Kubva mundima inotevera, miteroi/miitiro yakatungamirira kuAmerican Revolution?
Context:1764<unk>1766: Mitero yakaiswa uye yakabviswa Nyaya huru: Sugar Act, Currency Act, Quartering Acts, Stamp Act 1765, uye Declaratory Act Mamwe mashoko: Hapana mutero pasina mumiririri uye mumiririri chaiye  Chiziviso cheStamp Act 1765 mupepanhau rechikoloni Muna 1764 Paramende yakapa Mutemo weShuga, ichideredza mitero yaivapo yetsika paShuga neMelasse asi ichipa matanho akasimba ekumanikidza uye kuunganidza. Gore iroro, Mutungamiriri wehurumende George Grenville akakarakadza mitero yakananga pamakoroni kuti awedzere mari, asi akaverengera kuita chiito kuti aone kana makoroni aizopa imwe nzira yokuwedzera mari ivo pachavo.  Grenville akanga asimbisa muna 1762 kuti mari yose yezvivako zvetsika muAmerica yakaenzana nepondo imwe kana kuti zviuru zviviri zvepound sterling pagore, uye kuti homwe yeEngland yakanga iri kubhadhara pakati pemapondo zviuru zvinomwe nezvisere pagore kuti iunganidzwe. Adam Smith akanyora muThe Wealth of Nations kuti Paramende "haisati yambokumbira [makoloni eAmerica] chinhu chipi nechipi chaitombosvika kunyange pedyo nechiyero chakarurama cheizvo zvaibhadharwa navamwe vavo vaiva pasi pamusha". Benjamin Franklin gare gare aizopupurira muParamende muna 1766 zvinopesana, achishuma kuti vaAmerica vakanga vatogovera zvikuru kudziviriro yoUmambo. Akapikisa kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakanga dzasimudza, dzashongedza, uye dzakabhadhara varwi 25 000 kuti varwe neFrance muHondo yeFrance neIndia yoga - vakawanda sevakanga vatumwa neBritain pachayo - uye vakapedza mamirioni akawanda kubva muhomwe dzeAmerica vachiita kudaro.  Pakupedzisira Paramende yakapa Mutemo weStamp muna March 1765, uyo wakatanga kuisa mitero yakananga pamakoroni kwenguva yokutanga. Magwaro ose ehurumende, mapepanhau, mabhuku emakore, uye mapepa zvaidiwa kuti zvive nezvitambi - kunyange makadhi okutamba. Macolonist haana kupikisa kuti mitero yakanga yakakwirira; chaizvoizvo yakanga yakaderera.[b] Vakapikisa kushaiwa kwavo kumiririrwa muParamende, izvo zvisina kuvapa inzwi pamusoro pemitemo yaivakanganisa. VaBritain, zvisinei, vakanga vachiita chimwe chinhu chakasiyana chose chose: pamhedziso yehondo ichangobva kuitika, Korona yaifanira kubata nevakuru vakuru veuto reBritain vanenge 1 500 vaiva neukama hwakanaka mune zvematongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo chakaitwa chokuti varambe vari mubasa vachibhadharwa zvakakwana, asi ivo - nemirairo yavo - vaifanirawo kuiswa pane imwe nzvimbo. Kugadza uto rinogara muGreat Britain munguva yorugare kwakanga kusingagamuchiriki mune zvamatongerwe enyika, naizvozvo vakasarudza kuvagadza muAmerica ndokuita kuti vaAmerica vabhadhare kupfurikidza nomutero mutsva. Zvisinei, varwi vacho vakanga vasina basa rehondo; vakanga vasiri ikoko kuti vadzivirire makoloni nokuti pakanga pasina tyisidziro yemazuva ano kumakoroni.  Vana veRusununguko vakaumbwa nokukurumidza pashure peMutemo muna 1765, uye vakashandisa kuratidzira kwavose, kurambidza, uye tyisidziro dzamasimba masimba kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yemitero yeBritain yakanga isingagoni kushandiswa. MuBoston, Vana veRusununguko vakapisa zvinyorwa zvedare ravachengeti vezvikepe uye vakapamba musha womutongi mukuru Thomas Hutchinson. Masangano anoverengeka anodzika mutemo akadaidzira kuti vaite chiito vakabatana, uye makoloni mapfumbamwe akatumira nhume kuStamp Act Congress muNew York City muna October. Vane mwero vaitungamirirwa naJohn Dickinson vakanyora Chirevo Chekodzero neZvichemo vachitaura kuti mitero yaipfuudzwa pasina mumiririri yaityora kodzero dzavo sevanhu vokuEngland, uye vagari vemo vakasimbisa kutsunga kwavo kupfurikidza nokuramba kutengeswa kwezvinhu zveBritain.  Paramende yaiva paWestminster yaizviona iri masimba makuru okuita mitemo muUmambo hwose uye nokudaro yaiva nekodzero yokubhadharisa mutero chero upi zvawo pasina kubvumirwa nekoloni kana kuti kunyange kubvunzurudzwa. Vakataura kuti nyika dzacho dzaiva makambani eBritain aiva pasi peparamende yeBritain, uye vakataura nezvezviitiko zvakawanda umo Paramende yakanga yagadzira mitemo munguva yakapfuura yaisunga nyika dzacho. Paramende yakasimbirira kuti vagari vemo chaizvoizvo vaifarikanya "mumiririri chaiye", sezvaiita vanhu vazhinji veBritain, sezvo vashomanene bedzi vevagari veBritain vakasarudza vamiririri kuParamende. Zvisinei, vanhu vokuAmerica vakadai saJames Otis vakaramba vachiti hapana munhu aiva muParamende aiva nebasa chairo rokutarisira nzvimbo ipi neipi yaitongwa nemakoloni, naizvozvo vakanga "vasingamirirwi" nomunhu upi noupi muParamende zvachose.  Hurumende yeRockingham yakatanga kutonga muna July 1765, uye Paramende yakakurukura kuti yaizobvisa mutero wokutema zvitambi here kana kuti yaizotuma uto kuti riuteme. Benjamin Franklin akaita nharo dzokudzimwa, achitsanangura kuti nyika dzacho dzakanga dzashandisa simba guru revanhu, mari, uye ropa kudzivirira umambo munhevedzano yehondo dzinorwisana navaFrench navanhu vomunzvimbomo, uye kuti mimwe mitero yokubhadhara hondo idzodzo yakanga isina kururama uye yaigona kuparira kumukira. Paramende yakabvuma ndokubvisa mutero wacho musi waFebruary 21, 1766, asi yakasimbirira muDeclaratory Act yaMarch 1766 kuti yakachengeta simba rakazara rokugadzira mitemo yemakoroni "mumamiriro ezvinhu ose chero api zvawo". Kunyange zvakadaro, kubviswa kwebumbiro racho kwakakonzera kupemberera kwakapararira munharaunda dzacho.  1767<unk>1773: Mitemo yeTownshend neTea Act Main nyaya: Townshend Mitemo uye Tea Act Mamwe mashoko: Crisis of 1772, Massachusetts Circular Letter, Boston Massacre, uye Boston Tea Party  Tsamba III yeJohn Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, yakabudiswa muPennsylvania Chronicle, December 1767 Muna 1767, Paramende yakapasa Mitemo yeTownshend iyo yakaisa mitero pazvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinokosha, kusanganisira mapepa, magirazi, uye tii, uye yakatanga Bhodhi reMitero muBoston kuti riite mitemo yekutengesa zvakanyanya. Mitero mitsva yakagadzwa pachitendero chokuti vaAmerica vaingoshora mitero yomukati chete uye kwete mitero yokunze yakadai semitero yetsika. Zvisinei, mubhukwana rake rakaverengwa zvikuru, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, John Dickinson akaramba kuti mitemo yacho yakanga isingapindirani nebumbiro romutemo nokuti chinangwa chayo chaiva chokuwedzera mari kwete kudzora zvokutengeserana. Vagari veko vakapindura mitero yacho nokuronga kurambidzazve kutengeswa kwezvinhu zveBritain. Zvisinei, kurambidza uku kwakanga kusingashandi, sezvo zvinhu zvaitemerwa mutero neTownshend Acts zvaishandiswa zvikuru.  