Amakoloni noma izifundazwe? Umbuso waseSpain wawuziphatha kanjani izindawo zawo zaphesheya kwezilwandle?
Umbuso waseSpain waqhubeka iminyaka engamakhulu amane, kusukela ekufikeni kukaColumbus eMelika ngo-1492 kwaze kwaba yilapho ulahlekelwa izindawo zawo zokugcina zaphesheya kwezilwandle (eCuba, ePuerto Rico nasePhilippines) ngo-1898. Esikhathini sayo sokugcina, cishe maphakathi nekhulu le-19, kwaphakama impikiswano, kuze kube namuhla, esaphakamisa izimbungulu ngokuqondene nencazelo yalezi zindawo. Ingxenye yabantu iyaqhubeka ibheka izindawo ezanqotshwa yiSpain ngaphesheya kwezilwandle njengamakoloni, kuyilapho enye ingxenye izichaza njengezifundazwe. Lokho, njengeValladolid, iBarcelona noma iGuadalajara. Emthethweni wasebukhosini kaCarlos V, owamenyezelwa ngo-1519, kamuva owafakwa ku-Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemithetho YamaNdiya, isitatimende esilandelayo senhloso besingafundwa: <unk>Ukuthi iWest Indies ihlale ihlangene noMqhele waseCastile nokuthi ayikwazi ukuhlukaniswa. Siyala ukuthi, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, zingehlukaniswa umqhele wethu wasebukhosini waseCastile, zihlukaniswe noma zihlukaniswe ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye noma zithandwe yinoma yimuphi umuntu.<unk> Imithetho yaseSpain yayikhuluma njalo "ngezifundazwe", "ngemibuso", "ngama-republic", "ngama-empire" noma "ngezindawo zeziqhingi nezwekazi". Ngamanye amazwi, igama elithi "colony" alikaze lisetshenziswe emkhakheni wezomthetho ezindaweni ezahlanganiswe eMbusweni waseCastile. Yafakwa kamuva futhi kuphela ngesifiso sokugxeka nesokunyathelisa, njengoba kunjalo nanamuhla lapho isetshenziswa. Lokhu akuyona izaba zokuphika ukuthi ezindaweni zaseSpain ezingaphesheya kwezilwandle kwakukhona amamodeli okuxhashazwa ayengabhekwa njengamakoloni, njengokubekwa kobukhosi kokukhishwa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu noma izinhlobo ezithile zezinkampani zezentengiselwano. Obunye bobufakazi obuyinhloko ukuthi izindawo ezingasolwandle zazikhiqiza kabusha iningi lezikhungo zedolobha elikhulu. UBernardino Bravo Lira, owathola umklomelo we-National History Award ka-2010 eChile, waphawula umehluko obalulekile: "Ngokwezombangazwe, i - Indies yahlanganiswa neNdlovukazi hhayi noMbuso waseCastile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zazingabhekwa njengezindawo ezivamile, ezingenabo ubuntu bazo bezombangazwe futhi, ngakho-ke, ezazingase zithotshelwe amandla angaphandle. Babebhekwa njengamanye imibuso, efana neCastile namanye amaYurophu, anikezwe izimfanelo ezifanayo nalezo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu zahlukaniswa futhi zahlelwa ngaphansi kohlobo loMbuso WamaNdiya hhayi amakoloni. Imibuso yaseNdiya yayinazo zonke izici ezazenza uMbuso ube khona ngaleso sikhathi: indawo, inani labantu, ubuzwe, izikhungo, uhulumeni nomthetho wawo siqu". Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokuphambene nalokho okucatshangwa ababhali abaningi abagxekayo, izindawo ezanqotshwa yiSpain azizange zibhekwe njengamakoloni angenamalungelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi zakhona zazibhekwa, kakade neNdlovukazi u-Isabella waseCastilla, ama-vassal we-Crown njenganoma yimuphi omunye ohlala eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, lapho inqubo yokunqoba isiqediwe ngekhulu le-16. Yingakho amaNdiya, aziwa ngokuthi "iMelika" kusukela ngekhulu le-17, ayethembekile kuphela eNkosini, eyayibusa ngezikhungo ezakhelwe leyo njongo futhi ezazibuswa izikhulu ezazimiselwe leyo njongo.