Yimiphi imithetho ejwayelekile ye-Baseball?
Context:I-baseball idlalwa phakathi kwamaqembu amabili anabadlali abayisishiyagalolunye enkundleni yeqembu elingashayi ngaleso sikhathi (ithimba elishayayo lizoba nomshayi oyedwa odlala "eplazini lasekhaya" enkundleni). Enkundleni ye-baseball, umdlalo ungaphansi kwegunya labahluleli abaningana. Kukhona abahluleli abane emidlalweni yeligi enkulu; kuze kufike kwabayisithupha (futhi abambalwa njengababili) bangahlulela ngokuya ngeligi nokubaluleka komdlalo. Kunezisekelo ezintathu. Izinombolo eziphambene newashi, isisekelo sokuqala, sesibili nesesithathu ziyizikhwama (ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokungahleliwe ngokuthi izikhwama) ezakhiwe njengezikwele eziyi-15 in (38 cm) eziphakanyiswe ibanga elifushane ngaphezu komhlaba; kanye ne-home plate, "isisekelo" sesine, bakha isikwele esinamacala angama-90 ft (27.4 m) abizwa ngokuthi idayimane. Ipuleti eliyisiqalo liyi-pentagonal rubber slab 17 in (43.2 cm) ububanzi. Indawo yokudlala ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:  Infield, equkethe izisekelo ezine, yenzelwe izinjongo zokuzivikela jikelele ezilinganiswe imigqa ye-foul futhi ngaphakathi komugqa wotshani (bheka isithombe). I-outfield yindawo enotshani engaphandle komugqa wotshani obungaphakathi phakathi kwemigqa ye-foul futhi emiswe ngodonga noma uthango. Indawo yokungcola yindawo yonke engaphandle kwemigqa yokungcola. I-pitcher's mound itholakala maphakathi nenkundla. Yindunduma yobumba enobubanzi obungamamitha angu - 5,5 kodwa engekho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu - 25,4. Eduze nesikhungo sesigodi kukhona i-pitching rubber, i-rubber slab ebekwe ku-60 ft 6 in (18.4 m) kusuka endaweni yasekhaya. I-pitcher kufanele ibe nonyawo olulodwa ku-rubber ekuqaleni kwe-pitch ngayinye ku-batter, kodwa i-pitcher ingashiya indawo ye-mound uma ibhola likhishwa.  Ezingeni lasekolishi/lobungcweti, i-baseball idlalwa ngama-innings ayisishiyagalolunye lapho iqembu ngalinye lithola ithuba elilodwa lokushaya futhi lizama ukushaya amaphuzu ngenkathi elinye lifaka futhi livikela enkundleni. I-baseball yasesikoleni esiphakeme idlala imidlalo eyisikhombisa kanti i-Little League idlala imidlalo eyisithupha. I-inning ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili lapho iqembu elihambelayo lishaya engxenyeni ephezulu (yokuqala), kanti iqembu elihlala ekhaya lishaya engxenyeni engezansi (yesibili). E-baseball, ukuzivikela kuhlale kunebhola - okuyiqiniso elikuhlukanisa neminye imidlalo yamaqembu. Amaqembu ayashintshana njalo lapho iqembu elivikelayo likhipha abadlali abathathu beqembu elishayayo. Owinile yiqembu elinamaphuzu amaningi kakhulu ngemva kwama-innings angu-9. Uma iqembu lasekhaya lihola ngemva kokuphela kwengxenye yesishiyagalolunye, umdlalo awuqhubeki engxenyeni engezansi. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, kufakwa u - X ebhodini lokubonisa amaphuzu eqenjini lasekhaya emzuliswaneni wesishiyagalolunye. Uma kunokufana, kudlalwa ama-innings engeziwe kuze kube yilapho elinye iqembu liphumelela ekupheleni kwe-inning. Uma iqembu lasekhaya lihola nganoma isiphi isikhathi phakathi nesigamu sesishiyagalolunye noma nganoma isiphi isikhathi ngemva kwalokho, umdlalo uyama bese iqembu lasekhaya libhekwa njengelenqobile. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhamba.  