Muna February 1768, Assembly yeMassachusetts Bay yakabudisa tsamba yakatenderera kune mamwe makoroni ichivakurudzira kuronga kurwisa. Gavhuna wacho akaparadza ungano yacho payakaramba kubvisa tsamba yacho. Munguvayi, mhirizhonga yakatanga muBoston muna June 1768 pamusoro pokubatwa kwechikepe chainzi Liberty, chaiva chaJohn Hancock, nokuda kwokufungidzirwa kuti kwaiva kupinza vanhu zvisiri pamutemo. Vakuru vakuru vezvemitero vakamanikidzwa kutiza, zvichiita kuti vaBritain vatumire mauto kuBoston. Musangano weguta reBoston wakazivisa kuti hapana kuteerera kwakanga kuri nemhaka yemitemo yeparamende ndokukumbira kuti kokorodzano iitwe. Kokorodzano yakaungana asi yakangobudisa bedzi chinyunyuto chakapfava pamberi pokuzviparadzanisa imene. Muna January 1769, Paramende yakapindura mhirizhonga nokudzorera Mutemo Wokupandukira Umambo wa1543 uyo waiti vanhu vaiva kunze kwenyika vatongwe nokuda kwokupandukira muEngland. Gavhuna weMassachusetts akarayirwa kuti aunganidze uchapupu hwokutengesa kwakadaro, uye tyisidziro yacho yakakonzera kutsamwa kwakapararira, kunyange zvazvo isina kuitwa.  Pana March 5, 1770, boka guru rakaungana rakakomberedza boka ravarwi veBritain mumugwagwa weBoston. Mhomho yacho yakawedzera kutyisidzira, ichivapotsera mabhora echando, matombo, uye marara. Mumwe murwi akarohwa ndokuwa. Pakanga pasina murayiro wokupfura, asi varwi vakatya ndokupfura mhomho yacho. Vakarova vanhu gumi nomumwe; vanhu vatatu vakafa nokukuvadzwa pavakapfurwa, uye vaviri vakafa nokukurumidza pashure pechiitiko chacho. Chiitiko chacho nokukurumidza chakatanga kunzi Kuurayiwa Kwevanhu muBoston. Varwi vacho vakatongwa ndokusunungurwa (vakadzivirirwa naJohn Adams), asi rondedzero dzakapararira nokukurumidza dzakatanga kutendeudza mirangariro yekoloni kurwisana navaBritain. Ikoku kwakawedzera kuderera kukuru muukama pakati peBritain neRuwa rweMassachusetts.  Hurumende itsva yaitungamirirwa naLord North yakatanga kutonga muna 1770, uye Paramende yakabvisa mitero yose kunze kwemutero wetii, ikarega kuedza kuunganidza mari asi ichiramba iine kodzero yokubhadhara mitero. Izvi zvakagadzirisa dambudziko racho kwenguva pfupi, uye kurambidzwa kwekutengeswa kwezvinhu zveBritain kwakapera, nevanonyanya kuda nyika vakadai saSamuel Adams vachiramba vachiita mhirizhonga. [ citation inodiwa ]   Musi waJune 9, 1772, Sons of Liberty vakapisa HMS Gaspee, ngarava yokuBritain yaitakura zvinhu zvomutero muNarragansett Bay. Muna June 1772, vanhu vokuAmerica vaida nyika yavo, kusanganisira John Brown, vakapisa ngarava yehondo yokuBritain yakanga iri kuita kuti mitemo yezvekutengeserana isakosheswe nevakawanda ishandiswe zvakasimba, munyaya yakazozivikanwa seGaspee Affair. Nyaya yacho yakaongororwa nokuda kwougororo hunobvira, asi hapana chiito chakatorwa.  