0a6d05f9ee6510a8088caf62f85349662fcf50bb24e8029bafc69b7bd9937d2e

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+Old Testament
+Books of the Old Agreement common to all Christians and Jews)
+
+Additional Books
+(common to Catholics and Orthodox)
+
+Greek & Slavonic Orthodox
+
+Georgian Orthodox
+
+Genesis (Greek: ἡ γένεσις "origin, birth")[1] is the first book of the Hebrew Bible. It means creation. It begins with the creation of the Universe. It ends with the death of Joseph. The Hebrew name for the book is transliterated Bre'shiyth, which means 'in beginning.'
+
+God created the universe and everything in it in six days. God rested on the seventh day (Sabbath) and declared it a holy day of rest. God provided the Garden of Eden to the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve. There was only one thing that they were not allowed to do. God told them not to eat from the tree of knowledge, which would make them aware of good and evil. A snake tricked Eve, and she ate the fruit from the tree of knowledge. She then gave Adam some of the fruit, and he ate as well. Because they did not obey him, God made them leave the garden, so all people had to work for their food.
+
+Adam and Eve's first two children were sons, Cain and Abel. Abel was a shepherd and Cain was a farmer. Cain fell into sin and killed his brother Abel out of jealousy, making him the first person to commit murder. (Genesis 4:1–16)
+
+Later, when the world was full of people who were evil, God chose to kill them and save only the animals and the most morally righteous person alive. He told a man, named Noah, to build a huge boat and gather two of every bird, mammal and lizard onto it.  He was instructed to take 14, or a pair of 7, of clean animals. Only 2 of each could be unclean. Noah built and filled the boat as he was told, and a flood covered the whole world. After 40 days and nights, the rains stopped.  Once the water had receded the boat landed on the mountain of Ararat. God promised never to send another such flood, and he used the rainbow as a sign of that promise.
+
+The people of the world attempted to build a high tower (Tower of Babel) to show the power of mankind and to reach God. God felt insulted and gave people different languages to prevent the tower from ever being finished.
+
+God chose Abram to be "the father of many nations." Abram changed his name to Abraham, and God promised him the land of Canaan (Israel) forever. As a sign of this promise, the sons of Abraham are circumcised. God tested Abraham's loyalty by asking him to kill his son Isaac. Abraham was ready to do it, but God sent an angel to stop him. God told him there would be no more human sacrifice.
+
+God destroyed the evil cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, saving only Abraham's nephew Lot and his daughters.
+
+Isaac and his wife Rebekah had two twin sons, Esau and Jacob. Jacob traded food to Esau for Esau's right to carry the family name. Rebekah helped trick Isaac, who was old and blind, into giving his final blessing to Jacob by dressing him in fur (Isaac felt Jacob's furs and thought he was his hairy twin, Esau). Esau later got a blessing of his own.
+
+Jacob left to find a wife. He found Rachel and worked for her father, Lavan, for seven years to marry her, but was tricked into marrying her sister Leah. He worked for another seven years to marry Rachel. He went back to his home, then moved to Bethel, where God told him to change his name to Israel. Jacob later also marries the servants of Leah and Rachel, whose names are Bilah and Zilpah.
+
+Jacob had twelve sons named Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issaschar, Zebulun, Gad, Dan, Asher, Naftali, Joseph, and Benjamin. His wife Rachel died after she gave birth to Benjamin.
+
+Jacob gave his son Joseph a coat of many colors. Joseph's brothers were jealous, so they sold him into slavery in Egypt. They covered his coat in blood and told their father he had died. Joseph became a great leader in Egypt by predicting a long famine by explaining the pharaoh's dreams. During the famine, his brothers came to Egypt to buy food. They did not know that Joseph was the leader. Joseph first tricked the brothers, but then gave them food and let them stay in Goshen in Egypt.
+
+Jacob blessed his sons and then died.

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+Old Testament
+Books of the Old Agreement common to all Christians and Jews)
+
+Additional Books
+(common to Catholics and Orthodox)
+
+Greek & Slavonic Orthodox
+
+Georgian Orthodox
+
+Genesis (Greek: ἡ γένεσις "origin, birth")[1] is the first book of the Hebrew Bible. It means creation. It begins with the creation of the Universe. It ends with the death of Joseph. The Hebrew name for the book is transliterated Bre'shiyth, which means 'in beginning.'
+
+God created the universe and everything in it in six days. God rested on the seventh day (Sabbath) and declared it a holy day of rest. God provided the Garden of Eden to the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve. There was only one thing that they were not allowed to do. God told them not to eat from the tree of knowledge, which would make them aware of good and evil. A snake tricked Eve, and she ate the fruit from the tree of knowledge. She then gave Adam some of the fruit, and he ate as well. Because they did not obey him, God made them leave the garden, so all people had to work for their food.
+
+Adam and Eve's first two children were sons, Cain and Abel. Abel was a shepherd and Cain was a farmer. Cain fell into sin and killed his brother Abel out of jealousy, making him the first person to commit murder. (Genesis 4:1–16)
+
+Later, when the world was full of people who were evil, God chose to kill them and save only the animals and the most morally righteous person alive. He told a man, named Noah, to build a huge boat and gather two of every bird, mammal and lizard onto it.  He was instructed to take 14, or a pair of 7, of clean animals. Only 2 of each could be unclean. Noah built and filled the boat as he was told, and a flood covered the whole world. After 40 days and nights, the rains stopped.  Once the water had receded the boat landed on the mountain of Ararat. God promised never to send another such flood, and he used the rainbow as a sign of that promise.
+
+The people of the world attempted to build a high tower (Tower of Babel) to show the power of mankind and to reach God. God felt insulted and gave people different languages to prevent the tower from ever being finished.
+
+God chose Abram to be "the father of many nations." Abram changed his name to Abraham, and God promised him the land of Canaan (Israel) forever. As a sign of this promise, the sons of Abraham are circumcised. God tested Abraham's loyalty by asking him to kill his son Isaac. Abraham was ready to do it, but God sent an angel to stop him. God told him there would be no more human sacrifice.
+
+God destroyed the evil cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, saving only Abraham's nephew Lot and his daughters.
+
+Isaac and his wife Rebekah had two twin sons, Esau and Jacob. Jacob traded food to Esau for Esau's right to carry the family name. Rebekah helped trick Isaac, who was old and blind, into giving his final blessing to Jacob by dressing him in fur (Isaac felt Jacob's furs and thought he was his hairy twin, Esau). Esau later got a blessing of his own.
+
+Jacob left to find a wife. He found Rachel and worked for her father, Lavan, for seven years to marry her, but was tricked into marrying her sister Leah. He worked for another seven years to marry Rachel. He went back to his home, then moved to Bethel, where God told him to change his name to Israel. Jacob later also marries the servants of Leah and Rachel, whose names are Bilah and Zilpah.
+
+Jacob had twelve sons named Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issaschar, Zebulun, Gad, Dan, Asher, Naftali, Joseph, and Benjamin. His wife Rachel died after she gave birth to Benjamin.
+
+Jacob gave his son Joseph a coat of many colors. Joseph's brothers were jealous, so they sold him into slavery in Egypt. They covered his coat in blood and told their father he had died. Joseph became a great leader in Egypt by predicting a long famine by explaining the pharaoh's dreams. During the famine, his brothers came to Egypt to buy food. They did not know that Joseph was the leader. Joseph first tricked the brothers, but then gave them food and let them stay in Goshen in Egypt.
+
+Jacob blessed his sons and then died.

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+Genetics is a discipline of biology.[1] It is the science of heredity. This includes the study of genes, and the inheritance of variation and traits of living organisms.[2][3][4] In the laboratory, genetics proceeds by mating carefully selected organisms, and analysing their offspring. More informally, genetics is the study of how parents pass some of their characteristics to their children. It is an important part of biology, and gives the basic rules on which evolution acts.
+
+The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been known since prehistoric times, and used to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. However, the modern science of genetics seeks to understand the process of inheritance. This began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century.[5] Although he did not know the physical basis for heredity, Mendel observed that organisms inherit traits via discrete units of inheritance, which are now called genes.
+
+Living things are made of millions of tiny self-contained components called cells. Inside of each cell are long and complex molecules called Deoxyribonucleic acid.[6] DNA stores information that tells the cells how to create that living thing. Parts of this information that tell how to make one small part or characteristic of the living thing – red hair, or blue eyes, or a tendency to be tall – are known as genes.
+
+Every cell in the same living thing has the same DNA, but only some of it is used in each cell. For instance, some genes that tell how to make parts of the liver are switched off in the brain. What genes are used can also change over time. For instance, a lot of genes are used by a child early in pregnancy that are not used later.
+
+A person has two copies of each gene, one from their mother, and one from their father.[7] There can be several types of a single gene, which give different instructions: one version might cause a person to have blue eyes, another might cause them to have brown. These different versions are known as alleles of the gene.
+
+Since a living thing has two copies of each gene,[8] it can have two different alleles of it at the same time. Often, one allele will be dominant, meaning that the living thing looks and acts as if it had only that one allele. The unexpressed allele is called recessive. In other cases, you end up with something in between the two possibilities. In that case, the two alleles are called co-dominant.
+
+Most of the characteristics that you can see in a living thing have multiple genes that influence them. And many genes have multiple effects on the body, because their function will not have the same effect in each tissue. The multiple effects of a single gene is called pleiotropism. The whole set of genes is called the genotype, and the total effect of genes on the body is called the phenotype. These are key terms in genetics.
+
+We know that man started breeding domestic animals from early times, probably before the invention of agriculture. We do not know when heredity was first appreciated as a scientific problem. The Greeks, and most obviously Aristotle, studied living things, and proposed ideas about reproduction and heredity.[9]
+
+Probably the most important idea before Mendel was that of Charles Darwin, whose idea of pangenesis had two parts. The first, that persistent hereditary units were passed on from one generation to another, was quite right. The second was his idea that they were replenished by 'gemmules' from the somatic (body) tissues. This was entirely wrong, and plays no part in science today.[10] Darwin was right about one thing: whatever happens in evolution must happen by means of heredity, and so an accurate science of genetics is fundamental to the theory of evolution. This 'mating' between genetics and evolution took many years to organise. It resulted in the modern evolutionary synthesis.
+
+The basic rules of genetics were first discovered by a monk named Gregor Mendel in around 1865. For thousands of years, people had already studied how traits are inherited from parents to their children. However, Mendel's work was different because he designed his experiments very carefully.
+
+In his experiments, Mendel studied how traits were passed on in pea plants. He started his crosses with plants that bred true, and counted characters that were either/or in nature (either tall or short). He bred large numbers of plants, and expressed his results numerically. He used test crosses to reveal the presence and proportion of recessive characters.
+
+Mendel explained the results of his experiment using two scientific laws:
+
+Mendel's laws helped explain the results he observed in his pea plants. Later, geneticists discovered that his laws were also true for other living things, even humans. Mendel's findings from his work on the garden pea plants helped to establish the field of genetics. His contributions were not limited to the basic rules that he discovered. Mendel's care towards controlling experiment conditions along with his attention to his numerical results set a standard for future experiments. Over the years, scientists have changed and improved Mendel's ideas. However, the science of genetics would not be possible today without the early work of Gregor Mendel.
+
+In the years between Mendel's work and 1900 the foundations of cytology, the study of cells, was developed. The facts discovered about the nucleus and cell division were essential for Mendel's work to be properly understood.[11]
+
+At this point, discoveries in cytology merged with the rediscovered ideas of Mendel to make a fusion called cytogenetics, (cyto = cell; genetics = heredity) which has continued to the present day.
+
+During the 1890s several biologists began doing experiments on breeding. and soon Mendel's results were duplicated, even before his papers were read. Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries were the main rediscoverers of Mendel's writings and laws. Both acknowledged Mendel's priority, although it is probable that de Vries did not understand his own results until after reading Mendel.[20] Though Erich von Tschermak was originally also credited with rediscovery, this is no longer accepted because he did not understand Mendel's laws.[21] Though de Vries later lost interest in Mendelism, other biologists built genetics into a science.[20]
+
+Mendel's results were replicated, and genetic linkage soon worked out. William Bateson perhaps did the most in the early days to publicise Mendel's theory. The word genetics, and other terminology, originated with Bateson.
+
+Mendel's experimental results have later been the object of some debate. Fisher analyzed the results of the F2 (second filial) ratio and found them to be implausibly close to the exact ratio of 3 to 1.[22] It is sometimes suggested that Mendel may have censored his results, and that his seven traits each occur on a separate chromosome pair, an extremely unlikely occurrence if they were chosen at random. In fact, the genes Mendel studied occurred in only four linkage groups, and only one gene pair (out of 21 possible) is close enough to show deviation from independent assortment; this is not a pair that Mendel studied.[23]
+
+During the process of DNA replication, errors sometimes occur. These errors, called mutations, can have an effect on the phenotype of an organism. In turn, that usually has an effect on the organism's fitness, its ability to live and reproduce successfully.
+
+Error rates are usually very low—1 error in every 10–100 million bases—due to the "proofreading" ability of DNA polymerases.[24][25] Error rates are a thousandfold higher in many viruses. Because they rely on DNA and RNA polymerases which lack proofreading ability, they get higher mutation rates.
+
+Processes that increase the rate of changes in DNA are called mutagenic. Mutagenic chemicals increase errors in DNA replication, often by interfering with the structure of base-pairing, while UV radiation induces mutations by causing damage to the DNA structure.[24] Chemical damage to DNA occurs naturally as well, and cells use DNA repair mechanisms to repair mismatches and breaks in DNA—nevertheless, the repair sometimes fails to return the DNA to its original sequence.
+
+In organisms which use chromosomal crossovers to exchange DNA and recombine genes, errors in alignment during meiosis can also cause mutations.[24] Errors in crossover are especially likely when similar sequences cause partner chromosomes to adopt a mistaken alignment; this makes some regions in genomes more prone to mutating in this way. These errors create large structural changes in DNA sequence—duplications, inversions or deletions of entire regions, or the accidental exchanging of whole parts between different chromosomes (called translocation).
+
+Developed by Reginald Punnett, Punnett squares are used by biologists to determine the probability of offspring having a particular genotype.
+
+If B represents the allele for having black hair and b represents the allele for having white hair, the offspring of  two Bb parents would have a 25% probability of having two white hair alleles (bb), 50% of having one of each (Bb), and 25% of having only black hair alleles (BB).
+
+Geneticists (biologists who study genetics) use pedigree charts to record traits of people in a family.  Using these charts, geneticists can study how a trait is inherited from person to person.
+
+Geneticists can also use pedigree charts to predict how traits will be passed to future children in a family.  For instance, genetic counselors are professionals who work with families who might be affected by genetic diseases. As part of their job, they create pedigree charts for the family, which can be used to study how the disease might be inherited.
+
+Since human beings are not bred experimentally, human genetics must be studied by other means. One recent way is by studying the human genome. Another way, older by many years, is to study twins.
+Identical twins are natural clones. They carry the same genes, they may be used to investigate how much heredity contributes to individual people. Studies with twins have been quite interesting. If we make a list of characteristic traits, we find that they vary in how much they owe to heredity. For example:
+
+The way the studies are done is like this. Take a group of identical twins and a group of fraternal twins. Measure them for various traits. Do a statistical analysis (such as analysis of variance). This tells you to what extent the trait is inherited. Those traits which are partly inherited will be significantly more similar in identical twins. Studies like this may be carried further, by comparing identical twins brought up together with identical twins brought up in different circumstances. That gives a handle on how much circumstances can alter the outcomes of genetically identical people.
+
+The person who first did twin studies was Francis Galton, Darwin's half-cousin, who was a founder of statistics. His method was to trace twins through their life-history, making many kinds of measurement. Unfortunately, though he knew about mono and dizygotic twins, he did not appreciate the real genetic difference.[26][27] Twin studies of the modern kind did not appear until the 1920s.
+
+The genetics of bacteria, archaea and viruses is a major field of research. Bacteria mostly divide by asexual cell division, but do have a kind of sex by horizontal gene transfer. Bacterial conjugation, transduction and transformation are their methods. In addition, the complete DNA sequence of many bacteria, archaea and viruses is now known.
+
+Although many bacteria were given generic and specific names, like Staphylococcus aureus, the whole idea of a species is rather meaningless for an organism which does not have sexes and crossing-over of chromosomes.[28] Instead, these organisms have strains, and that is how they are identified in the laboratory.
+
+Gene expression is the process by which the heritable information in a gene, the sequence of DNA base pairs, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or RNA. The basic idea is that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. Proteins make many of the structures and all the enzymes in a cell or organism.
+
+Several steps in the gene expression process may be modulated (tuned). This includes both the transcription and translation stages, and the final folded state of a protein. Gene regulation switches genes on and off, and so controls cell differentiation, and morphogenesis. Gene regulation may also serve as a basis for evolutionary change: control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the development of the organism. The expression of a gene may vary a lot in different tissues. This is called pleiotropism, a widespread phenomenon in genetics.
+
+Alternative splicing is a modern discovery of great importance. It is a process where from a single gene a large number of variant proteins can be assembled. One particular Drosophila gene (DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNA.[29]
+
+Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence.[30] It is the study of gene expression, the way genes bring about their phenotypic effects.[31]
+
+These changes in gene activity may stay for the remainder of the cell's life and may also last for many generations of cells, through cell divisions. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism.[32] Instead, non-hereditary factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.[33]
+
+Hox genes are a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The target genes then activate or repress cell processes to direct the final development of the organism.[34][35]
+
+There are some kinds of heredity which happen outside the cell nucleus. Normal inheritance is from both parents via the chromosomes in the nucleus of a fertilised egg cell. There are some kinds of inheritance other than this.[36]
+
+Mitochondria and chloroplasts carry some DNA of their own. Their make-up is decided by genes in the chromosomes and genes in the organelle. Carl Correns discovered an example in 1908. The four o'clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa, has leaves which may be white, green or variegated. Correns discovered the pollen had no influence on this inheritance. The colour is decided by genes in the chloroplasts.
+
+This is caused by a symbiotic or parasitic relationship with a microorganism.
+
+In this case nuclear genes in the female gamete are transcribed. The products accumulate in the egg cytoplasm, and have an effect on the early development of the fertilised egg. The coiling of a snail, Limnaea peregra, is determined like this. Right-handed shells are genotypes Dd or dd, while left-handed shells are dd.
+
+The most important example of maternal effect is in Drosophila melanogaster. The protein product maternal-effect genes activate other genes, which in turn activate still more genes. This work won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1995.[37]
+
+Much modern research uses a mixture of genetics, cell biology and molecular biology. Topics which have been the subject of Nobel Prizes in either chemistry or physiology  include:
+
+Many well-known disorders of human behaviour have a genetic component. This means that their inheritance partly causes the behaviour, or makes it more likely the problem would occur. Examples include:[38]
+
+Also, normal behaviour is also heavily influenced by heredity:

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+Geneva (pronounced /dʒɨˈniːvə/, French: Genève IPA: [ʒənɛv], German: Genf (help·info) [gɛnf], Italian: Ginevra [dʒiˈneːvra], Romansh: Genevra) is the second biggest city in Switzerland. Only Zürich is bigger. Geneva is the biggest city in Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland).
+
+Geneva is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva. It is situated where the Rhône River leaves Lake Geneva (called in French Lac Léman).
+
+Geneva is a very important financial and diplomatic center. There are many international organizations in Geneva, including the United Nations and the Red Cross.[3] A 2009 survey states that Geneva has the third highest quality of living in the world (narrowly outranked by Zürich).[4]
+
+Internationally, Geneva is strongly associated with the Geneva Conventions.
+
+Geneva was first written about as a border town, set up to protect the Roman Empire against the Helvetii. The Romans took the city in 120 B.C. In A.D. 443 it was taken by Burgundy, and with the latter fell to the Franks in 534. In 888 the town was part of the new Kingdom of Burgundy, and with it was taken over in 1033 by the German Emperor.
+
+From 1154 the bishops of Geneva had the status of prince of the Holy Roman Empire, but the counts of Geneva and later the counts of Savoy were "guardians", always ready to take over from the bishops. In 1290 the counts of Savoy got the right to appoint a deputy ruler (vice-dominus) of the diocese, the title of Vidame of Geneva was granted to the family of count François de Candie of Chambéry-Le-Vieux a Chatellaine of the Savoy. The vidominus or Curia Viscount of Geneva, had legal and financial powers over the town, under the control of the Bishop and the Duchy of Savoy.
+
+In 1387 Bishop Adhémar Fabry granted the town its great charter, the basis of its communal self-government, which every bishop on his accession was expected to confirm. The last Count of Geneva died in 1394, and the House of Savoy took over their land. In 1416 the counts became dukes, and kept trying to bring the city of Geneva under their control, often by making members of their own family to Bishops of Geneva. The city protected itself by joining the Swiss Federation (Eidgenossenschaft), uniting itself in 1426 with Berne and Fribourg.
+
+In the Protestant Reformation Bern favoured the new Protestant teaching and demanded liberty of preaching for the Reformers Guillaume Farel and Antoine Froment, but Catholic Fribourg renounced in its union with Geneva in 1511. Later the Protestant leader John Calvin was based in Geneva from 1536 to his death in 1564.
+
+At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) the territory of Geneva was enlarged to cover 15 Savoyard and 6 French parishes, with more than 16,000 Catholics; at the same time it became a part of the Swiss Confederation. The treaty said that Catholic religion was to be protected, and that no changes were to be made without agreement with the Holy See. Later, Pope Pius VII made the cities of Geneva and Lausanne a new diocese of and part of Geneva diocese that was in France part of the French diocese of Annecy.
+
+The Protestant and Old Catholic churches got money from the city taxes, but the Roman Catholics did not. On 30 June 1907, most of the Catholics of Geneva voted for the separation of Church and State.
+
+Geneva is located at 46°12' North, 6°09' East, at the south-western end of Lake Geneva, where the lake meets the Rhône River. It is surrounded by two mountain chains, the Alps and the Jura.
+
+The city of Geneva has an area of 15.86 km2 (6.12 sq mi). The area of the Canton of Geneva is 282 km2 (108.88 sq mi).
+
+The altitude of Geneva is 373.6 m.  This is the altitude of the largest of the Pierres du Niton, two large rocks in the lake that are used as a reference point for surveying in Switzerland.[5]
+The second main river of Geneva is the Arve River which flows into the Rhône River just west of the city centre.
+
+Geneva has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification). Winters are cool and generally a little cloudy. During the winter, it is possible to have several days without thawing, and a day or two with severe freezes where the thermometer displays -10 °C. There are several days each month when, if anticyclonic conditions are stable, the clouds may stay for several days. From March, with temperatures rising it feels like summer in late May. However, the rain intensifies and often has a stormy character during the month of May. These may be short but strong storms depositing several centimetres of rain within just a few minutes. Summers are often hot and rather humid, although some may be more changeable, the mornings remain relatively fresh. During the summer season, the rains are less frequent but more intense. This is the season where you most likely get thunderstorms with hail. If the weather in early September is still hot, it cools down quickly to become really cold in November. The morning frosts are then reappearing. Autumn is also the season of mists, and the month of October is often the month with the most fog in the year. The fog can be very intense, restricting vision to less than 100 m in the areas outside the city.
+
+The city's main newspaper is the Tribune de Genève, a daily newspaper founded on 1 February 1879 by James T. Bates, with a readership of about 187,000.
+Le Courrier, founded in 1868, was originally supported by the Roman Catholic Church, but has been completely independent since 1996. Mainly focused on Geneva, Le Courrier is trying to expand into other cantons in Romandy. Both Le Temps (headquartered in Geneva) and Le Matin are widely read in Geneva, but both actually cover the whole of Romandy.
+
+Geneva is covered by the various French language radio networks of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, in particular the Radio Suisse Romande. While these networks cover the whole of Romandy, special programs related to Geneva are sometimes broadcast on some of the local frequencies in the case of special events such as elections. Other local station broadcast from the city, including RadioLac (FM 91.8 MHz), Radio Cité (Non-commercial radio, FM 92.2 MHz), OneFM (FM 107.0 MHz, also broadcast in Vaud), and World Radio Geneva (FM 88.4 MHz), Switzerland's only English-language radio station.
+
+The main television channel covering Geneva is the Télévision Suisse Romande; while its headquarters are in Geneva, the programmes cover the whole of French-speaking Switzerland. Léman Bleu is a local TV channel, founded in 1996 and distributed by cable.  Because Geneva is nearly surrounded by France, many French television and radio channels can be picked up in Geneva.
+
+Theatre
+Most theatre in Geneva is in French, however there are several companies that stage regular English productions.
+
+Cinema
+Movie going is a favorite activity in Geneva and there are plenty of theaters throughout the city. Most movies are dubbed into French.  Because of the number of English speakers in the city movies may also be subtitled.
+
+Restaurants
+In has over 1,000 restaurants, so it is the undisputed capital of cuisine in Switzerland. However eating out can be expensive, and many people drive the few kilometres over the border into France where prices are lower.
+
+Since 1818, a particular chestnut tree is used as the official "herald of the spring" in Geneva. The sautier (secretary of the Parliament of the Canton of Geneva) observes the tree and notes the day of arrival of the first bud. While this event has no practical impact, the sautier issues a formal press release and the local newspaper will usually mention the news. In 2007, the first bud appeared on 2 March.
+
+Geneva celebrates Jeune genevois on the first Thursday following a Sunday in September.  By local tradition, this commemorates when the news of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of Huguenots reached Geneva.  The Genevois (people of Geneva) joke that the federal equivalent holiday, Jeune fédéral, is celebrated two weeks later on account of the rest of the country being a bit slow on the uptake.
+
+Genevans also traditionally celebrate the failure of a Savoyard attempt to invade the city in 1602. The celebration, which takes place in December, is called L'Escalade, and includes a parade in the Old Town, a marathon, and numerous costume parties across the city. Inhabitants generally eat vegetable stew to commemorate a fictional character called Mère Royaume who is said to have thrown boiling hot soup on the Duke of Savoy's men when they were climbing the walls of the city during the night (hence the name L'Escalade, which means "the climb" in French). Traditionally, children are encouraged to knock on people's doors and sing songs in old Genevan, while teenagers generally throw eggs and flour at each other. Another tradition is to cross a pot made of chocolate filled with marzepan vegetables while saying "and so perished the enemies of the Republic".
+
+The main sport team in Geneva is Servette FC, a football club founded in 1890 and named after a borough on the right bank of the Rhône River. Servette was the only club to have remained in the top league in Switzerland since its creation in the 1930s; however, in 2005, management problems caused the bankruptcy of the club's parent company, causing the club to be demoted two divisions lower. It is now playing in second division. Geneva is also home of the Genève-Servette Hockey Club, who play in the Swiss Nationalliga A.
+
+The city of Geneva is divided into 8 "quartiers" or districts, often made up of several conglomerated neighborhoods.[6] On the Left Bank (Rive Gauche) these include Jonction, Centre / Plainpalais / Acacias, Eaux-Vives and Champel while the Right Bank includes Saint-Jean / Charmilles, Servette / Petit-Saconnex, Grottes / Saint-Gervaise and Paquis / Nations.
+
+As of 2005, the population of the Commune (city) of Geneva was 185,028, while 441,000 people lived in the Canton of Geneva; around 960,000 people live in the Geneva urban community, which extends into Vaud Canton and neighbouring France.
+
+The population of the Canton is split between 148,500 people originally from Geneva (33.7%), 122,400 Swiss from other cantons (27.6%) and 170,500 foreigners (38.7%), from 180 different countries.[7] Including people holding multiple citizenship, 54.4% of people living in Geneva hold a foreign passport.[8]
+
+While Geneva is usually considered a Protestant city, there are now more Roman Catholics (39.5%) than Protestants (17.4%) living in the Canton. 22% of the inhabitants claim not to be religious, the rest being shared between Islam (4.4%), Judaism (1.1%), other religions and people who did not respond.[9]
+
+Geneva's economy is mainly services oriented. The city has an important and old finance sector, which is specialized in private banking (managing assets of about 1 trillion USD) and financing of international trade. It is also an important centre of commodity trade.
+
+Geneva hosts the international headquarters of companies like JT International (JTI), Mediterranean Shipping Company, Serono, SITA, Société Générale de Surveillance and STMicroelectronics. Many other multinational companies like Caterpillar, DuPont, Electronic Arts, Hewlett-Packard, INVISTA, Procter & Gamble and Sun Microsystems have their European headquarters in the city too.
+
+There is a long tradition of watchmaking (Baume et Mercier, Chopard, Franck Muller, Patek Philippe, Rolex, Raymond Weil, Omega, etc.). Two major international producers of flavours and fragrances, Firmenich and Givaudan, have their headquarters and main production facilities in Geneva.
+
+Many people also work in the numerous offices of international organizations in Geneva (about 24,000 in 2001).
+
+Geneva Motor Show is one of the most important international auto-shows. The show is held at Palexpo, a giant convention centre located next to the International Airport.  The show is so important that the Jet d'Eau is switched on for longer than usual because of all the visitors in the city during the show.
+
+The city is served by the Geneva Cointrin International Airport. It is connected to both the Swiss railway network SBB-CFF-FFS, and the French SNCF network, including direct connections to Paris, Marseille and Montpellier by TGV. Geneva is also connected to the motorway systems of both Switzerland (A1 motorway) and France.
+
+Public transport by bus, trolleybus or tram is provided by Transports Publics Genevois (TPG). In addition to an extensive coverage of the city centre, the network covers most of the municipalities of the Canton, with a few lines extending into France. Public transport by boat is provided by the Mouettes Genevoises, which link the two banks of the lake within the city, and by the Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman (CGN) which serves more distant destinations such as Nyon, Yvoire, Thonon, Evian, Lausanne and Montreux using both modern diesel vessels and vintage paddle steamers.
+
+Trains operated by SBB connect the airport to the main station of Cornavin in six minutes, and carry on to towns such as Nyon, Lausanne, Fribourg, Montreux, Neuchâtel, Berne, Sion, Sierre, etc. Regional train services are being increasingly developed, towards Coppet and Bellegarde. At the city limits, two new stations have been created since 2002: Genève-Sécheron (close to the UN and the Botanical Gardens) and Lancy-Pont-Rouge.
+
+In 2005, work started on the CEVA (Cornavin - Eaux-Vives - Annemasse) project, first planned in 1884, which will connect Cornavin with the Cantonal hospital, the Eaux-Vives station and Annemasse, in France. The link between the main station and the classification yard of La Praille already exists; from there, the line will go mostly underground to the Hospital and the Eaux-Vives, where it will link up to the existing line to France. Support for this project was obtained from all parties in the local parliament.
+
+Taxis in Geneva can be difficult to find, and may need to be booked in advance especially in the early morning or at peak hours.  In addition, which may be surprising in a modern country like Switzerland, taxis often refuse to take babies and children.
+[10]
+
+The University of Geneva was founded by John Calvin in 1559. The International School of Geneva is the oldest international school in the world. It was founded in 1924 along with the League of Nations.
+
+Geneva is also home to one of the most prestigious graduate schools of international relations, the Graduate Institute of International Studies. Other international schools include the International School of Geneva and Institut International de Lancy (founded in 1903).
+
+The Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations is a private university located on the grounds of the Château de Penthes, an old castle with a park and view of Lac Leman.
+
+The Canton of Geneva's public school system has "écoles primaires" (4-12), "cycles d'orientation" (12-15), and the post-obligatory "collèges" (15-19), the oldest of which is the Collège Calvin. It is housed in the ancient buildings of the University of Geneva, and could be considered one of the oldest public schools in the world.[11]
+
+Geneva also has a wide choice of reputed private schools.[12]
+
+As the Geneva authorities say, the history of the city is closely related to that of the foreign communities. Ever since the migration of foreigners to Geneva, these communities have found refuge, bringing their know-how, their customs and hope of a new life. They have widely participated in the international influence of Geneva, to its economic prosperity, and also to the spreading of views and of science.
+
+Many other communities or minorities are also very well represented in Geneva, including sexual minorities, with no less than three organizations: Dialogai, a gay organization; Lestime, a lesbian organization; and association 360, an LGBT organization. The Gay International Group (Geneva, Switzerland) is a good resource for gay foreigners, tourists or expatriates. Also, a new LGBT group has debuted within the University of Geneva itself, called "Think Out". This group addresses students and professors linked directly or indirectly with the matter of sexual diversity.
+
+There are a lot of different communities in Geneva. Even if Geneva is supposed to be the Protestant Rome, many religions are represented in Geneva. The Plymouth Brethren have a thriving assembly there, established since the days of John Nelson Darby. Besides the Protestants, the Catholic religion becomes more influential thanks to immigration from Latin countries. The Jewish community is one of the oldest of Switzerland, and the more recent Muslim community is emerging in this tolerant city.
+
+Geneva is the seat of the European headquarters of the United Nations and of many other inter-governmental organizations, including:
+
+Geneva was the seat of the League of Nations between 1919 and the league's dissolution in 1946. It was first housed in the Palais Wilson, and then in the Palais des Nations, which now hosts the United Nations. Numerous international non-governmental organizations have also elected Geneva as their headquarters, including:

ensimple/2159.html.txt

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+The Holocaust, sometimes called The Shoah (Hebrew: השואה‎), was a genocide in which Nazi Germany systematically killed people during World War II. About six million Jews were killed,[a][13][14] as well as five million others that the Nazis claimed were inferior (mostly Slavs, communists, Romani/Roma people, people with disabilities, homosexuals, and Jehovah's Witnesses). These people were rounded up, put in ghettos, forced to work in concentration camps, and then killed in gas chambers.[15]  Jews were forced to wear the yellow Star of David, a symbol of their religion.
+
+There was hatred and persecution of Jews (anti-Semitism) in Europe for hundreds of years. Many people wrongly thought that all Jews became rich by stealing money from other people, such as Christians; that they did not like people other than their fellow Jews; and that they harmed children to use their blood for religious rituals (blood libel). These beliefs were not true, and were based on stereotypes and prejudices.
+
+However these beliefs were popular in the German-speaking world and elsewhere in the late 1800s.
+
+Adolf Hitler was born in Austria during this time, when many people disliked Jews. He may have been jealous of Jewish success in Austria. However, in a book he wrote called Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"), he said it was the Jews' fault that Germany and Austria lost World War I. He also wrote that Germany's economic problems were the Jews' fault. Many people agreed with Hitler’s ideas and supported him as the leader of the Nazi Party.[16][17]
+
+Not all deaths were written down, so the exact numbers are not known. However various sources approximate:
+
+Led by Hitler, the Nazis killed millions of Jews. They forced Jews to wear the golden Star of David on their upper bodies. Jews were rounded up by the thousands and crammed into trains that took them to concentration camps like Auschwitz as well as death camps. Most of the Jews killed in the Holocaust were not German. They were from Poland or the Soviet Union.
+
+The Nazis killed millions of people, hundreds at a time, with poison gas in special rooms called gas chambers. They forced others to dig giant holes in the ground where, after days of hard work, Jews and other prisoners were shot, buried, and burned in a mass grave. The Nazis executed many others by shooting, stabbing, or beating them to death. Still others died in forced marches from one camp to another.  Many other people died of starvation, diseases, and freezing to death because of the terrible conditions in the concentration camps.
+
+On the other hand, there were people who saved Jews from the Holocaust, because they thought it was the right thing to do. Some of them were later given "Righteous Among the Nations" awards by Yad Vashem.
+
+Some people say the Holocaust did not happen at all,[20] or was not as bad as historians say it was. This is called Holocaust denial. However, almost all historians agree that the Holocaust did happen and has been described correctly.[21] Many Holocaust deniers profess that the Nazis did not kill as many people as historians say. Instead, they claim many of these people died from disease or lack of food, usually in order to shift blame from the Nazis. These ideas have been disproven by historical accounts, eyewitness evidence, and documentary evidence from the Nazis themselves. Also many Jews were killed because Hitler ordered it. In some countries in Europe, including Germany,[22] it is against the law to say that the Holocaust never happened.[23]
+
+Yad Vashem (2019): "The Holocaust was the murder by Nazi Germany of six million Jews."[12]

ensimple/216.html.txt

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+Anarchism is a political belief that there should be no hierarchies like the government. Anarchists also believe that people's actions should never be forced by other people. A major question in Anarchism is, "What is consent?" Anarchists do not believe that people consent to be ruled by their government.
+
+Anarchism is "a cluster of doctrines and attitudes centered on the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary."[1][2] The word "anarchism" is from the Greek αναρχία, which means "without rulers", not "without rule"; it is also sometimes translated as "without government".
+
+In the common language, the word anarchy is often used to describe chaos or anomie. However, anarchists usually do not want this. Rather, they define "anarchy" as a way of relations between people. They believe that, once put into place, these relations work on their own. Anarchists are usually opposed by the systems they wish to topple.
+
+Individual freedom, voluntary association, and opposition to the state are important beliefs of anarchism. There are also big differences between anarchist philosophies on things like whether violence can be used to bring about anarchy; the best type of economy; the relationship between technology and hierarchy; the idea of equality; and the usefulness of some organization. The word "authority" is not clear, but anarchists are not against some types of authority (e.g. the authority of someone skilled in self-defence over someone that wants to learn self-defence), they are only against control by force.
+
+There are many anarchists who reject capitalism and support socialism or communism (but in another sense, without a totalitarian state or power), they are called anarcho-socialists and anarcho-communists. Also, there are some people called anarcho-capitalists who oppose government, but support capitalism (but in another sense, neither corporatist government nor state capitalism), although many of them are okay with socialism between consenting participants, as long as they don't force them into the socialist system. Other anarchists say that they are not really anarchists, because anarchism is traditionally a socialist philosophy. Finally, there are "anarchists without adjectives" who hold that because people will be free in an anarchy to pursue voluntarily any economic structures they want (including communes, worker co-ops, and capitalist-owned firms).[3] Anarcho-socialists and anarcho-communists believe that people can voluntarily participate in socialist/communist systems without having to be forced to, unlike their authoritarian counterparts that believe everyone should be forced into their system whether they like it or not.

