Yiziphi izinzuzo nezinkinga zokufunda iJava kunePython?
IJava nePython ziyizilimi ezimbili zokuhlela ezithandwa kakhulu. Kulezi zilimi ezimbili, iJava iyona esheshayo, kodwa iPython ilula futhi kulula ukuyifunda. Ngamunye wabo usungulwe kahle, awusekelwe endaweni yesikhulumi, futhi uyingxenye yomphakathi omkhulu, osekelayo. Kodwa ukufana kuphela lapho. Uma ucabanga ngePython uma iqhathaniswa neJava, ulimi ngalunye lusetshenziselwa izinjongo ezehlukene, futhi ngalunye lunobuhle nobubi okufanele bucatshangelwe.  Izinzuzo zeJava  Ukusheshisa nokusebenza kahle kuyizinto ezimbili ezinhle zokusebenzisa iJava. Futhi ingenye yezilimi zokuhlela ezibhekwa njengezilula ukuzifunda. Ngenxa yokuthi izinqubo eziningi zalolu limi olusezingeni eliphezulu zisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngeke kudingeke ukuba wenze isifundo esijulile sokuthi konke kusebenza kanjani njengoba ubungenza ngolimi olusezingeni eliphansi. Kumelwe ukwazi ukusisebenzisa kahle ngokushesha kuye ngokuthi singakanani isikhathi ongasichitha ufunda futhi usisebenzisa. Ezinye izinzuzo zokusebenzisa iJava zihlanganisa okulandelayo:  (1) Ilula: I-syntax ilula, okwenza kube lula ukuyibhala. Ayiyona inkimbinkimbi njengezilimi ezinjenge-C++, futhi isebenzisa ukwabiwa kwememori okuzenzakalelayo.  (2) I-Java ayixhomekile endaweni yesikhulumi: Ungasebenzisa i-Java ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamakhompyutha, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo ze-Windows, i-iOS, i-Unix, ne-Linux, uma nje ine-Java Virtual Machine (JVM) yesikhulumi.  (3) Iqondiswe entweni: Ngenxa yokuthi udala amakilasi aqukethe idatha nemisebenzi nezinto eziqondene nalawo makilasi, inikeza indlela enembile kakhulu yokuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi amakhulu. Iphinde inikeze ukuguquguquka nokuxazululwa kwezinkinga okulula, kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa kabusha ikhodi.  (4) Inomphakathi omkhulu womhlaba wonke: Lokhu kuyasiza uma ufunda iJava noma uma unenkinga.  (5) Isekela ukuhlanganiswa kwezingqimba eziningi: Uma usebenzisa iJava, ungahambisa izingqimba ezingaphezu kweyodwa ngesikhathi. Lapho kuqhutshwa imicu eminingi, ihlanganyela indawo efanayo yenkumbulo ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza.  (6) Iphephile: I-Java igwema ukusebenzisa izikhombisi ezicacile, isebenza ngaphakathi komshini obonakalayo obizwa ngokuthi i-sandbox, isebenzisa i-byte-code verifier ukuhlola ikhodi engekho emthethweni, futhi inikeza ukuphepha kwezinga lomtapo wezincwadi kanye nephakethe lezokuphepha le-Java kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphepha kwesikhathi sokusebenza.  Ububi beJava  Ngaphambi kokuba unqume ukuthi iJava yilona limi olulungele wena yini, kubalulekile ukuba ucabangele ubuthakathaka bayo. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu zokusebenzisa iJava ukuthi isebenzisa inkumbulo eningi kakhulu kunePython.  Ngaphezu kwalokho, iJava iphatha inkumbulo yayo ngokuqoqa imfucumfucu, okwenzeka uma uhlelo lokusebenza osebenza kulo lungasasho lutho ngento. I-garbage collector yeJava iyisusa enkumbulweni, kodwa phakathi nenqubo, ezinye izingqimba kufanele ziyeke ngenkathi i-garbage collector isebenza. Lesi sinyathelo sinomthelela ekusebenzeni jikelele kwesicelo. Ezinye izinkinga zihlanganisa:  (1) Ayinikezi ukulawula ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza: Njengomhleli, ngeke ube nekhono lokulawula ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza usebenzisa imisebenzi efana ne-free ((() noma susa ((().  (2) Inamagama amaningi: Nakuba iJava ilula, ivame ukuba namagama amaningi, okuvame ukukushiyela imisho ebanzi, emide nezincazelo.  (3) Ayinakho ukubukeka kwendabuko uma uyisebenzisa kuma-desktops: I-Java inezakhi eziningi ze-graphical user interface (i-GUI), kodwa ayizona ezingcono kakhulu uma udala i-UI eyinkimbinkimbi kudeskithophu. IJava ibuthakathaka uma uyisebenzisa kudeskithophu uma uqhathanisa neselula uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi. Nakuba kunabakhi abaningi be-GUI ongakhetha kubo, kuzodingeka wenze ucwaningo oluningi ukuze uthole ofanele iphrojekthi yakho.   I-Python: Indlela elula  Nakuba iJava ishesha, i-Python ivumelana nezimo, ifundeka kalula, futhi ine-syntax elula. Ngokwe-Stack Overflow, lolu limi oluvame ukusetshenziswa, oluhunyushiwe luwulimi lwesine oludume kakhulu lokufaka amakhodi. Futhi ingenye yezilimi zokuhlela ezifunwa kakhulu abaphathi bokuqasha abazifunayo lapho beqasha abantu, ngokusho kweHackerRank, yesibili kuphela kuJavaScript.  