Přemysl Ottokar I Golden Bull of Sicily Duchy Kingdom German immigrants Mongols invasion of Europe Moravia Olomouc Europe Duchy of Bohemia Bohemia
In 1212, Přemysl Ottokar I extracted the Golden Bull of Sicily from the emperor, confirming Ottokar and his descendants' royal status; the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a Kingdom. German immigrants settled in the Bohemian periphery in the 13th century. The Mongols in the invasion of Europe carried their raids into Moravia but were defensively defeated at Olomouc.