ensimple/2160.html.txt

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+A genus is a rank in the biological classification (or taxonomy). It stands above species, and below families. A genus can include more than one species. When biologists talk about a genus, they mean one or more species of animals or plants that are closely related to each other.
+
+As with other taxa, the plural is different from other English words because it is a Latin word. 'Genus' is the singular, and 'genera' is the plural form of the word.
+
+When printing the scientific name of an organism, the name is always in italic. A name of species has two parts, with the genus first. For example, in "Felis silvestris", Felis is the genus. The genus name always begins with a capital letter. In "Felis silvestris catus", the third word is the subspecies, which is not often used.
+
+In writing, genus names in Latin may be 'anglicised' to form a common name. For example, the genus Pseudomonas is "pseudomonad" (plural: "pseudomonads"). In practice, most really common animals and plants already have a common name. So instead of saying 'felids', or 'felines', one says 'cats' both for the family pet, and for all the cat family (Felidae).

ensimple/2161.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+A genus is a rank in the biological classification (or taxonomy). It stands above species, and below families. A genus can include more than one species. When biologists talk about a genus, they mean one or more species of animals or plants that are closely related to each other.
+
+As with other taxa, the plural is different from other English words because it is a Latin word. 'Genus' is the singular, and 'genera' is the plural form of the word.
+
+When printing the scientific name of an organism, the name is always in italic. A name of species has two parts, with the genus first. For example, in "Felis silvestris", Felis is the genus. The genus name always begins with a capital letter. In "Felis silvestris catus", the third word is the subspecies, which is not often used.
+
+In writing, genus names in Latin may be 'anglicised' to form a common name. For example, the genus Pseudomonas is "pseudomonad" (plural: "pseudomonads"). In practice, most really common animals and plants already have a common name. So instead of saying 'felids', or 'felines', one says 'cats' both for the family pet, and for all the cat family (Felidae).

ensimple/2162.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+A genus is a rank in the biological classification (or taxonomy). It stands above species, and below families. A genus can include more than one species. When biologists talk about a genus, they mean one or more species of animals or plants that are closely related to each other.
+
+As with other taxa, the plural is different from other English words because it is a Latin word. 'Genus' is the singular, and 'genera' is the plural form of the word.
+
+When printing the scientific name of an organism, the name is always in italic. A name of species has two parts, with the genus first. For example, in "Felis silvestris", Felis is the genus. The genus name always begins with a capital letter. In "Felis silvestris catus", the third word is the subspecies, which is not often used.
+
+In writing, genus names in Latin may be 'anglicised' to form a common name. For example, the genus Pseudomonas is "pseudomonad" (plural: "pseudomonads"). In practice, most really common animals and plants already have a common name. So instead of saying 'felids', or 'felines', one says 'cats' both for the family pet, and for all the cat family (Felidae).

ensimple/2163.html.txt

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+The Roma are an ethnic group found mainly in Europe. They are also known as Roma.  In English they are often called Gypsies. Some Roma consider "gypsy" a slur.  The Roma are a nomadic people that originally came from the northern Indian subcontinent,[1][2][3] They came from the Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Sindh regions.[2][3]
+
+A DNA study by Indian and Estonian researchers shows that the Roma/Romani/Gypsy and Sinti people originate from the Untouchable Dalit community of their ancestral homeland.[4] They migrated northwest into Europe via the Middle East. Today there are populations of Roma found all over Europe, although the largest populations are in Eastern Europe, and their religions are: Eastern Christianity, Catholicism and Islam. Baptism by the Christian Roma and Male Circumcision by the Muslim Roma are practised.
+
+There are various groups of Roma: the Roma of East European birth;[5] the Sinti in Germany and Manouches in France and Catalonia; the Kaló in Spain, Ciganos in Portugal and Gitans of southern France; and the Romanichals of Britain.[6]
+
+The Romani language is now an official language in many countries of Europe under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[7]
+
+The 18th-century idea about the Indian birth of the Roma is based on the likeness between Romani[8] and languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent and is now supported by genetic evidence. The origins of the Roms were not known until 1763, when a theology student named Stefan Vali met Indian medical students. He noticed that they were physically similar to the Roms he saw in Hungary. He also noticed that they were using similar words.[9]
+
+It is believed to have been around the 11th century that Roms left India to go northwest, through Persia and the Middle East. Around the 15th century, the Roma reached the Balkans. From there, they dispersed through Europe. The first arrivals were well accepted. European people thought they were Christian pilgrims. The local people of Europe were fascinated by their nomadic way of life and their new sciences. The Roms were often recruited as mercenaries, horse trainers and circus artists. Roms were crossing Europe aboard large caravans which contained their luggage.[10]
+
+Roms also left a great musical heritage. Guitars and violins are part of their traditions. They influenced a lot of musical styles in Europe, such as flamenco, rumba, jazz, etc.[10] During World War II, Roma people suffered from the Nazis' discriminative policies. Statistics show that about 500,000 Roms died in Nazi concentration camps.[11]
+
+On 8 April 1971, the Roms' nationality was legally recognised in Europe. Since this day, 8 April is the Roms national day.[12]
+
+Even though they have been recognised, they still suffer from discrimination. Some countries still apply discriminative attitudes towards Roms, especially in workplaces and schools, where they are not accepted.[12] The main reason why they are not accepted is that they kept their nomadic lifestyle, which is against the law in some countries like France. Their squatting communities irritate locals.[13] The Romani created an association in 1978 to defend their rights.[14]

ensimple/2164.html.txt

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+Geography (from Greek: γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description")[1] is the study of earth and its people.[2] Its features are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. Its inhabitants are all the people and animals that live on it. Its phenomena are the things that happen like tides, winds, and earthquakes.
+
+A person who is an expert in geography is a geographer. A geographer tries to understand the world and the things that are in it, how they started and how they have changed.[3]
+
+Geography is divided into two main parts called physical geography and human geography. Physical geography studies the natural environment and human geography studies the human environment. The human environmental studies would include things such as the population in a country, how a country's economy is doing, and more. There is also environmental geography.
+
+Maps are a main tool of geography, so geographers spend much time making and studying them. Making maps is called cartography, and people who specialize in making maps are cartographers.
+
+Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere).
+
+Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:
+
+Human geography is the social science that covers the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies and their interaction with the environment. Geographers studying the human environment may look at:
+
+The oldest known world map dates back to ancient Babylon from the 9th century BC.[4] The best known Babylonian world map is the Imago Mundi of 600 BC.[5] Star charts (maps of the sky) are of similar age.
+
+During the Middle Ages, people in Europe made fewer maps. People in the Islamic world made more.[6] Abū Zayd al-Balkhī created the "Balkhī school" of mapping in Baghdad.[7]

ensimple/2165.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Geography (from Greek: γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description")[1] is the study of earth and its people.[2] Its features are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. Its inhabitants are all the people and animals that live on it. Its phenomena are the things that happen like tides, winds, and earthquakes.
+
+A person who is an expert in geography is a geographer. A geographer tries to understand the world and the things that are in it, how they started and how they have changed.[3]
+
+Geography is divided into two main parts called physical geography and human geography. Physical geography studies the natural environment and human geography studies the human environment. The human environmental studies would include things such as the population in a country, how a country's economy is doing, and more. There is also environmental geography.
+
+Maps are a main tool of geography, so geographers spend much time making and studying them. Making maps is called cartography, and people who specialize in making maps are cartographers.
+
+Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere).
+
+Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:
+
+Human geography is the social science that covers the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies and their interaction with the environment. Geographers studying the human environment may look at:
+
+The oldest known world map dates back to ancient Babylon from the 9th century BC.[4] The best known Babylonian world map is the Imago Mundi of 600 BC.[5] Star charts (maps of the sky) are of similar age.
+
+During the Middle Ages, people in Europe made fewer maps. People in the Islamic world made more.[6] Abū Zayd al-Balkhī created the "Balkhī school" of mapping in Baghdad.[7]

ensimple/2166.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Geography (from Greek: γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description")[1] is the study of earth and its people.[2] Its features are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. Its inhabitants are all the people and animals that live on it. Its phenomena are the things that happen like tides, winds, and earthquakes.
+
+A person who is an expert in geography is a geographer. A geographer tries to understand the world and the things that are in it, how they started and how they have changed.[3]
+
+Geography is divided into two main parts called physical geography and human geography. Physical geography studies the natural environment and human geography studies the human environment. The human environmental studies would include things such as the population in a country, how a country's economy is doing, and more. There is also environmental geography.
+
+Maps are a main tool of geography, so geographers spend much time making and studying them. Making maps is called cartography, and people who specialize in making maps are cartographers.
+
+Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere).
+
+Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:
+
+Human geography is the social science that covers the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies and their interaction with the environment. Geographers studying the human environment may look at:
+
+The oldest known world map dates back to ancient Babylon from the 9th century BC.[4] The best known Babylonian world map is the Imago Mundi of 600 BC.[5] Star charts (maps of the sky) are of similar age.
+
+During the Middle Ages, people in Europe made fewer maps. People in the Islamic world made more.[6] Abū Zayd al-Balkhī created the "Balkhī school" of mapping in Baghdad.[7]

ensimple/2167.html.txt

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+Geology is the study of the nonliving things that the Earth is made of.  Geology is the study of rocks in the Earth's crust.  People who study geology are called geologists.  Some geologists study minerals and the useful substances the rocks contain such as ores and fossil fuels.  Geologists also study the history of the Earth.
+
+Some of the important events in the Earth's history are floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, orogeny (mountain building), and plate tectonics (movement of continents).
+
+Geology is divided into special subjects that study one part of geology. Some of these subjects are:
+
+Rocks can be very different from each other.  Some are very hard and some are soft.  Some rocks are very common, while others are rare.  However, all the different rocks belong to three categories or types, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
+
+All three kinds of rock can be changed by being heated and squeezed by forces in the earth. When this happens, faults (cracks) may appear in the rock. Geologists can learn a lot about the history of the rock by studying the patterns of the fault lines. Earthquakes are caused when a fault breaks suddenly.
+
+Soil is the stuff on the ground made of lots of particles (or tiny pieces). The particles of soil come from rocks that have broken down, and from rotting leaves and animals bodies. Soil covers a lot of the surface of the Earth. Plants of all sorts grow in soil.
+
+To find out more about types of rocks, see the rock (geology) article.
+To find out more about soil, see the soil article.
+
+Geologists use some simple ideas which help them to understand the rocks they are studying. The following ideas were worked out in the early days of stratigraphy by people like Nicolaus Steno, James Hutton and William Smith:
+
+Layers of sedimentary rock
+
+A fault cutting through older sedimentary rocks
+
+A conglomerate: sedimentary rock made from white pieces of older rock, broken up and mixed with red sand at the bottom of a river.
+
+The Zimbabwe Great Dyke: A big band of igneous rock cuts between sedimentary rocks. This picture was taken from a satellite.
+
+Beaches are interesting places to study Geology,
+
+....so are caves.
+
+This rock-face in France contains the mineral Mica.
+
+A simple, important tool for the Geologist
+
+The geologist, David Johnston, on the side of Mount St. Helens.
+
+A young Butcher Bird is standing on a box of rock cores that have been drilled from underground.
+
+Geologists look at some samples of rock, to find minerals for mining.
+
+A map showing the geology of South East England. This area has been studied for hundreds of years.
+
+A map showing the different soils and rocks under the Southern Ocean. Geologists are finding new information about this area.
+
+This map shows the main "plates" of the Earth's surface and which way they are moving.
+
+This diagram shows the chemical movement at a deep sea vent on the ocean floor.

ensimple/2168.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+Geology is the study of the nonliving things that the Earth is made of.  Geology is the study of rocks in the Earth's crust.  People who study geology are called geologists.  Some geologists study minerals and the useful substances the rocks contain such as ores and fossil fuels.  Geologists also study the history of the Earth.
+
+Some of the important events in the Earth's history are floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, orogeny (mountain building), and plate tectonics (movement of continents).
+
+Geology is divided into special subjects that study one part of geology. Some of these subjects are:
+
+Rocks can be very different from each other.  Some are very hard and some are soft.  Some rocks are very common, while others are rare.  However, all the different rocks belong to three categories or types, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
+
+All three kinds of rock can be changed by being heated and squeezed by forces in the earth. When this happens, faults (cracks) may appear in the rock. Geologists can learn a lot about the history of the rock by studying the patterns of the fault lines. Earthquakes are caused when a fault breaks suddenly.
+
+Soil is the stuff on the ground made of lots of particles (or tiny pieces). The particles of soil come from rocks that have broken down, and from rotting leaves and animals bodies. Soil covers a lot of the surface of the Earth. Plants of all sorts grow in soil.
+
+To find out more about types of rocks, see the rock (geology) article.
+To find out more about soil, see the soil article.
+
+Geologists use some simple ideas which help them to understand the rocks they are studying. The following ideas were worked out in the early days of stratigraphy by people like Nicolaus Steno, James Hutton and William Smith:
+
+Layers of sedimentary rock
+
+A fault cutting through older sedimentary rocks
+
+A conglomerate: sedimentary rock made from white pieces of older rock, broken up and mixed with red sand at the bottom of a river.
+
+The Zimbabwe Great Dyke: A big band of igneous rock cuts between sedimentary rocks. This picture was taken from a satellite.
+
+Beaches are interesting places to study Geology,
+
+....so are caves.
+
+This rock-face in France contains the mineral Mica.
+
+A simple, important tool for the Geologist
+
+The geologist, David Johnston, on the side of Mount St. Helens.
+
+A young Butcher Bird is standing on a box of rock cores that have been drilled from underground.
+
+Geologists look at some samples of rock, to find minerals for mining.
+
+A map showing the geology of South East England. This area has been studied for hundreds of years.
+
+A map showing the different soils and rocks under the Southern Ocean. Geologists are finding new information about this area.
+
+This map shows the main "plates" of the Earth's surface and which way they are moving.
+
+This diagram shows the chemical movement at a deep sea vent on the ocean floor.

ensimple/2169.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Geometry is the part of mathematics that studies the size, shapes, positions and dimensions of things.  We can only see or make shapes that are flat (2D) or solid (3D), but mathematicians (people who study math) are able to study shapes that are 4D, 5D, 6D, and so on.
+
+Squares, circles and triangles are some of the simplest shapes in flat geometry. Cubes, cylinders, cones and spheres are simple shapes in solid geometry.
+
+Plane geometry can be used to measure the area and perimeter of a flat shape. Solid geometry can also measure a solid shape's volume and surface area.
+
+Geometry can be used to calculate the size and shape of many things. For example, geometry can help people find:
+
+Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Geometry began as the art of Surveying of land so that it could be shared fairly between people. The word "geometry" is from a Greek word that means "to measure the land". It has grown from this to become one of the most important parts of mathematics. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote the first book about geometry, a book called The Elements.
+
+Plane and solid geometry, as described by Euclid in his textbook Elements is called "Euclidean Geometry". This was simply called "geometry" for centuries. In the 19th century, mathematicians created several new kinds of geometry that changed the rules of Euclidean geometry. These and earlier kinds were called "non-Euclidean" (not created by Euclid). For example, hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry come from changing Euclid's parallel postulate.
+
+Non-Euclidean geometry is more complicated than Euclidean geometry but has many uses. Spherical geometry for example is used in astronomy and cartography.
+
+Geometry starts with a few simple ideas that are thought to be true, called axioms. Such as:

ensimple/217.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Anatomy is the study of the bodies of people and other animals. Anatomy is the study of the inside of the body and outside the body. Anatomy notes the position and structure of organs such as muscles, glands and bones. A person who studies anatomy is an anatomist.
+
+The history of anatomy dates back to 1600 BC when Egyptians began studying human anatomy. They discovered the functions of many organs like the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart etc. and were the first to discover the structure and functions of the lymphatic system.
+
+For long periods the dissection of deceased people was forbidden, and correct ideas about human anatomy was a long time coming.[1][2]
+
+Academic human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools and teaching hospitals. They are often involved in teaching, and research. Gross anatomy studies parts of the body that are big enough to see. Micro-anatomy studies smaller parts.[3]
+
+There are different organ systems, such as the cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system (the system that gets blood around the body), the muscular system (the system that contains muscles), the nervous system (the system that controls the nerves,and the brain) and the skeleton (the bones).
+
+Anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are similar basic medical sciences.

ensimple/2170.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Geometry is the part of mathematics that studies the size, shapes, positions and dimensions of things.  We can only see or make shapes that are flat (2D) or solid (3D), but mathematicians (people who study math) are able to study shapes that are 4D, 5D, 6D, and so on.
+
+Squares, circles and triangles are some of the simplest shapes in flat geometry. Cubes, cylinders, cones and spheres are simple shapes in solid geometry.
+
+Plane geometry can be used to measure the area and perimeter of a flat shape. Solid geometry can also measure a solid shape's volume and surface area.
+
+Geometry can be used to calculate the size and shape of many things. For example, geometry can help people find:
+
+Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Geometry began as the art of Surveying of land so that it could be shared fairly between people. The word "geometry" is from a Greek word that means "to measure the land". It has grown from this to become one of the most important parts of mathematics. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote the first book about geometry, a book called The Elements.
+
+Plane and solid geometry, as described by Euclid in his textbook Elements is called "Euclidean Geometry". This was simply called "geometry" for centuries. In the 19th century, mathematicians created several new kinds of geometry that changed the rules of Euclidean geometry. These and earlier kinds were called "non-Euclidean" (not created by Euclid). For example, hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry come from changing Euclid's parallel postulate.
+
+Non-Euclidean geometry is more complicated than Euclidean geometry but has many uses. Spherical geometry for example is used in astronomy and cartography.
+
+Geometry starts with a few simple ideas that are thought to be true, called axioms. Such as:

ensimple/2171.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Geometry is the part of mathematics that studies the size, shapes, positions and dimensions of things.  We can only see or make shapes that are flat (2D) or solid (3D), but mathematicians (people who study math) are able to study shapes that are 4D, 5D, 6D, and so on.
+
+Squares, circles and triangles are some of the simplest shapes in flat geometry. Cubes, cylinders, cones and spheres are simple shapes in solid geometry.
+
+Plane geometry can be used to measure the area and perimeter of a flat shape. Solid geometry can also measure a solid shape's volume and surface area.
+
+Geometry can be used to calculate the size and shape of many things. For example, geometry can help people find:
+
+Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Geometry began as the art of Surveying of land so that it could be shared fairly between people. The word "geometry" is from a Greek word that means "to measure the land". It has grown from this to become one of the most important parts of mathematics. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote the first book about geometry, a book called The Elements.
+
+Plane and solid geometry, as described by Euclid in his textbook Elements is called "Euclidean Geometry". This was simply called "geometry" for centuries. In the 19th century, mathematicians created several new kinds of geometry that changed the rules of Euclidean geometry. These and earlier kinds were called "non-Euclidean" (not created by Euclid). For example, hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry come from changing Euclid's parallel postulate.
+
+Non-Euclidean geometry is more complicated than Euclidean geometry but has many uses. Spherical geometry for example is used in astronomy and cartography.
+
+Geometry starts with a few simple ideas that are thought to be true, called axioms. Such as:

ensimple/2172.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+There have been two different presidents of the United States that are both named George Bush.

