Wilhelm Lenz Ernst Ising Ising model recurrent neural network Shun'ichi Amari John Hopfield
Wilhelm Lenz and Ernst Ising created and analyzed the Ising model (1925) which is essentially a non-learning artificial recurrent neural network (RNN) consisting of neuron-like threshold elements. In 1972, Shun'ichi Amari made this architecture adaptive. His learning RNN was popularised by John Hopfield in 1982.
