Ngaphandle kwezimo ezivamile zendaba, iziphi izimo zanamuhla zendaba?
Context:I - plasma: Izinhlayiya ezikhokhelwayo, ngokuvamile ezinenani elilinganayo, njenge - ions nama - electron. Ngokungafani namagesi, i-plasma ingakwazi ukuzakhela ngokwayo amandla kazibuthe nokugeleza kukagesi futhi iphendule ngamandla nangokubambisana emandleni kagesi. I-Plasma ayijwayelekile kakhulu eMhlabeni (ngaphandle kwe-ionosphere), yize kuyisimo esivame kakhulu sendaba endaweni yonke. Uketshezi oluphakeme ngokweqile: Ezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme ngokwanele nokucindezela, umehluko phakathi koketshezi negesi uyaphela. Indaba ebolayo: indaba engaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu kakhulu, esekelwa isimiso sokukhishwa kukaPauli. Indaba eyonakaliswe ama-electron: etholakala ngaphakathi kwezinkanyezi ezimhlophe eziwujuqu. Ama - electron ahlala eboshwe ama - athomu kodwa angadluliselwa kwamanye ama - athomu aseduze. Indaba ye-neutron-degenerate: etholakala ezinkanyezini ze-neutron. Ukucindezela okukhulu kwamandla adonsela phansi kucindezela ama-athomu kakhulu kangangokuthi ama-electron aphoqeleka ukuba ahlangane nama-proton ngokubola kwe-beta okuguqukayo, okuphumela ekuhlanganeni okukhulu kwama-neutron. (Ngokuvamile ama-neutron akhululekile ngaphandle kwe-nucleus ye-athomu ayobola ngokuphila kwengxenye yemizuzu engaphansi kweshumi nanhlanu, kodwa enkanyezini yama-neutron, njengase-nucleus ye-athomu, eminye imiphumela iqinisa ama-neutron.) Indaba engajwayelekile: Uhlobo lwezinto ze-quark ezingase zibe khona ngaphakathi kwezinye izinkanyezi ze-neutron eziseduze nomkhawulo we-Tolman<unk>Oppenheimer<unk>Volkoff (cishe u-2<unk>3 mass solar). Kungase kuzinze ezimweni zamandla aphansi uma sekwakhiwe. Isimo se-Quantum spin Hall: isigaba esingokomqondo esingase sivule indlela yokuthuthukisa amadivayisi kagesi asakaza amandla amancane futhi akhiqize ukushisa okuncane. Lokhu kutholakala esimweni se-quantum Hall sendaba. I-Bose-Einstein condensate: isigaba lapho inani elikhulu lama-boson lihlala khona esimweni esifanayo se-quantum, empeleni liba yigagasi / inhlayiya eyodwa. Lesi yisigaba esinamandla aphansi esingakhiwa kuphela ezimweni zaselebhu nasemazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Kumelwe ukuba isondele ku-zero kelvin, noma ku-zero ngokuphelele. USatyendra Nath Bose no-Albert Einstein babikezela ukuba khona kwalesi simo ngawo-1920, kodwa asizange sibonwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1995 ngu-Eric Cornell noCarl Wieman. I-Fermionic condensate: Ifana ne-Bose-Einstein condensate kodwa yakhiwe ngama-fermions, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Fermi-Dirac condensate. Isimiso sokukhishwa kukaPauli sivimbela ama-fermion ukuba angene esimweni esifanayo se-quantum, kodwa umbhangqwana wama-fermion ungaziphatha njenge-boson, futhi amabhangqwana amaningi anjalo angangena esimweni esifanayo se-quantum ngaphandle komkhawulo. I-superconductivity: iyisimo sokumelana kagesi kanye nokuxoshwa kwamasimu kazibuthe okwenzeka ezintweni ezithile lapho zipholile ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elibucayi. Ukuhamba ngokweqile kuyisimo esiyisisekelo sezinsimbi eziningi eziyisisekelo. I-superfluid: Isigaba esifinyelelwa iziphuzo ezimbalwa ze-cryogenic emazingeni okushisa aphakeme lapho zikwazi khona ukugeleza ngaphandle kokungqubuzana. I-superfluid ingase ikhuphuke ohlangothini lwesitsha esivulekile bese yehla ngaphandle. Ukufaka i-superfluid esitsheni esijikelezayo kuyophumela ekubunjweni kwama-vortex. I-supersolid: efana ne-superfluid, i-supersolid ingahamba ngaphandle kokungqubuzana kodwa igcine isimo esiqinile. Uketshezi lwe-Quantum spin: Isimo esingahlelekile esimisweni se-quantum spins esisebenzisanayo esigcina ukungahleleki kwaso emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ngokungafani nezinye izimo ezingahlelekile. Uketshezi olunezintambo: Ama-athomu akulesi simo anezinhlelo ezingazinzile, njengoketshezi, kodwa ahlala eqinile esimisweni esiphelele, njengokuthile okuqinile. Ama-crystal esikhathi: Isimo sendaba lapho into ingaba khona nokunyakaza ngisho nasesimweni sayo samandla aphansi kakhulu. I-polaron kaRydberg: Isimo sendaba esingaba khona kuphela emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu futhi esakhiwa ama-athomu ngaphakathi kwama-athomu. Iqhwa elimnyama eliphakeme: Isimo sendaba esingaba khona ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu kakhulu ngenkathi sikhuthazwa ama-super lasers.