ensimple/2173.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824) was an English peer, nobleman, politician, and poet. He was christened George Gordon Byron, but changed his name later in life. He adopted the surname Noel, so he that could inherit half his mother-in-law's estate.
+
+Lord Byron was the son Captain John Byron and Catherine Gordon.
+
+He was a leading figure in Romanticism. He was regarded as one of the greatest European poets and still many people read his works. Among his best-known works are the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan.
+
+Lord Byron is also famous for the way he lived his life. He was a dandy, living extravagantly, with many love affairs and debts. His fight against the Turks in the Greek War of Independence lead to his death from a fever in Messolonghi in Greece. He is buried in the family vault in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Hucknall Torkard, Nottinghamshire, England. A memorial was not raised to him in Poet's Cornerin Westminster Abbey until 1969.[1]
+
+He was bisexual[2] (homosexual acts between males were against the law at the time) and he was believed to have been guilty of incest with his half-sister. Lady Caroline Lamb, who was his lover for a time, said that he was "mad, bad, and dangerous to know."
+
+His daughter, Ada Lovelace, was famous because she collaborated with Charles Babbage on the "analytical engine", a predecessor to modern computers.

ensimple/2174.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+George Timothy Clooney (born May 6, 1961)[1] is an American actor, filmmaker and humanitarian. He is the son of Nick and nephew of singer Rosemary. After leaving college, He starred in the series ER and several other series. He later starred in movies, including Ocean's Eleven, Syriana, Good Night, and Good Luck and Up in the Air. He is a political advocate for human rights issues, include Save Darfur. Many of his movies contain references to current politics.

ensimple/2175.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 – November 30, 2018) was an American politician. He was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Before he became president, he was the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 (under the Ronald Reagan administration), an ambassador, a congressman, and Director of Central Intelligence. He was married to Barbara Bush from 1945 until her death in 2018. His children include 43rd President of the United States George W. Bush, former Governor of Florida Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch. He was an Episcopalian.[1]
+
+On November 25, 2017, Bush was the longest-lived U.S. President. He passed the 93 years and 165 days lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died on December 26, 2006.
+
+On November 30, 2018, Bush died at his home in Houston, Texas at the age of 94.
+
+Bush was born on June 12, 1924 in 173 Adam Street, Milton, Massachusetts.[2][3] His father was politician Prescott Bush. He studied at Yale University. In June 1943, Bush became the youngest pilot in the United States Navy at the time.[4]
+
+Bush served in the United States Navy during 1942 until 1945. During WWII, his plane was shot down. He won 3 Air Medal, Presidential Unit Citation, and the Distinguished Flying Cross. He married Barbara Pierce in 1945. They had six children.
+
+Bush worked for Zapata Oil in Texas and was a politician in Texas, running for the Senate in 1964, but losing to Ralph Yarborough and later again in 1970, though losing again to Lloyd Bentsen.
+
+He was later a House Representative. He was also Republican Party Chairman and tried the vice presidency, with the support of such Congressional conservatives as Senator Barry Goldwater after Nixon resigned and Ford took office, but lost to liberal Republican Nelson Rockefeller in 1974.[5][6] In 1980, Bush also ran against Ronald Reagan for the Republican Party's candidacy for President but lost. He was then named Republican Vice Presidential candidate by Reagan after Reagan defeated him. Reagan and Bush were elected President and Vice President that year.
+
+During World War II, Bush was a crewman on a TBM Avenger.[7] He had survived many crashes and sunk a Japanese ship. He later became a diplomat and head of the CIA.[8]
+
+After being Ronald Reagan's vice president, Bush was elected president in 1988 by defeating Michael Dukakis. While he was president, the Cold War ended and the Soviet Union fell apart.[9] He was known for his failed promise speech "Read my lips: no new taxes".
+
+In 1992, he visited Kiichi Miyazawa when he vomited on his lap and soon fainted during a dinner feast.[10] Hours later, Bush made a comment that he was suffering from the flu.[10]
+
+When Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in order to steal their supplies of oil, Bush led the United States and many other countries to protect Kuwait. The conflict was called the Gulf War. He also invaded Panama to remove Manuel Noreiga, who was guilty of drug trafficking.
+
+At his home, Bush also signed in important laws, such as the Americans With Disabilities Act.[11] However, the country suffered from a recession.[12] This was embarrassing and many people believe this was the reason he lost the presidential election of 1992 to Bill Clinton.
+
+Bush resided on a ranch in Houston, Texas with his family. After his presidency, he supported John McCain and his son George W. Bush. He supported Mitt Romney and Rick Perry for president. He attended the opening of the USS George H.W. Bush, a naval ship named after him. He traveled with his son to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
+
+On February 15, 2011, Bush was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States, by President Barack Obama.
+
+He was present at his son's presidential library opening ceremony on April 25, 2013. In July 2013, Bush had his head shaved in a show of support for the two-year-old son of a member of his security detail, who had leukemia. He is the most recent president that was a veteran during World War II.
+
+Bush sent a letter to Donald Trump in January 2017 to inform him of his (Bush's) poor health that he would not be able to attend Trump's inauguration on January 20 and gave his best wishes.[13]
+
+He was the father of George W. Bush, Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch. He had two other sons; his other daughter Robin died of leukemia in 1953; his father (also a politician) was Prescott Bush. On April 13, 2013, he became a great grandfather when his granddaughter Jenna Bush Hager gave birth to a daughter.
+
+Bush suffered from a form of Parkinson's disease which forced him to use a motorized scooter or wheelchair to get around, since at least 2012.[14][15]
+
+On November 23, 2012, Bush had a bronchitis-like cough that initially brought him to Methodist Hospital in Houston for treatment. He was supposed to be released before Christmas, but was kept in and over the holiday because he got worse with a high fever. On December 23, 2012, he started to be in the intensive-care unit.[16] On December 29, 2012, his health improved and moved out of intensive care.[17] He was discharged in the hospital on January 14, 2013. On December 23, 2014, Bush was once again hospitalized at the Methodist Hospital after suffering a "shortness of breath".[18] He was released from the hospital on December 30, 2014.
+
+On July 15, 2015, Bush fell at his home in Kennebunkport, Maine and broke a vertebrae in his neck.[19]
+
+On January 18, 2017, he was admitted to the intensive care unit at Houston Methodist Hospital, where he was sedated for a procedure to treat an acute respiratory problem stemming from pneumonia.[13]
+
+On April 22, 2018, after the burial of Bush's wife Barbara, he was hospitalized for sepsis and was placed under intensive care.[20]
+
+Bush died on November 30, 2018 at his home in Houston from Parkinson's-related complications, aged 94.[21] A state funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral.
+
+Tributes and condolences were offered by former Presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, and incumbent President Donald Trump.[22][23] He lied in state in the United States Capitol and was buried next to his wife at the George Bush Presidential Library.[24]
+
+Since Bush had the same first and last names as his son, he was often called George H. W. Bush or George Bush Sr. (George Bush senior). Some people call him "41" or "Bush 41" because he was the 41st President.
+
+Sidney Souers • 
+Hoyt Vandenberg • 
+Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter • 
+Walter B. Smith • 
+Allen W. Dulles • 
+John A. McCone • 
+William Raborn • 
+Richard Helms • 
+James R. Schlesinger • 
+William Colby • 
+George H. W. Bush • 
+Stansfield Turner • 
+William J. Casey • 
+William H. Webster • 
+Robert Gates • 
+R. James Woolsey, Jr. • 
+John M. Deutch • 
+George Tenet

ensimple/2176.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 – November 30, 2018) was an American politician. He was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Before he became president, he was the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 (under the Ronald Reagan administration), an ambassador, a congressman, and Director of Central Intelligence. He was married to Barbara Bush from 1945 until her death in 2018. His children include 43rd President of the United States George W. Bush, former Governor of Florida Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch. He was an Episcopalian.[1]
+
+On November 25, 2017, Bush was the longest-lived U.S. President. He passed the 93 years and 165 days lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died on December 26, 2006.
+
+On November 30, 2018, Bush died at his home in Houston, Texas at the age of 94.
+
+Bush was born on June 12, 1924 in 173 Adam Street, Milton, Massachusetts.[2][3] His father was politician Prescott Bush. He studied at Yale University. In June 1943, Bush became the youngest pilot in the United States Navy at the time.[4]
+
+Bush served in the United States Navy during 1942 until 1945. During WWII, his plane was shot down. He won 3 Air Medal, Presidential Unit Citation, and the Distinguished Flying Cross. He married Barbara Pierce in 1945. They had six children.
+
+Bush worked for Zapata Oil in Texas and was a politician in Texas, running for the Senate in 1964, but losing to Ralph Yarborough and later again in 1970, though losing again to Lloyd Bentsen.
+
+He was later a House Representative. He was also Republican Party Chairman and tried the vice presidency, with the support of such Congressional conservatives as Senator Barry Goldwater after Nixon resigned and Ford took office, but lost to liberal Republican Nelson Rockefeller in 1974.[5][6] In 1980, Bush also ran against Ronald Reagan for the Republican Party's candidacy for President but lost. He was then named Republican Vice Presidential candidate by Reagan after Reagan defeated him. Reagan and Bush were elected President and Vice President that year.
+
+During World War II, Bush was a crewman on a TBM Avenger.[7] He had survived many crashes and sunk a Japanese ship. He later became a diplomat and head of the CIA.[8]
+
+After being Ronald Reagan's vice president, Bush was elected president in 1988 by defeating Michael Dukakis. While he was president, the Cold War ended and the Soviet Union fell apart.[9] He was known for his failed promise speech "Read my lips: no new taxes".
+
+In 1992, he visited Kiichi Miyazawa when he vomited on his lap and soon fainted during a dinner feast.[10] Hours later, Bush made a comment that he was suffering from the flu.[10]
+
+When Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in order to steal their supplies of oil, Bush led the United States and many other countries to protect Kuwait. The conflict was called the Gulf War. He also invaded Panama to remove Manuel Noreiga, who was guilty of drug trafficking.
+
+At his home, Bush also signed in important laws, such as the Americans With Disabilities Act.[11] However, the country suffered from a recession.[12] This was embarrassing and many people believe this was the reason he lost the presidential election of 1992 to Bill Clinton.
+
+Bush resided on a ranch in Houston, Texas with his family. After his presidency, he supported John McCain and his son George W. Bush. He supported Mitt Romney and Rick Perry for president. He attended the opening of the USS George H.W. Bush, a naval ship named after him. He traveled with his son to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
+
+On February 15, 2011, Bush was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States, by President Barack Obama.
+
+He was present at his son's presidential library opening ceremony on April 25, 2013. In July 2013, Bush had his head shaved in a show of support for the two-year-old son of a member of his security detail, who had leukemia. He is the most recent president that was a veteran during World War II.
+
+Bush sent a letter to Donald Trump in January 2017 to inform him of his (Bush's) poor health that he would not be able to attend Trump's inauguration on January 20 and gave his best wishes.[13]
+
+He was the father of George W. Bush, Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch. He had two other sons; his other daughter Robin died of leukemia in 1953; his father (also a politician) was Prescott Bush. On April 13, 2013, he became a great grandfather when his granddaughter Jenna Bush Hager gave birth to a daughter.
+
+Bush suffered from a form of Parkinson's disease which forced him to use a motorized scooter or wheelchair to get around, since at least 2012.[14][15]
+
+On November 23, 2012, Bush had a bronchitis-like cough that initially brought him to Methodist Hospital in Houston for treatment. He was supposed to be released before Christmas, but was kept in and over the holiday because he got worse with a high fever. On December 23, 2012, he started to be in the intensive-care unit.[16] On December 29, 2012, his health improved and moved out of intensive care.[17] He was discharged in the hospital on January 14, 2013. On December 23, 2014, Bush was once again hospitalized at the Methodist Hospital after suffering a "shortness of breath".[18] He was released from the hospital on December 30, 2014.
+
+On July 15, 2015, Bush fell at his home in Kennebunkport, Maine and broke a vertebrae in his neck.[19]
+
+On January 18, 2017, he was admitted to the intensive care unit at Houston Methodist Hospital, where he was sedated for a procedure to treat an acute respiratory problem stemming from pneumonia.[13]
+
+On April 22, 2018, after the burial of Bush's wife Barbara, he was hospitalized for sepsis and was placed under intensive care.[20]
+
+Bush died on November 30, 2018 at his home in Houston from Parkinson's-related complications, aged 94.[21] A state funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral.
+
+Tributes and condolences were offered by former Presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, and incumbent President Donald Trump.[22][23] He lied in state in the United States Capitol and was buried next to his wife at the George Bush Presidential Library.[24]
+
+Since Bush had the same first and last names as his son, he was often called George H. W. Bush or George Bush Sr. (George Bush senior). Some people call him "41" or "Bush 41" because he was the 41st President.
+
+Sidney Souers • 
+Hoyt Vandenberg • 
+Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter • 
+Walter B. Smith • 
+Allen W. Dulles • 
+John A. McCone • 
+William Raborn • 
+Richard Helms • 
+James R. Schlesinger • 
+William Colby • 
+George H. W. Bush • 
+Stansfield Turner • 
+William J. Casey • 
+William H. Webster • 
+Robert Gates • 
+R. James Woolsey, Jr. • 
+John M. Deutch • 
+George Tenet

ensimple/2177.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 – November 30, 2018) was an American politician. He was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Before he became president, he was the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 (under the Ronald Reagan administration), an ambassador, a congressman, and Director of Central Intelligence. He was married to Barbara Bush from 1945 until her death in 2018. His children include 43rd President of the United States George W. Bush, former Governor of Florida Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch. He was an Episcopalian.[1]
+
+On November 25, 2017, Bush was the longest-lived U.S. President. He passed the 93 years and 165 days lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died on December 26, 2006.
+
+On November 30, 2018, Bush died at his home in Houston, Texas at the age of 94.
+
+Bush was born on June 12, 1924 in 173 Adam Street, Milton, Massachusetts.[2][3] His father was politician Prescott Bush. He studied at Yale University. In June 1943, Bush became the youngest pilot in the United States Navy at the time.[4]
+
+Bush served in the United States Navy during 1942 until 1945. During WWII, his plane was shot down. He won 3 Air Medal, Presidential Unit Citation, and the Distinguished Flying Cross. He married Barbara Pierce in 1945. They had six children.
+
+Bush worked for Zapata Oil in Texas and was a politician in Texas, running for the Senate in 1964, but losing to Ralph Yarborough and later again in 1970, though losing again to Lloyd Bentsen.
+
+He was later a House Representative. He was also Republican Party Chairman and tried the vice presidency, with the support of such Congressional conservatives as Senator Barry Goldwater after Nixon resigned and Ford took office, but lost to liberal Republican Nelson Rockefeller in 1974.[5][6] In 1980, Bush also ran against Ronald Reagan for the Republican Party's candidacy for President but lost. He was then named Republican Vice Presidential candidate by Reagan after Reagan defeated him. Reagan and Bush were elected President and Vice President that year.
+
+During World War II, Bush was a crewman on a TBM Avenger.[7] He had survived many crashes and sunk a Japanese ship. He later became a diplomat and head of the CIA.[8]
+
+After being Ronald Reagan's vice president, Bush was elected president in 1988 by defeating Michael Dukakis. While he was president, the Cold War ended and the Soviet Union fell apart.[9] He was known for his failed promise speech "Read my lips: no new taxes".
+
+In 1992, he visited Kiichi Miyazawa when he vomited on his lap and soon fainted during a dinner feast.[10] Hours later, Bush made a comment that he was suffering from the flu.[10]
+
+When Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in order to steal their supplies of oil, Bush led the United States and many other countries to protect Kuwait. The conflict was called the Gulf War. He also invaded Panama to remove Manuel Noreiga, who was guilty of drug trafficking.
+
+At his home, Bush also signed in important laws, such as the Americans With Disabilities Act.[11] However, the country suffered from a recession.[12] This was embarrassing and many people believe this was the reason he lost the presidential election of 1992 to Bill Clinton.
+
+Bush resided on a ranch in Houston, Texas with his family. After his presidency, he supported John McCain and his son George W. Bush. He supported Mitt Romney and Rick Perry for president. He attended the opening of the USS George H.W. Bush, a naval ship named after him. He traveled with his son to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
+
+On February 15, 2011, Bush was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States, by President Barack Obama.
+
+He was present at his son's presidential library opening ceremony on April 25, 2013. In July 2013, Bush had his head shaved in a show of support for the two-year-old son of a member of his security detail, who had leukemia. He is the most recent president that was a veteran during World War II.
+
+Bush sent a letter to Donald Trump in January 2017 to inform him of his (Bush's) poor health that he would not be able to attend Trump's inauguration on January 20 and gave his best wishes.[13]
+
+He was the father of George W. Bush, Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch. He had two other sons; his other daughter Robin died of leukemia in 1953; his father (also a politician) was Prescott Bush. On April 13, 2013, he became a great grandfather when his granddaughter Jenna Bush Hager gave birth to a daughter.
+
+Bush suffered from a form of Parkinson's disease which forced him to use a motorized scooter or wheelchair to get around, since at least 2012.[14][15]
+
+On November 23, 2012, Bush had a bronchitis-like cough that initially brought him to Methodist Hospital in Houston for treatment. He was supposed to be released before Christmas, but was kept in and over the holiday because he got worse with a high fever. On December 23, 2012, he started to be in the intensive-care unit.[16] On December 29, 2012, his health improved and moved out of intensive care.[17] He was discharged in the hospital on January 14, 2013. On December 23, 2014, Bush was once again hospitalized at the Methodist Hospital after suffering a "shortness of breath".[18] He was released from the hospital on December 30, 2014.
+
+On July 15, 2015, Bush fell at his home in Kennebunkport, Maine and broke a vertebrae in his neck.[19]
+
+On January 18, 2017, he was admitted to the intensive care unit at Houston Methodist Hospital, where he was sedated for a procedure to treat an acute respiratory problem stemming from pneumonia.[13]
+
+On April 22, 2018, after the burial of Bush's wife Barbara, he was hospitalized for sepsis and was placed under intensive care.[20]
+
+Bush died on November 30, 2018 at his home in Houston from Parkinson's-related complications, aged 94.[21] A state funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral.
+
+Tributes and condolences were offered by former Presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, and incumbent President Donald Trump.[22][23] He lied in state in the United States Capitol and was buried next to his wife at the George Bush Presidential Library.[24]
+
+Since Bush had the same first and last names as his son, he was often called George H. W. Bush or George Bush Sr. (George Bush senior). Some people call him "41" or "Bush 41" because he was the 41st President.
+
+Sidney Souers • 
+Hoyt Vandenberg • 
+Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter • 
+Walter B. Smith • 
+Allen W. Dulles • 
+John A. McCone • 
+William Raborn • 
+Richard Helms • 
+James R. Schlesinger • 
+William Colby • 
+George H. W. Bush • 
+Stansfield Turner • 
+William J. Casey • 
+William H. Webster • 
+Robert Gates • 
+R. James Woolsey, Jr. • 
+John M. Deutch • 
+George Tenet

ensimple/2178.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 – November 30, 2018) was an American politician. He was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Before he became president, he was the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 (under the Ronald Reagan administration), an ambassador, a congressman, and Director of Central Intelligence. He was married to Barbara Bush from 1945 until her death in 2018. His children include 43rd President of the United States George W. Bush, former Governor of Florida Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch. He was an Episcopalian.[1]
+
+On November 25, 2017, Bush was the longest-lived U.S. President. He passed the 93 years and 165 days lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died on December 26, 2006.
+
+On November 30, 2018, Bush died at his home in Houston, Texas at the age of 94.
+
+Bush was born on June 12, 1924 in 173 Adam Street, Milton, Massachusetts.[2][3] His father was politician Prescott Bush. He studied at Yale University. In June 1943, Bush became the youngest pilot in the United States Navy at the time.[4]
+
+Bush served in the United States Navy during 1942 until 1945. During WWII, his plane was shot down. He won 3 Air Medal, Presidential Unit Citation, and the Distinguished Flying Cross. He married Barbara Pierce in 1945. They had six children.
+
+Bush worked for Zapata Oil in Texas and was a politician in Texas, running for the Senate in 1964, but losing to Ralph Yarborough and later again in 1970, though losing again to Lloyd Bentsen.
+
+He was later a House Representative. He was also Republican Party Chairman and tried the vice presidency, with the support of such Congressional conservatives as Senator Barry Goldwater after Nixon resigned and Ford took office, but lost to liberal Republican Nelson Rockefeller in 1974.[5][6] In 1980, Bush also ran against Ronald Reagan for the Republican Party's candidacy for President but lost. He was then named Republican Vice Presidential candidate by Reagan after Reagan defeated him. Reagan and Bush were elected President and Vice President that year.
+
+During World War II, Bush was a crewman on a TBM Avenger.[7] He had survived many crashes and sunk a Japanese ship. He later became a diplomat and head of the CIA.[8]
+
+After being Ronald Reagan's vice president, Bush was elected president in 1988 by defeating Michael Dukakis. While he was president, the Cold War ended and the Soviet Union fell apart.[9] He was known for his failed promise speech "Read my lips: no new taxes".
+
+In 1992, he visited Kiichi Miyazawa when he vomited on his lap and soon fainted during a dinner feast.[10] Hours later, Bush made a comment that he was suffering from the flu.[10]
+
+When Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in order to steal their supplies of oil, Bush led the United States and many other countries to protect Kuwait. The conflict was called the Gulf War. He also invaded Panama to remove Manuel Noreiga, who was guilty of drug trafficking.
+
+At his home, Bush also signed in important laws, such as the Americans With Disabilities Act.[11] However, the country suffered from a recession.[12] This was embarrassing and many people believe this was the reason he lost the presidential election of 1992 to Bill Clinton.
+
+Bush resided on a ranch in Houston, Texas with his family. After his presidency, he supported John McCain and his son George W. Bush. He supported Mitt Romney and Rick Perry for president. He attended the opening of the USS George H.W. Bush, a naval ship named after him. He traveled with his son to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
+
+On February 15, 2011, Bush was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States, by President Barack Obama.
+
+He was present at his son's presidential library opening ceremony on April 25, 2013. In July 2013, Bush had his head shaved in a show of support for the two-year-old son of a member of his security detail, who had leukemia. He is the most recent president that was a veteran during World War II.
+
+Bush sent a letter to Donald Trump in January 2017 to inform him of his (Bush's) poor health that he would not be able to attend Trump's inauguration on January 20 and gave his best wishes.[13]
+
+He was the father of George W. Bush, Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch. He had two other sons; his other daughter Robin died of leukemia in 1953; his father (also a politician) was Prescott Bush. On April 13, 2013, he became a great grandfather when his granddaughter Jenna Bush Hager gave birth to a daughter.
+
+Bush suffered from a form of Parkinson's disease which forced him to use a motorized scooter or wheelchair to get around, since at least 2012.[14][15]
+
+On November 23, 2012, Bush had a bronchitis-like cough that initially brought him to Methodist Hospital in Houston for treatment. He was supposed to be released before Christmas, but was kept in and over the holiday because he got worse with a high fever. On December 23, 2012, he started to be in the intensive-care unit.[16] On December 29, 2012, his health improved and moved out of intensive care.[17] He was discharged in the hospital on January 14, 2013. On December 23, 2014, Bush was once again hospitalized at the Methodist Hospital after suffering a "shortness of breath".[18] He was released from the hospital on December 30, 2014.
+
+On July 15, 2015, Bush fell at his home in Kennebunkport, Maine and broke a vertebrae in his neck.[19]
+
+On January 18, 2017, he was admitted to the intensive care unit at Houston Methodist Hospital, where he was sedated for a procedure to treat an acute respiratory problem stemming from pneumonia.[13]
+
+On April 22, 2018, after the burial of Bush's wife Barbara, he was hospitalized for sepsis and was placed under intensive care.[20]
+
+Bush died on November 30, 2018 at his home in Houston from Parkinson's-related complications, aged 94.[21] A state funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral.
+
+Tributes and condolences were offered by former Presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, and incumbent President Donald Trump.[22][23] He lied in state in the United States Capitol and was buried next to his wife at the George Bush Presidential Library.[24]
+
+Since Bush had the same first and last names as his son, he was often called George H. W. Bush or George Bush Sr. (George Bush senior). Some people call him "41" or "Bush 41" because he was the 41st President.
+
+Sidney Souers • 
+Hoyt Vandenberg • 
+Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter • 
+Walter B. Smith • 
+Allen W. Dulles • 
+John A. McCone • 
+William Raborn • 
+Richard Helms • 
+James R. Schlesinger • 
+William Colby • 
+George H. W. Bush • 
+Stansfield Turner • 
+William J. Casey • 
+William H. Webster • 
+Robert Gates • 
+R. James Woolsey, Jr. • 
+John M. Deutch • 
+George Tenet

ensimple/2179.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Georges Braque (Argenteuil, 13 May 1882 – Paris, 31 August 1963) was a major 20th century French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed the art movement known as Cubism.
+
+French art critic Louis Vauxcelles first used the term Cubism, or "bizarre cubiques", in 1908 after seeing a picture by Braque. He described it as 'full of little cubes', after which the term quickly gained wide use. Art historian Ernst Gombrich described cubism as "the most radical attempt to stamp out ambiguity, and to enforce one reading of the picture – that of a man-made construction, a colored canvas".[1] The Cubist movement spread quickly throughout Paris and Europe.
+
+A major idea of Braque's was the fractured stringed instrument as a cubist model. This he painted a number of times with variations, and made sculptures with fractured violins, guitars, etc., inside transparent acrylic (perspex) blocks. Examples:

ensimple/218.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Anatomy is the study of the bodies of people and other animals. Anatomy is the study of the inside of the body and outside the body. Anatomy notes the position and structure of organs such as muscles, glands and bones. A person who studies anatomy is an anatomist.
+
+The history of anatomy dates back to 1600 BC when Egyptians began studying human anatomy. They discovered the functions of many organs like the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart etc. and were the first to discover the structure and functions of the lymphatic system.
+
+For long periods the dissection of deceased people was forbidden, and correct ideas about human anatomy was a long time coming.[1][2]
+
+Academic human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools and teaching hospitals. They are often involved in teaching, and research. Gross anatomy studies parts of the body that are big enough to see. Micro-anatomy studies smaller parts.[3]
+
+There are different organ systems, such as the cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system (the system that gets blood around the body), the muscular system (the system that contains muscles), the nervous system (the system that controls the nerves,and the brain) and the skeleton (the bones).
+
+Anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are similar basic medical sciences.

ensimple/2180.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Georges Méliès (8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938) was a French moviemaker. He led the way in the use of special effects, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted colour in his work. His movies include Conquest of the Pole, A Trip to the Moon, and The Impossible Voyage. These movies involve strange, surreal voyages, like those in Jules Verne's books. These movies are among the most important early science fiction movies. Méliès's The Haunted Castle is an early horror movie.
+
+Méliès was born in Paris, France in 1861. He liked drawing and playing with a puppet theater as a child. He went to the theater often as a young man. About 1888, Méliès bought the Théatre Robert-Houdin and worked there as a magician.  He became obsessed with moviemaking after seeing a movie by Antoine Lumière in 1895. In May 1896, he acquired his own movie camera and set up a movie studio. At the end of 1896, he formed a new company, Star Film.
+
+Méliès began making movies that were three to nine minute long. He wrote, designed, filmed, and acted in nearly all of his movies. He liked putting magic tricks into his movies. While filming a street scene one day, the camera stopped briefly. When Méliès looked at the movie later, he noticed that at the moment of the break, the bus he had been filming suddenly disappeared and new vehicles replaced it. Making items appear and disappear by stopping and starting the camera would become one of his most commonly used movie tricks.
+
+In 1902, Méliès produced his first masterpiece, A Trip to the Moon.  It was inspired by several works of the time that speculated about life on the moon. H.G. Wells and Jules Verne wrote about space travel, for instance, and Offenbach composed an opera about a trip to the moon. Trip was a huge success in France. Méliès hoped to make a fortune showing it in the United States. Thomas Edison and other moviemakers made copies of Trip however, and made money on Méliès's work.
+
+The Sun swallows the spaceship in "The Impossible Voyage"
+
+Scene from "The One-Man Band"
+
+Montreuil studio
+
+Scene from Cinderella

ensimple/2181.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He is a Republican.[4] He has a ranch in Crawford, Texas, which is near Waco.[5]  He is the son of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and former U.S. First Lady Barbara Bush.  He was Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.
+
+Although, he originally planned to focus his presidency on programs like education and stay out of foreign wars, the 9/11 terrorist attacks resulted in him changing his perspective. Since then, Bush created the Department of Homeland Security and sent the military to invade countries like Afghanistan and Iraq.  In his opinion, the best way to deal with terrorism was to strike before the terrorists could.
+
+Bush was born at Yale New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut.[6][7] Bush grew up in Midland, Texas. He went to a high school called Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated in 1964.[4][8] He went to school at Yale University from 1964 until he graduated in 1968,[9][10] with a bachelor's degree in history.[11]  He joined the Texas Air National Guard in 1968[12][13] (part of the United States National Guard) during the Vietnam War and became a fighter pilot but did not fight in the war.  He left the Texas Air National Guard in 1973.[14] In 1975 Bush earned an MBA from Harvard University.[11]
+
+On November 5, 1977, Bush married Laura Welch.[15] In 1978, Bush tried to get elected to Congress in West Texas, but lost. After that, he ran some oil companies and was one of the owners of the Texas Rangers baseball team. He thought about trying to become the commissioner of Major League Baseball, but went into politics instead.[16] Bush is a Methodist.[17] In 1994, he was elected to be Governor of Texas,[18] defeating incumbent Democratic Governor Ann Richards.[11]
+
+Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. His campaign focused on four themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime reduction, and education improvement. After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush faced popular Democratic incumbent Governor Ann Richards. Bush won the general election with 53.5 percent against Richards' 45.9 percent.
+
+Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texas's largest tax-cut, $2 billion. He extended government funding for organizations providing education of the dangers of alcohol and drug use and abuse, and helping to reduce domestic violence.
+
+In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record 69 percent of the vote. He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms.
+
+Throughout Bush's first term, national attention focused on him as a potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election, speculation soared. Within a year, he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential nomination.
+
+Bush ran against then-Vice President Al Gore in the 2000 United States presidential election.[19] More than 100 million people voted on November 7, 2000.[20] But the election was very close. When they began counting the votes, it became clear that whoever got the most votes in the state of Florida would win the election. But there were many issues with the ballots in Florida. Gore sued to get Florida to count the votes again. For more than a month no one knew who won the election. The Supreme Court made a decision to stop recounting votes.[21] Gore decided to accept his loss on December 13 and Bush was declared the winner.[22]
+
+While he was President, George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law.[23]  It was an education reform bill.
+
+Bush was the first President of the United States to deliver a speech in both Spanish and in English.[24]
+
+He added Part D to Medicare,[25] which gives older people free medicine if they can not afford it.
+
+He also signed very large tax cuts (many of them were for the middle and lower class) during his presidency.
+
+Bush did not approve of abortion.[26] In 2004, he signed the Unborn Victims Of Violence Act[27] which made it so that if a pregnant woman is murdered, her murderer can also be charged with killing the fetus that the woman was carrying.[28]
+
+His first foreign policy test came when an American spy plane crashed in China.  Bush peacefully negotiated the release of the plane crew.[29]
+
+Eight months after Bush became president, the September 11 attacks occurred. Because of this, President Bush declared a War on Terrorism.[30]
+
+Bush tried to do many things to stop another terrorist attack from happening. He ordered an invasion of Afghanistan in 2002.[31]  He did this because the leaders of Afghanistan were helping Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for attacking America on September 11, 2001.  Almost ten years later, on May 2, 2011 bin Laden was killed on orders of President Barack Obama.  The war in Afghanistan (2001–present) has not ended yet.  Bush asked Congress to do more to stop terrorism.  As a result, Congress passed a law that created the Department Of Homeland Security, a government department which tries to prevent terrorist attacks from happening. It also responds to emergencies such as floods or diseases.
+
+He signed the Patriot Act (which allowed the government to listen to people's phone calls so it can track down terrorists which try to communicate with each other).[32]
+
+After Saddam refused to cooperate with the United Nations weapons inspectors[33] and the United States Congress authorized Bush to invade Iraq if its government did not cooperate with the weapons inspectors,[34] Bush decided on the Gulf War in 2003[35] with several allies.[36] Saddam Hussein was removed from power, and Iraq turned into a democracy. Over 100,000 people were killed in this war.
+
+In the 2004 presidential election, Bush won again with a majority of votes. His opponent was Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, a Democrat.[37]
+
+In 2005, Hurricane Katrina (the most destructive hurricane in American history) happened.[38] It caused over 1800 deaths and caused billions of dollars of destruction. George W. Bush signed several acts into law which would help Hurricane Katrina victims.
+
+In the Iraq War, no weapons of mass destruction were found, and the Bush Administration was criticized for being wrong about Iraq having weapons of mass destruction. Bush added more American troops to Iraq (which was called "the surge") to speed up the war. The surge was successful, and in result, Iraq had less violence.
+
+Although the economy was doing very well during much of his presidency, in early 2008, the economy was slowing down. Bush signed a bill into law which would gave $600 to every American citizen, hoping that people would go out and spend the money so that it would prevent a recession (a bad economy) from happening.
+
+Later in 2008, stock market crashed and the country fell into its worst recession since the Great Depression.  Bush helped create a 700 billion dollar bailout, which would give money to corporations (large businesses) to prevent them from being bankrupt and to try to prevent the recession from getting worse.
+
+Bush publicly supported Republican candidate John McCain during the 2008 presidential election,[39] but Barack Obama won the election.[40]
+During the last few days he was President, Bush gave his farewell address. He was succeeded by Barack Obama.
+
+After his presidency, Bush stayed away from the spotlight and did not want much attention. He said that he was not going to criticize President Obama.[39] He began to build his presidential library in 2010.[41] It was open to the public in 2013.
+
+After over a year and a half of saying little in public, in November of 2010, Bush appeared on several television interviews and released a book called Decision Points.  The book focuses on fourteen big decisions he made, including quitting drinking, running for president, Hurricane Katrina, invading Iraq, and his response to the financial meltdown in 2008.
+
+On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that Osama bin Laden had been killed.[42] The Bushes joined the Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the Ground Zero memorial, Bush read a letter that President Abraham Lincoln wrote to a widow who lost five sons during the Civil War.[43]
+
+On August 6, 2013, Bush was successfully treated for a coronary artery blockage with a stent. The blockage had been found during an annual medical examination.[44]
+
+Media related to George W. Bush at Wikimedia Commons

ensimple/2182.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+American Revolutionary War
+
+George Washington (February 22, 1732[3][4][5] – December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States (1789–1797), the commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War,[6] and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
+
+Washington's mother was Mary Ball and his father was Augustine Washington. They owned a plantation with slaves in Virginia.
+
+Washington became a farmer like his father. His plantation was called Mount Vernon. He also worked as a surveyor, measuring land. Washington always wanted to be a soldier and was active in the colonial militia of Virginia. He was sent several times to the "forks of the Ohio River", now called Pittsburgh. His job was to get rid of the French who were trying to take control of the Ohio River Valley.
+
+He failed and many of his men were killed. The fight opened the French and Indian War, bringing Britain into the Seven Years' War. In 1758 he was elected to the Virginia legislature.
+
+In 1759, Washington married a widow named Martha Custis. The marriage produced no children.
+
+Washington was a delegate to the First Continental Congress, which was created by the Thirteen Colonies to respond to various laws passed by the British government. The Second Continental Congress chose him to be the commanding general of the Continental Army. Washington led the army from 1775 until the end of the war in 1783. After losing the big Battle of Long Island, and being chased across New Jersey, Washington led his troops back across the Delaware River on Christmas Day, 1776, in a surprise attack on Hessian mercenaries at the small Battle of Princeton and Trenton, New Jersey. The British had more troops and more supplies than Washington, however, Washington kept his troops together and won these small battles.
+
+Overall, Washington did not win many battles, but he never let the British destroy his army. With the help of the French army and navy, Washington made a British army surrender at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781, as the final major battle of the Revolutionary War. The war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
+
+When the Revolutionary War ended, Washington was considered a national hero. He was offered a government position that would have been considered a dictatorship over the colonies, but in a surprising move, Washington refused, left the army, and returned to Mount Vernon. He wanted the colonies to have a strong government but did not wish to head that government, nor did he want the colonies to be run by a tyrant.
+
+Washington was one of the men who said the country needed a new constitution. The Constitutional Convention met in 1787, with Washington presiding. The delegates wrote the Constitution of the United States, and all the states ratified it and joined the new government.
+
+In 1789, Washington was elected president without any competition, making him the first President of the United States. While Washington did not belong to any political party, he agreed with certain Federalist policies, such as the country should have a standing army and a national bank. He was re-elected to a second term. After his second term, Washington decided not to run for reelection, despite his popularity remaining high. His decision, to stop at 2 terms, set a precedent that every president followed until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940.
+
+In Washington's farewell address, he warned the country not to divide into political parties and not to get involved in wars outside of the United States. Washington's non-intervention foreign policy was supported by most Americans for over one hundred years. His advice to avoid political parties was completely ignored, as parties were already forming at the time of his speech.
+
+Washington went back home to Mount Vernon (Virginia) after his second term ended in 1797. He died 2 years later, on December 14, 1799, in Mount Vernon, at the age of 67, from pneumonia.
+
+From his marriage, George Washington owned a substantial amount of farm land, where he grew tobacco, wheat, and vegetables. Washington also owned more than 100 slaves, who were freed upon his death. He did not have much money in cash and had to borrow money while he was president. At his death, Washington's estate was worth over $500,000.[7]
+
+It is a common misconception that George Washington had wooden teeth, as false teeth made from wood.[8] He did, however, try many different ways to replace his teeth, including having teeth carved from elk's teeth or ivory.[9][10] Ivory and bone both have hairline fractures in them, which normally cannot be seen, but started to darken due to Washington's use of wine. The darkened, thin fractures in the bone made the lines look like the grain in a piece of wood.[11] George Washington's teeth started falling out when he was about 22 years old, and he had only one tooth left by the time he became president.[9][10] It was difficult for him to talk or to eat. At one time, he had false teeth with a special hole so the one tooth he still had could poke through.[9][10] He tried to keep them smelling clean by soaking them in wine, but instead they became mushy and black.[9][10] In 1796, a dentist had to pull out George Washington's last tooth, and he kept his tooth in a gold locket attached to his watch chain.[9] When the time came for the president to have his portrait painted, cotton was pushed under his lips to make him look as if he had teeth.[9][10] The cotton made his mouth puff out, as is seen on the picture on the US $1 bill.[10]
+
+Notes

ensimple/2183.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He is a Republican.[4] He has a ranch in Crawford, Texas, which is near Waco.[5]  He is the son of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and former U.S. First Lady Barbara Bush.  He was Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.
+
+Although, he originally planned to focus his presidency on programs like education and stay out of foreign wars, the 9/11 terrorist attacks resulted in him changing his perspective. Since then, Bush created the Department of Homeland Security and sent the military to invade countries like Afghanistan and Iraq.  In his opinion, the best way to deal with terrorism was to strike before the terrorists could.
+
+Bush was born at Yale New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut.[6][7] Bush grew up in Midland, Texas. He went to a high school called Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated in 1964.[4][8] He went to school at Yale University from 1964 until he graduated in 1968,[9][10] with a bachelor's degree in history.[11]  He joined the Texas Air National Guard in 1968[12][13] (part of the United States National Guard) during the Vietnam War and became a fighter pilot but did not fight in the war.  He left the Texas Air National Guard in 1973.[14] In 1975 Bush earned an MBA from Harvard University.[11]
+
+On November 5, 1977, Bush married Laura Welch.[15] In 1978, Bush tried to get elected to Congress in West Texas, but lost. After that, he ran some oil companies and was one of the owners of the Texas Rangers baseball team. He thought about trying to become the commissioner of Major League Baseball, but went into politics instead.[16] Bush is a Methodist.[17] In 1994, he was elected to be Governor of Texas,[18] defeating incumbent Democratic Governor Ann Richards.[11]
+
+Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. His campaign focused on four themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime reduction, and education improvement. After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush faced popular Democratic incumbent Governor Ann Richards. Bush won the general election with 53.5 percent against Richards' 45.9 percent.
+
+Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texas's largest tax-cut, $2 billion. He extended government funding for organizations providing education of the dangers of alcohol and drug use and abuse, and helping to reduce domestic violence.
+
+In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record 69 percent of the vote. He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms.
+
+Throughout Bush's first term, national attention focused on him as a potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election, speculation soared. Within a year, he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential nomination.
+
+Bush ran against then-Vice President Al Gore in the 2000 United States presidential election.[19] More than 100 million people voted on November 7, 2000.[20] But the election was very close. When they began counting the votes, it became clear that whoever got the most votes in the state of Florida would win the election. But there were many issues with the ballots in Florida. Gore sued to get Florida to count the votes again. For more than a month no one knew who won the election. The Supreme Court made a decision to stop recounting votes.[21] Gore decided to accept his loss on December 13 and Bush was declared the winner.[22]
+
+While he was President, George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law.[23]  It was an education reform bill.
+
+Bush was the first President of the United States to deliver a speech in both Spanish and in English.[24]
+
+He added Part D to Medicare,[25] which gives older people free medicine if they can not afford it.
+
+He also signed very large tax cuts (many of them were for the middle and lower class) during his presidency.
+
+Bush did not approve of abortion.[26] In 2004, he signed the Unborn Victims Of Violence Act[27] which made it so that if a pregnant woman is murdered, her murderer can also be charged with killing the fetus that the woman was carrying.[28]
+
+His first foreign policy test came when an American spy plane crashed in China.  Bush peacefully negotiated the release of the plane crew.[29]
+
+Eight months after Bush became president, the September 11 attacks occurred. Because of this, President Bush declared a War on Terrorism.[30]
+
+Bush tried to do many things to stop another terrorist attack from happening. He ordered an invasion of Afghanistan in 2002.[31]  He did this because the leaders of Afghanistan were helping Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for attacking America on September 11, 2001.  Almost ten years later, on May 2, 2011 bin Laden was killed on orders of President Barack Obama.  The war in Afghanistan (2001–present) has not ended yet.  Bush asked Congress to do more to stop terrorism.  As a result, Congress passed a law that created the Department Of Homeland Security, a government department which tries to prevent terrorist attacks from happening. It also responds to emergencies such as floods or diseases.
+
+He signed the Patriot Act (which allowed the government to listen to people's phone calls so it can track down terrorists which try to communicate with each other).[32]
+
+After Saddam refused to cooperate with the United Nations weapons inspectors[33] and the United States Congress authorized Bush to invade Iraq if its government did not cooperate with the weapons inspectors,[34] Bush decided on the Gulf War in 2003[35] with several allies.[36] Saddam Hussein was removed from power, and Iraq turned into a democracy. Over 100,000 people were killed in this war.
+
+In the 2004 presidential election, Bush won again with a majority of votes. His opponent was Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, a Democrat.[37]
+
+In 2005, Hurricane Katrina (the most destructive hurricane in American history) happened.[38] It caused over 1800 deaths and caused billions of dollars of destruction. George W. Bush signed several acts into law which would help Hurricane Katrina victims.
+
+In the Iraq War, no weapons of mass destruction were found, and the Bush Administration was criticized for being wrong about Iraq having weapons of mass destruction. Bush added more American troops to Iraq (which was called "the surge") to speed up the war. The surge was successful, and in result, Iraq had less violence.
+
+Although the economy was doing very well during much of his presidency, in early 2008, the economy was slowing down. Bush signed a bill into law which would gave $600 to every American citizen, hoping that people would go out and spend the money so that it would prevent a recession (a bad economy) from happening.
+
+Later in 2008, stock market crashed and the country fell into its worst recession since the Great Depression.  Bush helped create a 700 billion dollar bailout, which would give money to corporations (large businesses) to prevent them from being bankrupt and to try to prevent the recession from getting worse.
+
+Bush publicly supported Republican candidate John McCain during the 2008 presidential election,[39] but Barack Obama won the election.[40]
+During the last few days he was President, Bush gave his farewell address. He was succeeded by Barack Obama.
+
+After his presidency, Bush stayed away from the spotlight and did not want much attention. He said that he was not going to criticize President Obama.[39] He began to build his presidential library in 2010.[41] It was open to the public in 2013.
+
+After over a year and a half of saying little in public, in November of 2010, Bush appeared on several television interviews and released a book called Decision Points.  The book focuses on fourteen big decisions he made, including quitting drinking, running for president, Hurricane Katrina, invading Iraq, and his response to the financial meltdown in 2008.
+
+On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that Osama bin Laden had been killed.[42] The Bushes joined the Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the Ground Zero memorial, Bush read a letter that President Abraham Lincoln wrote to a widow who lost five sons during the Civil War.[43]
+
+On August 6, 2013, Bush was successfully treated for a coronary artery blockage with a stent. The blockage had been found during an annual medical examination.[44]
+
+Media related to George W. Bush at Wikimedia Commons

ensimple/2184.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He is a Republican.[4] He has a ranch in Crawford, Texas, which is near Waco.[5]  He is the son of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and former U.S. First Lady Barbara Bush.  He was Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.
+
+Although, he originally planned to focus his presidency on programs like education and stay out of foreign wars, the 9/11 terrorist attacks resulted in him changing his perspective. Since then, Bush created the Department of Homeland Security and sent the military to invade countries like Afghanistan and Iraq.  In his opinion, the best way to deal with terrorism was to strike before the terrorists could.
+
+Bush was born at Yale New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut.[6][7] Bush grew up in Midland, Texas. He went to a high school called Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated in 1964.[4][8] He went to school at Yale University from 1964 until he graduated in 1968,[9][10] with a bachelor's degree in history.[11]  He joined the Texas Air National Guard in 1968[12][13] (part of the United States National Guard) during the Vietnam War and became a fighter pilot but did not fight in the war.  He left the Texas Air National Guard in 1973.[14] In 1975 Bush earned an MBA from Harvard University.[11]
+
+On November 5, 1977, Bush married Laura Welch.[15] In 1978, Bush tried to get elected to Congress in West Texas, but lost. After that, he ran some oil companies and was one of the owners of the Texas Rangers baseball team. He thought about trying to become the commissioner of Major League Baseball, but went into politics instead.[16] Bush is a Methodist.[17] In 1994, he was elected to be Governor of Texas,[18] defeating incumbent Democratic Governor Ann Richards.[11]
+
+Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. His campaign focused on four themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime reduction, and education improvement. After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush faced popular Democratic incumbent Governor Ann Richards. Bush won the general election with 53.5 percent against Richards' 45.9 percent.
+
+Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texas's largest tax-cut, $2 billion. He extended government funding for organizations providing education of the dangers of alcohol and drug use and abuse, and helping to reduce domestic violence.
+
+In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record 69 percent of the vote. He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms.
+
+Throughout Bush's first term, national attention focused on him as a potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election, speculation soared. Within a year, he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential nomination.
+
+Bush ran against then-Vice President Al Gore in the 2000 United States presidential election.[19] More than 100 million people voted on November 7, 2000.[20] But the election was very close. When they began counting the votes, it became clear that whoever got the most votes in the state of Florida would win the election. But there were many issues with the ballots in Florida. Gore sued to get Florida to count the votes again. For more than a month no one knew who won the election. The Supreme Court made a decision to stop recounting votes.[21] Gore decided to accept his loss on December 13 and Bush was declared the winner.[22]
+
+While he was President, George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law.[23]  It was an education reform bill.
+
+Bush was the first President of the United States to deliver a speech in both Spanish and in English.[24]
+
+He added Part D to Medicare,[25] which gives older people free medicine if they can not afford it.
+
+He also signed very large tax cuts (many of them were for the middle and lower class) during his presidency.
+
+Bush did not approve of abortion.[26] In 2004, he signed the Unborn Victims Of Violence Act[27] which made it so that if a pregnant woman is murdered, her murderer can also be charged with killing the fetus that the woman was carrying.[28]
+
+His first foreign policy test came when an American spy plane crashed in China.  Bush peacefully negotiated the release of the plane crew.[29]
+
+Eight months after Bush became president, the September 11 attacks occurred. Because of this, President Bush declared a War on Terrorism.[30]
+
+Bush tried to do many things to stop another terrorist attack from happening. He ordered an invasion of Afghanistan in 2002.[31]  He did this because the leaders of Afghanistan were helping Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for attacking America on September 11, 2001.  Almost ten years later, on May 2, 2011 bin Laden was killed on orders of President Barack Obama.  The war in Afghanistan (2001–present) has not ended yet.  Bush asked Congress to do more to stop terrorism.  As a result, Congress passed a law that created the Department Of Homeland Security, a government department which tries to prevent terrorist attacks from happening. It also responds to emergencies such as floods or diseases.
+
+He signed the Patriot Act (which allowed the government to listen to people's phone calls so it can track down terrorists which try to communicate with each other).[32]
+
+After Saddam refused to cooperate with the United Nations weapons inspectors[33] and the United States Congress authorized Bush to invade Iraq if its government did not cooperate with the weapons inspectors,[34] Bush decided on the Gulf War in 2003[35] with several allies.[36] Saddam Hussein was removed from power, and Iraq turned into a democracy. Over 100,000 people were killed in this war.
+
+In the 2004 presidential election, Bush won again with a majority of votes. His opponent was Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, a Democrat.[37]
+
+In 2005, Hurricane Katrina (the most destructive hurricane in American history) happened.[38] It caused over 1800 deaths and caused billions of dollars of destruction. George W. Bush signed several acts into law which would help Hurricane Katrina victims.
+
+In the Iraq War, no weapons of mass destruction were found, and the Bush Administration was criticized for being wrong about Iraq having weapons of mass destruction. Bush added more American troops to Iraq (which was called "the surge") to speed up the war. The surge was successful, and in result, Iraq had less violence.
+
+Although the economy was doing very well during much of his presidency, in early 2008, the economy was slowing down. Bush signed a bill into law which would gave $600 to every American citizen, hoping that people would go out and spend the money so that it would prevent a recession (a bad economy) from happening.
+
+Later in 2008, stock market crashed and the country fell into its worst recession since the Great Depression.  Bush helped create a 700 billion dollar bailout, which would give money to corporations (large businesses) to prevent them from being bankrupt and to try to prevent the recession from getting worse.
+
+Bush publicly supported Republican candidate John McCain during the 2008 presidential election,[39] but Barack Obama won the election.[40]
+During the last few days he was President, Bush gave his farewell address. He was succeeded by Barack Obama.
+
+After his presidency, Bush stayed away from the spotlight and did not want much attention. He said that he was not going to criticize President Obama.[39] He began to build his presidential library in 2010.[41] It was open to the public in 2013.
+
+After over a year and a half of saying little in public, in November of 2010, Bush appeared on several television interviews and released a book called Decision Points.  The book focuses on fourteen big decisions he made, including quitting drinking, running for president, Hurricane Katrina, invading Iraq, and his response to the financial meltdown in 2008.
+
+On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that Osama bin Laden had been killed.[42] The Bushes joined the Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the Ground Zero memorial, Bush read a letter that President Abraham Lincoln wrote to a widow who lost five sons during the Civil War.[43]
+
+On August 6, 2013, Bush was successfully treated for a coronary artery blockage with a stent. The blockage had been found during an annual medical examination.[44]
+
+Media related to George W. Bush at Wikimedia Commons

ensimple/2185.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+George Frideric Handel (German (Deutsche) : Georg Friedrich Händel) (23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German composer who went to live in England when he was a young man and later[1] became a naturalised Briton.  Johann Sebastian Bach and Handel were born in the same year.  They were the greatest composers of their time, but they never met. Handel changed his name to George Frideric Handel when he became British; he removed the dots above the "a" and changed the spelling of Georg and Friedrich. The German spelling of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is still used by German writers.
+
+Although they both lived in the late Baroque period, Bach and Handel’s music developed differently.  Handel wrote many operas and oratorios and by them became very famous.  He took many trips, including to Italy where he learned a lot about composition.  Bach never left central Germany, and most of the time he was a church musician who was not well known by the general public.
+
+Handel wrote over 42 operas.  Later he wrote oratorios.  His most famous oratorio is the Messiah.  He wrote anthems, chamber music and orchestral music including the Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks.
+
+Handel was born in Halle in the northeast of Germany, in today's Saxony-Anhalt.  His father was a barber and a surgeon.[2]  He started playing the harpsichord and the organ when he was very young.  He was given a clavichord when he was seven and he used to practice it in the attic where his father could not hear him.  At the age of nine he was already composing.  He had a teacher called Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow who was the organist of the big church, the Marienkirche, in Halle.  He learned the organ, harpsichord and violin as well as composition, harmony.
+
+Handel’s father did not want him to study music; he wanted him to be a lawyer.  Although Handel's father died in 1697, Handel enrolled at the University of Halle in 1703. He studied law for a year because his father wanted him to do so. After that year, Handel was unhappy studying law. He decided to stop studying law and become a musician.  He became organist at the Protestant Cathedral in Halle.  The next year he moved to Hamburg where he got a job as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the opera-house. Here his first two operas, Almira and Nero, were produced early in 1705. Two other early operas, Daphne and Florindo, were produced at Hamburg in 1708.
+
+Handel was becoming a good opera composer, but he wanted to learn more, so he went to Italy in 1707.  He spent four years there.  His opera Rodrigo was produced in Florence in 1707, and his Agrippina at Venice in 1709.  Agrippina was very popular and had 26 performances.  It made Handel famous.  He also had three oratorios produced in Rome.  He wrote sacred music (church music) and other pieces in an operatic style, e.g. Dixit Dominus (1707).
+
+In 1710 Handel became Kapellmeister (music director) to George, Elector of Hanover,[2] who would soon be King George I of Great Britain. The Elector agreed that Handel could have an immediate leave of 12 months so that he could go to London. He visited London for eight months.  His opera Rinaldo was performed in 1711.  It was the first time an Italian opera had been performed in England.  It was an immediate success. Handel returned to Hanover in the summer of 1711 and spent a year writing chamber and orchestral music because there was no opera in Hanover.  He was also trying to learn English.  In 1712 the Elector allowed him to make another visit to England.  In England he had patrons (rich people who gave him money).  He had a yearly income of £200 from Queen Anne (while Bach earned as little as eighty pounds in a year).  He was having a lot of success, and so stayed in England instead of returning to his job in the Hanover Court.
+
+In 1712 Queen Anne died and the Elector of Hanover became King of Great Britain.  Handel might have been in trouble for staying in Britain.  According to one story the King forgave Handel because he wrote some lovely music called Water Music which was performed on a boat on the Thames at a royal water party.  This story about the king forgiving Handel is probably not true. George would have known that Queen Anne was about to die and he would become King of Great Britain and therefore Handel's master again.  In fact, the new king doubled Handel’s salary. A few years later his salary increased again when he taught music to Queen Caroline’s daughter.
+
+In 1724 Handel moved into a newly built house in 25 Brook Street, London, which he rented until his death in 1759, 35 years later. The house is now called Handel House Museum[1] and is open to the public. It was here that Handel composed some of his most famous music such as  Messiah, Zadok the Priest, and Fireworks Music.
+
+In 1729 Handel's opera Scipio (Scipio) was performed for the first time. The march from this work is now the regimental slow march of the British Grenadier Guards. In the next year he took on British nationality.
+
+In 1731 Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the coronation ceremony of King George II. One of these, Zadok the Priest, has been sung at every coronation ceremony since.
+
+Handel spent most of his time working on operas.  From 1722-1726 he was director of the Royal Academy of Music.[2]  This was an organisation that put on opera performances.  It had nothing to do with the academy which is called the Royal Academy of Music today where young students study music.  Handel also worked in the management of the  King's Theatres and many of his operas were performed in the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden.  He sometimes travelled to Italy to find new Italian singers and persuade them to come to London.[2]  London became world famous for operas.  In spite of everything Handel was doing for opera he had many enemies as well as friends.  There was a lot of rivalry, especially with a composer called Bononcini whose music is forgotten today.  Handel gave up operatic management in 1740, after he had lost a lot of money in the business.
+
+In April 1739, age 54, he had a stroke.  It was probably this which left his right arm paralysed for a while so that he could not perform, but he made an excellent recovery after six weeks at a health spa in Aix-la-Chapelle.[2]  At this time he started to write oratorios instead of operas.  In 1742 his oratorio Messiah was first performed in Dublin.  Surprisingly, it was not successful in London until 1750 when it was performed in aid of the Foundling Hospital Chapel.  Handel performed it every year there, which brought the hospital about £600 for each performance.  Handel spent most of his time in these later years composing and producing oratorios.  Judas Maccabaeus was particularly popular.  The singers for these oratorios were English and Italian.  They were not world-famous virtuosos but singers whom Handel had trained himself.
+
+In August, 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured when his carriage overturned.  In 1751 he started to lose his eyesight. He died, in 1759, in London.  The last concert he went to was his own Messiah.  More than 3,000 mourners went to his funeral.  He was buried with full state honours in Westminster Abbey.  Handel never married, and kept his personal life very private.   He left £20,000 which was a lot of money for those days (Approximately 2800000 pounds today)  His niece inherited most of his money.  He also left some of it to friends, servants, relations and charities.  His autographs (the original copies of the music that he wrote) are now mostly in the British Museum.
+
+Handel adopted the spelling "George Frideric Handel" on his naturalization as a British subject, and this spelling is generally used in English speaking countries. The original form of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is usually used in Germany, but he is known as "Haendel" in France. There was another composer with a similar name, Handl, who was a Slovene and is more commonly known as Jacobus Gallus.  This can be very hard for cataloguers (people trying to make a list of his music)[3]

