Nikeza isifinyezo soMsebenzi WaseManhattan
Context:I - Manhattan Project yayiwumsebenzi wokucwaninga nokuthuthukisa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II owaveza izikhali zenuzi zokuqala. Yayiholwa i - United States ngokusekelwa i - United Kingdom neCanada. Kusukela ngo-1942 kuya ku-1946, lo msebenzi wawungaphansi kokuqondisa kukaMajor General Leslie Groves we-U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Isazi sesayensi yenuzi uRobert Oppenheimer wayengumqondisi weLos Alamos Laboratory eyaklama amabhomu angempela. Ingxenye yezempi yephrojekthi yaqanjwa ngokuthi iManhattan District njengoba indlunkulu yayo yokuqala yayiseManhattan; igama lendawo kancane kancane lathatha indawo yegama lekhodi elisemthethweni, i-Development of Substitute Materials, yephrojekthi yonke. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le phrojekthi yahlanganisa nomlingani wayo wangaphambili waseBrithani, i-Tube Alloys. Iphrojekthi yaseManhattan yaqala ngesizotha ngo-1939, kodwa yakhula yaqasha abantu abacishe babe ngu-130 000 futhi yabiza cishe ama-US $ 2 billion (okulingana nama-US $ 24 billion ngo-2021). Izindleko ezingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu - 90 zaziyokwakhiwa izimboni nokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziqhekekayo, kanti ezingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu - 10 zaziyokwakhiwa futhi kukhiqizwe izikhali. Ucwaningo nokukhiqizwa kwenziwa ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwezingu-30 kulo lonke elase-United States, e-United Kingdom naseCanada.  Le phrojekthi yaholela ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo ezimbili zamabhomu e-athomu, zombili ezakhiwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, phakathi nempi: isikhali sokuhlukanisa esifana nesibhamu esilula nesikhali esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu sohlobo lwe-implosion. Umklamo wesibhamu sohlobo lweThin Man wabonakala ungenakwenzeka ukuba usetshenziswe ne-plutonium, ngakho kwenziwa umklamo wesibhamu olula obizwa ngokuthi iLittle Boy owawusebenzisa i-uranium-235, i-isotope eyakha amaphesenti angu-0,7 kuphela e-uranium yemvelo. Ngenxa yokuthi ngokwamakhemikhali lifana ne-isotope evame kakhulu, i-uranium-238, futhi linesisindo esicishe sifane, ukuhlukanisa lezi zinto ezimbili kwaba nzima. Kusetshenziswe izindlela ezintathu zokucebisa i-uranium: i-electromagnetic, i-gaseous ne-thermal. Umsebenzi omningi wenziwa eClinton Engineer Works eOak Ridge, eTennessee.  Ngokuhambisana nomsebenzi we - uranium kwakunomzamo wokukhiqiza i - plutonium, abacwaningi base - University of California, eBerkeley, abayithola ngo - 1940. Ngemva kokubonakala kokuqala kwe-nuclear reactor emhlabeni, i-Chicago Pile-1, yaboniswa ngo-1942 e-Metallurgical Laboratory e-University of Chicago, iphrojekthi yaklama i-X-10 Graphite Reactor e-Oak Ridge kanye nama-reactor okukhiqiza e-Hanford Site eWashington state, lapho i-uranium yayikhanyiswa khona futhi iguqulwa yaba yi-plutonium. I-plutonium yabe isihlukaniswa ngamakhemikhali ne-uranium, kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-bismuth phosphate. Isikhali se-Fat Man plutonium implosion-type sakhiwa ngomzamo wokuhlela nokuthuthukisa owenziwe yiLos Alamos Laboratory.  Le phrojekthi yayiphinde ibekwe icala lokuqoqa ulwazi mayelana nephrojekthi yezikhali zenuzi yaseJalimane. Ngokusebenzisa i-Operation Alsos, izisebenzi ze - Manhattan Project zasebenza eYurophu, ngezinye izikhathi ngemva kwemingcele yezitha, lapho zaqoqa khona izinto zenuzi nemibhalo, futhi zabopha ososayensi baseJalimane. Naphezu kokulondeka okuqinile kweManhattan Project, izinhloli zaseSoviet zasebenza ngempumelelo kulolu hlelo.  Isikhali sokuqala samandla enuzi esake saqhuma kwakuyibhomu yohlobo lokuqhuma ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kweTrinity, okwenziwa e-Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range eNew Mexico ngoJulayi 16, 1945. Amabhomu i-Little Boy ne-Fat Man asetshenziswa ngemva kwenyanga ekuqhunyweni kwamabhomu e-athomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki, ngokulandelana, nezisebenzi ze-Manhattan Project ezazikhonza njengabachwepheshe bokuhlanganisa amabhomu nabaphathi bezikhali ezindizeni zokuhlasela. Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, iManhattan Project yaqhuba ukuhlolwa kwezikhali eBikini Atoll njengengxenye ye-Operation Crossroads, yasungula izikhali ezintsha, yakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwenethiwekhi yamalabhorethri kazwelonke, yasekela ucwaningo lwezokwelapha lwe-radiology futhi yabeka isisekelo semikhumbi-ngwenya yenuzi. Yayilawula ucwaningo nokukhiqizwa kwezikhali zenuzi zaseMelika kwaze kwaba yilapho kumiswa i-United States Atomic Energy Commission ngoJanuwari 1947.
I - Manhattan Project kwakuwuhlelo olwalusekelwe e - United States olwaluzama ukwenza izikhali zenuzi zokuqala. Le phrojekthi yabiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, futhi yakha amadolobha amaningi ayimfihlo nezimboni zokwenza amabhomu, njengelabhorethri eLos Alamos, eNew Mexico, isitshalo samandla enuzi eHanford, eWashington, nesitshalo sokucubungula i-uranium e-Oak Ridge, eTennessee. Usosayensi oyinhloko kulo msebenzi kwakunguRobert Oppenheimer, isazi sezinto ezibonakalayo esidumile. I - Manhattan Project kwadingeka ithole izixazululo zezinkinga ezimbili. Inkinga yokuqala iwukuthi ungazenza kanjani izotopi ezikhethekile ze-uranium (uranium-235) noma i-plutonium. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa futhi ihamba kancane kakhulu. I - United States yakha izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu ezinemishini ehlukene emithathu yokuhlukanisa. Benza ama-isotope akhethekile anele okwenza izikhali ezimbalwa zenuzi. Inkinga yesibili kwakuwukuthi kwakwenziwa kanjani ibhomu elaliyokhipha ukuqhuma okukhulu kwezikhali zenuzi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isikhali esakhiwe ngendlela engafanele singenza ukuqhuma kwenyukliya okuncane kakhulu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "ukuqhuma". Ngo-July 1945, iManhattan Project yaxazulula lezi zinkinga ezimbili futhi yenza ukuqhuma kokuqala kwe-athomu. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwesikhali senuzi kwabizwa ngokuthi "uZiqu-zintathu" futhi kwaphumelela. I - Manhattan Project yakha amabhomu amabili enuzi asetshenziswa ngokumelene neJapane ngo - 1945.