Muna 1772, zvakazivikanwa kuti Crown yaida kubhadhara mibairo yakatarwa kuvatongi nevatongi muMassachusetts, iyo yakanga yabhadharwa nezviremera zvemuno. Ikoku kwaizoderedza pesvedzero yavamiriri vekoloni pahurumende yavo. Samuel Adams muBoston akatanga kuumba Matare matsva eKunyorerana, ayo akabatanidza vaPatriots mumakoroni ose 13 uye pakupedzisira akagovera chimiro chehurumende inopandukira. Virginia, koloni huru zvikurusa, yakamisa Dare Rayo Rokunyorerana pakuvamba kwa 1773, iro Patrick Henry naThomas Jefferson vakashanda mariri.  Vanhu vanenge 7 000 kusvika ku8 000 vePatriots vaishanda muMakomiti Ekunyorerana pazvikwata zvemakoroni uye zvemunharaunda, zvaisanganisira vatungamiriri vakawanda vemunharaunda dzavo. Vaivimbika vakanga vasingabatanidzwi. Iwo makomiti akava vatungamiriri vekuramba kweAmerica kuzviito zveBritish, uye gare gare vakasarudza zvikuru nhamburiko yehondo padanho renyika uye remuno. Apo First Continental Congress yakasarudza kurambidza zvigadzirwa zveBritain, Colonial neLocal Committees vakatora mutoro, vachiongorora zvinyorwa zvokutengeserana uye vachibudisa mazita evatengesi avo vakaedza kudzivisa kurambidza nokutenga zvinhu zveBritain.  Muna 1773, tsamba dzomunhu oga dzakabudiswa umo gavhuna weMassachusetts Thomas Hutchinson akataura kuti vagari vemo vaisagona kufarikanya rusununguko rwose rwechiNgezi, uye umo mutevedzeri gavhuna Andrew Oliver akadaidzira kubhadharwa zvakananga kwevakuru vakuru vekoloni. Zviri mutsamba dzacho zvakashandiswa seuchapupu hweurongwa hwekuronga kurwisa kodzero dzeAmerica, uye zvakashoropodza Hutchinson mumaziso evanhu; musangano wekoloni wakakumbira kuti adzorerwe. Benjamin Franklin, mukuru mukuru weposvo nokuda kwamakoroni, akabvuma kuti akanga aburitsa tsamba dzacho, izvo zvakatungamirira kukudenhwa kwake navakuru vakuru veBritain nokubviswa munzvimbo yake.   Musi waDecember 16, 1773 Boston Tea Party, yaitungamirirwa naSamuel Adams neSons of Liberty, yava musimboti wetsika yokuda nyika yeAmerica. Munguvayi, Paramende yakatendera Mutemo weTee uchideredza mutengo wetii yaibhadhariswa mutero yaitengeswa kunze kwenyika kumakoroni, kuti ibetsere British East India Company kutengesa pasi chai chaiitengeswa zvisiri pamutero neDutch. Vanhu chaivo vaitakura chaivo vakagadzwa kuti vatengese tii yacho vachisiya vatengesi vomunyika dzacho. Chiito ichi chakapikiswa nevaya vairamba mitero uyewo nevapambi vaive vakatarisana nekurasikirwa nebhizinesi. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, vanotumirwa vakamanikidzwa nemaAmerican kusiya basa uye tii yakadzoserwa, asi gavhuna weMassachusetts Hutchinson akaramba kubvumira vatengesi veBoston kuti vape kumanikidza. Musangano weguta muBoston wakasarudza kuti tii yacho yaisazoiswa, uye wakaregeredza chikumbiro chaiva negovernor chokuparadzira. Musi waDecember 16, 1773, rimwe boka revarume, raitungamirirwa naSamuel Adams uye rakapfeka zvipfeko zvairatidza kuti vaiva vanhu vomunyika imomo, rakakwira mungarava dzeEast India Company ndokudururira tii yaikosha £10 000 (inenge £636,000 muna 2008) muBoston Harbor. Makumi emakore gare gare, chiitiko ichi chakazozivikanwa seBoston Tea Party uye chinoramba chiri chikamu chinokosha chetsika yokuda nyika yeAmerica.  