Iyini ikhompyutha ye-quantum?
Ikhompyutha ye-quantum iyikhompyutha esebenzisa izenzakalo ze-quantum mechanics. Ezingeni elincane, izinto ezibonakalayo zibonisa izimfanelo zezinhlayiya namaza, futhi i-quantum computing isebenzisa le ndlela yokuziphatha ngokusebenzisa i-hardware ekhethekile. I - classical physics ayikwazi ukuchaza ukusebenza kwalezi zinto ze - quantum, futhi ikhompyutha ye - quantum elinganisekayo ingenza ezinye izibalo ngokushesha okukhulu kunanoma iyiphi ikhompyutha "ye - classical" yanamuhla. Ikakhulukazi, ikhompyutha ye-quantum enkulu ingakwazi ukwephula izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokubethela futhi isize ososayensi ekwenzeni ukulingisa ngokomzimba; kodwa-ke, isimo samanje sobuciko sisalokhu sivivinywa kakhulu futhi asisebenzi.  Iyunithi eyisisekelo yolwazi ekucubunguleni i-quantum yi-qubit, efana ne-bit emkhakheni we-elekthronikhi yendabuko. Ngokungafani ne-bit yakudala, i-qubit ingaba sezimweni ezimbili "eziyisisekelo", okusho ukuthi isemazweni womabili ngasikhathi sinye. Lapho kulinganiswa i-qubit, umphumela uwukukhishwa okungenzeka kwe-bit yakudala. Uma ikhompyutha ye-quantum iphatha i-qubit ngendlela ethile, imiphumela yokuphazanyiswa kwamaza ingandisa imiphumela yokulinganisa oyifunayo. Ukwakhiwa kwama-algorithm e-quantum kuhilela ukudala izinqubo ezivumela i-computer ye-quantum ukuba yenze izibalo ngokuphumelelayo.  Ukwakha ama-qubit asezingeni eliphakeme kuye kwaba inselele. Uma i-qubit engokwenyama ingahlukanisiwe ngokwanele nendawo ezungezile, iba ne-quantum decoherence, okwenza kube nomsindo lapho kubalwa. Ohulumeni bamazwe baye batshala imali eningi ocwaningweni lokuhlola oluhlose ukuthuthukisa ama-qubit angathuthuka anezikhathi ezinde zokuvumelana nezinga eliphansi lamaphutha. Ubuchwepheshe obuthembisa kakhulu yi - superconductors (ehlukanisa amandla kagesi ngokuqeda ukumelana kagesi) ne - ion traps (ehlukanisa inhlayiya eyodwa ye - athomu ngokusebenzisa amasimu kagesi).  Noma iyiphi inkinga yezibalo engaxazululwa yikhompyutha evamile nayo ingaxazululwa yikhompyutha ye-quantum. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, noma iyiphi inkinga engaxazululwa yikhompyutha ye-quantum nayo ingaxazululwa yikhompyutha yakudala, okungenani ngokomthetho uma unikezwa isikhathi esanele. Ngamanye amazwi, amakhompyutha e-quantum alalela umbono kaChurch noTuring. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba amakhompyutha e-quantum enganikezi izinzuzo ezengeziwe ngaphezu kwamakhompyutha e-classical ngokuqondene nokubala, ama-algorithm e-quantum ezinkingeni ezithile anobunzima besikhathi obuphansi kakhulu kunama-algorithm e-classical aziwayo ahambisanayo. Ikakhulukazi, amakhompyutha e-quantum kukholakala ukuthi ayakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile ngokushesha okungekho khompyutha yakudala eyayingazixazulula nganoma yisiphi isikhathi esinokwenzeka - okuyinto eyaziwa ngokuthi "ubukhosi be-quantum". Ukucwaninga ngobunzima bokubalwa kwezinkinga ezihlobene namakhompyutha e-quantum kwaziwa ngokuthi i-quantum complexity theory.