Ubani owasungula ukuklwebha?
Context:Izindlela zanamuhla zokubhala zenziwa zenzeka ngokusungulwa kwama-turntable asheshayo, okwaholela ekuveleni kwe-turntablism. Ama-turntable okuqala ane-belt-drive ayengakulungele ukuklwebheka ngoba ayenesikhathi sokuqalisa esincane, futhi ayethambekele ekugqokeni nasekugqabhukeni, njengoba ibhande lalizophuka ngokubuyela emuva noma ukuklwebheka. I-turntable yokuqala eqondile yasungulwa uShuichi Obata, unjiniyela eMatsushita (manje eyiPanasonic), e-Osaka, eJapane. Akazange asebenzise amabhande, kunalokho wasebenzisa imoto ukuze iqhube ngokuqondile ipuleti okuhlala kulo irekhodi le-vinyl. Ngo-1969, uMatsushita wayikhipha njenge-SP-10, i-turntable yokuqala eqondile emakethe, futhi eyokuqala ochungechungeni lwabo olunethonya lwe-Technics lwama-turntable.  Ngawo-1970, abaculi be-hip hop kanye nama-DJ amakilabhu baqala ukusebenzisa le divayisi ekhethekile ukuze bahambise irekhodi emuva naphambili, bakhiqize imisindo nemiphumela yokushaya "ukuklwebha" ukujabulisa izilaleli zabo zomdanso. Ngenkathi ama-DJ omsakazo we-1940s-1960s esebenzisa i-back-cueing ngenkathi elalele imisindo ngama-headphone abo, ngaphandle kokuzwa kwezilaleli, ngokukhwabanisa, i-DJ ngenhloso ivumela izethameli ukuthi zizwe imisindo eyenziwe ngokulungisa irekhodi ku-turntable, ngokuqondisa okukhiphayo kusuka ku-turntable kuya ohlelweni lokuqinisa umsindo ukuze izethameli zizwe imisindo. I-Scratching yasungulwa ngabakwa-DJ bokuqala be-hip hop abavela eNew York City abanjengoGrand Wizzard Theodore, ochaze i-scratching ngokuthi, "ayilutho ngaphandle kokukhonkotha okuzwa endlebeni yakho ngaphambi kokukudlulisela [umsindo orekhodiwe] esixukwini". Wathuthukisa le ndlela ngenkathi ezama i-Technics SL-1200, i-turntable eqondile ekhishwe nguMatsushita ngo-1972 lapho ethola ukuthi imoto izoqhubeka nokujikeleza nge-RPM efanele ngisho noma i-DJ ihambisa irekhodi emuva naphambili esitsheni. I-Afrika Bambaataa yenza ukutholakala okufanayo nge-SL-1200 ngawo-1970. I Technics SL-1200 waqhubeka abe turntable esetshenziswa kakhulu emashumini eminyaka ezayo.  U-DJ Kool Herc, owazalelwa eJamaica futhi wathuthela eNew York City, waba nethonya ekuthuthukiseni i-scratching. UKool Herc wasungula i-break-beat DJing, lapho ama-breaks ezingoma ze-funk - okuyingxenye edansa kakhulu, evame ukufaka izingoma zokushaya - ayehlukaniswa futhi ephindaphindwa ngenhloso yemicimbi yokudansa ubusuku bonke. Wayethonywe ngumculo we-dub waseJamaica, futhi wasungula amasu akhe okuguqula i-turntable esebenzisa i-Technics SL-1100, eyakhishwa ngo-1971, ngenxa yemoto yayo enamandla, ukuqina, nokuthembeka.  Yize abaculi bangaphambilini abanjengombhali nembongi uWilliam S. Burroughs babehlolisise ngomqondo wokusebenzisa i-reel-to-reel tape ngesandla ukwenza imisindo, njengokuqoshwa kwakhe ngeminyaka yama-1950 ethi, "Sound Piece", ukuklwebha kwe-vinyl njengengxenye ye-hip hop kwaqala umqondo wokwenza umsindo ube yingxenye ebalulekile futhi enesigqi somculo esikhundleni somsindo ongalawulwa. Ukukhwabanisa kuhlobene "nokuhlanza" (ngokuya ngokuhlelwa komsindo nokukhiqizwa) lapho amasondo e-reel-to-reel tape deck evulekile (ngokujwayelekile i-1/4 intshi ye-magnetic audio tape) ejikelezwa ngobumnene emuva naphambili ngenkathi ikhanda lokudlala lisaphila futhi likhulisiwe, ukuhlukanisa indawo ethile kutheyiphu lapho kuzokwenziwa khona "ukusika" kokuhlela. Eminyakeni yama-2010, kokubili ukuklwebha nokugcoba kungenziwa kuma-digital audio workstations (ama-DAW) afakwe lezi zindlela.   Lapho Konke Kwaqala Khona  Isampula se-DJ yengoma ethi "Lapho Konke Kwaqala Khona" Ingabe kunenkinga ukudlala leli fayela? Bheka usizo lwabezindaba. UChristian Marclay wayengomunye wabaculi bokuqala ukuqala ngaphandle kwe-hip hop. Maphakathi nawo-1970, uMarclay wasebenzisa amarekhodi e-gramophone kanye nama-turntable njengezinsimbi zomculo ukudala ama-collage omsindo. Wathuthukisa imisindo yakhe yama-turntable ngokuzimela kuma-DJ e-hip hop. Nakuba engaziwa kakhulu ezilalelini ezivamile, uMarclay uye wachazwa ngokuthi "umuntu onethonya elikhulu kunabo bonke ngaphandle kwe-hip hop" futhi "ungumqambi ongazi lutho we-turntablism".  Ngo-1981 iGrandmaster Flash yakhipha ingoma ethi "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel" ephawuleka ngokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezindlela eziningi zokubhala i-DJ. Kwakuwukuqoshwa kokuqala kwezentengiselwano okwenziwa ngokuphelele kusetshenziswa ama-turntable. Ngo-1982, uMalcolm McLaren & the World's Famous Supreme Team bakhipha i-single ethi "Buffalo Gals", eyayihlanganisa ukuklwebha okubanzi nezingcingo ezivela kumdanso wesikwele, futhi, ngo-1983, i-EP, i-D'ya Like Scratchin'?, egxile ngokuphelele ekuklwebheni. Okunye ukukhululwa kuka-1983 okuqokomisa kakhulu ukukhwabanisa yi-Herbie Hancock's Grammy Award-winning single "Rockit". Le ngoma yabuye yadlalwa bukhoma kuma-Grammy Awards ka-1984, futhi ku-movie yobuciko i-Scratch, lokhu kudlalwa kushiwo ngabaningi be-DJ bangeminyaka yama-1980 njengokudalula kwabo kokuqala kokuklwebha. Uchungechunge lokuhlanganiswa kwe-Street Sounds Electro olwaqala ngo-1983 nalo luyaphawuleka ngezibonelo zakuqala zokubhala. Futhi, isiqeshana esiphawulekayo kwakuyi- "For A Few Dollars More" kaBill Laswell-Michael Beinhorn band Material, ekhishwe ku-12 "single eJapan futhi equkethe ukuklwebheka okwenziwe yiGrand Mixer DXT, omunye umhlahlandlela wokuklwebheka.
Njengoba i-Scratching kwakuyinto evamile eyatholwa ngokufika kwama-turntable aqondile, kunzima ukusho ukuthi ngubani umuntu wokuqala wokuklwebha ku-turntable, noma kunjalo kuvunyelwene ukuthi iGrandMasterFlash neKoolHerc benze uhlobo lwadumile