDisemba 23, 1913, ngokushaywa komthetho we-Federal Reserve Act, ngemuva kochungechunge lokwethuka kwezezimali (ikakhulukazi ukwethuka kuka-1907) okwaholela esifisweni sokulawulwa okuphakathi kwesistimu yezezimali ukuze kuncishiswe izinkinga zezezimali. [uhlu 1] Eminyakeni edlule, izehlakalo ezinjenge-Great Depression ngawo-1930 kanye ne-Great Recession phakathi neminyaka yama-2000 ziholele ekwandisweni kwezindima nemithwalo yemfanelo yeFederal Reserve System.  ICongress yamisa imigomo emithathu eyinhloko yenqubomgomo yezimali eMthethweni Wokuphepha Kwezimali Zombuso: ukukhulisa amathuba emisebenzi, ukuzinzisa amanani, nokunciphisa amazinga enzalo yesikhathi eside. Ngezinye izikhathi le migomo emibili yokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi igunya eliphindwe kabili le-Federal Reserve. Imisebenzi yayo iye yanda eminyakeni edlule, futhi njengamanje ihlanganisa nokuqondisa nokulawula amabhange, ukugcina ukuzinza kohlelo lwezezimali, nokunikeza izinsizakalo zezezimali ezikhungweni zokugcina imali, uhulumeni wase-US, kanye nezikhungo ezisemthethweni zakwamanye amazwe. I-Fed iphinde yenze ucwaningo ngomnotho futhi inikeze izincwadi eziningi, njenge-Beige Book kanye ne-FRED database.  I-Federal Reserve System yakhiwa izingqimba eziningana. Ilawulwa ibhodi yababusi noma i-Federal Reserve Board (FRB) ekhethwe ngumongameli. Amabhange aseFederal Reserve angu-12 ezifunda, atholakala emadolobheni kulo lonke izwe, alawula futhi aqaphe amabhange ezentengiselwano aphethwe ngasese. Amabhange ezentengiselwano aqashelwe kuzwelonke kudingeka ukuba abe namasheya, futhi angakhetha amanye amalungu ebhodi, i-Federal Reserve Bank yesifunda sawo.  IKomiti Yezimakethe Ezivulekile Yase-United States (FOMC) ibeka inqubomgomo yezimali. Iqukethe wonke amalungu ayisikhombisa ebhodi labaphathi kanye nabaphathi beFederal Reserve Bank abayishumi nambili, nakuba abaphathi bebhange abahlanu kuphela abavotela ngesikhathi - umongameli weNew York Fed nabanye abane abajikeleza iminyaka eyodwa yokuvota. Kukhona nemikhandlu eyahlukene eyelulekayo.[uhlu 2] Inesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele phakathi kwamabhange amakhulu, futhi futhi ayijwayelekile ngoba uMnyango Wezezimali wase-United States, okuyinkampani engaphandle kwebhange elikhulu, ucindezela imali esetshenzisiwe.  Uhulumeni wesifundazwe unquma amaholo abaqondisi abayisikhombisa bebhodi, futhi uthola yonke inzuzo yonyaka yalesi simiso, ngemva kokukhokhwa kwezabelo ekutshalweni kwemali kwamabhange angamalungu, futhi kugcinwa ibhalansi ye-akhawunti. Ngo-2015, i-Federal Reserve yathola imali engenayo engu- $ 100.2 billion futhi yadlulisela u- $ 97.7 billion eMnyangweni Wezezimali wase-US, kanti imali engenayo ka-2020 yayicishe ibe ngu- $ 88.6 billion ngokuthumela imali eMnyangweni Wezezimali wase-US ka- $ 86.9 billion. Nakuba iyithuluzi likahulumeni wase-U.S., i-Federal Reserve System izibheka "njengebhange eliphakathi elizimele ngoba izinqumo zalo zenqubomgomo yemali akudingeki zivunywe umongameli noma omunye umuntu emagatsheni kahulumeni aphethe noma awumthetho, ayitholi izimali ezibekelwe yona yiCongress, futhi izinkathi zamalungu ebhodi yababusi zihlanganisa izinkathi eziningi zomongameli nezengqungquthela".
Imigomo eyinhloko yeFederal Reserve iwukukhulisa amathuba emisebenzi, ukuzinzisa amanani, nokulinganisela amazinga enzalo yesikhathi eside.