Ukuthandwa kwe-Python kuye kwabhekana nokukhula okuqhumayo eminyakeni embalwa edlule, njengoba kunabakhodi abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-11.3 abakhetha ukuyisebenzisa, ikakhulukazi i-IoT, isayensi yedatha, kanye nezicelo zokufunda ngomshini, ngokusho kwe-ZDNet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iPython ibe nezinga lokukhula elingamaphesenti angama-25, yengeza abathuthukisi abayizigidi ezingama-2.3 emphakathini wayo phakathi kwe-Q3 2020 ne-Q3 2021, ngokusho kwe-SlashData's <unk>State of the Developer Nation.<unk>  Izinzuzo zePython  Ukuguquguquka kwePython kunzima ukukulinganisa, futhi iguquguquka kangangokuthi ikhuthaza ukuhlolwa. Lokhu kuvimbela abahleli bezinhlelo ukuba bangagxili ekwakheni uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwesicelo. Ungafunda ulimi olulodwa nje futhi ulisebenzise ekwenzeni izinto ezintsha nezihlukile.  I-Computer Weekly ibiza i-Python ngokuthi ulimi lokuhlela olunemisebenzi eminingi, iphawula ukuthi "Nakuba kungase kube nesisombululo esingcono kunoma iyiphi inkinga, i-Python iyohlale yenza umsebenzi kahle". Ezinye izinzuzo zePython zihlanganisa:  (1) Akuxhomekile endaweni yesikhulumi: NjengeJava, ungasebenzisa i-Python ezinkundleni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise i-MacOS, i-Windows, ne-Linux. Uzodinga nje umhumushi owenzelwe leyo ndawo.  (2) Ivumela ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo: Ngenxa yokuthi i-Python ibhalwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, iyashesha futhi ilungele ukuthuthukiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isebenzisa ikhodi engavumelani ukuze ixazulule izimo nezinselele ngokushesha ngoba iyunithi ngalinye lekhodi lisebenza ngokwehlukana.  (3) Inikeza imitapo yolwazi ebanzi: Imitapo yayo emikhulu isekela imisebenzi nemiyalo evamile. Futhi iqukethe ikhodi engasetshenziselwa izinhloso eziningi ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ekwakheni imibhalo kuya ekuhlolweni kweyunithi kuya ku-CGI.  (4) Inikeza indlela eguquguqukayo yokuhlela: I-Python isekela izitayela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlela futhi inezibonelo eziningi. Lokhu akukona nje kuphela okuhle kakhulu kubahleli bezinhlelo abajabulela ukuguquguquka, kodwa futhi kwenza kube kuhle kakhulu kuma-startups okungenzeka adinge ukushintsha izindlela ngokuzumayo.  (5) Ikhululekile futhi ivulekile: Ungayilanda i-Python ngaphandle kwezindleko, futhi ngenxa yokuthi kulula kakhulu ukuyifunda futhi inomunye wemiphakathi emikhulu futhi esebenzayo kakhulu - kufanele ukwazi ukuqala ukubhala ikhodi ngemizuzu nje embalwa.  (6) Kungase kukhulise umkhiqizo: I-NetGuru ithi i-Python ikhiqiza kakhulu kuneJava ngenxa yokuthi ifushane futhi ngoba ibhalwe ngendlela eshintshashintshayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamandla okulawula nezici zokuhlanganisa ezingenza izinhlelo zokusebenza zikhiqize ngokwengeziwe.  Amaphutha e-Python  Nakuba iPython ngokusobala ingenye yezilimi ezilula futhi ezisheshayo ukuzifunda, kodwa futhi ihamba kancane ukuyisebenzisa ngoba ihunyushwe ngendlela eqondile, ihunyushwe ngolimi, isetshenziswe ngomugqa. I-Python yenza umsebenzi owengeziwe ngenkathi isebenzisa ikhodi, okwenza kungafaneleki ukusetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi ancike ngejubane. Nokho, uma isivinini singeyona inkinga ebucayi, imvelo yePython ehamba kancane cishe ngeke ibe yinkinga.  Ezinye izinkinga ezingaba khona zihlanganisa:  (1) Isebenzisa i-thread eyodwa kuphela ngesikhathi: I-Python ine-Global Interpreter Lock evumela i-thread eyodwa kuphela ukuthi isebenze ngesikhathi, ngakho-ke uma usebenza ku-multi-threaded CPU-bound program, cishe kuzohamba kancane. Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezisebenza nge-multiprocessing esikhundleni sezinhlelo ezinama-multi-threaded kungaba indlela ephumelelayo yokuzixazulula.  (2) Akuyona i-mobile native: I-Python ingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo futhi kalula ngezinhloso zeselula, kodwa kuzodingeka wenze umzamo omncane ekutholeni imitapo yolwazi ekunika uhlaka oludingekayo. Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Kivy, evumela ukuthi usebenzise i-API efanayo ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula nesofthiwe ongayisebenzisa ku-Raspberry PI, Linux, naku-Windows.  (3) Isebenzisa inkumbulo eningi: Uma usebenza kuphrojekthi lapho izinto eziningi zisebenza khona ku-RAM, lokhu kungaba yinkinga kuwe. Ukushintshela ku-NumPy kungaba indlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa inani lememori esetshenziswa yiPython entweni ngayinye.