Birds' genetic secrets revealed in global DNA study - BBC News
Scientists have sequenced the "code of life" of species from almost every branch of the bird family tree.
Scientists have sequenced and recorded the genomes - the genetic make-up or "code of life" - of species from almost every branch of the bird family tree.

The 363 species' genomes, including 267 sequenced for the first time, are catalogued in the journal Nature.

It is a list that now features more than 92% of the world's avian families.

This has revealed the code for things "Darwin was intrigued by and wrote about", Dr Michael Braun from the Smithsonian Institution told BBC News.

From wildly different coloured feathers, body sizes ranging from the giant ostrich to the diminutive wren and raptor flight speeds of up to 300km/h [186.4mph], "it's all coded for in the genome", he said.

The information will help scientists understand the evolution of strange and elaborate courtship displays such as the Victoria's riflebird's

And this milestone, he added, was "just the beginning".

The project aims eventually to include a genome from every living species of bird. The Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC, which is a a key contributor through its vast collection of specimens, said this would "advance research on the evolution of birds and aid in the conservation of threatened bird species".

The list of sequences so far now includes rare species such as the Henderson crake, which lives on only one small Pacific island.

But Dr Braun said it was the humble chicken that was the "model species" for studying some extreme examples of avian evolution - including how giant, flightless birds like the ostrich evolved.

Biologists have learned about the evolution of bird limbs by studying chickens

"We've intensively studied limb development in the chicken," he said.

"And we can apply that to this group of birds called the ratites - birds like the ostrich and emu.

"With the evolution of flightlessness, there were a lot to changes in the limb anatomy - wings get short, flight feathers become useless, their legs get longer and they lose toes, because they're running instead of perching.

"With these resources, you have the detail - the code - of how that happened."

The acute vision and speed of flight is encoded into the genome of raptors such as the osprey

"It permits a refined look at the avian tree of life - stretching back into deep time - that may close the door on longstanding arguments between evolutionary biologists about 'who is whose' common ancestor," he said.

And new data on more than 60 globally threatened species would be a "crucial toolkit for conservation geneticists".

"This is information that may prove crucial in reducing extinction risk in the long term for species with tiny population sizes today," Dr Lees added.