1. Izinkomo I-Plasma: I-Plasma iyisimo sezinto esivame kakhulu endaweni yonke, kodwa ayivamile ukutholakala eMhlabeni. Lesi simo sezinto sakhiwa izinhlayiya ezikhokhelwayo, njengama - ion nama - electron. Nokho, njengegesi, ingase ikhiqize amandla kazibuthe. 2. Izingelosi Uketshezi oluphakeme kakhulu: Indaba engenawo umehluko ocacile phakathi kokuba igesi noketshezi. Lesi simo sitholakala emazingeni okushisa aphakeme nasengcindezini ephezulu. 3. Izindaba Ezinhle Indaba Ewohlokayo: Isimo esibucayi kakhulu sendaba ngenxa yengcindezi ephezulu kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwento lutholakala ngokwemvelo ezinkanyezini lapho sezisesimweni sokugcina sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. 4. Izidakamizwa I-Bose-Einstein condensate: Isigaba sendaba lapho inani elikhulu lama-boson lihlala khona esimweni esifanayo se-quantum. Lesi sigaba sidinga amazinga okushisa acishe abe zero eliphelele legesi enobuningi obuphansi kakhulu. 5. Izingelosi I-fermionic condensate: Ifana ne-Bose-Einstein condensate, ngaphandle kwama-fermions esikhundleni sama-boson. Isiyisithupha. Ukuhamba okuphezulu: Izinto ezithile ezingaphansi komhlaba zingase zifinyelele esimweni esiyisisekelo sokuhamba okuphezulu lapho kungekho khona ukumelana kagesi futhi kukhishwa izinkambu zokugeleza kwamandla kazibuthe. Nakuba abaqhubi abaningi beyoba nokumelana okuncishisiwe njengoba izinga lokushisa lehla, abaqhubi abakhulu bayosheshe bafinyelele ukumelana zero ezingeni lokushisa elithile elibucayi. 7. Izingelosi I-superfluid: Amanye ama-fluid angangena kulesi simo sezinto lapho, emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, ekwazi ukugeleza ngaphandle kokungqubuzana. 8. Izingelosi I-supersolid: Ifana ne-superfluid, ngaphandle kokuthi ingahamba ngaphandle kokungqubuzana ngesimo esiqinile, esiqinile. Isigaba 9. Uketshezi lwe-quantum spin: Isimo sendaba esitholakala ezintweni ezithile ezihlobene ne-quantum spin. Ezintweni eziningi ezinamandla kazibuthe, ama-spin athambekele ekwakheni amaphethini asekelwe endleleni ahlangana ngayo namanye ama-spin angomakhelwane. Nokho, emanzini e-quantum spin, ahlala esesimweni esingahlelekile, angalokothi akha iphethini eliwavimbela ukuba afinyelele esimweni esizinzile nesihlelekile. Eyishumi. Uketshezi olunezintambo: Ama-athomu akulesi simo anesimo esivamile esifana nesiqinile, kodwa ukuhleleka kwawo akuzinzile. 11 - Izindaba Ezinhle Amakhristalu esikhathi: Uhlelo lwama-quantum lwezinhlayiya olubonisa ukunyakaza okungezona okokusebenza kwezinhlayiya esimweni sazo samandla aphansi kakhulu. Amashumi amabili nambili I-polaron kaRydberg: Isimo esingavamile sendaba esakhiwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi lapho i-athomu enkulu kakhulu iqukethe amanye ama-athomu avamile phakathi kwe-nucleus nama-electron. 13 - Bheka umbhalo waphansi. Iqhwa elimnyama eliphakeme: Lolu daba luyisigaba samanzi esikhona ezingcindezini nasezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu.