Dzidza zvakanakira uye zvakashata zvemichina yakasiyana-siyana yokugadzira mashoko.
Context:Unhu hunokosha zvikurusa hwegadziriro yokubatanidza kutaura ndehwokuzvarwa nahwo uye hunonzwisisika. Kutaura kwokuzvarwa nako kunorondedzera kuti zvinobudiswa zvinonzwika sei sezvinonzwika nokutaura kwomunhu, nepo kunzwisisika kuri nyore uko zvinobudiswa zvinonzwisiswa nako. Chishandiso chokurondedzera mutauro chakanakisisa chinofanira kuva chomuzvarirwo uye chinonzwisisika. Masisitimu anogadzira mashoko anowanzoedza kuwedzera zvinhu zviviri izvi.  Nzira mbiri dzokutanga dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira matauriro evanhu dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira mashoko evanhu uye dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira mashoko evanhu. Tekinoroji imwe neimwe ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira, uye kushandiswa kunotarisirwa kwegadziriro yekugadzira kunowanzosarudza nzira inoshandiswa.  Concatenation kugadzira Nyaya huru: Concatenative synthesis Concatenative synthesis yakavakirwa pakubatanidzwa (kubatanidza pamwe chete) kwezvikamu zvokurekodhwa kutaura. Kazhinji kazhinji, kugadzirwa kwokubatanidza kunobudisa kutaura kwokufananidzira kunonzwika nomutoo womuzvarirwo zvikurusa. Zvisinei, misiyano iri pakati pokuchinja-chinja kwematauriro uye nzira dzinoshandiswa pakuparadzanisa mafungu dzimwe nguva dzinoita kuti pave nezvinetso zvinonzwika. Kune marudzi matatu makuru econcatenative synthesis.  Unit kusarudzwa synthesis Kubatanidzwa kwesarudzo yeyuniti kunoshandisa hwaro hukuru hwemashoko akarekodhwa. Pakugadzira dhatabhesi, kutaura kwose kwakanyorwa kunoparadzaniswa kuva mamwe kana kuti ose anotevera: nhare dzomunhu oga, diphones, hafu-nhare, syllables, morphemes, mashoko, mitsara, uye mitsara. Kazhinji, kupatsanura muzvikamu kunoitwa uchishandisa chishandiso chakanyatsogadziriswa chinoziva kutaura chakagadzirirwa "kuenzanisa kwakamanikidzwa" chimiro nekugadziriswa kwemaoko mushure, uchishandisa zviratidzo zvinoonekwa zvakadai se waveform uye spectrogram. Indekisi yezvikamu zviri mudatabhesi yemashoko zvinozogadzirwa zvichibva pakuparadzaniswa uye maparameter emutinhimira akadai sehuwandu hwepakutanga (pitch), nguva, nzvimbo iri mu syllable, uye nhare dziri pedyo. Panguva yekumhanya, chirevo chakanangwa chinogadzirwa nekusarudza chakanakisa cheni yevanokwikwidza mayuniti kubva mudatabhesi (sarudzo yeyuniti). Iyi nzira inowanzoshandiswa uchishandisa muti unosarudzwa wakanyatsorongwa.  Kusarudzwa kweyuniti kunopa zvakasikwa zvakanyanya, nokuti inoshandisa chete chiduku che digital signal processing (DSP) kumutauro wakanyorwa. DSP inowanzoita kuti kutaura kwakanyorwa kunzwike kusiri kwechisikigo, kunyangwe mamwe masisitimu achishandisa huwandu hushoma hwekugadzirisa chiratidzo panzvimbo yekubatanidza kudzikamisa waveform. Zvinhu zvinobuda mumagadziriro akanakisisa okusarudza mauniti kazhinji hazvizivikanwi nenzwi chairo romunhu, zvikurukuru mumamiriro ezvinhu ayo gadziriro yeTTS yakagadzirirwa. Zvisinei, kuzara kwechisikirwo kazhinji kunoda kuti yuniti-sarudzo yekutaura dhatabhesi ive yakakura kwazvo, mune mamwe masisitimu anotangira kuma gigabyte e data rakanyorwa, inomiririra makumi emaawa ekutaura. Uyewo, yuniti kusarudzwa algorithms dzave kuzivikanwa kusarudza zvikamu kubva nzvimbo kunoguma zvishoma pane yakanaka synthesis (semuenzaniso mashoko duku kuva kujeka) kunyange kana chisarudzo nani aripo Database. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vatsvakurudzi vakagadzira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuona zvikamu zvisiri zvomuzvarirwo muzvirongwa zvokusarudza kutaura.  Diphone synthesis Diphone synthesis inoshandisa mashoko mashoma anotaura mashoko ane mashoko ose anotaura mashoko (mazwi-kune-mazwi) anowanikwa mumutauro. Nhamba yemadhiponi inotsamira pamaponotactics omutauro wacho: somuenzaniso, chiSpanish chine madhiponi anenge 800, uye chiGerman anenge 2500. Mukubatanidzwa kwedhiponi, muenzaniso mumwe chete wedhiponi imwe neimwe uri mudhatabhesi yemashoko. Panguva yekumhanya, chinangwa chechirevo chinoiswa pamusoro pezvikamu zvidiki izvi kuburikidza nemaitiro ekugadzirisa masaini edhijitari akadai sekukodha kwekufungidzira, PSOLA kana MBROLA. kana matekinoroji achangoburwa akadai sekugadziriswa kwenzvimbo munzvimbo yemanyuko uchishandisa discrete cosine shanduko. Diphone synthesis inotambura nekukanganisa kwe sonic yekubatanidza synthesis uye robhoti-inonzwika hunhu hwefomu synthesis, uye ine mashoma emabhenefiti eimwe nzira kunze kwehukuru hushoma. Saka nekudaro, kushandiswa kwayo mukushambadzira kuri kuderera, kunyangwe ichiramba ichishandiswa mukutsvaga nekuti kune akati wandei anowanikwa mahara software. Muenzaniso wekutanga wekugadzirwa kweDiphone irobhoti rinodzidzisa, Leachim, rakagadzirwa naMichael J. Freeman. Leachim yaiva nemashoko ane chokuita nezvidzidzo zvomukirasi uye mamwe mashoko ane chokuita noupenyu hwevadzidzi vaakanga akarongwa kuti adzidzise. Yakaedzwa mukirasi yegiredhi rechina muBronx, New York.  Kugadziriswa kweDomain-specific Nzvimbo-yakananga yekubatanidza inobatanidza mashoko akarekodhwa uye mitsara kuti iite kutaura kwakakwana. Inoshandiswa mumashandisirwo apo zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana izvo hurongwa huchabuda hunogumira kune imwe nzvimbo, sekutaura kwepurogiramu yekufambisa kana mishumo yemamiriro okunze. Tekinoroji yacho iri nyore kwazvo kushandisa, uye yave ichishandiswa mune zvokutengeserana kwenguva refu, mumidziyo yakadai semaawa anotaura uye makirakita. Chiyero chechisikirwo cheaya masisitimu chinogona kuve chakakwira zvakanyanya nekuti mhando dzakasiyana dzemitsara dzakaganhurirwa, uye dzinoenderana zvakanyanya neprosody uye intonation yezvinyorwa zvekutanga. [ citation inodiwa ]  Nemhaka yokuti gadziriro idzi dzinoganhurirwa namashoko nemitsara iri mumatabhesi adzo, hadzina chinangwa chose chose uye dzinogona bedzi kubatanidza mubatanidzwa wamashoko nemitsara iyo dzakarongwa dzisati dzaitwa. Kusanganiswa kwamashoko mumutauro unotaurwa nomuzvarirwo zvisinei kunogona kuchiri kukonzera zvinetso kutoti misiyano mizhinji ichirangarirwa. Semuenzaniso, mumitauro isiri yechiRhotic yeChirungu "r" mumashoko akaita se "kujekesa" / klɪə / inowanzotaurwa chete kana izwi rinotevera riine vhowel serunyoro rwaro rwekutanga (semuenzaniso "kujekesa kunze" kunoitwa se / ˌklɪəɹˈʌʊt /). Nenzira yakafanana muchiFrench, mabhii akawanda okupedzisira haachatauri kana achiteverwa neshoko rinotanga neruvhero, chiitiko chinonzi liaison. Kuchinjana uku hakugoni kubudiswazve nehurongwa hwekubatanidza mashoko, izvo zvaizoda kuwedzerwa kwakaoma kunzwisisa kuti zvive zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.  Kuumbwa kwechimiro Formant synthesis haishandisi mienzaniso yemashoko omunhu panguva yokumhanya. Panzvimbo pezvo, mutauro unogadzirwa unogadzirwa uchishandisa synthesis yekuwedzera uye acoustic modhi (physical modelling synthesis). Miganhu yakadai sechiverengero chikuru, kutaura, uye mwero dzeruzha dzinosiyana-siyana nokufamba kwenguva kuti dzigadzire chimiro chemafungu okutaura kwokuita. Nzira iyi dzimwe nguva inonzi mitemo-yakavakirwa synthesis; zvisinei, dzakawanda concatenative hurongwa vanewo mitemo-yakavakirwa zvinoriumba. Masisitimu akawanda akavakirwa patekinoroji yeformant synthesis anogadzira kutaura kunonzwika semarobhoti uko kusingambofi kwakakanganiswa nokutaura kwomunhu. Zvisinei, kuva nomugariro wokusingaperi hakusi nguva dzose chinangwa chepurogiramu yokugadzira kutaura, uye purogiramu yokugadzira mashoko ine zvainobatsira kupfuura purogiramu yokugadzira mashoko. Kutaura kunogadzirwa naFormant kunogona kunzwisiswa zvakavimbika, kunyange pamwero mukuru zvikuru, kuchidzivisa mhinganidzo dzokunzwika idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinotambudza gadziriro dzakabatanidzwa. Kutaura kwokufananidzira kwokukurumidza kunoshandiswa navasingaoni kuti vakurumidze kufamba mumakombiyuta vachishandisa muverengi wechidzitiro. Formant synthesizers kazhinji mapurogiramu maduku kupfuura concatenative gadziriro nokuti havana Database kutaura ivhu. Naizvozvo dzinogona kushandiswa mumagadziriro akabatanidzwa, uko ndangariro nesimba re microprocessor rakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Nemhaka yokuti gadziriro dzakavakirwa pamagadziriro ane udzori hwakakwana hwezvinhu zvose zvomutauro wokubudisa, marudzi akasiyana-siyana eprosodies uye intonations anogona kubudiswa, achipa kwete mibvunzo nemashoko chete, asi marudzi akasiyana-siyana emirangariro uye manzwi.  Mienzaniso isiri-chaiyo-nguva asi yakanyatsojeka kurira kwekudzora mu formant synthesis inosanganisira basa rakaitwa mukupera kwema1970s yeTexas Instruments toy Speak & Spell, uye mukutanga kwema1980 Sega arcade michina uye mune mazhinji Atari, Inc. arcade mitambo uchishandisa iyo TMS5220 LPC Chips. Kugadzira kutaura kwakakodzera nokuda kwemapurojekiti aya kwakanga kwakanyanyisa, uye migumisiro yacho ichiri kufanira kuenzaniswa nemashoko chaiwo-nguva-ku-kutaura.  Kuumbwa kwezvibatanidzwa Kuumbwa kwemashoko (articulatory synthesis) kunoreva nzira dzokushandisa makombiyuta pakugadzira mashoko akavakirwa pamhando dzomuromo womunhu uye nzira dzokutaura dzinoitika imomo. Shanduro yokutanga yokutanga yaishandiswa nguva dzose kuongororwa kwema laboratory yakagadzirwa paHaskins Laboratories pakati pe1970s naPhilip Rubin, Tom Baer, naPaul Mermelstein. Iyi synthesizer, inozivikanwa seASY, yakanga yakavakirwa pamhando dzomugwagwa wokutaura dzakagadzirwa paBell Laboratories muma1960 nema1970 naPaul Mermelstein, Cecil Coker, uye vashandi pamwe navo.  Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, mienzaniso yokugadzira mashoko haisati yaiswa mumashandisirwo ezvokutengeserana okushandisa mashoko. Chinhu chinokosha chinonzi NeXT-based system yakatanga kugadzirwa uye kutengeswa neTrillium Sound Research, kambani yekutsvaga yeYunivhesiti yeCalgary, uko kwakawanda kwekutsvakurudza kwekutanga kwakaitwa. Kutevera kufa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zveNEXT (yakatangwa naSteve Jobs mukupera kwema1980 uye yakabatanidzwa neApple Computer muna 1997), software yeTrillium yakaburitswa pasi peGNU General Public License, nebasa rinopfuurira se gnuspeech. Sisitimu iyi, yakatanga kutengeswa muna 1994, inopa shanduko yakazara-yekutaura-based-text-to-speech uchishandisa waveguide kana yekufambisa-mutsara analogue yemunhu yemuromo uye yemhino nzira dzinodzorwa naCarré's "yakasarudzika nzvimbo modhi".  Zvimwe zvitsva zvinoshandiswa, zvakagadzirwa naJorge C. Lucero nevamwe vake, zvinosanganisira mienzaniso yevocal fold biomechanics, glottal aerodynamics uye acoustic wave propagation mu bronchi, trachea, nasal uye oral cavities, uye naizvozvo inoumba hurongwa hwakakwana hwekufananidza kutaura kwepanyama.
Nzira mbiri dzokutanga dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira matauriro evanhu dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira mashoko evanhu uye dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira mashoko evanhu.  Concatenative synthesis yakavakirwa pakubatanidza pamwe chete zvikamu zvomutauro wakanyorwa. Kazhinji kazhinji inobudisa kutaura kwakaumbwa kunonzwika somuzvarirwo zvikurusa. Zvisinei, misiyano iri pakati pokuchinja-chinja kwematauriro uye nzira dzinoshandiswa pakuparadzanisa mafungu dzimwe nguva dzinoita kuti pave nezvinetso zvinonzwika. Kuita zvinhu nenzira yomuzvarirwo kazhinji kunoda kuti dhatabhesi dzehurukuro dzive dzakakura zvikuru, mune dzimwe gadziriro dzinotangira mumagigabytes emashoko akarekodhwa, achimiririra makumi emaawa okutaura.  Formant synthesis haishandisi mienzaniso yemashoko omunhu panguva yokumhanya. Panzvimbo pezvo, kutaura kunogadzirwa kunogadzirwa pachishandiswa kugadzirwa kunowedzera uye mufananidzo weaucoustic. Masisitimu akawanda akavakirwa patekinoroji yeformant synthesis anogadzira kutaura kunonzwika semarobhoti uko kusingambofi kwakakanganiswa nokutaura kwomunhu. Iwo kazhinji mapurogiramu maduku kupfuura masisitimu akabatanidzwa nokuti haana dhatabhesi yezviratidziro zvekutaura. Naizvozvo dzinogona kushandiswa mumagadziriro akabatanidzwa, uko ndangariro nesimba re microprocessor rakaganhurirwa zvikuru.