Umncintiswano oyisisekelo njalo uphakathi komjikijolo weqembu elifaka inkambu nomshayi. I-pitcher iphonsa ibhola ebhekise ekhaya, lapho i-catcher yeqembu le-fielding ilinda khona (ngokuma okugobile) ukuyithola. Ngemva komdlali obamba i-catcher, kunoma ubani obamba i-home plate umpire. Umshayi wesibhakela umi kwelinye lamabhokisi omshayi wesibhakela futhi uzama ukushaya ibhola ngesibhakela. Umshayi kufanele agcine unyawo olulodwa luthinta phezulu noma ngaphambili kwe-rubber yomshayi - ipuleti elingu-24×6 in (61×15 cm) elitholakala phezulu kwesigxobo somshayi - phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokushaya, ukuze akwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo esisodwa kuphela emuva nesinyathelo esisodwa phambili ekuhambiseni ibhola. Umsebenzi womdlali obamba ibhola uwukwamukela noma yiziphi izibhakela ezingashayiwe yilowo oshaya ibhola bese "ekhuluma" ngomdlalo ngokwenza uchungechunge lokunyakaza kwezandla okubonisa lowo obamba ibhola ukuthi yiziphi izibhakela okumelwe aziphonse nokuthi kufanele aziphonse kuphi. Umdlali obamba ibhola uvame ukubonisa indawo oyifunayo yebhola ngaphakathi kwendawo yokushaya bese "ehlala" ngemuva kwepuleti noma abambe igilavu yakhe endaweni oyifunayo njengenhloso. Indima yomgcini iba ebaluleke kakhulu kuye ngokuthi umdlalo uqhubeka kanjani, nokuthi umgadli usabela kanjani esimweni esithile. Isenzo ngasinye siqala umdlalo omusha, ongase ungagcini nje ngokudlala.  Engxenyeni ngayinye, umgomo weqembu elivikelayo uwukukhipha amalungu amathathu elinye iqembu. Umdlali ophumile kufanele ashiye inkambu alinde ithuba lakhe elilandelayo lokushaya. Kunezindlela eziningi zokukhipha abashayi nabagijimayo; ezinye ezivame kakhulu ukubamba ibhola elishaywayo emoyeni, ama-tag outs, ama-force outs, nama-strikeouts. Ngemuva kokuthi iqembu elifaka inkambu likhiphe abadlali abathathu beqembu eliphikisayo, leyo ngxenye ye-inning isiphelile futhi iqembu elisenkambu neqembu elisezingeni lokushaya lishintsha izindawo; asikho umkhawulo ophezulu wenani elingashaya ngokujikeleza ngaphambi kokubhalwa kwabathathu. Ukudlula kulo lonke uhlu ngesikhathi sokudlala kubizwa ngokuthi "ukubethela" futhi kukhombisa isilinganiso esiphezulu sokudlala. I-inning ephelele iqukethe uhlangothi ngalunye oluphikisayo olune-turn (ezintathu outs) ekuhlaseleni.  Umgomo wethimba elishayayo ukufaka amaphuzu amaningi kunomphikisi; umdlali angenza kanjalo ngokushaya, bese eba umgijimi wesisekelo, ethinta zonke izisekelo ngokulandelana (ngokusebenzisa umdlalo owodwa noma ngaphezulu), futhi ekugcineni ethinta ipulatifomu yasekhaya. Umdlali angase futhi abe umgijimi oyisisekelo ngokufakwa njengomgijimi we-pinch. Ukuze afeze lokho, umgomo womdlali ngamunye uwukwenza abagijimi abasemagcekeni bakwazi ukushaya amaphuzu noma ukuba yena ngokwakhe abe umgijimi osemasegcekeni. Umshayi webhola uzama ukushaya ibhola endaweni elungile - phakathi kwemigqa yebhasi - ngendlela yokuthi abadlali abavikelayo bangakwazi ukubakhipha noma abagijimi bebhasi. Ngokuvamile, umjikijolo uzama ukuvimbela lokhu ngokushaya ibhola ngendlela yokuthi umshayi webhola angakwazi ukulishaya kahle noma, uma kungenzeka, angakwazi nhlobo.  Umgijimi ophumelele ukuthinta ipulatifomu yasekhaya ngaphandle kokuthatha umhlalaphansi (ukubizwa) ngemuva kokuthinta zonke izisekelo zangaphambilini ushaya iphuzu. Enkundleni evaliwe, ibhola elilingene eliphonswe phezu kocingo lapho lisendleleni liba yi-home run, okunika umshayi kanye nabo bonke abagijimi ilungelo lokuthinta wonke ama-base futhi bathole amaphuzu. Enkundleni enezinsika ezingekho emthethweni, ibhola elishaya insika nalo liyi-home run. I-home run etholwe lapho zonke izisekelo zigcwele ("izisekelo zilayishiwe") ibizwa ngokuthi i-grand slam.
I-baseball iwumdlalo odlalwa amaqembu amabili anabadlali abangu-9. Ukuzivikela kudlala inkambu futhi kunebhola, futhi ukuhlasela kungashaya ngokushaya ibhola futhi kuzungeze izisekelo. Inkambu yakhiwa izingxenye ezimbili, inkambu yangaphakathi, equkethe izisekelo, kanye nenkambu engaphandle. Izisekelo zihlukaniswe ngamamitha angu-30, zihlelwe ngendlela yedayimane, futhi zihambe ngokuphambene nesimiso sewashi. I-pitcher's mound isenkabeni ye-infield futhi ingamamitha angu-60 no-6 ukusuka endaweni yokudlala (lapho i-batter ime khona ukuzama ukushaya ibhola). Ezingeni lentsha, izisekelo zingase zibekwe zisondele ngamamitha angu - 60, kanti inqwaba ingase ibe kude ngamamitha angu - 46. I-infield iqukethe abavikeli abayisithupha kwabayisishiyagalolunye, i-pitcher isendaweni ye-pitcher's mound, i-catcher ibekwe ngemuva kweplate yasekhaya ukuthola ibhola kusuka ku-pitcher, kanye nama-infielders amane. Umdlali wasebhange lokuqala nomdlali wasebhange lesibili babekwe ohlangothini lwesokudla lwendawo eseduze nezisekelo zabo. I-shortstop kanye ne-third baseman zibekwe ohlangothini lwesobunxele lwendawo engaphakathi ne-shortstop emthunzini eduze kwesisekelo sesibili, esimweni esibukekayo esivela ku-second baseman. Umdlali wasebhasikidi lesithathu ubekwa esisekelweni sesithathu. Ama-outfielders yilabo abadlali abathathu abasele abavikelayo ababekwe endaweni enkulu yotshani ngaphandle kwesokunxele, maphakathi, nangakwesokudla. Umjikijolo kufanele ulethe ibhola phezu kwepuleti ebangeni eliphakeme lamadolo omdlali kuya esifubeni sakhe. Ukuphonsa kathathu kuleli zinga noma ukushaya nokwehluleka kubalwa njengokuphuma. Amabhola ashaywayo angafiki emdlalweni, lapho imigqa yomdlalo isuka khona ephuzwini lepulatifomu yasekhaya okuyi-angle engama-degree angu-90 abalwa njengokushaya inqobo nje uma ishaya owodwa noma amabili, umshayi webhola akakwazi ukwenza iphutha ngokushaya kwesithathu. Uma ibhola eliphonswayo lingabizwa ngokuthi i-strike kuba ibhola, futhi amabhola amane emdlalweni we-at-bat anika i-batter isisekelo sokuqala ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhamba. Ezinye izindlela zokwenza ama-outs yilapho ibhola lishaywa futhi abasubathi belithatha ngaphambi kokuthi lishaye phansi; uma ibhola lishaya phansi umgijimi angabhekwa njengongekho emdlalweni. Abasubathi bathinta isisekelo somgijimi oqhubekayo onebhola ngaphambi kokufika kwabagijimi, inqobo nje uma umgijimi ephoqeleka ukuba aqhubekele phambili esisekelweni. Uma kungekho mandla, umgijimi kumelwe asuswe. Uma kwenzeka i-fly-out, noma yimuphi umgijimi kufanele abuyisele isikhwama aqale kuso futhi akavunyelwe ukuqhubekela phambili esikhwameni esilandelayo kuze kube yilapho umdlali we-fielder ebamba ibhola. Uma bengabuyisi ukubamba isisekelo sabo sokuqala bangabizwa ngaphandle uma ibhola nomdlali ophethe ibhola befika esisekelweni sokuqala ngaphambi kwabo. Ama-out amathathu akha isigamu se-inning; ngemuva kwesigamu ngasinye se-inning, amaqembu ayashintshana ukusuka ekuhlaseleni kuya ekuvikeleni. Ngemva kokuba iqembu ngalinye selithole ama-out amathathu umdlalo uphelele. Umdlalo uqedwa ngemva kwama-innings angu-9, nakuba imidlalo yentsha ivame ukuba nama-innings ayisithupha noma ayisikhombisa. Uma amaqembu eqondile ekupheleni komthetho, amaqembu azoqhubeka engeza ama-innings angeziwe kuze kube yilapho iqondile. Ibhola elishaywe ngaphesheya kocingo lwangaphandle lubhekwa njenge-homerun futhi umshayi kanye nabo bonke abagijimi base base bangadlulela ekhaya ngokuphepha. Uma ibhola elishaywayo liwela endaweni elungile bese liphuma enkundleni yokudlala, kubhekwa njengokuphindwe kabili, futhi bonke abagijimi banikezwa izisekelo ezimbili ukusuka lapho beqale khona. Ungashintsha abadlali ebhentshini lakho emdlalweni noma nini kodwa abadlali abavunyelwe ukuphinde bangene emdlalweni uma sebeshintshiwe, ngakho-ke ukushintshwa kwenziwa ngobumnene nangamasu. Amaligi amaningi asebenzisa umthetho we-hitter oqokiwe, ovumela umdlali we-10 ukuthi ashaye esikhundleni somjikijolo. Amabhola, ukushaya, nokuphuma kudlalwa ngabahluleli, abangaba phakathi kuka - 2 no - 4.