Kuyini ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo?
Ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo zomzimba kuhlanganisa ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo okuhlangene kwe-chromosome ngayinye emzimbeni. Kumagciwane aqukethe i-chromosome eyodwa, iphrojekthi ye-genome iyohlose ukwenza ibalazwe lokulandelana kwaleyo chromosome. Ngokuqondene nohlobo lomuntu, olunezakhi zofuzo ezihlanganisa ama - autosome angu - 22 nama - chromosome amabili obulili, ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo okuphelele kuyohlanganisa ukulandelana kwama - chromosome angu - 46 ahlukene.  I - Human Genome Project iyisibonelo esaziwayo se - genome project.  Ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zofuzo kubhekisela enkambisweni yokuthatha inqwaba yokulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo ezimfushane bese kuphinde kuhlanganiswa ukuze kwakhiwe ukumela kwama-chromosome okuqala lapho i-DNA yavela khona. Emkhakheni wokulandelela isibhamu, wonke ama-DNA avela emthonjeni othile (ngokuvamile okuwumzimba owodwa, noma yini kusukela kubhaktheriya kuya esilwaneni esincelisayo) kuqala ahlukaniswa abe yizigidi zezingcezu ezincane. Lezi zingcezu bese "zifundwa" imishini yokulandelela ngokuzenzakalelayo. I-algorithm yokuhlanganisa i-genome isebenza ngokuthatha zonke izingcezu futhi iziqondise komunye nomunye, futhi ithole zonke izindawo lapho ukulandelana okubili okufushane, noma okufundwayo, kuhlangana khona. Lezi zincwadi ezifanayo zingahlanganiswa, futhi le nqubo iyaqhubeka.  Ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zofuzo kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu wokubalwa kwezinto, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ngoba izakhi zofuzo eziningi ziqukethe izinombolo ezinkulu zokulandelana okufanayo, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuphindaphinda. Lokhu kuphindaphinda kungaba yizinkulungwane zama-nucleotide ubude, futhi kwenzeka ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi kuma-genome amakhulu ezitshalo nezilwane.  Ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo okuwumphumela (umqulu) kwenziwa ngokuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okulandelanisiwe bese kusetshenziswa ukwaziswa okuxhumanisa ukudala izinsika. Ama-scaffold abekwe ebalazweni elingokomzimba lama-chromosome akha "umzila wegolide".  Ekuqaleni, izikhungo eziningi ezinkulu zokulandelela i - DNA zazakhela isofthiwe yazo yokuhlanganisa ukulandelana ezazikukhiqiza. Nokho, lokhu kuye kwashintsha njengoba isofthiwe iye yaba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe futhi njengoba inani lezikhungo zokulandelela liye landa. Isibonelo salokhu i-Assembler Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package eyenziwe yi-BGI yokuhlanganiswa kabusha kwama-genome osayizi womuntu, ukuqondanisa, ukutholwa kwe-SNP, ukulandelela kabusha, ukuthola i-indel, kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuguquguquka kwesakhiwo.  Kusukela ngawo-1980, i-molecular biology kanye ne-bioinformatics kuye kwaveza isidingo sokubhala izimpawu ze-DNA. Ukuchazwa kwe-DNA noma ukuchazwa kwe-genome inqubo yokuhlonza ukunamathisela ulwazi lwezinto eziphilayo kulandelana, futhi ikakhulukazi ekuboneni izindawo zamagciwane nokunquma ukuthi lawo magciwane enzani.  Lapho kulandelana i-genome, ngokuvamile kunezindawo okunzima ukuzilandelana (ngokuvamile izindawo ezine-DNA ephindaphindeka kakhulu). Ngakho-ke, ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo 'okuqediwe' akuvamile ukuba kuqedwe, futhi kuye kwasetshenziswa amagama anjengokuthi 'ukuhlela ukusebenza' noma 'okuqediwe ngokuyisisekelo' ukuchaza ngokunembile isimo semiklamo enjalo yezakhi zofuzo. Ngisho nalapho sekunqunyiwe wonke amabhangqa e-base alandelana e-genome, kusengenzeka kube namaphutha ngoba ukulandelana kwe-DNA akuyona inqubo enembile ngokuphelele. Kungashiwo futhi ukuthi iphrojekthi ephelele ye-genome kufanele ifake ukulandelana kwe-mitochondria kanye (nezitshalo) ama-chloroplast njengoba la ma-organelles enama-genome awo.  Ngokuvamile kubikwa ukuthi umgomo wokulandelela uhlu lwezakhi zofuzo ukuthola ukwaziswa okuphathelene nesethi ephelele yezakhi zofuzo kulolo chungechunge lwezakhi zofuzo. Ingxenye yezakhi zofuzo echaza izakhi zofuzo ingase ibe ncane kakhulu (ikakhulukazi kuma-eukaryotes afana nabantu, lapho i-DNA echaza izakhi zofuzo ingase ibe amaphesenti ambalwa nje kuphela alolu chungechunge oluphelele). Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka njalo (noma kuyinto efiselekayo) ukulandelela kuphela izifunda zokubhala ngokwahlukana. Futhi, njengoba ososayensi beqonda okwengeziwe ngendima yaleli DNA elingekho emthethweni (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-DNA engenamsebenzi), kuyoba okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe ukuba nokulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo okuphelele njengesizinda sokuqonda ufuzo nemvelo yanoma iyiphi into ephilayo.  Ngezindlela eziningi amaphrojekthi e-genome awagcini nje ngokubona ukulandelana kwe-DNA yesidalwa esiphilayo. Imiklamo enjalo ingase ihlanganise nokubikezela izakhi zofuzo ukuze kutholakale ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zikuphi ku-genome, nokuthi lezo zakhi zofuzo zenzani. Kungase kube khona nemiklamo ehlobene nokulandelana kwama - EST noma ama - mRNA ukuze kusizwe ukuthola ukuthi amagciwane akhona ngempela kuphi.