Uyini umehluko phakathi kohlangothi lwesokudla nolwesobunxele lobuchopho?
Context:Ukuguquguquka komsebenzi wobuchopho kuyindlela yokuthi imisebenzi ethile yezinzwa noma izinqubo zokuqonda zikhethekile kolunye uhlangothi lobuchopho noma kolunye. I-longitudinal fissure ephakathi ihlukanisa ubuchopho bomuntu bube izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene zobuchopho, ezixhunywe yi-corpus callosum. Nakuba isakhiwo esikhulu sale mihlaba emibili sibonakala sifana ncamashi, ukwakheka okuhlukile kwamanethiwekhi ezinzwa kuvumela umsebenzi okhethekile ohlukile engxenyeni ngayinye yomhlaba.
Ukuguquguquka komsebenzi wobuchopho kuyindlela yokuthi imisebenzi ethile yezinzwa noma izinqubo zokuqonda zikhethekile kolunye uhlangothi lobuchopho noma kolunye. I-longitudinal fissure ephakathi ihlukanisa ubuchopho bomuntu bube izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene zobuchopho, ezixhunywe yi-corpus callosum. Nakuba isakhiwo esikhulu sale mihlaba emibili sibonakala sifana ncamashi, ukwakheka okuhlukile kwamanethiwekhi ezinzwa kuvumela umsebenzi okhethekile ohlukile engxenyeni ngayinye yomhlaba.  Ukwehlukaniswa kwezakhiwo zobuchopho kusekelwe ekuthambekeni okujwayelekile okuvezwa ezigulini ezinempilo; kodwa-ke, kunezibonelo eziningi eziphikisana nokwehlukaniswa ngakunye. Ubuchopho bomuntu ngamunye bukhula ngendlela ehlukile, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezingxenye eziyingqayizivele zomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kuhlukile ekuthuthukisweni, njengoba ukuguquguquka kubhekisela kuphela ekusebenzeni kwesakhiwo esisodwa esihlukaniswe phakathi kwama-hemispheres amabili. Ukwenza izinto ngokukhethekile kulula kakhulu ukukubona njengokuthambekela, ngoba kunomlando oqinile wezifundo zabantu.  Isibonelo esingcono kakhulu sokwakheka kwe-lateralization esungulwe yindawo kaBroca noWernicke, lapho zombili zivame ukutholakala kuphela engxenyeni engakwesobunxele yomhlaba. Ukusebenza kwe-lateralization, njengama-semantics, intonation, ukugcizelela, kanye ne-prosody, kuye kwabuzwa futhi kutholakale kakhulu ukuthi kunesisekelo se-neuronal kuzo zombili izingxenye zomhlaba. Esinye isibonelo siwukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yobuchopho ivame ukumelela uhlangothi olulodwa lomzimba. E-cerebellum, leli yicala elifanayo lomzimba, kodwa e-forebrain leli yicala eliphambene.  Imisebenzi yolimi enjengohlelo lolimi, isilulumagama nencazelo engokoqobo ngokuvamile iqondiswa ngasohlangothini lwe-hemisphere engakwesobunxele, ikakhulukazi kubantu abangakwesokudla. Nakuba ukukhiqizwa kolimi kuqondiswe ngakwesobunxele kubantu abangamaphesenti angu-90 abangakwesokudla, kuqondiswe ngakwesobunxele kubantu abangamaphesenti angu-50 abangakwesobunxele.  Indawo kaBroca nendawo kaWernicke, ezihlobene nokukhiqizwa kwenkulumo nokuqondwa kwenkulumo, ngokulandelana, zitholakala engxenyeni engakwesobunxele yobuchopho cishe kuma-95% abantu abakhuluma ngesandla sokudla kodwa cishe kuma-70% abantu abakhuluma ngesandla sobunxele. Abantu abakhuluma izilimi eziningi babonisa izindawo zokukhuluma ezihlukene zolimi ngalunye.  Ukucutshungulwa kolwazi oluyisisekelo lwezinzwa kuhlukaniswa kube izinhlangothi zomzimba ezingakwesobunxele nezingakwesokudla noma isikhala esizungeze umzimba.  Lapho umuntu ebona, cishe ingxenye yezinzwa zemizwa yokubona esweni ngalinye iyawela ukuze ibheke kolunye uhlangothi lweso, futhi cishe ingxenye ayiweli ukuze ibheke kolunye uhlangothi lweso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingxenye engakwesobunxele yenkambu ebonakalayo isingathwa kakhulu yi-cortex ebonakalayo ye-hemisphere yangakwesokudla futhi okuphambene nalokho ohlangothini lwesokudla lwenkambu ebonakalayo.  