1774<unk>1775: Zviito Zvisingabvumirwi Nyaya huru: Intolerable Acts Mamwe mashoko: Quebec Act uye Continental Association  Chinyorwa cha1774 chakabva muThe London Magazine chinoratidza Prime Minister Lord North, munyori weBoston Port Act, achimanikidza Mitemo Isingashiviriki pasi pemutsipa weAmerica, ane maoko akasungwa naIshe Chief Justice Mansfield, uye "Chikumbiro cheBoston" chakatsemuka chakatsikwa pasi padivi pake. Ishe Sandwich anobata tsoka dzake ndokutarira nguvo dzake; shure kwavo, Amai Britannia vanochema apo France neSpain vanotarira. Hurumende yeBritain yakapindura kupfurikidza nokupasa matanho anoverengeka akazozivikanwa seMitemo Isingabvumirwi, ichipfuuridzira kusvibisa murangariro wokukoroni kuEngland. Iwo aiumbwa nemitemo mina yakagadzwa neparamende yeBritain. Chokutanga chakanga chiri Mutemo weHurumende weMassachusetts uyo wakachinja bumbiro reMassachusetts ndokurambidza misangano yeguta. Mutemo wechipiri waiva Mutemo woKutonga Kwokururamisira uyo wakaraira kuti varwi vose veBritain vaifanira kutongwa vaifanira kumhan'arirwa muBritain, kwete mumakoroni. Mutemo wechitatu waiva Boston Port Act, uyo wakavhara chiteshi chengarava cheBoston kutozosvikira vaBritain vabhadharwa nokuda kwetii yakarasika muBoston Tea Party. Mutemo wechina waiva weQuartering Act wa1774, uyo waibvumira magavhuna oumambo kuti agare mauto eBritain mudzimba dzevagari vasingadi mvumo yomuridzi.  Vachipindura, vanhu vokuMassachusetts vaida nyika vakabudisa Suffolk Resolves ndokuumba hurumende yemumvuri yaizivikanwa seProvincial Congress iyo yakatanga kurovedza mauto kunze kweBoston yaigarwa neBritain. Muna September 1774, First Continental Congress yakaungana, iine vamiririri vanobva munharaunda imwe neimwe, kuti ishumire senzira yokukurukurirana nokuita pamwe chete. Munguva yemakakatanwa akavanzika, anochengetedza Joseph Galloway akakurudzira kugadzirwa kweparamende yemakoloni iyo yaizokwanisa kubvumidza kana kusabvumidza zviito zveParamende yeBritish, asi zano rake rakaiswa muvhoti ye6 kusvika ku5 uye yakazobviswa kubva mubhuku. Congress yakadaidzira kurambidzwa kutanga musi waZvita 1, 1774, yezvinhu zvese zveBritish; yakasimbiswa nemakomiti matsva emuno anotenderwa neCongress.
Mitemo inotevera yakapfuura neParamende yeBritain yakatungamirira kuAmerican Revolution: 1) Mutemo weSugar muna 1764 wakapa matanho akasimba okumanikidzira uye kuunganidza mitero yeshuga. 2) Stamp Act muna 1765 yakaisa mitero yakananga pamagwaro ehurumende, mapepanhau, mabhuku ezuva, mapepa, uye makadhi okutamba. 3) Mutemo Wokuzivisa muna 1766 wakataura kuti Paramende yeBritain yakachengeta masimba azere okubhadhara mitero kuColonies dzeAmerica. 4) Mitemo yeTownshend muna 1767 yakawedzera mitero pazvinhu zvakadai sepepa, girazi, uye tii. 5) Mutemo weTea muna 1773 wakaderedza mitero yetayi kuti ibatsire British East India Company. 6) Mitemo yainzi Intolerable Acts muna 1774 yaiva nemitemo 4 yakawedzera ukuru hweBritain paColonies dzeAmerica. Iyi mitemo inobatanidza kodzero dzeBritain dzokurambidza misangano yomutaundi, kutonga varwi veBritain nokuda kwemhosva dzakaitwa mumakoroni eAmerica, kuvhara chiteshi chengarava cheBoston, uye kurayira kuti mauto eBritain agare mudzimba dzevagari vemo.