hunter-gatherers Epigravettian Early European Farmers Neolithic Revolution Yamnaya Steppe herders Pontic–Caspian steppe Indo-European migrations Anatolia Russia
The modern native populations of Europe largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic Epigravettian culture; Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago;  and Yamnaya Steppe herders who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago.