ülhaç lilies Qasim Herat anemones crown imperial hyacinth
The gardening book Revnak'ı Bostan (Beauty of the Garden) by Sahibül Reis ülhaç Ibrahim Ibn ülhaç Mehmet, written in 1660 does not mention the tulip at all, but contains advice on growing hyacinths and lilies. However, there is considerable confusion of terminology, and tulips may have been subsumed under hyacinth, a mistake several European botanists were to perpetuate. In 1515, the scholar  Qasim from Herat in contrast had identified both wild and garden tulips (lale) as anemones (shaqayq al-nu'man),  but described the crown imperial as laleh kakli.