Ekuzweni, cishe ama-90% amangqamuzana ezinzwa ezinzwa ezindlebeni ezisendlebeni eyodwa ayaphambuka ukuze aqondiswe engxenyeni yezinzwa yezwe eseceleni.  Ngomqondo wokuthinta, iningi lama-neurons avela esikhunjeni liwela ukuze libonise i-somatosensory cortex ye-hemisphere ephambene.  Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezinhlangothi zomzimba ezingakwesobunxele nezingakwesokudla nendawo ezizungezile, ukucubungula ukwaziswa emaqakaleni ezinzwa ngokuyisisekelo kuyafana. Okungukuthi, ukucubungula izikhuthazi ezibukwayo nezingezokuzwa, ukulawula indawo, ukubona ubuso, nekhono lobuciko kumelelwa ngokubili. Ukulinganisela kwamanani, ukuqhathanisa kanye nokubala okuku-inthanethi kuncike ezifundeni zama-parietal amabili ngenkathi ukubalwa okunembile nokubuyisa amaqiniso kuhlotshaniswa nezifunda zama-parietal angakwesobunxele, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuxhumana kwabo nokucubungula ulimi.  Kunokuba nje kube uchungechunge lwezindawo lapho kuvela khona amamojuli obuchopho ahlukene, kunokufana okuqhubekayo ohlotsheni lomsebenzi obonakala ohlangothini ngalunye, ngokwesibonelo indlela ukuphazamiseka kohlangothini lwesokudla kwekhono lokudweba okwenza iziguli zidwebe izingxenye zendaba enobudlelwano obungahambelani ngokuphelele, noma lapho uhlobo lokulimala kohlangothini lwesobunxele olubonakala ekuphazamisekeni kolimi lungalimazi ikhono lesiguli lokuthola ukubaluleka kokushaywa kwenkulumo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela udokotela wezifo zengqondo waseBrithani u-Iain McGilchrist ukuba abheke lezi zingxenye zombili zomhlaba njengezinezindlela zokuziphatha ezihlukile, lapho ingxenye yomhlaba engakwesobunxele ithambekele ekunciphiseni izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nokuziphatha emithethweni nasezilinganisweni, kanti ingxenye yomhlaba engakwesokudla ithambekele kokuphelele nokufanekisa.  Ukucindezeleka kuhlotshaniswa ne-hyperactive right hemisphere. I-delusional misidentification syndromes, i-reduplicative paramnesia kanye ne-Capgras delusion nayo ngokuvamile ibangelwa ukulimala kwe-hemisphere yangakwesokudla.  Ukulimala kwe-hemisphere yangakwesokudla noma yangakwesobunxele, kanye nokuntuleka kwayo okunemiphumela kunikeza ukuqonda ngomsebenzi wendawo elimele. Ukulimala kwe-hemisphere engakwesobunxele kunemiphumela eminingi ekukhiqizweni kolimi nasekuqondeni. Ukulimala noma ukulimala kwe-hemisphere yangakwesokudla kungaholela ekuntulekeni kwe-prosody engokomzwelo noma ukuzwakala lapho kukhulunywa. Ukulimala kwe-hemisphere yangakwesokudla nakho kunemiphumela emibi ekuqondeni inkulumo. Abantu abalimele i-hemisphere yangakwesokudla banekhono elincishisiwe lokwenza iziphetho, ukuqonda nokukhiqiza imiqondo eyinhloko, kanye nekhono elincishisiwe lokuphatha ezinye izincazelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abanokulimala kwengxenye yengqondo yangakwesokudla bavame ukukhuluma ngokuxhamazela nangokunganaki noma bakhulume kakhulu futhi badlulele. Bangase babe nokushoda kwezinto ezingokoqobo ezimweni zokuthatha izintambo, ukugcinwa kwezihloko nokwabelana ngolwazi.  Ukulimala kobuchopho obuseceleni nakho kungathinta ukucaciseleka kwendawo okubonakalayo. Abantu abanokulimala kwe-hemisphere engakwesobunxele bangase babe nokuntuleka kokubona izinto ezinokucaca okuphezulu, noma izici ezinemininingwane yesithombe. Abantu abanokulimala kwe-hemisphere yangakwesokudla bangase babe nokuthikamezeka ekuboneni izici zesithombe ezinokucaca okuphansi, noma ezibonisa isithombe esikhulu.  Uma ingxenye ethile yobuchopho, noma ngisho nengxenye yayo yonke, ilimele noma ibhujisiwe, ngezinye izikhathi imisebenzi yayo ingase ithathwe yingxenye eseduze engxenyeni efanayo yobuchopho noma ingxenye efanayo engxenyeni eseceleni, kuye ngendawo elimele nobudala besiguli. Lapho ukulimala kuphazamisa imizila esuka endaweni eyodwa iya kwenye, ukuxhumana okunye (okungaqondile) kungakhula ukuxhumana nolwazi nezindawo ezihlukanisiwe, naphezu kokungasebenzi kahle.  I-aphasia kaBroca uhlobo oluthile lwe-aphasia ekhuluma futhi ibizwa kanjalo ngenxa ye-aphasia ebangelwa ukulimala noma ukulimala kwendawo kaBroca yobuchopho, etholakala kakhulu engxenyeni engezansi yesobunxele engxenyeni engaphambili. Ngakho-ke, i-aphasia ekhulayo ngenxa yokuntuleka kokusebenza kwendawo kaBroca iyi-aphasia eveza futhi engaphephile. Ibizwa ngokuthi 'non-fluent' ngenxa yezinkinga ezivelayo ngoba indawo kaBroca ibaluleke kakhulu ekuphimiseni nasekukhiqizeni ulimi. Le ndawo ilawula ezinye izici zezimoto zokukhiqizwa kwenkulumo nokuchazwa kwemicabango ibe ngamagama futhi ngenxa yalokho ukulimala kule ndawo kuholela ku-aphasia ethile engaphephile.  I - Wernicke's aphasia iwumphumela wokulimala kwendawo yobuchopho evame ukuba se-hemisphere engakwesobunxele ngenhla komgodi waseSylvian. Ukulimala kwalesi sifunda kubangela ikakhulukazi ukuntuleka kokuqonda ulimi. Nakuba umuntu onesifo sokukhuluma ngezwi elivamile engakhulumi ngokuzwakalayo, ulimi lomuntu one - Wernicke's aphasia lugcwele amaphutha okuchaza futhi kungase kuzwakale kungenangqondo kumlaleli. I-aphasia kaWernicke ibonakala nge-phonemic paraphasias, i-neologism noma i-jargon. Esinye isici somuntu one - Wernicke's aphasia ukuthi akanandaba namaphutha awenzayo.  UTerence Hines uthi ukucwaninga ngokuhlukaniswa kobuchopho kuyafaneleka njengohlelo lokucwaninga, nakuba abagqugquzeli bezentengiselwano beye bakusebenzisa ukuze bathuthukise izifundo nemikhiqizo ehluke kakhulu emiphumeleni yocwaningo. Ngokwesibonelo, imiphumela yocwaningo ayithinti izindlela zokungenelela ezingokwengqondo ezinjenge-eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) kanye nokuhlela kwe-neurolinguistic, imishini yokuqeqesha ubuchopho, noma ukuqeqeshwa kwabaphathi.  Ezinye izindlela zokwenza izinto zivame kakhulu zenza kube lula ngokweqile isayensi ephathelene nokwenza izinto zibe yizicucu, ngokwethula umehluko osebenzayo phakathi kwama-hemisphere njengokungathi awukho ngokuphelele kunalokho okuyikho ngempela. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa umsebenzi ophambene ngokuphelele wokusebenza kobuchopho, okungukuthi i-hemisphere yangakwesobunxele ngokudala futhi ngokuxhumana okuxakayo phakathi kwemiqondo kanye ne-hemisphere yangakwesokudla ivame ukunamathela osukwini nesikhathi esithile, nakuba ngokuvamile inamathela kumklamo we-left-brain njengokuhumusha kolimi kanye nobuchopho obufanele njengendawo yesikhathi.  Ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uhlangothi ngalunye lobuchopho luhlobene nobulili obuthile: olwesobunxele luhlobene nobulili besilisa kanti olwesokudla luhlobene nobulili besifazane futhi ingxenye ngayinye ingasebenza ngokuzimela. Ingxenye yesokudla yobuchopho yayibhekwa njengengaphansi futhi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ibaluleke kakhulu kwabesifazane, kubantu basendle, ezinganeni, ezigebengwini nasezihlanya. Isibonelo esivelele salokhu ezincwadini eziqanjiwe singabonakala kuRobert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.