ensimple/2186.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+George Frideric Handel (German (Deutsche) : Georg Friedrich Händel) (23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German composer who went to live in England when he was a young man and later[1] became a naturalised Briton.  Johann Sebastian Bach and Handel were born in the same year.  They were the greatest composers of their time, but they never met. Handel changed his name to George Frideric Handel when he became British; he removed the dots above the "a" and changed the spelling of Georg and Friedrich. The German spelling of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is still used by German writers.
+
+Although they both lived in the late Baroque period, Bach and Handel’s music developed differently.  Handel wrote many operas and oratorios and by them became very famous.  He took many trips, including to Italy where he learned a lot about composition.  Bach never left central Germany, and most of the time he was a church musician who was not well known by the general public.
+
+Handel wrote over 42 operas.  Later he wrote oratorios.  His most famous oratorio is the Messiah.  He wrote anthems, chamber music and orchestral music including the Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks.
+
+Handel was born in Halle in the northeast of Germany, in today's Saxony-Anhalt.  His father was a barber and a surgeon.[2]  He started playing the harpsichord and the organ when he was very young.  He was given a clavichord when he was seven and he used to practice it in the attic where his father could not hear him.  At the age of nine he was already composing.  He had a teacher called Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow who was the organist of the big church, the Marienkirche, in Halle.  He learned the organ, harpsichord and violin as well as composition, harmony.
+
+Handel’s father did not want him to study music; he wanted him to be a lawyer.  Although Handel's father died in 1697, Handel enrolled at the University of Halle in 1703. He studied law for a year because his father wanted him to do so. After that year, Handel was unhappy studying law. He decided to stop studying law and become a musician.  He became organist at the Protestant Cathedral in Halle.  The next year he moved to Hamburg where he got a job as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the opera-house. Here his first two operas, Almira and Nero, were produced early in 1705. Two other early operas, Daphne and Florindo, were produced at Hamburg in 1708.
+
+Handel was becoming a good opera composer, but he wanted to learn more, so he went to Italy in 1707.  He spent four years there.  His opera Rodrigo was produced in Florence in 1707, and his Agrippina at Venice in 1709.  Agrippina was very popular and had 26 performances.  It made Handel famous.  He also had three oratorios produced in Rome.  He wrote sacred music (church music) and other pieces in an operatic style, e.g. Dixit Dominus (1707).
+
+In 1710 Handel became Kapellmeister (music director) to George, Elector of Hanover,[2] who would soon be King George I of Great Britain. The Elector agreed that Handel could have an immediate leave of 12 months so that he could go to London. He visited London for eight months.  His opera Rinaldo was performed in 1711.  It was the first time an Italian opera had been performed in England.  It was an immediate success. Handel returned to Hanover in the summer of 1711 and spent a year writing chamber and orchestral music because there was no opera in Hanover.  He was also trying to learn English.  In 1712 the Elector allowed him to make another visit to England.  In England he had patrons (rich people who gave him money).  He had a yearly income of £200 from Queen Anne (while Bach earned as little as eighty pounds in a year).  He was having a lot of success, and so stayed in England instead of returning to his job in the Hanover Court.
+
+In 1712 Queen Anne died and the Elector of Hanover became King of Great Britain.  Handel might have been in trouble for staying in Britain.  According to one story the King forgave Handel because he wrote some lovely music called Water Music which was performed on a boat on the Thames at a royal water party.  This story about the king forgiving Handel is probably not true. George would have known that Queen Anne was about to die and he would become King of Great Britain and therefore Handel's master again.  In fact, the new king doubled Handel’s salary. A few years later his salary increased again when he taught music to Queen Caroline’s daughter.
+
+In 1724 Handel moved into a newly built house in 25 Brook Street, London, which he rented until his death in 1759, 35 years later. The house is now called Handel House Museum[1] and is open to the public. It was here that Handel composed some of his most famous music such as  Messiah, Zadok the Priest, and Fireworks Music.
+
+In 1729 Handel's opera Scipio (Scipio) was performed for the first time. The march from this work is now the regimental slow march of the British Grenadier Guards. In the next year he took on British nationality.
+
+In 1731 Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the coronation ceremony of King George II. One of these, Zadok the Priest, has been sung at every coronation ceremony since.
+
+Handel spent most of his time working on operas.  From 1722-1726 he was director of the Royal Academy of Music.[2]  This was an organisation that put on opera performances.  It had nothing to do with the academy which is called the Royal Academy of Music today where young students study music.  Handel also worked in the management of the  King's Theatres and many of his operas were performed in the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden.  He sometimes travelled to Italy to find new Italian singers and persuade them to come to London.[2]  London became world famous for operas.  In spite of everything Handel was doing for opera he had many enemies as well as friends.  There was a lot of rivalry, especially with a composer called Bononcini whose music is forgotten today.  Handel gave up operatic management in 1740, after he had lost a lot of money in the business.
+
+In April 1739, age 54, he had a stroke.  It was probably this which left his right arm paralysed for a while so that he could not perform, but he made an excellent recovery after six weeks at a health spa in Aix-la-Chapelle.[2]  At this time he started to write oratorios instead of operas.  In 1742 his oratorio Messiah was first performed in Dublin.  Surprisingly, it was not successful in London until 1750 when it was performed in aid of the Foundling Hospital Chapel.  Handel performed it every year there, which brought the hospital about £600 for each performance.  Handel spent most of his time in these later years composing and producing oratorios.  Judas Maccabaeus was particularly popular.  The singers for these oratorios were English and Italian.  They were not world-famous virtuosos but singers whom Handel had trained himself.
+
+In August, 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured when his carriage overturned.  In 1751 he started to lose his eyesight. He died, in 1759, in London.  The last concert he went to was his own Messiah.  More than 3,000 mourners went to his funeral.  He was buried with full state honours in Westminster Abbey.  Handel never married, and kept his personal life very private.   He left £20,000 which was a lot of money for those days (Approximately 2800000 pounds today)  His niece inherited most of his money.  He also left some of it to friends, servants, relations and charities.  His autographs (the original copies of the music that he wrote) are now mostly in the British Museum.
+
+Handel adopted the spelling "George Frideric Handel" on his naturalization as a British subject, and this spelling is generally used in English speaking countries. The original form of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is usually used in Germany, but he is known as "Haendel" in France. There was another composer with a similar name, Handl, who was a Slovene and is more commonly known as Jacobus Gallus.  This can be very hard for cataloguers (people trying to make a list of his music)[3]

ensimple/2187.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+George Frideric Handel (German (Deutsche) : Georg Friedrich Händel) (23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German composer who went to live in England when he was a young man and later[1] became a naturalised Briton.  Johann Sebastian Bach and Handel were born in the same year.  They were the greatest composers of their time, but they never met. Handel changed his name to George Frideric Handel when he became British; he removed the dots above the "a" and changed the spelling of Georg and Friedrich. The German spelling of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is still used by German writers.
+
+Although they both lived in the late Baroque period, Bach and Handel’s music developed differently.  Handel wrote many operas and oratorios and by them became very famous.  He took many trips, including to Italy where he learned a lot about composition.  Bach never left central Germany, and most of the time he was a church musician who was not well known by the general public.
+
+Handel wrote over 42 operas.  Later he wrote oratorios.  His most famous oratorio is the Messiah.  He wrote anthems, chamber music and orchestral music including the Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks.
+
+Handel was born in Halle in the northeast of Germany, in today's Saxony-Anhalt.  His father was a barber and a surgeon.[2]  He started playing the harpsichord and the organ when he was very young.  He was given a clavichord when he was seven and he used to practice it in the attic where his father could not hear him.  At the age of nine he was already composing.  He had a teacher called Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow who was the organist of the big church, the Marienkirche, in Halle.  He learned the organ, harpsichord and violin as well as composition, harmony.
+
+Handel’s father did not want him to study music; he wanted him to be a lawyer.  Although Handel's father died in 1697, Handel enrolled at the University of Halle in 1703. He studied law for a year because his father wanted him to do so. After that year, Handel was unhappy studying law. He decided to stop studying law and become a musician.  He became organist at the Protestant Cathedral in Halle.  The next year he moved to Hamburg where he got a job as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the opera-house. Here his first two operas, Almira and Nero, were produced early in 1705. Two other early operas, Daphne and Florindo, were produced at Hamburg in 1708.
+
+Handel was becoming a good opera composer, but he wanted to learn more, so he went to Italy in 1707.  He spent four years there.  His opera Rodrigo was produced in Florence in 1707, and his Agrippina at Venice in 1709.  Agrippina was very popular and had 26 performances.  It made Handel famous.  He also had three oratorios produced in Rome.  He wrote sacred music (church music) and other pieces in an operatic style, e.g. Dixit Dominus (1707).
+
+In 1710 Handel became Kapellmeister (music director) to George, Elector of Hanover,[2] who would soon be King George I of Great Britain. The Elector agreed that Handel could have an immediate leave of 12 months so that he could go to London. He visited London for eight months.  His opera Rinaldo was performed in 1711.  It was the first time an Italian opera had been performed in England.  It was an immediate success. Handel returned to Hanover in the summer of 1711 and spent a year writing chamber and orchestral music because there was no opera in Hanover.  He was also trying to learn English.  In 1712 the Elector allowed him to make another visit to England.  In England he had patrons (rich people who gave him money).  He had a yearly income of £200 from Queen Anne (while Bach earned as little as eighty pounds in a year).  He was having a lot of success, and so stayed in England instead of returning to his job in the Hanover Court.
+
+In 1712 Queen Anne died and the Elector of Hanover became King of Great Britain.  Handel might have been in trouble for staying in Britain.  According to one story the King forgave Handel because he wrote some lovely music called Water Music which was performed on a boat on the Thames at a royal water party.  This story about the king forgiving Handel is probably not true. George would have known that Queen Anne was about to die and he would become King of Great Britain and therefore Handel's master again.  In fact, the new king doubled Handel’s salary. A few years later his salary increased again when he taught music to Queen Caroline’s daughter.
+
+In 1724 Handel moved into a newly built house in 25 Brook Street, London, which he rented until his death in 1759, 35 years later. The house is now called Handel House Museum[1] and is open to the public. It was here that Handel composed some of his most famous music such as  Messiah, Zadok the Priest, and Fireworks Music.
+
+In 1729 Handel's opera Scipio (Scipio) was performed for the first time. The march from this work is now the regimental slow march of the British Grenadier Guards. In the next year he took on British nationality.
+
+In 1731 Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the coronation ceremony of King George II. One of these, Zadok the Priest, has been sung at every coronation ceremony since.
+
+Handel spent most of his time working on operas.  From 1722-1726 he was director of the Royal Academy of Music.[2]  This was an organisation that put on opera performances.  It had nothing to do with the academy which is called the Royal Academy of Music today where young students study music.  Handel also worked in the management of the  King's Theatres and many of his operas were performed in the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden.  He sometimes travelled to Italy to find new Italian singers and persuade them to come to London.[2]  London became world famous for operas.  In spite of everything Handel was doing for opera he had many enemies as well as friends.  There was a lot of rivalry, especially with a composer called Bononcini whose music is forgotten today.  Handel gave up operatic management in 1740, after he had lost a lot of money in the business.
+
+In April 1739, age 54, he had a stroke.  It was probably this which left his right arm paralysed for a while so that he could not perform, but he made an excellent recovery after six weeks at a health spa in Aix-la-Chapelle.[2]  At this time he started to write oratorios instead of operas.  In 1742 his oratorio Messiah was first performed in Dublin.  Surprisingly, it was not successful in London until 1750 when it was performed in aid of the Foundling Hospital Chapel.  Handel performed it every year there, which brought the hospital about £600 for each performance.  Handel spent most of his time in these later years composing and producing oratorios.  Judas Maccabaeus was particularly popular.  The singers for these oratorios were English and Italian.  They were not world-famous virtuosos but singers whom Handel had trained himself.
+
+In August, 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured when his carriage overturned.  In 1751 he started to lose his eyesight. He died, in 1759, in London.  The last concert he went to was his own Messiah.  More than 3,000 mourners went to his funeral.  He was buried with full state honours in Westminster Abbey.  Handel never married, and kept his personal life very private.   He left £20,000 which was a lot of money for those days (Approximately 2800000 pounds today)  His niece inherited most of his money.  He also left some of it to friends, servants, relations and charities.  His autographs (the original copies of the music that he wrote) are now mostly in the British Museum.
+
+Handel adopted the spelling "George Frideric Handel" on his naturalization as a British subject, and this spelling is generally used in English speaking countries. The original form of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is usually used in Germany, but he is known as "Haendel" in France. There was another composer with a similar name, Handl, who was a Slovene and is more commonly known as Jacobus Gallus.  This can be very hard for cataloguers (people trying to make a list of his music)[3]

ensimple/2188.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Georgia is a state in the southeastern part of the United States. It is bordered by Florida to the south, Alabama to the west, Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, and South Carolina to the east. All of Georgia's coastline is on the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean borders Georgia to the southeast.
+
+Georgia was established in 1732 and became a state in 1788. It was the last of the original 13 colonies and eventually joined in the growing rebellion against Britain. Georgia was named after George II of Great Britain.
+
+There are 5 regional habitats of Georgia. They are the Georgia mountains, Okeefenokee marsh/swamp area, the Georgia coastal region, the Georgia Piedmont, and Atlantic Coastal region .
+
+The capital and largest city in Georgia is Atlanta. The 1996 Olympic Games took place there, and the book and movie Gone with the Wind was set in and around Atlanta in the 1860s. Other big cities in the state include Augusta, Columbus, Savannah, and Macon. Georgia has a total of 159 counties.
+

ensimple/2189.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Georgia is a state in the southeastern part of the United States. It is bordered by Florida to the south, Alabama to the west, Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, and South Carolina to the east. All of Georgia's coastline is on the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean borders Georgia to the southeast.
+
+Georgia was established in 1732 and became a state in 1788. It was the last of the original 13 colonies and eventually joined in the growing rebellion against Britain. Georgia was named after George II of Great Britain.
+
+There are 5 regional habitats of Georgia. They are the Georgia mountains, Okeefenokee marsh/swamp area, the Georgia coastal region, the Georgia Piedmont, and Atlantic Coastal region .
+
+The capital and largest city in Georgia is Atlanta. The 1996 Olympic Games took place there, and the book and movie Gone with the Wind was set in and around Atlanta in the 1860s. Other big cities in the state include Augusta, Columbus, Savannah, and Macon. Georgia has a total of 159 counties.
+

ensimple/219.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+Ancient Egypt, or the Kingdom of Kemet, was a society that began about 3150 BC,[1] and lasted until 20 BC when it was invaded by the Roman Empire.
+
+Egypt grew along the River Nile and was at its most powerful in the second millennium BC. Its land went from the Nile delta to Nubia, a kingdom which today is mostly in the Sudan.
+
+For most of its history, Egypt was prosperous, since the water from the Nile made sure that the Egyptians would have good crops.  Crops were grown after the Nile flood water went down.
+
+The Egyptians created a way of writing using hieroglyphs, built huge temples and tombs, traded with other areas, and had a powerful army. Their religion had many gods, and its priests were powerful and rich. Their rulers, called Pharaohs, were thought to be close to the gods.
+
+Archaeologists, who study objects left by ancient people, have found that people have lived along the Nile for a very long time. The fertile flood plains of the Nile allowed people to begin farming. By the 10th millennium BC, the people in Egypt had begun growing cereal grains like wheat and barley. Because they were farming, they stayed in one place, and because they were settled, their society became more complex. This was an important step in the history of human civilization.[2]
+
+This period in Egyptian history is called predynastic, as it happened before the large dynastic kingdoms were formed.
+By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures. Each had begun farming crops and animals. Each had their own types of pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. In Upper Egypt, the south part of the country, the Badarian was one of the earliest cultures. It is known for its high quality pottery, stone tools, and its use of copper.[3] They were followed by the Amratian and Gerzian cultures.[4]
+
+The different periods of ancient Egyptian history are:
+
+The Intermediate periods included times when the traditional system broke down, the country was split, or invaded by foreign rulers. Egypt's culture and climate was relatively stable, compared to other parts of the Middle East. Nevertheless, they had some periods when their government was challenged and sometimes overthrown.
+
+Ancient Egypt was split up into many different districts called sepats. The first divisions were created during the Predynastic Period, but then, they were small city-states that ruled themselves. When the first pharaoh came to power, the sepats remained and were much like the counties in many countries today. They stayed basically the same for a long time – there were 42 of them, and each was ruled by a governor chosen by the pharaoh. In later years the districts were called nomes and the governor was called a nomarch.
+
+Ancient Egypt had a lot of different taxes, but there was no real money, so people paid each other with goods or work. The person who watched the tax collection was a scribe, and every tax collector in Egypt had to tell him every day how many taxes they had collected. Each person paid different taxes based on the work that they did: craftsmen paid in goods, hunters and fishermen paid with food, and every single household in the country had to pay a labour tax every year by helping with work for the country like mining or for canals. A lot of rich Egyptians paid poorer people to do this for them.
+
+The language can be divided into six time periods:
+
+Egypt had writing called hieroglyphics, which is one of the two oldest written languages (the other is Sumerian cuneiform). 
+Hieroglyphic writing dates to c. 3200 BC, and is composed of some 500 symbols. A hieroglyph can represent a word, a sound, or a silent determinative (which makes clear what the sign means). The same symbol can serve different purposes in different contexts. Hieroglyphs were for public purposes, used on stone monuments and in tombs. It was art, and often it was political propaganda.
+
+The script used by priests for everyday writing on "papyrus", wood or cloth.
+In day-to-day writing, scribes used a cursive form of writing, called hieratic, which was quicker and easier. While formal hieroglyphs may be read in rows or columns in either direction (though typically written from right to left), hieratic was always written from right to left, usually in horizontal rows.
+
+The script used by ordinary people. A new form of writing, Demotic, became the main writing style. It is this form of writing – and formal hieroglyphs – which accompanies the Greek text on the Rosetta Stone.
+
+The Coptic script is a modified Greek alphabet. The Coptic language is the last stage of the Egyptian language (modern Egyptians speak a dialect of Arabic).
+
+Some ancient Egyptian literature has survived to the present day. There are teaching texts, such as the Maxims of Ptahhotep, the Instructions of Amenemope, and the Ebers papyrus. The Ebers papyrus is one of the earliest medical texts ever found.
+There are also poems and stories.
+
+Religion was very important to Ancient Egyptians. To Egyptians, animals were holy and were worshipped. Because of this, Egyptians domesticated, or made pets of, animals very early and took very good care of them. The centre of any Egyptian town was the temple, and this building was used for everything from the town hall to a university in addition to its religious services.
+
+Because they were so religious, Egyptians created a lot of art of their gods. This art shows all different kinds of divine, or holy, creatures including the pharaoh, who was thought to be a god.
+
+The afterlife was also very important to Egyptians and they are known for mummifying their dead. These mummies are important to scientists today because they tell them about how the Egyptians lived.
+
+All the gods were important but some were more important than others. An example of a goddess is Isis who is the goddess of the sky. Another example of a major god is Ra who was the god of the sun. The less well known god of The Nile and the crocodiles was named Sobek, which is a rather unusual name. Bastet was the goddess of cats, so the Ancient Egyptians mummified cats in honour of her, she was also the goddess of protection, joy and families.
+
+The rich fertile soil came from annual inundations of the Nile River. The ancient Egyptians were thus able to produce an abundance of food, allowing the population to devote more time and resources to cultural, technological, and artistic pursuits. In ancient Egypt taxes were assessed based on the amount of land a person owned.[6]
+
+Farming in Egypt was dependent on the cycle of the Nile River. The Egyptians recognized three seasons: Akhet (flooding), Peret (planting), and Shemu (harvesting). The flooding season lasted from June to September, depositing on the river's banks a layer of mineral-rich silt ideal for growing crops. After the floodwaters had receded, the growing season lasted from October to February. Farmers plowed and planted seeds in the fields, which were irrigated with ditches and canals. Egypt received little rainfall, so farmers relied on the Nile to water their crops.[7]p514 From March to May, farmers used sickles to harvest their crops, which were then threshed with a flail to separate the straw from the grain. Winnowing removed the chaff from the grain, and the grain was then ground into flour, brewed to make beer, or stored for later use.[7]p506
+
+Flax plants were grown for the fibers of their stems. These fibers were split along their length and spun into thread, which was used to weave sheets of linen and to make clothing. Papyrus growing on the banks of the Nile River was used to make paper. Vegetables and fruits were grown in garden plots, close to habitations and on higher ground, and had to be watered by hand. Vegetables included leeks, garlic, melons, squashes, pulses, lettuce, and other crops, in addition to grapes that were made into wine.[7]p577; 630
+
+Most animals were kept as food. Some animals were kept as pets. All kinds of animals were important to Egypt. Ancient Egyptians understood the animals. Animals they kept were goats, pigs, ducks, cows and geese.
+
+Ancient Egyptians had some advanced medical knowledge for their time. They performed surgery, set broken bones and even knew about medicines. Some medicines the Ancient Egyptians used are honey and breast milk or gazelle's milk. Not only did they have medicinal values, they also are believed to have been used to ward off evil spirits and demons. The easiest way to see how good they were at medicine is to look at the medical papyri which have survived to the present day. The Edwin Smith papyrus is the world's oldest surviving surgical document, from about 1600 B.C. The text describes anatomy, and the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of 48 types of medical problems in detail.
+
+Ancient Egyptian pyramids are shaped stone masonry structures. They are the best known pyramid structures, and are some of the largest ever buildings. Over 130 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. Most were built on the western side of the River Nile in desert areas. Egyptian pyramids are often contain chambers and passages. The pyramids were built as the burial places of the Egyptian kings before the start of the old kingdom until the end of the middle kingdom. Because the Egyptians kept written records, we know about the building of some pyramids.
+
+The Great Pyramid at Giza is the largest and most famous pyramid. It was built for Pharaoh Khufu. It is over 140 metres high and took 20 years to build. It is listed as one of the seven wonders of the world. The step pyramid at Saqqara is the earliest pyramid which is still standing today. This was built in 2630 BC. It was a burial place of the Pharaoh Djoser. The architect of the step pyramid was Imhotep.
+
+Engineering was an important activity in Egypt. Engineers were able to measure and survey the distance between two points. They designed and made the pyramids, which are nearly perfect geometrically. They could make cement, and developed large irrigation networks.
+
+Science was also important. Mathematics was used in Egypt, and the golden ratio was used in the construction of the Pyramids.
+
+Another ability of the Egyptians was glass making. Archaeologists have found many pieces of beads, jars, figures and ornaments in tombs across the nation. In 2005, the remains of an ancient glassmaking factory was found.

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+Georgia is a state in the southeastern part of the United States. It is bordered by Florida to the south, Alabama to the west, Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, and South Carolina to the east. All of Georgia's coastline is on the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean borders Georgia to the southeast.
+
+Georgia was established in 1732 and became a state in 1788. It was the last of the original 13 colonies and eventually joined in the growing rebellion against Britain. Georgia was named after George II of Great Britain.
+
+There are 5 regional habitats of Georgia. They are the Georgia mountains, Okeefenokee marsh/swamp area, the Georgia coastal region, the Georgia Piedmont, and Atlantic Coastal region .
+
+The capital and largest city in Georgia is Atlanta. The 1996 Olympic Games took place there, and the book and movie Gone with the Wind was set in and around Atlanta in the 1860s. Other big cities in the state include Augusta, Columbus, Savannah, and Macon. Georgia has a total of 159 counties.
+

ensimple/2191.html.txt

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+Georgia could mean either of two things:

ensimple/2192.html.txt

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+Georgia is a state in the southeastern part of the United States. It is bordered by Florida to the south, Alabama to the west, Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, and South Carolina to the east. All of Georgia's coastline is on the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean borders Georgia to the southeast.
+
+Georgia was established in 1732 and became a state in 1788. It was the last of the original 13 colonies and eventually joined in the growing rebellion against Britain. Georgia was named after George II of Great Britain.
+
+There are 5 regional habitats of Georgia. They are the Georgia mountains, Okeefenokee marsh/swamp area, the Georgia coastal region, the Georgia Piedmont, and Atlantic Coastal region .
+
+The capital and largest city in Georgia is Atlanta. The 1996 Olympic Games took place there, and the book and movie Gone with the Wind was set in and around Atlanta in the 1860s. Other big cities in the state include Augusta, Columbus, Savannah, and Macon. Georgia has a total of 159 counties.
+

ensimple/2193.html.txt

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+Georgia is a country in Eastern Europe.[10][11] It is on the coast of the Black Sea. During 1991-1995 its full name was the Republic of Georgia. Since 1995 it is Georgia as written in the Constitution. Before, it was part of the Soviet Union, but now it is an independent republic. The capital city is Tbilisi. Its population is almost 4 million.
+
+The Georgians are an ancient people. Their capital Tbilisi was founded around AD 400, after the end of the Roman Empire . Western Georgia was part of the Roman Empire before then. The Arabs captured it in 635 AD. The culture continued and they flourished through trade.
+In the 900s Arabs influence diminished in Caucasia significantly. In 1008 Kingdom of Georgia was formed. It was the major country in the region until the Mongols invaded in 1223. Georgia was part of the Mongolian empire for a century on and off until 1334, when King Giorgi V took over. In the 1400s Georgia dissolved into several principalities. In the 1500s the Persians invaded Eastern Georgia four times from 1541-1544. In 1555 the Kings of Kartli ruled through the will of the Persian Shahs.
+
+In 1783 The treaty of Georgievsk was signed between Catherine the Great of Russia and King Heraclius II, giving Russia the power to protect Georgia. Then, in 1798 the Persians burned Tbilisi to the ground.
+
+From 1811 to 1918 Georgia was under the Tsar of Russia. Their culture survived intact. From 1918 to 1921 Georgia was independent, and then was part of the Soviet Union.
+
+In 1991 Georgia declared their independence from the Soviet Union. Newly established Republic of Georgia saw bloody Civil War resulting in downfall of first-ever president of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Georgia was also involved in War in Abkhazia. There was a rough patch between 1994 and 1995 when the economy was poor, although Georgia saw significant improvements in last few years. Now Georgia is applying to NATO and European Union.
+
+In 2008 Georgia was involved in the 2008 South Ossetia war.
+
+Georgia is next to the countries of Russia, Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It also has a coast on the Black Sea. It is at the edge of Europe and Asia.
+
+Georgia has many mountains. Its highest point is 5,193 m above sea level. The mountains running through Georgia are called the Caucasus Mountains.
+
+The highest mountain in Georgia is Mount Shkhara at 5,193 m. The coastline of Georgia is 310 km long. Georgia has about 25,000 rivers. The largest river is the Mtkvari.
+
+Georgia is divided into 9 regions, 1 city, and 2 autonomous republics. These in turn are divided into 67 districts and 12 self-governing cities.[12]
+
+The region of Abkhazia declared independence in 1999.[13] South Ossetia is officially known by Georgia as the Tskinvali region. Georgia considers both regions as occupied by Russia.[14]
+
+
+
+The population of Georgia is about 4 million. About 1.2 million of these live in Tbilisi. People from Georgia are called Georgians. Most of them speak Georgian as their first language, though some people also speak Azerbaijani, Armenian, Russian or other languages.
+
+Georgians have their own unique three alphabets. They were invented by King Pharnavaz I of Iberia.
+
+The most famous person to have come from Georgia is Josef Stalin.
+
+Most Georgians are Christians, but there are some Muslims and Jews as well.
+
+The currency of Georgia is called the lari.

ensimple/2194.html.txt

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+Georgia is a country in Eastern Europe.[10][11] It is on the coast of the Black Sea. During 1991-1995 its full name was the Republic of Georgia. Since 1995 it is Georgia as written in the Constitution. Before, it was part of the Soviet Union, but now it is an independent republic. The capital city is Tbilisi. Its population is almost 4 million.
+
+The Georgians are an ancient people. Their capital Tbilisi was founded around AD 400, after the end of the Roman Empire . Western Georgia was part of the Roman Empire before then. The Arabs captured it in 635 AD. The culture continued and they flourished through trade.
+In the 900s Arabs influence diminished in Caucasia significantly. In 1008 Kingdom of Georgia was formed. It was the major country in the region until the Mongols invaded in 1223. Georgia was part of the Mongolian empire for a century on and off until 1334, when King Giorgi V took over. In the 1400s Georgia dissolved into several principalities. In the 1500s the Persians invaded Eastern Georgia four times from 1541-1544. In 1555 the Kings of Kartli ruled through the will of the Persian Shahs.
+
+In 1783 The treaty of Georgievsk was signed between Catherine the Great of Russia and King Heraclius II, giving Russia the power to protect Georgia. Then, in 1798 the Persians burned Tbilisi to the ground.
+
+From 1811 to 1918 Georgia was under the Tsar of Russia. Their culture survived intact. From 1918 to 1921 Georgia was independent, and then was part of the Soviet Union.
+
+In 1991 Georgia declared their independence from the Soviet Union. Newly established Republic of Georgia saw bloody Civil War resulting in downfall of first-ever president of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Georgia was also involved in War in Abkhazia. There was a rough patch between 1994 and 1995 when the economy was poor, although Georgia saw significant improvements in last few years. Now Georgia is applying to NATO and European Union.
+
+In 2008 Georgia was involved in the 2008 South Ossetia war.
+
+Georgia is next to the countries of Russia, Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It also has a coast on the Black Sea. It is at the edge of Europe and Asia.
+
+Georgia has many mountains. Its highest point is 5,193 m above sea level. The mountains running through Georgia are called the Caucasus Mountains.
+
+The highest mountain in Georgia is Mount Shkhara at 5,193 m. The coastline of Georgia is 310 km long. Georgia has about 25,000 rivers. The largest river is the Mtkvari.
+
+Georgia is divided into 9 regions, 1 city, and 2 autonomous republics. These in turn are divided into 67 districts and 12 self-governing cities.[12]
+
+The region of Abkhazia declared independence in 1999.[13] South Ossetia is officially known by Georgia as the Tskinvali region. Georgia considers both regions as occupied by Russia.[14]
+
+
+
+The population of Georgia is about 4 million. About 1.2 million of these live in Tbilisi. People from Georgia are called Georgians. Most of them speak Georgian as their first language, though some people also speak Azerbaijani, Armenian, Russian or other languages.
+
+Georgians have their own unique three alphabets. They were invented by King Pharnavaz I of Iberia.
+
+The most famous person to have come from Georgia is Josef Stalin.
+
+Most Georgians are Christians, but there are some Muslims and Jews as well.
+
+The currency of Georgia is called the lari.

ensimple/2195.html.txt

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+Georgia is a state in the southeastern part of the United States. It is bordered by Florida to the south, Alabama to the west, Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, and South Carolina to the east. All of Georgia's coastline is on the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean borders Georgia to the southeast.
+
+Georgia was established in 1732 and became a state in 1788. It was the last of the original 13 colonies and eventually joined in the growing rebellion against Britain. Georgia was named after George II of Great Britain.
+
+There are 5 regional habitats of Georgia. They are the Georgia mountains, Okeefenokee marsh/swamp area, the Georgia coastal region, the Georgia Piedmont, and Atlantic Coastal region .
+
+The capital and largest city in Georgia is Atlanta. The 1996 Olympic Games took place there, and the book and movie Gone with the Wind was set in and around Atlanta in the 1860s. Other big cities in the state include Augusta, Columbus, Savannah, and Macon. Georgia has a total of 159 counties.
+

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+Co-official, but not majority language
+     Statutory minority/cultural language
+
+German (German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language. It is spoken in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg; natively by around 100 million people. It is the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union.  There are some people who speak German in Belgium and in the Netherlands, as well as in France and Northern Italy. There are people who speak German in many countries, including the United States and Canada, where many people emigrated from Germany. German is also spoken in Eastern Europe, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia.
+
+German is a part of the West Germanic language family (a group of languages that are similar) and is much like English and Dutch. A lot of the vocabulary in German is related to English, but the grammar is more complicated. German has a system of cases, and when helping verbs are used, the main part of the verb must be moved to the end of the sentence. For example, "Someone has stolen my car" is Jemand hat mein Auto gestohlen (Someone has my car stolen) or, "Someone called me last night" is Jemand hat mich letzte Nacht angerufen (Someone has me last night called).
+
+In German writing, every noun must start with a capital letter.  English and Danish also did this long ago, but not now. Today, German is the only language that has this rule.
+
+While German is an official language in Switzerland, the Swiss dialect of German is difficult for native speakers from Germany, and even for Swiss who are not native to speaking German, to understand. One reason why the dialects are still so different today is that even though Switzerland adopted Standard German, mostly as a written standard, German Swiss in WWII wanted to separate themselves from the Nazis by choosing to speak the Swiss dialect over the standard dialect.[6] Swiss German also has some differences in writing, for example, the letter ß, which is only seen in German, is always replaced by ss.
+
+Notes

ensimple/2197.html.txt

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+The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a copyleft license for open content such as software. It was made by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. It was initially created for use with software documentation, but can be applied to other types of works as well, such as Wikipedia.
+
+As a copyright license, the GFDL is a type of contract between the creator of a copyrightable work (such as a book, an encyclopedia article, a painting, or a piece of music) and anyone else who might want to use it. The GFDL is considered "copyleft" because the license is meant to make it easier to use and re-use the copyrighted work, not to restrict its use.
+
+If a copyrightable work is released under the GFDL, the creator of the work is saying that anyone else may reproduce, distribute, or modify the work, as long as they follow a set of requirements specified in the GFDL. Among the requirements of the GFDL are that any new work created from the original work is also licensed under the GFDL—that is, once something is licensed as GFDL, it will always stay licensed as GFDL, and anything which uses it also is licensed as GFDL.
+
+The GFDL also says that in order to distribute or modify a work licensed with the GFDL, the re-user must give credit to any previous authors of the work, and include a list of changes they made to the work.
+
+Finally, any work licensed with the GFDL must contain, somewhere, the entire text of the license. This provision has been criticized, because it is not always easy to include an entire, long license with a copyrighted work. In a book, for example, it is easy to include one extra page with the license, but if the work is something like a song, or a photograph, it is not easy.
+
+The GFDL has other requirements that are more complicated. For example, if part of the work is labeled as an "invariant section," it cannot ever be removed or changed by someone using the work ("invariant" means "does not change").
+
+Works licensed under the GFDL may be included in with non-GFDL-licensed works only if it is clear which parts of the work are licensed as the GFDL. For example, in a book of poetry it would be easy to label some poems as licensed under the GFDL and some not licensed under it. But it would not be easy to label if part of a song was licensed as GFDL and the rest was not, so this would not be allowed.
+
+Any use of GFDL material which violates the terms of the GFDL is potentially copyright infringement. Infringement issues are managed through a community based approach with the approval and assistance of the Free Software Foundation.[1]
+
+A number of online projects use the GFDL. An online project to license its content under the GFDL is Wikipedia.[2]
+
+The GFDL has been criticized by many people who wish that it made it even easier for content to be re-used. Among the criticisms are that it is very hard to combine GFDL material with other copyleft licenses, that it is not always clear and easy to understand, and that some of its requirements, such as the "invariant sections", are not free at all.
+
+The GFDL was released in draft form for feedback in September 1999.[3] After revisions, version 1.1 was issued in March 2000, version 1.2 in November 2002, and version 1.3 in November 2008. The current state of the license is version 1.3.[4]
+
+Material licensed under the current version of the license can be used for any purpose, as long as the use meets certain conditions.

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+Ghana (formerly the Gold Coast) is a country in West Africa. Twenty-three million people live there; its capital is Accra. It is in Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Côte d'Ivoire and Togo.
+
+Since Ghana is near the Equator, the climate is very warm and tropical. The eastern coastal belt is warm and comparatively dry. South west corner is hot and humid. The north is hot and dry. Lake Volta (the world’s largest artificial lake) extends through eastern Ghana.
+
+Most Ghanaians have access to primary and secondary education. Ghana has a 6-year primary school system. There are 6 public universities and 10 private universities.
+
+Ghana has many natural resources. The main exports are gold, timber, cocoa, diamonds, and more. Ghana has one of the strongest economies in Africa.
+
+Ghana used “Cedi” for their currency but in July 2007, “Ghanaian Cedi” became the new currency. 1 Ghana Cedi is equal to 1000 Cedi. 1 US dollar is currently exchanged at about 4 Ghana Cedi.
+
+Ghana is a country located on the Gulf of Guinea.  It is only a few degrees north of the Equator.  This gives it a warm climate. The country has an area of 238,500 km2 (92,085 sq mi). It is surrounded by Togo to the east, Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south.
+
+The country has flat plains, low hills and a few rivers. Ghana can be divided into five different geographical regions. The coastline is mostly a low, sandy shore backed by plains and scrub.  It is crossed by several rivers and streams. The northern part of the country has high plains. Southwest and south central Ghana is made up of a forested plateau region with the Ashanti uplands and the Kwahu Plateau. The hilly Akuapim-Togo ranges are found along the country's eastern border.
+
+The Volta Basin also takes up most of central Ghana. Ghana's highest point is Mount Afadjato.  It is 885 m (2,904 ft) and is found in the Akwapim-Togo Ranges.
+
+There are two main seasons in Ghana: the wet and the dry seasons. Northern Ghana has its rainy season from March to November. The south, including the capital Accra, has the season from April to mid-November.
+
+Ghana is divided into 16 administrative regions, sub-divided into 275 districts:
+
+Football is the most popular sport. The national men's football team is known as the Black Stars. The under-20 team is known as the Black Satellites. Ghana has been in many championships including the African Cup of Nations, the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA U-20 World Cup. In the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Ghana became the third African country to reach the quarter final stage.[8]  There are several club football teams in Ghana, which play in the Ghana Premier League and Division One League. Both are managed by the Ghana Football Association.
+
+The country also has quite a few quality boxers such as Azumah Nelson a three time world champion, Nana Yaw Konadu also a three time world champion, Ike Quartey, and Joshua Clottey.[9]

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+G is the 7th (number 7) letter in the English alphabet (or Latin alphabet).
+
+The letter G was created in the third century BC by Spurius Carvilius Ruga. At the time, the letter C sounded like the "c" in "cat" and the "g" in "girl". To make the difference more clear, Ruga created the letter G.

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+An accordion is a musical instrument that has keys similar to a piano, but is small enough for a person to hold. It makes sounds using air pushed and pulled through reeds using a bellows. The accordion can also have buttons instead of keys. The 6-plus-6-system with three rows has the same fingering in all twelve scales.
+
+The accordion was invented in 1822 in Germany by Friedrich Buschmann.[1]
+